Home

Quartus Forth 2.0.0 - Quartus Handheld Software

1. callback must always have a matching end callback No code in a callback word can come before callback or after end callback handled is useful for advanced use in certain kinds of event handling callbacks Notes Itis not necessary to leave the same number of parameters on the stack when exiting a callback word as were there when it was entered as long as you don t underflow the stack you can manipulate the passed parameters on the stack as required Under Palm OS 5 and later callback code will often run fine even if you don t set up a callback stack However all Palm OS versions before 5 absolutely require a callback stack so be sure to use it every time you use callbacks Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 63 Dictionary Wordset Quartus Forth incorporates a considerable number of compiler security measures these are checks to ensure that all control structures are appropriately matched that is that each BEGIN has a matching AGAIN or WHILE REPEAT each IF has a matching THEN each DO has a matching LOOP or LOOP etc Mismatched control structures will cause 22 control structure mismatch errors Implementation details for Standard words FIND c addr c addr 0 xt 1 xt 1 In Quartus Forth FIND returns 3 for words flagged as inline Quartus Forth Extensions allwords An extension of the Standard word WORDS Whereas WORDS only displays the words in the first
2. ASL ASR LSL LSR ROR RRX ASL ASR LSL LSR ROR Single cell and double cell immediate values HA LDM STM addressing modes DA DB EA ED FA FD IA IB 30 Loading and storing PCR PC Relative Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 BYTE Byte width memory access Registers RO R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 RO R10 R11 R12 R13 R14 R15 SP Stack Pointer alias for R13 LR Link Register alias for R14 PC Program Counter alias for R15 Condition codes AL CC CS EQ GE GT HI HS LE LO LS LT MI NE PL VC VS REVERSE Reverses the sense of a condition code Shorthand for moving immediate values on off a stack POP PUSH Structured conditionals AHEAD AGAIN BEGIN ELSE IF REPEAT THEN UNTIL WHILE Miscellaneous armasm words CODE d Writes a double cell value to data space in little endian format RESET Resets the assembler state Miscellaneous generic helper words INVERT BITCOUNT DBITCOUNT DRROTATE DLROTATE gt lt ROT 2ROT 2NIP 3DUP D lt gt UD UD lt UD gt Page 83 Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 84 asm68k and asm68k part2 Note This section is currently being revised asm68k General Information asm 68k is a full featured symbolic assembler for the Motorola 68000 processor ported to run in Quartus Forth With it you can write assembler code directly for the CPU in the PalmPilot either as wholly assembler code words or as inlin
3. DocNeeded DocNeeds DocInclude DocNeeds This section is currently being revised events Provides coords This section is currently being revised fields Helper words for working with field GUI objects Provides e FieldFocus e FieldReleaseFocus e string gt Field e Field gt string See also string2anyfield This section is currently being revised float aliases Page 91 Original MathLib names for a number of MathLib functions that are given Forth like names in the MathLib module This section is currently being revised float h Provides a number of floating point related constants A Forth trnslation of the C header file float h Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 92 floodfill A non recursive flood fill algorithm Fills any bounded area with the current drawing color Notes Do not fill any unbounded area or area right on the edge of the screen OS 3 5 or up required This section is currently being revised forms Helper words for working with GUI form objects Provides GetObjectIndex e GetObjectPtr e GetControlValue SetControlValue SetLabel until drawn PopupForm This section is currently being revised graphics Graphics words line point e circle rounded rectangle rectangle erase rounded rectangle e erase rectangle frame e at cursor position Notes This section is currently being
4. Interpreter Wordset Quartus Forth provides several words that extend the Forth interpreter Quartus Forth Extensions binary Switches the value of BASE to 2 and evaluates the next word in the input buffer After evaluating BASE is restored to its previous value This is an immediate word octal As binary but using BASE 8 This is an immediate word decimal As binary but using BASE 10 This is an immediate word hex As binary but using BASE 16 This is an immediate word float Parses the next word in the input buffer and converts it to a Quartus Forth floating point value If compiling the floating point value is compiled as an FLITERAL This is an immediate word radix base A factor of binary octal decimal and hex Sets BASE to the specified value evaluates the next word in the input buffer and restores BASE to its previous value skip char Skips leading characters in the input buffer that match the specified character parse word char lt char gt c addr u Skips leading characters in the input buffer that match the specified character and then returns the next string from the input buffer delimited by the specified character For advanced developers unknown This is a deferred word called by the Quartus Forth interpreter when a specified word be found in the
5. The Developer grants to the Licensee a non exclusive royalty free license to use the evaluation version of the Quartus Forth software free of charge for an unlimited time for the purpose of evaluation for suitability to purchase a registered copy of the Quartus Forth software All other terms and restrictions set forth in this license agreement are to remain in effect LICENSE The Developer grants to the Licensee purchasing the registered Quartus Forth software the Software a non exclusive royalty free nontransferable license to use the Software and its documentation in accordance with the terms and conditions of this License Agreement on any Palm Computing platform product and or any personal computer provided that the Software is used only in connection with the development of products by the Licensee for use with the Palm Computing platform products This license provides for the use of the Software by a single individual only Each individual who desires to use the Software must purchase a registered copy Except as explicitly set forth below i no license is granted to any rights to copyrights patents trademarks trade secrets or any other rights in respect to the Software ii no license is granted to the human readable code of the Software source code The Developer retains title all rights interest and ownership of in and to the Software and accompanying documentation The Software and its documentation are owned by the
6. gt SF Like Standard F SF gt SF gt SFMAX Like Standard FMAX SFMIN Like Standard FMIN SFISF SF SF SF SFDROP Like Standard FDROP SFDUP Like Standard FDUP SFOVER Like Standard FOVER SFROT Like Standard FROT SFSWAP Like Standard FSWAP SFCONSTANT Like Standard FCONSTANT SFLITERAL Like Standard FLITERAL SFVARIABLE Like Standard FVARIABLE SFS Implementation factor of SFS SFS Like Standard FS different format uses FpIFToA Palm OS floating point routines FIpAToF FipBase10Info FipCorrectedAdd FlpCorrectedSub FIpFToA FipVersion Page 35 Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 36 Miscellaneous words fpcheck 4 gt R 4R gt Floating Point Output The DFS provided by NewFloatMgr does not output in quite the same format as the Standard FS does it piggybacks on the Palm OS routine FIpFtoA For fancier output of double floats use dfout This makes use of the re vectorable library file fpout and provides Standard words DFS Quartus Forth extensions dfe r dfe df r df dg r dg df dfe dg Example Y MyApp needs NewFloatMgr needs dfout go MainForm dfloat 355 dfloat 113 df df begin ekey drop again This displays 3 141592920353983 For fancier functions the shared library MathLib is available MathLib is a library of mathematical functions that operate on IEEE 754 double precision floating point values The MathLib support in Quar
7. of a word Returns 0 if the word is an internal kernel function without a header throws 12 argument type mismatch if the xt is otherwise not present in the dictionary name xt Displays the name associated with the specified xt Ifthe xt is invalid no name is displayed Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 64 Launchcode Wordset Whenever the Palm OS launches an application it sends along a launchcode and certain other flags and information When you start an app normally from the Launcher it is launched with a CmdNormalLaunch launchcode The Palm OS sends various other launchcodes under certain circumstances after a device reset in response to a Find request and so on Quartus Forth provides a Launchcode wordset to allow your app full access to launchcodes and associated information activate launchcode u Sets a stand alone app to respond to the specified launch code e launchcode u The current launch code launchflags flags The current launch flags cmdPB addr The 32 bit address of the current command parameter block One cumbersome aspect of the Palm OS is that the OS does not make global variables available to apps for most launchcodes other than cmdNormalLaunch however Quartus Forth overcomes that limitation In Quartus Forth stand alone apps global variables are always available for all launchcodes Here s an outline of an app that handles mult
8. 0 but FtoA renders it the same as 0 That s almost backwards you hardly ever need to enter a 0 but you might want to see when you ve got one sfdf Provides the FLOATING EXT words related to allocation and manipulation of the SF and DF data types SFLOAT DFLOAT SFLOATS DFLOATS SFALIGNED DFALIGNED SFALIGN DFALIGN SF DF SFDROP DFDROP SFDUP DFDUP SFLITERAL DFLITERAL SFCONSTANT DFCONSTANT SFOVER DFOVER SFSWAP DFSWAP SFROT DFROT SFVARIABLE DFVARIABLE also SF SF SFISF DF DF DFIDF ANS FORTH requires SF SF DF DF to perform automatic conversion between the IEEE standard format stored in memory and the format used internally by FORTH Motorola FFP in Quartus Forth case so these new words are provided to fetch and store IEEE values directly to from the data stack for use with the IEEE native PalmOS and MathLib routines 4 gt R 4R gt for manipulation of DF values Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 mem e allocate e free e size resize This section is currently being revised random Provides e seed rand This section is currently being revised redefer This section is currently being revised resources Provides Page 96 e use resources creatr id type Opens a specified resource database in read only mode so your app can make use of the resources therein After a MakePRC it is from such open resource databases that resources are copied into your sta
9. Developer are protected by Canadian copyright laws and international treaty provisions and may also be protected by other laws The Software contains certain sample source code in the form of library code example applications and code fragments both in the source code files and documentation provided hereunder and may include tutorial applications collectively Sample Source Code The Licensee may use the Sample Source Code internally to develop products for Palm Computing platform products The Licensee may distribute any such products built with the Sample Source Code provided that the following copyright notice is included within the source code and in the location of any such product s copyright notice Portions copyright 1998 2005 Neal Bridges All rights reserved The Developer grants the Licensee the right to develop and distribute products created using the facilities provided by the Software Such products may be distributed on a royalty free basis The Developer may furnish the Software to the Licensee electronically or on media in machine readable object code form Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 17 LICENSE RESTRICTIONS Modification decompilation reverse engineering reverse compiling or disassembly of the Software is expressly prohibited Any information obtained during such unlawful reverse engineering and or decompilation activities including but not limited to the logic organi
10. Palm OS 5 to create and modify all the bread amp butter resource types forms etc For extended resource editing the creation of large bitmaps for instance other tools are available Palm Resource Editor Windows other Part of PODS 1 1 The Palm Resource Editor is an interactive application for editing XRD XML Resource Description files XRD files describe Palm resources More details at After creating a new XRD file or creating one from an existing PRC with the GenerateXRD Wizard to generate an installable resource PRC from the XRD from Palm Resource Editor or GenerateXRD Wizard Use PalmRC to generate a TRC Temporary Resource Container from the XRD A TRC contains only the resources in binary form and cannot be installed directly on a Palm device palmrc p 68k my xrd o my tre Use PRCMerge to create an installable resource PRC from the TRC notes on c t and n premerge my trc o my pre c p4ap t rsrc n MyResources Install this on your Palm device using PalmOne Quick Install PilRC under Windows Mac or Linux BSD To generate a resource PRC from an RCP PilRC 3 2 pilre ro my rcp my pre Install the PRC on your Palm device using PalmOne Quick Install To extract resource descriptions from an existing PRC Option A Use GenerateXRD Wizard to convert resources from a PRC into an XRD and associated files The XRD can then be edited using the Palm Resource Editor and then recreated as a PRC for
11. Q What is Quartus Forth A Quartus Forth is a on board Standard Forth compiler for Palm Powered devices used to create apps for the Palm OS platform It generates tight native code optimized stand alone apps that have full access to the Palm OS API require no run time libraries integrate seamlessly with the Palm GUI and are compatible with the broadest possible range of Palm devices Q What languages are supported by the Quartus Forth compiler A Quartus Forth supports ISO ANS Standard Forth with Palm OS extensions Inline Motorola 68000 assembler for all Palm Powered devices Inline ARM assembler for devices running Palm OS 5 and later How does Quartus Forth differ from other Palm development tools Quartus Forth Runs entirely on board your Palm device Generates true native code stand alone PRC apps requiring no run time libraries with no run time licensing fees Has an interactive console for development testing and debugging Provides nearly 900 Palm OS functions and over 6200 Palm OS constants and structures integrated directly into the compiler Provides full access to application globals for all Palm launchcodes Why an on board compiler A portable on board compiler is remarkably handy You can work on your code anywhere the mood strikes on a train in a waiting room at a coffee shop on the beach etc Time and ideas that might otherwise be lost can be capitalized on wherever you might find
12. app is the default choice for editing Quartus Forth sources Q Can I use an alternate editor to write apps Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 11 A Yes Third party MemoPad editors such as pedit or Doc editors such as QED work fine Q Where can I get assistance with Quartus Forth development A The Quartus Discussion Forum http quartus net discuss is an excellent place to start it is frequented by a group of intelligent and helpful developers The Quartus Forth staff and development team are also available in the discussion forum and via email Quartus Forth is a mature well tested and well supported compiler many developers have years of experience developing apps with it There is also a user maintained Quartus Wiki at http quartus net wiki It s a treasure trove of information from developers using and extending Quartus Forth Additionally the Quartus net File Area http quartus net files has an ever growing collection of sample sources and other support materials Q What are the system requirements for the Quartus Forth compiler A The Quartus Forth compiler runs on Palm OS devices from Palm OS 3 0 and up With all library sources installed it occupies less than 400K of Palm memory Q What platforms do the compiled stand alone apps run on A Assuming your apps do not use Palm OS API functions that are only available in specific versions of the Palm OS apps created using Quar
13. by name deferred returns 1 if a given xt is a kernel deferred word 2 if it is a user deferred word and 0 if it is not a deferred word Notes The action of a user defined deferred word that is used in a stand alone app must be assigned by the app at run time before the deferred word is first used or you ll get unexpected results Any initialization of user deferred words performed at compile time is not carried over into a stand alone app Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 42 For reasons of simplicity and efficiency in the design of the compiler the deferred word implementation in Quartus Forth is a hybrid one there are two kinds of deferred words those provided by the kernel and those defined by you The difference is transparent at the console Both kinds can where appropriate be used in your stand alone apps However only those defined by you can be directly re vectored by your stand alone app In contrast deferred words exported from the kernel will in your stand alone app carry with them the last action assigned to them at compile time and cannot be re vectored by the app at least not directly All is not lost however Should you need to re vector a kernel deferred word from within your stand alone app you still can The library module redefer is provided for this purpose not only does it allow kernel deferred words to be re vectored at run time but also can make many kernel word
