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2. Users can securely log in into the mobile application and view a live stream Recorded footages can be viewed They are identified by a camera ID time and date of capture Upon sight of an alarming activity the user can press a button and sound an alarm remotely to scare the intruder or alert the security forces nearby 5 3 Achievements In the process of implementing the Mobile Video Surveillance System with SMS Alert I succeeded in the development of a prototype that demonstrates the most important capabilities of the surveillance system In particular the prototype features include The real time viewing of a restricted and secured area that is fitted with cameras has been achieved The user can flip from one camera to the next or choose to view all the live footages at the same time The application gives the user the power to start and stop a live footage remotely Since the footage is being recorded the user may opt to switch off the live footage and only load it when intrusion has been detected Users are able to securely log in and out to end their sessions on the web application Users can change their password and even delete their account The ability to view recorded footage even in the archives by streaming on demand footage via web has been provided for review purposes A script that sounds the remote alarm is executed when the user clicks a button In addition I was successful in developing an administrative side of the web appli
3. lo B B P B B P B B h MPEG GOP Figure 1 MPEG Compression The process of estimating the motion between frames is known as motion estimation ME and the process of forming a prediction while compensating for the relative motion between two frames is referred to as motion compensated prediction MC P Block based ME and MC prediction is currently the most popular form of ME and MC prediction the current frame to be coded is partitioned into 16x16 pixel blocks and for each block a prediction is formed by finding the best matching block in the previously coded reference frame The relative motion for the best matching block is referred to as the motion vector There are three basic common types of coded frames 1 intra coded frames or I frames where the frames are coded independently of all other frames 2 Predictively coded or P frames where the frame is coded based on a previously coded frame and 3 bi directionally predicted frames or B frames where the frame is coded using both previous and future coded frames The figure above illustrates the different coded frames and prediction dependencies for an example MPEG Group of Pictures GOP The selection of prediction dependencies between frames can have a significant effect on video streaming performance e g in terms of compression efficiency and error resilience Current video compression standards achieve compression by applying the same basic principles The temporal r
4. UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI School of computing and Informatics Final Report Mobile Video streaming Surveillance System With SMS Alert Student Number P56 P 7841 05 Student Name Martin Kamau Karanja Supervisor Professor Okelo Odongo Project submitted as partial fulfillment of the requirement for the MSc Information Science Declaration This research is my original work and has not been submitted for the award of degree in any other university Martin Kamau Karanja P56 P 7841 05 This research has been submitted for examination with approval as the University Supervisor Professor Okelo Odongo Supervisor 11 Dedication This project is dedicated to my loving wife Faith Thank you for all the support and understanding 111 Abstract In the current times Surveillance security system becomes the best solution to overcome more crime cases in the world and also for house intrusion problem with the real time monitoring it has become an effective security system As we know there are many types surveillance security system which are too expensive and difficult to use such as for Closed circuit television CCTV The main problem being The cost of hiring the required security is out of range for most people When a security breach takes place unless the owner is within the premise they are the last to be contacted which more often than not happens to be too late for any action the owner may want to take Sometimes a breac
5. ooonncccinococinocanonaccnonanononcnonnnnnononononnnononnncnonncnonns 58 Table 6 A summary of tests on nonfunctional requirements oooocccocccnocnconnnoonnnonnnonnnono nono nonannnonn nono ncnnnnnnnos 59 Table 7 A summary of tests on nonfunctional requirements sseesseseeeseeesesetssesereseessrsrrssressereresresseser 60 viii List of Figures Figure MPEG Compression A A rl rca 19 Figure 2 Mobile streaming architecture iS A di ias 39 Figure 3 Network Overview baaa 48 Figure 4 System architecture ra 49 Fig re s VICO TLCAN A A AA n a a AE 50 Figure 6 Sequence DIEM a ed ede 51 Fis te 7 Use A O 52 Figure 8 Mobile interaction Use Cas a i a AER a aS 54 Figure 9 Attempt to view video without LO PM A a 61 Figure 10 SUD SCPIPTON TOM toa 61 Figure Ll Login Interface ii dd t 62 NA A ve seas Consacts hte dase et cecinca ance aig ucumeabatuaceandeawaauna aden SESS 62 Figure LIE SUECO OMIM aynen Beate da A hee Redes A 63 Figure 14 admin Login for Aa o ans 63 Figure LIE nonnina a a a soies ai 63 Fig rel6 Mobile logit menir ii E RER EEE EE aa nee de EA N RERE ee 64 ELLO T7 Mobile EE e ea Ea A SE ETES io od 64 Fig te RS AAA a ne aa ine cere tg ar ie E aA aE iaaa 65 Figure 19 live A ns 65 TOUTS 20 Sound A A da 65 1X Definitions Acronyms and Abbreviations 2G 2nd Generation mobile communications 3G 3rd Generation mobile communications 3GPP PSS 3GPP Packet Switched Streaming 3GPP Third Generation Partnership Proj
6. 0 seconds 80 mon videoTotalTimeText minutes seconds if replay playStatus false net_ns seek 0 pauseVideo bg_mc _ visible true cont con Itrace videoTotalTime function statusnet net_nc onStatus function info if info code NetConnection Connect Success connect_mc gotoAndStop 2 conn true con Server Connection success if info code NetConnection Connect Rejected con Server Connection Closed Please refresh page replay true conn false if info code NetConnection Connect Closed con Server Connection Closed Please refresh page replay true conn false trace info code E net_ns onStatus function infoObject Object trace infoObject code con infoObject code if infoObject code NetStream Seek Notify 81 playStatus true bg_mc _visible false if infoObject code NetStream Play InsufficientBW con Poor Bandwidth net_ns setBufferTime 1 if infoObject code NetStream Play Start con Playing if infoObject code NetStream Buffer Full con Stream Playing net_ns setBufferTime 2 if infoObject code NetStream Buffer Empty con Buffering net_ns setBufferTime 1 if infoObject code NetStream Play Failed con Stream Connection failed net_ns onMetaData function infoObject Object F
7. For viewing remote video your PDA must have Microsoft Pocket PC 2003 or 2005 version and your mobile phone must have Microsoft Smart Phone 2003 or 2005 version Short comings This system is better than all the above in terms of performance but just like most of the above systems it lacks an alert system either on E Mail SMS or any other 2 2 6 Neighborhood watch People often opt for cheap home security monitoring systems with lots of bells or whistles or electronic sirens Though installing a burglar alarm system can definitely help make you less of a target the best strategy may be to start a neighborhood watch Checkout whether your home alarms is connected to the police and a central station to ensure the response of people there You can get an alarm system to make sure all your windows either have contacts on them or you have glass break sensors in the rooms A barking dog is a natural home security and burglar deterrent that will prevent and frighten most burglars If used bright and easy to identify number systems in front of your house to help the police and any emergency services to easily locate your home during emergency Short comings You have to rely on third party account and poor descriptions from a skewed source The report is always late and you run risk of believing a lie The user may be too far off and may get the message when it is too late 2 3 Types of Alarm System 2 3 1 Home alarm system A home alarm is a sy
8. GPRS is focused only on transferring packet data while the existing GSM network can still be used for circuit switched voice and data calls GPRS requires modifications and additions to mobile network elements as well as support from mobile terminals GPRS is an integral part of third generation 3G mobile networks and it is used for both voice and data services in 3G mobile networks such as UMTS The main features of GPRS are speed immediacy and better utilization of network resources Higher data rates are achieved using multiple timeslots simultaneously and using more efficient channel coding algorithms Immediacy means that there is no need for dial up procedures as when using CSD Data can be transferred almost immediately upon need for it and the mobile station is in radio coverage Users are not necessarily billed for connection time anymore but by the actual amount of transferred data Also the usage of radio resources is more efficient and flexible since GPRS users can share timeslots left over from circuit switched connections This way GPRS also improves the peak time capacity of base stations GPRS Network Architecture GPRS has been designed so that it can be added to an existing GSM network with as few changes to base stations as possible This is important to network operators as the base station subsystem represents a huge share of the network hardware BTSs require usually only software updates and existing connections to BSCs
9. gt Options 4 9 10 Mobile streaming on an emulator Since we are using the emulator we will simulate a user viewing video stream Figure 16 Mobile login Enter the username and password and click on Sign In to enter the application http Aocalhost mobiesurvellance index php View Video Live Video2 Recorded Video Both Videos At KeepSafe Systems all the Security Alarm Systems we install are designed with your Security needs and comfort level in mind As your Security needs may be different from those of your neighbour or a complete stranger on the other side of the country we do not believe in Packaged Security Systems Figure 17 Mobile menu view 64 Scroll down to the menu and click on the live video to stream Figure 18 Live video View a live stream from the phone Figure 19 live stream Click on close live video or sound the alarm dending on judgement Figure 20 Sound alarm 65 Chapter 4 5 1 Discussion The Mobile Video Surveillance System with SMS Alert as a whole tries to combine various technologies in order to create a wholesome system that offers enhanced security It focuses on capturing live feed from a secured area upon intrusion When a breach occurs a user can view live surveillance footage on a website or via a browser Although the system does not offer all the functionality that was originally anticipated it does provide the most vital feature
10. 23 Validate user 1 And Login I I a 24 verify details 25 Display sud profil 1 j I j j I I I T 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 3 1 stat video 32 Request vide fa I 33 Get Live VideolSteam I j j I 3 Display video i A 35 Send Live Vifleo Stream 34 send Live Encoded Video 37 view video Figure 6 Sequence Diagram The diagram above shows the chain of events through the system from when the system is initiated down to when the client i e web based client and mobile client receive live video feed Upon receiving an alert SMS the first request will be when a user inputs login details this is checked against the database and a response is returned depending on the validity of the data If the data is then valid the user gets access to the application otherwise the user is prompted for valid details The user can then request for video this request is sent to the database where the user s account is checked for verification and to determine his her access level The request is passed to the database where it s again checked and in the case of correct data the server sends live stream video to the client s web browser The server gets the video feed from its input source i e a webcam and sends the video to the client 51 4 7 Use Case Diagram a The use case diagram below represents the web interactions within the system Register View Video User Figure 7 Us
11. 58 A913 SMS Alert SYStEM ri a aE a E TE AKE A E 59 Rs E a E 60 49 2 Test REESE 61 4 9 10 Mobile streaming on an emulator 5 esccsscasecesceatecescceisvenssstessyiendiancvedaace sdeadsntsaesnsesdeatacosbaaen seged 64 TACT A sets E auc sea ates ca See ge os gos n E wae da aidan uae gees E ae Sees ssa ast tea E 66 Dil DISCUSSION A le calles alee A aN aia Sarde A A M een Solara A 66 5 2 Features Ob the PII SHES VSL Ub sep cc cess ccs A Aa 67 A A Accs e aes 67 A LIMA aii a ed 68 5 3 Future Enhancement ti a e e e Aude cia 69 ARTES Control SM aa aue neues mate AE 69 5 5 2 One Web server Many clremts viii EETA EiS 69 5 5 3 Better alert system and social network sucio donostia iii ads deta benanedsddededes cacas 69 AA O Oa Ra Set oe 69 References a e a a ida e Sie ead lo 71 Bl 11 Appendix A User Mammalia 11 Appendix A A a ad a A ee dae la 79 vil List of Tables Table 1 Current Emerging Video Compression Techniques ocoocnocccnococonncnonononnnonnnono nono nonannn nan cono ncnoncnnnos 21 Table 2 Web application video streaming descriptiOM oococnnoccconocononocononaccnnnnncnnnnncnnnnncnonnnonnnnnonancncnnneninns 53 Table 3 Web application video streaming descriptiOM oocccnnoccconococonoccnonaconnnnncnnnononnncncnnnnnonnnnnonancncnnncnnnns 54 Table 4 A summary of tests on the Web application eeecceesseceessecesseecesaeeceeaeeceeeeeceeneecseneeceeeeeceeeeees 58 Table 5 A summary of tests on the mobile application
12. De SM A A se O 18 2 5 4 Challenges in Video Streaming iaa 22 2 5 5 End To End Security and Transcoding gcccjevcssisccvsysess dveacaaauesaiecs davies scausesetuss ues denden ededaseneecaucsesss 30 2 5 6 Streaming Over Wired and Wireless Links 00 0 cee ec ceescecsenceceeeeeceseeeceeeececeeceeeeceeeeeeteeeeneees 30 2 5 7 Streaming Media Content Delivery NetworKkS ooooocnncccnonccconoccconancconncnononcnononanonnncnnnnncnonnncnos 31 2 5 8 Siteamine dit Mobile NStWOEKS ut A A sag Wa baa A TA 32 A a T EEE E EE A E A E E ENT 41 20 edins SMS via COMPU A ii 43 vi Chapter Thunder cases 45 Meth dology and Det td coto 45 3 1 Watertall te els ai A AA A AI 45 es MOOS sere acest E dah neta eh tt ite id oat ae eet E in ds ae at ae 45 3 21 Macromedia rear We Plus bi 45 3 2 2 AVEO SOLE NAO E E IA 45 IIS ERNEST ido 45 LAO e de do Le e di ES 45 3 3 2 MISO LA dls 46 DAP SCH Penne An A E E esbsouasnts 46 3 4 VPHP Hypertext Processorn cig O 46 3 4 2 Flash Action Serpa dis 46 AOS DI e a a teense 47 ATT Functional Requiem A 47 4 1 2 Non Functional Requirements ica 47 dl Syste Architecture abad 48 44 Web Clin a 50 4 9 Phe S rver SIde atest se i gence tue acest satus oa T at cea ned tn EK EE AE E I ERER 51 WG NY 51 AT Use Case Diari E E R A A E a E 52 AB Use Cas Description sonseras a r a n eaeoe ei 53 4 oest Dataren E A AERE E AEEA E E E AE RE 55 49 11 Webapplhicat n testini iS O a OS EEEa 55 4 9 1 2 Mobile Application Testing cissie iio
13. Protocol TCP has been empirically proven to be sufficient in most cases Being the dominant traffic type in the Internet TCP is the workhorse in the delivery of web pages emails and some streaming media Streaming Media over TCP Given the success and ubiquity of TCP it may seem natural to employ TCP for streaming media There are indeed a number of important advantages of using TCP First TCP rate control has empirically proven stability and scalability Second TCP provides guaranteed delivery effectively eliminating the much dreaded packet losses Therefore it may come as a surprise to realize that streaming media today are often carried using TCP only as a last resort e g to get around firewalls Practical difficulties with using TCP for streaming media include the following First delivery guarantee of TCP is accomplished through persistent retransmission with potentially increasing wait time between consecutive retransmissions giving rise to potentially very long delivery time Second the Additive Increase Multiplicative Decrease rule gives rise to a widely varying instantaneous throughput profile in the form of a saw tooth pattern not suitable for streaming media transport Streaming Media over Rate controlled UDP We have seen that both the retransmission and the rate control mechanisms of TCP possess characteristics that are not suitable for streaming media Current streaming systems for the Internet rely 25 instead on
14. area thereby sacrificing some quality to those receivers in areas with higher quality reception e g in the center of the city An important characteristic of broadcast communication is that due to the large number of receivers involved feedback from receiver to sender is generally infeasible limiting the system s ability to adapt Point to point or one to one communication e g videophone and unicast video streaming over the Internet In point to point communications an important property is whether or not there is a back channel between the receiver and sender If a back channel exists the receiver can provide feedback to the sender which the sender can then use to adapt its processing On the other hand without a back channel the sender has limited knowledge about the channel Multicast or one to many is another form of communication with properties that lie between point to point and broadcast Multicast is a one to many communication but it is not one to all as in broadcast An example of multicast is IP Multicast over the Internet Multicast is currently not widely available in the Internet and other approaches are being developed to provide multicast capability e g application layer multicast via overlay networks To communicate to multiple receivers multicast is more efficient than multiple unicast connections i e one dedicated unicast connection to each client and overall multicast provides many of the same advantages and d
15. away from the monitored vicinity during the time motion detection is on 11 Another constraint or rather a fact you ll probably want to avoid is aiming your motion detection camera towards a window Even during night time a window viewing towards the street can cause a lot of bogus alarms as lighting outside may change the window may mirror light in the lens and so forth What are good conditions for Camera motion detection In the best conditions you must have the following e A well fixed camera stability is key if you want to isolate motion e Stable light no flickering e Contrasting background white objects against white background might not produce great results e High camera frame rate and resolution 2 4 Types of cameras 2 4 1 CCTV Cameras CCTV stands for Closed Circuit TV CCTV uses one or more video cameras to transmit video images and sometimes audio images to a monitor set of monitors or video recorder The difference between CCTV and standard TV is that standard TV openly broadcasts signals to the public CCTV is not openly transmitted to the public CCTV uses either wireless transmission or a wired transmission to send the broadcast from the video cameras to the monitor s or recording device Most CCTV systems are used for surveillance which can include security monitoring spying or for safety monitoring purposes 2 4 2 Network Cameras These can be analogue or digital cameras connected to a video ser
16. base station CS 1 is used in poor radio environments as it has the most effective error correction CS 4 does not have any error correction and it can be only used in very good conditions CS 2 is equivalent to the channel coding used for GSM CSD services The bit rates for coding schemes are presented in Table 2 1 GPRS mobile stations must support all coding schemes but for base stations only CS 1 is mandatory Currently mostly CS 1 and CS 2 are used in practice in actual mobile networks 36 The device s multislot class determines the maximum number of timeslots for downstream upstream and total For example a device with multislot class 10 can utilize up to 4 timeslots for downstream up to 2 for upstream but only 5 timeslots can be used at a time This makes configurations with 4 1 or 3 2 timeslots possible for downstream and upstream respectively The theoretical maximum of simultaneous timeslots is eight but currently there are no devices capable of that Using more timeslots requires more processing capability and power consumption also becomes higher Devices with higher multislot classes are also more complex and thus more expensive Recent devices can typically utilize 3 or 4 timeslots for downstream and 1 or 2 for upstream Using the normal CS 2 coding scheme theoretical data rates up to 40 2 kbps 3 timeslots and 53 6 kbps 4 timeslots can be achieved It must be noticed that these bit rates are not effective transfer rates for
