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Spiral 4.xx User`s Manual

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1. Figure 4 20 Unimproved Block Layout for the Given Graph for the Parts Example Chapter 4 Design Algorithms e 61 Dee sela loll 88 oee Ole x Figure 4 22 Best Tiled Block Layout for the Given Graph for the Parts Example Table 4 13 Distance Statistics for the Parts Example Flow Distance 49 525 49 375 Shape Penalty 91 063 1 563 Shape Distance 140 588 50 938 While the computer can provide evaluations of the different layouts based on centroid to centroid distances it remains up to the user to decide which layout is best suited for their particular layout project 62 e Chapter 4 Design Algorithms Spiral User s Manual Chapter 5 Command Reference Menu Overview An overview of the Spiral program menu structure is shown in Table 5 1 Table 5 1 Spiral Menu Structure Algorithms Window Add Department Select Graph Department Labels New Notes View Help Topics Delete Department All Graphs Edge Labels New Statistics View About SPIRAL Delete Department by Label Graph Upper Bound Edges New Graph View Department Select Layout Grid New Layout View Department by Label All Layouts Label Size Cascade Relation All Graphs and Layouts Node Colors Tile Relation with Outside Synchronize Graph Edges Display Arrange Icons All Relations Evaluate Zoom Toolbar Building Dimensions Display Distances Zoom Previous Status Bar Max Shape Ratio
2. Tutorial 3 i Tutorial 1 Project Name Tutorial Building Width 10 00 Building Depth 7 00 Number of Departments 7 otal Flow 435 otal Rejection 0 otal Relation 435 Maximum Shape Ratio 2 00 Shape Penalty 1000 000 Grid Size 1 000 Figure 2 25 Final Views for the Tutorial Project Using Spiral Graphs and Layouts in Other Windows Programs The results of the Spiral design algorithms can be used in other Windows programs in basically three ways Unless otherwise indicated the actions described below can be executed on all four of the Spiral views First we will print the Spiral views to any installed printer then we will copy and paste Spiral views into other Windows applications Finally the current project can be send as an attachment to an electronic mail message if you have an active mail client installed on your computer Printing Spiral Views Selecting and specifying print options Select the printer on which you wish to print the Spiral views with the Print Setup command of the File menu This command presents a Print Setup dialog box where you specify the printer and its connection This printer and these options will then be used by all subsequent Print operations The same changes can also be made from the main Windows Control Panel The printer must have been previously installed from the Windows Control Panel or Print Manager The Print Setup dialog box is illustrated in Figure 2
3. Building Depth The building depth refers to the second dimension of the building ground plan which will be displayed vertically on the screen It must be in units compatible with the department areas The building area is computed as the product of the building width and building depth The building and department areas should be expressed in compatible units to the building width and depth i e if the building depth and width are expressed in feet then the building and department areas must be expressed in square feet The depth of the building is displayed along the vertical axis on the screen Further information can be found in the Project Data section under Building Depth Open The Open command allows you to read a previously saved project The program will read the corresponding Project Data File Starting with version 4 0 of the Spiral program the Project Data File is a binary file that can no longer be viewed or manipulated outside the Spiral program Use the Import command to import project data created with previous versions of the Spiral program or with the Export command The default extension for Spiral project files is spiral The command then displays the Open dialog window which is illustrated below in Figure 5 4 As all applications using the Scientif support library the Spiral application can only open one project at the time If there is a project currently open and if it has been modified then the program will dis
4. Chapter 4 Design Algorithms e 53 D 6 Figure 4 9 Partial Hexagonal Adjacency Graph with 4 Departments The next largest flow with an already located department is BD Department B will be placed adjacent to department D To break the tie the first located department down the list with a relationship with B is department E Hence department B will be located in the unique location adjacent to D and E D B Figure 4 10 Partial Hexagonal Adjacency Graph with 5 Departments The largest flow is now AB Department A has positive flows with departments B D and E in that order There is a single unique location adjacent to departments B and D so department A is placed adjacent to departments B and D Figure 4 11 Partial Hexagonal Adjacency Graph with 6 Departments The largest flow is now AC Department C has positive flows with departments A F and E It cannot be adjacent to A and to either F or E so it is placed in an arbitrary location adjacent to department A 54 Chapter 4 Design Algorithms Spiral User s Manual Spiral User s Manual ware e 666 Figure 4 12 Complete SPIRAL Hexagonal Adjacency Graph Since all the relationships are positive the evaluation is done immediately with the original adjacency matrix The adjacency matrix is multiplied element by element with the symmetric relationship matrix to generate the adjacency score Table 4 4 Adjacency Matrix gt d A
5. The actual perimeter length of the department is shown on this page Shape Ratio The shape ratio of a department is the maximum of the depth to width and width to depth ratio of the smallest rectangle that completely encloses the department For example the shape ratio of a square is one and the shape ratio of a three by one rectangle is equal to three Perimeter Ratio The perimeter ratio of a department is the ratio of its actual perimeter length divided by the perimeter length of a square department with the same area For example the perimeter ratio of a square is one and the perimeter ratio of a four by one rectangle is equal to 1 25 A higher value indicates a department with a more convoluted shape For rectangular departments there exists a one to one correspondence between the perimeter ratio of a department and the shape ratio In Spiral the perimeter ratio is only displayed as information for the user Chapter 5 Command Reference 83 Edit Department Dialog Window Discrete Page Figure 5 19 Edit Department Dialog Window Discrete Page Edit Department Data Items Discrete Page Grid Squares The number of unit squares in the department This number will be an integer number equal to the department area divided by the square of the grid size and then rounded to the nearest integer if necessary Grid Size The grid size determines the number of unit squares in a department and the building The grid size is
6. DE m Ca e Figure 4 18 Adjacency Graph with 5 Departments for the Parts Example To compute the adjacency score we construct the adjacency matrix for the graph above Spiral User s Manual Chapter 4 Design Algorithms e 59 Table 4 10 Adjacency Matrix for the Autoparts Example OUT SHI REC STA PAI STO OUT 1 1 The adjacency matrix is then multiplied element by element with the symmetrical relationship matrix and the sum of the product is computed The sum is equal to 795 Since the sum of the absolute values of all relationships is also equal to 795 the efficiency of the above graph is equal to 100 For the block layout phase we will use the graph axis with the most departments in the graph as the building orientation not use improvement interchanges and use the layered space allocation method For the layout phase we will first show the layout drawn to scale with all departments properly dimensioned Next we will show all distances in a two dimensional matrix of which we will only fill in the upper half Third we will compute and show the inter department distance score and the distance score with the outside Fourth we will compute and show the shape penalty score for each individual department and the total shape penalty Finally we will compute and show the shape adjusted distance score The graph axis with the most departments is oriented downwards The conceptual block layout with the layere
7. piral User s Manual 4 Tompkins spiral l E3 Project Name Tompkins Building Width 10 00 Building Depth 7 00 Number of Departments 7 otal Flow 435 otal Rejection 0 Shape Penalty 500 000 Grid Size 1 000 Algorithm Evaluation Distance 1700 00 Best Distance 1700 00 Delta Objective 1700 00 Seed 12345 gt Tompkins spiral 3 nl x amp e fi Tompkins spiral 2 Initial Load Evaluation By Marc Goetschalckx Spiral User s Manual Version 4 10 May 31 1999 Copyright 1987 1999 Marc Goetschalckx All rights reserved All trademarks used in this manual are the property of their respective corporations Microsoft and MS DOS are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corp Windows NT is a trademark of Microsoft Corp AutoCad is a registered trademark of Autodesk Inc Marc Goetschalckx 4031 Bradbury Drive Marietta GA 30062 6165 1 770 578 6148 1 770 565 3370 Fax 1 770 578 6148 Contents Disclaimer Warranty uideo uera DEEP epe Proprietary NOUCe a erre terere HA RP Rer ERE MefSIOE t eet eee S E RU E tee m tete ten ies Chapter 1 Installation Installing Spiral o ae r Rer Removing Spirale S eR ER Ue RERO DE PRO RR Chapter 2 Tutorial Creating a Small Tutorial Project seeeeee Designing Adjacency Graphs and Block Layouts sss Using Spiral Graphs and Layouts in Other Windows Pr
8. 1 Maximum Iterations 5 Seed 12345 ime Limit 12000 00 Figure 5 49 Notes View For further information on the function of this dialog window see the New Notes Window command New Statistics Window The New Statistics View command displays a new window showing the history of algorithms statistics This view can be printed to the default printer with the Print command of the File menu This window can be moved and sized to suit your taste fi Tompkins spiral 2 Initial Load 1700 00 1700 00 0 00 Binary Steepest Descent Two Exchange Centroid 9999999999 99 1700 00 99999 99 Level Steepest Descent Two Echange 1700 00 1700 00 0 00 Figure 5 50 Statistics View For further information on the function of this dialog window see the New Statistics Window command Spiral User s Manual Chapter 5 Command Reference 113 New Graph Window The New Graph View command adds a new window that displays the hexagonal adjacency graph of the current project The display options for the new view are the standard options You can then modify these options in the normal fashion described under the Display menu Each View window can be moved and sized to suit your taste Tompkins sp ral 3 Figure 5 51 Graph View For further information on the function of this dialog window see the New Graph Window command New Layout Window The New Layout View command adds a new window that displays the block layou
9. B C D E F G The adjacency score is equal to 385 The efficiency is then equal to 385 435 or 89 If random location ties are broken differently then the diagram of Figure 4 13 is generated Its efficiency is equal to 405 435 93 Figure 4 13 Alternative SPIRAL Hexagonal Adjacency Graph When the layout construction algorithm is executed on the adjacency graph of Figure 4 12 with a level main axis and no improvement steps then the block layout shown in Figure 4 14 is created Chapter 4 Design Algorithms e 55 Figure 4 14 SPIRAL Block Layout The rectilinear centroid to centroid distance score is equal to 2171 Since all departments have a shape ratio smaller than their maximum shape ratio which is equal to two for all departments the shape adjusted distance score is equal to the flow distance score Autoparts Example The company produces stamped metal parts to be used in automotive assembly from sheetmetal coils The plant consists of five major departments Some of the parts have to be treated with corrosion resistive paint and then dried in an oven Forklift trucks are used for all material handling transportation operations in the plant A summary of the department data is given in Table 4 5 The number of truck trips per week between each pair of departments and between each department and the outside is given in Table 4 6 The building dimensions are 200 by 120 feet Table 4
10. The Setup program copies and registers these libraries and controls during its installation process To remove the Spiral application completely and safely from your computer see the instructions in the section on Removing Spiral Installation Instructions for Windows NT 4 00 and Windows 95 and 98 l Insert the distribution disk 1 into the floppy or CD ROM disk drive a 2 Inthe Control Panel select Add Remove Programs and then press the Install Uninstall tab 3 The Windows operating system will search for the installation program on the floppy or CD ROM drives a and will identify a setup exe as the installation program 4 PressFinish to start the installation procedure 5 Follow the instructions of the SETUP program If your floppy or CD ROM disk drive is not drive a substitute the appropriate disk drive letter with colon for a in the above instructions Alternatively you can also install Spiral using the installation instructions for Windows NT version 3 51 Chapter 1 Installation e 3 Removing Spiral A 4 e Chapter 1 Installation Installation Instructions for Windows NT 3 51 1 Insert the distribution disk 1 into the floppy or CD ROM disk drive a 2 Inthe Windows Program Manager select the Run command from the File menu 3 Inthe Command Line box type a setup 4 Choose OK to start the installation procedure 5 Follow the instructions of the SETUP program If your floppy or CD ROM disk drive
11. The savings are based on an increase in the adjacency score The exchange with the largest savings among all possible combinations of two departments is determined and if these savings are positive then those two departments are exchanged The process repeats until no further improvements can be made Three Exchange attempts to improve the graph in a steepest descent manner by attempting three department exchanges It computes the savings generated by removing three departments out of the graph and swapping their position The savings are based on an increase in the adjacency score The exchange with the largest savings among all possible combinations of three departments is determined and if these savings are positive then those three departments are exchanged The process repeats until no further improvements can be made Computational processing time increases sharply with the amount of improvement processing Department Location Tie Breaker When locating a department in the partial adjacency graph often alternative positions are possible Two possible tie breaker rules can be used The first one is Random which places the department randomly in one of the alternative positions based on a random number The second one is Centroid Seeking that places the department in the position closest to the centroid of the current partial adjacency graph If there are still alternative positions after the first tie breaker then a position is chosen at
12. i k Torig j k 4 3 Torig 7 0 i Torig j 0 T Torig k 0 M is the total number of departments in the layout and 0 indicates the artificial outside department After the original graph is constructed three possible improvement steps can be executed The options are none two exchange and three exchange None does not execute an improvement step Two exchange attempts to improve the graph in a steepest descent manner by attempting two department exchanges It computes the savings generated by removing two departments out of the graph and swapping their position The savings are based on an increase in the adjacency score The exchange with the largest savings among all possible combinations of two departments is determined and if these savings are positive then those two departments are exchanged The process repeats until no further improvements can be made Three exchange attempts to improve the graph in a steepest descent manner by attempting three department exchanges It computes the savings generated by removing three departments out of the graph and swapping their position The savings are based on an increase in the adjacency score The exchange with the largest savings among all Chapter 4 Design Algorithms e 45 possible combinations of three departments is determined and if these savings are positive then those three departments are exchanged The process repeats until no further improvements can be made Computational processin
13. project_name number_of_departments building_width building depth department file name max shape ratio shape penalty number of layout rows number of layout cols report level number of iterations seed time limit 20000 Furniture 10 10 000000 9 000000 Furniture dep 2 000000 500 000000 3 4 1 10 11463 120 Spiral User s Manual Spiral User s Manual Furniture dep Department Data File Example SA 21 20 20 21 22 21 22 20 20 19 22 35 1 17 45 2 1 12 4 4 10 28 17 1 6 Re wR ON Nn Nn PN er gate Me Qa ie OL eo ae 12 0 10 0 12 0 12 0 2 0 6 0 12 0 12 0 6 0 6 0 BrP NN WRN WW rFNNF UQ F2 W Red Sawing Yellow Receiving Cyan Framing Green Upholstery Brown Fab Storage Olive Cutting Forest Sewing Magenta Shipping White Offices Gray Storage Appendix Sample Projects e 123 124 e Appendix Sample Projects 3 333 6 667 6 667 3 333 0 000 3 333 3 333 0 000 6 000 7 000 7 000 6 000 3 000 6 000 6 000 3 000 3 529 7 059 7 059 3 529 0 000 3 529 3 529 0 000 0 000 3 000 3 000 0 000 7 000 10 000 10 000 7 000 5 400 5 400 9 000 9 000 5 400 5 400 9 000 9 000 0 000 0 000 2 000 2 000 0 000 0 000 2 000 2 000 2 000 2 000 5 400 5 400 2 000 2 000 5 400 5 400 0 000 0 000 2 000 2 000 0 000 0 000 2 000 2 000 Spiral User s Manual Glossary of
14. 2 4 17 The total flow distance is then equal to N 1 N N i j itl i 1 For each individual department the shape ratio is denoted by s the maximum shape ratio is denoted by S and the shape penalty is denoted by p The shape adjusted distance score SD is then equal to Chapter 4 Design Algorithms e 51 N SD D max 0 s S pj 4 19 i l The shape adjusted distance score is reported at the end of the algorithms If you are only interested in the flow distance score you can compute this score by evaluating the layout with the Evaluate command of the Algorithms menu The flow distance score is reported as the Delta Objective value and also shown in the Evaluate dialog window Examples Tompkins Example This section illustrates the construction algorithm for hexagonal adjacency graphs that has been implemented in the SPIRAL program Consider a layout project with seven departments The space requirements and the flow from to chart are given below The flow chart is based on the number of trips per day with an electric platform truck This example was originally presented in Tompkins and Moore 1978 Table 4 1 Departmental Data G E A B C D E F G The first step converts the asymmetric matrix into a symmetric one The sum of all relationships is equal to 435 Table 4 2 Symmetric Department Relationship Data G el inal
15. 2 SUMMARY displays the total cost plus the algorithm run time It is useful if you is only interested in the final results This level of output should be used if you is interested in performing timing studies Higher level of details corrupt timing results due to user interaction delays and graphics creation delays 3 STANDARD generates the total cost for each of the algorithm components The program runs without interruption until the complete algorithm is finished If you have selected ALL then the program runs uninterrupted for the 18 different combinations 4 EXTENDED displays the total cost during each of the algorithm modules and the run time so far The program halts frequently to allow you to observe the algorithm process 5 DEVELOP generates extremely detailed output plus a very large number of intermediate results This mode is only useful for debugging purposes or to observe the most detailed workings of the algorithms The output is extremely long for large problems The Report Level can be modified at any time with the Report Level command of the Edit menu It can also be changed by pressing the Report Level button of the Pause dialog window when an algorithm is paused The algorithm will then use this new report level for the rest of its execution Spiral User s Manual Spiral User s Manual Department Data For the following data items each department can have a different individual value Label The department
16. 96 All Graphs and Layouts 103 All Layouts 102 All Relations 86 Arrange Icons 115 Building Dimensions 87 Spiral User s Manual Cascade 115 Close 66 Close Log 70 Context Sensitive Help 117 Copy 94 Delete Department 76 Delete Department by Label 77 Department 78 Department by Label 85 Department Labels 108 Display Distances 105 Display Flow Distance Costs 106 Edge Labels 108 Edges 108 Edges Display 110 Evaluate 104 Exit 75 Export 68 Graph Upper Bound 96 Grid 108 Grid Size 90 Help Topics 116 Import 67 Label Size 109 Layout Parameters 99 Max Replications 93 Max Shape Ratio 88 Most Recently Used Files 75 New 64 New Graph Window 114 New Layout Window 114 New Notes Window 112 New Statistics Window 113 Node Colors 109 Open 65 Opened Windows 115 Output Log 70 Print 70 Print Preview 72 Print Setup 74 Properties 68 Redraw 112 Relation 85 Relation with Outside 86 Report Level 91 Save 66 Save As 66 Seed 92 Select Graph 95 Select Layout 97 Send 68 Shape Penalty 89 Status Bar 116 Synchronize Graph 104 Tile 115 Index 127 Time Limit 93 Toolbar 115 Zoom 111 Zoom Original 112 Zoom Previous 111 Context Sensitive Help 117 Copy 94 Corner Coordinates 38 D Data Version 34 Delete Department 76 Delete Department by Label 77 Department 78 Area 31 33 Label 31 Maximum Shape Ratio 32 Name 31 Perimeter Ratio 31 Shape Penalty 33 Shape Ratio 31 Department by Label 85
17. Department Data File 37 Department File Name 35 Department Labels 108 Display Distances 105 Display Flow Distance Costs 106 Distance Statistics 51 E Edge Labels 108 Edges 108 Edges Display 110 Edit 75 Evaluate 104 Exit 75 Export 68 F File 63 Files Department Data 37 Furniture dat 122 Furniture dep 123 Furniture spiral 122 grid32 ocx 4 Project Data 34 scienmfc dll 4 126 setup exe 3 126 Tompkins dat 121 Tompkins dep 121 Tompkins spiral 121 128 Index Furniture dat 122 Furniture dep 123 Furniture spiral 122 G Goetschalckx 44 46 96 Graph Algorithms 43 Graph Upper Bound 96 Grid 108 Grid Size 90 Grid X Coordinate 37 Grid Y Coordinate 37 grid32 ocx 4 GUI 125 H Help 116 Help Topics 116 Import 67 Installation 3 K Kirkpatrick 48 L Label 31 37 Label Size 109 Layout Parameters 99 Layout X Origin 37 Layout X Size 37 Layout Y Origin 37 Layout Y Size 37 Max Shape Ratio 88 Maximum Perimeter Ratio 33 Maximum Replications 49 93 Maximum Shape Ratio 32 36 Menu 63 Algorithms 95 Edit 75 File 63 Help 116 Overview 63 Toolbar 63 View 107 Windows 112 Spiral User s Manual Montreuil 122 Most Recently Used Files 75 MRU 125 Muther 41 N Name 31 38 New 64 New Graph Window 114 New Layout Window 114 New Notes Window 112 New Statistics Window 113 Node Colors 109 Number of Departments 34 Number of Iterations 36 Number of Layout Cols 36 Number of Layout Row
18. Figure 5 34 Graph Algorithm Selection Dialog Window For further information on the function of this dialog window see the Select Graph command For a detailed explanation of the graph algorithm parameters see the Select Graph Data Items Select Graph Data Items Relationship Tuple The relationship tuple indicates on how many departments the adjusted relationship is based Possible options are null unary binary and ternary The departments then enter the graph by decreasing adjusted relationship The null tuple indicates that the next department will be chosen at random without any regard to its relationships with other departments The unary adjusted relationship sums the relationships of a department with all other departments The binary adjusted relationship is the relationship between the current department and one other department The ternary Chapter 5 Command Reference 95 adjusted relationship is the relationship between the current department and two other departments Graph Improvement After the original graph is constructed three possible improvement steps can be executed The options are none or steepest descent exchange with two exchange or three exchange None does not execute an improvement step Two Exchange attempts to improve the graph in a steepest descent manner by attempting two department exchanges It computes the savings generated by removing two departments out of the graph and swapping their position
19. File menu will query you for the file name of the Project Data File with the Save As dialog window If you press the Save button the current project will then be saved as if the Save command was executed 66 Chapter 5 Command Reference Spiral User s Manual Spiral User s Manual Save As Dialog Window Lx ELTCHENEEEANR Jj Furniture spiral Tompkins spiral Tutorial spiral ECCE Spiral Files spiral E Figure 5 5 Project Save As Dialog Window Save As Data Fields File Name Spiral is compatible with long file and directory names that follow the Windows conventions Some versions of the Windows operating environment will truncate the default spiral extension to the three letters spi so we recommend that you explicitly add the spiral extension to the file name in the Save As dialog window File Type Starting with version 4 0 of the Spiral program the Project Data File is a binary file that can no longer be viewed or manipulated outside the Spiral program Use the Export command to create a set of ASCH files that contain the major data for the current project These files can then be manipulated outside the Spiral program with an ASCII text editor and then imported again into the Spiral program using the Import command Import The Import command of the File menu allows you to read project data saved in ASCII files with a version of the Spiral program earlier than 4 0 created