14. form control field list etc associated with the latest received event applicable for more than 80 of event types excluding those that don t have an associated ID notably pen key and winEnter winExit events Equivalent to event id event EventType data O Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 44 This is provided for convenience because so many event types contain an ID For details of other types of events you ll need to interrogate the fields of the event buffer directly See the Palm OS 5 Events chart for further details This functionality was formerly provided by the now deprecated itemid event item id previously in the Events library file Lower level words for managing events Unless you require access to pen and key events which the Palm OS normally handles itself or you need to intercept events before the Palm OS is given an opportunity to handle them you ll never need these words but they re present if needed get event ticks event type Like ekey but it only retrieves an event it does not handle it Calls the Palm OS routine EvtGetEvent handle event handled Allows all appropriate Palm OS event handling routines an opportunity to handle the most recently received event Returns a flag on the stack indicating whether or not the event was handled by one of those routines Should your app need to see every event with no exclusions
15. in the search order with the ASSEMBLER wordlist FORTH Replace the first wordlist in the search order with the FORTH wordlist Creates lt name gt saves the current search order performs w ALSO ASSEMBLER al ste Sere ENDS code until EnD CODE which restores the former search order lt name gt becomes a Forth word that can be flagged IMMEDIATE or INLINE POSTFIX Switch the assembler to postfix mode the default where operands preceed instru sas Switch the assembler to prefix mode where operands follow instructions Note th mode each mnemonic operand sequence must be on its own line Structured Conditionals 8 bit displacement 0 0 lt gt 0 lt 0 gt lt gt lt Branch conditions use where lt condition gt appears below Note these test the x flags in the 68000 status register and do not consume cells from the stack as do th Forth counterparts Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 87 i ae dition gt IF ELSE Conditional branching as in Forth BEGIN AGAIN A simple loop As in Forth pean lt condition gt Apot wire mean Asi Forth DN FOR NEXT Loops bac
16. in two key ways It cannot create stand alone apps It has reduced codespace 25 of that available in the registered version Q I m a registered user of Quartus Forth 1 2 5 Can I upgrade to Quartus Forth 2 0 0 A Yes Visit the upgrade page for details Q Can I access Palm launchcodes A Yes Quartus Forth stand alone apps have full access to Palm launchcodes and associated parameters In contrast to other Palm development environments in Quartus Forth apps application globals are always available for all launchcodes Q Does Quartus Forth support PACE Native Objects PNOs A Yes Quartus Forth provides an inline ARM assembler for the creation of optimized PNO subroutines for use under Palm Garnet OS 5 and later Q Why is Quartus Forth a 16 bit Forth rather than 32 bit A There are two key reasons both relating to the Palm OS architecture Speed Approximately half of the arguments required by the Palm API are 16 bit values in a 32 bit Forth the arguments for nearly all system calls would need to be copied and down converted before each call With a 16 bit stack both 16 bit and 32 bit parameters can be passed directly which is faster e Size 16 bit instructions result in smaller stand alone executables Q Why does Quartus Forth start clean each time it restarts A This is a deliberate design decision rather than maintain the previous state of the dictionary Quartus Forth starts in a known state each t
17. net buy Special developer s bundle Quartus Forth 2 0 0 Quartus RsrcEdit for a single reduced price of 99 95 USD a savings of 15 USD note this bundle must be purchased via either PayPal or RegSoft Bundle not available via Handango Quartus Forth 2 0 0 by itself via Handango 99 95 USD Quartus RsrcEdit by itself 15 USD Upgrade to Quartus Forth 2 0 0 for registered users of Quartus Forth 1 2 5r 30 USD There is a 30 student educator discount available for Quartus Forth Provide proof of your current student status to sales quartus net and we ll set you up with the right purchasing codes Thank you for your interest in Quartus Forth Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 16 Quartus Forth License Agreement and Limited Warranty IMPORTANT Read Before Using the Accompanying Software QUARTUS FORTH SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT SOFTWARE LICENSE AGREEMENT CAREFULLY READ THE FOLLOWING CONDITIONS AND TERMS OF THIS AGREEMENT BEFORE USING THE ACCOMPANYING SOFTWARE THE USE OF WHICH IS LICENSED FOR USE ONLY AS SET FORTH BELOW IF YOU DO NOT AGREE TO THE CONDITIONS AND TERMS OF THIS AGREEMENT DO NOT USE THE ACCOMPANYING SOFTWARE USING ANY PART OF THE ACCOMPANYING SOFTWARE INDICATES THAT YOU ACCEPT THESE CONDITIONS AND TERMS Neal Bridges the Developer 65 Scadding Avenue 809 Toronto Ontario Canada M5A 4L1 and the user of Quartus Forth the Licensee hereby agree as follows EVALUATION
18. not be allowed to scroll at all in stand alone apps The console functions WORDS and allwords use more to paginate the list of words The built in forms identified by MainFormID BlankFormID and TitledFormID are intended for use in quick and dirty apps Nothing prevents you from using them in production apps but generally you ll want to define your own specialized set of form resources for the apps you write See the Stand Alone Wordset section for information on how to remove these forms from your stand alone apps if you don t need them The default ShowForm handler returns not handled for menu items 10000 10007 the Palm OS sysEditMenu items so that the OS can perform the appropriate edit functions Console warning error messages use an internal version of TYPE that is not deferred Fonts numbered 0 7 are available back to Palm OS 3 0 and are available as named constants Palm OS 2 x and 1 0 only support fonts 0 6 ABORT or any uncaught THROW restores the active console font to font number 0 stdFont Use the value returned by EMIT to keep any drawing you do on a form out of menu windows and alerts Under Palm OS Cobalt the Graffiti shift state indicator is in the input area and does not appear on the console form so the MainForm y extent is not reduced See also library modules facility textalign thintype Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 57 Source Wordset Quartus Forth reads and c
19. options Program Abort A Cold Edit Undo U Cut X Copy C Paste P Select All S Keyboard K Graffiti G Clear History Go Last Error E Options About Performs an ABORT back to the console prompt Restarts Quartus Forth clearing all memory The standard Palm OS editing Undo function The standard Palm OS editing Cut function The standard Palm OS editing Copy function The standard Palm OS editing Paste function The standard Palm OS editing Select All function Brings up the pop up keyboard Brings up the Graffiti reference screens Clears the Quartus Forth command line history buffer Launch the MemoPad app at the exact point of the last error Brings up the Quartus Forth About dialog box For convenience on Palm OS 3 5 and later devices a pop up menu command bar is also provided with the Palm OS editing icons and also Abort an X and Last Error an arrow as shown here Se Creating Hello World Y Let s create a simple source file containing a Hello World program First create a new memo as follows hello go Hello World cr Then from the Quartus Forth console include hello lt enter gt Then go lt enter gt You ll see the following Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 24 Welcome to Quartus Forth 2 0 0R Build 2005 04 23 12 28 00pm Neal Bridges 1997 2005 All rights reserved Hello incl
20. revised Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 93 inifini This section is currently being revised inifini is used by the MathLib library module MathLib MathLib is a library of mathematical functions that operate on IEEE 754 double precision floating point values This code is directly based on the excellent work of Chapman Flack Please consult the Quartus Forth User Guide Floating Point section for further details on the MathLib library module Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 94 NewFloatMgr The Quartus Forth built in floating point format is known as Motorola Fast Floating Point FFP It s a single precision format fast and accurate within its range it has a small footprint and works on any Palm all the way back to version 1 0 Pilot devices It is however limited to six places or so of precision while this is enough for many apps some do require greater precision This library is directly based on Chapman Flack s excellent work and provides Quartus Forth apps access to the IEEE single and double precision floating point libraries in Palm OS 2 0 and later and also provides the foundation for the wide range of functions in the freely available MathLib library NewFloatMgr overview NewFloatMer provides the SF and DF single and double floating data types which are 32 bit and 64 bit floating point numbers in the industry standard IEEE 754 format as specifie
21. sections 125words This library module provides backward compatibility with apps written for Quartus Forth 1 2 5 Provides a0 Alias for a0 L see the Systrap wordset do Alias for dO L see the Systrap wordset handleevent Alias for handleevent see the Events wordset hash Alias for shash see the Miscellaneous wordset itemid Outdated word for accessing the item ID of an event see the Events wordset arcfour An implementation of the Arcfour stream cipher encryption algorithm also known as RC4 This is a small fast strong encryption facility arcfourkey k addr length Sets the encryption decryption key for arcfour arcfour m addr length Encrypts decrypts the specified message block using the Arcfour stream cipher encryption algorithm MD5 c addr u c addr2 16 Calculate the MD5 checksum value for the specified block Note MDS is only available on Palm OS 2 0 and up Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 73 assert e assertion level addr A variable holding the current assertion level assert lt close parenthesis gt Parses up to the next close parenthesis If the assertion level is non zero the code between the parentheses is compiled with an ABORT test following it if the code results in a FALSE result the ABORT is performed e assert0 Same as assert e asserti Same as assert but only if assert value is 1 or greater assert2 Same as
22. the Software and its documentation if any are not included and may be sold separately LIMITED WARRANTY If the Developer provides the Software on diskettes he warrants the Software diskettes for a period of sixty 60 days from the date of original purchase from the Developer or an authorized retailer To obtain warranty service proof of date of purchase will be required Any updates to the Software provided by the Developer which may be provided at the Developer s sole discretion shall be governed by the terms of the License Agreement The Developer s entire liability and Licensee s exclusive remedy will be limited to the replacement of the defective diskettes upon return to the place of purchase within the warranty period The Developer will not be responsible for replacement of any diskette damaged by accident abuse or misapplication The Developer makes no warranty or representation that the Software will meet the Licensee s requirements or that it will work in combination with any hardware or software products provided by third parties or that the operation of the Software will be uninterrupted or error free or that all defects in the Software will be corrected WARRANTIES EXCLUSIVE TO THE MAXIMUM EXTENT PERMITTED BY LAW THE FORGOING WARRANTIES AND REMEDIES ARE EXCLUSIVE AND ARE IN LIEU OF ALL OTHER WARRANTIES TERMS OR CONDITIONS EXPRESS OR IMPLIED EITHER IN FACT OR BY OPERATION OF LAW STATUTORY OR OTHERWISE INCLUDING WARRAN
23. the Standard word enough n Checks the data stack for at least n items throws 4 stack underflow if not enough items are present noop Does nothing cold Resets the Quartus Forth console or the app in a stand alone app it is the same as exiting and re entering alias xt name Duplicate the specified xt under a different name All flags and attributes of the original are reflected by the new word including the xt The new word takes no codespace in the dictionary Double Cell Common Usage Words dand xd xd2 As the Standard word AND but operating on a double cell value dor xd xd2 As the Standard word OR but operating on a double cell value dinvert xd xd2 As the Standard word INVERT but operating on a double cell value dishift xd1 n xd2 Shift the double cell value xd left by n bits drshift xd1 n xd2 Shift the double cell value xd right by n bits swapends x x2 Convers the single cell value x from big endian to little endian or from little endian to big endian Not a double cell word but placed here by association with dswapends dswapends xd xd2 Converts the double cell value xd from big endian to little endian or from little endian to big endian Additional miscellaneous words Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 51 hash c addr u u Case and accent insensitive hash funct
24. version of any formula this can then easily be converted to work with double precision floats Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 ran4 Gordon Charlton s random number generator Provides seed ran4 Note This section is currently being revised regs Displays the value of all the 68K regs Provides e regs Notes Uses the asm68k assembler This section is currently being revised string gt float Provides string gt float Notes This section is currently being revised struct struct field end struct Page 77 Notes Unlike the built in constants structure offsets created with this module are self adding This section is currently being revised Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 78 tester An implementation of John Hayes tester module This is an excellent facility for instrumenting your code with automated inline tests in the form test gt result TESTING VERBOSE show test Example TESTING ADDITION gt Test for an empty stack 35 gt 8 This section is currently being revised textalign Provides type left e pixel width e type right type center This section is currently being revised tinylocals A simple facility for locals Notes This locals module is non Standard Quartus Forth does not provide the LOCALS wordset however for rare circumstances where locals are desired this mo
25. wordlist in the current search order allwords displays all the words from all the wordlists in the current search order inline Flags the most current word as an inline word warnings newflag oldflag Controls the display of compiler warnings for example redefined messages during compilation Enabled by default header c addr u colon sys Begins a new definition with the name specified by c addr u find c addr u 0 Ifa flag Similar to the Standard word FIND but takes the name to search for as a string on the stack instead of parsing it from the input buffer and returns an fa link field address instead of an xt Returns 0 if the name is not found in the dictionary under the current search order The flag 1 for a normal word 1 for an immediate word and 3 for an inline word Advanced developers sometimes wish to access underlying components of the compiler to that end Quartus Forth provides several low level words These words let you access internal details in a manner that will still work should a future version of the Quartus Forth change its internal structures Ifa gt xt lfa xt Converts an lfa into an xt For use with find literalxt xt Compiles an xt into a definition as a literal value An immediate word xt gt abs xt addr Converts an xt to a double cell 32 bit absolute address in the storage heap e xt gt size xt u Returns the size in bytes
26. you can see the console has accepted your input performed the calculation adding 3 and 5 and displayed the result of 8 Creating startup quartus Each time Quartus Forth starts it searches for a memo named startup quartus in the built in MemoPad application All commands in this file are automatically executed at startup To create a startup quartus memo go to the MemoPad app and create a new memo The very first two characters in this memo must be a backslash and a space followed by the filename in this case startup quartus Here is an example startup quartus memo startup quartus Hello cr This startup quartus memo will print the word Hello on the screen each time Quartus Forth starts up We ll be using this startup quartus for the remainder of the examples here Restarting Quartus Forth with this startup quartus memo will show the following screen Welcome to Quartus Forth 2 0 0R Build 2005 04 23 12 28 00pm Neal Bridges 1997 2005 All rights reserved Hello Console features Quartus Forth provides a single line input field on a scrolling screen with command line history accessed via the PageUp and PageDown buttons Command history is retained between sessions On handheld devices with a 5 way selector the center button doubles as an Enter key Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 23 The Quartus Forth console provides a drop down menu with the following