17. client to for delivery of the content 31 Many aspects of a streaming media CDN are also quite different from a conventional CDN For example client server interaction for a conventional webpage CDN involves a short lived fraction of a second HTTP TCP session s However a streaming session generally has a long duration measured in minutes and uses RTSP and RTP UDP While congestion and packet loss may lead to a few seconds delay in delivering a webpage and is often acceptable the corresponding effect on a streaming media session would be an interruption stall or visual artifacts that can be highly distracting Clearly delay packet loss and any form of interruption can have a much more detrimental effect on video streaming then on static webpage delivery In addition in a conventional CDN each piece of content webpage is relatively small on the order of 10 s of kilobytes and therefore it can be replicated in its entirety on each chosen server However streaming media such as movies have a long duration and require a significant amount of storage on the order of megabytes or gigabytes and therefore it is often not practical or desirable to replicate an entire video stream on each chosen server Instead the video can be partitioned into parts and only a portion of each video is cached on each server There are many interesting problems related to caching of video Two other capabilities that are important for streaming media C
18. company of a possible breaking No audible alarm is triggered and the burglar doesn t realize his presence is already detected until the police come This type of alarm ensures that a burglar is caught in the act Maintenance Most monitored alarm systems come with a contract that ensures regular check up and maintenance so the unit you use is always reliable Disadvantages False alarm Alarm systems can be triggered accidentally and thus cause unnecessary inconvenience not just to the authorities but also to you Risk of phone line getting disabled Wired systems rely on a working phone line to send a signal to the monitoring company If the telephone line is somehow disabled it might take a while for the company to confirm the security breach Cost probably a major drawback to monitored alarm systems is the expense Since you will be using the services of an independent security company expect to pay more Other than the initial cash outlay required for the alarm system and its installation there are also fees to be paid which can range from 30 000 to about 50 000 a year 1 4 The system Mobile Alert surveillance performs automated capturing scene and provides immediate response to suspicious events by optimizing webcam capturing parameters I have developed a surveillance system with motion camera sensor and webcam for capturing image The SMS alert notifies the necessary person of any intrusion Upon witness of an intru
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20. incorrect quality of video data use c The quality of the video was a fail as it produces blurred videos and slow moving 1 8 Real time a It should be a This test was video play possible for the successful application to play real time video 1 9 Real time a The application a This test revealed response should display a that there was no 57 users real time delay in getting a request response from the servers by the clients 1 10 Completeness b That the system is b This test showed performing the that additions amp required tasks improvements were needed to make the system complete Table 4 A summary of tests on the web application 4 9 1 2 Mobile Application Testing Test Descriptio Expected Behavior Actual Behavior Number n 2 1 Login a The application a Testing showed that only check should enable only registered users have access registered users b Also provides for user validation access to the incase incorrect or blank form is application submitted 2 2 Video a The application a Test results indicated that the Form should load a video video could not be played on the form on prompt mobile device 2 3 Real time a The application a This test revealed that there was response should display a no delay in getting a response users real time request from the servers by the clients Table 5 A summary of tests
21. it relies wholly on the web server for it to function It uses the web browser to display the application s content pages When the web application is launched the client can request for a number of services The user can register for services offered by the application User s details are then stored in a database and are retrieved by the server upon request from the client To login the user inputs the username and password this query is sent to the database via the server from the user This is then confirmed and based on the validity the user is granted access to the web application The application then checks the database to determine a user s access level when a user request for surveillance footage from a camera Real time video is then captured from the video source a camera and based on the user s access level viewed upon the client s request The user is also able to perform other functions like change their password delete their account Users can end their session by login off 50 4 5 The Server Side When the application is launched the user sends a query request to the server This request is then sent to the database and the request is checked against the database The server then gets back the response and sends it to the client application 4 6 Sequence Diagram a Sua ann tq l Detect Intrusion 1 1Sgnd SMS alert i 2 1 Stat Browser I I j i 1 22 Login Details
22. on the mobile application 58 4 9 1 3 SMS Alert system Test Descriptio Expected Behavior Actual Behavior Number n 3 1 Camera The application shouldbe The test showed that the camera is able motion able to sense movement to sense movement The activity level Sensor towards the secure area needs to be moderate to avoid sending an alarm when slight movement is made 3 2 SMS The gateway should be This was very successful Regardless of gateway able to relay an SMS the operator the SMS could be relayed without being operator specific 3 3 Real time a The SMS should reach a The SMS reached the intended response the intended recipient recipient accurately accurately b The SMS had a delay of up to 2 b The SMS should reach Seconds in less than a Second 4 4 The SMS received should The user is offered a link to which they give the user the option to load the sight and browse to check the intrusion can click and browse the sight provided to view a live stream Table 6 A summary of tests on nonfunctional requirements 59 4 9 1 4 Non Functional Testing The table below describes the non functional requirements of the system and the tests carried out plus the test data 3 Non Functional Testing Test Description Expected Behavior Actual Behavior Number 4 1 User a The application should be a Testing was done 5 of my friendliness easy to learn and op
23. temporal redundancy since they typically contain the same objects perhaps undergoing some movement between frames Within a single frame there is spatial redundancy as the amplitudes of nearby pixels are often correlated Similarly the Red Green and Blue color components of a given pixel are often correlated Another goal of video compression is to reduce the irrelevancy in the video signal that is to only code video features that are perceptually important and not to waste valuable bits on information that is not perceptually important or irrelevant Identifying and reducing the redundancy in a video signal is relatively straightforward however identifying what is perceptually relevant and what is not is very difficult and therefore irrelevancy is difficult to exploit Image compression such as the JPEG standard is designed to exploit the spatial and colour redundancy that exists in a single still image Neighbouring pixels in an image are often highly similar and natural images often have most of their energies concentrated in the low frequencies JPEG exploits these features by partitioning an image into 8x8 pixel blocks and computing the 2 D Discrete Cosine Transform DCT for each block The motivation for splitting an image into small blocks is that the pixels within a small block are generally more similar to each other than the pixels within a larger block The DCT compacts most of the signal energy in the block into only a small fraction of
24. the best effort delivery service in the form of User Datagram Protocol UDP This allows more flexibility both in terms of error control and rate control For instance instead of relying on retransmissions alone other error control techniques can be incorporated or substituted It promises the end of wildly varying instantaneous throughput but also the proven TCP stability and scalability Recently it has been observed that the average throughput of TCP can be inferred from end to end measurements of observed quantities such as round trip time and packet losses Meeting Transmission Bandwidth Constraints The incorporation of rate control introduces additional complexity in streaming media system Since transmission rate is dictated by channel conditions problems may arise if the determined transmission rate is lower than the media bit rate Client buffering helps to a certain degree to overcome occasional short term drops in transmission rate Nevertheless it is not possible to stream a long 200 kbps stream through a 100 kbps channel and the media bit rate needs to be modified to conform with the transmission constraints Transcoding A direct method to modify the media bit rate is recompression whereby the media is decoded and then re encoded to the desired bit rate There are two drawbacks with this approach First the media resulted from recompression is generally of lower quality than if the media was coded directly from the original source
25. third party An experienced thief could easily make off with many valuables in the few minutes it takes for the police to actually arrive 2 3 4 Unmonitored system This makes a loud siren noise both inside and outside of the house when the alarm is triggered The responsibility to contact the police falls on your neighbors This type of alarm system may also include flashing lights so people are aware of where the alarm is coming from Advantage 1 No pay monitoring fees 2 Burglars often become deterred when the sirens start blaring Their goal is to get in and get out with some valuables and of course without being noticed This is made quite difficult once the alarm has been tripped Disadvantage Neighbors must be home and willing to get involved by calling the police 2 3 5 The electric current alarm systems They can be placed in entryways all around your home such as the front door basement door garage door and windows too These alarms will create a steady current to each of the entryways and if there is an intrusion it will cause an interruption to the electrical current if someone opens a doorway without disabling the alarm first Generally these types of alarms will first make some kind of loud noise which will hopefully scare of a burglar or give a warning to the homeowner This type can also have a silent alarm that will automatically notify the police when an intrusion is detected Disadvantage is if there i
26. to transmit the images through the Internet to another location Webcam surveillance uses this type of device to establish security surveillance in a given area typically an interior location such as an office or home though the equipment could be used outside with proper wiring The benefits of using webcam surveillance are that the equipment is relatively affordable especially for setup in an area that already has a computer and requires only additional software to easily use 2 4 3 USB cameras webcams USB cameras usually called webcams are the quick and dirty solution to hooking a camera to your PC All you need is the supplied driver software so you can be up and running in minutes Better yet USB cameras are Direct X compatible and work with almost any video capture software However there are snags Though you can connect lots of webcams to a single computer they re more or less limited to arm s reach because a USB cable is not designed for distance 13 2 4 4 DV cameras camcorders DV cameras the DV stands for Digital Video are the high end solution Often called camcorders these provide awesome image quality and a fast frame rate They are almost always equipped with a zoom and may have nice features such as night vision Compatible with Direct X they should work with most any recent video capture software Like USB cameras DV cameras are tied to your PC by cable length t
27. very low bitrates lt 64kbps results in smaller video windows with lower frame rate lower resolution and poor audio quality 2 5 5 End To End Security and Transcoding Encryption of media is an effective tool to protect content from eavesdroppers Transcoding at intermediate nodes within a network is also important technique to adapt compressed media streams for particular client capabilities or network conditions Nevertheless network transcoding poses a serious threat to the end to end security because transcoding encrypted streams generally requires decrypting the stream transcoding the decrypted stream and then re encrypting the result Each transcoding node presents a possible breach to the security of the system This problem can be overcome by Secure Scalable Streaming SSS which enables downstream transcoding without decryption SSS uses jointly designed scalable coding and progressive encryption techniques to encode and encrypt video into secure scalable packets that are transmitted across the network These packets can be transcoded at intermediate possibly untrusted network nodes by simply truncating or discarding packets and without compromising the end to end security of the system The secure scalable packets have unencrypted headers that provide hints such as optimal truncation points which the downstream transcoders use to achieve rate distortion R D optimal fine grain transcoding across the encrypted packets 2 5 6 Stre
28. which surveillance unit that premise is under and send an alert to a specific client despite the clients being many to the same application This would turn it to a one stop surveillance system 5 5 3 Better alert system and social network A good implementation and addition is to incorporate a networking feature that allows users of this system to be able to alert the police and also anyone they think might be in the vicinity and hence be in danger This could be extended using technologies such a Bluetooth that create virtual networks Users could thus anonymously log in and communicate on their handheld devices via the virtual network 5 6 Discussion The project was undertaken in various steps firstly a research was undertaken that provides a deeper understanding of the systems specifications and what would actually be required to implement the system The research brought forward a lot of literature review that needed to be filtered to determine the project s scope and also whether the system is viable for actual implementation This section was covered in large to enable the actual system development Most of the research literature proved to be useful in the implementation of the product e g research into Flash CS5 and incorporated within it the PHP Also GAMMU enabled the linking of the SMS center The research also provided a back bone into the design it gave a good platform into what is actually to be implemented the technolo
29. 84 allowscripaccess always id player1 name player1 gt lt td gt lt td gt amp nbsp lt td gt lt tr gt lt tr gt lt td gt amp nbsp lt td gt lt td gt amp nbsp lt td gt lt td gt amp nbsp lt td gt lt tr gt lt table gt lt php require_once FOOTERF gt SMS class code lt php class gammuWin32 var messagesCount var messagesUnreadCount var gammuPath function gammuWin32 gPath this gt gammuPath gPath contentArr array command this gt gammuPath monitor 1 ob_start passthru command content ob_get_contents ob_end_clean contentArr explode n content temp explode contentArr 11 temp2 explode temp 1 this gt messagesCount trim substr temp2 0 0 strpos temp2 0 used this gt messagesUnreadCount trim substr temp2 1 0 strpos temp2 1 unread 85 function sendSMS cellnum messages command echo messages this gt gammuPath sendsms TEXT cellnum passthru command 2 gt amp 1 gt SMS Action execute code lt php include_once class gammuWin32 php Make sure the class is in the same directory gammuPath win32 Path of the gammu software gammuExecutable gammu Gammu executable file message Please check the security site There is an intruder visit http localhost mobilesurveillance to con
30. CP control packets For example over UDP this is typically done simply directing the RTP and RTCP packets to different UDP ports The primary function of RTCP is to provide feedback for other participants of the streaming session Adaptive encoders and streaming servers can utilize the feedback information for adjusting the stream to match the current transport quality Feedback is delivered in RTCP sender and receiver reports Real Time Streaming Protocol RTSP Real Time Streaming Protocol RTSP is an application level protocol used for establishing and controlling either a single or several time synchronized streams of continuous media content such as audio and video RTSP is not typically used for delivering the payload data itself although it is possible To interleave the payload data with RTSP usually protocols such as RTP are used Basically RTSP can be thought as a network remote control for multimedia servers RTSP protocol is a text based protocol resembling Hypertext Transfer Protocol HTTP but there are also some major differences The biggest differences are that RTSP is not a stateless protocol like HTTP since an RTSP server has to maintain its state in almost all cases and that both the server and the client can issue requests RTSP is highly independent of the used transport protocol and thus the RTSP session is not related to e g TCP UDP or other connections used for the transportation 2 6 The alert system The alert s
31. DN and are of lesser importance for a conventional CDN for webpage distribution are multicast and server hand off Multicast is clearly a highly desirable capability for streaming of popular media While wide area IP Multicast is currently not available in the Internet a streaming media CDN can be explicitly designed to provide this capability via application layer multicast The infrastructure in the streaming media CDN provide an overlay on the Internet and are used as the nodes for the multicast tree Communication between nodes employs only simple ubiquitous IP service thereby avoiding the dependence of IP multicast Another important capability is hand off between streaming servers Because streaming media sessions are long lived it is sometimes required to perform a midstream hand off from one streaming server to another This functionality is not required for webpage delivery where the sessions are very short in duration Furthermore when the streaming session involves transcoding mid stream hand off of the transcoding session is also required between servers 2 5 8 Streaming in Mobile Networks The mobile phones of today have enough computing capacity memory and multimedia features for advanced multimedia applications such as playing audio visual content These features together with packet switched data services provided by GPRS EDGE and WCDMA networks and advanced compression algorithms have made streaming of audio visual content
32. E ACM Trans Networking April 2000 W Tan and A Zakhor Real time Internet Video using Error Resilient Scalable Compression and TCP friendly Transport Protocol IEEE Trans on Multimedia June 1999 73 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 S Floyd et al Equation based Congestion Control for Unicast Applications ACM SIGCOMM August 2000 S McCanne V Jacobsen and M Vetterli Receiver driven layered multicast ACM SIGCOMM Aug 1996 S Wee J Apostolopoulos and N Feamster Field to Frame Transcoding with Temporal and Spatial Downsampling IEEE International Conference on Image Processing October 1999 P White RSVP and Integrated Services in the Internet A Tutorial IEEE Communications Magazine May 1997 M Kalman E Steinbach and B Girod Adaptive Media Playout for Low Delay Video Streaming over Error Prone Channels preprint to appear IEEE Trans Circuits and Systems for Video Technology Y Wang and Q Zhu Error control and concealment for video communications A review Proceedings of the IEEE May 1998 N Farber B Girod and J Villasenor Extension of ITU T Recommendation H 324 for error resilient video transmission IEEE Communications Magazine June 1998 R Talluri Error resilient video coding in the ISO MPEG 4 standard IEEE Communications Magazine June 1998 P Chou and Z Miao Rate distortion optimized streaming of packet