20. Labels and Edge Labels command of the View menu respectively Click on OK to accept the modifications that you have made to the label size If you click on Cancel then all the modifications that you made to the label size will be discarded and the label size will not be modified Label Size Dialog Window Figure 5 46 Edit Label Size Dialog Window Node Colors The Node Colors dialog window allows the selection of the colors to draw the internal and external nodes in the adjacency graph A node is external if it has at least one adjacency with the outside internal if it is not adjacent to the outside at all The colors have to be selected from the list of valid colors given in Table 5 4 The standard colors are RED for the internal nodes and BLUE for the external nodes The Node Colors selection dialog window is shown in Figure 5 47 Click on OK to accept the modifications that you have made to colors used to display nodes in the adjacency graph If you click on Cancel then all the modifications that you made will be discarded and the node colors will not be modified Node Colors Dialog Window RUNE UT NNNM Exe a Figure 5 47 Edit Graph Node Colors Dialog Window For further information on the function of this dialog window see the Node Colors command For a detailed explanation of all layout algorithms parameters see the Node Colors Data Items Chapter 5 Command Reference 109 Node Colors Data Items Tabl
21. Name Tutorial Building Width 10 00 Building Depth 7 00 0 otal Rejection 0 otal Relation 0 Maximum Shape Ratio 2 50 Shape Penalty 1000 000 Grid Size 1 000 d oce ni Figure 2 5 Initial Views for the Tutorial Project Changing Project Information with the Properties Command The project title and other project information can be changed with the Properties command of the File menu The properties of the tutorial project are illustrated in Figure 2 6 Spiral User s Manual Spiral User s Manual Classical layout example Mare Goetschalckx Adapted from Tompkins J A and J M E Moore 1978 Computer Aided Layout 4 User s Guide Facilities Planning and Design Monograph IIE Norcross Georgia Figure 2 6 Project Properties Dialog for the Tutorial Project At this time the project has neither departments nor department relationships The number of departments in the project and the sum of all relationships are always shown in the Notes view Adding Departments to a Project Adding a Department Add one by one the departments to the current project by selecting the Add Department command from the Edit menu The Add Department dialog box will be displayed Since we are defining a new department only the items on the page with the Input tab are relevant Enter the label of the department as the single letter A enter the name of the department as Receiving and set the a
22. Score You can compute the maximum adjacency score any graph can obtain for the current project by executing the Graph Upper Bound command Block Algorithms Spiral User s Manual In the second phase SPIRAL converts the hexagonal adjacency graph into a rectangular block layout The building has to be rectangular and all department shapes will also be rectangular SPIRAL constructs the block layout based upon layers Each layer corresponds to all departments on an axis of the hexagonal adjacency graph Once the departments in a layer are determined the area of this layer and the shape of each department in the layer can be computed The SPIRAL algorithm attempts to improve the resulting block layout by using two and three department interchanges Building Orientation The building orientation indicates to which of the possible three axes of the adjacency graph the building width dimension is parallel The adjacency graph has three main axes horizontal or level 60 degrees upward and 60 degrees downwards of the horizontal level The block layout construction algorithms will create a layout by putting departments in rows where the rows are parallel to the building width dimension Departments whose positions in the adjacency graph are on the same axis will be placed in the same row in the block layout 7 amp e 6 666 Figure 4 6 Main Axes of Adjancency Graph Layout Improvement After the original block layout is constructed fou
23. Tompkins dat Project Data File Example data version project name number of departments building width building depth department file name seed tolerance time limit number of iterations report level max shape ratio shape penalty 20000 TOMPKINS 7 10 7 TOMPKINS DEP 6821 0 00010 120 20 2 2 00 500 00 Tompkins dep Department Data File Example ommoouwur BRooooooo wmoooocoeno Nn 12 8 6 12 8 12 12 0 0 Green Receiving 0 0 Cyan Milling 0 0 Red Press 0 0 Magenta Screw 0 0 Yellow Assembly 0 0 Ocean Plating 0 0 Forest Shipping Appendix Sample Projects e 121 Furniture 122 e Appendix Sample Projects O nmnmogonuwuuUumbm oQ mimg mnga Nn UT UT 0 This project was first described in Montreuil et al 1987 The project file Furniture spiral will be copied to the Projects directory by the installation program The Project Data and Department Data files as exported by the current version of Spiral are listed below and are included on the distribution disk but are not copied to your computer during the installation process Note that the data version of files exported by the current version of Spiral is 20000 or higher The files have been exported after a layout has been created for the project and the number of corners and the location of the corners of each department are given in the file Furniture dat Project Data File Example data_version
24. adjacency score based on a qualitative or numerical relationship chart Departments are represented by standard size independent symbols such as squares or circles The data requirements are either a qualitative letter or quantitative relationship chart The SPIRAL algorithm is one of the manual techniques to construct an adjacency graph or relationship diagram based upon a quantitative relationship matrix or flow matrix The SPIRAL technique grows the graph in a crystalline manner by adding the department which has the highest adjusted relationship next to the graph so that the graph adjacency score is 44 e Chapter 4 Design Algorithms Spiral User s Manual Spiral User s Manual maximized As such the manual SPIRAL algorithm is an example of a greedy heuristic construction procedure In the first phase the SPIRAL technique attempts to construct a good relationship diagram The quality of the relationship diagram is measured by the adjacency score Hence the objective is to maximize the positive flow or relationships between adjacent departments and to minimize the negative flow or relationships between adjacent departments Observe that later on the objective is to minimize the shape adjusted distance score of the final block layout Departments are entered in the hexagonal adjacency graph based on their adjusted relationship The relationship tuple indicates on how many departments the adjusted relationship is based Possible options are n
25. are executing they will display the Abort Algorithm dialog window The algorithms check at certain points during their execution if you have pressed the Abort button and if so will terminate at that time Note that for computationally intensive algorithms there may be a significant delay between the moment you press the Abort button and the moment the algorithm checks for the button press This is especially true for computers with single or slow processors Since the algorithm did not run to completion the reported scores for the graph and layout may be incorrect It is strongly recommended that you execute immediately the Evaluate command from the Algorithms menu if you plan to use the graph or layout shown to ensure that the correct adjacency score and distance scores are computed for this graph and layout Abort Algorithm Dialog Window Figure 5 45 Abort Algorithm Dialog Window All settings and switches in the View menu apply only to the currently active view The equivalent setting in other views will not be affected by the commands of this menu Chapter 5 Command Reference 107 Department Labels The Department Labels command is a toggle switch that displays or hides the department labels The size of the displayed labels can be set with the Label Size command from the View menu Department Labels Shortcuts Toolbar Keys CTRL ALT L Edges The Edges command is a toggle switch that displays or hides the relationsh
26. attachment You can send the current layout project as an attachment to an electronic mail message if you have an active mail client installed on your computer The currently saved project will be sent so you should save the project before sending it Select the Send command from the File menu to activate your mail client and to send the saved version of the current project as an attachment This concludes the tutorial Further information on the project data can be found in the Project Data chapter further information on the design algorithms can be found in the Design Algorithms chapter A complete list of all commands is given in the Command Reference chapter You can also find more information in the references given in the References chapter Finally the data used in the tutorial correspond to the classical layout example in Tompkins and Moore 1978 and are listed in the appendix Sample Projects Chapter 2 Tutorial e 27 This page left intentionally blank 28 e Chapter 2 Tutorial Spiral User s Manual Chapter 3 Project Data Specifying and Editing Project Data Spiral User s Manual Project Data Every project has a number of data items associated with for which there is only one value per project Project Title Every project has a title assigned to it when the project was created with the New command or when the projected was read from an external ASCII file with the Import command Both these commands are on the Fil
27. by pressing the Parameters button Space Allocation The Layered space allocation method divides the building area in strips or layers parallel to the orientation of the building All departments located on an axis of the hexagonal adjacency graph parallel to the building orientation are assigned to a single layer The algorithm then assigns department areas from left to right in each layer The Tiled space allocation method divides the building area into a set of non overlapping department rectangles The position of the department rectangles is derived from the hexagonal adjacency graph The Tiled space allocation method has more flexibility than the Layered space allocation method and will yield on the average layouts with a lower distance score However the resulting layout may not have the structure that allows parallel material handling aisles There is no guarantee 98 e Chapter 5 Command Reference Spiral User s Manual Spiral User s Manual that the Tiled space allocation method will yield a lower distance score than the Layered space allocation method for a particular layout project Because the Tiled method examines many more alternatives than the Layered method it requires substantially longer computation times Parameters All layout improvement parameters can be set by pressing the Parameters button The Exchange Parameters dialog window will be shown Set Layout Parameters The pages with the shape time and annealing p
28. can thus provide different adjacency graphs or block layouts The higher the number of replications the more likely a high quality block layout will be constructed Of course more replications require more computation time The default number of replications is equal to 20 The number of replications can also be set with the Max Replications command of the Edit menu Seed The new seed for the random number generator The layout improvement algorithms based on simulated annealing use random numbers to select the next two departments to be tested for a possible exchange An algorithm will always produce the same identical results if you select the same algorithm settings and set the same random number seed Any positive seed value between 1 and 32767 is a valid starting seed for the random number generator If a zero seed value is specified the computer will create a random seed based on the computer clock The seed can also be set with the Seed command of the Edit menu Chapter 5 Command Reference 101 Temperature Steps The maximum number of steps for each replication A higher number of steps gives each algorithm more opportunities to improve the layout Temperature Reduction Factor The factor by which the current temperature is multiplied to yield the next temperature The factor must fall between zero and one The lower or closer to zero the factor is the faster the algorithm is forced to settle for a layout solution The hi
29. corner of the department relative to the top left corner of the building The x coordinate increases from left to right the y coordinate increases from top to bottom of the screen The coordinates are real numbers i e they can have fractional values The department located in the top left corner of the building has by definition origin x and y coordinates equal to 0 0 The units are the same as for the building dimensions Extent X and Y The x and y extent of a department are the horizontal width and vertical depth dimensions of the smallest rectangle that completely encloses the department For rectangular shaped departments this is equal to the department dimensions The 82 e Chapter 5 Command Reference Spiral User s Manual Spiral User s Manual dimensions are real numbers i e they can have fractional values The units are the same as for the building dimensions Centroid X and Y The x and y centroid coordinates of a department are the horizontal and vertical coordinates of the center of gravity of the department For rectangular shaped departments the centroid is located halfway between the two boundaries The coordinates are real numbers i e they can have fractional values The units are the same as for the building dimensions Area Some algorithms might create a department with a continuous area smaller or larger than the specified area The actual continuous area is computed and shown on this page Perimeter
30. department is of course the department itself For example the shape ratio of a square department is one and the shape ratio of a three by one rectangular department is equal to three The shape ratio is an output variable computed by the program based on the current shape of the department If the department shape ratio exceeds the maximum shape ratio then the shape adjusted distance score is the sum of the normal distance score and the excess of the department shape ratio over the maximum shape ratio multiplied by the shape penalty Perimeter Ratio The perimeter ratio of a department is the ratio of the current perimeter length divided by the perimeter of a square department with the same area Let p and aj be the perimeter and area of department i respectively the perimeter ratio c is then given by Chapter 3 Project Data e 31 32 e Chapter 3 Project Data Pi c a 3 2 i 44jdj For example the perimeter ratio of a square is one and the perimeter ratio of a four by one rectangle is equal to 1 25 A higher value indicates a department with a more convoluted shape For rectangular departments the perimeter can be expressed in function of the width and length of the department as 2 2 2d two i Ada The perimeter ratio is an output variable computed by the program based on the current shape of the department 3 3 For rectangular departments there exists a one to one correspondence between the perimeter and sha
31. dialog window contains three pages each selected by a one of the tabs Input Continuous and Discrete When you are adding a department only the input page is relevant You can view the continuous and Chapter 5 Command Reference e 75 discrete department data pages after all the required data on the input page have been entered 500 000 Figure 5 12 Add Department Dialog Window Add Department Data Items The data items are identical to those for editing a department See the Department Data Items for further information Delete Department The Delete Department command of the Edit menu allows you to interactively delete a department from the current layout project The command displays the Delete Department dialog window in which the department data can be reviewed If you press OK you will be asked to confirm the deletion of the department since deleting the department will permanently remove all the data associated with this department from the project If you press Cancel the department will not be deleted from the project 76 Chapter 5 Command Reference Spiral User s Manual Spiral User s Manual Delete Department Dialog Window ie Figure 5 13 Display of Department to be Deleted Dialog Confirm Delete Department Dialog Window Figure 14 Confirm Deletion of a Department Dialog Window Delete Department Data ltems The data items are identical to those for editing a department See the
32. maximum shape ratio depends on the department function so different departments can have different maximum shape ratios Only the block exchange algorithms use the maximum shape ratio to penalize block layouts to avoid excessively narrowly shaped departments Shape Penalty The shape penalty is the factor by which a department shape ratio gets multiplied and this product gets added to the shape adjusted distance score to avoid long narrow departments A higher shape penalty will tend to make departments more like squares A low or zero shape penalty will allow more long narrow departments The shape penalty cannot be negative Spiral User s Manual Spiral User s Manual The next paragraphs describe the contents and formatting of the Department Data File Department Data File The department data file can be created with any editor or word processor capable of generating pure ASCII files Word processors usually insert special formatting codes into their regular document files which cannot be read by the Spiral program so special care should be taken when using a word processor to generate a pure ASCII file The department data file also should not contain any blank lines In the first section of the department data file there is one line per department and on each line there are eight fields The fields are the facility code grid x coordinate grid y coordinate area layout x column layout y row color and name of the department res
33. p pap ome Figure 5 39 All Layout Algorithms Configuration Dialog Window For further information on the function of this dialog window see the All Layouts command For a detailed explanation of all layout algorithms parameters see the Execute All Layout Algorithms Data Items 102 Chapter 5 Command Reference Spiral User s Manual Spiral User s Manual Execute All Layout Algorithms Data Items Space Allocation Method The Layered space allocation method divides the building area in strips or layers parallel to the orientation of the building All departments located on an axis of the hexagonal adjacency graph parallel to the building orientation are assigned to a single layer The algorithm then assigns department areas from left to right in each layer The Tiled space allocation method divides the building area into a set of non overlapping department rectangles The position of the department rectangles is derived from the hexagonal adjacency graph The Tiled space allocation method has more flexibility than the Layered space allocation method and will yield on the average layouts with a lower distance score However the resulting layout may not have the structure that allows parallel material handling aisles There is no guarantee that the Tiled space allocation method will yield a lower distance score than the Layered space allocation method for a particular layout project Because the Tiled method examines many more alternative
34. simultaneously Maximum Perimeter Ratio The Maximum Perimeter Ratio is the limit value for the perimeter ratio of the department For rectangular departments there exists a one to one correspondence between the perimeter ratio of a department and the shape ratio In SPIRAL the maximum perimeter ratio is computed from the Maximum Shape Ratio assuming rectangular departments and only used as an output variable i e it is displayed as information for the user Importing Externally Generated Layouts Spiral User s Manual The current version of the Spiral program can import data files created by the Export command of the Spiral program with the Import command of the File Menu The description of the data files for this version of Spiral is given next A project is completely described by two files The first file is the Project Data file that holds all the scalar information about this project The second file is the Department Data file that contains all department and relationship data The easiest way to import an externally generated layout is to execute the following steps 1 define the project interactively inside Spiral 2 generate any layout Chapter 3 Project Data e 33 34 e Chapter 3 Project Data 3 export the project 4 modify the generated files to represent the external layout 5 import the modified files and evaluate the layout Project Data File The Project Data file can be created with any editor or word
35. the number of copies the destination printer and other printer setup options If you press OK the selected view will be printed For graph or layout views of large projects printing such a complex view might require substantial processing times The Print dialog box is illustrated in Figure 2 28 The Print dialog box is a common dialog box and its exact appearance depends on the version of your Windows operating environment Chapter 2 Tutorial e 25 26 e Chapter 2 Tutorial Figure 2 28 Print Dialog Box Copying and Pasting Spiral Views with the Clipboard To paste the contents of one of the Spiral views in another application select the view that you wish to paste then execute the Copy command from the Edit menu For the Graph and Layout views the section of the graph or layout currently displayed in the view will be copied in graphical format to the clipboard For the Notes and Statistics views all the text whether it is currently displayed or not will be copied in text format to the clipboard For the Notes and Statistics a header will generated which indicates the version of the Spiral program the name of the project and the date the view was copied to the clipboard Copying a view to the clipboard Select in turn the Notes Statistics Graph and Layout view and execute the Copy command from the Edit menu After each copy operation either activate the clipboard and verify its contents or paste the clipboard data i
36. use in generating output reports There are six levels of detail ranging from 0 through 5 The higher the report level the more information is written to the Output Log File and the more frequent halts during program execution Number of Layout Rows The number of layout rows is the number of horizontal layers in the rectangular layout This value should be set to zero for a new problem unless the user wants to specify a given layout Number of Layout Cols The number of layout columns is the maximum number of departments in any horizontal layer or row of the rectangular layout This value should be set to zero for a new problem unless the user wants to specify a given layout Maximum Shape Ratio The maximum shape ratio is the limit value for the shape ratio of a department before it gets penalized in the shape adjusted distance score The department shape ratio is the maximum of its length to width and width to length ratios For example the shape ratio of a square is one and the shape ratio of a three by one rectangle is equal to three If a department shape ratio exceeds the maximum shape ratio then it will get penalized If the department shape ratio exceeds the maximum shape ratio then the shape adjusted distance score is the sum of the normal distance score and the excess department s shape ratio over the maximum shape ratio times the shape penalty The term shape factor is also commonly used for shape ratio The acceptable value of the
37. with the Spiral Export command or created manually outside the Spiral program with an ASCII editor Starting with version 4 0 of the Spiral program the Project Data File is a binary file that can no longer be viewed or manipulated outside the Spiral program Use the Open command to read project data files created with the Save command of version 4 0 or higher of Spiral The default extension for Spiral project files is spiral the default extension for the Spiral project files of previous versions or exported data files is dat The command then displays the Open dialog window which is illustrated in Figure 5 4 The program will read the corresponding Project Data File dat and Department Data File dep The Project Data File and the Department Data File can be created with any text editor or word processor capable of generating pure ASCII files or with the Chapter 5 Command Reference 67 Export command Since word processors usually insert special formatting codes into their regular document files which cannot be read by the Spiral program special care should be taken when using a word processor to generate a pure ASCII file The project data file also should not contain any blank lines Once these input files have been created they can be used repeatedly by the Spiral program Export The Export command of the File menu will save the current project data in a set of ASCII files The program will create the corresponding
38. 1 Edit Original Relation Dialog Window Relation with Outside The Relation with Outside command of the Edit menu allows you to interactively change the original asymmetric relation between a department and the outside Select the Relation with Outside command and the cursor will change to an up arrow in the graph and layout views Move the cursor on top of the node or area of the department and click the left button of the mouse The Relation dialog window will be shown The Edit Relation dialog window is illustrated in Figure 5 22 Click on OK to accept the modifications that you have made to the relation with the outside If you click on Cancel then all the modifications that you made to the relation with the outside will be discarded and the relation will not be modified Edit Relation with Outside Dialog Window 3 fo ee p roue Figure 5 22 Edit Original Relation with Outside Dialog Window All Relations Use this command to display or edit all the original asymmetrical relations between the departments The command will display the All Relations dialog window which allows the modification of the relations The AII Relations dialog window is illustrated in Figure 5 23 This dialog window shows the original asymmetrical relations between the departments Each row represents an origin department and each column represents a destination department You can use the scrollbars to move around the relationship 86 Chapte