27. yourself You can test your code immediately without having to synchronize your app with a Palm device each time it s already there Feedback is instantaneous and the edit compile test cycle is very fast Q Why Forth A For many reasons Here are a few Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 9 Forth is an excellent and powerful structured programming language with a long history of suitability for rapid and effective software development particularly but not solely in embedded systems like the Palm Forth is fast both in compilation speed and in the speed of the resulting executables e Forth is concise and brief so it s well suited for Palm devices where screen real estate is limited Forth uses few special characters so it s a good fit for Graffiti entry Forth is backed by an ISO ANS Standard finalized in 1994 and in widespread use by commercial Forth vendors and developers alike Q I thought Forth was interpreted and therefore slow A There are many implementation strategies for Forth compilers Quartus Forth is an optimizing native code compiler that directly generates executable machine instructions it is fast Apps developed with Quartus Forth are virtually indistinguishable in speed from those developed with desktop compilers But isn t Forth an interactive language like BASIC guag A Forth is indeed interactive There s a console from which code can be entered a
28. 2 05 Page 58 Stand Alone Wordset Once you ve written an app the Quartus Forth can create a complete stand alone executable called a PRC in the Palm world short for Palm Resource Container that is optimized to contain only the code required The resulting PRC executable is automatically copied to your desktop during the next HotSync operation Stand alone apps created using Quartus Forth are turnkey ready for immediate use They require no run time library and can be beamed copied and handled just like any other Palm PRC executable The Stand Alone wordset provides all the tools needed to create a stand alone app MakePRC xt creator name Generates a stand alone app CopyRsrc number type Copies a selected resource into the stand alone app DelRsrc number type err Deletes a selected resource from the stand alone app NewRsrc number type err Creates a new resource in the stand alone app generate symbols boolean Controls the creation of debug symbols in the app MakePRC is the cornerstone of the Stand Alone wordset it creates a new application in Palm storage memory with the specified name and creator ID beginning with the specified xt and recursively extracting all required code from that point It displays a series of dots in the console as it completes its task CopyRsrc copies a specified resource from any currently open resource database into the stand alone app g
29. A id 44 A A e AA 44 ID WW A O NA 45 A ccantiacutaace ascuedemascagssscacslavenentecuatesaisiaacytadenaanveutascnagausad Ouevaguncasssucetotemessacieiaeaeiane 45 RST STENT LO har Ray A OP IVS tat STO EUR TUE RE E GESTS Nia E 45 Interpr ter Word a ia 46 Q art s Forth Extensions A ce co i 46 For advanced Gevelopers twa na aa 46 Me mory Access W OLA aa a A AA 47 Implementation details for Standard Word unicidad iii 47 Quartus Forth EXE lid e AIS 47 A RAN 49 Miscellaneous Words lus dl 50 Common usage WOLASE esc on an oe hes A A A E i 50 Additional miscellaneous WOtdS sissccseec cceswscssinceysssuaveedsrecndousdeeennciaconedesssasondiberidoaateaieecapioctves 50 O O A aud Paden 51 Module Words Ad ida 32 Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 3 Output Wordset as eee gt aes a Aneel cca a evans dean ee 55 Implementation details for Standard Words cceeccceescessecesceeeeeeseeeeseceeeeneeceseeseseceeeenaeenes 55 Qu art s Forth Extensions gt gt sis A ee oS 55 Notes aonan A 56 SOUTE WOTA AA a r a a a a a a a R ae 57 Implementation details for Standard words ssesssseesseeseessesseseeseesseesetsstssreseesseesressesseesees 57 Qu art s Forth Extensions arsena a re NN 57 a a dai 57 A A E E A A E RA RA 57 AO AA a n a ai ieia aai aide aeii 58 Restrictions of a Stand Alone APD 0 a Ni 59 Notesin e a anally Ra 59 A A A E ai 60 Quartus Forth Wordsets Advanced ccccccccccccsssssececceessscceeecc
30. EEEE Ea E Ea cdas 77 A E I a ok ea NIN A 77 strine floats ied ear araa aede aea Eer n Raa a aae a a aiota ea ai bea iE 77 Sa nt e ee ee eae 77 LESCOL sees RN 78 PEGA TOs E E nase EE 78 BUTI DO CAS re sient tensed E Aik inet E eels Nh E Nica oust isd EE Naa Cac 78 O O eas eae naps ate ea Sits Beal eet pada aes 79 E a1 AA O RM O E A RA AOA 79 A II A A O T aa 79 TS E E sista 80 ZSS Seinna RS E 80 A E E T E E E E TE E E E 81 MO A AAA See A Soe Re A Muah oes Riven ici 81 The armasm ARM Assembler Module cio comaadibictisteaiecte ven biesauaineses 82 armasm GOSSALY access cans eat acuen A A a E 82 ASMOSK aie ASMOG part2 ots tt aea a A E a a ti aia 84 A A 88 A A IS 89 Ola a tad a dd han hada aihake 89 DAM A E A A Matos ede aie Regn iS 90 disasm and disasm part2 disasm part3 disasm part4 ccecccceesceseeeeceseeeseeceeeeeseeneeenaeens 90 O 90 UD A ada E E tdi 90 A TE EAE dua ovaauiaahasthol worn EE ASE 91 RN 91 A O O elites cea lian cg O cadeieg tes rac artist Sea de 91 A A saubenbatedeansa tba a ceida va nadtedeals a a a aael 91 A A A IA A A E IAN 91 A O A 92 A A A O AE NAE E 92 O hes AE Suede 92 WAN Site n a Bi ecko a a DV O ON 93 Mah Deian A A E AA aa 93 DWE Oa AAA ciazay lds a ia a a calla aea a a aai E a aeae Ea aia 94 MeMa eRe AENA A E A SA 96 random nn e A a Un STONES O 96 A ENE AE E E A E 96 KEILAT REA DE AAEE AE ARAT AE EN TAA EAA NO O A da 96 Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 5 A A ITE SCT
31. EKEY event type Retrieves the next event from the Palm OS event queue returning the type of the event on the stack The event itself is recorded in a static buffer named event If no event is available on the event queue within a half second interval EKEY returns a zero nilEvent Equivalent to EKEY 50 ekey EKEY gt CHAR event type event type false char true Converts the most recently received event into a character if applicable Quartus Forth also returns the character value 11 for the PageUp key and 12 for the PageDown key KEY char Built using EKEY gt CHAR and thus also returns the PageUp and PageDown characters Quartus Forth Extensions e ekey timeout event type Like EKEY but takes a double cell timeout value measured in Palm OS ticks each 1 100th of a second A timeout of 1 makes it wait until an event occurs A timeout of 0 means no wait If no event is available on the event queue before the specified timeout it returns a zero nilEvent In later Palm OS versions a nilEvent occurs every few seconds even with a timeout of 1 Equivalent to ekey begin 2dup get event handle event O swap keyDownEvent gt or until 2drop event event addr Returns the dataspace address of the event buffer which is an Event Type structure that holds the details of the most recent event returned by ekey EKEY or KEY e event id id Returns the ID of the
32. FFP single precision floats providing simple floating point support that works all the way back to Palm OS 1 0 NewFloatMgr support under Palm OS 2 0 and above providing IEEE 754 single and double precision floating point operations Full MathLib shared library support for extended double precision floating point operations Full support for the parsing and display of floating point values in both standard and scientific notation Q What enhanced features does Quartus Forth provide A Beyond being a full featured Standard Forth system Quartus Forth provides a wide range of other facilities Tight integration with the Palm OS A simplified event handling system for managing Palm OS events Full access to the Palm API with over 6200 built in named constants and structures Text error messages for more than 400 Palm API error return codes Extensive floating point support Launchcode support with globals available for all launchcodes Named modules and full multiple namespace wordlist support Deferred words Extensive single and double precision floating point support Inline assemblers for Motorola 68000 and ARM CPUs An integrated disassembler for the Motorola 68000 Library source modules for encryption graphics sound and more Q How do I create and edit source files A Quartus Forth can read Forth source directly from MemoPad memos or from standard Palm Doc format files compressed or uncompressed The built in MemoPad
33. NMENT strings reporting the state of the Quartus Forth kernel at startup It s unlikely you ll have any use for this it is provided for Standard compliance Notes Other modules do not add or update ENVIRONMENT strings facility Provides the little used KEY and AT XY from the Facility wordset AT XY is intended for use on a system with fixed width fonts the version here approximates that with the Palm OS proportional fonts Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 68 facility ext Provides TIME amp DATE from the FACILITY EXT wordset fasin Provides the Standard FLOATING EXT word FASIN for use with internal Quartus Forth FFP floats fatan Provides the FLOATING EXT word FATAN for use with Quartus Forth FFP internal floats fel Float exponents amp logarithms for use with Quartus Forth internal FFP floats Provides the following Standard words from the FLOATING EXT wordset FEXP FLN Provides the following extension words F gt F r r Moves an FFP float from the floating point stack to the data stack gt F r F r Moves an FFP float from the data stack to the floating point stack OF F r r r Copies an FFP float from the floating point stack to the data stack FXAY F xy x y Raises the FFP float x to the power denoted by the FFP float y FXAN F r r n n Raises an FFP float to the integer power denoted by n file Provides S from the FILE wordset Also provides PAD fr
34. Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 1 Quartus Handheld Software www quartus net Quartus Forth 2 0 0 Revision 09 12 09 Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 2 Table of Contents Introduction and Frequently Asked Questi0OWS ooooconoccccooccnnonccoonnncoonnnonnnncnonnncnnnnnno 6 Typog aphi al CONVENIOS les 14 Other CONV ENUGIS a a nase aaa 14 A A A 15 How to Buy Quartus Pon A A E 15 Quartus Forth License Agreement and Limited Warranty cccccccecsseceseeeteeeeseeeeeeeeeeenaees 16 Quartus Forth MST AM ALO O A A A EN 19 Stargate E ea E S 20 Creating A AS i 22 Console Teil a iaa 22 ios A AA O O enor E 23 MA E ANA A AEAEE EERS 26 Working with Palm OS RespUrES 27 Sample APP MCA OM enee Rallo Ts 29 Compiling the sample app DU di 29 Working with Floating Point Y ae a or 30 Double Pr cision Eloatine Potasio dianas 33 Floating POM Output eee os a A aai aaret eA aiaa aderit 36 External links to other useful InforMAti0M oooccnnncciococoncconncnonaconcnonn nono nonnnccnnno nan ccnnncnnn cronicas 38 IRC LSM CS MAT ibi 40 Quartus Forth Wordsets General iii dd 40 Defer WW ordenata a E Ave bled a Ne gd Ns pode td 41 EVENS WO a ia 43 Implementation details for Standard event handling WOTAS ooooconnccnncnoconocononcocnnoncnancnnconnonnos 43 Q art s Forth Extensions uta ata a t a dota 43 Lower level words for managing EEES iS A A ci 44 Deprecated ObSOle le WO
35. Ry Te PERRET SUR SREY ME 96 A A A A eataa a orsi 97 O O O Sean r 97 SM A A A AN voi 97 T A A 97 A A A AE 97 Obsolete Library Pesa alas eli 98 A A aE E A CERT E A Sy OPE PLA E SAUER AY RARE 98 A 98 O RS eaa es 98 a as aa a e Sots heat Nas Sad Stale tas 98 simples handle a iii 98 Advanced TOPICS ri 99 Exception and Error Handling s seeseesseeseeseesseseeseesseesressrestesetssrestessesstesresstsseesressessresresseese 100 NS A E E ON 100 Application Termination Si 101 PNOs PACE Native Objects ARM Subroutines oooooocnnocononoconccoonononccnnnaconccnnnccnncconnncnnccnnos 102 Notes on EOI A ttler secon suleesy vag a aeS 102 About armas Siper e a Glan muna Gan Beatie Gas cita 103 Despistaos ia ger aed 103 NA A S E dubia iaustuncetausueetenaees ant 103 E te eae 104 Palm OS Cobalt Simulator Version 6 LO Dic ii sd ti 104 Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 6 Introduction and Frequently Asked Questions Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 7 Quartus Handheld Software is proud to present the latest release of Quartus Forth the on board native code compiler for Palm Powered handhelds This manual is a living document expect revisions Please send all comments criticisms and suggestions to support quartus net By way of introduction to Quartus Forth here s a collection of Frequently Asked Questions Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 8
36. TIES TERMS OR CONDITIONS OF MERCHANTABILITY FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND SATISFACTORY QUALITY THE DEVELOPER NEITHER ASSUMES NOR AUTHORIZES ANY OTHER PERSON TO ASSUME ANY OTHER LIABILITY IN CONNECTION WITH THE SALE INSTALLATION MAINTENANCE OR USE OF HIS PRODUCTS Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 18 LIMITATION OF LIABILITY TO THE MAXIMUM EXTENT PERMITTED BY LAW THE DEVELOPER ALSO EXCLUDES FOR HIMSELF AND HIS RESELLERS ANY LIABILITY FOR INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL LOSSES OF ANY KIND OR FOR ANY REASON OR FOR COMMERCIAL LOSSES OF ANY KIND OR OTHER FINANCIAL LOSS ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE SALE MAINTENANCE INSTALLATION FAILURE PERFORMANCE OR INTERRUPTION OF THIS PRODUCT EVEN IF THE DEVELOPER OR HIS AUTHORIZED RESELLER HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OR CERTAINTY OF SUCH DAMAGES AND LIMITS HIS LIABILITY TO THE LICENSEE FOR ALL DAMAGES LOSSES AND CAUSES OF ACTION WHETHER BASED IN CONTRACT TORT INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE TO REPLACEMENT OF THE SOFTWARE ON NEW MEDIA OR REFUND OF THE PURCHASE PRICE PAID AT THE SOLE OPTION OF THE DEVELOPER THIS DISCLAIMER OF LIABILITY FOR DAMAGES WILL NOT BE AFFECTED IF ANY REMEDY PROVIDED HEREIN SHALL FAIL OF ITS ESSENTIAL PURPOSE SEVERABILITY In the event any provision of this License Agreement is found to be unenforceable for any reason the provision will be reformed only to the extent necessary to make it enforceable and enforce
37. UE initially set to ud comma ud Format and display an unsigned double cell number d comma d Format and display a signed double cell number comma 7 Format and display a signed single cell number condthens This is a shorthand for deeply nested IF ELSE conditionals Ahead of the first IF case sets a sentinel marker after all the IF ELSE conditionals thens compiles the required number of THENs cond thens dblmath Provides dm dm HiBit ud mod dmod admod dblmath ext Provides extract signs d d Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 input Helper words for accepting user input in a popup box Note This section is currently being revised memo Helper words for working with the MemoPad database Provides OpenMemoDB CloseMemoDB WriteNewMemo mersenne A high strength pseudo random number generator Provides sgenrand seed Isgenrand amp seed array genrand u opg Also opg 1 opg 2 opg 3 opg docs opg extras Page 76 Wil Baden s Operator Precedence Grammar Allows for infix floating point syntax it converts infix notation to postfix notation See opg docs for details on the words provided Example pending Notes This module works with Quartus Forth FFP floats only but that doesn t stop it from being a valuable tool for double precision floating point operations When DEBUG is set to TRUE LET displays the infix
38. a later time Quartus Forth provides a Defer wordset to manage deferred words e defer name Creates a new deferred word called name is xt name Assigns an action to re vector the deferred word name action of name xt Retrieves the xt assigned to the deferred word name defer xt yo xt Retrieves the xt assigned to a deferred word specified by xt defer xt Xt Stores xt in the deferred word specified by xt 2 deferred xt 0 1 2 Determines if a given xt is deferred or not Put succinctly defer creates a deferred word and is assigns an action to it Example defer myword definition1 This is the primary action definition2 This is an alternate action definition1 is myword myword lt enter gt This is the primary action ok definition2 is myword myword lt enter gt This is an alternate action ok By default a new deferred word performs ABORT until another action is assigned to it Assigning an action to a deferred word automatically changes the action of that word in any definition that uses it whether that definition comes before or after the assignment of the action Other helper words in the wordset e action of is the reverse of is and returns the xt of the action currently assigned to a deferred word defer and defer are provided for circumstances where it might be necessary to access a deferred word by xt rather than
39. ability of the remaining provisions shall not in any way be affected or impaired TERM AND TERMINATION This License Agreement is effective until terminated The Licensee may terminate it any time by destroying the Software and documentation together with all copies This License Agreement will also terminate immediately in the event of the Licensee s non compliance with any condition or term of this License Agreement Upon such termination the Licensee must promptly destroy the Software and its documentation ENTIRE AGREEMENT This License Agreement represents the entire understanding and agreement between the parties and supersedes all prior agreements or representations whether written or oral and may be amended only in a writing signed by both parties Neal Bridges Toronto CANADA Email info quartus net http www quartus net Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 19 Quartus Forth Installation Make a backup Installation of Quartus Forth is neither dangerous nor especially difficult However be prudent before beginning installation be sure you have HotSync d your device and that you have a full backup of all of your data Especially make an archive using the Palm Desktop software of all of your MemoPad memos 1 To evaluate Quartus Forth Begin by installing the latest version of Quartus Forth from this online link http quartus net products forth install This is an automated process that