33. LV duration infoObject duration function playVideo bg_mc _visible false replay false if playState net_ns play livestream playState false 82 net_ns pause false playStatus true function pauseVideo net_ns pause true playStatus false function seek Video val Number if val lt videoTotalTime net_ns seek val function setSound val if val gt 100 val 100 vol val sound setVolume vol yd 83 Recorded video code lt php session_start require_once class2 php require_once HEADERF get the number of records get value of id that sent from address bar id _GET id echo lt h3 gt id lt h3 gt 2 gt lt style type text css gt lt style3 font size 18px gt lt style gt lt p gt amp nbsp lt p gt lt table width 200 border 0 align center gt lt tr gt lt td gt amp nbsp lt td gt lt td gt lt span class style3 gt lt a href video php target _self gt Click here to go back to Recorded video list lt a gt amp nbsp lt span gt lt td gt lt td gt amp nbsp lt td gt lt tr gt lt tr gt lt td gt amp nbsp lt td gt lt td gt lt script type text javascript src jwplayer jwplayer js gt lt script gt lt embed src player swf width 480 height 270 flashvars file lt php echo id gt amp autostart true allowfullscreen true
34. P or HTTP at the higher layers However it has a number of disadvantages Since videos generally correspond to very large files the download approach usually requires long download times and large storage spaces These are important practical constraints In addition the entire video must be downloaded before viewing can begin This requires patience on the viewer s part and also reduces flexibility in certain circumstances e g if the viewer is unsure of whether he she wants to view the video he she must still download the entire video before viewing it and making a decision Video Delivery via Streaming Video delivery by video streaming attempts to overcome the problems associated with file download and also provides a significant amount of additional capabilities The basic idea of video streaming is to split the video into parts transmit these parts in succession and enable the receiver to decode and playback the video as these parts are received without having to wait for the entire video to be delivered Video streaming can conceptually be thought to consist of the follow steps 1 Partition the compressed video into packets 2 Start delivery of these packets 3 Begin decoding and playback at the receiver while the video is still being delivered Video streaming enables simultaneous delivery and playback of the video This is in contrast to file download where the entire video must be delivered before playback can begin In video streami
35. Time Transport Protocol RTSP Real Time Streaming Protocol SDP Session Description Protocol SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node TCP Transmission Control Protocol TDMA Time Division Multiple Access TS Timeslot UDP User Datagram Protocol UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System UTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network W3C World Wide Web Consortium WCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access WLAN Wireless Local Area Network Xi Chapter One Introduction In the advent of the current insecurity and the rise in inflation in the world people have opted to take their own security measures instead of totally depending on the police This has seen the rise of security companies being formed which have taken various security measures and methods to ensure safety for the public While this is a good thing it has come with its demerits the main ones being that the cost of hiring the required security is out of range for most Kenyans and when a security breach takes place unless the owner is within the premise they are the last to be contacted which more often than not happens to be too late for any action The current trend of the home owners is to have a CCTV for record of incidences for later reference Others choose to have a guard watching the screen The two ventures also have a delayed alert system to the owner of the secure premises It is due to these problems that have led to the development of the Mobile Video streaming Surve
36. Wee J Apostolopoulos Secure Scalable Video Streaming for Wireless Networks IEEE International Conference on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing May 2001 S Wee J Apostolopoulos Secure Scalable Streaming Enabling Transcoding without Decryption IEEE International Conference on Image Processing October 2001 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 Z Miao and A Ortega Scalable Proxy Caching of Video under Storage Constraints IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications to appear 2002 S Roy B Shen V Sundaram and R Kumar Application Level Hand off Support for Mobile Media Transcoding Sessions ACM NOSSDAV May 2002 V N Padmanabhan H J Wang P A Chou and K Sripanidkulchai Distributing streaming media content using cooperative networking ACM NOSSDAV May 2002 T Nguyen and A Zakhor Distributed video streaming over internet SPIE Multimedia Computing and Networking 2002 January 2002 J Byers M Luby and M Mitzenmacher Accessing multiple mirror sites in parallel Using tornado codes to speed up downloads IEEE INFOCOM 1999 Streaming Tester Software for Mobile Systems Master s Thesis Saku Tiainen 2004 Available at www medialab sonera fi Accessed June 14 2004 Packet Switched Streaming Service White Paper TeliaSonera Finland Medialab 2003 Available at www medialab sonera fi Accessed June 14 2004 An
37. able bandwidth matching the pre encoded video to the estimated channel bandwidth transmitting at a rate that is fair to other concurrent flows in the Internet and solving this problem in a multicast situation where a single sender streams data to multiple receivers where each may have a different available bandwidth The end to end delay that a packet experiences may fluctuate from packet to packet This variation in end to end delay is referred to as the delay jitter Delay jitter is a problem because the receiver must receive decode display frames at a constant rate and any late frames resulting from the delay jitter can produce problems in the reconstructed video e g jerks in the video This problem is typically addressed by including a play out buffer at the receiver While the play out buffer can compensate for the delay jitter 1t also introduces additional delay The third fundamental problem is losses A number of different types of losses may occur depending on the particular network under consideration For example wired packet networks such as the Internet are afflicted by packet loss where an entire packet is erased lost On the other hand wireless channels are typically afflicted by bit errors or burst errors Losses can have a very destructive effect on the reconstructed video quality To combat the effect of losses a video streaming system is designed with error control Approaches for error control can be roughly grouped into four
38. age and thus cell size In dense urban areas BTSs are often located on walls or rooftops to maximize cell capacity BTSs are connected to BSCs using fixed line connections One BSC can control multiple base stations BSC s function is to control the usage of radio interface resources in its area NSS consists of Mobile services Switching Centers MSC and numerous registers related to it Every BSC is connected to a MSC with a fixed line connection or a radio transmission line MSCs are responsible for switching and routing connections between mobile stations and devices in other networks They also route and switch connections inside the GSM core network between MSCs as well as in the MSC between different BSCs MSCs can be connected to external networks such as the Public Switched Telephone Network PSTN or other operators GSM networks There are four main versions of the GSM radio interface GSM 900 GSM 1800 GSM 850 and GSM 1900 The number indicates the radio frequency MHz used Europe and most of the world uses GSM 900 and GSM 1800 but in the United States and Canada GSM 850 and GSM 1900 are used Modern GSM phones usually support two or three frequency bands Time Division Multiple Access TDMA technology is used to share radio channels between multiple mobile stations Radio channels are divided to frames which are furthermore divided to short timeslots TS Each user has their own timeslots and this way they can have access to the full
39. alable relational database management system It s a multi user multithreaded database server that uses SQL to interact with and manipulate data MySQL features include Multithreading capabilities that enable the database to perform multiple tasks concurrently and allowing the server to process client requests efficiently Supports various programming languages C C Java Perl PHP ColdFusion Python etc Implementations of MySQL are available for different platforms i e Windows UNIX Linux and Mac OS Allows users to manipulate data by providing full support of functions and operators Jt increases the efficiency of retrieving accurate and necessary information by use of a query Has the ability to handle large databases 3 4 Scripting Languages 3 4 1 PHP Hypertext Processor This Language is appropriate for this project due to extensive use of remote execution PHP is purely a server side programming language that is able to make system calls With the right windows API calls I was able to sound an alarm remotely and control the video encoder This is a server side scripting language as well as an object oriented programming language Programmes in PHP can be embedded inside of HTML pages For easy maintenance and fast development time It is associated with Apache www server and is the most popular scripting language on the internet It runs on many different platforms This language is based on C in the UNIX environment S
40. aming Over Wired and Wireless Links When the streaming path involves both wired and wireless links some additional challenges evolve The first challenge involves the much longer packet delivery time with the addition of a wireless link For instance round trip propagation delay in the 3G wireless system is in the order of 100 ms even before 30 link level retransmission With link level retransmission the delay for the wireless link alone can be significant The long round trip delay reduces the efficiency of a number of end to end error control mechanisms the practical number of end to end retransmissions is reduced The second challenge is the difficulty in inferring network conditions from end to end measurements In high speed wired networks packet corruption is so rare that packet loss is a good indication of network congestion the proper reaction of which is congestion control In wireless networks however packet losses may be due to corruption in the packet which calls for stronger channel coding Since any end to end measurements contain aggregate statistics across both the wired and wireless links it is difficult to identify the proper cause and therefore perform the proper reaction 2 5 7 Streaming Media Content Delivery Networks The Internet has rapidly emerged as a mechanism for users to find and retrieve content originally for webpages and recently for streaming media Content delivery networks CDNs were originally dev
41. ase of intrusion to empower the user to react accordingly based on judgment A way to start and stop streaming to the secure are for the user if need be will be provided to allow the user to switch off the system if not needed 4 1 2 Non Functional Requirements The client application should have minimal reliance on the network in terms of any computations performed or any data transfers The system should be usable and easily learnable Novice users should be able to easily interpret intuitive menu commands without the need of a user manual The system should provide for minimal delay in the transmission of video from the source of breach to the user The 47 system should provide real time video feed to the user The client application should be light on resources It should be able to operate on handheld devices with limited processing and memory requirements Should the server application be offline for any reason the client application should provide appropriate error messages to its users in a clear concise and non ambiguous manner It should allow for secure data passing and low memory usage A sensor that triggers the camera on when an intrusion occurs would be a great addition but was not provided for this project The system should be able to alert the user on intrusion of a secured area 4 1System Architecture The diagram below shows the network topology of the system Once a frame has been captured by the camera it s sent to
42. be displayed Note that certain data may still be useful even if it arrives after its display time for example if subsequent data depends on this late data Therefore an important goal of video streaming is to perform the streaming in a manner so that this sequence of constraints is met Basic Problems in Video Streaming There are a number of basic problems that afflict video streaming Video streaming over the Internet is difficult because the Internet only offers best effort service That is it provides no guarantees on bandwidth delay jitter or loss rate Specifically these characteristics are unknown and dynamic Therefore a key goal of video streaming is to design a system to reliably deliver high quality video over the Internet when dealing with unknown and dynamic 1 Bandwidth 2 Delay jitter 3 Loss rate 23 The bandwidth available between two points in the Internet is generally unknown and time varying If the sender transmits faster than the available bandwidth then congestion occurs packets are lost and there is a severe drop in video quality If the sender transmits slower than the available bandwidth then the receiver produces sub optimal video quality The goal to overcome the bandwidth problem is to estimate the available bandwidth and then match the transmitted video bit rate to the available bandwidth Additional considerations that make the bandwidth problem very challenging include accurately estimating the avail
43. bile Phone or GSM GPRS Modem By connecting a mobile phone or GSM GPRS modem to a computer and using the computer and AT commands to instruct the mobile phone or GSM GPRS modem to send SMS messages A valid SIM card from a wireless carrier is placed into a mobile phone or GSM GPRS modem which is then connected to a computer Connection to the computer can be made via serial cable USB cable a Bluetooth link or an Infrared link The mobile phone or GSM GPRS modem can be controlled by sending instructions called AT commands to it These commands then control the sending and receiving of SMS messages A major drawback is that the SMS sending rate is too low i e only 6 10 SMS messages can be sent per minute and is independent of the connection used and whether a mobile phone or GSM GPRS is used b SMS Centre or SMS Gateway An SMS Gateway device is not a true device but a way of sending SMS type data to any device To manage a device a plug in and the device agent for SMSGateway devices are needed The plug in is programmed as a servlet and resides on the Device Manager server The plug in is installed with Device Manager The SMSGateway plug in is responsible for communication between the Device Manager server and the SMSGateway There are different types of SMS gateway services which are commonly used by SMS application providers The important types of service mechanisms commonly used by SMS Gateways are push messaging services and push pull m
44. but utilizes already standardized codecs formats and data types By 3GPP Release 4 specification the AMR and MPEG 4 AAC codecs are used for encoding audio and the H 263 and MPEG 4 codecs for encoding video Release 6 will introduce some additional codecs 3GPP PSS is widely supported by a majority of the streaming platform providers such as RealNetworks Apple and Packet Video It is also implemented in many mobile phones on the market This makes 3GPP currently the most important mobile streaming standard applicable today Real Time Transport Protocol RTP Real time Transport Protocol RTP 10 provides functions for end to end transport of real time data such as audio video multimedia or other content RTP supports both unicast and multicast transmissions RTP is only a transport protocol and thus it does not guarantee any quality of service for the transported services RTP is independent of the underlying transport protocols and networks but when it is used for streaming audio and video content in IP networks it is usually transferred over UDP IP protocol 40 Real Time Control Protocol RTCP Real Time Control Protocol RTCP is used in association with the RTP protocol to provide feedback on the quality of the transport and for adding minimal identification and control functions RTCP uses the same distribution channel as RTP so the underlying transport protocol must provide some kind of multiplexing for the RTP data and the RT
45. can also be used with GPRS BSCs require both new software and hardware Packet Control Unit PCU is a new unit in BSC used for separating packet data from circuit switched connections and forwarding them to the proper networks Circuit switched connections are still directed to the GSM network through MSC while packet data is directed to the GPRS backbone network through a new network element called Serving GPRS Support Node SGSN The GPRS backbone is a high speed packet switched IP network connecting Serving GPRS Support Nodes SGSN Gateway GPRS Support Nodes GGSN and operators GPRS networks together 35 SGSN is a GPRS network element on the same logical level as MSC in the GSM network The primary function of SGSN is to deliver packets between the network and mobile stations within its service area SGSN also tracks the mobile stations locations in the network processes registrations and checks network access for mobile stations SGSN is connected to the base stations subsystem by a Frame Relay connection between SGSN and the PCU unit of BSC SGSN can be physically integrated to BSC GGSN is a gateway element used for connecting the GPRS backbone to external IP networks such as the public Internet other operators GPRS networks or intranets GGSN is shown to an external network as an IP router GGSNs are separated from external networks by firewalls GGSNs also maintain the routing information necessary to route packets to mobile
46. cation The application can be thought of as providing value added services It links the client to the application and provides controls all the users present 67 Successful login of clients on the mobile application based on authentication from the database was implemented with a live footage streaming on a mobile phone In terms of research I gained invaluable insight into the current trends in the remote surveillance systems industry and in particular was able to determine what was required in the implementation of the system I also gained invaluable insight in mobile application development In particular I gained practical experience in the use of the PHP and flash as an application development platform Undertaking this project also certainly sharpened my programming skills 5 4 Limitations Some of the major challenges faced during the implementation of the project included the fact that there are no appropriate webserver that allows video streaming at my disposal The system needs to run on a local webserver to allow all the control that the user wants Since there are free open source webservers this is not a big problem What would be a problem is maintenance and support for the server and the bandwidth There are few people keen on motion sensors in Kenya The lack of access to proper motion sensor equipment at an affordable cost to fully demonstrate the application has made me resort to use of webcam as motion sensor The webca
47. ce Network Management online http www adventnet com news dvtel html 2 Mark Radford 2007 Intelligent Radar online http www homelandsecurityasia com pastissue article asp art 2684 15 amp issue 171 3 3GPP Home Page 3GPP 2004 http www 3gpp org 4 3GPP Specifications 3G Partnership Project 2004 Available at http www 3gpp org ftp Specs latest Appendix A User Manual 77 This manual details how the system can be run on a standalone computer The project consists of a web application This section outlines how to setup and run the system Step 1 Installing XXAMP Download and install the latest XXAMP This will avail to you apache webserver PHP and MySQL Step 2 Download and install Flash CS3 This is for coding the live streams and recorded streams Step 3 Download and Flash streaming Server This is the server that enables you to stream live from any camera or recorded files in your computer Ensure the services are running of the streaming server Step 2 Download and flash media encoder This gives you the ability to encode all the files you want to stream Configure it to reflect your network configuration Once you have done proper configuration then you place the web application in htdocs of the apache Import the Sql in myMSQL and you are ready to use the system 78 Appendix B Program code Live stream video code in flash class player extends MovieClip var video_playback Video