39. 26 The Print Setup dialog box is a common dialog box and its exact appearance depends on the version of your Windows operating environment Spiral User s Manual Chapter 2 Tutorial e 23 lteter i ines s Figure 2 26 Print Setup Dialog Box Previewing the image that will be printed You can preview the image that will be printed by selecting the Print Preview command from the File menu When you choose this command the main window will be replaced with a Print Preview window in which one or two pages will be displayed in their printed format The toolbar of the Print Preview window offers you options to view either one or two pages at a time move back and forth through the document zoom in and out of pages and initiate a print job The Print Preview dialog box is illustrated in Figure 2 27 The Print Preview dialog box is a common dialog box and its exact appearance depends on the version of your Windows operating environment 24 e Chapter 2 Tutorial Spiral User s Manual Spiral User s Manual zoe Eri reated by Soiral Ve Brsion 4 rojet Tutorial an Sunday 0 3 23P 11997 08 2 Septeeber 28 1997 Figure 2 27 Print Preview Window Specifying print options and printing a view You can also directly select the view that you wish to print and then execute the Print command from the File menu This command presents a Print dialog box where you may specify the range of pages to be printed
40. 5 Department Data for the Autoparts Example Label Function Maximum Shape Shape Ratio Penalty Shipping 4 000 Receiving 2 000 Stamping 10 000 Painting 6 000 Steel Coil Storage 2 000 Outside 56 e Chapter 4 Design Algorithms Spiral User s Manual Spiral User s Manual Table 4 6 Material Handling Trips for the Autoparts Example OUT SHI REC STA PAI STO OUT 50 We will first create a hexagonal adjacency graph and block layout following the SPIRAL methodology For the graph construction phase we will use the binary relationships not use improvement interchanges and break location ties by the centroid seeking rule For the graph we will show first the symmetrical adjusted relationships in a two dimensional matrix We then will show the sorted list of adjusted binary relationships Third we will show the adjacency graphs after we have added each department Finally we will compute and show the adjacency and efficiency score of the final graph We first convert the asymmetrix material handling trips to a symmetric relationship table where all relationships are shown above the main diagonal Table 4 7 Symmetric Relationships for theAutoparts Example JOUT SHI REC STA PAI STO OUT 50 240 60 15 35 60 35 Next the adjusted binary relationships that incorporate the relationships with the outside are computed Because several departments have positive relationships with the outside many of the adjusted relationsh
41. Algorithm Dialog Window peine abot Be Figure 5 29 Pause Algorithm Dialog Window Seed The Seed command of the Edit menu displays the Seed dialog window which allows you to set the new seed for the random number generator Several algorithms use the random numbers to make random choices during their execution The graph algorithms use random numbers to break ties in locating department nodes in the adjacency graph The layout improvement algorithms based on simulated annealing use random numbers to select the next two departments to be tested for a possible exchange An algorithm that uses the random numbers will always produce the same identical results if you select the same algorithm settings and set the same random number seed The algorithm most likely will yield a different result for different random number seeds Click on OK to accept the modifications that you have made to the random number seed If you click on Cancel then all the modifications that you made to the random number seed will be discarded and the random number seed will not be modified Seed Dialog Window Uk cece Dee Random Figure 5 30 Seed Dialog Window For further information on the function of this dialog window see the Seed command For a detailed explanation of the seed parameters see the Seed Data Items 92 e Chapter 5 Command Reference Spiral User s Manual Spiral User s Manual Seed Data Items Any positive seed value between 1 an
42. Costs command displays a two dimensional grid with the centroid to centroid distances between each pair of departments and between a centroid of a department and the outside multiplied by the relationship between those two departments This command does not compute new flow distance costs but merely displays the current costs in detail The Display Flow Distance Costs dialog window is illustrated in Figure 5 44 See also the Display Distances command to display rectilinear centroid to centroid distances in the current layout and the All Relations command to display the departmental relationships 106 Chapter 5 Command Reference Spiral User s Manual View Menu Spiral User s Manual Display Flow Distance Costs Dialog Window 0000 0000 0i 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 101556 89444 5 0 000 0000 0 000 219 045 0 000 14343 9 78817 21328 0 000 34005 2877 0 000 72 0 000 0 000 0 000 175601 8284 0000 0000 0 000 25398 102667 23168 22 709 0000 0 000 0i 71591 17446 8867 0000 0000 0 000 0 000 0 000 11936 0 000 0000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 17837 5732 0000 0 000 I 0 000 0000 23069 14887 0000 0 000 I 0 000 0 000 6 136 0000 0 000 I 0 000 0 000 0 000 Figure 5 44 Display Flow Distance Costs Dialog Window For further information on the function of this dialog window see the Display Flow Distance Costs command Aborting an Executing Algorithm While the algorithms
43. Department Data Items for further information Delete Department by Label The Delete Department by Label command of the Edit menu will display a list with all the labels of the departments in the current project The Select Department by Label dialog window is illustrated in Figure 5 15 After a department has been selected with its label the department data can be deleted just like in the Delete Department command by pressing the Ok button While the Delete Department dialog is shown choose OK to retain the delete department and choose Cancel to cancel the dialog window and not to delete the department In either case you are returned to the Select Department by Label dialog window and can then select the next department to be deleted by its label Pressing the Cancel button will terminate the department selection dialog window Chapter 5 Command Reference 77 Select Department to Delete by Label Dialog Window Figure 5 15 Select a Department to Delete by Its Label Dialog Department The Department command of the Edit menu allows you to change the data of a single department After you have selected the command from the menu the cursor changes to a selection arrow and you can select the department by clicking the left mouse button while the cursor is over the department node or area Alternatively you can select the department to be edited immediately without using the menu by moving the cursor on top of the node or area of th
44. In addition it installs Spiral in the selected program group on your desktop The Setup program file is setup exe and it is located on the first distribution diskette or CD ROM SLP SLP is the abbreviation of the Systematic Layout Planning method developed by Muther 1973 to create conceptual block layouts The method successively adds complicating data categories until a block layout has been generated Win32 Spiral is a 32 bit Windows program and as such requires a 32 bit version of the Windows operating environment denoted by Win32 Current implementations of Win32 are Windows NT all versions Windows 95 all versions and Windows 98 all versions This version of Spiral is no longer compatible with the 32 bit extensions Win32s to the 16 bit Windows 3 1 WWW WWW is the acronym for the World Wide Web and denotes the collection of sites on the Internet that contain a large variety of information 126 Glossary of Terms Spiral User s Manual Index A About Spiral 117 Add Department 75 Adjacency Statistics 51 Algorithms 95 Adjacency Graph 43 Block Layout 47 Parameters 49 Statistics 51 All Graphs 96 All Graphs and Layouts 103 All Layouts 102 All Relations 86 Area 31 37 Arrange Icons 115 ASCII 125 B Block Algorithms 47 Building Depth 30 35 Building Dimensions 87 Building Width 29 35 C Cascade 115 Close 66 Close Log 70 Color 37 Commands About Spiral 117 Add Department 75 All Graphs
45. No Project Name Tutorial Building Width 10 00 Building Depth 7 00 Number of Departments 0 otal Flow 0 otal Rejection 0 otal Relation 0 Maximum Shape Ratio 2 50 Shape Penalty 1000 000 Grid Size 1 000 Figure 2 3 Initial Views for the New Project Saving the new project for the first time Save the current project with the Save As command from the File menu In the Save As dialog box select the directory where you want to save the project file Specify a name for the project data file which by default has the spiral extension The Save As dialog box for this tutorial project is illustrated in Figure 2 4 Press OK and the file for the current project will be saved to disk Some versions of the Windows operating environment will truncate the default spiral extension to the three letters spi so we recommend that you explicitly add the spiral extension to the file name in the Save As dialog window when saving a project for the first time Chapter 2 Tutorial e 9 10 e Chapter 2 Tutorial Es M sse Spiral Files spiral a Figure 2 4 Save As Dialog Box for the Tutorial Project The different views of the current project at this time are illustrated in Figure 2 5 Observe that the titles of the views have changed from New Project to Tutorial to indicate that this project has been saved Tutorial 3 Ex Tutorial 2 PSISIES3 I i Tutorial 1 No Project
46. Project Data File dat and Department Data File dep Once these data files have been created they can be read by the Spiral Import command and by an ASCII editor Not all program settings will be saved but only the major project department and relationship data Starting with version 4 0 of the Spiral program the Project Data File created by the Save command is a binary file which can no longer be viewed or manipulated outside the Spiral program Use the Open command to read project data files created with the Save command of version 4 0 or higher of Spiral The default extension for Spiral project files is spiral the default extension for the Spiral project files of previous versions or exported data files is dat Export Dialog Window L2 x 5e a Figure 6 Export Dialog Window Send The Send command of the File menu uses the electronic mail application installed on your computer to send the saved version of the current project as an attachment to an electronic mail message It is recommended that the current project first be saved before using the Send command The exact execution of this command will depend on which electronic mail application has been installed on your computer This command will not be enabled if you do not have an electronic mail client installed on your computer Properties The Properties command of the File menu allows you to add project information such as authors subject
47. Project Shortcuts Toolbar m Keys CTRL N Save Changes Dialog Window Eq ced eoe Figure 5 2 Save Changes Dialog Window New Project Dialog Window T L ncc p Ll E i Loc p cw new Figure 5 3 New Project Dialog Window New Project Data Items Project Title The project title refers to the title of the project to be used in reports and printouts It consists of a maximum of 63 alphanumeric spaces or underscore characters Punctuation marks or tab characters are not allowed The title is also included in the project Properties The term project name is used synonymously with project title 64 Chapter 5 Command Reference Spiral User s Manual Further information can be found in the Project Data section under Project Title Building Width The building width refers to the horizontal dimension of the building ground plan It must be in units compatible with the department areas The building always has a rectangular shape The building area is computed as the product of the building width and building depth The building and department areas should be expressed in compatible units to the building width and depth i e if the building depth and width are expressed in feet then the building and department areas must be expressed in square feet The width of the building is displayed along the horizontal axis on the screen Further information can be found in the Project Data section under Building Width
48. Step two creates the SPIRAL relationships which in this case is easy since there are no outside relationships and step three ranks the relationships by non increasing value 52 e Chapter 4 Design Algorithms Spiral User s Manual Spiral User s Manual Table 4 3 Ranked Relationships Index Pair Value Index Pair Value Index Pair Value In step four the departments are placed in the relationship diagram in such way as to maximize the sum of adjacent flows The flow EF is the largest hence departments E and F are placed next to each other Figure 4 7 Partial Hexagonal Adjacency Graph with 2 Departments The largest relationship with an anchor department already located is now FG Department G will be located adjacent to department F but there exist alternative locations Department G has both positive flows with departments F and E so it is placed adjacent to both There still exists a tie between locations left or right of departments E and F which is broken arbitrarily Figure 4 8 Partial Hexagonal Adjacency Graph with 3 Departments The next largest relationship with a department already in the layout is relationship DE Department D will be placed adjacent to department E but there exist alternative locations Checking down the list shows that department D has no further relationship with any of the already located departments and the tie is thus broken arbitrarily
49. TRL I 118 Chapter 5 Command Reference Spiral User s Manual References Book and Journal References Spiral User s Manual 1 10 11 12 Francis R L L F McGinnis and J A White Second Edition 1992 Facility Layout and Location An Analytical Approach Prentice Hall Englewood Cliffs New Jersey Goetschalckx M 1992 An interactive layout heuristic based on hexagonal adjacency graphs European Journal of Operational Research Volume 63 pp 304 321 1992 Goetschalckx M 1984 Computer Aided Layout with the Expanded Spiral Technique Computer and Industrial Engineering Vol 9 Supp 1 pp 159 163 Heragu S 1996 Facilities Design PWS Publishing Company Boston Massachusetts Kirkpatrick S C Gelat and M Vechi 1983 Science Vol 220 pp 671 680 Levary R R and S Kalchik 1985 Facilities Layout A Survey of Solution Procedures Computers and Industrial Engineering Vol 9 No 2 pp 141 148 Montreuil B H D Ratliff and M Goetschalckx 1987 Matching Based Interactive Facility Layout IE Transactions Vol 19 No 3 pp 271 279 Muther R 2 Edition 1973 Systematic Layout Planning Cahners Books Boston Massachusetts Reed R 1967 Plant Location Layout and Maintenance Schrage L 1986 Linear Integer and Quadratic Programming with LINDO The Scientific Press Seppanen J and J M Moore 1970 Facilities Planning with Grap
50. Terms Spiral User s Manual ASCII ASCII is an acronym in computer science for American Standard Code for Information Interchange It is a standardized coding scheme that assigns numeric values to letters numbers punctuation marks and certain other characters By standardizing the values used for these characters ASCII enables computers and computer programs to exchange information ASCII provides for 256 codes divided into two sets of 128 each The standard ASCII character set consists of the first 128 codes The first 32 values of standard ASCII are assigned to communication and printer control codes i e non printing characters such as backspace carriage return and tab that are used to control the way information is transferred from one computer to another or from a computer to a printer The remaining 96 codes are assigned to common punctuation marks the digits 0 through 9 and the uppercase and lowercase letters of the Roman alphabet Since ASCII characters just consists of characters numbers and punctuation marks and none of the special formatting codes associated with word processors most programs are able to read ASCII files Common synonyms are DOS text or text GUI GUI is the abbreviation for graphical user interface Spiral follows the conventions of the standard Windows user interface MRU MRU is the abbreviation for Most Recently Used Most applications display a list of most recently used files in their File m
51. Zoom Original Shape Penalty Redraw Grid Size Report Level Seed Max Replications Time Limit Copy Several commands have shortcut keys so that you can easily control the program with the keyboard Several commands are also shown on the toolbar to allow easy program control with the mouse Oeke CEO DP 9 OO Ph Figure 5 1 Spiral Toolbar File Menu The Spiral program requires the project data before any algorithm can be executed The projects are managed with the commands on the File menu Spiral User s Manual Chapter 5 Command Reference 63 New The New command of the File menu allows you to interactively create a new facilities design project If there is a project currently open and if it has been modified then the program will display the Save Changes dialog window and ask if you wish to save those changes discard the changes or if you wish to abort the creation of new project The Save Changes dialog window is illustrated in Figure 5 2 The command displays the New dialog window which is illustrated in Figure 5 3 To save the new project use the Save As command To open a previously saved project use the Open or Import commands To create the new project with the values shown in the dialog window press the OK button When this project is created it has no departments and all relationships will be equal to zero If you press Cancel no new project will be created New
52. a collection of algorithms These algorithms either construct a planar hexagonal adjacency or create a block and are called graph and layout algorithms respectively You have the option of selecting one single design algorithm to be executed next or to select the execution of all possible combinations of algorithms If you choose the latter the program will execute a number of algorithms in sequential order It also maintains the best adjacency score the best efficiency and the best shape adjusted distance score obtained by the algorithms for this project Graph Algorithms The SPIRAL algorithm grows the relationship diagram in a crystalline spiraling fashion The original manual form of this algorithm was first mentioned in Reed Spiral User s Manual Chapter 4 Design Algorithms e 43 1967 It relied completely on the insight of the engineer A more sophisticated version that incorporates relationships with the outside neighborhood improvement steps and is based on hexagonal graphs is given in Goetschalckx 1986 1992 The SPIRAL technique constructs a guaranteed planar graph with high adjacency score based on an underlying hexagonal grid The hexagonal grid where each department has six neighboring departments is illustrated in Figure 4 4 A typical adjacency graph created by SPIRAL is shown in Figure 4 5 Figure 4 4 Hexagonal Grid Illustration Figure 4 5 SPIRAL Adjacency Graph Illustration The objective is to maximize the
53. al Spiral User s Manual Help Shortcuts Toolbar Keys CTRL H Fl Context Sensitive Help You can request help for a specific topic by pressing SHIFT F1 or by clicking the button for context sensitive help in the toolbar The Spiral application is placed in Help mode You can then specify the topic by a mouse click on a menu command or an area of the screen or by the key stroke s for a menu command The help file will be opened on that particular topic Pressing the Esc button while the application is in Help mode will cancel the Help mode and return the application to its normal operation Pressing the Help button in the various dialog windows will also activate the context sensitive help for that dialog window Usually an image of the dialog window will be shown Browse one page back to display the help on the dialog window Context Sensitive Help Shortcuts Toolbar Keys Shift F1 About Spiral The About command of the Help menu shows the About Spiral dialog window with the Spiral program and the Scientif library information This information includes the name version date and copyright It also shows the program and library icon The About Spiral dialog window is illustrated it Figure 5 57 Chapter 5 Command Reference 117 About Spiral Dialog Window Figure 5 57 About Dialog Window For further information on the function of this dialog window see the About Spiral command About Shortcuts Keys C
54. al cost plus the algorithm run time It is useful if you is only interested in the final results This level of output should be used if you is interested in performing timing studies Higher level of details corrupt timing results due to user interaction delays and graphics creation delays 3 STANDARD generates the total cost for each of the algorithm components The program runs without interruption until the complete algorithm is finished If you have selected ALL then the program runs uninterrupted for the 18 different combinations 4 EXTENDED displays the total cost during each of the algorithm modules and the run time so far The program halts frequently to allow you to observe the algorithm process Chapter 5 Command Reference 91 5 DEVELOP generates extremely detailed output plus a very large number of intermediate results This mode is only useful for debugging purposes or to observe the most detailed workings of the algorithms The output is extremely long for large problems Algorithm Executing Pause If you have selected a report level higher than three the algorithms will pause at certain points during their execution and give you the option to continue the execution abort the execution or to change the report level The Pause Algorithm dialog window will be shown Choose Continue to continue the algorithm execution Abort to terminate this algorithm or Report Level to bring up the Report Level dialog window Pause
55. an or equal to the sum of all the department areas before a layout construction algorithm can be executed Max Shape Ratio The Max Shape Ratio command of the Edit menu allows you to change the maximum shape ratio simultaneously for all departments The Maximum Shape Ratio dialog window will be displayed Click on OK to accept the modifications that you have made to the maximum shape ratio The Maximum Shape Ratio of all departments will be set to this new value If you click on Cancel then all the modifications that you made to the maximum shape ratio will be discarded and the maximum shape ratio will not be modified If you want to the change the Maximum Shape Ratio of a single department use the Department command for that department 88 Chapter 5 Command Reference Spiral User s Manual Maximum Shape Ratio Dialog Window Figure 5 25 Maximum Shape Ration Dialog Window Maximum Shape Ratio Data Items The Maximum Shape Ratio is the limit value for the shape ratio of a department before it gets penalized in the shape adjusted distance score The department shape ratio is the maximum of the length to width and width to length ratio of the smallest rectangle that completely encloses the department For example the shape ratio of a square is one and the shape ratio of a three by one rectangle is equal to three If a department shape ratio exceeds its maximum shape ratio then it will get penalized If the department shape ratio exc
56. andom number generator seed with the Seed command of the Edit menu If an algorithm has executed multiple replications then the seed reported in the Statistics and Notes windows is the seed that yielded the best graph or layout among all the replications An algorithm that does not use random numbers or that only executes one replication will always return the same seed as it was started with In order to repeat the results for an algorithm you must set the seed to the value reported at the completion of the algorithm and set the number of replications to one Then run the algorithm again with all other parameters unchanged The actual random numbers are generated from the seed with a standard pseudo random number generation process This process is dependent on the combination of processor and compiler so computers with different processors and compiler version may give different random number sequences SPIRAL has no control over this process Time Limit This command allows the user to set the maximum time a single algorithm is allowed to run or for the maximum time in seconds an algorithm can execute a particular step Once the time limit has been reached the algorithm is terminated Tolerance The Parameters menu s Tolerance Command queries the user for the new relative tolerance The algorithm terminates if the current solution is within the relative tolerance of current best solution This parameter cannot be modified by the use
57. arameters of the Layout Parameters dialog window are shown in Figures 5 36 5 37 and 5 38 respectively Click on OK to accept the modifications that you have made to the layout algorithm parameters If you click on Cancel then all the modifications that you made to the layout algorithm parameters will be discarded and the layout algorithm parameters will not be modified Further information on the annealing algorithm to construct block layouts can be found in the Block Layouts section of the Design Algorithms chapter Layout Parameters Dialog Window Shape Page Figure 5 36 Layout Improvement Parameters Dialog Shape Page For further information on the function of this dialog window see the Set layout Parameters command For a detailed explanation of the graph algorithm parameters see the Layout Parameters Shape Page Data Items Layout Parameters Data Items Shape Page Max Shape Ratio The maximum shape ratio is the limit value for the shape ratio of a department before it gets penalized in the shape adjusted distance score The department shape ratio is the maximum of the length to width and width to length ratio of the smallest rectangle that completely encloses the department For example the shape ratio of a square is one and the shape ratio of a three by one rectangle is equal to three If a department shape ratio exceeds its maximum shape ratio then it will get penalized If the department shape ratio exceeds its maximum sha