40. amed Hello This app is flagged for backup and will be automatically copied to your desktop during the next HotSync operation It will appear in the appropriate Backup folder named Hello PRC with a size of just over 4K It is interesting to note that the default icons make up nearly 1 5K of that Restrictions of a Stand Alone App Stand alone apps contain only the code and data that the app requires to run and so certain functions of the Quartus Forth compiler and console are not available to stand alone apps at run time to wit Notes There s no Forth dictionary in a stand alone app so you can t search for words or manipulate the search order or EVALUATE source or load source from files Therefore no INCLUDED INCLUDE NEEDS no SOURCE ID no SAVE INPUT RESTORE INPUT no REFILL Codespace is only writable from within the Quartus Forth compiler so your stand alone app cannot write to its own codespace or compile new code or create new CONSTANTS or VARIABLEs You also cannot directly change the action of kernel deferred words from within a stand alone app but see the Defer wordset documentation for a solution to this There s no Quartus Forth console in a stand alone app so you can t QUIT Dataspace cannot be resized from within a stand alone app this means no ALLOT so therefore no C or ALIGN ALLOT appropriate space for your app before invoking MakePRC and or use the memory library module to allocate new memory a
41. annot be represented as a Quartus float NewFloatMgr and NewFloatMgr 2 Interface words to the floating point support built into PalmOS 2 0 and later D gt SF D gt DF SF gt DF DF gt SF SF gt D DF gt D SF SF lt gt SF lt SF lt SF gt SF gt DF DF lt gt DF lt DF lt DF gt DF gt SFNEGATE SF SF SF SF DFNEGATE DF DF DF DF Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 95 Note don t be too quick to want to pare the comparisons to a minimal set remember that IEEE floats include Not a Numbers which are not lt or gt any number and therefore you cannot assume trichotomy e For completeness the rest of the NewFloatMegr traps by their PalmOS names FlpBase10Info FIpFTOA FIpAToF FlpCorrectedAdd FipCorrectedSub FlpVersion _fp_get_fpscr return fp status code register bits to check if Overflow Underflow Invalid DivByZero or Inexact conditions have been detected since last check fp set fpscr set the fpscr say to zero the exception bits before a stretch of computation The rest of the conversion words _f_utof _f_ulltof _f_lltof _d_utod _d_ulltod _d_lltod _f_ftoq f_qtof _d_dtoq _d_qtod _f_ftou _f_ftoull _f_ftoll _d_dtou _d_dtoull _d_dtoll e The rest of the comparison words _f_cmp _d_cmp _f_cmpe _d_cmpe return one of the flags flpEqual flpLess flpGreater or flpUnordered the e versions also set flpInvalid in the fpscr if the result is flpUnordered _f_fun _d_fun true if operands unorde
42. app I can create A Quartus Forth 2 0 0 currently provides for single segment applications with up to 64K of code each With the tight factoring and code reuse that Forth allows and encourages appreciably complex apps can be written in this space Future versions of the compiler will permit multi segment applications Q Do I need other tools in addition to Quartus Forth A If your application will make use of static Palm GUI resources most do you will need a Palm GUI resource creator editor There are several options for this among them Quartus RsrcEdit for on board resource creation editing 15 USD if bought separately from Quartus Forth Desktop tools PilRC for script based desktop resource creation free Palm Resource Editor for GUI based desktop resource creation editing free a component of the Palm PODS 1 1 desktop development system Q How much does Quartus Forth cost A Quartus Forth and Quartus RsrcEdit are available together in a special bundle for 99 95 USD Purchased separately Quartus RsrcEdit is 15 USD Quartus Forth registration entitles you to receive free updates in the 2 x x line Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 13 Q Is there an evaluation version of Quartus Forth available A Yes The evaluation download is freely available with all the same library sources and documentation that ship with the registered version It differs from the registered version
43. aps monochrome 72 dpi Provides bitmap width height name This section is currently being revised Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 color Routines for using color Provides color depth bits grayscale monochrome gt rgb rgb rgb rgb gt rgb rgb gray gray rgb color gt gray r g b gray set colors fore rgb back rgb get colors fore rgb back rgb foreground rgb background rgb color 7 g b name black rgb dark gray rgb light gray rgb white rgb Notes This section is currently being revised colornames A series of constants defining named colors for use with color Page 89 Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 DataMgr Simple wrappers for Palm DataMegr calls Provides e cardnum e UseCard OpenDB e CloseDB e CreateDB This section is currently being revised disasm and disasm part2 disasm part3 disasm part4 SEE e seecs e seeany e seebase seeany thrw e systrap This section is currently being revised doc e GetRecord e Decompress e CloseDocDB OpenDocDB This section is currently being revised dspaces This is an implementation factor of inifini add Chapman Flack s info here Page 90 Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 docinc DocIncluded DocInclude
44. arly it s easier to refer to identifiers by name rather than value and so Quartus Forth provides an ID wordset to facilitate this id xxxx d Converts the four characters xxxx to a 32 bit double cell value id xxxx run time d Same as id but for use in a definition id xxxx Creates a 2CONSTANT named xxxx with the 32 bit value of xxxx Example id xxxx 2CONSTANT creator go MainForm id psys FtrGet go creator MakePRC MyApp id reads the next four character word in the input line and converts it to a 32 bit double cell value on the stack id does the same but for use within a definition similar in function to the Standard Core words CHAR and CHAR id creates a double cell constant with the same name as the four character id itself Example id psys psys can then be used in place of id psys in a definition or in place of id psys outside of a definition Notes ID means more than one thing in the Palm world A creator ID is a four letter 32 bit value but the term ID is also used when referring to the 16 bit numeric identifiers of Palm GUI objects e g form ID field ID menu ID etc The context usually makes it easy to differentiate id xxxx is equivalent to id xxxx 2CONSTANT xxxx See also e The Stand Alone Wordset section Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 46
45. assert but only if assert value is 2 or greater e assert3 Same as assert but only if assert value is 3 or greater Example main assert FrmGetActiveFormID 1000 Assert that the current form id is 1000 wie Assertions are a very handy development tool The code between the parentheses is evaluated and tested if it evaluates as false an Assertion failed abort message appears Assertions compile nothing unless the variable assert level is set as high or higher than the assertion level selected The condition must evaluate as non false or an Assertion failure error is generated Use a non zero assertion level for for debugging Set assert level to 0 for a production build Be sure that the code between the parentheses has no side effects that is it does not do anything other than a static test and does not alter stack contents does not change variables does not establish new GUI state etc Your code should run identically whether or not the assertion level is Zero Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 74 calendar An implementation of selected Gregorian and ISO date routines from N Dershowitz amp E M Reingold s 1997 book Calendrical Calculations Provides dmy gt date day month year date Converts a date in day month year format to a double cell date value date gt dmy date day month year Converts a double cell date value to day month year format
46. bsolute address of the top most item on the data stack sp addr Sets the data stack pointer to the double cell 32 bit absolute address of the top most item on the data stack rp addr Returns the double cell 32 bit absolute address of the top most item on the return stack Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 49 rp addr Sets the return stack pointer to the double cell 32 bit absolute address of the top most item on the return stack Notes All words that read or write 16 bit values require that the addresses passed to them be aligned on two byte boundaries that is they must be even rather than odd The Standard word ALIGNED can be used on a 16 bit address to correctly align it on an even boundary ALIGN is the Standard word that aligns the dataspace pointer HERE Note that the PACE environment under Palm OS 5 and later does not enforce the requirement for even boundary accesses however Palm OS 4 x and older devices running on actual Motorola DragonBall processors will display a fatal error dialog if you attempt to access a 16 bit value on an odd boundary If developing under Palm OS 5 before releasing your app be sure to test under the Palm OS Emulator using a Palm OS 4 x or earlier ROM in order to detect this type of error Only use gt abs on addresses that originate in dataspace Only use gt rel to convert such addresses back into 16 bit dataspace relative addresses D
47. c throw after MakePRC tFRM 1001 A blank form without a Graffiti shift state indicator used by BlankFormID ShowForm If you are not using this form it can be safely deleted with BlankFormID frmRscType DelRsrc throw after MakePRC tFRM 1002 A blank form with a title bar with no title by default used by TitledFormID ShowForm If you are not using this form it can be safely deleted with TitledFormID frmRscType DelRsrc throw after MakePRC Talt 1005 The alert used by THROW to report errors tver 1 A version resource used by the Launcher Info dialog to show the version of the app Defaults to 1 You ll likely want to change this in an app you distribute to others pref 1 A preference resource that launches the app with expected parameters such as a return stack and globals It would be unusual to want to change this true generate symbols makes the code segment of a stand alone app approximately 10 larger The data segment of a stand alone app resource DATA 1 contains all dataspace contents up to HERE at the time of MakePRC See also The Launchcode Wordset section Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 61 Quartus Forth Wordsets Advanced Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 62 Callback Wordset Certain Palm OS routines list drawing routines for instance allow for the use of callbacks Callbacks are words in your app that you s
48. ce files duco txt make duco txt and roman txt in your Palm MemoPad This can be done either by importing the duco csv file via the Windows Palm Desktop application or by copy amp paste from the three text files on platforms not supporting csv import 2 Install the resources on your handheld They are provided already compiled as ducorsrc prc which can be installed directly using the Palm Quick Install Should you wish to rebuild the resources there are two options for re generating the resources Here s the command for PilRC the Palm Resource Editor usage is left as an exercise for the student pilre ro creator Duco type rsrc name Duco Resources ducorsrc rcp The command above generates ducorsrc ro Rename this to ducorsrc prc and install on your Palm using PalmOne Quick Install Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 30 3 From the Quartus Forth console enter include duco lt enter gt This should compile without error Enter go lt enter gt This will start the application which will run normally within the Quartus Forth console until you exit 4 With the registered version you can generate a stand alone version of Duco this will recreate the duco pre provided in the Sample Duco folder To do this re start Quartus Forth and enter include make duco lt enter gt This should compile without error and generate a stand alone app which will appear on the Palm Launcher screen and s
49. cell 16 bit dataspace relative address gt abs and gt rel are used within your code to convert addresses in dataspace to the 32 bit absolute address format expected by certain Palm OS routines and to translate the addresses returned by certain Palm OS routines back into dataspace relative addresses For accessing 32 bit absolute addresses Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 48 The following six words work on double cell 32 bit absolute addresses The words that fetch data a c a 2 a can be used to read memory anywhere in Palm address space whether in the dynamic or the storage heaps or in ROM The words that store data a cla 2 a can only be used to write to addresses in dynamic memory These words are named as per their Standard counterparts but with an a suffix a addr x Fetch a 16 bit value from a 32 bit absolute address la x addr Store a 16 bit value at a double cell 32 bit absolute address c a addr char Fetch an 8 bit character from a 32 bit absolute address cla char addr Store an 8 bit character at a 32 bit absolute address 20a addr x x Fetch a double cell 32 bit value from a 32 bit absolute address 2 a x x addr Store a double cell 32 bit value at a 32 bit absolute address For accessing 16 bit single cell addresses in codespace Of these words those that fetch data from codespace cs csc will work both at the Quartus Forth consol
50. d in the ANS94 FLOATING EXT word set It additionally provides words for native arithmetic and comparison in both formats conversion between formats and between either format and signed or unsigned double cell integers and between DF format and printable strings all courtesy of the built in NewFloatMgr routines of PalmOS 2 0 and later This support built in to every 2 0 and later device also allows four rounding modes to be selected ToNearest TowardZero Upward and Downward and five exceptional conditions to be detected Invalid Overflow Underflow DivByZero and Inexact It provides words to convert between SF and DF and the Quartus provided float datatype which uses a non IEEE standard format With Rick Huebner s MathLib installed it also provides a full complement of native DF 53 bit precision trig hyperbolic logarithmic exponential and power and miscellaneous functions Note MathLib is available for free download http www probe net rhuebner mathlib html Relevant library files dfout Floating point output fpround A version of _fp_round that works around a known Palm OS bug fsfdf Conversion between the Quartus float format and the IEEE standard FLOATING EXT words SF SF convert between a Quartus float on the float stack and a standard single float in memory also F gt SF sr f r always succeeds SF gt F sr f r throws appropriate exceptions for any standard float that c
51. date gt day of week date day of week Converts a double cell date value to its respective weekday Finds a weekday relative to a given date All have the stack diagram d1 k d2 where dl is the specified double cell date value k is the required weekday and d2 is the resulting double cell date value before on or before nearest on or after after Finds the nth weekday relative to a given date All have the stack diagram d1 k d2 where dl is the specified double cell date value k is the required weekday and d2 is the resulting double cell date value last first second third fourth fifth leapyear year bool Returns TRUE if the specified year is a leap year iso gt date day week year date Converts an ISO date in day week year format to a double cell date value date gt iso date day week year Converts a double cell date value to an ISO date in day week year format Example This example calculates the date of the first Sunday after April 15 2004 needs calendar lt enter gt ok 15 April 2004 dmy gt date lt enter gt ok Sunday after date gt dmy lt enter gt 2004 4 18 ok Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 75 Notes Constants for weekdays and months are built in constants See the List of Built In Constants for details comma Formats double cell integers with separators Provides thousands separator char A VAL
52. devices are built using ARM CPUs that are not directly compatible with the 68K but all such devices run a software subsystem called PACE Palm Application Compatibility Environment that transparently emulates the 68K in order to run 68K Palm apps This makes it possible to create and distribute Palm executables that are binary compatible across all Palm Powered devices For speed the Palm OS on ARM based devices is entirely written in native ARM code so any overhead introduced by the emulation process is normally quite minor and unnoticeable However in some circumstances it is desirable to run certain computationally intensive tasks at the full speed of the underlying ARM CPU This is accomplished by writing special subroutines specifically for the ARM Palm calls an ARM subroutine a PNO which stands for PACE Native Object Quartus Forth provides armasm an inline ARM assembler for creating PNOs in your Quartus Forth apps Notes on Endianness The 68K is a big endian environment that is multi byte values are stored in memory with the most significant digits first and the least significant digits last The ARM on the other hand is little endian that is multi byte values are stored in memory with their least significant digits first and their most significant digits last This means endian conversion is required when passing data back and forth between a PNO and the emulated 68K environment Here s an example of the diff