48. channel bandwidth for a short period at a time Circuit Switched Data Services In addition to voice calls GSM technology provides support for data calls By using a Circuit Switched Data CSD service a GSM phone can be used like a modem to transfer arbitrary digital data Because GSM is already a digital system there is no need to modulate data from digital to analogue and back like traditional modems do Circuit switching means that after the data call has been established the user has a synchronous data channel in continuous exclusive use until either the caller or the recipient disconnects it The bit rate for user data in GSM is 9 6 kbps Because the original bit rate of CSD is quite low some improvements have been developed to achieve higher bit rates By using High Speed Circuit Switched Data HSCSD technology a mobile station can use multiple timeslots usually 2 or 4 grouped to one logical channel By using 4 timeslots bit rates as high as 38 4 kbps can be achieved In addition the bit rate per one timeslot can be raised from 9 6 to 14 4 kbps by using enhanced channel coding technique which lowers 34 the number of bits used for error correction Therefore the maximum bit rate using 14 4 kbps channel coding and 4 timeslots is 57 6 kbps General Packet Radio Service GPRS General Packet Radio Service GPRS is an add on to existing GSM networks providing an option to use packet switched protocols usually IP for transferring data
49. classes 1 Forward error correction FEC 2 Retransmissions 3 Error concealment 4 Error resilient video coding The Need for Rate Control 24 Congestion is a common phenomenon in communication networks that occurs when the offered load exceeds the designed limit causing degradation in network performance such as throughput Useful throughput can decrease for a number of reasons For example it can be caused by collisions in multiple access networks or by increased number of retransmissions in systems employing such technology Besides a decrease in useful throughput other symptoms of congestion in packet networks may include packet losses higher delay and delay jitter To avoid the undesirable symptoms of congestion control procedures are often employed to limit the amount of network load Such control procedures are called rate control sometimes also known as congestion control It should be noted that different network technologies may implement rate control in different levels such as hop to hop level or network level Nevertheless for inter networks involving multiple networking technologies it is common to rely on rate control performed by the end hosts Rate Control for Streaming Media For environments like the Internet where little can be assumed about the network topology and load determining an appropriate transmission rate can be difficult Nevertheless the rate control mechanism implemented in the Transmission Control
50. d audio Today ActionScript is suitable for use in some database applications and in basic robotics as with the Make Controller Kit Flash MX 2004 introduced ActionScript 2 0 a scripting programming language more suited to the development of Flash applications It is often possible to save time by scripting something rather than animating it which usually also enables a higher level of flexibility when editing The live video stream application has been developed using AS3 It has libraries that enable net connection 4 0 Systems Design Below are the requirements for the Mobile Alert Surveillance System that will be used as the basis for the system development 4 1 1 Functional Requirements This project requires a video source that provides the video footage 1 e a camera with a connection of some type is needed The user must have the ability to login logout for security reasons An alert in the form of an SMS that informs a user that an intrusion or security breach has occurred is one of the key focuses of this project to eliminate the cost of a guard The web based application that offers user s access to real time video footage is appropriate for ease of access at any locality The web client gets access to surveillance footage via a web browser The system has to have a mobile access provision that offers users access to real time video footage An access mechanism within the system that provides allows the user to sound alarm in c
51. deoDatabase html Jiwire Staff 2007 Cellular Fills Gap Between Hotspots online http usatoday jiwire com cellular data hardware card or phone htm Johns D 2001 An Introductory Guide to Audio and Video Encoding Cultivate Interactive http www cultivate int org issue5 jam 71 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 Kenya Data Networks 2007 News amp Updates online http www kdn co ke Kurt Wallnau 1997 Common Object Request Broker Architecture http www sei cmu edu str descriptions corba_body html Larry Maki 2005 Video Compression Standards htpp www cotsjournalonline com home article php htm Michael Flaminio 2001 Desktop Video 2 Compression online http www insanely great com features 010626 html Mike Duran WiMax com Broadband Solutions Inc 2007 Equipment Guide online http wimax com Penton Media Inc 2007 Windows Media Player 10 Mobile review online http www winsupersite com reviews wmp10_mobile asp Phil Dunn 2006 How to set up an IP Based Camera Surveillance System online http www crn com white box 192202279 Prescient Systems 2002 GOTCHA Multicam online http www gotchanow com Steven Punter 2004 CDMA vs TDMA online http www arcx com sites CDMAvsTDMA htm Texas Instruments Incorporated 2007 Surveillance IP Cameras online http focus ti com docs solu
52. dersson C GPRS and 3G Wireless Applications John Wiley amp Sons Inc Canada 2001 Holma H Toskala A WCDMA for UMTS Radio Access for Third Generation Mobile Communications John Wiley amp Sons Ltd England 2001 Penttinen J GSM tekniikka J rjestelm n toiminta ja kehitys kohti UMTS aikakautta Werner Sd derstr6mOy Finland 2001 Chen X Goodman D Theoretical Analysis of GPRS Throughput and Delay USA 2004 Available at http eeweb poly edu dgoodman Publications html Kilpi J Mannersalo P Performance Analysis of GPRS GSM from the Single User Point of View VTT Information Technology Finland 2002 Accessed June 21 2011 Korhonen J Aalto O Gurtov A Laamanen H Measured Performance of GSM HSCSD and GPRS Sonera Corporation Finland 2002 MPEG 4 White Paper TeliaSonera Finland Medialab 2004 Available at www medialab sonera fi Accessed June 21 2011 RFC 1889 Real time Transport Protocol Available at http www ietf org rfc rfc1889 txt Accessed June 14 2011 RFC 2326 Real Time Streaming Protocol Available at http www ietf org rfc rfc2326 txt Accessed June 14 2011 76 92 RFC 2327 Session Description Protocol Available at http www ietf org rfc rfc2327 txt Accessed June 14 2011 93 RFC 2616 Hypertext Transfer Protocol Available at http www ietf org rfc rfc2616 txt Accessed June 14 2011 Bibliography 1 AdventNet Inc 2003 DVTel Selects AdventNet For Security Surveillan
53. e Case 32 4 8 Use Case Description The table below describes the use case depicted above in details It specifies the actors events the entry criteria and exit criteria for the use case Web Application Actors Web user Events a Administrative access to the application that allows admin to modify users account details b Client application displays a video that gives the visual presentation of an intruder present in the area under surveillance Entry criteria a Administrator s login details that allow access to admin section b User inputs login details that allow access to the client application c User specifies a camera that they would like to see this is based on the user s access level d Change in password for the user requires keying in the old and new password for change Exit criteria a User views real time video on the display screen of the website b Access to user s profile that allows the admin to edit c User logs out of the system and their respective account Table 2 Web application video streaming description 53 b The use case diagram below represents the mobile interactions within the system Figure 8 Mobile interaction Use Case Mobile Application Actors Mobile user Events a User receives an SMS alert on intrusion at the area under surveillance b The client application mobile display video clips that show intrusion at the ar
54. e ISDN data rate or p x 64 kb s In 1993 the ITU T initiated a standardization effort with the primary goal of video telephony over the public switched telephone network PSTN conventional analogue telephone lines where the total available data rate is only about 33 6 kb s The video compression portion of the standard is H 263 and its first phase was adopted in 1996 An enhanced H 263 H 263 Version 2 V2 was finalized in 1997 and a completely new algorithm originally referred to as H 26L is currently being finalized as H 264 AVC The Moving Pictures Expert Group MPEG was established by the ISO in 1988 to develop a standard for compressing moving pictures video and associated audio on digital storage media CD ROM The resulting standard commonly known as MPEG 1 was finalized in 1991 and achieves approximately VHS quality video and audio at about 1 5 Mb s A second phase of their work commonly known as MPEG 2 was an extension of MPEG 1 developed for application toward digital television and for higher bit rates A third standard to be called MPEG 3 was originally envisioned for higher bit rate applications such as HDTV but it was recognized that those applications could also be addressed within the context of MPEG 2 hence those goals were wrapped into MPEG 2 consequently there is no 20 MPEG 3 standard Currently the video portion of digital television DTV and high definition television HDTV standards for large portions
55. e are two transducers one emits an ultrasonic wave and the other picks up reflection from the different object in the area The reflect wave arrive at receiver in constant phase if none of the object in the area are moving If something moves the received signal is shifted in phase A phase comparator detects the shifted phase and sends a triggering pulse to alarm The main advantages are that they are very sensitive and extremely fast acting However the largest problem with type of motion detector is that it sometimes responds to normal environmental vibration that can be caused by a passing car or a plane overhead Camera motion detection In theory the notion beneath a motion detection camera is simple each image captured by the camera is compared to the previous one and if the camera detects major changes it fires up the motion detection alarm However there are still a lot of problems connected to this tricky implementation of motion detection Clearly a motion detection camera cannot be used outdoors or even the slightest change of sunlight may fire off the alarm Their most common use is during nighttime when there are little natural changes taking place that could set off false alarms Today s technology isn t superior enough to make the difference between say your dog running around the living room in the middle of the night or a thief Both will probably start the alarm Therefore it s a good choice to keep your pets
56. e other hand when a back channel is not available or the additional delay is not acceptable then retransmission is not an appropriate solution There exist a number of important variations on retransmission based schemes For example for video streaming of time sensitive data one may use delay constrained retransmission where packets are only retransmitted if they can arrive by their time deadline or priority based retransmission where more important packets are retransmitted before less important packets These ideas lead to interesting scheduling problems such as which packet should be transmitted next 29 Intranet When using streaming on a corporate Intranet it is of great importance that the streaming data being sent over the network doesn t interfere with the rest of the network applications This will slow down other traffic dramatically To prevent this IP multicasting is recommended thus sending only sending one stream of data onto the network The users are simply instructing the computer s network card to listen to a particular IP address for the multicast Internet Although streaming is conceivable over the Internet streaming to a wide different variety of viewers on various parts of the Internet reliably is a very daunting task due to the variety in how people are connected and the quality and number of streams that would have to be created In addition the support for Multicast on the Internet is very limited Streaming on
57. ea being monitored Entry criteria a User inputs login details that allow access to the client application Exit criteria a User views real time video on the display screen of the client application b User logs out of the system c Reacts according to assessment Table 3 Web application video streaming description 54 4 9 Testing A number of tests were conducted to verify that the requirements that were identified during analysis have been identified and implemented In the Remote Surveillance System testing was done in the two applications The tests performed and the results are summarized in the table below 4 9 1 Test Data The test aims to show how much the technology supports to implement the task the complexity of the design the skill and knowledge base needed to implement the system and the timing and performance constraint 4 9 1 1 Web application testing Test Description Expected Behavior Actual Behavior Screensh Number ots Number 1 0 Login in a The system a Results are as 1 option check should log in only expected only members who are registered users in the database have access to the application 1 1 Logout check a The system b The system allows option allows users to users to end their log out amp start a session as they new session wish MA Checking the a The video page is a The results showed 2 play video loaded and live that the video page video feed is fed loads int
58. ect 3G SGSN 3G Serving GPRS Support Node SPSK 8 Phase Shift Keying AAC Advanced Audio Coding AMR Adaptive Multi Rate BSC Base Station Controller BSS Base Station Subsystem BTS Base Transceiver Station Codec Coder Decoder CS Coding Scheme CSD Circuit Switched Data ECSD Enhanced Circuit Switched Data EDGE Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution EGPRS Enhanced General Packet Radio Service FTP File Transfer Protocol GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node a GPRS network element GMSK Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying GPRS General Packet Radio Service GSM Global System for Mobile Communications H 263 Video codec for low bit rates standardized by ITU T HSCSD High Speed Circuit Switched Data HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol IETF The Internet Engineering Task Force IMT International Mobile Telecommunications IP Internet Protocol ISHO Inter System Handover ISO International Organization for Standardization ITU International Telecommunication Union ITU T ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector MCS Modulation Coding Scheme MPEG Moving Picture Experts Group MS Mobile Station MSC Mobile services Switching Centre Node B Base station in UMTS network NSS Network and Switching Subsystem PCU Packet Control Unit PDA Personal Digital Assistant PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network QoS Quality of Service RNC Radio Network Controller RNS Radio Network System RTCP Real Time Control Protocol RTP Real
59. ed The system developed has not only provided video recording so as to have a view of the events that took place in your absence it has also given live stream of the event It does not require someone to sit around watching a display unit to view the events The webcam will be activated to capture the events taking place upon the detection of a security breach The images captured are stored in the server and an SMS will be sent to the owners phone as an alert The owner logs in to a secure site and view the events taking place live The system gives an easily and affordable security for offices or anywhere security is needed It provides an integration of the existing monitoring security system with the modern Mobile technology The system is so that if the intrusion detector is activated immediately an SMS is sent to the owner of the setup regarding the intrusion such that the owner can open the application in his phone and view the live video of the happenings The project has attempted to cut down on the cost of a security guard or a stationed observer who might take a little break and miss an important event It also integrates the existing ICT infrastructure to solve surveillance problem being faced by security companies at the moment The owner is no longer a third party of security system in his premise but a part of the whole system They will have the power to determine the course of action 1 1 Objectives To develop a cost effective
60. ed by a number of challenges Using IP multicast for retransmission for instance requires that both the retransmission request and the actual retransmission be transmitted to all the receivers in the multicast an obviously inefficient solution Even when retransmissions are handled by unicast communication scalability concerns still remain since a single sender will have to handle the requests of potentially many receivers Real time encoding versus pre encoded stored video Video may be captured and encoded for real time communication or it may be pre encoded and stored for later viewing Interactive applications are one example of applications which require real time encoding e g videophone video conferencing or interactive games However real time encoding may also be required in applications that are not interactive e g the live broadcast of a sporting event In many applications video content is pre encoded and stored for later viewing The video may be stored locally or remotely Examples of local storage include DVD and Video CD and examples of remote storage include video on demand VOD and video streaming over the Internet e g as provided by RealNetworks and Microsoft Pre encoded video has the advantage that it does not require a real time encoding constraint This can enable more efficient encoding such as the multi pass encoding that is typically performed for DVD content On the other hand it provides limited flexibility as f
61. edundancy is exploited by applying MC prediction the spatial redundancy is exploited by 19 applying the DCT and the colour space redundancy is exploited by a colour space conversion The resulting DCT coefficients are quantized and the nonzero quantized DCT coefficients are run length and Huffman coded to produce the Compressed bit stream VIDEO COMPRESSION STANDARDS Video compression standards provide a number of benefits foremost of which is ensuring interoperability or communication between encoders and decoders made by different people or different companies In this way standards lower the risk for both consumer and manufacturer and this can lead to quicker acceptance and widespread use In addition these standards are designed for a large variety of applications and the resulting economies of scale lead to reduced cost and further widespread use Currently there are two families of video compression standards performed under the auspices of the International Telecommunications Union Telecommunications ITU T formerly the International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee CCITT and the International Organization for Standardization ISO The first video compression standard to gain widespread acceptance was the ITU H 261 which was designed for videoconferencing over the integrated services digital network ISDN H 261 was adopted as a standard in 1990 It was designed to operate at p 1 2 30 multiples of the baselin
62. eeds to register for an account using the subscription form Figure 10 Subscription form e After a users account is activated by the admin the user can then log in using his her username and password 61 Welcome Username Password El Remember me Forgot password Figure 11 Login interface e User can then get to view real time surveillance footage by clicking on Start live feed Figure 12 Live footage e The user can then click on Close live feed to end his her session or respond by sounding an alarm through the provided link to react on an intrusion 62 Figure 13 Subscription form e An administrator can log in as shown below Welcome Username Remember me Forgot password Figure 14 admin Login form The administrator has access to all surveillance systems and cameras Close Live Feed e The administrator gets to manage the users details the admin can view each users profile delete a user and change their access level The administration section is shown below 3 Content PW Tools MG Plugins Docs Leave Admin E Logout Existing Users total 2 User Options ID Status Display Name User Class Options 2 New Site 1 Main Admin Martin Kamau l Edit Display Options Figure 15 Edit usesr form 63 Users Front Page Quick Add User Prune Users