58. ch Marc Goetschalckx believe suitable to the problem to replace the program or diskettes with functionally equivalent software or diskettes as applicable or to refund the purchase price and terminate this agreement Marc Goetschalckx warrants that for a period of ninety 90 days from the date of delivery to you as evidenced by a copy of your receipt the diskettes or CD ROM on which the program is furnished under normal use will be free from defects in materials and workmanship and the program under normal use will perform without significant errors that make it unusable Except for the above express limited warranties Marc Goetschalckx makes and you receive no warranties express implied and statutory or in any communication with you and Marc Goetschalckx specifically disclaims any implied warranty of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose Marc Goetschalckx does not warrant that the operation of the program will be uninterrupted or error free It is your responsibility to independently verify the results obtained by this program In no event will Marc Goetschalckx be liable for any damages including loss of data lost profits cost of cover or other special incidental consequential or indirect damages arising from the use of the program or accompanying documentation however caused and on any theory of liability This limitation will apply even if Marc Goetschalckx or any authorized dealer has been advised of the possibility o
59. change to an up arrow in the graph and layout views Move the cursor on top of the node or area of the first department and click the left button of the mouse Then move the cursor on top of the node or area of the second department and click the left button of the mouse again The Edit Relation dialog window will be shown The relation dialog window is illustrated in Figure 5 21 Edit the relation value Click on OK to accept the modifications that you have made to the relation If you click on Cancel then all the modifications that you made to the relation will be discarded and the relation will not be modified Chapter 5 Command Reference 85 Alternatively you can select the relation to be edited by holding down the Ctrl key and clicking the right mouse button while the cursor is over the first and second department A third way to select the relation to be edited is to click the right mouse button while the cursor is on the relationship edge itself The context sensitive menu for edges will be shown from which the edit command can be selected This latter method works only for nonzero relationships in the upper right triangle of the relationship matrix To edit the relation of a department with the outside use the Relation with Outside command If you have incorrectly selected the first node of the relation select the Relation command again to start anew with the first node Edit Relation Dialog Window 6 CE ea _ Figure 5 2
60. ctual area shape ratio and perimeter ratio The Evaluate dialog window is illustrated in Figure 2 22 Figure 2 22 Evaluate Dialog Window Chapter 2 Tutorial e 21 22 e Chapter 2 Tutorial Displaying the current distances between department centroids You can also display the individual centroid to centroid distances between each pair of departments with the Display Distances command of the Algorithms menu The Display Distances dialog window will be shown as is illustrated in Figure 2 23 0 000 4 000 7 500 7 000 10 000 5 500 4 000 Figure 2 23 Display Distances Dialog Window Displaying a history of algorithm statistics The Statistics View displays the history of algorithm statistics This view can be printed to the default printer with the Print command of the File menu Move and size this window to suit your taste The result of the graph and layout algorithm that you have executed so far is illustrated in Figure 2 24 The corresponding Graph view and Layout view are shown in Figure 2 25 Binary Steepest Descent Two Exchange Centroid 9999999999 99 9999999999 99 99999 99 Upwards Steepest Descent Two Exchange 1700 00 1700 00 0 00 Figure 2 24 Algorithm Statistics View for the Tutorial Project Spiral User s Manual oele sala oll 8 ee ele Tutorial 4 Binary Steepest Descent Two Exchange Centroid Upwards Steepest Descent Two Exchange
61. cuted Execute All Graph and Layout Algorithms Dialog Window LX 2 fe pue d mo m Figure 5 40 All Layout Algorithms Configuration Dialog Window Chapter 5 Command Reference 103 For further information on the function of this dialog window see the All Graphs and Layouts command For a detailed explanation of all layout algorithms parameters see the Execute All Graph and Layout Algorithms Data Items Execute All Graph And Layout Algorithms Data Items Space Allocation Method The Layered space allocation method divides the building area in strips or layers parallel to the orientation of the building All departments located on an axis of the hexagonal adjacency graph parallel to the building orientation are assigned to a single layer The algorithm then assigns department areas from left to right in each layer The Tiled space allocation method divides the building area into a set of non overlapping department rectangles The position of the department rectangles is derived from the hexagonal adjacency graph The Tiled space allocation method has more flexibility than the Layered space allocation method and will yield on the average layouts with a lower distance score However the resulting layout may not have the structure that allows parallel material handling aisles There is no guarantee that the Tiled space allocation method will yield a lower distance score than the Layered space allocation method for a particular layou
62. d the main window will be replaced with a Print Preview dialog window in which one or two pages will be displayed in their printed format The toolbar of the Print Preview window offers you options to view either one or two pages at a time move back and forth through the document zoom in and out of pages and initiate a print job Print Preview Shortcuts Toolbar 72 Chapter 5 Command Reference Spiral User s Manual Spiral User s Manual Print Preview Window ZZ eye Orie reated bv n 11997 08 29 Siral Version 4 0 3 24P roject Tompkins on Sunday Cetaber 06 1997 Figure 5 10 Print Preview Window Print Preview Commands The print preview toolbar offers you the following options Print Bring up the print dialog window to start a print job Next Page Preview the next printed page Prev Page Preview the previous printed page One Page Two Page Preview one or two printed pages at a time Zoom In Take a closer look at the printed page Chapter 5 Command Reference 73 Zoom Out Take a larger look at the printed page Close Return from print preview to the editing window Print Setup Use this command to select a printer and a printer connection This command presents a Print Setup dialog window where you specify the printer and its connection This printer and these options will then be used by all subsequent Print commands The same changes can also be made from the main W
63. d 32767 is a valid starting seed for the random number generator If a zero seed value is specified the computer will create a random seed based on the computer clock Default The default value for the seed is equal to one This is the seed value when the program is originally started Random If a value of zero is entered for the seed then the program will select a random seed based upon the computer clock Max Replications This Max Replications command of the Edit menu allows you to change the maximum number of replications of an algorithm The default number of replications is equal to 20 Click on OK to accept the modifications that you have made to the maximum number of replications If you click on Cancel then all the modifications that you made to the maximum number of replications will be discarded and the maximum number of replications will not be modified Maximum Replications Dialog Window Figure 5 31 Maximum Replications Dialog Window Maximum Replications Data Items The graph construction algorithms often need to make a random choice among several equivalent locations to place the next department Similarly the layout improvement algorithms based on simulated annealing select random pair of departments to be tested for possible exchange Different replications of the same algorithm can thus provide different adjacency graphs or block layouts The higher the number of replications the more likely it is tha
64. d BROWN for the negative edges 110 Chapter 5 Command Reference Spiral User s Manual Spiral User s Manual Edge Display Dialog Window Figure 5 48 Edge Display Dialog Window For further information on the function of this dialog window see the Edges Display command Zoom The Zoom command allows you to select a rectangular portion of the current View window and to enlarge that rectangular region so that it will fill the complete View window After the command has been selected you start a rubber band bounding rectangle by pressing and holding down the left mouse button in any graph or layout view The rectangle will shrink or grow following the cursor until you release the left mouse button The Zoom operation preserves the length to width aspect ratio of the View window The zoom option is most useful to display the graph or layout in more detail The full original View can be displayed by using the Zoom Original command The previous View screen can be viewed by using the Zoom Previous command Zoom Shortcuts Toolbar Keys CTRL ALT Z Zoom Previous The Zoom Previous command displays again the previous View window before the last Zoom command was executed Chapter 5 Command Reference e 111 Windows Menu Zoom Previous Shortcuts Toolbar Keys CTRL ALT P Zoom Original The Zoom Original command displays the original full View window before any Zoom command was executed for the current case Zoom O
65. d space allocation method is shown in the next figure E 50 7 150 A A e REC 8 e 4 25 4 125 m 50 z Figure 4 19 Block Layout for the Given Graph for the Autoparts Example 60 e Chapter 4 Design Algorithms Spiral User s Manual Spiral User s Manual Table 4 11 Distance Matrix for the Autoparts Example OUT SHI REC STA PAI STO 25 0 12 5 40 0 20 0 20 0 162 5 87 5 110 0 210 0 75 0 72 5 72 5 The distance matrix is then multiplied element by element with the symmetrical relationship matrix and the sum of the products is computed This sum is the flow distance score and is equal to 49 525 of which 41 400 is between two departments and 8 125 is between departments and the outside Table 4 12 Penalty Shape Computations for the Autoparts Example Actual Maximum Delta Penalty Shape Shape Shape Shape Rate Penalty 15000 10000 25000 50000 10000 The total shape penalty is computed as the sum of the individual department shape penalties and is equal to 91 063 The total shape distance score for the layout is computed as the sum of the flow distance score and the shape penalty and is equal to 140 588 The block layout without exchange improvements the best block layout with the layered space allocation method and the best block layout with the tiled space allocation method are shown in the next three figures The distance statistics for the three layouts are shown in the next table pisla Solal ol 3 olle olz
66. department areas must be given in square feet The shape factor is the maximum ratio of length to width or width to length of the department The maximum value for the shape factor is 99 but more realistic values are less than five The shape penalty is the rate at which departments that exceed the maximum shape ratio get penalized in the block layout objective function Any nonnegative value will do but enter 1 000 for this project Setting the layout position to free will later on allow the department to be moved in the layout improvement steps Specifying the display color for a department The area and border colors of the department are only used in the display of the block layout not in the display of the hexagonal adjacency graph The colors can be either the predefined palette colors or any color for which you have specified the RGB values You select this option by clicking either the RGB or Palette buttons You can specify the RGB values by clicking the Select button underneath the RGB button The Color dialog box is displayed which allows you to select from a set of colors or to set the RGB values directly The Color dialog box is illustrated in Figure 2 8 Using palette colors is slightly more efficient than using RGB colors in the display of departments Spiral User s Manual Spiral User s Manual The Color dialog box is a common dialog window and its exact appearance depends on the version of your Windows operating environment t
67. e i e it can be moved to any part of the application window and be reshaped There exists an error in Microsoft Foundation Classes MFC that does not display the last row of buttons in the toolbar correctly if the toolbar is not a single horizontal or vertical strip of buttons We are in process of developing a work around for this particular display error inal oele Sols fo Ll el e r Figure 5 54 Dockable Spiral Toolbar Spiral User s Manual Chapter 5 Command Reference 115 Status Bar This command toggles the display of the status bar at the bottom of the Spiral window The Status Bar displays a description of the currently highlighted command and the status of the keyboard Figure 5 55 Status Bar Help Menu Help Topics This command displays the Contents page of the Spiral interactive help system as shown in Figure 5 56 The Spiral program contains an interactive help system The instructions in the help system always take precedence over those in the printed User s Manual The Help system can be started from the Help menu or by pressing F1 Help Topics Window Installation Tutorial Project Data Design Algorithms Command Reference References Appendix Sample Projects Glossary of Terms Figure 5 56 Help Contents Window For further information on the function of this dialog window see the Help Topics command 116 Chapter 5 Command Reference Spiral User s Manu
68. e 5 4 Allowable Colors for Edges and Departments Nodes DARKGRAY NAVY FOREST OCEAN BROWN PURPLE OLIVE GRAY Edges Display The Edges Display command allows the selection of displaying the edges the edge labels the edge widths and the edge colors You select to display none all or only adjacent relation edges between the facilities You also select to display the original or adjusted relationships as edge labels or no edge labels You can select the width of all the edges to thin or to be proportional to the relationship between the department pairs Finally you select the colors used to display edges with positive and negative relationships The Edges Display election dialog window is shown in Figure 5 48 Click on OK to accept the modifications that you have made to which edges will be displayed If you click on Cancel then all the modifications that you made will be discarded and which edges will be displayed will not be modified The adjusted interdepartmental relation is used in the graph construction procedures to incorporate relations with the outside For further information see the Graph Algorithms section in the Design Algorithms chapter The dialog window allows the selection of the colors to draw the positive and negative edges in the graph and block layout The colors have to be selected from the list of valid colors given in Table 5 4 The standard colors are FOREST for the positive edges an
69. e Spiral program and its application libraries from your computer as well as remove its keys from the Registry The exact method of removing Spiral depends on the version and type of Windows operating system that is installed on your computer Since the removal procedure actually deletes files from your computer some of which may be system level libraries or common controls it is strongly recommended that you make a complete backup of all the files on your computer before proceeding with the removal procedure Spiral User s Manual To install Spiral on your computer see the instructions in the section on Installing Spiral Removal Instructions for Windows NT 4 00 and Windows 95 and 98 Select the Add Remove Programs command in the Control Panel of your computer Spiral will be listed as one of the applications that can be automatically removed Select Spiral and press Add Remove All the files specific to Spiral such as the executable program file the application help file and the Scientif application library will be removed from your computer All keys associated with Spiral will also be removed from the Registry Common libraries such as the Microsoft Foundation class library and the Microsoft C runtime library will not be removed Spiral project files that you created in different directories will not be removed either Removal Instructions for Windows NT 3 51 During installation an icon to remove Spiral from your computer was p
70. e department you want to edit and then clicking the right button of the mouse and selecting Edit from the context sensitive menu Finally you can also select a department for editing by its label with the Department by Label command The command displays then the Select Department by Label dialog window The Edit Department dialog window is contains three pages Input Continuous and Discrete The Input page contains the initial department data the Continuous page contains the data related to continuous algorithms Finally the Discrete page contains the data when the department consists of unit squares Edit the department data Choose OK to retain the edited department data Choose Cancel to cancel the dialog window and not to change the department data 78 Chapter 5 Command Reference Spiral User s Manual Spiral User s Manual Edit Department Dialog Window Input Page Figure 5 16 Edit Department Dialog Window Input Page Edit Department Data Items Input Page Label The department label can consist of at most seven characters Only letters digits and underscores are allowed in the department label The label must be unique for this department in the project Name The department name can be at most 63 characters Only letters digits spaces and underscores are allowed in the department name The department name can contain a description of the department function Area The department area must be smaller tha
71. e menu The project title should be a maximum of 63 characters and should contain only letters digits spaces and underscore characters The term project name is used synonymously with project title The project title can be changed with the Summary Info command of the File menu Note that the Import command does not allow a project title to contain spaces A project title that is first exported and then imported again will be truncated at the first space character Building Width The building width refers to the horizontal dimension of the building ground plan It must be in units compatible with the department areas The building always has a rectangular shape The building area is computed as the product of the building width and building depth The building and department areas should be expressed in compatible units to the building width and depth i e if the building depth and width are expressed in feet then the building and department areas must be expressed in square feet The building width of a project is set when the project is created with the New command or when the project is read from an external ASCII file with the Import command of the File menu The building width can be modified at any time by the Building Dimensions command of the Edit menu Chapter 3 Project Data e 29 30 e Chapter 3 Project Data Building Depth The building depth refers to the second dimension of the building ground plan which will be disp
72. e release the left button of the mouse The department node will be placed in the nearest vertex position of the hexagonal adjacency graph if this position is unoccupied by another department If you drag the department node outside the world coordinate boundary box or if its new vertex position is occupied then the department node will be returned to its original location Department by Label The Department by Label command of the Edit menu will display a list with all the labels of the departments in the current project The Select Department by Label dialog window is illustrated in Figure 5 20 After a department has been selected with its label the department data can be edited just like in the Department command by pressing the OK button While the Edit Department dialog is shown choose OK to retain the edited department data and choose Cancel to cancel the dialog window and not to change the department data In either case you are returned to the Select Department by Label dialog window and can then select the next department to be edited by its label Pressing the Cancel button will terminate the department selection dialog window Select Department by Label Dialog Window Figure 5 20 Select to be Edited Department by Label Dialog Window Relation The Relation command of the Edit menu allows you to interactively change the original asymmetric relation between two departments Select the Relation command and the cursor will
73. ea is computed as the product of the building width and building depth The building and department areas should be expressed in compatible units to the building width and depth i e if the building depth and width are expressed in feet then the building and department areas must be expressed in square feet Building Depth The building depth refers to the second dimension of the building ground plan which will be displayed vertically on the screen It must be in units compatible with the department areas The building area is computed as the product of the building width and depth The building area is computed as the product of the building width and building depth The building and department areas should be expressed in compatible units to the building width and depth i e if the building depth and width are expressed in feet then the building and department areas must be expressed in square feet Seed The graph construction algorithms often need to make a random choice among several alternative locations for the current department This random choice is made based on pseudo random numbers generated from an initial seed An algorithm will always make the same random choices if it is given the same random seed and hence will create the same adjacency graph The seed has to be a positive number in the range of 1 32767 If a seed of zero is given then the computer will pick a random seed based on the computer clock Tolerance At t
74. eeds the maximum shape ratio then the shape adjusted distance score is the sum of the flow distance score and the department shape ratio excess over the maximum shape ratio times the Shape Penalty The term shape factor is also commonly used for shape ratio The acceptable value of the maximum shape ratio depends on the department function so each department can have a different maximum shape ratio Only the block exchange algorithms use the maximum shape ratio to penalize block layouts to avoid excessively narrowly shaped departments The perimeter ratio is the ratio of the current perimeter length of a department divided by the perimeter length of a square department with the same area For rectangular departments there exists a one to one correspondence between the shape ratio and the perimeter ratio The Maximum Perimeter Ratio is computed from the Maximum Shape Ratio and is an output only variable it cannot be set by you Shape Penalty This Shape Penalty command of the Edit menu allows you to change the shape penalty for all departments simultaneously The shape penalty is the factor by which the excess of the department s shape ratio over the Max Shape Ratio gets multiplied if it exceeds the maximum ratio and this product gets added to the shape adjusted distance score to avoid long narrow departments A higher shape penalty will tend to make departments more like squares A low or zero shape penalty will allow more long and narrow depart
75. en computing longer than the allowable run time If the limit has been exceeded then the algorithm will be terminated and no results of the algorithms will be retained To set the maximum amount of execution time for an algorithm select the Time Limit command from the Edit menu The Time Limit dialog window will be shown The Time Limit dialog box is shown in Figure 2 18 Enter a limit of 120 seconds which is more than sufficient for this small tutorial project Press Ok to accept the new value Figure 2 18 Time Limit Dialog Specifying a random number seed Several algorithms must make random choices at certain points during their execution For example the graph construction algorithms randomly select the location for a department node from a list of equivalent locations and the layout simulated annealing improvement algorithms pick randomly the next departments that are considered for an exchange These random choices are made based on the next pseudo random number The sequence of these random numbers depends on the starting number of the sequence which is called the seed When started from the same state algorithms will generated the same solution if it has been given the same seed You can set the random number seed by executing the Seed command from the Edit menu The Seed dialog will be shown The Seed dialog is shown in Figure 2 19 Set the seed to 12345 Press OK to accept the new value Chapter 2 Tutorial e 19 20 e Cha
76. enu to allow quick access to the project and document files that have been recently saved RGB RGB is an acronym for Red Green Blue and it denotes a color described by three numbers for its red green and blue components respectively Windows allows values from 0 to 255 for each component for a total of more than 16 7 million colors Glossary of Terms 125 Scientif Scientif is a library containing common scientific functions used in Windows programs The current implementation is scienmfc dll which is the 32 bit dynamic link library required to run the Spiral application program Scientif in turn requires a 32 bit Windows operating system which is denoted by Win32 The safest location for scienmfc dll is in the directory where Spiral was installed For the 32 bit Windows NT operating system scienmfc dll can also be placed in the system32 directory of the directory where Windows NT has been installed Usually this directory is c winnt system32 For the Windows 95 and 98 operating systems scienmfc dll can also be placed in the system directory of the directory where Windows 95 or 98 has been installed Usually this directory is c windows system The automated Setup program with its default selections will place all the application and library files in the appropriate directories Setup Setup is the automated Windows based installation program which copies the Spiral program help libraries and example data files to your hard disk