53. dictionary when interpreting or compiling source By default it first tries to convert the word to a number if that fails it searches for the word in the integrated database of systraps If that fails it reports 13 undefined word If you choose to re vector it your code will receive a c addr u on the stack you can then attempt to resolve the unknown word and handle it appropriately If you cannot pass the c addr u on to the original vector of unknown Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 47 Memory Access Wordset The Palm OS provides two kinds of read write memory called heaps dynamic and storage Both can be read without restriction but only memory allocated from the dynamic heap by and for your application can be written to directly The Palm OS protects the storage heap from accidental overwrite it must be accessed for writing via Palm OS routines such as DmWrite The region of the dynamic heap allocated by Quartus Forth and available to your apps at run time is a 32K region known as dataspace Dataspace is freely accessible for reading and writing via single cell 16 bit addresses each relative to a 32 bit base pointer established by the Palm OS when it launches your app These are known as dataspace relative addresses At the Quartus Forth console and while compiling source you are able to read and write codespace which is a specific region of the storage heap allocated by the console at
54. dule should fit the bill This section is currently being revised Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 79 toolkit Provides a number of common usage words place place bounds gt lower gt upper append array under enum end defined Oallot 3drop 4drop 6drop string Shorthand for creating named literal strings A 2CONSTANT called lt name gt is created that points to the following string delimited by the first character encountered Notes This section is currently being revised trig Integer trig operations Notes This is an antique module that has been in the system since it was named PilotFORTH It is used by turtle turtle Simple turtle graphics functions Notes This is an antique module that has been in the system since it was named PilotFORTH It uses trig Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 80 udmultiply e udm ud This section is currently being revised zstrings For creating literal zero terminated strings required by some Palm OS API functions Provides z Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 81 System Library Files These library files all provide interfaces with different parts of the Palm OS API armasm Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 82 The armasm ARM Assembler Module The armasm module provides an inline symbolic ARM assembler with structured c
55. e Palm OS SDK header files Palm OS Recipes Palm OS Knowledge Base Palm OS Developer Archive Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 39 Debugging Tools http www palmos com dev dl Palm OS Emulator 4 x and earlier gremlins support Palm OS Simulator Garnet 5 4 Release Palm OS Simulator Garnet 5 4 Debug gremlins support Palm OS Simulator Cobalt 6 1 Debug no gremlins Palm Reporter a trace tool that works with the Simulator Palm Application Explorer aka PRC Explorer http www palmgear com index cfm fuseaction software showsoftwaresprodid 40542 For use with the Emulator Palm Debuffer http sourceforge net projects debuffer Quartus RsrcEdit http quartus net products rsrcedit Palm Resource Editor and PalmRc GenerateXRD and GenerateXRD Wizard No cost download registration as a developer is required http www palmos com dev dl PilRC open source http sourceforge net projects pilrc You can download a Mac OS X binary of PilRC 3 2 from http www gymace co uk pilre3_2 Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 40 Reference Manual Quartus Forth Wordsets General Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 41 Defer Wordset In general terms to defer something is to put it off until a later time Deferred words are no different A deferred word is named when it is first created but its action is assigned at
56. e and in your stand alone apps The words that store data in codespace cs csc and the words that access codespace sequentially cshere cs csc csunused can only be used at the Quartus Forth console and while compiling source but not in stand alone apps These words are named as per their Standard counterparts but with a cs prefix cs csaddr x Fetch a 16 bit value from a codespace relative address cs x csaddr Store a 16 bit value at a codespace relative address csc csaddr char Fetch an 8 bit character from a codespace relative address csc char csaddr Store an 8 bit character at a codespace relative address cshere cshere Return the current value of the codespace pointer cshere acts the same way as the Standard word HERE but in codespace rather than dataspace cs x Store a 16 bit value at the current codespace address returned by cshere Increment cshere by one cell width 2 bytes csc char Store an 8 bit character at the current codespace address returned by cshere Increment cshere by one char width 1 byte csunused u Returns an unsigned value the amount of codespace still available For accessing the data stack and return stack directly In some circumstances it s useful to know the 32 bit addresses of the pointers to the data and return stacks and to be able to set them These words are provided for advanced use sp addr Returns the double cell 32 bit a
57. e assembler sequences embedded within Forth words Features of asm68k include 119 mnemonic instructions e 13 addressing modes Structured conditionals TF THEN ELSE BEGIN AGAIN BEGIN UNTIL BEGIN WHILE REPEAT FOR NEXT Prefix or postfix operation As at version 1 21 the source for the assembler is in two files asm68k and asm68k part2 together totalling 7191 bytes When compiled it occupies approximately 7516 bytes of code space and 292 bytes of data space To use it download both of the files and import each of them to your pilot as memos using the Pilot Desktop software From the Quartus Forth command line type include asm68k lt enter gt You will see Loading asm68k v1 21 done Check the File Area for sample assembler code to get you started The original author of asm68k was Michael Perry of F83 fame an early and very popular implementation of the Forth 83 standard together with Henry Laxen The listing appeared in a special edition of Dr Dobb s Journal the Toolbook of Forth His source F83 compatible in block format can be found at ftp ftp taygeta com pub Forth Compilers cross 68000 68kasm arc asm68k Implementation Details 68000 mnemonics are implemented in asm68k as Forth words that process operand information from the data stack and compile machine instructions into code space In prefix mode the remainder of the current line is evaluated befo
58. e in their reference documentation available at http www palmos com dev support docs 68k_books html All systraps integrated in Quartus Forth are listed with their arguments and Palm OS version numbers in the Quartus Forth Systrap Reference For advanced users who want direct access to the underlying systrap mechanism Quartus Forth provides a lower level Systrap wordset systrap 7 Calls the specified Palm OS routine by number with applicable parameters read from the Quartus Forth data stack The parameters are not removed from the stack after the call Use a0 L and dO L to retrieve return values as required The values for n are listed in the Palm OS SDK header files available from http www palmos com dev dl dl_sdks Examples The built in systrap named SysReset is equivalent to SysReset hex AOSC systrap The built in systrap named FntGetFont is equivalent to FntGetFont newfont oldfont gt byte Convert the byte parameter for the systrap hex A163 The number of the FntGetFont systrap from the Palm OS SDK systrap Call the Palm OS routine drop Drop the newfont parameter dO L Retrieve the oldfont return value drop Drop the unneeded high part of the 32 bit value gt byte n n lt lt 8 Converts an 8 bit systrap parameter into the format expected by the Palm OS Fewer than 70 of the built in systraps require one or more of their parameters to be massaged in this way the paramete
59. e precision IEEE floats or Quartus Forth internal FFP floats See the Floating Point section for more details Provides the Standard FLOAT words F FE FS Provides the following extensions G G R F R FE R FS R String versions of FS F FE and G fs f fe 9 ftrig Additional FLOAT EXT words for use with Quartus Forth internal FFP floats Provides the Standard words FSIN and FCOS Provides the following extensions 2pi pi fsen Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 71 memory Provides the following Standard words from the MEMORY wordset ALLOCATE FREE RESIZE Provides the following extension size Notes ALLOCATE and RESIZE can fail if the allocated block is not within 32K of the data space base pointer Total space allocatable using these Standard words is less than 32K per region and less than 64K overall For reliable allocation of memory regions use the mem words string Provides the Standard words STRING BLANK TRAILING tools Provides the following words from the Standard TOOLS EXT wordset DUMP tools ext Provides the following words from the Standard TOOLS EXT wordset IF ELSE THEN Notes These words only work in sources stored in the MemoPad and not in Doc format files Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 72 Miscellaneous Library Files These library files contain words that do not fit readily into other
60. eCal1 takes care of big endianing this for the 68K environment and placing it on the stack upon return from the call Any other multi byte values in the parameter data must be little endianed for use by the ARM subroutine either before the PceNativeCal1 or within the ARM subroutine itself Quartus Forth provides the words swapends and dswapends for converting values from one endianness to another Notes It appears to be necessary to preserve at least R4 across an ARM subroutine RO R3 can apparently be used within ARM code without preserving them The ARM expects all code and multi byte data to be aligned on 4 byte boundaries Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 104 Known Issues Palm OS Cobalt Simulator Version 6 1 0 0 Under the Cobalt Simulator the console Last Error menu option fails The built in Memo Pad app brings up an alert Invalid Record Q You attempted to go to aninvalid record OK after which the Memo Pad launches normally and brings up its previous state This appears to be an error in the current version of the Palm OS Cobalt Simulator PACE subsystem it does not appear to be translating the command parameter buffer correctly for the Memo Pad app Under the Cobalt Simulator THROW error messages in the console are displayed from the Palm OS error tables first and then from Quartus Forth internal error tables This differs from the behavior under previous
61. ect Example zero Zero one One two Two go select xt zero xt one xt two end select O go lt enter gt Zero ok 1 go lt enter gt One ok 2 go lt enter gt Two ok Notes Do not place anything other than xt statements between select and end select Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 52 Module Wordset Quartus Forth provides support for multiple namespaces in the form of the the Standard Search Order wordset but it can be somewhat cumbersome for casual use Developers frequently want data encapsulation so there s a desire for easy to use modular public private namespaces To that end Quartus Forth provides a Module wordset The Module wordset allows for named modules with two scopes public and private module name module sys Starts a named module e public Switches to public scope private Switches to private scope end module module sys Ends a named module expose module name Accesses a named module s private words Typical use is simple as per this outline module lt name gt private internal words here public words for external use here built using the private words above end module You can switch back and forth between private and public as often as required inside a module At the beginning of a module the scope is private by default A module s private words are nor
62. eesssaseeeceeessssseeeceseneas 61 E A A A IA Ot A is A eet 62 Notes aid rd li di 62 Dictionary W Ord A 63 Implementation details for Standard Words cccecccceceeesecesseeeeeeseeeeeeceseeeeeeeneeeeeeeneeeeaeenes 63 a A O AE sudan ESETERE 63 La nchcode Wo di id 64 S O A aocauuaumaiaust voc cdultvamepadt comtai aes tal seauh ates ibis sama tumass ates duit ok E 64 Systrap WordS t sorae aeina A A A 65 Library Files yiana eri e E E A a a iaa 66 ANS Library PICS oa TR A A A AA aa 67 A EEA EE RR ETA 67 CASE n A E dea E A E O RI 67 O 67 CMV IPONIMENG 1 lt 5 ss RUE 5 O 67 PASTA EY AE AEE E Doce N A A EE E OAE AE E RA A an ida E E 67 A A E R a a er r EA 68 TA A E E AA A AS AA 68 O E A 68 A A A A E EN 68 MAA AA OV eeagne ns eies 68 float exte e ds paras a centg RS 69 POGUE estas A A A RS ratas 70 A A O A 70 AC A A A S neta ats 71 BEING A A AA ed A A EA A 71 E whten A 71 TOOS ERT A Savy E A chev E ems 71 Miscellaneous Libraries exec hu ER EA a a a R eA SS 12 DZS WOT a SES 72 A ec EEE A EI EE E E AE EE TIA RAY PE AA 72 AI A ea a O aE Ea ea AEEA RC era E EEE ea EAEE ES 73 Cd A rs Nn bac Mccabe ie a E 74 Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 4 C ndthens SRR Aaa ee RPE A APRS STU TANS AE TE MET ANE O SET RELA AIR 75 dO A A a A A 75 o 325 es cin cS essere tas nants ai wa A spidane bs canada oghas Veeoeeee eee 75 OA 76 MM ea e ed Maa as 76 MAMA a A RT A ia 76 PA a a a a lL aOR ce 76 CMA a A A
63. enerated by MakePRC See the resources library module documentation for details on how to open your own custom resource databases for use with CopyRsrc If used it must occur after MakePRC DelRsrc deletes a specified resource from the stand alone app generated by MakePRC If used it must occur after MakePRC NewRsrc creates a new empty resource in the stand alone app generated by MakePRC If used it must occur after MakePRC generate symbols is for advanced use It generates debug symbols in the stand alone app for use with special debugging tools in conjunction with the Palm OS Emulator and Simulator It includes the name of each word during compilation so debugging tools can use the names when reporting errors running profiles etc If used generate symbols must occur before MakePRC generate symbols is false disabled by default Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 59 Here s a complete Hello World 7 example hello go MainForm Y Set up a form to draw on Hello World Display a message begin ekey drop again Do nothing until the user starts another app I go id demo MakePRC Hello Optional deletion of default forms we don t need for this app 1001 frmRscType DelRsrc throw 1002 frmRscType DelRsrc throw Then at the Quartus Forth console include hello lt enter gt oococcnccconcnannna nan nan ok Now in the Launcher you ll see a new app n
64. er should it be required your app can use CATCH to intercept requests to terminate and first perform any required cleanup close any files or forms save preferences or whatever else is required before exiting either directly by calling bye or indirectly by re throwing the byeThrow to be caught by the default exception handler which will then call bye Here s an outline main your application here go main catch dup byeThrow if perform any required cleanup here then throw Another way to intercept a request for application termination is to redefer the kernel deferred word bye See the discussion of the redefer module in the Defer wordset section for more information Notes If your app has any open forms bye calls the Palm OS routine FrmcloseAllForms to close them for you If you want your GUI app to terminate itself despite Palm s guidelines use BYE to exit If instead you were to simply let your main definition fall through to its end the cleanup actions of bye would not be performed An app must eventually respond to a byeThrow by terminating or the Palm OS cannot start another application Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 102 PNOs PACE Native Objects ARM Subroutines Palm applications are predominantly written to run on the Motorola 68K CPU found in all Palm Powered devices from Palm OS 1 up to Palm OS 4 Palm Garnet OS 5 and later
65. erent endian storage schemes A 32 bit hex value 12345678 For this value is the most significant digit and 8 is the least significant digit Stored in big endian 68K format Byte Offset value 0 12 lt most significant first 1 34 2 56 3 78 lt least significant last Stored in little endian ARM format Byte Offset value 0 78 lt least significant first 1 56 2 34 3 12 lt most significant last Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 103 About armasm The armasm module provided with Quartus Forth is a complete inline postfix assembler for the ARM Along with ARM mnemonics it also provides words for creating PNO definitions See the armasm section for further details Deep details PceNativeCall amp userData amp nativeFunc ud gt PceNativeCall is the Palm OS system routine that temporarily transfers control to an ARM native subroutine It takes two parameters the 32 bit absolute address of a parameter data block and the 32 bit absolute address of the ARM subroutine itself It returns a 32 bit result provided by the ARM subroutine The ARM subroutine may also optionally modify data in the provided parameter data block The address of the parameter data is automatically little endianed by PceNativeCall and is available within the ARM subroutine in the R1 register The ARM subroutine must return its 32 bit result in the RO register PceNativ
66. et up to be called back by the Palm OS at certain times by certain routines Quartus Forth provides a Callback wordset to make this easy parameters for callback words appear on the data stack just as they would for any other Forth word e callback Establishes a callback environment e end callback Ends a callback environment callback stack u Establishes a private return stack for callbacks with a size of u bytes handled flag Sets the 32 bit DO register to the 16 bit value of flag Here s an outline mycallback callback Callback code here end callback go 1024 callback stack code that sets up the callback etc In go 1024 callback stack creates a private return stack for use during callbacks along with additional space to preserve register values across the callback 1024 is a reasonable value however if your callback words make heavy use of the return stack nested calls etc you may need to increase it callback stack must occur before any callback routines are installed and used The callback stack is deallocated automatically when your app terminates At the start of mycallback callback establishes the return stack as the data stack so the code in the callback word can access parameters passed to it by the Palm OS and establishes the private callback stack as the return stack for the duration of the callback At the end of the callback word end callback reverses this