63. eloped to overcome performance problems for delivery of static web content webpages These problems include network congestion and server overload that arise when many users access popular content CDNs improve end user performance by caching popular content on edge servers located closer to users This provides a number of advantages First it helps prevent server overload since the replicated content can be delivered to users from edge servers Furthermore since content is delivered from the closest edge server and not from the origin server the content is sent over a shorter network path thus reducing the request response time the probability of packet loss and the total network resource usage While CDNs were originally intended for static web content recently they are being designed for delivery of streaming media as well Streaming Media CDN Design A streaming media CDN is a CDN that is explicitly designed to deliver streaming media as opposed to static webpages Streaming media CDN design and operation is similar in many ways to conventional webpage CDN design and operation For example there are three key problems that arise in general CDN design and operation e Server placement problem Given N servers where should these servers is placed on the network e Content distribution problem On which servers should each piece of content be replicated e Server selection problem For each request which is the optimal server to direct the
64. ent proceeds Development takes place in strict order from concept through design testing installation troubleshooting ending with maintenance and operation No overlapping takes place It does not allow for reflection or revision once in the testing stage there is no going back to changing something that was not well thought out earlier 3 2 Tools 3 2 1 Macromedia Dream weaver This is a web development tool It contains features such as layers timelines and tables to help the user create complex and very dynamic web pages It provides the user with the choice of alternating between HTML code and the design view 3 2 2 Microsoft Visio This is a UML diagramming tool It will be used all through the child monitoring system development As the name suggests it is a Microsoft tool Apart from UML diagramming it can be used to design many other demonstration diagrams 3 3 SERVER SIDE 3 3 1 Apache Web Server This is a server that is maintained by the Apache Software Foundation and is currently the most popular web server due to its stability efficiency portability security and small size and provides HTTP services in sync with the current HTTP standards It s a free and open source product that is available for a wide variety of operating systems including UNIX Linux Mac OS and Microsoft Windows It s most notable for playing a role in the initial growth of the World Wide Web 45 3 3 2 MySQL This is a robust and sc
65. entation deadlines for the media samples allow retransmission to take place when packets are lost e g when UDP is used in place of TCP for transport Since compressed media streams are often sensitive to errors the ability to recover losses greatly improves streaming media quality 3 Error resilience through Interleaving Losses in some media streams especially audio can often be better concealed if the losses are isolated instead of concentrated The extended presentation deadlines with the use of buffering allow interleaving to transform possible burst loss in the channel into isolated losses thereby enhancing the concealment of the subsequent losses 4 Smoothing throughput fluctuation Since time varying channel gives rise to time varying throughput the buffer can provide needed data to sustain streaming when throughput is low This is especially important when streaming is performed using TCP or HTTP since the server typically does not react to a drop in channel throughput by reducing media rate The benefits of buffering do come at a price though Besides additional storage requirements at the streaming client buffering also introduces additional delay before playback can begin or resume after a pause due to buffer depletion Adaptive Media Play out AMP is a new technique that enables a valuable trade off between delay and reliability Error Control for Overcoming Channel Losses The third fundamental problem that afflicts video co
66. erate classmates 3 argued that b It should display appropriate error and performance was acceptable while 2 said the mobile interface needed exception messages when improvement they occur b 5 agreed that error messages were displayed in simple and clear English 4 2 Performance a On click on the available a once the application was up Test menus for remote and running upon click of a response the Application should respond to the users request within a reasonable time of at most menu the response was at least 5 seconds on a network of 256 kb s and less than lsecond for a network of 2 seconds 1mb s 4 3 Reliability a The application should be a This test was a success since Test able to respond to 99 of all results returned by the the users request without returning exceptions or error messages application were accurate expected and deterministic Table 7 A summary of tests on nonfunctional requirements 60 4 9 2 Test Results e A user attempting to view a security cameras without the authorized access will receive the following message TA lt i g 3 Welcome Username Password Remember me Access Denied No Permission to access Please login Forgot password Figure 9 Attempt to view video without login EPR ON As Home Members ContactUs View Video To get access to surveillance footage a user first n
67. essaging services In push messaging services organisations or business service firms can send information to a group of customers by sending messages through SMS Push pull messaging service available through SMS gateway is a kind of two way communications The authorized customers of an enterprise can send query through message for information and pull back the data from the enterprise by receiving SMS Push messaging is the popular form of SMS gateway service as it is used by many business firms to send announcements and notifications to their customers By connecting the computer to the SMS Centre SMSC or SMS gateway of a wireless carrier or SMS service provider and sending SMS messages using a protocol or interface supported by the SMSC or SMS gateway The gate way used in this an open source gateway developed by source forge Gammu is a project which encompasses applications scripts and drivers for managing various functions on cellular 43 phones and similar devices It is a stable and mature codebase with support for many models available on the market and provides functions unavailable in other similar projects 44 Chapter Three Methodology and Design 3 1 Waterfall life cycle This is the classic approach to systems development life cycle It demonstrates a development method that is sequential and linear It has specific milestones for each phase of development There is no turning back once a phase is completed the developm
68. eved that UMTS will be implemented only in cities in the first phase while rural areas will be handled with existing GSM GPRS EDGE systems Handover between the different network technologies is called inter system handover ISHO UMTS Features 37 One of the key features of UMTS is speed UMTS improves data rates clearly from earlier 2G mobile systems UMTS target data rates are 144 kbps for rural outdoor areas 384 kbps for urban outdoor areas and 2048 kbps for indoor and close range outdoor areas One of the new features Quality of Service QoS allows the network to provide different class of service for different needs UMTS specifies four QoS classes Conversational class is for highly interactive and real time services with low response times and high throughput like voice video telephony and real time gaming Streaming class is for transferring multimedia content to mobile stations Interactive class is for web browsing non real time network gaming and other services that do not need low response times Finally background class is for services that do not have strict demands for performance By using QoS network resources can be better shared between users taking their requirements into account QoS classes can also be used as a basis for billing Because higher QoS classes likely reserve more network resources and offer better user experience they can be priced differently UMTS Network Architecture UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Ne
69. firm a video footage Number 072269 1019 mySms new gammuWin32 gammuPath gammuExecutable Instantiate gammuWin32 mySms gt sendSMS Number message This will send the message in _POST message and send it to the cellphone number in _POST celnum gt VBScript to kill a program Option Explicit Dim ob WMIService objProcess colProcess Dim strComputer strProcess Kill strComputer strProcessKill FMLECmd exe Set objWMIService GetObject winmgmts _ amp impersonationLevel impersonate _ amp strComputer amp root cimv2 Set colProcess objWMIService ExecQuery _ Select from Win32_Process Where Name amp strProcessKill For Each objProcess in colProcess objProcess Terminate Next WScript Quit End of WMI Example of a Kill Process 86 Vb Script To Load A Program Set WshShell WScript CreateObject W Script Shell WshShell Run C Program Files Adobe Flash Media Live Encoder 3 21FMLECmd exe 9 parameter O hide 7 minimized 9 normal Give FME time to load WScript Sleep 5000 milliseconds to wait WshShell AppActivate Adobe Flash Media Encoder WshShell SendKeys fo Open a custom config WshShell SendKeys custom xml WshShell SendKeys ENTER Start encoding WshShell SendKeys ENTER Confirm PHP Script To Load A Program lt php runCommand C Program Files Adobe Flash Media Live Encoder 3 2 FMLECmd exe p C xampp h
70. gies to be considered and the constraints that each of these face 69 The second part of the project was in system s requirements specification this gave a detailed description of both the functional and technical requirements of the system It was based mostly on the research carried out and what prospective users would want implemented This clearly brought out every step that needed to be implemented what each process would require in terms of resources and time allocation and the constraints that needed to be considered in deciding what specifications would be viable A lot of time and resources was spent covering this area as the original system requirements kept changing due to constraints that were encountered and defining the scope of the project was initially hard to determine Also the system development phase was still unclear to put into work The system s specification greatly enhanced the design and development of the system which was the next step This focused on how the product was to look like and its interaction with the outside systems and within itself It also focused on what is required in the development and what constraints are encountered and their impacts on the overall system development This is then followed with the actual coding where decisions had to be made depending on what could be done and what could not under the time constraint This led to focusing first on the most important requirements and then dealing with
71. h is by a relative who unknowingly walked into the trap Since the owner is not there to verify they are incarcerated for no reason A human as an alarm or to respond to sound an alarm is a huge gamble for where security and urgent response is needed The main objective of this project is to develop a cost effective web application that allows live streaming on the net and on mobile phones a mobile SMS alert system and a remote response to the intrusion by the owner This will empower the owner of the security system to view real time event on the happenings also be able to make judgment on the kind of action to take This approach applies emerging open source technologies and proprietary technologies and demonstrates the effectiveness of our design approach via actual Implementation The SMS alert is activated through a motion sensor The motion sensor used in this project is a camera motion sensor The project is a prototype which has been successfully designed live stream from webcam motion sensor to detect any movement and send an SMS while the camera continues to monitor the entire scene It also provides an alarm sounding system that can be activated remotely by the user depending on the judgment made upon viewing a video stream The owner of the system has the liberty to activate or deactivate the streaming system A recorded video can be replayed for reference The streaming of recorded videos uses Video on Demand One of the key things noted i
72. henever needed This section looks at the available technologies available that will underlie the Mobile Video streaming Surveillance System with SMS Alert 2 2 Current systems 2 2 1 Video Surveillance Webcam Software Video Surveillance Webcam Software Basic 4 Camera is a basic video monitoring surveillance software with video and audio recording time and date stamped It supports 1 to 4 cameras with PCI cards It has sound alarms with history sound detection recording motion detection and time lapse video recording Separate camera brightness contrast sound alarms motion detection regions and saved AVI files Any size video windows formats NTSC PAL any compression e g Windows Media 9 MPEG4 files sizes file number with auto file management Has playback speed schedules file backup and can run hidden Easy install operation and GUI Short comings The alarm can only be heard if you are in the vicinity of the system It has no remote access The owner has to consciously go to the PC to view the video stream It requires constant monitoring 2 2 2 Webcam Spy The program allows to spy on your Web camera It can be used for video surveillance and home security system The program supports any video source TV tuner or web camera Webcam Spy features motion detector option You can have your own professional video security for Web camera Surveillance system will record video or saves snapshots for later reviewing Shor
73. his time Fire Wire IEEE 1394 However the main downside is that they re expensive 2 4 5 Analogue cameras Analogue cameras belong to a whole different world They are fast provide images with no compression no artifacts and no motion blur and use any cable length you need They may be equipped with a zoom or infra red vision Some are wireless The downside of analogue cameras is that they are complicated and resource intensive Connecting one to a PC requires video capture hardware In operation this can hog the system resources so your PC probably might not be able to do anything else Many analogue cameras produce interlaced images requiring special often 3rd party software filters which may introduce artifacts or reduce picture quality Overall using an analogue camera requires a more powerful computer than a standard USB camera would 2 5 Video streaming 2 5 2 Video Streaming and Communication Applications There exist a very diverse range of different video communication and streaming applications which have very different operating conditions or properties For example video communication application may be for point to point communication or for multicast or broadcast communication and video may be pre encoded stored or may be encoded in real time e g interactive videophone or video conferencing The video channels for communication may also be static or dynamic packet switched or circuit switched may s
74. ile devices Security for the system is of major concern as very little security implementations have been added Currently the system has access level restrictions based on how much access the user has been given to view the camera s More implementation could be done concerning security such as encryption to enable it to safely be transmitted across the network with no interception Other features that could also be added include 66 a location based system that automatically alerts the user of a security breach and on the location of the intrusion and also alerting the police automatically 5 2 Features of the finished system The system gives the user the ability to register and get an account on a website via a web browser This enables the person to securely log in into the web site and view live video feed from a server via the Internet The system can accommodate multiple cameras and gives the user ability to change from one surveillance camera to the next on the web application Users have restricted access to surveillance footage they can only view footage and this is also based on the access level provided Users are able to change their passwords delete their accounts Administrative access that offers data handling of all the users records i e can view user s profile adds a user delete a user and change a user s access level has been provided The administrator can switch between all surveillance cameras present and view
75. illance System with SMS Alert The systems seek to address the two huddles that home owners face One of them is the fact that most CCTV systems being sold are owned by Security Company When you requisite one they attach to it the security provision fee and installation fee making it out of reach for most people The project will utilize low cost technologies available to provide an affordable spontaneous alert and live video system accessible anywhere It will give the owner the power to react to a situation depending on judgment instead of waiting for others to respond on his behalf Integration of technology is perhaps one of the most underutilized surveillance methods being offered as a solution to the insecurity issues Delivering real time surveillance services remotely to clients with the use of PCs and hand held devices over the Internet is an interesting application in both the web and mobile environment Almost all the security monitoring systems available do not involve the owner in the process unless its payment of service or a robbery breaking has taken place This makes the owner a third party to a system s he should be taking ownership The alert systems will seek intervention of another person apart from the owner They will be loud enough to alert neighbors or silent to alert a faraway response team All this seem to focus on the owner as a victim and in need of help instead of a person who can provide a solution to the immediate ne
76. isadvantages as broadcast Multicast communication has received much attention in the last few years due to the significant bandwidth savings it promises and the challenges it presents Consider the multicast extension of the 15 Internet or IP multicast as an example When multiple clients are requesting the same media stream IP multicast reduce network resource usage by transmitting only one copy of the stream down shared links instead of one per session sharing the link Nevertheless besides the many practical difficulties in supporting IP multicast for the wide area Internet the basic properties of multicast communication present a number of challenges to streaming media systems First and foremost is the problem of heterogeneity different receivers experience different channel conditions and may have conflicting requirements e g in terms of maximum bit rate that can be supported and the amount of error protection needed Heterogeneity is typically solved by using multiple multicasts to provide choices for the receivers For instance it is possible to establish different multicasts for different ranges of intended bit rates Alternatively the different multicasts can contain incremental information The second challenge that a multicast present is the more restricted choice for error control While retransmission has been the error control mechanism of choice for many streaming applications its applicability in multicast has been limit