77. equal to the length of the side of the unit square The units are the same as for the building dimensions Grid Area The grid area of a department is equal to its number of unit squares multiplied by the unit square area which is equal to the square of the grid size Because of round off effects the discrete grid area of a department might not be exactly equal to its specified area The grid area must be expressed in units compatible with the building dimensions i e if the building dimensions were given in feet then the grid area must be given in square feet Department Context Menu You can also display and execute commands from the department context menu by clicking the right button of the mouse when the cursor is over the department area in the layout view or over the department node in the graph view Right clicking on a department and then selecting an action is equivalent to selecting an action from the Edit menu and then left clicking on a department 84 e Chapter 5 Command Reference Spiral User s Manual Spiral User s Manual Dragging a Department Node You can also change the position of the department node in the adjacency graph directly by moving the cursor onto the node symbol of the department you want to move and then pressing and holding down the left button of the mouse The department node will then track or follow the cursor as long as you keep the left button of the mouse depressed To stop dragging the department nod
78. eractively the relationships or after you have dragged a department in the adjacency graph to a new location The Evaluate command does not create a new graph or block layout but rather computes the cost of the current graph and layout based on the current relationship values If a block layout has been created the command also displays in a dialog window the total distance score the flow distance score and the total shape penalty for the current layout It also displays for each department the actual area shape ratio and perimeter ratio If only an adjacency graph has been created the command displays the adjacency score the sum of the absolute values of all relations and the efficiency score of the current 104 Chapter 5 Command Reference Spiral User s Manual Spiral User s Manual graph The Evaluate dialog windows are illustrated in Figures 5 41 and 5 42 respectively when a block layout or a adjacency graph only have been created Evaluate Dialog Window Layout Page Figure 5 41 Evaluate Layout Dialog Window For further information on the function of this dialog window see the Evaluate command Evaluate Dialog Window Graph Page Figure 5 42 Evaluate Graph Dialog Window For further information on the function of this dialog window see the Evaluate command Display Distances The Display Distances command displays a two dimensional grid with the centroid to centroid distances between each pair of departme
79. est descent manner by attempting three department exchanges It computes the savings generated by removing three departments out of the graph and swapping their position The savings are based on a decrease in the shape adjusted distance score Annealing Exchange attempts to improve the graph in stochastic non steepest descent manner by attempting two or three department exchanges It computes the savings generated by removing three departments out of the graph and swapping their position The savings are based on a decrease in the shape adjusted distance score The two or three departments are chosen at random If the savings are positive then the exchange is made If the savings are negative i e the shape distance score is higher then the exchange can still be made with a certain probability depending on the how long the simulated annealing algorithm has been executing The process repeats until no further improvements can be made For further information on two and three exchanges see the Block Layout section in the Algorithms chapter and Goetschalckx 1992 For further information on simulated annealing see Kirkpatrick et al 1983 and Vechi and Kirkpatrick 1983 Computational processing time increases sharply with the amount of improvement processing Since the computation of the upper bound may require a significant amount of time the program allows you to limit the maximum execution time with the Time Limit command of the Edit menu or
80. f such damage You acknowledge that the license fee reflects this allocation of risk Some states do not allow the exclusion of implied warranties so the above exclusions may not apply to you This warranty gives you specific legal rights You may also have other rights which vary from state to state Disclaimer e 1 Proprietary Notice Marc Goetschalckx owns both the Spiral software program and its documentation Both the program and the documentation are copyrighted with all rights reserved by Marc Goetschalckx No part of this publication may be produced transmitted transcribed stored in a retrieval system or translated into any language in any form without the written permission of Marc Goetschalckx Version Version 4 10 May 31 1999 2 e Disclaimer Spiral User s Manual Chapter 1 Installing Spiral Spiral User s Manual Installation To install Spiral you must run the Setup program on the distribution disk The exact method of executing the Setup program depends on the version and type of Windows operating system that is installed on your computer Copying the files from the distribution disk to your computer or executing the program from a file or application server is not sufficient to run Spiral Several dynamic link libraries such as the Scientif application library and active x controls such as the grid control are required for the proper execution of the Spiral program and must be registered on your computer
81. g time increases sharply with the amount of improvement processing When locating a department in the partial adjacency graph often alternative positions are possible Two possible tie breaker rules can be used The first one is random which places the department randomly in one of the alternative positions based on a random number The second one is centroid seeking which places the department in the position closed to the centroid of the current partial adjacency graph If there are still alternative positions after the first tie breaker then a position is chosen at random For further information see Goetschalckx 1992 In the case of the hexagonal grid an upper bound on the adjacency score of the graph can be computed based on the following integer programming formulation where o zero represents the artificial outside department N 1N N Max njXj ToYi 4 4 iz j gt i i i l N S t Xj s Xij 6 i 1 N 4 5 j 0 j i 1 TN i LN 4 6 S i 1 N 4 7 y 0 1 i 1 N 4 8 xj 0 1 i L N 1 j itl N 4 9 x 20 i 1 N 4 10 The following notation is used xj is 1 if departments i and j are adjacent 0 otherwise For the artificial outside department x represents the number of times department i is adjacent to the outside perimeter y is 1 if department i is adjacent to the outside 0 otherwise rjj is the binary relationship between departments i and j The formulation maximizes the adjacencies between depar
82. gher layers The x coordinate indicates the position of the department in a particular layer or row starting with one for the leftmost position and increasing towards the right Color The next field contains the color in which the department block will be drawn in the block layout The list of valid colors is given in Table 3 3 In version 4 0 or higher Chapter 3 Project Data e 37 38 e Chapter 3 Project Data of SPIRAL the color of a department can be one of the palette colors here specified or a RGB color Table 3 3 Allowable Colors for Edges and Departments DARKGRAY NAVY FOREST OCEAN BROWN PURPLE OLIVE GRAY Name The last field on each line contains the department name The department name can be at most 31 characters long and cannot contain any spaces or tab characters In version 4 0 or higher of the SPIRAL program the department name may contain space characters but any department name that is imported will be truncated at the first space character Relations In the second section of the department data file there is one line per non zero interdepartmental relationship Each line contains three fields The fields are the from department the to department codes and the relationship between the from and to departments The department codes must have been defined in the first section of the data file or must be equal to OUT which indicates a relationship with the outside The relationshi
83. gher or closer to one the factor is the more steps the algorithm has to find the layout solution Max Good Iterations per Temperature The maximum number of improving iterations for each temperature step When the number of improving iterations exceeds this bound the temperature is reduced to the next lower level Max Total Iterations per Temperature The maximum number of iterations improving and non improving for each temperature step When the number of iterations exceeds this bound the temperature is reduced to the next lower level All Layouts The All Layouts command of the Algorithms menu creates a block layout for the current project by executing all possible combinations of block layout algorithm settings In other words its runs three side orientations times five improvement steps time two space allocation methods for a total of 30 algorithms The block layout with the lowest shape adjusted distance score is retained and displayed at the conclusion Because of its extensive computations this command may take a long time to complete The Tiled space allocation method is especially computation time intensive and its execution can be disabled with the Execute All Layouts dialog window which is illustrated below When you press Yes all possible combinations of layout algorithms will be executed for the current adjacency graph If you press No no algorithm will be executed Execute All Layout Algorithms Dialog Window LX poe
84. h Theory Management Science Vol 17 No 4 pp B242 B253 Sule D R Second Edition 1994 Manufacturing Facilities Location Planning and Design PWS Publishing Company Boston Massachusetts References e 119 120 e References Tompkins J A and J M Moore 1978 Computer Aided Layout A User s Guide Facilities Planning and Design Monograph UE Norcross Georgia Tompkins J A et al Second Edition 1995 Facilities Planning John Wiles amp Sons New York New York Vechi M and S Kirkpatrick 1983 IEEE Transactions on Computer Aided Design Vol CAD 2 pp 215 Goetschalckx Marc www isye gatech edu mgoetsch index html Facilities Planning and Design Division Institute of Industrial Engineers www iienet org index htm Material Handling Institute www mhia org Spiral User s Manual Appendix Sample Projects Tompkins Tutorial Project This project was first described in Tompkins and Moore 1978 The project file Tompkins spiral will be copied to the Projects directory by the installation program Spiral User s Manual The Project Data and Department Data files are listed below but are no longer included on the distribution disk The files correspond to the Tompkins project when no graph or layout has been created Export files created by versions of Spiral less than 4 0 have an implicit data version of 3 63 and do not contain department corner coordinates
85. he current time the tolerance parameter is not used in the program Time Limit The maximum time limit is the maximum amount of time a single algorithm is allowed to execute The time limit is expressed in seconds Currently the time limit is only used to terminate the two and three exchange algorithms if they have exceeded the time limit after one complete iteration i e after all possible two or three exchanges have been tested So it is possible that the execution time of the improvement algorithm is actually larger than the time limit specified The time limit is also used to terminate combination algorithms such as All Graph All Layout and Chapter 3 Project Data e 35 36 e Chapter 3 Project Data All Combo Algorithms if the combination algorithm has exceeded the time limit after a component algorithm Number of Iterations The graph construction and improvement algorithms often need to make a random choice among several equivalent locations to place the next department Different replications of the same algorithm can thus provide different adjacency graphs The higher the number of replications the more likely a good adjacency graph will be constructed Of course more replications require more computation time The default number of replications is equal to 20 In version 4 0 or higher of SPIRAL the name of this field has been changed to Number of Replications Report Level Report level is the level of detail the program will
86. he modifications that you made to the building dimensions will be discarded and the building dimensions will not be modified Chapter 5 Command Reference 87 Building Dimensions Dialog Window Figure 5 24 Edit Building Dimensions Dialog Window Building Dimensions Data Items Building Width The building width refers to the horizontal dimension of the building ground plan It must be in units compatible with the department areas The building always has a rectangular shape The building area is computed as the product of the building width and building depth The building and department areas should be expressed in compatible units to the building width and depth i e if the building depth and width are expressed in feet then the building and department areas must be expressed in square feet Building Depth The building depth refers to the second dimension of the building ground plan which will be displayed vertically on the screen It must be in units compatible with the department areas The building area is computed as the product of the building width and building depth The building and department areas should be expressed in compatible units to the building width and depth i e if the building depth and width are expressed in feet then the building and department areas must be expressed in square feet The building area which is computed as the product of the building width times the building depth must be larger th
87. he version of the Microsoft runtime libraries and the number of colors or color depth of your Windows display Figure 2 8 Common Color Dialog Box Continue adding departments to the project until the project contains seven departments The department data are given in Table 2 1 All departments have a layout position that is free and have a BLACK border color Table 2 1 Department Data for the Tutorial Project Label Name Area Area Color Receiving 12 GREEN Milling 8 CYAN Press 6 RED Screw 12 MAGENTA Assembly 8 YELLOW Plating 12 OCEAN Shipping 12 FOREST Selecting a department by its label for editing At this time you can edit the data for any department in the project The department to be edited can be selected by its label with the Department by Label command from the Edit menu A drop down list box with the labels of all the currently defined departments will be shown The Select Department dialog box is illustrated in Figure 2 9 Figure 2 9 Select Department by Label Dialog Box Chapter 2 Tutorial e 13 14 Chapter 2 Tutorial Select department D Press Ok to edit the selected department or Cancel to cancel the Select Department dialog box and not to edit any department Editing the date of a department When you press OK the Edit Department dialog box will be shown This dialog box is illustrated in Figure 2 10 Figure 2 10 Edit Department Dialog Box Since we a
88. id command from the View menu or by pressing the Grid button on the toolbar You can also display the hexagonal adjacency graph by pressing the shortcut keys Ctrl Alt G Set the grid size for this project equal to one with the Grid Size command of the Edit menu The Grid Size dialog box for this tutorial project is illustrated in Figure 2 2 Enter one for the grid size Press OK and the tutorial project will use this new grid size Figure 2 2 Edit Grid Size Dialog Box Spiral User s Manual Spiral User s Manual If you have selected to display the grid in the layout view then this view is updated to reflect the new grid size All project data items such as the grid size have a single value that is used by all the views Select the fourth view which displays the block layout by either clicking on its title bar or from the Window menu Toggle the display of rectangular grid in this view by selecting the Grid command from the View menu or by pressing the Grid button on the toolbar You can also display the rectangular grid by pressing the shortcut keys Ctrl Alt G The different views of the current project at this time are illustrated in Figure 2 3 If you wish you can also display the orthogonal grid in the fourth or layout view in the same manner Observe that the view titles indicate that this is a new project that not has been saved yet oee Saa New Project 3 e New Project 2 i New Project 1
89. ilding width and depth are displayed horizontally and vertically on the screen respectively For this tutorial project enter Tutorial ten and seven for project name and building width and depth respectively Press OK and a new project without any departments will be created Note that any data item of this project can be changed later on from inside the project with commands from the File and Edit menu You can also get context sensitive help for any dialog window by pressing the Help button when the dialog windows is displayed ET LN Loo d eee om Figure 2 1 New Dialog Window for the Tutorial Project Display all Views simultaneously The Spiral program shows four cascaded views of the new project Select the Tile command from the Window menu to display all the views simultaneously Each view has individual characteristics and display attributes The type of view is indicated by an icon in the top left corner of the title bar of each view The four view types are 1 project Notes view 2 algorithm Statistics view 3 hexagonal adjacency Graph view and 4 block Layout view Changing the attribute of one view does not affect the same attribute in other views Displaying the hexagonal and rectangular grids Select the third view which displays the hexagonal adjacency graph by either clicking on its title bar or from the Window menu Toggle the display of hexagonal adjacency graph in this view by selecting the Gr
90. ile during algorithm execution by setting the Report Level To set the Report Level execute the Report Level command from the File or Edit menu The Report Level dialog will be shown The Report Level dialog is shown in Figure 2 16 There are six possible levels range from zero for no pauses and no information to the log file to five for numerous pauses and extensive details to the log file Select level three for uninterrupted algorithm execution Press OK to accept the new level m KE mmn He Figure 2 16 Report Level Dialog Specifying a Algorithm Log File Spiral will save the results of any algorithm in a log file if such a file has been defined for the project To specify a log file execute the Output Log command from the File menu The Output Log dialog will be shown The Output Log dialog is illustrated in Figure 2 19 Specify the name and location of the output log file and press Ok to accept the new values The output log file has by default the extension og and is a pure ASCII file The amount of information written to the output log file for each algorithm depends on the Report Level 18 Chapter 2 Tutorial Spiral User s Manual Spiral User s Manual Log Files log Figure 2 17 Open Output Log Dialog for the Tutorial Project Specifying a maximum time limit for algorithm execution During the execution of algorithms the program will periodically check if the algorithm has be
91. in the project If the shape ratio of a department violates its maximum allowable shape ratio for that department then a penalty should be added to the distance score of the layout Let s be the shape ratio let S be the maximum allowable shape ratio and let p be the shape penalty of department i then the total shape penalty for all departments P that will be added to the distance score is equal to N P pj max 0 s Sj 2 1 i Select the Shape Penalty command of the Edit menu to specify the shape penalty The Shape Penalty dialog will be shown The Shape Penalty dialog is shown in Figure 2 15 Enter a new value of 1000 for the penalty and press Ok to accept this value 1000 Cancel _ Dem Hee Figure 2 15 Shape Penalty Dialog for the Tutorial Project Chapter 2 Tutorial e 17 Saving the project Save the current version of the tutorial project by selecting the Save command from the File menu or by pressing the Save button on the toolbar At this time all project input data haven been specified The next step is to design the hexagonal adjacency graphs and block layouts for this project Designing Adjacency Graphs and Block Layouts Setting Algorithm Parameters and Output Log File Several parameters apply both to the adjacency graph and block layout algorithms Setting the file and display level of reporting You can specify the amount of information shown on the screen and printed to the Output Log f
92. indows Control Panel Print Setup Dialog Window Figure 5 11 Print Setup Dialog Window Print Setup Data Items The following options allow you to select the destination printer and its connection Printer Select the printer you want to use Choose the Default Printer or choose the Specific Printer option and select one of the current installed printers shown in the box You install printers and configure ports using the Windows Control Panel Orientation Choose Portrait or Landscape Paper Size Select the size of paper that the document is to be printed on Paper Source Some printers offer multiple trays for different paper sources Specify the tray here 74 Chapter 5 Command Reference Spiral User s Manual Edit Menu Spiral User s Manual Options Displays a dialog window where you can make additional choices about printing specific to the type of printer you have selected Network Choose this button to connect to a network location assigning it a new drive letter Most Recently Used Files Every time a project is saved Spiral adds the fully qualified path and file name of the project data file to the list of the most recently used MRU files The eight most recently used files are listed in the File Menu and saved in the Registry between sessions You can bypass the Open command and open one of those projects directly by clicking on its file name Exit The Exit command of the File me
93. instances the Layered method may generate a layout with lower distance score than the Tiled space allocation method Because the Tiled method examines many more alternatives than the Layered method it requires substantially longer computation times To Create a Block Layout If you have already created a graph then you can create a block layout next If you want to execute a single layout algorithm select the Select Layout command If you selected the Tiled space allocation method generating even a single layout for large projects might take a long time to complete If you want to execute all block layout algorithms in sequence and retain the block layout with the minimum shape adjusted distance score select the All Layouts command Because of its extensive computations this last command might take a long time to complete Finally if you want to execute all graph algorithms and for each graph algorithm execute all layout algorithms select the All Graphs and Layouts command Because of its extensive computations this command might take a long time to complete To Evaluate the Current Graph and Layout If you have made some changes to the project data the current graph or the current layout then you can evaluate quickly the effect of these changes by executing the Evaluate command This command does not create a new graph or layout but merely evaluates the current graph and or layout Setting several algorithm parameters can modify the e
94. intain an optimal solution while attempting to obtain a feasible solution In discrete area models the departments and building are composed of a number of equal sized unit squares In continuous area models the dimensions of the building and departments can have fractional values Layout Models SPIRAL G Ae eed Material Deltahedron CORELAP Handling CRAFT MULTIPLE LayOPT SABLE Montreuil BLOCPLAN AISLES FLEX BAY HOPE Figure 4 2 Theoretical Layout Models Hierarchy The completed block layout can be represented as a graph Similarly the original relationship matrix can be represented as a complete undirected graph where each department corresponds to a node and pairwise relationships form the edges The adjacency graph is constructed from the relationship diagram by deleting all edges between non adjacent departments i e an edge is included in the adjacency graph if and only if the two departments are adjacent The adjacency graph is thus a subgraph of the relationship diagram The block layout graph and the adjacency graph are related in fact they are dual graphs The relationship diagram can be constructed from the block layout by placing a node inside each department and by drawing the connecting relationship edge if and only if the two departments are adjacent i e have a common wall The 42 e Chapter 4 Design Algorithms Spiral User s Manual resulting adjacency graph is planar graph is planar if it ca
95. io to penalize block layouts to avoid excessively narrowly shaped departments The Maximum Shape Ratio is an input parameter set by the user You can use the Department command from the Edit menu to set the maximum shape ratio of individual departments You can use the Max Shape Ratio command of the Edit menu to set the maximum shape ratio of all departments simultaneously Shape Penalty The Shape Penalty is the factor by which the excess of the department s shape ratio over the maximum shape ratio gets multiplied if it exceeds the maximum shape ratio and this product gets added to the distance score to yield the shape adjusted distance score The purpose of the shape penalty is to avoid long and narrow departments A higher shape penalty will tend to make departments more like squares A low or a shape penalty equal to zero will allow more long and narrow departments The shape penalty cannot be negative The penalty of exceeding the maximum shape ratio depends on the department function so different departments can have different shape penalties Only the block exchange algorithms use the shape penalty to penalize block layouts to avoid excessively narrowly shaped departments The Shape Penalty is an input parameter set by the user You can use the Department command from the Edit menu to set the maximum shape ratio of individual departments You can use the Shape Penalty command of the Edit menu to set the maximum shape ratio of all departments