67. he console To see the error use the Last Error function either from the menu or from the menu command bar and you ll be taken directly to the error in the appropriate MemoPad memo with the location highlighted for editing Here s the hello example with an error added foo which isn t a defined word hello go foo Hello World Including this at the console looks like this Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 27 Welcome to Quartus Forth 2 0 0R Build 2005 04 23 12 28 00pm Neal Bridges 1997 2005 All rights reserved Hello include hello Exception in file hello foo undefined word 13 Note 13 here is the ANS Standard Forth exception number for the undefined word error Note also that the first Hello on the screen is from our custom startup quartus from earlier in the manual Now Last Error either from the menu or from the pop up menu command bar takes you directly to the highlighted error hello Working with Palm OS Resources There are at least three ways to create new Palm resource databases Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 28 e Quartus RsrcEdit on board the Palm Quartus RsrcEdit is an interactive application for creating and modifying resource databases on board the Palm itself Although Quartus RsrcEdit is not specifically written for Palm OS 5 version nnnnn works fine under
68. ime Two reasons first this simplifies error determination and support and second the Quartus Forth dictionary state is commonly intertwined with the Palm GUI state and there s no reliable way to save and restore the GUI state Quartus Forth reads a MemoPad file named startup quartus each time it starts so extensions can be included from there Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 14 Typographical Conventions EMIT A Forth word Standard words are presented in all caps though Quartus Forth accepts both upper and lower case words MakePRC A Quartus Forth extension word currently under discussion comment A text comment nilEvent A Palm OS constant name xl x2 A stack comment Format input output Other conventions An r indicates a floating point value short for real A trailing indicates a double cell value A trailing indicates a Boolean flag is parsed from the command line An item in A leading amp indicates that the item is an address in memory lt lt indicates a logical shift left e g n lt lt 8 R means the stack comment describes the return stack F means the stack comment describes the float stack Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 15 User Guide How to Buy Quartus Forth Pricing Quartus software products are offered for sale through multiple channels The link for purchasing is http quartus
69. installation on the Palm Option B PRCExplorer can create a PilRC RCP file from an existing PRC File gt Save Source option The RCP can be edited with any text editor and then recreated with PilRC as a PRC for installation on the Palm Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 29 Sample Application The Sample folder under the Quartus Forth folder contains the complete sources of a Quartus Forth app called Duco Duco is a four function calculator with a twist it operates in Roman numerals The files provided are as follows duco duco pre The complete compiled application ducorsrc prc The pre compiled resources for the application Two options for generating the resources for the application ducorsrc xrd The XRD file for re compiling the resources for use with the Palm Resource Editor ducorsrc rcp The RCP file for re compiling the resources for use with PilRC ducolarge bmp The bitmap for the large application icon ducosmall bmp The bitmap for the small application icon source duco txt The main application source file make duco txt A short source file that builds the stand alone app roman txt A library file for manipulating Roman numbers duco csv All three source files as a Palm Desktop csv file for easy import Compiling the sample app Duco These instructions assume you ve already installed Quartus Forth and its associated library files 1 Install the three sour
70. ion shash c addr u u Case sensitive hash function registered registration key Sets your Quartus Forth registration key which fully activates all the features of Quartus Forth This belongs in your startup quartus file mem free max Compacts the dynamic heap and returns the total number of free bytes in the heap and the size of the largest free chunk in the heap Will be deprecated in future versions about Displays the Quartus Forth About box Will display any custom Talt 1000 alert in your app Equivalent to about 1000 FrmAlert drop fpo The dataspace address of the bottom of the internal floating point stack fpdissect F r sign exponent unsigned mantissa Dissects an Quartus Forth floating point value into its component parts 2 gt r x x2 x3 x3 R x2 x An optimized factor of the Standard word 2 gt R 2r gt x3 x x2x3 R x2 x An optimized factor of the Standard word 2R gt select xt end select An optimized selection control structure select 7 Begin a select end select structure xt name Add a selection to the select end select structure e end select xt End the select end select structure A select end select control structure takes a selection parameter 0 n on the stack and calls the selected xt Be sure that there are at least as many xts in the structure as the highest possible parameter value you pass to sel
71. iple launchcodes main MainForm normal function of the app with an event loop etc reset 1 to be performed in response to a CmdSystemReset isactive bool launchflags sysAppLaunchFlagSubCall and go dinie sysAppLaunchCmdNormalLaunch if main then launchcode sysAppLaunchCmdSystemReset if reset exit then launchcode sysAppLaunchCmdGoto if isactive if the app is being called as a subroutine of itself exit use exit or bye to terminate either will work then then additional launchcode handling code Y To test launchcode handling a stand alone app must be generated sysAppLaunchCmdGoto activate launchcode these must come before MakePRC sysAppLaunchCmdSystemReset activate launchcode go id MakePRC MyApp cmdPB and launchflags return additional information from the Palm OS about the current launchcode See the Palm OS Reference docs for further details as to what information is passed with each launchcode See also the Finder example Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 65 Systrap Wordset In the Palm world Palm OS routines are known as systraps short for system traps A trap is an internal table of vectors used as an entry point to all of the Palm OS system routines Quartus Forth provides seamless access to nearly 900 Palm OS systraps by name all of them have names identical to the name given the underlying routine by PalmSourc
72. ite MthLfmod MthLfrexp MthLhypot MthLilogb Mth Lisinf MthLisnan MthLidexp MthLlog2 MthLlogb MthLmodf MthLnextafter MthLremainder MthLrint MthLscalb MthLscalbn MthLsignbit MthLsignificand MthLtrunc Note At the Quartus console MathLib functions may be used as soon as the MathLib memo has been included via needs A program that will be made standalone must call do ini once early usually from go before the functions may be used do ini will take care of initializing MathLib and any other modules that use the inifini mechanisms Both standalone and at the console inifini will take care of closing the library and any cleanup needed by other modules using inifini upon any of the usual ways to exit or switch away from the program Only programs that use PalmOS API directly to switch the current application may need to call do fini explicitly In the case of MathLib the only downside of failing to close the library is that its reference count will be incorrect preventing such operations as deleting the library until after a soft reset External links to other useful information e Quartus Handheld Software resources http www quartus net Quartus Discussion Forums where Quartus Forth developers hang out http www quartus net discus Useful sources of Palm development information From the Development link at http www palmos com requiring free registration as a Palm developer Palm OS Companion amp Referenc
73. kwards from Dn 1 to 0 asm68k Assembler Mnemonics and Addressing Modes Addressing Modes Instructions O RESET NOP RTE RTS n ANDI gt SR EORI gt SR ORI gt SR STOP TRAP nea ORI ANDI SUBI ADDI EORI CMPI ADDQ SUBQ MOVEM gt MOVEM lt n An LINK n Dn MOVEQ SET SNI SLS SCC SCS SNE SEQ SVC SVS SPL SMI SSE SLT SGT SLE JSR JMP MOVI ea TAS CLR NOT NEG NEGX TST ea ea MOVE ea An ADDA CMPA LEA SUBA ea Dn CMP CHK DIVU DIVS MULU MULS eaDn Dnea ADD AND OR SUB ea Dn ean BCHG BCLR BSET BTST An MOVE lt USP MOVE gt USP UNLK Dn EXT SWAP Dn ea EOR E ema ASL ASR LSL LSR ROL ROR ROXL ROXR Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 88 Dad An d An MOVEP Da Dn Dm An Am An Ama CMPM ABCD SBCD ADDX SUBX Xn Xa EXG target BRA BSR BHI BLS BCC BCS BNE BEQ BVC BVS BPL BMI BGE BLT BGT BLE target Dn DBRA DBHI DBLS DBCC DBCS DBNE DBEQ DBVC DBVS DBPL DBMI DBGE DBLT DBGT DI Quartus Forth Registers Register Symbolic Purpose within Quartus name Forth A2 CS Codespace segment pointer A4 SP Data stack pointer AS DS Dataspace segment pointer A7 RP Return stack pointer D7 TOS Top element of the data stack bitmap For Palm OS 1 bitm
74. mally only visible in the public scope of the same module After end module the module s public words are still visible and accessible but the private words are no longer visible To gain access to the private words of a module from outside of that module expose module lt name gt internal words are visible here previous previous is from the Standard Search Order wordset whereas expose module adds the specified module s private wordlist to the search order previous removes it when access to the private words is no longer required The benefits are two fold different modules can have identically named private words without conflict and module specific private words are hidden from other modules and application code Examples Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 53 module foo public aaa Visible outside of the module private bbb Not visible outside of the module ccc Also not visible outside of the module public aaa bbb and ccc are visible here ddd aaa bbb ccc end module aaa and ddd are visible here for use in subsequent definitions bbb and ccc are not visible Y To access the private word bbb expose module foo bbb previous Modules can be nested module bar private hhh Private to the bar module public eee Visible outside the module module moo private hhh and eee are visible here fff Not
75. n proportional fonts are both handled properly Responds appropriately to the current setting of wrap This word is kernel deferred EMIT char Built using TYPE Quartus Forth Extensions ShowForm form id Displays and makes the specified GUI form active and sets window bounds according to the dimensions of the form Sets currentx and currenty to the top left corner Establishes a default form handler MainForm Displays a blank form with a Graffiti shift state indicator Equivalent to MainFormID ShowForm with a reduction in the window bounds y extent by eleven pixels to accommodate the Graffiti shift state indicator when scrolling At the Quartus Forth console it also enables the Quartus Forth menu and menubar functions currentx addr A variable holding the current window relative x horizontal pixel coordinate for output currenty addr A variable holding the current window relative y vertical pixel coordinate for output window bounds addr A RectangleType four 16 bit values defining the screen relative x and y position and x and y extent of the draw window of the currently active form Set automatically by ShowForm It is not prudent to modify these values as dynamic form resizing in later OS versions will reset them cr Performs CR if currentx is not at the left hand edge of the window bounds region wrap newflag oldflag Controls output wrapping When enabled if the wid
76. nce revision 05 12 05 sfloat For floating point conversion DF gt D DF gt SF D gt DF D gt SF SF gt D SF gt DF SF gt F F gt SF Like Standard F gt D Like Standard D gt F Like Standard D gt F Like Standard F gt D Double Precision Float words DF Standard DF Standard DFLOAT Standard DFLOATS Standard DFALIGN Standard FALIGN DFALIGNED Like Standard FALIGNED DF Like Standard F DF Like Standard F DF Like Standard F DF Like Standard F DFABS Like Standard FABS DFNEGATE Like Standard FNEGATE DF lt Like Standard F lt DF lt DF lt gt DF Like Standard F DF gt DF gt DFMAX Like Standard FMAX DFMIN Like Standard FMIN DF DF DF DF DFDROP Like Standard FDROP DFDUP Like Standard FDUP DFOVER Like Standard FOVER DFROT Like Standard FROT DFSWAP Like Standard FSWAP DF Like Standard DFVARIABLE Like Standard FVARIABLE DFCONSTANT Like Standard FCONSTANT Page 34 Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 DFLITERAL DFS DFS Like Standard FLITERAL Implementation factor of DFS Like Standard FS different format uses FpIFToA Single Precision Float Words SF Standard SF Standard SFLOAT Standard SFLOATS Standard SFALIGN Standard SFALIGNED Standard SF Like Standard F SF Like Standard F SF Like Standard F SF Like Standard F SFABS Like Standard FABS SFNEGATE Like Standard FNEGATE SF lt Like Standard F lt SF lt SF lt
77. nd alone apps with CopyRstrc The database is not closed the Palm OS closes it automatically upon exit from Quartus Forth Note that the debug Emulator and Simulator will indicate the open database status on exit serial This section is currently being revised sound This section is currently being revised Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 string2anyfield This section is currently being revised syncname This section is currently being revised systraps systraps is used by the disasm library module This section is currently being revised ver Provides OSVersion minor major returning the version number of the Palm OS xts This section is currently being revised Page 97 Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 98 Obsolete Library Files These files were in earlier versions of Quartus Forth but have now had their words moved into the kernel double fonts ids safe simple handler Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 99 Advanced Topics Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 100 Exception and Error Handling The Standard Exception wordset THROW and CATCH words provide an excellent facility for managing unexpected conditions within your applications Ifa THROW goes uncaught Quartus Forth provides a default mechanism for reporting the exception as follows At the Quartus Forth c
78. nd tested interactively but that s where the similarities to BASIC end Forth definitions whether entered at the Quartus Forth console or read from source files are not interpreted but rather are compiled directly to fast native code machine instructions Q Is all that event handling scaffolding that I see in Palm C sources necessary in a Quartus Forth app A No Quartus Forth takes care of administrative tasks such as loading forms managing events and application startup and termination for you your app need only request events via the EKEY word and act on them accordingly This greatly simplifies app development By way of example here s the complete source of a Hello World app hello go MainForm Hello World begin ekey drop again Q Can I use native Palm GUI resources and Palm OS functions in my apps A Yes Quartus Forth integrates cleanly with the Palm OS providing sophisticated event handling callbacks and named access to nearly 900 Palm OS functions from Palm OS 1 0 to Palm Garnet OS 5 More than 6200 Palm OS constants and structures are directly available by name Quartus Forth provides simple commands for copying externally created Palm GUI resources into your stand alone apps Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 10 Q Can I work with floating point values A Yes Quartus Forth provides a range of floating point facilities Built in Motorola Fast Floating Point
79. nning under Palm OS 1 will only display the error number Ifa THROW goes uncaught when an app is not launched as a GUI application it will not display a pop up alert but instead will simply beep and then exit The error alert resource is Talt 1005 automatically built into each stand alone app This alert can be replaced with your own customized alert to provide additional information contact info etc Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 101 Application Termination On a Palm Powered device only one GUI application is running at any given time Palm s development guidelines say that apps are not supposed to exit deliberately instead they should loop processing events until they receive an AppStopEvent from the Palm OS event manager asking them to terminate so that another app can be launched Quartus Forth provides a set of words to manage application termination BYE A Standard word Exits the app by simulating a tap on the Launcher icon e bye Terminates the current application immediately byeThrow byeThrow The Quartus Forth termination throw code a constant When an AppStopEvent is received by the Quartus Forth event handler byeThrow THROW is performed automatically when the byeThrow exception is caught by the default exception handler control is transferred to bye and the app terminates Normally this is completely transparent to you as a developer Howev