77. ized media IEEE Trans on Multimedia submitted Feb 2001 D Clark and D Tennenhouse Architectural Considerations for a New Generation of Protocols ACM SIGCOMM September 1990 B Girod and N Farber Feedback based error control for mobile video transmission Proceedings of the IEEE October 1999 S Fukunaga T Nakai and H Inoue Error resilient video coding by dynamic replacing of reference pictures GLOBECOM Nov 1996 S Wenger Video Redundancy Coding in H 263 Workshop on Audio Visual Services for Packet Networks September 1997 V Vaishampayan and S John Interframe balanced multiple description video compression IEEE Inter Conf on Image Processing Oct 1999 A Reibman H Jafarkhani Y Wang M Orchard and R Puri Multiple descriptions coding for video using motion compensated prediction IEEE Inter Conf Image Processing October 1999 74 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 J Apostolopoulos Error resilient video compression via multiple state streams Proc International Workshop on Very Low Bitrate Video Coding VLBV 99 October 1999 J Apostolopoulos and S Wee Unbalanced Multiple Description Video Communication Using Path Diversity IEEE International Conference on Image Processing October 2001 J Apostolopoulos Reliable Video Communication over Lossy Packet Networks using Multiple State Encoding and Path Diversity Visual Communication
78. king their mail for any alerts If the user is busy they may miss out on important monitoring information 2 2 4 Mobiscope Monitor your home office activities in real time No need to purchase any expensive equipment All you need is a Web cam or a network camera connected to your computer to record everything that goes on when you are away Mobiscope can monitor the area for motion and transfer the video on line to your mobile phone You can use different schedules to start or end the recordings according to your preferences for example start recording always at 8 a m when you leave home save your recordings and watch them later Switch between up to 4 several Web cams Short comings This system is better than visec and all the others covered before in that it has live stream to your mobile phone It retrogresses in lack of an alert system either on E Mail or SMS 2 2 5 SecuExpress Use SecuExpress with your Webcam to record trespassing and monitor the camera view area SecuEpxress is the quick and easy video surveillance software that monitors and detects the intrusion for your personal properties Simply install SecuExpress on your computer equipped with a Webcam and your computer can quickly turn into a video surveillance system SecuExpress also provides you with an easy interface to view the camera video on computers mobile phones or PDA remotely through Internet even you are away from your SecuExpress video surveillance system
79. lay the content This is referred as buffering Buffering can also occur while streaming if the player runs short of the data due to lack of bandwidth Therefore properties of the underlying mobile network have an significant effect on streaming quality and reliability The Mobile Streaming Standard 3GPP PSS Third Generation Partnership Project 3GPP is a collaboration agreement between numbers of telecommunications standardization bodies established in 1998 The original scope of the project was to produce globally used technical specifications for 3G mobile networks evolved from GSM technology 39 but currently also the maintenance and development of the original GSM technology is included in the project The information provided in this section is mainly based on 3GPP Packet Switched Streaming 3GPP PSS is a specification defining a framework for interoperable end to end streaming services in packet switched mobile networks 3GPP PSS highly reuses the work done by the organizations such as The Internet Engineering Task Force IETF World Wide Web Consortium W3C Motion Picture Experts Group MPEG and International Organization for Standardization ISO and International Telecommunication Union ITU Packet switched streaming was first introduced in 3GPP Release 4 3GPP PSS Release 4 frozen in March 2001 defines a basic framework protocols codecs and the 3GPP file format 3GPP PSS itself does not specify the coding of content data
80. lse once or twice This will deter the good neighbors from responding as expected The proposed system seeks to give the user the power to decide on how to act upon intrusion The owner will be able to view the intrusion as it happens and if it took place before he could stream then a play back will be provided Upon viewing the owner will decide on how to react I will attempt to provide a response system to give the user the power to react to the attempted robbery In some cases especially where the alarm alerts a security company the company takes up to 30 minutes to respond In this period the house owner who may not be in at the time will find all the valuable items taken and will only get to know about this several hours after the incidence Most systems are installed by security companies with the aim of making profits They are tailored so that the owner only gets involved when paying for the services or if a break in goes wrong The project will seek to cut down on cost through eliminating a monitoring guard and some of the services in which the security companies charge It seeks to give the owner complete charge of the security system in their premises so that they determine the kind of response to implement upon intrusion This will enable the much needed security to be in the reach of the majority 42 2 8 Sending SMS via computer There are two ways of sending SMS messages from a computer to a mobile phone These are a Using a Mo
81. m though good in near object detection is not very appropriate in distant object motion detection The object has to be as near as meter away for the camera to detect it There are high definition cameras that come at a cost that can detect distant object The camera used is USB webcam which can only provide a cable length that is too short An IP camera would have been more appropriate since it takes away the limitations of cable length The streaming server used is proprietary and requires one to buy a license to install There are many open source streaming servers that I could have used but the learning curve is much steeper 68 5 5 Future Enhancements Further enhancement to the system can be done Some of the features that can be added would include 5 5 1 Access Control System This system can be improved by incorporating an access control system that triggers an alarm or a motion sensor This in turn could switch the cameras on and start capturing live video feed of the culprit This feature is useful in restricting access to an area by having only authorized personnel to get access to the restricted area thus enhancing security in the area This also helps to ease system overload as only real threats are notified 5 5 2 One web server Many clients This application would check the users of the system and the location of the premise under surveillance and in the event of an intrusion would automatically check the user s account and
82. m to replace old analog systems incompatible with each other The GSM technology family is constantly evolving and there have been many additions to the basic technology Today many of these improvements concern mobile data services and the mobile Internet Presents the architecture of a dual 2G 3G network built on GSM network technology Basics of GSM Technology GSM is based on cellular radio network architecture In cellular networks the whole coverage area is divided into numerous smaller regions called cells A cell is basically defined as the geographical area in the radio coverage of one Base Transceiver Station BTS Mobile Stations MS usually mobile phones communicate with the mobile network through the radio interface between the MS and the BTS Mobile stations can seamlessly move from one cell to another The situation where a mobile station changes cells is referred to as a handover A GSM network can be roughly divided to Network and Switching Subsystem NSS and Base Station Subsystem BSS Mobile stations are connected to NSS through BSS s radio interface NSS is usually furthermore connected to other networks such as a fixed line telephone network BSS consists of 33 numerous Base Transceiver Stations BTS controlled by Base Station Controllers BSC BTS is typically a radio antenna tower combined with a small shack containing the equipment In rural areas BTSs are typically located in high locations to maximize radio cover
83. miting the addition of new flows This is similar to the telephone system that provides performance guarantees although with a possibility for call blocking With all the difficulties facing streaming media systems in the Internet there has been work towards providing some Quality of Service QoS support in the Internet The Integrated Services IntServ model of the Internet for instance is an attempt to provide end to end QoS guarantees in terms of bandwidth packet loss rate and delay on a per flow basis QoS guarantees are established using explicit resource allocation based on the Resource Reservation Protocol RSVP The guarantees in terms of bandwidth and packet loss rate would have greatly simplified streaming media systems Nevertheless this is only at the expense of additional complexity in the network The high complexity and cost of deployment of the RSVP based service architecture eventually led the IETF to consider other QoS mechanisms The Differentiated Services DiffServ model in particular is specifically designed to achieve low complexity and easy deployment at the cost of less stringent QoS guarantees than IntServ Under DiffServ service differentiation is no longer provided on a per flow basis Instead it is based on the code point or tag in each packet Thus packets having the same tags are given the same treatment under DiffServ regardless of where they originate The cost of easy deployment for DiffServ compared to IntServ i
84. mmunication is losses Losses can have a very destructive effect on the reconstructed video quality and if the system is not designed to handle losses even a single bit error can have a catastrophic effect A number of different types of losses may occur depending on the particular network under consideration For example wired packet networks such as the Internet are afflicted by packet loss where congestion may cause an entire packet to be discarded lost In this case the receiver will either completely receive a packet in its entirety or completely lose a packet On the other hand wireless channels are typically afflicted by bit errors or burst errors at the physical layer These errors may be passed up from the physical layer to the application as bit or burst errors or alternatively entire packets may be discarded when any errors are detected in these packets Therefore depending on the interlayer communication a video decoder may expect to always receive 28 clean packets without any errors or it may receive dirty packets with errors The loss rate can vary widely depending on the particular network and also for a given network depending on the amount of cross traffic For example for video streaming over the Internet one may see a packet loss rate of less than 1 or sometimes greater than 5 10 A video streaming system is designed with error control to combat the effect of losses There are four rough classes of app
85. most notably the live video feed from a server and a remote reaction It also offers the user the ability to start or stop the video feed remotely One of the primary challenges on implementation has been the motion sensor system This is due to lack of electronics background on the developer also the fact that there is no low budget motion sensor equipment in the market to be used for this type of a system The budget would shoot very high for a system that is aiming at affordability if the current equipment available in the market is used There is need to develop a low cost motion sensor equipment that can be integrated with the system in future To counter this we have implemented a motion sensor system using the cameras for demonstration purposes despite its shortcoming The mobile alert system is a success given that it is using an open source gateway and a modem which is affordable to majority of the people A SIM card from any provider for mobile telephony will work with the system to provide connectivity to an SMS Center Other features that have been implemented includes providing the option for users to register for an account using this users are able to log in and out of the system securely as their details are verified in the database A part of the system shows that a user can switch between two cameras and each of these is based on the user s access level In addition a mobile application allows users to view video feeds from their mob
86. n the development process is that the webserver to host the system should be local at the proximity of the secure premise The type of phone used must be flash 8 or above enabled Further development is needed on the alarm trigger to a more sensitive motion sensor than a camera A thick mobile client can be developed to be used for better control of access to the system The system will be more appropriate if it is flash independent The ISP need to embrace live streaming and provide facilities for it iv Acknowledgement I would like to take this opportunity to express my deepest gratitude to God for the strength and wisdom as I did my research to my project supervisor Professor Okelo Odongo for his support and guidance in my project He has provided me with great approaching and feedback every step of the way as a result of that I have learned and grown well Sincerely thank for the greatly involved in the progress of this work with no tired It would be very difficult to complete this project without the enthusiastic support insight and advice given by him I also would like to thank other member which supported me during the hard time This thesis would also not be possible without an assist from all of you My outmost thanks also to my family for always there for me Without them I might not be the person I am today Thank you Finally I thank the panelists Mr Mburu and Mr Ruhiu for the feedback and the patience as I continuously
87. ng there 22 usually is a short delay usually on the order of 5 15 seconds between the start of delivery and the beginning of playback at the client This delay referred to as the pre roll delay provides a number of benefits Video streaming provides a number of benefits including low delay before viewing starts and low storage requirements since only a small portion of the video is stored at the client at any point in time The length of the delay is given by the time duration of the pre roll buffer and the required storage is approximately given by the amount of data in the pre roll buffer Expressing Video Streaming as a Sequence of Constraints A significant amount of insight can be obtained by expressing the problem of video streaming as a sequence of constraints Consider the time interval between displayed frames to be denoted by A e g A is 33 ms for 30 frames s video and 100 ms for 10 frames s video Each frame must be delivered and decoded by its playback time therefore the sequence of frames has an associated sequence of deliver decode display deadlines Frame N must be delivered and decoded by time TN Frame N 1 must be delivered and decoded by time TN A Frame N 2 must be delivered and decoded by time TN 2A Any data that is lost in transmission cannot be used at the receiver Furthermore any data that arrives late is also useless Specifically any data that arrives after its decoding and display deadline is too late to
88. nture 2003 ReCam Remote Monitoring Software online http gocertify com B000230E4M ReCam_Remote_Monitoring_Software htm Apple Inc 2007 Open Source Streaming Server online http developer apple com opensource server streaming index html Bevis King 1995 TV Systems A Comparison online http www ee surrey ac uk Davis Curtis Christopher Stone Mike Bradley no date IOP OMG s Internet Inter ORB Protocol online http www omg org library 110p4 html DIVR Systems Digital Video Surveillance 2007 Accelerated Technologies Inc Questions online http divrsystems com index php option com Don Orofino 2003 MATLAB Digest Rapid Prototyping of a Surveillance Video Compression System online http www mathworks com Electronic Privacy Information centre 2005 Spotlight on Surveillance online http www epic org privacy surveillance spotlight 1205 FG Engineering Inc 2002 Fully Installed Video Surveillance WebCam Systems by FG Engineering online http webcam software net installation video surveillance systems htm Fortinet 2007 NetBotz IP Based Monitoring and Surveillance Systems online http avfirewalls com H Schulzrinne et al 1889 RFC 1889 RTP A Transport Protocol for Real Time Applications online http gim org pl rfes rfc1889 html James Black Tim Ellis and Dimitrios Markis no date Hierarchical Content based Database of Surveillance Video Data online http www Vi
89. o the application 1 3 Check the a The system a The system loads a change camera should bring a different page and option different loading camera on change form on change of the camera 55 of the surveillance camera 1 4 Interactive a The application a All users reported user Interface should have that the interface intuitive displays was intuitive amp that leave nothing displays are shown to the users telling the users imagination what to do or expect hence no training was needed 1 5 Play recorded b The application b The play back was video should have Play successful The back the recorded user can be able to video for the forward or rewind duration played a video play back The user should be able to pick any of the past captions and play them 1 6 Front end a The system a All users reported operation should that there was correspond with the user concerning what to Proper 56 synchronization and correct data was being delivered and synchronization and sending the correct data is received expected b The system should ensure proper monitoring of data 1 7 Error a The system a This test was correction should be able to successful as the input and output system provides correct data for validation of b Should decode all input data and correct the b Error messages are data reported in the c Maintains the case of
90. of North America Europe and Asia is based on MPEG 2 A third phase of work known as MPEG 4 was designed to provide improved compression efficiency and error resilience features as well as increased functionality including object based processing integration of both natural and synthetic computer generated content content based interactivity Current Emerging Video Compression Techniques Video Coding Primary Intended Applications Bit Rate Standard H 261 Video telephony and teleconferencing over ISDN 64kb s MPEG 1 Video on digital storage media DC ROM 1 5Mb s MPEG 2 Digital Television 2 20 Mb s H 263 Video telephony over PSTN 33 6 kb s and up MPEG 4 Object based coding synthetic content interactivity Variable video streaming H 264 MPEG 4 Improved video compression 100 kb s Table 1 Current Emerging Video Compression Techniques The H 26L standard is being finalized by the Joint Video Team from both ITU and ISO MPEG It achieves a significant improvement in compression over all prior video coding standards and it will be adopted by both ITU and ISO and called H 264 and MPEG 4 Part 10 Advanced Video Coding AVC Currently the video compression standards that are primarily used for video communication and video streaming are H 263 V2 MPEG 4 and the emerging H 264 MPEG 4 Part 10 AVC will probably gain wide acceptance What Do The Standards Specify An important question is what is the sc
91. ope of the video compression standards or what do the standards actually specify A video compression system is composed of an encoder and a decoder with a common interpretation for compressed bit streams The encoder takes original video and compresses it to a bit stream which is passed to the decoder to produce the reconstructed video One possibility is that the 21 standard would specify both the encoder and decoder However this approach turns out to be overly restrictive Instead the standards have a limited scope to ensure interoperability while enabling as much differentiation as possible The standards do not specify the encoder or the decoder Instead they specify the bit stream syntax and the decoding process The bit stream syntax is the format for representing the compressed data The decoding process is the set of rules for interpreting the bit stream Note that specifying the decoding process is different from specifying a specific decoder implementation 2 5 4 Challenges in Video Streaming Video Delivery via File Download Probably the most straightforward approach for video delivery of the Internet is by something similar to a file download but we refer to it as video download to keep in mind that it is a video and not a generic file Specifically video download is similar to a file download but it is a large file This approach allows the use of established delivery mechanisms for example TCP as the transport layer or FT