96. ip edges Which edges are displayed is specified with the Edges Display command Edges Shortcuts Toolbar Keys CTRL ALT E Edge Labels The Edge Labels command is a toggle switch that displays or hides the labels of the relationship edges Which labels are displayed is specified with the Edges Display command The edges themselves have to be displayed before the edge labels can be displayed The display of the edges is controlled with the Edges command Edge Labels Shortcuts m Toolbar Keys CTRL ALT D Grid The Grid command is a toggle switch which displays or hides the hexagonal grid in the Graph view and the rectangular unit square grid in the Layout view This grid is primarily of use when you want to add departments to the project or when you want to adjust the created graph manually since department nodes can only be located on the vertices of the hexagonal grid The size of the unit squares in the Layout view can be changed with the Grid Size command of the Display menu Grid Project Shortcuts Toolbar EE Keys CTRL ALT G 108 Chapter 5 Command Reference Spiral User s Manual Spiral User s Manual Label Size The Label Size command allows the user to specify the size of the text labels used to identify the departments and the edges Windows displays the labels in a font size that most closely matches the desired label size The display of the department and edge labels is controlled by the Department
97. ips are negative Table 4 8 Binary Adjusted Relationships for the Autoparts Example SHI REC STA PAI STO 350 60 240 300 35 50 15 60 35 0 The adjusted binary relationships are then sorted in decreasing order Table 4 9 Sorted Binary Adjusted Relationships for the Autoparts Example Chapter 4 Design Algorithms e 57 The first two departments to enter the hexagonal adjacency graph are the two departments in the first element of the list i e STA and PAI They are placed at random in two adjacent vertices of the hexagonal grid Figure 4 15 Adjacency Graph with 2 Departments for the Parts Example The next relationship selected must have one department in the graph and one department not in the graph These departments are called the anchor department and the new department respectively The anchor department also must have an open adjacent grid position Element two of the list satisfies all those conditions department STA is in the graph department STO is not and department STA has an empty adjacent grid position All empty grid positions adjacent to the anchor department are possible locations for the new department and because of the relationship selection rule there exists at least one open adjacent grid position The grid position with the highest adjacency score based on the original symmetric relationships is selected Ties are broken by the centroid seeking rule i e the new department is located in the
98. is a common dialog window and its exact appearance depends on the version of your Windows operating environment the version of the Microsoft runtime libraries and the number of colors or color depth of your Windows display that are currently installed on your computer INN IN dll SEO ERAT ll SESH TE MENS lli NERT ll SSE ll HEEE jaina EEStor Eo DO Figure 5 17 RGB Color Selection Dialog Window Spiral User s Manual Chapter 5 Command Reference 81 Edit Department Dialog Window Continuous Page 4 foo eo 2000 2 000 a ps Bo Room ps poar PU Figure 5 18 Edit Department Dialog Window Continuous Page Edit Department Data Items Continuous Page Grid X and Y The grid x and y coordinate indicate the location of the department node in the hexagonal adjacency graph The y axis is oriented downwards and left along the axis of the hexagonal graph i e y coordinates increase from the top of the screen to the bottom The x coordinates increase from left to right Layout X and Y The layout x and y coordinate indicate the location of the department in the two dimensional layout matrix The y axis is oriented downwards i e y coordinates increase from the top of the screen to the bottom The x coordinates increase from left to right Origin X and Y The origin x and y of a departments are the horizontal width and vertical depth coordinates of the top left
99. is not drive a substitute the appropriate disk drive letter with colon for a in the above command Installation Notes Write Access Privileges When installing to a Windows NT system make sure that you have write access privileges to the directory where Spiral will be installed and to all the files in this directory and its subdirectories You must also have write access privileges to the Winnt System32 directory and the scienmfc dll file in that directory We recommend that you install Spiral while being logged on as administrator Grid Control grid32 0cx Several commands such as the All Relations command of the Edit menu require that the active x grid control grid32 ocx is present and registered on the computer that is executing the Spiral program The automated Setup program copies and registers the grid control during its installation process If you run Spiral from a file or application server the control must be installed on every client computer Many commercial applications use the same grid control so it might already be installed on your computer To verify the presence and registration of the grid control open the Tompkins project which is provided on the distribution disk and execute the All Relations command If the two dimensional relationship matrix is not shown the grid control is not installed or registered In that case run the Setup program to install Spiral and the grid control on this computer You can remove th
100. ith the outside department that are integer To compute the graph upper bound all integer and binary variables are relaxed to their continuous equivalent i e a linear relaxation is used For further information see the formulation in Graph Algorithms and Goetschalckx 1992 Since the computation of the upper bound may require a significant amount of time the program allows you to limit the maximum execution time with the Time Limit command of the Edit Select Layout The Select Layout command of the Algorithms menu displays the Layout Algorithm Selection dialog window which lets you specify settings for the algorithm that will create a block layout for the current project These algorithms are called layout algorithms You must first specify three algorithm settings building orientation exchange improvement step and space allocation method The Layout Algorithm Selection dialog window is shown Figure 5 35 Because of its extensive computations this command might take a long time to complete When you press OK the block layout algorithm will be executed with the current settings If you press Cancel then no algorithm will be executed Select Layout Dialog Window Figure 5 35 Layout Algorithm Selection Dialog Window Select Layout Data Items Building Orientation The building orientation indicates to which of the possible three axes of the hexagonal adjacency graph the building width dimension is parallel The adjacency gra
101. ithm Finally the time limit is also used to terminate the Graph Upper Bound algorithm which checks periodically if the time limit has been exceeded Time Limit Expiration Dialog Window poe o am meum Heb Figure 5 33 Time Limit Expiration Dialog Window Copy The Copy command of the Edit menu copies the contents of the currently active view to the Windows Clipboard The contents can then be pasted into other Windows applications such as CAD to design the layout in further detail The Graph and Layout views copy the view as currently displayed to the clipboard The Notes and Statistics views copy all the data in text format to the clipboard 94 e Chapter 5 Command Reference Spiral User s Manual Copy View Shortcuts Br Toolbar Keys CTRL C Algorithms Menu Spiral User s Manual Select Graph The Select Graph command of the Algorithms menu displays the Select Graph dialog window which lets you specify settings for the algorithm that will create a planar hexagonal adjacency graph for the current project These algorithms are called graph algorithms You must specify three algorithm settings relationship tuple improvement step procedure and tuple and location tie breaker The Graph Algorithm Selection dialog window is shown Figure 5 34 When you press OK the graph algorithm will be executed with the current settings If you press Cancel no algorithm will be executed Select Graph Dialog Window
102. label can consist of at most seven characters Only letters digits and underscores are allowed in the department label The label must be unique for this department in the project Name The department name can be at most 63 characters Only letters digits spaces and underscores are allowed in the department name The department name can contain a description of the department function Note that the Import command does not allow a department name to contain spaces Department names that are first exported and then imported again will be truncated at the first space character Area The department area is desired area for the department The area must be smaller than the building area The sum all department areas must be less than or equal to the building area which is equal to the product of building width and building depth The building and department areas should be expressed in compatible units to the building width and depth i e if the building depth and width are expressed in feet then the building and department areas must be expressed in square feet Shape Ratio The department shape ratio is the maximum of the length to width and width to length ratios of the smallest rectangle enclosing the department Let and w be the length and width of the smallest rectangle enclosing the department then the shape ratio s is given by scm cme 3 1 w L L l For rectangular departments the smallest rectangle enclosing the
103. laced in the same program group that you selected for the Spiral program Press this Uninstall icon All the files specific to Spiral such as the executable program file the application help file and the Scientif application library will be removed from your computer All keys associated with Spiral will also be removed from the Registry Common libraries such as the Microsoft Foundation class library and the Microsoft C runtime library will not be removed Spiral project files that you created in different directories will not be removed either Spiral User s Manual Chapter 1 Installation e 5 This page left intentionally blank 6 e Chapter 1 Installation Spiral User s Manual Chapter 2 Tutorial Creating a Small Tutorial Project Spiral User s Manual Following are the step by step instructions to create a small project and design its layout in an interactive manner For large projects it might be more convenient to create the necessary data files outside Spiral with a file editor capable of creating pure ASCII files and then to import the project from these data files Spiral follows the standard Windows graphical user interface GUI conventions This tutorial will focus on the features unique to the Spiral program and assumes that you are familiar with the Windows environment and the execution of Windows applications More information on the Windows user interface can be found in the Windows User s Guide More detailed explanati
104. layed vertically on the screen It must be in units compatible with the department areas The building area is computed as the product of the building width and building depth The building and department areas should be expressed in compatible units to the building width and depth i e if the building depth and width are expressed in feet then the building and department areas must be expressed in square feet The building depth of a project is set when the project is created with the New command or when the project is read from an external ASCII file with the Import command of the File menu The building depth can be modified at any time by the Building Dimensions command of the Edit menu Report Level The Report Level controls the level of detail written to the Output Log file and the number of pauses during algorithm execution There are six levels ranging from zero to five which generate increasingly more detailed output and frequent algorithm pauses Levels of Detail There are six levels of detail and pauses for reporting 0 NONE generates no output per algorithm and does not halt the algorithm execution This level is used when maximum execution speed and minimal reporting is desired 1 DATABASE generates one line of strictly numerical output per algorithm No titles or headers are included This level is primarily used to create a data base file which can then be manipulated in a spreadsheet or statistical analysis program
105. ments The shape penalty cannot be negative Click on OK to accept the modifications that you have made to the shape penalty If you click on Cancel then all the modifications that you made to the shape penalty will be discarded and the shape penalty will not be modified Spiral User s Manual Chapter 5 Command Reference 89 Shape Penalty Dialog Window po 1 CR cm Defeat Figure 5 26 Shape Penalty Dialog Window Shape Penalty Data Items If the shape ratio of a department violates the maximum allowable shape ratio then a penalty will be added to the flow distance score of the layout Let s be the shape ratio of department i and let S be the maximum shape ratio and let p be the shape penalty then the total shape penalty for all departments P that is added to the flow distance score is equal to N P p max 0 s S 5 1 i l Grid Size This Grid Size command of the Edit menu allows you to change the grid size The grid size determines the number of unit squares in a department and the building The grid size is equal to the length of one side of the unit square The discrete area of a department is equal to its number of unit squares times the square of the grid size Because of round off effects the discrete area of a department might not be exactly equal to its continuous area Click on OK to accept the modifications that you have made to the grid size If you click on Cancel then all the modification
106. n be drawn in a two dimensional plane without crossing edges From an adjacency graph a block layout can be constructed if and only if the adjacency graph is planar see Seppanen and Moore 1970 The concepts of layout graph adjacency graph and their dual relationship are shown in Figure 4 3 Figure 4 3 Adjacency Graph and Layout as Dual Graphs The graph theoretic models are concerned with determining the best relative location of departments ignoring the complexities of department and building shape and area Their objective is to maximize the adjacency score But in order to construct a block layout the adjacency graph must be planar Hence the problem is to extract a planar subgraph out of the relationship diagram so that its edge weight is maximized and the graph is planar This problem is called the Maximum Weight Planar Subgraph Problem MPSP This problem is NP Complete and cannot be solved for practical problem size in reasonable amount of computer time SPIRAL Algorithm Characteristics The SPIRAL algorithm consists of two major steps denoted by SPIRAL G and SPIRAL L in Figure 4 2 In the first step the fundamental principle of the SPIRAL algorithm is to grow a high weight planar hexagonal adjacency graph in a greedy fashion In the second step this graph is converted into a block layout with all rectangular departments and with material handling aisles parallel to one of the hexagon axes The SPIRAL program contains
107. n or equal to the building area and be expressed in units compatible with the building dimensions i e if the building dimensions were given in feet then the department areas must be given in square feet The area on the Input page is the specified area for the department Various algorithms might create a department with either a continuous or discrete area that is smaller or larger than the specified area Layout Position Setting the layout position to free will later on allow the department to be moved in the block layout improvement steps Max Shape Ratio The Maximum Shape Ratio is the limit value for the shape ratio of a department before it gets penalized in the shape adjusted distance score The department shape Chapter 5 Command Reference 79 ratio is the maximum of the length to width and width to length ratio of the smallest rectangle that completely encloses the department For example the shape ratio of a square is one and the shape ratio of a three by one rectangle is equal to three If a department shape ratio exceeds its maximum shape ratio then it will get penalized If the department shape ratio exceeds the maximum shape ratio then the shape adjusted distance score is the sum of the flow distance score and the department shape ratio excess over the maximum shape ratio times the Shape Penalty The term shape factor is also commonly used for shape ratio The acceptable value of the maximum shape ratio depends on the departme
108. nator the sum of all relationships The efficiency is thus a measure of the quality of the adjacency graph with values between 0 and 1 and invariant with respect to the magnitude of the relationships A diagram which maximizes the adjacency will also maximize the efficiency since the numerator of the efficiency is equal to adjacency minus the constant NS NA Distance Statistics The shape adjusted distance score D is computed as the sum of the flow distance score and the shape penalties The flow distance score itself is composed of the internal and the external flow distance score The internal flow distance score is equal to the sum of the products of the rectilinear distance between the centroids of two departments and the relationship between those departments In other words if the centroids of two departments are located at coordinates x y and x py n then the rectilinear centroid to centroid distance is given by df x x ly yl 4 16 ij i ji Yj The external flow distance score is equal to the sum of the shortest rectilinear distance of the centroid of the department to the perimeter of the building multiplied by the relationship of that department with the outside In other words if the origin of a department is denoted by x y its size by w I and the building dimensions by W L then the rectilinear distance between the department and the perimeter is given by d io minfx w 2 y 1 2 W x w 2 L y 1
109. nnot be negative The acceptable value of the shape penalty depends on the department function so each department can have a different shape penalty Only the block exchange algorithms use the shape penalty to penalize block layouts to avoid excessively narrowly shaped departments Use the Shape Penalty command of the Edit menu to change the shape penalty for all departments simultaneously Area and Border Color The area and border colors of the department are only used in the display of the block layout not in the display of the hexagonal adjacency graph The colors can be either the predefined palette colors or any color for which you have specified the RGB values You select this option by selecting either the RGB or Palette options Using palette colors is slightly more efficient than using RGB colors in the display of departments You can select one of the palette colors from the dropdown list The list of predefined palette colors is given in Table 5 3 80 Chapter 5 Command Reference Spiral User s Manual Table 5 3 Palette Colors for Department Area and Border DARKGRAY NAVY FOREST OCEAN BROWN PURPLE OLIVE GRAY You can specify the RGB values by clicking the Select button underneath the RGB button The Color dialog window is displayed which allows you to select from a set of colors or to set the RGB values directly The Color dialog window is illustrated in Figure 5 17 The Color dialog window
110. nt function so each department can have a different maximum shape ratio Only the block exchange algorithms use the maximum shape ratio to penalize block layouts to avoid excessively narrowly shaped departments Use the Max Shape Ratio command of the Edit menu to change the maximum shape ratio for all departments simultaneously Max Perimeter Ratio The Maximum Perimeter Ratio is the limit value for the ratio of the department perimeter divided by the perimeter length of a square department with the same area For example the perimeter ratio of a square is one and the perimeter ratio of a four by one rectangle is equal to 1 25 A higher value indicates a department with a more convoluted shape For rectangular departments there exists a one to one correspondence between the perimeter ratio of a department and the shape ratio In Spiral the maximum perimeter ratio is computed from the Maximum Shape Ratio and only used as an output variable i e it is displayed as information for the user Shape Penalty The Shape Penalty is the factor by which the excess of the department s shape ratio over the maximum shape ratio for this department gets multiplied if it exceeds the maximum ratio and this product gets added to the shape adjusted distance score to avoid long narrow departments A higher shape penalty will tend to make departments more like squares A low or zero shape penalty will allow more long and narrow departments The shape penalty ca
111. nto an application that accepts graphical data such as Microsoft Word Select in turn the Notes and Statistics view and execute the Copy command from the Edit menu After each copy operation either activate the clipboard and verify its contents or paste the clipboard data into an application that accepts text data such as Microsoft Excel Capturing a screen image of a view If you want to use a screen shot from one of the Spiral views maximize this view and then capture the view with the Alt PrintScreen command For all views the section of the graph layout or text currently displayed in the view will be copied in graphical format to the clipboard No header indicating the Spiral version or the project data will be added to the image on the clipboard You can use the same techniques if you want a screen shot from the main Spiral window as it is currently displayed The same technique can also be used to capture images of the various dialog boxed used by Spiral to the clipboard In this case obviously the dialog box cannot and does not have to be maximized Spiral User s Manual Spiral User s Manual Select in turn the Notes Statistics Graph and Layout view and maximize this view Execute the Alt PrintScreen command After each copy operation activate the clipboard and verify its contents or paste the clipboard data into an application that accepts graphical data such as Microsoft Word Sending the saved project as an electronic mail
112. nts and between a centroid of a department and the outside This command does not compute a new layout or new distances but merely displays the current distances in detail The Display Distances dialog window is illustrated in Figure 5 43 If the centroids of two departments are located at coordinates x y and xj y j then the rectilinear centroid to centroid distance is given by dj 2x x lly yl 5 3 If the origin of a department is denoted by x y its size by w L and the building dimensions by W L then the rectilinear distance between the department and the perimeter is given by Chapter 5 Command Reference 105 d min x w 2 y 1 2 2W x w 2 L y 112 5 4 Further information can be found in the section on Distance Statistics of the Design Algorithms chapter See also the Display Flow Distance Costs command to display material handling costs in the current layout and the All Relations command to display the departmental relationships Display Distances Dialog Window 0 000 0 000 0 000 2373 12 728 10223 6 827 7 723 8177 10 250 7 850 2 700 650 6150 6 500 5 350 7 50 4 500 5850 5 950 6 700 3 650 3 650 100 3 750 10 350 7 850 Figure 5 43 Display Distances Dialog Window For further information on the function of this dialog window see the Display Distances command Display Flow Distance Costs The Display Flow Distance
113. nu terminates the Spiral program If there is a project currently open and if it has been modified then the program will display the Save Changes dialog window and ask if you wish to save those changes discard the changes or if you wish to abort the termination of the application The Save Changes dialog window is illustrated in Figure 5 2 The Spiral program can be terminated in the same way as all Windows programs by double clicking on the system menu box or by selecting the Exit command All the data items of the current project can be modified while executing the Spiral program Most of the data items can be edited with commands from the Edit menu Some overall project characteristics can be changed with commands on the File menu Finally some algorithm parameters can be changed with the commands on Algorithms menu Add Department The Add Department command of the Edit menu allows you to interactively add a department to the current layout project The command displays the Add Department dialog window in which the department data can be entered Choose OK to add the department with the entered department data Choose Cancel to cancel the dialog window and not to add the new department The new department will have all relations equal to zero with the other departments and the outside You can change the relations with the Relation and Relation with Outside or All Relations commands Add Department Dialog Window The Add Department
114. ograms Chapter 3 Project Data Specifying and Editing Project Data sse Importing Externally Generated Layouts esee Importing Data Files from Previous Versions eene Chapter 4 Design Algorithms TREO AUCH ON iai ee te eee e tt E ei E Een e on ye Graph Algorithms 2 tret npe ettet St Block Algorithins 5er ER ERE PIER PR CHR UE Parambetets i erdt tte ect Reste eter de deese dee eee depu SLAUISTICS S Exatnples eene REI at a EP Chapter 5 Command Reference Menu OVerv1eW i oe ttiv bie RR RR ec eb ix besote e eie i ved eds Ele Menu 5er t besote tse e iy eie eger xeu Edit Menu scare ERR ERR RI Algorithms Men nri trt rre Ir ERE RETE EATER T View Menu eet RH URN UE Windows Menu 5 cet teer ves be ec dues OT EE ER Help Meru x essa renew Ep DH References Book and Journal References eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee nnne World Wide Web Sites eese nnn enne A rre nnn Spiral User s Manual Contents i ii e Contents Appendix Sample Projects Tompkins Tutorial Project Furniture Glossary of Terms Index Spiral User s Manual Disclaimer Warranty Spiral User s Manual Marc Goetschalckx s entire liability and your exclusive remedy under this warranty which is subject to you returning the program to Marc Goetschalckx will be at Marc Goetschalckx s option to attempt to correct or help you around errors with efforts whi