80. normally visible outside the moo module public hhh eee and fff are visible here ggg Visible outside the module end module eee and ggg are visible here but not hhh or fff end module eee and ggg are visible here but not hhh or fff Any module s private words can be exposed whether or not the module is nested expose module moo fff previous Something interesting module bob private module alice private xxx This is in the private scope of module alice public yyy This is in the private scope of module bob yyy is visible here end module Y and here end module Y but not here Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 54 Because module alice is declared in the private scope of module bob all of alice s public words are private to bob xxx will not be visible outside of alice and yyy will not be visible outside of bob Notes The public scope is the compilation wordlist and search order that is active before the module is declared Each module s private scope is a new wordlist specific to the module added to the search order for the duration of the module Quartus Forth supports the creation of up to 112 new wordlists and hence up to 112 named modules at any given time Inside a module the private scope is searched first followed by the public scope e Quartus Forth supports a maximum search order of 16 wordlists this means module
81. o not use gt rel to convert any other absolute addresses to 16 bit addresses as the results will be meaningless and will not result in usable addresses for accessing memory Likewise do not use gt abs on addresses that originate anywhere other than in dataspace or the results will be equally meaningless The addresses returned by sp and rp are not guaranteed to be in dataspace and hence gt abs and gt rel cannot be used on them The top most item on the data stack is normally cached in a data register SP first flushes it to memory before returning the address and SP re caches it after setting the address Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 50 Miscellaneous Wordset These are words that don t fit neatly into other wordsets Common usage words The following are non Standard words that are in common usage in many Forth compilers Some are discussed in the Appendix of the Standard Forth document for next An optimized looping construct Counts backward from n to 0 Similar to the Standard DO LOOP LOOP looping constructs but faster with a fixed decrement and direction and taking only one parameter for n Begin a for next loop next End a for next loop Example ten 10 fori next ten lt enter gt 9876543210 ok m mod ud u uz ud Divide unsigned 32 bit dividend ud by unsigned 16 bit divisor u to give a 32 bit quotient ud and 16 bit remainder u2 Used by
82. olute Data Addressing Absolute short ea next word n 3700 dO move Absolute long ea next two words n L 123456 1 jmp Program Counter Relative Addressing Relative with offset ea PC di n PCD d0 56 pcd b move Relative with index and offset ea PC Xn dg n Xn PCDI 100 d1 pcdi a0 lea Register Indirect Addressing Register indirect ea An An d0 a0 b move ea An An An An a7 d7 w move N Postincrement register indirect Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 86 Predecrement register indirect ed NA An d0 a6 w move Register indirect with offset ea An dig n An D 15 al d b clr Indexed register indirect with ea An Xn dg n Xn An DI arar diy aes offset Immediate Data Addressing Immediate data next word s n 42 d0 move Quick immediate Inherent data n 7 dl addq asm68k Assembler Directives Assembler Directive Action W Cause subsequent generation of word sized operations 2 byte L Cause subsequent generation of long sized operations 4 byte B Cause subsequent generation of byte sized operations 1 byte ASSEMBLER Replace the first wordlist
83. om the CORE EXT wordset Notes S as specified in the FILE wordset can be used to hold a transient string at the console outside of a definition unlike the default CORE s that can only be used inside a definition Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 69 float ext Additional words from the FLOATING EXT wordset Provides the following Standard words for use with Quartus Forth internal FFP floats F Fo Provides the following extensions frot F r1 r2 r3 r3 rl r2 Reverse rotates the top three items on the internal floating point stack trailingO c addr ul u2 Returns the number of trailing 0 characters in the provided string places p aces Returns the current setting for the number of places past the decimal point in numbers displayed by F set places places Sets the value for the number of places past the decimal point in numbers displayed by F f E r c addr u As F but returns the string representing the float rather than displaying it Notes The F provided in this library file is an implementation that works only with Quartus Forth internal floats The fpout library file provides a full implementation of floating point output words Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 70 fpout A full featured set of words for displaying floating point values These words are vectorable and can be used to display either doubl
84. ompiles source directly from Memo Pad memos A memo is identified as a file if it begins with the character and a space followed by a filename With the inclusion of the library module docinc Quartus Forth can also read source from Doc format files both compressed and uncompressed The Standard words INCLUDED and REFILL are provided along with a few extensions Implementation details for Standard words REFILL flag REFILL handles input lines of up to 256 characters long Tab characters in source are treated as spaces Quartus Forth Extensions include filename Like the Standard word INCLUDED but parses the filename from the input buffer Discards the rest of the line after the filename needs filename Like include but does not re include a file that has already been included by INCLUDED include or needs echo newflag oldflag If enabled all source lines are displayed as they are read Disabled by default set memodb creator id type Changes the database from which source files are read default is id memo id DATA set memodb The format of the database must be the same as that used by the Memo Pad app a database of text records If used place it at the very end of your startup quartus file in the Memo Pad See also Library module docinc Notes The Standard word MARKER also restores needs tracking Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 1
85. onditionals and helper words for working with large immediate values Also provided are defining words for creating PACE Native Objects PNOs See the PNO section for further details armasm Glossary pno name Begins a named PNO definition The resulting word will automatically execute the ARM subroutine defined by the assembler instructions between pno and end pno It will have a stack diagram of addr result expecting a 16 bit parameter data address and returning a 32 bit value on the stack e end pno Ends a pno definition arm boolean Returns a TRUE flag if the CPU is an ARM Your applications should provide non ARM subroutines that perform the same functions as its pnos and use them when the CPU is not ARM See the pno demo for an example of how to do this armassembler Replaces the first wordlist in the current search order with the armassembler wordlist Typical use also armassembler The asmassembler wordlist The following words are in the armassembler wordlist accessible from within a pno word ARM assembly mnemonics ADC ADD AND B BIC BL BX CMN CMP EOR LDM LDR MLA MOV MUL MVN ORR RET RSB RSC SBC STM STR SUB SWI TEQ TST Macros that generate 1 4 instructions to handle large immediate values all take double cell immediate values ADD AND BIC EOR MOV MVN ORR SUB Addressing modes 0 0 0 Shifts
86. onsole with the MainForm active an uncaught THROW displays a readable error message if available directly For example memeErrNotEnoughSpace throw lt enter gt throw memErrNotEnoughSpace 258 At the Quartus Forth console but not currently showing MainForm THROW pops up a Palm alert dialog with the error number and an error message if available Exception Raised Q memErrNotEnoughSpace 258 After selecting ok the console MainForm is re established and then the throw is redisplayed in the console screen Ina stand alone app running interactively an alert pops up For example Q Error 258 Memory out of space After selecting ok the app terminates via bye Notes ABORT custom error messages are also handled cleanly and will appear in pop up error alerts as an error type of 2 Error numbers are always displayed in decimal At the Quartus Forth console error messages come from internal Quartus Forth error string tables first if no message is available there for a specified error or if a THROW occurs in a stand alone app where the Quartus Forth error tables are not available the message comes from the Palm OS error tables This provides messages suited to a developer within the Quartus Forth console while providing explanatory language localized error messages for end users of stand alone apps Palm OS 1 does not contain any error messages Errors in stand alone apps ru
87. re operand information is processed The mnemonics are normal non immediate words which means that in order to assemble instructions they must execute either in interpretation state or from within another immediate word Here s an example code under a b c atc b tos 2 sp d add drop end code Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 85 Note that because drop is a Forth word we must switch into compilation state with before it and back into interpretation state with after Here s a differently coded but otherwise identical implementation of under under a b c atc b also assembler tos 2 sp d add previous drop Here we switch into interpretation state with to assemble the ada instruction and then back into compilation state with to compile drop Another word code 2 n n 2 2 tos subg end code inline asm68k Caveats When mixing Forth and assembler within a definition bear in mind that the following words have a different meaning when found in the ASSEMBLER wordlist 0 lt 0 lt gt AO AGAIN AND BEGIN DO ELSE FOR IF MOVE NEXT OR REPEAT SWAP THEN UNTIL WHILE asm68k Addressing Modes Addressing Mode Generation asm68k Syntax asm68k Example Postfix Register Direct Addressing Data register direct ea Dn Dn d0 dl move Address register direct ea An An a3 a0 move Abs
88. red 1 e at least one is NaN _f_for _d_for true if the operands are ordered i e neither is NaN _f feq _f_fne _f_flt _f fle _f_fgt _f fge like SF etc but return a 32 bit _d_feq _d_fne _d_fit _d_fle _d_fgt _d_fge instead of a 16 bit flag _f_neg _d_neg like SFNEGATE DFNEGATE but not inlined just for completeness e Also DF DF DFABS DFMIN DFMAX SFABS SFMIN SFMAX fpcheck read and zero fpscr then throw appropriate exception ifthe Overflow Underflow DivByZero or Invalid status flag was set The Inexact flag is ignored happens too often to worry about except in very specialized software WARNING The F1pFTOA and F1pAToF functions built into PalmOS do not properly handle the full range of a double float AtoF truncates the exponent at two digits so if you convert 1 7e308 you will get 1 7e30 AtoF also does not like a in the exponent 3e6 and 3e 6 are ok but 3e 6 will be read as 3e0 without error indication In fact AtoF has no way ever to indicate an error 1t will return some double floating number no matter what string you feed it FtoA seems to put the right text in the buffer for any magnitude from 1e 99 to 9e99 but returns flpErrOutOfRange 1665 if the magnitude is less than about le 91 or more than about 9e98 Go figure Computations done on double floats work fine for the full range about 2 23e 308 to 1 797e308 but to convert or display very large or small values will take custom code AtoF will properly convert
89. red work for more than one type of float To use these output words on FFP floats in a stand alone app it is necessary to have output is f in your initialization routine before using any of the output words Example MyApp Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 33 needs fpout go MainForm output is f 355e 113e f f begin ekey drop again This displays 3 1415929 Double Precision Floating Point For higher precision floating point operations NewFloatMgr provides access to the IEEE 754 single and double precision floating point support built into Palm OS 2 0 and later NewFloatMegr is based on the excellent work of Chapman Flack These words operate on 64 bit double precision floats four cells each that reside on the data stack rather than the floating point stack Use needs NewFloatMgr Example MyApp needs NewFloatMgr go MainForm dfloat 355 dfloat 113 df dfs begin ekey drop again This displays 3 1415929e00 As the above example shows double floats are entered using dfloat dfloat does not require an e in the number but will accept it if present Note that although the double float calculation in the example is carried to at least 15 digits of precision the default DFS provided by NewFloatMer displays only 8 significant digits NewFloatMegr provides the following words For entering literal floating point values dfloat Quartus Forth User Guide and Refere
90. rs are identified in the Quartus Forth Systrap Reference with a gt byte tag Equivalent to gt byte 8 Ishift a0 L addr Returns the double cell 32 bit value of the system a0 register Used to read address return values from systraps that return an address return value dO L x Returns the double cell 32 bit value of the system do register Used to read non address return values from systraps that return a non address return value e dO L x Stores a double cell 32 bit value in the system do register Formerly used with the now obsolete eventhandler Not useful for systrap access but placed here with do L for convenience Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 66 Library Files Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 67 ANS Library Files These files contain additional ANS Standard Forth words not present by default in the Quartus Forth kernel allans This library file loads all other ANS Standard Forth words excluding the floating point words provided by NewFloatMgr case This library file provides a control structure described in the Standard CORE EXT wordset case of end of end case core ext Provides the following additional words from the Standard CORE EXT wordset VALUE TO 2 gt R 2R gt C ERASE D gt S R U gt U R WITHIN COMPILE Note PAD is provided as part of the file library environment This library file provides all ENVIRO
91. s into deferred words even if they are not deferred to start with The following illustrates the use of redefer needs redefer redefer lt name gt the word lt name gt is now a user deferred word There are two situations where redefer is needed first to defer a kernel word that is not already deferred and second to defer kernel words deferred already or not that you wish to re vector within a stand alone app Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 43 Events Wordset Event handling in a Palm Powered application involves a fairly complex ritual of retrieving events from the system event queue and passing each event through a series of Palm OS handler routines in a certain preordained order This is an unchanging aspect of all Palm apps and so Quartus Forth encapsulates all of the required steps in a few easy to use words all your app has to do is request events and respond to them as they appear on the stack Via EKEY and related words all available events are visible to a Quartus Forth app normally excluding any pen and key events that the Palm OS has already handled itself This keeps your app from receiving unwanted pen events from menus and the silkscreen area unwanted key events from the menubar etc Should you wish to receive even those events the Palm OS handles itself you can see the Lower Level Words section below Implementation details for Standard event handling words
92. s may potentially be nested 15 deep The Module wordset manipulates the Forth search order Should you need to make changes to the search order inside a module the search order should be restored to its former state before end module occurs or the results may not be as expected Ensure that any expose module command is matched with a previous etc Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 55 Output Wordset Quartus Forth supports the Standard words for text output and adds extensions for managing output on Palm Powered devices Implementation details for Standard words EMIT flag Returns a TRUE flag when the active form is also the active draw window CR Calls EMIT to determine if it is currently able to output to the active form Provides automatic scrolling within the window bounds region when text output would exceed the lower edge of the region Updates currentx and currenty to point to the start of the next output line Responds appropriately to the current pagination setting of more This word is kernel deferred PAGE Calls EMIT to determine if it is currently able to output to the active form Erases the window bounds screen region Sets currentx and currenty to the top left corner TYPE c addr u Calls EMIT to determine if it is currently able to output to the active form Updates currentx and currenty after displaying the string specified by c addr u Proportional and no