92. or example the pre encoded video cannot be significantly adapted to channels that support different bit rates or to clients that support different display capabilities than that used in the original encoding 16 Constant bit rate CBR or Variable bit rate VBR Channel Some channels support CBR for example ISDN or DTV and some channels support VBR for example DVD storage and communication over shared packet networks On the other hand a video sequence typically has time varying complexity Therefore coding a video to achieve a constant visual quality requires a variable bit rate and coding for a constant bit rate would produce time varying quality Clearly it is very important to match the video bit rate to what the channel can support To achieve this a buffer is typically used to couple the video encoder to the channel and a buffer control mechanism provides feedback based on the buffer fullness to regulate the coarseness fineness of the quantization and thereby the video bit rate Packet Switched or Circuit Switched Network A key network attribute that affects the design of media streaming systems is whether they are packet switched or circuit switched Packet switched networks such as Ethernet LANs and the Internet are shared networks where the individual packets of data may exhibit variable delay may arrive out of order or may be completely lost Alternatively circuit switched networks such as the public switched telephone netw
93. ork PSTN or ISDN reserve resources and the data has a fixed delay arrives in order however the data may still be corrupted by bit errors or burst errors Quality of Service QoS Support An important area of network research over the past two decades has been QoS support QoS is a vague and all encompassing term which is used to convey that the network provides some type of preferential delivery service or performance guarantees e g guarantees on throughput maximum loss rates or delay Network QoS support can greatly facilitate video communication as it can enable a number of capabilities including provisioning for video data prioritizing delay sensitive video data relative to other forms of data traffic and also prioritize among the different forms of video data that must be communicated Unfortunately QoS is currently not widely supported in packet switched networks such as the Internet However circuit switched networks such as the PSTN or ISDN do provide various guarantees on delay bandwidth and loss rate The current Internet does not provide any QoS support and it is often referred to as Best Effort BE since the basic function is to provide simple network connectivity by best effort without any guarantees packet delivery 17 2 5 3 Video Compression Video compression is achieved by exploiting the similarities or redundancies that exists in a typical video signal For example consecutive frames in a video sequence exhibit
94. other basic functionalities later 1f time allowed All these steps were carried hand in hand with testing of the deliverables The development however went contrary to the original design and product specification this due to the fact that it was hard to actually put all the functionality specified initially with the constraints i e of time resources limited knowledge base The actual coding and development took longer than originally planned and this delay called for an extension of the project Conclusions The project as a whole was a success Research was made into several important technologies that proved vital to the actual designing and development of the system The research also provided a backbone into further enhancements made to the system and the final product designed Overall the product developed could serve as a standalone system but is best suited for integration with other security system and provides a security solution that has since proven to be an indispensable problem 70 References 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Agencies 2007 WiMAX gains global attention The Standard Newspaper April 22 Gilbert Wandera 2007 Kenya Data Networks launches ADSL services March 25 Addo Enterprises Inc 2006 Rusty The Caveman s Buying Guide Frequently asked questions online http www safetybasement com Last accessed May 2011 Ave
95. pany emergency personnel or police department To work a monitored alarm system is connected by a series of sensors or contact devices The complexity of the set up will depend on the size of the area being secured so this can range from a basic set up consisting of one or two sensors to one that uses multiple components The system is then connected to a telephone line or a mobile phone and a phone number is pre programmed into the system In case of unauthorized entry the system is tripped and a call is automatically made to the pre programmed number which is the number of the monitoring company The monitoring company will then confirm the call with the homeowner to eliminate the possibility of a false alarm If it is confirmed the monitoring company will dispatch the proper authorities to your address Advantages Third party involvement ensures constant Home Alarm System Monitoring The Monitoring Company s offer 24 7 remote surveillance so you are assured that your premises are kept safe even if you are away for extended periods of time Quick response from the proper authorities Monitored alarm systems take away the inconvenience of your having to call the police emergency personnel or fire department yourself This is especially helpful if you re sick asleep or incapacitated or just plain unable to call for help Option for silent alarm signal Some monitored alarm systems use a silent alarm signal to inform the monitoring
96. re normally generated by a streaming media server from an arbitrary data source which can be media content stored on the server or captured from a live source e g camera microphone television broadcast etc Streaming of previously stored data is called on demand streaming while streaming of live content is called live streaming or webcasting The content data is usually packed using a codec targeted for compressing such type of data The bit rate of the stream specifies how much compressed payload data is sent in a time unit Bit rates are typically measured in bits per second The stream s bit rate can be either constant or variable The used bit rate and codec highly affect to the quality of the encoded content The generated data packets are continuously sent to the recipient over a packet switched network using some streaming protocol The recipient is running streaming media player software which receives the packets decodes the content data with an appropriate codec and finally shows the presentation to the user Streaming is sensitive to errors and delays in the transmission because a continuous flow of data is required for an uninterrupted presentation If some data packets are lost or delayed during the transmission the media player may not be able to decode the data correctly and some errors or interrupts may occur For compensating possible delays streaming media players usually receive some amount of packets before starting to p
97. requested them to accommodate my inadequacies and they did Table of Contents o A AS 11 Dedication A A dd 111 Pre DS A ate Pasta eE Ee EE TAS S EEEE hata AE aoai iii O A O E EE ee v Table OP Contents snin salad a a ge a a A N as tes coe T o Nai ai vi O viii LIS LOFTS ii eines ix Definitions Acronyms and Abbreviations a sia x A AE le Se cla Ua oda oust oe shee ode ees oan ue ah Bane 1 INtTrOdUCHON ascii te iacs cceste deka sedan ee ets eed dedi d aes ante iia 1 PE ODI RCO VES 5 oc dl e a a O e ate 2 1 2 Problem ss WAR META gist oars eens E a A a 3 PA A E E Se te fae 3 LA Mesta ni 5 Chapter WO vii A as 6 Literat re REE a ec o 6 22 MOTT CI SS LOMAS a a A A A A assets 6 2 2 1 Video Surveillance Webcam Software civilidad irradian cabo escaneadas 6 22 2 WREDCAT SPY ieseni ehiqate r E E O aed sea Eea SEEE ESEVE 6 22 INM USCC Big i oeri Oeil tec lect la Nc E EE EE E E E R E A EA R E On 7 UPAL NLN TE 7 DM ES E sees xen Ga ap ces E E E E E E EEA E 8 2 256 Neishborhood Wat lies 8 PE DA A E eases eoracsaneees 9 a E 9 2 3 2 Monitored SUS a da idea 9 eS A A navies aamdwecoueds amicaawbasees 10 23 5 The clecine Current alarm systems Aa 10 ZS OMIOUON CELE CLOM O a coa 10 2 4 TYPES ot cam ras orae in e a e ata e ea aea ie a 12 24 1 CCTV Cameras tit adds aida ted 12 LAN O AS ti OS 12 LAS NED A iS 13 2 5 VIGEO CAMINO an cds 14 2 5 2 Video Streaming and Communication Applications oococonocccnonccconancnonancnonnnncnonnnononcnonnncnonnncno 14
98. roaches for error control 1 Retransmissions 2 Forward error correction FEC 3 Error concealment 4 Error resilient video coding The first two classes of approaches can be thought of as channel coding approaches for error control while the last two are source coding approaches for error control These four classes of approaches are discussed in the following four subsections A video streaming system is typically designed using a number of these different approaches In addition joint design of the source coding and channel coding is very important Retransmissions In retransmission based approaches the receiver uses a back channel to notify the sender which packets were correctly received and which were not and this enables the sender to resend the lost packets This approach efficiently uses the available bandwidth in the sense that only lost packets are resent and it also easily adapts to changing channel conditions However it also has some disadvantages Retransmission leads to additional delay corresponding roughly to the round trip time RTT between receiver sender receiver In addition retransmission requires a back channel and Packet Number In many applications the additional delay incurred from using retransmission is acceptable e g Web browsing FTP telnet In these cases when guaranteed delivery is required and a backchannel is available then feedback based retransmits provide a powerful solution to channel losses On th
99. s a blackout then there is no protection 2 3 6 Motion detector alarms Motion detector alarms work by sending out patterns of light or microwaves of ultrasonic sound into the surroundings of your premise If someone enters a protected area without first disabling the alarm they will create a disruption in these patterns that will automatically cause the alarm to sound There are also infrared motion detectors that work by detecting body heat If there is a significant change in the surrounding temperature in a room it will trigger the alarm Some of the motion detector includes 10 Passive Infrared Detector PIR stands for Passive Infrared In simple terms it is a motion detector PIR motion detectors are the most frequently used home security device It usually designed to provide an indication to an alarm panel in response to detecting IR that is indicative of motion of the object The alarm panel is responsive to receipt of the breach indication to cause an alarm condition occur Excellent performance infrared sensor for use in alarm burglar systems visitor presence monitoring light switches and robots this sensors measure infrared radiation emanating from objects in the field of view Ultrasonic Motion Sensor This is commonly used for automatic door openers and security alarm it can operate with narrow beam widths and detect motion in area where there are not supposed to be any moving object In an ultrasonic motion detector ther
100. s and Image Processing January 2001 N Gogate and S Panwar Supporting video image applications in a mobile multihop radio environment using route diversity Proceedings Inter Conference on Communications June 1999 N Gogate D Chung S S Panwar and Y Wang Supporting image video applications in a mobile multihop radio environment using route diversity and multiple description coding Preprint A Reibman Y Wang X Qiu Z Jiang and K Chawla Transmission of Multiple Description and Layered Video over an EGPRS Wireless Network IEEE Inter Conf Image Processing September 2000 J Apostolopoulos W Tan S Wee and G Wornell Modeling Path Diversity for Multiple Description Video Communication IEEE Inter Conference on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing May 2002 J Apostolopoulos T Wong W Tan and S Wee On Multiple Description Streaming with Content Delivery Networks IEEE INFOCOM July 2002 Y Liang E Setton and B Girod Channel Adaptive Video Streaming Using Packet Path Diversity and Rate Distortion Optimized Reference Picture Selection to appear IEEE Fifth Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing Dec 2002 S Cheung M Ammar and X Li On the use of Destination Set Grouping to Improve Fairness in Multicast Video Distribution IEEE INFOCOM March 1996 W Tan and A Zakhor Video Multicast using Layered FEC and Scalable Compression IEEE Trans Circuits and Systems for Video Technology March 2001 S
101. s the reduced level of QoS support Specific ways in which streaming media systems can take advantage of a DiffServ Internet is currently an area of active research Play out Buffer for Overcoming Delay Jitter It is common for streaming media clients to have a 5 to 15 second buffering before playback starts Streaming can be viewed as a sequence of constraints for individual media samples The use of buffering essentially relaxes all the constraints by an identical amount Critical to the performance of streaming systems over best effort networks such as the Internet buffering provides a number of important advantages 1 Jitter reduction Variations in network conditions causes the time it takes for packets to travel between identical end hosts to vary Such variations can be due to a number of possible causes including queuing delays and link level retransmissions Jitter can cause jerkiness in playback due to the failure of same samples to meet their presentation deadlines and have to be therefore skipped or delayed The use of buffering effectively extends the presentation deadlines for all media samples and 27 in most cases practically eliminates playback jerkiness due to delay jitter The benefits of a playback buffer are where packets are transmitted and played at a constant rate and the playback buffer reduces the number of packets that arrive after their playback deadline 2 Error recovery through retransmissions The extended pres
102. sion attempt the owner has the liberty of sounding an alarm to scare away the intruder or draw attention The product is a mobile alert surveillance system that demonstrates a system capable of showing real time video via the Internet and mobile device Live video feed is captured on intrusion of a person at a secured area and this is then uploaded onto a server which then streams the video Clients are then able to view the captured video via either a PC or a mobile device The product has the following specification e A web application that offers remote access to live surveillance footage via the Internet e A streaming server that sends real time video feeds to the web client via a browser e An SMS alert e A remote response system A mobile client displays the video files that are available for viewing System authentication that ensures only authorized personnel are able to login and view video Chapter two Literature Review The project has attempted to provide security by using video as a component of a more comprehensive security program rather than an end to itself It offers the integration of various components to offer a more security coverage and to provide video footage as an information base for a range of decision support information Remote surveillance is defined as the degree and observation required maintaining compliance with the controls imposed and the means by which one is able to obtain information from anywhere and w
103. stations through correct SGSN nodes GPRS Mobile Stations New mobile terminals are required for taking advantage of GPRS because old GSM phones are not able to handle packet data or the new enhanced air interface All GPRS terminals must be backward compatible with GSM which they use for circuit switched services GPRS terminals are categorized to Class A B and C devices Class A devices support simultaneous usage of GPRS packet data and circuit switched voice calls Class B devices can automatically switch between GPRS packet data and GSM circuit switched services but they cannot be used simultaneously for transferring data GPRS is switched to busy mode while there is an active circuit switched connection For Class C devices the user must select the used service manually and the other service is unreachable Currently available terminals are mostly Class B devices Most GPRS devices are mobile phones but there are also more specialized devices such as PDAs with an embedded GPRS phone and card modems for laptops Channel Coding Schemes and Multi slot Classes GPRS provides data rates up to a theoretical maximum of 171 kbps The highest data rates are achieved using up to eight timeslots simultaneously and channel coding algorithms with reduced error correction when possible There are four different channel coding schemes called CS 1 CS 2 CS 3 and CS 4 The coding scheme used depends on the quality of radio link between the mobile station and the
104. stem that guards your home from trespassing burglary and other kinds of dangers There are different types of home alarm systems available to choose from all of them with different operational concepts However they are all designed to serve just one purpose and that is to protect your home These are 1 Electric circuits 2 Motion detectors 3 Infrared alarms 2 3 2 Monitored system This alerts a central call center if an alarm has been triggered The call center then checks with the homeowner to see if everything is ok by calling them Since the call center is alerted of an alarm through the phone wires a clever burglar may be able to locate the outdoor phone wires if they are exposed and cut them By doing this the call center is never alerted and the burglar is free to enter the home Another disadvantage of having your home alarm system monitored is that even after the alarm has been set off the burglar still has some time to get into your house steal some valuables and escape undetected This can happen because once the alarm has been set off the security company usually waits for 30 to 45 seconds before contacting the homeowner by phone to receive a previously arranged password They have to wait this long to allow the homeowner time to deactivate the alarm if it was a false alarm If the monitoring company does not receive the correct password or the phone is not answered then they would contact the police or some other
105. t comings In as much as it is more superior in terms of accessibility than Video Surveillance Webcam Software it lacks an elaborate alarm system to alert the user The user has to consciously decide to go to the internet site and monitor It is also not available for mobile phones 2 2 3 Visec With Visec users can use any camera and a PC Visec supports almost all cameras including inexpensive USB web cameras as well as traditional analog cameras and more advanced ip cameras mega pixel ip cameras and ptz ip cameras Visec can monitor a room and record video on a user s computer when motion is detected Visec uses powerful algorithmic software based motion detection eliminating the need to buy any hardware When motion is detected such as a burglar s movement Visec s alert system will e mail you a picture of the motion that was detected to a cell phone PDA or computer Visec s video history feature allows you to playback surveillance during specified times such as when you re away from home or out of the office Visec features Remote Live Access allowing you to see a live view of your home or office Short comings This is much more advanced than the previous systems in that there is an email alert with an attachment of the picture of the intruder It is also accessible over the internet if you have a PC next to you The system still lacks live stream over mobile phone and an SMS alert This therefore means that the user has to keep chec
106. tantinides Image and Video Compression Standards Algorithms and Architectures Boston Massachusetts Kluwer Academic Publishers 1997 J Apostolopoulos and S Wee Video Compression Standards Wiley Encyclopedia of Electrical and Electronics Engineering John Wiley amp Sons Inc New York 1999 Video codec for audiovisual services at px64 kbits s ITU T Recommendation H 261 Inter Telecommunication Union 1993 Video coding for low bit rate communication ITU T Rec H 263 Inter Telecommunication Union version 1 1996 version 2 1997 ISO IEC 11172 Coding of moving pictures and associated audio for digital storage media at up to about 1 5 Mbits s International Organization for Standardization ISO 1993 ISO IEC 13818 Generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information International Organization for Standardization ISO 1996 ISO IEC 14496 Coding of audio visual objects International Organization for Standardization ISO 1999 M Gerla and L Kleinrock Flow Control A Comparative Survey IEEE Trans Communications Vol 28 No 4 April 1980 pp 553 574 V Jacobson Congestion Avoidance and Control ACM SIGCOMM August 1988 Video Streaming Concepts Algorithms and Systems 33 M Mathis et al The Macroscopic Behavior of the TCP Congestion Avoidance Algorithm ACM Computer Communications Review July 1997 J Padhye et al Modeling TCP Reno Performance A Simple Model and its Empirical Validation IEE