115. oject is completely described by two files The first file is the Project Data file that holds all the scalar information about this project The second file is the Department Data file that contains all department and relationship data The differences in the data files for this previous version of Spiral compared to the current version are given next The Project Data file does not contain a data version field Projects imported from the previous versions of Spiral will get internally the data version 363 assigned The Department Data file does not contain the corner coordinates of the departments even if the project has been exported whit a layout The last line in the Department Data file is always the terminating line of the relationships OUT OUT 0 Chapter 3 Project Data e 39 This page left intentionally blank 40 e Chapter 3 Project Data Spiral User s Manual Chapter 4 Design Algorithms Introduction Spiral User s Manual General Model and Algorithm Characteristics Systematic Layout Planning or SLP The following definitions are based upon the Systematic Layout Planning method or SLP by Muther 1973 The major steps in SLP are shown in Figure 4 1 Relationship Matrix Relationship Diagram Space Requirements Space Relationship Diagram Other Considerations Block Layout Figure 4 1 SLP Block Diagram A relationship chart is the quantitative matrix containing the level of interaction bet
116. omments You can enter comments about the current project Output Log The Output Log command of the File menu allows you to specify the file name for the log file created and used by the Spiral program Spiral writes the results and intermediate information generated by the various design algorithms to the Output Log file The amount of information written to the Output Log File depends on the level of detail selected with the Report Level command in the Edit menu The file and all of its previous contents will be erased every time the Output Log command is executed To select another log file or to restart the current log execute the Output Log command again To stop recording algorithm results without deleting the log file itself use the Close Log command of the File menu Output Log Dialog Window C Pes Ee ae oe Log Files log rz Figure 5 8 Output Log Selection Dialog Window Close Log Use this command to close the current output log No further information or algorithm results will be written to the output log but the output log file itself will not be deleted Reopening the same log file with the Output Log command will erase all the information in the log file since the Output Log command always creates a new file Print Use this command to print a document This command presents a Print dialog window where you may specify the range of pages to be printed the number of copies the destination p
117. ons and instructions can be found in the sections on the Project Data and Design Algorithms A summary of all the available actions in Spiral can be found in the section on the Command Reference A list of traditional and World Wide Web WWW references for further reading is given in the Reference section Finally we will be using the classical Tompkins layout example in this tutorial and the data for this project are summarized in the section on Sample Projects Steps to Be Done Before Starting A New Project Create a project directory Determine in which directory you want to save this new project It is strongly recommended that you use a separate directory for each project If necessary create this directory on your hard drive Note that some versions of the Windows operating environment allow you to create this directory from the Save As dialog box while executing the Spiral program Spiral is compatible with long file names and directory names Defining a New Project Create a new project Select the New command from the File menu or press the New button on the toolbar The New dialog window will be shown The New dialog window for this project is illustrated in Figure 2 1 Enter a project name with a maximum of 63 Chapter 2 Tutorial e 7 8 e Chapter 2 Tutorial characters Only letters digits spaces and underscores are allowed in the project name Enter the building width and building depth of the rectangular building The bu
118. open grid location adjacent to the anchor department that tied for the highest adjacency score and that is closest to the centroid of the current adjacency graph Department STO has only a relationship with department STA and thus all open grid positions adjacent to department STA are tied There are three grid position closest to the centroid of the graph and the one above the centroid is selected at random eo En cm Figure 4 16 Adjacency Graph with 3 Departments for the Autoparts Example 58 e Chapter 4 Design Algorithms Spiral User s Manual Element four is the next relationship selected from the list Department STO is in the graph department REC is not and department STO has an open adjacent grid position Deparment REC has a positive relationship with departments STA and STO and so the open grid position adjacent to both those department is the selected location for department REC pcm Oa Figure 4 17 Adjacency Graph with 4 Departments for the Parts Example Department SHI is the only remaining free department Element seven is the next selected relationship since department STA is in the graph deparment SHI is not in the graph and department STA has an open adjacent grid location All open grid positions adjacent to department STA are candidate locations Since department SHI has positive relationships only with departments STA and PAI it will be located in the open grid location adjacent to those two departments
119. ould contain only letters digits and underscore characters In the version 4 0 of Spiral or higher the name of this data field has been changed to Project Title and its size expanded and space characters are allowed However the old name of Project Name still should be used in export and import files and it should not contain any spaces Number of Departments The second item is the number of departments in this problem The minimum number of departments is one The maximum number of departments depends on the Spiral User s Manual Spiral User s Manual version of the SPIRAL program For industrial versions the limit is 255 departments For educational versions the limit is 10 departments Department File Name The third item is the name of the department data file which contains the department names codes and interdepartmental relationships respectively A path must precede the file name if it is not in the current directory or in the data path An example of a department data file is the file FURN DEP that holds the department information This file is included in the appendix and on the distribution diskette This file must be created outside the SPIRAL program with an editor capable of generating pure ASCII files Building Width The building width refers to the horizontal dimension of the building ground plan It must be in units compatible with the department areas The building always has a rectangular shape The building ar
120. p can be positive or negative in the range 32767 32767 To indicate the end of the list of non zero relationships the last line in the department data file must contain the following dummy relationship OUT OUT 0 The program will convert the asymmetric relationships to one symmetric one i e the relationships from department to department 2 and from department 2 to department 1 are added together to form a single relationship between departments 1 and 2 Corner Coordinates If a layout has been created when the file was exported or if an externally generated layout is to be imported the third section contains the coordinates of the corner points of each department Since a department has a rectangular shape each department has exactly four corner points For each department there are five lines The first line contains the number of corner points and must be equal to four The next four lines contain the x and y coordinates of the four corners of the department The coordinates can be fractional numbers The department shape based on the coordinates of its corners must be a rectangle with horizontal and vertical sides 4 2 000 0 000 6 000 0 000 6 000 3 000 2 000 3 000 Spiral User s Manual Importing Data Files from Previous Versions Spiral User s Manual The current version of the Spiral program can import data files created by the previous version 3 63 of the Spiral program with the Import command of the File Menu A pr
121. pe ratio of a department Let s be the shape ratio of a department then this relationship is given by noe un 3 4 I 24s The equivalent values for the most practical range of the shape and perimeter ratio are given in the following table Table 3 1 Equivalent Values of Shape and Perimeter Ratios for Rectangular Departments Maximum Shape Ratio The maximum shape ratio is the limit value for the shape ratio of a department before it gets penalized in the shape adjusted distance score The acceptable value of the maximum shape ratio depends on the department function so different departments can have different maximum shape ratios If the department shape ratio exceeds the maximum shape ratio then the shape adjusted distance score is the sum of the normal distance score and the excess of the department shape ratio over the maximum shape ratio multiplied by the shape penalty Let s be the shape ratio of department i let S be the maximum shape ratio of the department and let p be the shape penalty then the total shape penalty for all departments P that is added to the distance score is equal to N P Pi max 0 s S 3 5 i l Spiral User s Manual The term shape factor is also commonly used for shape ratio The acceptable value of the maximum shape ratio depends on the department function so different departments can have different maximum shape ratios Only the block exchange algorithms use the maximum shape rat
122. pe ratio then the shape adjusted distance score is the sum of the flow distance score and the department shape ratio Chapter 5 Command Reference 99 excess over the maximum shape ratio times the Shape Penalty The term shape factor is also commonly used for shape ratio The acceptable value of the maximum shape ratio depends on the department function so different departments can have different maximum shape ratios Only the block exchange algorithms use the maximum shape ratio to penalize block layouts to avoid excessively narrowly shaped departments The maximum shape ratio can also be set for all departments simultaneously with the Max Shape Ratio command of the Edit menu Shape Penalty The Shape Penalty is the factor by which the excess of the department s shape ratio over the Max Shape Ratio gets multiplied if it exceeds the maximum ratio and this product gets added to the shape adjusted distance score to avoid long narrow departments A higher shape penalty will tend to make departments more like squares A low or zero shape penalty will allow more long and narrow departments The shape penalty cannot be negative If the shape ratio of a department violates the maximum allowable shape ratio then a penalty will be added to the flow distance score of the layout Let s be the shape ratio of department i and let S be the maximum shape ratio and let p be the shape penalty then the total shape penalty for all departments P that i
123. pectively An example is given in the next table where the column header line is not part of the department data file Table 3 2 Sample Department Data Line Code Grid X Grid Y Area Layout X Layout Y Color Name SA 5 4 4 3 RED Sawing Label The facility label may be a maximum of seven letters digits and underscore characters and cannot contain any spaces Grid X and Y Coordinates The grid x and y coordinates of the department are the column and row coordinates of the department circle in the underlying hexagonal grid For a new project these coordinates must be set to zero Area The next field is the department area which must be smaller than the building area The sum all department areas must be equal to the building area which is equal to the product of building width and depth The building and department areas should be expressed in compatible units to the building width and depth i e if the building depth and width are expressed in feet then the building and department areas must be expressed in square feet Layout X and Y Origin and Size The layout x and y coordinates of the department are the column and row coordinates of the department rectangle in the rectangular block layout For a new project these coordinates must be set to zero unless the user wants to specify a given layout The y coordinate indicates the row or horizontal layer in the block layout starting with one for the bottom row and increasing for hi
124. ph has three main axes horizontal or level 60 degrees upward and 60 degrees downwards of the horizontal level The block layout construction algorithms will create a layout by putting departments in rows where the rows are parallel to the Chapter 5 Command Reference 97 building width dimension Departments whose positions in the adjacency graph are on the same axis will be placed in the same row in the block layout Exchange Improvements After the original block layout is constructed five possible improvement steps can be executed The options are none steepest descent two exchange and three exchange and annealing exchange two exchange and three exchange None does not execute an improvement step Steepest Descent exchange attempts to improve the graph in deterministic and greedy manner by attempting two or three department exchanges The exchange with the largest savings among all possible combinations of two or three departments is determined and if these savings are positive then those two or three departments are exchanged The process repeats until no further improvements can be made Two Exchange attempts to improve the layout in a steepest descent manner by attempting two department exchanges It computes the savings generated by removing two departments out of the graph and swapping their position The savings are based on a decrease in the shape adjusted distance score Three Exchange attempts to improve the graph in a steep
125. play the Save Changes dialog window and ask if you wish to save those changes discard the changes or if you wish to abort the opening of another project or the creation of new project The Save Changes dialog window is illustrated in Figure 5 2 However you can still compare two projects side by side by opening a second copy of the Spiral application itself opening the second project with this copy of Spiral and then arranging the two application windows on your desktop Open Project Shortcuts Toolbar Keys CTRL O Spiral User s Manual Chapter 5 Command Reference 65 Open Project Dialog Window Furniture spiral le Tompkins spiral le Tutorial spiral Spiral Files spiral Figure 5 4 Open Project Dialog Window Close The Close command of the File menu allows you to close the current project If the current project has been modified then the program will display the Save Changes dialog window and ask if you wish to save those changes discard the changes or if you wish to abort the closing of the current project The Save Changes dialog window is illustrated in Figure 5 2 Save The Save command of the File menu will save the current project data in the Project Data File If no file name for the current Project Data File has been defined then the Save command will execute as the Save As command Save Project Shortcuts Toolbar Keys CTRL S Save As The Save As command of the
126. processor capable of generating pure ASCII files Word processors usually insert special formatting codes into their regular document files such as page breaks which cannot be read by the SPIRAL program so special care should be taken when using a word processor to generate a pure ASCII file The project file also should not contain any blank lines Once an input file has been created it can be used repeatedly by the Spiral program Each line in the input file is associated with a single data item and contains two fields The first field is the description or name of the data item The name of the item is enclosed in square brackets and may not contain any spaces The second field is then the value of the item to be used The two fields are separated by one or more space or tab characters For example data version 20002 project name Furniture number of departments 10 department file name Furniture dep building width 10 0 building depth 7 0 number of layout rows 3 number of layout cols 4 seed 12345 tolerance 0 00010 time limit 120 0 number of iterations 20 report level 2 max shape ratio 2 5 shape penalty 500 0 Data Version The first item is the data version of the current project The data version is an integer number larger than 20000 generated by Spiral during the Export command Project Name The next item is the name of the current project This name should be a maximum of 15 characters and sh
127. pter 2 Tutorial CE tae Dea Bandom Heb Figure 2 19 Seed Dialog Creating Adjacency Graphs The Select Graph command of the Algorithms menu displays the Select Graph dialog box which lets you specify the settings for the algorithm that will create a planar hexagonal adjacency graph for the current project These algorithms are called graph algorithms You must specify three algorithm settings relationship tuple improvement step procedure and tuple and location tie breaker The Graph Algorithm Selection dialog box is shown Figure 2 20 Select the Binary Steepest Descent with Two Exchange and Centroid Seeking settings When you press OK the graph algorithm will be executed with the current settings If you press Cancel no algorithm will be executed Figure 2 20 Select a Graph Algorithm Dialog Creating Block Layouts The Select Layout command of the Algorithms menu displays the Select Block Layout Algorithm dialog window which lets you specify settings for the algorithm that will create a block layout for the current project These algorithms are called layout algorithms You must first specify two algorithm settings building orientation and exchange improvements The Select Block Layout Algorithm dialog window is shown Figure 2 21 Select the Up orientation and Steepest Descent with Two Exchanges improvement procedure The Layered space allocation procedure is the only one available at this time Because of its ex
128. r 5 Command Reference Spiral User s Manual Spiral User s Manual matrix if there are more departments than can be displayed simultaneously in the dialog window You can also move the arrow keys to move around the relationship matrix Click on any relationship and you will be able to modify that relation with the Edit Relation dialog window You can also click on the Edit button or press E or AIt E to edit the currently selected relationship which is indicated by a thin black border You can edit a relation as many times as you want and as many relations as you want When you have finished editing the relations click on OK to accept the modifications that you have made to the relations If you click on Cancel then all the modifications that you have made to the relations will be discarded and none of the relations will be modified Edit All Relations Dialog Window 24 en Nm E D olo oijololo o lo o o o olo looos5s6 o ieo o o ololo o o oi vo eo o olo lo o o ejejejejejejejej sieje eololoiloisieiioleioio Figure 5 23 Edit All Original Relations Dialog Window Building Dimensions The Building Dimensions command of the Edit menu allows you to change the dimensions of the building The Building Dimensions dialog window will be shown Click on OK to accept the modifications that you have made to the building width and depth If you click on Cancel then all t
129. r at the current time but is set to 0 001 Report Level You can control the level of detail the program will use in generating output reports and the number of pauses during algorithm execution by setting the report level The output reports are written to the Output Log file if this one has been defined The Report Level command of the Edit menu displays the Report Level dialog box which allows you to set the report level There are six levels ranging from 0 to 5 which increasingly generate more detailed reports and cause more frequent execution stops 50 e Chapter 4 Design Algorithms Spiral User s Manual Statistics Spiral User s Manual Adjacency Statistics If all departments have been located then the adjacency and efficiency of the graph are computed To score the graph the sum of all positive relationships between adjacent departments will be denoted by PA The sum of all negative relationships between non adjacent or separated departments will be denoted by NS The sum of all positive relationships between non adjacent or separated departments will be denote by PS and the sum of all negative relationships between adjacent department will be denoted by NA The adjacency A and efficiency e are then computed as A PA NA 4 14 PA NS 2 EM os 4 15 PA 4 PS NS N The efficiency has its numerator all relationships that are desirable namely positive adjacent and negative separated ones It has in the denomi
130. r possible improvement steps can be executed The options are none steepest descent exchange and annealing exchange Each exchange improvement procedure can be based either on exchanging two or three departments at a time Chapter 4 Design Algorithms e 47 None does not execute an improvement step Steepest Descent exchange attempts to improve the graph in deterministic and greedy manner by attempting two or three department exchanges The exchange with the largest savings among all possible combinations of two or three departments is determined and if these savings are positive then those two or three departments are exchanged The process repeats until no further improvements can be made Two Exchange attempts to improve the layout in a steepest descent manner by attempting two department exchanges It computes the savings generated by removing two departments out of the graph and swapping their position The savings are based on a decrease in the shape adjusted distance score Three Exchange attempts to improve the graph in a steepest descent manner by attempting three department exchanges It computes the savings generated by removing three departments out of the graph and swapping their position The savings are based on a decrease in the shape adjusted distance score Annealing Exchange attempts to improve the graph in stochastic non steepest descent manner by attempting two or three department exchanges There exists an analogy between
131. random For further information see Goetschalckx 1992 All Graphs The All Graphs command of the Algorithms menu creates a planar hexagonal adjacency graph for the current project by executing all possible combinations of graph algorithm settings and retaining the adjacency graph with the highest adjacency score In other words it runs four relationship tuple times three improvement steps times two tie breakers for a total of 24 algorithms For each combination of options the algorithm is run for the maximum number of iterations The best adjacency graph is retained and displayed at the conclusion of the algorithm Because of its extensive computations this command might take a long time to complete Graph Upper Bound The Graph Upper Bound command of the Algorithms menu computes the upper bound or maximum value of the hexagonal adjacency score for the current project 96 e Chapter 5 Command Reference Spiral User s Manual Spiral User s Manual The formulation maximizes the adjacencies between departments and between a department and the outside subject to the constraint that each department must have exactly six neighbors These neighboring departments can be the artificial outside department If a department has at least one outside department as a neighbor the relationship with the outside is satisfied and included in the objective function In the original formulation all the adjacencies are binary variables except the adjacencies w
132. re still entering and editing initial department data only the Input page of the Edit Department dialog box is relevant Change the name of department D from Screw to Drilling Since at this time no adjacency graph or block layout have been created the department data on the Continuous page is still zero The data on the Discrete page shows the number of unit squares in this department based on the current Grid Size You can change the grid size with the Grid Size command from the Edit menu Deleting a department from the project You can also completely delete a department from the project with the Delete Department by Label command from the Edit menu Saving the project Save the current version of the tutorial project by selecting the Save command from the File menu or by pressing the Save button on the toolbar Adding Department Affinities to a Project Selecting a relationship between two departments At this time we will enter all the affinities between departments or relationships to the project Select the All Relations command from the Edit menu The Select a Relation dialog will be shown which displays the relations in a two dimensional array The initial Select a Relation dialog is shown in Figure 2 11 Initially all Spiral User s Manual Spiral User s Manual relations will be zero Edit the relation between two departments by clicking on the corresponding element in the array You can also move the cursor to the desi
133. rea of the first department to 12 The maximum shape ratio has been set to its default 2 5 value and we will leave it unchanged Set the layout position to free and set the area and border color of the department to palette colors green and black respectively The Add Department dialog window for the first department is shown in Figure 2 7 If you press OK in the Add Department dialog box the department will be added to the project with its current attributes If you press Cancel the department will not be added to the project Chapter 2 Tutorial e 11 12 Chapter 2 Tutorial 000 000 Figure 2 7 Add Department Dialog for the Tutorial Project Department Data Limits The following limits apply to the department data More detailed information on project data and their limits can be found in the section on the project database description The department label can be at most seven characters long The department name can be at most 63 characters Only letters digits and underscores are allowed in the department label The label must be unique for this department in the project Only letters digits spaces and underscores are allowed in the department name The department name can contain a description of the department function The department area must be smaller than or equal to the building area and be expressed in units compatible with the building dimensions i e if the building dimensions were given in feet then the