93. startup as working space for the duration of the Quartus Forth session Codespace is where apps are compiled Once an app has been made stand alone it cannot write to its own codespace Quartus Forth provides the Standard words for memory access with extensions to allow you to access all required Palm and Forth memory spaces Implementation details for Standard words These eight Standard words act on 16 bit dataspace relative addresses e C C 2 2 FO F Dataspace in a stand alone app cannot be resized Thus the following seven Standard words can be used at the Quartus Forth console and while compiling source but not in stand alone apps HERE C ALLOT ALIGN FALIGN UNUSED When the Quartus Forth console starts in order to minimize dynamic memory use the allocated dataspace region is less than 1K and UNUSED reports less than 0 5k The words that move the dataspace pointer C ALLOT automatically resize the dataspace region as required plus a small margin UNUSED will therefore always report less than 0 5K available In total for any given app console session HERE cannot exceed 32k Quartus Forth Extensions For converting dataspace addresses from 16 bit relative to 32 bit absolute gt abs addr addr Converts a single cell 16 bit dataspace relative address to a double cell 32 bit absolute dataspace address gt rel addr addr Converts a double cell 32 bit absolute dataspace address to a single
94. t run time as required true echo drop before MakePRC will cause it to display the name of each word traversed during the stand alone generation process Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 60 By default a stand alone app generated by MakePRC automatically contains certain resources some of which you may wish to change or to delete if you don t need them as may be the case with some or all of the default t FRM resources tAIB 1000 A large Launcher icon in both monochrome low res and color low res and hi res versions with appropriate transparency You ll likely want to create your own icon for any app you distribute to others See Creating Your Own Resources in the Quartus Forth User Manual for details D O tAIB 1001 A small Launcher icon in low res only A Three default forms are provided For convenience each of these forms also contains a single line text field with an ID of 1003 ACCEPT uses this field Note however that ACCEPT as defined by the Forth Standard does not meet Palm guidelines for user interfaces and is not recommended for use in stand alone apps use your own custom fields instead tFRM 1000 A blank form with a Graffiti shift state indicator used by MainForm If you use MainForm in your app you ll need this resource or an alternate tFRM 1000 resource If you don t need this resource it can be safely deleted with MainFormID frmRscType DelRsr
95. th in pixels of the text to be displayed by TYPE exceeds the right hand edge of the window bounds region CR is performed first When disabled text is allowed to overrun the right hand edge of the region wrap is enabled by default Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 56 more newflag oldflag Controls pagination for scrolling text with a localized more message When more is displayed a penDownEvent will display the next line of output A keyDownEvent will display the next page of output If the key is lt enter gt further pagination is disabled more is disabled by default font newfont oldfont Sets a new font for text output returns the font number of the previously active font MainFormID form id Returns the form ID of a built in blank form with a Graffiti shift state indicator Used by MainForm BlankFormID form id Returns the form ID of a built in blank form without a Graffiti shift state indicator For use with ShowForm TitledFormID form id Returns the form ID of a built in blank form with an empty title bar and without a Graffiti shift state indicator For use with ShowForm beep Plays a sndInfo beep Notes more is intended to control pagination when scrolling output at the Quartus Forth console and is not recommended for use in stand alone apps In fact to meet recommended guidelines for application design the screen as a whole should
96. tion Ifthe exponent is 0 it can be omitted as shown in the example above At startup with no library modules loaded Quartus Forth provides A floating point stack with room for 8 FFP floats e Automatic conversion of literal floats encountered in source to FFP format As with all Standard Forths floating point values are differentiated from integers because they contain an e for example 3 14159e 112E 4 Standard words e F F FX F FSQRT FLOOR FROUND FNEGATE FABS e F lt FO lt FO FMIN FMAX F F F gt D D gt F FS FLOATS FLOAT FALIGN FALIGNED FROT FDUP FDROP FSWAP FOVER FDEPTH e FCONSTANT FVARIABLE FLITERAL gt FLOAT e SET PRECISION PRECISION Quartus Forth extensions e fpO fpdissect Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 32 In the library module float ext Standard words F A rudimentary implementation use fpout for a full featured version of F Fw Quartus Forth extensions f frot trailingO places set places In the library module ftrig Standard words e FCOS FSIN Quartus Forth extensions fsgn In the library modules fasin and fatan Standard words FASIN FATAN Simple floating point output is provided by the built in FS and by F in float ext For fancier output options use the fpout module This provides Standard words e F FE FS Quartus Forth extensions g 9 r f r fe r fs r gt fs fe f 9 fpout can be re vecto
97. tus Forth can run on any Palm device from Palm OS 1 0 all the way to Palm Cobalt OS 6 Q How do I get my stand alone apps out of the Palm A Transfer of your stand alone apps happens automatically when you perform a HotSync operation they appear on your hard drive in the Backup directory of the Palm Desktop application They can also be directly beamed from one Palm to another transferred via external storage etc Q Is there a desktop version of the Quartus Forth compiler A Quartus Forth can be used on the desktop via the Palm OS Emulator or the Palm OS Simulator There are no native desktop versions at this time Q You say there s no run time library required but isn t a run time library effectively crammed into each stand alone app A No Stand alone apps created using Quartus Forth are optimized for speed and size and contain only the code required by your application Q Are there royalties associated with distributing my stand alone apps Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 12 A No royalties Stand alone apps generated using Quartus Forth are royalty free with no run time libraries and hence no run time licensing fees Q What s the smallest app I can create A The very smallest app no icon no forms and only an alert dialog is just over 1K in size A minimal Hello World application is less than 4K in size of which the code segment is less than 2K Q What s the largest
98. tus Forth is based on Chapman Flack s original implementation Mathlib requires Palm OS 2 0 or later and also requires that the freely available MathLib library be installed on your handheld device MathLib is available from http Awww radiks net rhuebner mathlib html Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 37 To use MathLib functions it is necessary to have do ini in your initialization routine Example MyApp needs MathLib needs dfout go MainForm do ini dfloat 2 dfsqrt df begin ekey drop again This displays 1 414213562373095 MathLib routines named to match their Standard Forth equivalents DF Like Standard F DFACOS Like Standard FACOS DFACOSH Like Standard FACOSH DFASIN Like Standard FASIN DFASINH Like Standard FASINH DFATAN Like Standard FATAN DFATAN2 Like Standard FATAN2 DFATANH Like Standard FATANH DFCOS Like Standard DFCOS DFCOSH Like Standard DFCOSH DFEXP Like Standard DFEXP DFEXPM1 Like Standard DFEXPM1 DFLN Like Standard FLN DFLNP1 Like Standard FLNP1 DFLOG Like Standard FLOG DFLOOR Like Standard FLOOR DFROUND Like Standard DFROUND DFSIN Like Standard FSIN DFSINCOS Like Standard FSINCOS DFSINH Like Standard FSINH DFSQRT Like Standard FSQRT DFTAN Like Standard FTAN DFTANH Like Standard FTANH Other MathLib routines not renamed MthLabs Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 38 MthLcbrt MthLceil MthLcopysign MthLdrem MthLfin
99. ubdirectories This is for informational purposes only they can all be installed under a single category in the MemoPad on your device Quartus Forth scans all categories in the MemoPad when searching for filenames 3 Registered users Once you have purchased the registered version of Quartus Forth you will install an additional package as specified in the instructions received at registration time This package will install the correct international version of Quartus Forth for your handheld device The registered version of Quartus Forth is provided in English German French Spanish Swedish Portuguese Norwegian and Malay Starting Quartus Forth Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 21 Quartus Forth is started by tapping on the Quartus icon in the Palm Launcher It will show a screen similar to this Welcome to Quartus Forth 2 0 0R Build 2005 04 23 12 28 00pm Neal Bridges 1997 2005 All rights reserved To try out your installation type this simple sequence 35 lt enter gt Note that lt enter gt is the Graffiti enter stroke Note also that a space is required between each of the 3 5 and called dot which displays the result The screen should show this Welcome to Quartus Forth 2 0 0R Build 2005 04 23 12 28 00pm Neal Bridges 1997 2005 All rights reserved 35 8 ok Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 22 As
100. ubsequently be transferred to your desktop computer during the next HotSync Working with Floating Point Values Should you wish to work with floating point values Quartus Forth offers a wealth of options Motorola FFP single precision floats that work on all Palm OS versions Palm OS 1 0 and up Single and double precision IEEE 754 floats that work on Palm OS 2 0 and later MathLib access for additional double precision operations Palm OS 2 0 and later Note Palm OS 1 offered rudimentary floating point support of its own called FloatMgr with many problems and limitations The following diagram illustrates the various levels of floating point support available to you as a Quartus Forth developer Quartus Forth Legend CS Palm OS 2 and up Palm OS 1 and up Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 31 The Quartus Forth built in floating point format is known as Motorola Fast Floating Point FFP It s a single precision format fast and accurate within its range it has a small footprint and works on any Palm all the way back to version Palm OS 1 devices It is limited to six or seven places of precision Each FFP float is 32 bits in size Quartus Forth provides a separate float stack that holds 8 FFP values Example MyApp go MainForm 355e 113e f fs begin ekey drop again This displays 0 31415929E1 As the example shows floats are entered by using e exponent nota
101. ude hello ok go Hello World rs Note that the first Hello comes from the customized startup quartus we set up earlier For those using the registered version of Quartus Forth here is slightly different code to generate a complete optimized stand alone application hello2 go MainForm Hello World begin key drop again go id demo MakePRC Hello Including hello2 from the Quartus Forth console gives this Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 25 Welcome to Quartus Forth 2 0 0R Build 2005 04 23 12 28 00pm Neal Bridges 1997 2005 All rights reserved Hello include hello ok Then in the Palm Launcher you ll see a new application Unie Hello 2 26a J x 0 DG Tx Tapping on the Hello icon will show you the Hello World app in all its simple glory Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 26 Hello World During the next HotSync operation the Hello pre stand alone executable will be copied automatically from your handheld to your computer s hard drive in the Palm username Backup folder This pre file can be redistributed freely requires no run time library and will run on all Palm devices back to Palm OS version 1 0 How errors are handled If an error is encountered while including a file the compiler will issue an appropriate message at t
102. use get event and handle event as per the following outline all events begin 1 get event event type each event is is available here with no exclusions handle event handled drop again Deprecated obsolete words e handle event Like handle event but the handled not handled status is not returned on the stack and must be accessed via the d0 L from the Systrap wordset This word was named HandleEvent in previous versions and is now renamed to indicate that it is an implementation factor of handle event Use handle event instead e eventhandler An old vectoring mechanism for handling Palm events dating back to PilotFORTH now unnecessary and thus made obsolete Throws 32 obsolescent feature Use EKEY and related words instead See also Library module Events Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 45 ID Wordset Palm OS development frequently requires the use of four character identifiers known depending on context as types or creator IDs For instance each Palm app is identified by its own unique four character creator ID and each resource in a Palm resource database is identified by a specific four character type that indicates the purpose of that resource Any four character identifier is equivalent to a specific 32 bit double cell value For example the four character identifier psys is equivalent to the 32 bit double cell value 1886615923 Cle
103. ve a category of Quartus which you can override during import if you wish Quartus Forth User Guide and Reference revision 05 12 05 Page 20 library libtxt zip The library memos in individual txt files with DOS Windows style CR LF line endings library libtxtu zip The library memos in individual txt files with Unix Mac style LF only line endings library Qrsrc PRC Additional resources used by some library files At this point only input txt requires this to be installed sample A folder containing sample Quartus Forth application sources and resources Notes If not installing from Windows the additional files will be extracted to a directory of your choosing If you are installing over the air the files will be downloaded and installed during your next HotSync operation 2 Installation of the library memos It is recommended that you set up a category in your MemoPad named Quartus and keep only the Quartus Forth library memos in there Doing so will make it simple to archive and delete them all and re import new memos when updates occur Windows users with the Palm Desktop app can use File gt Import to directly import the library csv file into the MemoPad For users without the Palm Desktop app the library memos are also provided as individual txt files in two formats with CR LF line endings DOS Windows and with LF only endings Mac Unix Within the libtxt zip archives all files are stored under s
104. versions of the Palm OS This appears to also be a Cobalt PACE error relating to the order in which open resource databases are searched Under the Cobalt Simulator the Quartus Forth console correctly resizes its form when the screen is rotated and when the input area is collapsed It does not currently retain the existing content of the screen nor is the input field relocated until lt enter gt is pressed Should you wish to resize the screen or rotate the screen it is presently best to perform a COLD afterward to reset the console state Fixes for these issues are deferred until after Palm OS Cobalt actually ships as the issues may have gone away by then
105. will enable the installation of the English language trial version of Quartus Forth on your device This installation process also works over the air for connected Palm devices Note that while the evaluation version is English only Quartus Forth is available in multiple international versions English German French Spanish Swedish Portuguese Norwegian and Malay In addition to installing the evaluation version of Quartus Forth the installer will copy additional required files to your desktop under one of these paths depending on your desktop OS C Program Files Palm Installed Packages Quartus Forth or in the following folder My Documents Palm OS Desktop Installed Packages Quartus Forth This directory will be referred to as simply Quartus Forth In the Quartus Forth directory the following files will appear docs manual pdf This manual in Adobe Acrobat format docs constants pdf Details on all 6200 built in constants and structures docs events pdf A chart showing all Palm OS events and their internal details docs systraps pdf Parameters and return values for all integrated Palm OS systraps docs isodocs pdf Documentation required for compliance with the ISO ANS Forth Standard library library csv The library memos in Palm Desktop CSV format Use the File gt Import option in the Palm Desktop app to install these Archive and delete any existing memos with the same names first These memos all ha
106. zation algorithms and processes of the Software shall be deemed confidential and proprietary information of the Developer Except as explicitly set forth in this License Agreement the Licensee is not permitted to rent lease network distribute sublicense loan or create derivative works based upon the Software or its documentation in whole or in part or to use the Software in a time sharing arrangement or in any other unauthorized manner unless with the written permission of the Developer The Licensee is not permitted to transfer or assign the Software or the rights under this license without prior written permission of the Developer This License Agreement does not grant the Licensee any right to receive enhancements or updates to the Software or accompanying documentation Updates and enhancements if available may be obtained by the Licensee at the Developer s then current standard pricing terms and conditions Title ownership rights and intellectual property rights to the content accessed through the Software are the property of the applicable content owner and may be protected by applicable copyright or other law This License Agreement gives the Licensee no rights to such content TECHNICAL SUPPORT For individual Licensees for a period of sixty 60 days from the date of purchase ONLY LICENSED PURCHASERS OF THE FULL REGISTERED QUARTUS FORTH SOFTWARE PRODUCT will have access to technical support via electronic mail Upgrades to

Quartus Forth 2.0.0 - Quartus Handheld Software

Contents

Download Pdf Manuals

Related Search

Related Contents