107. tdocs mobilesurveillance FMSscript custom1 xml d Wrong by purpuse to get some good output WshShell new COM WScript Shell output WshShell gt Exec runCommand header location page php 2 2 gt PHP Script to kill a program lt php exec C xampp htdocs mobilesurveillance FMSscript closeFME vbs arrACL header location page php 3 2 gt lt php session_start require_once class2 php require_once HEADERF get the number of records get value of id that sent from address bar id _GET id echo lt h3 gt id lt h3 gt 2 gt lt style type text css gt lt style3 font size 18px gt lt style gt lt p gt amp nbsp lt p gt lt table width 200 border 0 align center gt lt tr gt lt td gt amp nbsp lt td gt lt td gt lt span class style3 gt lt a href video php target list lt a gt amp nbsp lt span gt lt td gt lt td gt amp nbsp lt td gt lt tr gt lt tr gt 1 _self gt Click here to go back to Recorded video 87 lt td gt amp nbsp lt td gt lt td gt lt script type text javascript src jwplayer jwplayer js gt lt script gt lt embed src player swf width 480 height 270 flashvars file lt php echo id gt amp autostart true allowfullscreen true allowscripaccess always id player1 name player1 gt lt td gt lt td gt amp nbsp lt td gt lt tr gt lt tr
108. the DCT coefficients where this small fraction of the coefficients are sufficient to reconstruct an accurate version of the image Each 8x8 block of DCT coefficients is then quantized and processed using a number of techniques known as zigzag scanning run length coding and Huffman coding to produce a compressed bit stream In the case of a colour image a colour space conversion is first applied to convert the RGB image into a luminance chrominance colour space where the different human visual perception for the luminance intensity and chrominance characteristics of the image can be better exploited A video sequence consists of a sequence of video frames or images Each frame may be coded as a separate image for example by independently applying JPEG like coding to each frame However since neighbouring video frames are typically very similar much higher compression can be achieved by exploiting the similarity between frames Currently the most effective approach to exploit the similarity between frames is by coding a given frame by 1 First predicting it based on a previously coded frame and then 2 Coding the error in this prediction 18 Consecutive video frames typically contain the same imagery however possibly at different spatial locations because of motion Therefore to improve the predictability it is important to estimate the motion between the frames and then to form an appropriate prediction that compensates for the motion
109. the encoder The streaming server then uses multicast and to stream the video The web application in the server has a video player application which can be accessed through a web browser in the LAN or anywhere with internet access Mobile devices needs a flash plugin to be able to stream ii RRA AGG Mobile Phone As gt a gun Streaming Server and Encoder SMS Gateway Apache Web Server mn Ha Client pc Local Area Network Figure 3 Network Overview 48 The server and the client communicate over a persistent connection using Real Time Messaging Protocol RTMP RTMP is a reliable TCP IP protocol for streaming and data services In a typical scenario a web server delivers the client over HTTP The client creates a socket connection to Flash Media Server over RTMP The connection allows data to stream between client and server in real time Flash Media Server installs with Apache web server by default You can serve HTTP content from this web server Alternatively you can choose to exclude Apache from the Flash Media Server installation and serve SWF and HTML content from any external web server Client running on PC Web browser Mobile Device with Client Application Web browser l 1 1 1 1 l 1 1 1 1 l 1 1 1 v SMS GPRS GSM Video HTTP Web Server Web Application PHP Motion Video Streaming SMS Gateway 4 Detector Server GAMMU Open Flash Media Server so
110. tion folders print 207 html Trendsmedia Inc 2007 Welcome WiMAX Trends online http wimaxtrends com Video Surveillance Guide 2007 Adding home security cameras and systems to improve the effectiveness of your existing alarm based security system online http www video surveillance guide com VFM Store 2002 Security surveillance camera How to choose online http www vfmstore com M T Sun and A Reibman eds Compressed Video over Networks Marcel Dekker New York 2001 G Conklin G Greenbaum K Lillevold A Lippman and Y Reznik Video Coding for Streaming Media Delivery on the Internet IEEE Trans Circuits and Systems for Video Technology March 2001 D Wu Y Hou W Zhu Y Q Zhang and J Peha Streaming Video over the Internet Approaches and Directions IEEE Transactions onCircuits and Systems for Video Technology March 2001 72 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 B Girod J Chakareski M Kalman Y Liang E Setton and R Zhang Advances in Network Adaptive Video Streaming 2002Tyrrhenian Inter Workshop on Digital Communications Sept 2002 Y Wang J Ostermann and Y Q Zhang Video Processing and Communications New Jersey Prentice Hall 2002 www realnetworks com G K Wallace The JPEG Still Picture Compression Standard Communications of the ACM April 1991 V Bhaskaran and K Kons
111. to mobile phones possible 32 Streaming is a method of transferring digital data with real time characteristics in such a way that the recipient can view the content while receiving the data The advantage of streaming compared to downloading is that it makes it possible for the recipient to start viewing the content almost immediately and an entire file does not have to be downloaded and stored on the client device On the other hand the quality of a presentation is constrained by the underlying network Since streaming is sensitive to interruptions it is important to understand the properties of the transport network when developing streaming services for mobile networks These technologies include GPRS EDGE and UMTS mobile systems In mobile streaming interoperability between different streaming components is very important The components can be divided in three categories servers encoders and players To ensure interoperability standardized file formats codecs and protocols are needed Most major software providers have adopted standardized technologies instead of supporting proprietary solutions The MPEG 4 standard can be used for file formats and codecs and the 3GPP PSS standard for the entire mobile streaming framework Packet Switched Data in Mobile Networks Global System for Mobile communications GSM is a digital mobile phone system taken into use in 1991 The focus was to develop a modern standardized digital mobile syste
112. to the same bit rate Second media encoding generally requires extensive computation making the approach prohibitively expensive The complexity problem is solved by a technique known as compressed domain transcoding The basic idea is to selectively re use compression decisions already made in the compressed media to reduce computation Important transcoding operations include bit rate reduction spatial down sampling frame rate reduction and changing compression formats Scalable Compression A more elegant approach to adapt to longer term bandwidth fluctuations is to use layered or scalable compression This is similar in spirit to multi rate switching but instead of producing multiple copies of the same content at different bit rates layered compression produces a set of ordered bit streams Sometimes referred to as layers and different subsets of these bit streams can be selected to represent the media at different target bit rates Many commonly used compression standards such as MPEG 2 MPEG 4 and H 263 have extensions for layered coding Nevertheless layered or scalable approaches are not widely used because they incur a significant compression penalty as compared to non layered non scalable approaches 26 Evolving Approaches Rate control at end hosts avoids congestion by dynamically adapting the transmission rate Alternatively congestion can also be avoided by providing unchanging amount of resources to each flow but instead li
113. trength of PHP is its inclusion of a large number of library routines The PHP files end with PHP extension It supports variables such as arrays flow control structures and variables PHP variables do not require specific declaration and they always start with The variables do not have types They are converted automatically PHP has excellent support of MySQL database XML and Java among others 3 4 2 Flash Action Script 3 ActionScript is an object oriented language originally developed by Macromedia Inc now owned by Adobe Systems It is a dialect of ECMAScript meaning it has a superset of the syntax and semantics of the more widely known JavaScript and is used primarily for the development of websites and software targeting the Adobe Flash Player platform used on Web pages in the form of embedded SWF files The language itself is open source in that its specification is offered free of charge and both an open source compiler as part of Adobe Flex and open source virtual machine Mozilla Tamarin are available 46 ActionScript was initially designed for controlling simple 2D vector animations made in Adobe Flash formerly Macromedia Flash Initially focused on animation early versions of Flash content offered few interactivity features and thus had very limited scripting capability Later versions added functionality allowing for the creation of Web based games and rich Internet applications with streaming media such as video an
114. twork UTRAN can be added to an existing 2G network in parallel to a GSM radio access network UTRAN and GSM BSS share the same GPRS core network The UTRAN architecture is quite similar to the GSM radio access network UTRAN contains Radio Network Systems RNS each controlled by Radio Network Controller RNC RNC basically corresponds to BSC in GSM RNCs are connected to MSC and 3G SGSN Normal SGSN cannot be used since RNC has a different interface from BSC Base station in UTRAN is called Node B Each RNC is connected to multiple base stations Each base station can provide service for multiple cells Streaming in Mobile Networks The term mobile streaming is used if the content is streamed to a terminal over a mobile phone network A terminal is usually a mobile phone PDA or laptop with the packet switched data capabilities and streaming media player software The architecture is basically the same as used in broadband streaming but the clients are connected to the Internet and the streaming media server through a mobile network 38 Streaming 2 media server ASS T h O AN UMTS mobie J GPRS g 2 streaming media po SUA 2 backbone Firewall gt 5 player 4 The Internet A Kt N R BG SGSN GGSN gt _ lt a BSS S ZA GPRS EDGE z 5 mobile streaming PC running media player streaming media player Figure 2 Mobile streaming architecture A stream is a flow of data packets containing media content The packets a
115. upport a constant or variable bit rate transmission and may support some form of Quality of Service QoS or may only provide best effort support The specific properties of a video communication application strongly influence the design of the system 14 Streaming video may involve either on demand or live broadcast of compressed or uncompressed video Most Broadcast studio applications rely on uncompressed serial digital interface SDI to move video within the studio typically between switchers servers and cameras while compressed video streams are used in certain studio applications for video over Internet protocol Uncompressed video streams provide low delay and provide for reduced compression artifacts One to many basically one to all communication or broadcast communication Broadcast is a very efficient form of communication for popular content as it can often efficiently deliver popular content to all receivers at the same time An important aspect of broadcast communications is that the system must be designed to provide every intended recipient with the required signal This is an important issue since different recipients may experience different channel characteristics and as a result the system is often designed for the worst case channel An example of this is digital television broadcast where the source coding and channel coding were designed to provide adequate reception to receivers at the fringe of the required reception
116. urce Alarm RESPONSE Database Server MySQL Figure 4 System architecture overview The above diagram shows all the elements of the overall system and how they interact with each other A mobile client makes a request this is then passed via the Internet to the database The database will then submit back the response depending on the request and the client will then receive live video feed 49 Clients can also receive video feeds from a web based application The client running an internet enabled PC requests for service The server then submits the response back to the client based on the request If data is needed from the database the request is then passed to the database back to the server and to the client A video source such as a web cam is used to capture real time video and this is then passed to the server and then to the web based client upon request i Receiv Web client Dacod r Bei Buffer fr Web Cam Encoder PEN A Internet r gt Streaming Server Receiver Buffer Mobile Phone Figure 5 Video streaming The streaming server is a service that takes the encoded video frames and uses the Real Time Messaging Protocol Decoder RTMP and broadcasts them to the internet using port 1935 and 80 The encoder compresses the video frames using Video Protocol version6 VP6 and releases them as data streams to the internet 4 4 Web Client This is thin client since
117. user data but raw bit rates that can be transferred on a radio link using CS 2 channel coding Bit rates for user data are lower due to packet overhead Universal Mobile Telecommunications System UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System UMTS is one of third generation 3G mobile systems defined in International Mobile Telecommunications 2000 IMT 2000 standard by International Telecommunications Union ITU UMTS is designed especially for the needs of broadband mobile Internet and other packet switched services offering data rates up to 2 Mbps in optimal radio conditions indoor UMTS uses completely different radio interface than GSM GPRS called Wideband Code Division Multiple Access WCDMA Mobile stations share the same radio frequency and they are separated from each other by hash codes Time division such as in TDMA is not used and thus there is no concept of a timeslot anymore Because the WCDMA radio interface is not compatible with TDMA UMTS networks require a completely different base station subsystem than GSM GPRS networks It is called UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network UTRAN However UMTS uses the same GPRS core network as GSM GPRS systems UMTS compatible mobile stations are also backward compatible with GSM GPRS and they can be used if UMTS is not available UMTS also features handovers between UMTS and GSM GPRS networks so mobile stations can change networks without a noticeable break in the connection It is beli
118. var net_nc NetConnection var net_ns NetStream var sound Sound variables var playStatus false var videoBytesLoaded var videoBytesTotal var videoTotalTime var videoTimePlayed var videoTotalTimeText var videoTimePlayedText var playState true var FLVuration var file var playComplete false static var FLV duration static var replay false var vol 50 var bg_mc MovieClip var snd MovieClip static var conn static var con Connecting var cont var connect false function player net_nc new NetConnection net_nc connect rtmp 170 16 2 42 live 79 net_ns new NetStream net_nc video_playback smoothing true video_playback attachVideo net_ns net_ns publish livestream record net_ns setBufferTime 1 snd attachAudio net_ns sound new Sound snd sound setVolume vol statusnet function onEnterFrame videoBytesTotal net_ns bytesTotal videoBytesLoaded net_ns bytesLoaded video TimePlayed net_ns time videoTotalTime FLV duration playComplete replay connect conn var minutes2 Number Math floor videoTimePlayed 60 var seconds2 Math floor videoTimePlayed 60 if seconds2 lt 10 seconds2 0 seconds2 videoTimePlayedText minutes2 seconds2 var minutes Math floor videoTotalTime 60 var seconds Math floor videoTotalTime 60 if isNaN minutes minutes 0 seconds 0 if seconds lt 10 seconds
119. ver that has an IP address to it for connection thus making it possible to stream video They have high a high resolution because of their connection to the video server The resolution can be as high as quad VGA s 1280 x 960 pixels mega pixels Lenses and image sensors are the components that determine the quality of the image They can be used to replace CCTV installations to make them networked IP cameras are not physically tied to your PC since they can broadcast video over a local network CCTV or the Internet Most have embedded web servers and some have internal motion detection systems You can also find wireless IP cams that will connect directly to your Wifi network 12 Disadvantages 1 Cabling is still an issue since network ports are not usually in the same places as you would put a camera IP cameras cannot be used in any other systems IP cameras are almost always very poor quality cameras IP cameras are nothing like as versatile as IP servers You need a computer to see any video or motion snapshots D eo A IS You never know how horrible and clunky the provided software will be Network cameras can be expensive costing about the same as camcorders Usually lacking Direct X drivers they rarely work with motion detection software unless it specifically supports them 2 4 3 Webcam A webcam is a small camera that captures video images and can be used to store these images as video files on a computer or
120. web application that has a mobile SMS alert system for the owner of the system to view a live streaming and respond to intrusion remotely 1 2 Problem Statement The problem with the current surveillance system is that they depend on someone employed to look at screen to detect anomalies and alert a guard or the police The person paying for the security system receives information from third parties since he does not get involved in security monitoring and response directly Current alert systems include e asiren or other loud alarm noise e flashing outdoor lights e atelephone auto dialer All the alert methods at scaring the intruder or alerting the neighbors or a faraway security force The owner seems to be perceived as a victim who needs to be rescued instead of someone who can proactively take necessary steps to curb the current predicament The methods have not factored in the need for the owner to be informed in time of the happenings on his property The owner will have to rely on accounts of the third party and a replay of recording if surveillance video is in place More often than not the account is distorted or it s too late for action The current system seems to deliberately sideline the owner from the happenings 1 3 Justification of the System A monitored alarm system is a combination of the following components e The alarm system e A Home Security Company e A telephone line or mobile phone connection e A security com
121. ystem is what notifies a person of intrusion It ranges from very subtle silent blinking alarm to noisy light blinking scary alarms all setup with a particular intent Some existing types include e asiren or other loud alarm noise e flashing outdoor lights e atelephone auto dialler The first two are meant to alert the neighbours the owner and scare away the intruder The telephone auto dial will e Dial the police and play a pre recorded message over and over again giving the address of the house and any other relevant information 41 e Dial the security company that installed the equipment In this case the control box can feed specific information about the intrusion which circuits or motion detectors were activated etc The security company then relays this information to the police In this project I propose a SMS alert that goes to predefined phone warning the owner of intrusion The owner can preview the intrusion before making a move to alert the authorities The system can be used in combination of other systems In all the above systems you will find that the owner has no control on if to notify the authority or not The Alert system is dependent on response of either a security company which charges really high and on a monthly basis whether there was an attack or not Some alert systems depend on the good will of the neighbor especially the noisy alert systems This is not dependable especially if the alarm proves to be fa

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