134. red relation with the arrow keys and click the Edit button or press the Alt E key o ojojojo SlSlelelereiere ejejejejeiejei ie J 1 ejejeiejeiejeie o o jo Figure 2 11 Initial Select a Relation Dialog of the Tutorial Project Editing a relationship between two departments Edit the relation between departments A and B The Edit Relation dialog will be shown Set the relationship value to 45 The Edit Relation dialog is shown in Figure 2 12 Press the OK button to accept the new value for the relationship between departments A and B Figure 2 12 Edit Relation Dialog for the Tutorial Project Repeat this for all the non zero relationships shown in Table 2 2 The relationship values are shown in Figure 2 13 Press the OK button to accept all the changes to the relationships Chapter 2 Tutorial e 15 16 e Chapter 2 Tutorial Table 2 2 Relationship Data for the Tutorial Project Department Department Relation ummoyoOnn0uwWNUUU bPm 5 5 QOoOmmnummmonumococotcZu Figure 2 13 Select a Relation Dialog Window for the Tutorial Project Saving the project Save the current version of the tutorial project by selecting the Save command from the File menu or by pressing the Save button on the toolbar Setting Department Shape Constraints and Penalty Changing the maximum shape ratio for all departments in the project Depar
135. riginal Shortcuts Toolbar Keys CTRL ALT O Redraw The Redraw command of the Display menu redraws the currently active view immediately be it either a Graph View Layout View Notes View or Statistics View It is used primarily to remove any remaining screen artifacts created by either a zoom operation on the current view or dragging a department in the current view Redraw Shortcuts Keys CTRL R The Windows menu allows the opening closing arrangement and selection of the Graph Views the Layout Views the Notes Views and the Statistics Views In addition the windows can be tiled and cascaded in standard Windows fashion as described in the Windows User s Guide New Notes Window The New Notes View command displays a new window showing the overall aggregate project data This view can be printed to the default printer with the Print command of the File menu This window can be moved and sized to suit your taste 112 Chapter 5 Command Reference Spiral User s Manual i Tompkins spiral 1 M Project Name Tompkins Building Width 10 00 Building Depth 7 00 Number of Departments 7 Maximum Shape Ratio 2 00 Shape Penalty 500 000 Grid Size 1 000 Algorithm Initial Load Distance 1700 00 Best Distance 1700 00 Distance Penalty 0 000 Run Time 0 00 Iterations 0 Count 0 Delta Objective 1700 00 Seed 12345 Project Data File D Users mgoets Data Version 20000 Report Level
136. rinter and other printer setup options You can also copy the all views to the clipboard with the Copy command of the Edit menu and then paste the views in other Windows applications Print Shortcuts Toolbar 70 Chapter 5 Command Reference Spiral User s Manual Keys CTRL P Print Dialog Window Figure 5 9 Print Dialog Window Print Data Items The following options allow you to specify how the current view should be printed Printer This is the active printer and printer connection Choose the Setup option to change the printer and printer connection Setup Displays a Print Setup dialog window so you can select a printer and printer connection Print Range Specify the pages you want to print Spiral User s Manual Chapter 5 Command Reference e 71 Table 5 2 Print Range Options Copies Specify the number of copies you want to print for the above page range Collate Copies Prints copies in page number order instead of separated multiple copies of each page Print Quality Select the quality of the printing Generally lower quality printing takes less time to produce Print Progress Dialog The Printing dialog window is shown during the time that Spiral is sending output to the printer The page number indicates the progress of the printing To abort printing choose Cancel Print Preview Use this command to display the active view as it would appear when printed When you choose this comman
137. rmation on simulated annealing see Kirkpatrick et al 1983 and Vechi and Kirkpatrick 1983 Computational processing time increases sharply with the amount of improvement processing Space Allocation The Layered space allocation method divides the building area in strips or layers parallel to the orientation of the building All departments located on an axis of the hexagonal adjacency graph parallel to the building orientation are assigned to a single layer The algorithm then assigns department areas from left to right in each layer The Layered method has the advantage that it creates natural material handling aisles in the building 48 Chapter 4 Design Algorithms Spiral User s Manual Parameters Spiral User s Manual The Tiled space allocation method divides the building area into a set of non overlapping rectangular departments The position of the department rectangles is derived from the hexagonal adjacency graph The Tiled space allocation method recursively divides a partial building area along all possible vertical and horizontal rows and columns of the hexagonal adjacency graph and keeps the best layout generated so far The Tiled space allocation method has more flexibility than the Layered space allocation method and on the average will yield layouts with a lower distance score However the resulting layout may not have the structure that aligns departments along parallel material handling aisles For individual project
138. s and comments to the current project The Properties 68 e Chapter 5 Command Reference Spiral User s Manual Spiral User s Manual command displays the Properties dialog window for the current document You can provide additional information in this dialog window about the current project Properties Dialog Window Computer Aided Layout Example Marc Goetschalckx Tompkins J A and J M Moore 1978 E Computer Aided Layout 4 User s Guide Facilities Planning and Design Monograph IIE Norcross Georgia Figure 5 7 Properties Dialog Window Properties Data Items Application The name of the application creating this dialog window In this case Spiral You cannot change this data field Project The project title This is the only place where the title of the current project can be changed after it has been initially entered in the New Project dialog window or was imported from the Project Data file The project title can contain letters digits spaces and underscore characters Further information can be found in the Project Data section under Project Title Subject The subject of the current project Author The author of the current project Keywords A list of one or more keywords describing this project Data Version The data version of the current project You cannot change this data field It is displayed for information purposes only Chapter 5 Command Reference 69 C
139. s 36 O Open 65 Opened Windows 115 Output Log 70 P Parameters 49 Perimeter Ratio 31 Print 70 Print Preview 72 Print Setup 74 Project Data File 34 Project Name 34 Project Title 29 Properties 68 R Redraw 112 Reed 43 Relation 85 Relation with Outside 86 Relations 38 Removal 4 Report Level 30 36 50 91 RGB 12 80 125 S Save 66 Save As 66 scienmfc dll 4 126 Scientif 3 117 126 Seed 35 50 92 Spiral User s Manual Select Graph 95 Select Layout 97 Send 68 Seppanen 43 Setup 3 126 setup exe 3 126 Shape Penalty 33 36 89 Shape Ratio 31 SLP 41 126 Statistics 51 Adjacency 51 Distance 51 Status Bar 116 Synchronize Graph 104 Systematic Layout Planning 41 T Tile 115 Time Limit 35 50 93 Tolerance 35 50 Tompkins 27 52 121 Tompkins dat 121 Tompkins dep 121 Tompkins spiral 121 Toolbar 115 U Uninstall 4 V Vechi 48 View 107 Ww Win32 126 Windows 112 WWW 126 Z Zoom 111 Zoom Original 112 Zoom Previous 111 Index 129
140. s added to the flow distance score is equal to N P pi max 0 s Sj 5 2 i l The shape penalty can also be set for all departments simultaneously with the Shape Penalty command of the Edit menu Layout Parameters Dialog Window Time Page Figure 5 37 Layout Improvement Parameters Dialog Time Page For further information on the function of this dialog window see the Set layout Parameters command For a detailed explanation of the graph algorithm parameters see the Layout Parameters Time Page Data Items 100 Chapter 5 Command Reference Spiral User s Manual Spiral User s Manual Layout Parameters Data Items Time Page Time Limit The maximum time limit is the maximum amount of time a single algorithm is allowed to execute The time limit is expressed in seconds The Time Limit can also be set with the Time Limit command of the Edit menu Layout Parameters Dialog Window Annealing Page Figure 5 38 Layout Improvement Parameters Dialog Annealing Page For further information on the function of this dialog window see the Set layout Parameters command For a detailed explanation of the graph algorithm parameters see the Layout Parameters Annealing Page Data Items Layout Parameters Data Items Annealing Page Replications The layout improvement algorithms based on simulated annealing select random pair of departments to be tested for possible exchange Different replications of the same algorithm
141. s than the Layered method it requires substantially longer computation times It therefore can be disabled during the execution of all layout algorithm combinations All Graphs and Layouts The All Graphs and Layouts command of the Algorithms menu creates a planar hexagonal adjacency graph for the current project by executing all possible combinations of graph algorithm settings In other words its runs four relationship tuples times three improvement steps times two tie breakers for a total of 24 algorithms For each combination of settings the algorithm is run for the maximum number of iterations For each combination of graph algorithm settings all possible combinations of block layout algorithm settings are executed In other words its runs three side orientations times five improvement steps time two space allocation methods for a total of 30 algorithms The total number of combo algorithms is then 24 times 30 or 720 algorithms The block layout with the lowest shape adjusted distance score is retained and displayed at the conclusion Because of the extensive computations this command will take a very long time to complete The Tiled space allocation method is especially computation time intensive and its execution can be disabled with the Execute All Graph and Layouts dialog window which is illustrated below When you press Yes all possible combinations of graph and layout algorithms will be executed If you press No no algorithm will be exe
142. s that you made to the grid size will be discarded and the grid size will not be modified Grid Size Dialog Window Figure 5 27 Grid Size Dialog Window 90 e Chapter 5 Command Reference Spiral User s Manual Spiral User s Manual Report Level The Report Level command of the Edit menu displays the Report Level dialog window which allows you to set the level of detail written to the Output Log file and the number of pauses during algorithm execution There are six levels ranging from O to 5 which generate increasingly more detailed output and algorithm pauses Click on OK to accept the modifications that you have made to the report level If you click on Cancel then all the modifications that you made to the report level will be discarded and the report level will not be modified Report Level Dialog Window x ol s L Lu d oce me Figure 5 28 Report Level Dialog Window Report Level Data Items Levels of Detail There are six levels of detail and pauses for reporting 0 NONE generates no output per algorithm and does not halt the algorithm execution This level is used when maximum execution speed and minimal reporting is desired 1 DATABASE generates one line of strictly numerical output per algorithm No titles or headers are included This level is primarily used to create a data base file which can then be manipulated in a spreadsheet or statistical analysis program 2 SUMMARY displays the tot
143. t of the current project The display options for the new view are the standard options You can then modify these options in the normal fashion described under the Display menu Each View window can be moved and sized to suit your taste Tompkins spiral 4 Figure 5 52 Layout View 114 Chapter 5 Command Reference Spiral User s Manual For further information on the function of this dialog window see the New Layout Window command Cascade This command cascades or arranges all child views in an overlapping manner with the currently active child view on top Tile This command tiles or arranges all child views in a non overlapping manner attempting to make each view window the same size Arrange Icons This command arranges all icons of child views that have been minimized at the bottom of the Spiral window Opened Windows You can activate any of the opened view windows by clicking on its name in the Window menu or by clicking anywhere in the window area When you activate a window it displayed on top of all other child view windows Toolbar This command toggles the display of the toolbar of the Spiral program The toolbar contains short cut buttons to the most commonly used commands When the mouse point is held immobile for a short time on any button of the toolbar a tool tip which gives the buttons functions will be displayed Dekt GEROHE D 9 DED Ph Figure 5 53 Spiral Toolbar The toolbar is dockabl
144. t a good adjacency graph or block layout will be constructed Of course more replications require more computation time Time Limit The maximum time limit is the maximum amount of time a single algorithm is allowed to execute The time limit is expressed in seconds Click on OK to accept Chapter 5 Command Reference 93 the modifications that you have made to the time limit If you click on Cancel then all the modifications that you made to the time limit will be discarded and the time limit will not be modified If an algorithms exceeds the time limit then you will asked either to abort or continue the algorithm with the Time Expiration dialog window At that time you have also the option to set a new time limit Time Limit Dialog Window ok emen pem Figure 5 32 Time Limit Dialog Window Time Limit Data Items Currently the time limit is only used to terminate the two three and annealing exchange algorithms if they have exceeded the time limit after one complete iteration i e after all possible two or three exchanges have been tested or when the annealing temperature is decreased So it is possible that the execution time of the improvement algorithm is actually larger than the time limit specified The time limit is also used to terminate combination algorithms such as All Graph All Layout and All Graph and Layout Algorithms if the combination algorithm has exceeded the time limit after a component algor
145. t project Because the Tiled method examines many more alternatives than the Layered method it requires substantially longer computation times It therefore can be disabled during the execution of all graph and layout algorithm combinations Synchronize Graph The Synchronize Graph command of the Algorithms menu creates a new hexagonal adjacency graph based on the current block layout During normal operation the block layout is created based on the current hexagonal adjacency graph The improvement procedures of the block layout algorithms may rearrange the departments in the block layout However the location of the department nodes in the adjacency graph has not changed If you want to perform some sensitivity analysis based on the current layout you first must rearrange the graph to correspond to the layout since sensitivity analysis uses the graph This command will synchronize the graph with the location of the departments in the block layout You can then further manipulate the graph interactively Evaluate The Evaluate command computes the adjacency score of the adjacency graph or the shape adjusted distance score and adjacency score of the block layout if these have been created It displays the distance score without shape penalty called the flow distance score for the block layout in the Delta Objective field The results are displayed in the Notes and Statistics views This command is most frequently used after you have edited int
146. tensive computations this command might take a long time to complete When you press OK the block layout algorithm will be executed with the current settings If you press Cancel then no algorithm will be executed Spiral User s Manual Spiral User s Manual Figure 2 21 Select a Layout Algorithm Dialog Sensitivity Analysis and Evaluating Graphs and Layouts Evaluating the current layout or graph You manual modify the data with the Department and Relation commands To evaluate the impact of you changes you use the Evaluate command of the Algorithms menu The Evaluate command computes the adjacency score of the adjacency graph and the distance score and adjacency score of the block layout if these have been created It displays the distance score without shape penalty called the flow distance score for the block layout in the Delta Objective field The results are displayed in the Notes and Statistics views The Evaluate command is most frequently used after you have edited interactively the relationships after you have dragged a department in the adjacency graph to a new location The Evaluate command does not create a new graph or block layout but rather computes the cost of the current graph and layout based on the current relationship values The command also displays in a dialog window the total distance score the flow distance score and the total shape penalty for the current layout It also displays for each department the a
147. the optimization method of simulated annealing and the laws of thermodynamics specifically with the way in which liquids freeze and crystallize or metals cool and anneal The algorithm computes the savings generated by removing three departments out of the graph and swapping their position The savings are denoted by S The savings are based on a decrease in the shape adjusted distance score The three departments are chosen at random If the savings are positive then the exchange is made If the savings are negative i e the distance score after the exchange is higher then the exchange can still be made with a certain probability depending on the how long the simulated annealing algorithm has been executing This time by convention is called the temperature of the annealing process and is denoted by 7 The probability of an exchange based on savings S denoted by P S is then computed as P SIS gt 0 1 4 13 P SIS lt 0 e5 T During the algorithm execution the temperature T is systematically reduced This allows early on exchanges with large negative savings As the temperature is lowered the number of such exchanges and the size of the allowed negative savings are gradually reduced The objective of these non improving exchanges is to avoid a steepest descent into a local minimum The process repeats until no further improvements can be made For further information on two and three exchanges see Goetschalckx 1992 For further info
148. tments and between a department and the outside 4 2 subject to the constraint that each department must have exactly six neighbors 4 3 These neighboring departments can be the artificial outside department If a department has at least one outside department as a neighbor the relationship with the outside is satisfied and included in the objective function 4 4 and 4 5 All the adjacencies are binary variables except the adjacencies with the outside department which are linear 4 6 4 7 and 4 8 The value of the formulation lies in the fact that it provides bound on the optimal solution quality and on the maximum deviation of the heuristic solutions The value returned by the algorithm in SPIRAL is the solution of the linear relaxation of the above formulation In a linear relaxation all variables that originally were restricted to be either zero or one now can take any value between zero and one In other words s t 0E xj lt 1 i 1 N Lj itl N 4 11 46 e Chapter 4 Design Algorithms Spiral User s Manual 0 y lt 1 i 1 N 4 12 To Create a Hexagonal Adjacency Graph If you want to execute a single graph algorithm select the Select Graph command If you want to execute all graph algorithms in sequence and retain the graph with the highest adjacency score select the All Graphs command Because of its extensive computations this last command might take a long time to complete To Compute an Upper Bound on the Graph Adjacency
149. tments with long and narrow shapes are often not acceptable in layouts The shape ratio of a department is the length to depth ratio of the smallest rectangle completely enclosing the department While each department has its own maximum Spiral User s Manual Spiral User s Manual shape ratio depending on its function we can specify the maximum allowable shape ratio for all the departments in this particular project with a single command Select the Max Shape Ratio command from the Edit menu The Edit Maximum Shape Ratio dialog will be shown This dialog is illustrated in Figure 2 14 Set the maximum value to two Press Ok to accept the new value When maximum shape ratio is changed with the Max Shape Ratio command of the Edit menu the maximum shape ratio of all current departments and the default maximum shape ratio for all future departments is also set to this value Use the Department command to change the maximum shape ratio for individual departments The perimeter ratio is the ratio of the current perimeter length of a department divided by the perimeter length of a square department with the same area For rectangular departments there exists a one to one correspondence between the shape ratio and the perimeter ratio The perimeter ratio is an output only variable and you cannot set it Ces Dem Hee Figure 2 14 Edit Maximum Shape Ratio Dialog for the Tutorial Department Setting the shape penalty for all departments
150. ull unary binary and ternary The departments then enter the graph by decreasing adjusted relationship The null tuple indicates that the next department will be chosen at random without any regard to its relationships with other departments The unary adjusted relationship sums the relationships of a department with all other departments The binary adjusted relationship is the relationship between the current department and one other department The ternary adjusted relationship is the relationship between the current department and two other departments Next the relationships with the outside are incorporated A department with a high positive spiral relationships will tend to be located early on in the procedure and hence on the inside of the graph Similarly a department with a small positive or a negative spiral relationship will tend to be located late and hence towards the perimeter of the graph To incorporate the relationships with the outside in a consistent manner each spiral relationship is adjusted by subtracting the relationship of the departments in the tuple with the outside For example the adjusted unary binary and ternary spiral relationship denoted by the subscript adj are computed from the original relationships in the relationship matrix denoted by the subscript orig as M adj i Forig i J forig 0 4 1 j l Tadj i j F Forig i j m Forig i 0 E Forig J 0 4 2 Tadj i j k Torig G Torig
151. ween pairs of departments The more positive the element in the matrix the stronger two departments interact and in general the closer to each other they should be located The more negative the relationship the stronger two departments are incompatible with each other and in general the farther apart they should be located Chapter 4 Design Algorithms e 41 A relationship diagram is a spatial arrangement of the departments to represent the relationship data in a graphical way This diagram is also called an adjacency graph When the space requirements for the departments are added to this relationship diagram then a space relationship diagram has been constructed Finally any number of other considerations and constraints that are not captured in the relationship data or the space data can be incorporated in the space relationship diagram to generate a layout alternative Hence the spatial relationship diagram is not a layout because it does not incorporate other considerations such as building shape and area and department shape constraints Model and Algorithm Classification and Hierarchy The theoretical layout models and their solution algorithms can be classified and organized based upon the properties shown in Figure 4 2 Graph based models generate an adjacency graph while area based models generate a conceptual block layout Primal models maintain a feasible solution while attempting to obtain an optimal solution Dual models ma
152. xecution of the various algorithms Not all algorithms use all parameters Maximum Replications The graph algorithms create random adjacency graphs when breaking ties for the location of department nodes in the adjacency graphs When graph algorithms are executed again with a different seed a different graph might be generated The layout improvement algorithms based on simulated annealing select random pairs of departments to be tested for possible exchange Different replications of the same algorithm can thus provide different adjacency graphs or block layouts The higher the number of replications the more likely a high quality block layout will be constructed But this comes at an increase in computation time You can set the maximum number of replications the graph algorithm executes with the Max Replications command of the Edit menu Chapter 4 Design Algorithms e 49 Seed Several design algorithms use random numbers to make arbitrary decisions The graph algorithms use random numbers to break ties in locating department nodes in the adjacency graph The layout improvement algorithms based on simulated annealing use random numbers to select the next two departments to be tested for a possible exchange The sequence of random numbers is determined by its starting point called the seed An algorithm will always produce the same results if you select the same algorithm options and set the same random number seed You can set the r

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