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1. e Measurement point 2 z Measurement point 3 e Measurement point 4 Analyzer PQM 701 S N 960036 Status Connected Fig 20 Current measurement settings 5 2 5 Power and energy The configuration part relating to the power and energy settings has three tabs Power Additional and Energy Note These tabs are not available if the current measurement was disabled in the main measurement point configuration by selecting the None option in the Clamps type list Power The Power tab is shown in Fig 38 Similarly to voltage and current the user can set recoding of average minimum maximum and instantaneous values The parameters which can be recorded include e active power reactive power apparent power distortion power nonfundamental apparent power 5 Analyzer configuration Event recording can be set for each power type Two thresholds can be set for each power type minimum and maximum exceeding of which will be detected by the analyzer The settings range is 0 0 999 9 W kW MW for active power 0 0 999 9 var kvar Mvar for reactive power 0 0 999 9 VA KVA MVA for apparent power 0 0 999 9 var kvar Mvar for distortion power Reactive power calculation methods are given in the bottom of the screen The User can choose from between two options e according to recommendations of IEEE 1459 2000 standard e according to Budeanu s power theory This option has been added due
2. amp Measurement point 1 e Measurement point 2 amp Measurement point 3 e Measurement point 4 aie File Analyzer Options Help 5 x e Rises ea ll Sw P a Basic Additional RE Frequency ua Analyzer settings All Min Avg Max Inst ia Min 48 00 iw z a ga Measurement point 1 F Max 52 00 s Crest factor LG EN 50160 3 All Min Avg Max Inst Donni Min gt 1 00 y Voltage Fa sa Max 2 50 iei p symmetrical components id ja po 7 Log events Max 210 0 F Power and energy m Flicker LJ Harmonics V Short term flicker severity Pst IV Log events Max 10 ga Measurement point 2__ V Long term flicker severity Plt 9 Log events Max 10 Send Receive Analyzer E Analyzer settings 56 Analyzer PQM 701 S N 960036 Fig 19 Additional voltage measurement settings Status Connected 5 Analyzer configuration 5 2 4 Current Current recording setting screen is shown in Fig 37 Note This tab is not available if the current measurement was disabled in the main measurement point configuration by selecting the None option in the Clamps type list The following elements are grouped here e recording RMS current e list of averaging times to determine minimum and maximum just like in case of voltage the available times are 72 period period 1 3 and 5 seconds e recording current crest factor e recording unbalance factors and current symme
3. cccccccccceccsesccusccueccuscauessuensuensuensansuensnessecsesesunsaunses 124 10 8 3 Harmonics characteristics in three phase systemS 2 aueaaaaaiansaznnca 124 10 8 4 Estimating the uncertainty of power and energy measurementS 11 125 10 8 5 Harmonic components measuring method es eeesaee aaa ee aaaaeaanaazanaazaneaa 128 10 8 6 BAD osika kin sind Neues wie E AE amas ED a caer dre OOBE SA 129 10 8 7 Gl Gre 0 6 ZN 129 10 9 ONO QIANCE tease er cseesrectestiesalsses cer AD EA ANUE EER a PO O tee toa 130 TOTO Even OCKOCH OM iar RO PR iin a i A N 132 10 11 Detection of voltage dip Swell and interruption eeaaaaaaaaaaaaawaaaazasana 133 10 12 Averaging the measurement reSultS e aeeaaaa aaa aa aanaazaaazanaaazaazzazza 135 10 13 Frequency measurement eezaae aaa ae aaa aaa zana zaza aa aaazaaazaza zakaz zazkzGazazG AE 137 11 Calculation formulas esszeaaamaaan ane anna anaaanaaanawanawanawanawzEGA I 138 11 1 One phase Systerni re a AE ak Joao nd Er oe 138 Tice SPIN PHASE SSE IE ORA A AAA A EG 141 11 3 Three phase WYCWIININzo canin EO A EO AED 142 11 4 Three phase delta and wye without N eesaaawa anna a aaa aaazanaazananazaasaca 144 11 5 Method of averaging parameter sesasaaa aaa zana aa azanaaazaaaaaazazasaz ia 146 12 Technical specification msaeaaaeaaae zane a
4. cos 11 cos 10 and the measurement uncertainty is 0 52 0 322 0 59 The above calculations do not take into account additional errors caused by used clamps and transducers Son 100 1 0 32 100 aA A A A A A AEEA N AR 6 90 9 60 80 j p 50 70 ee EEE O ee eee er GUE AE IPE EEE ETETE EEEE EEEE fOr ESETET p 40 40 gt 20 30 10 20 SS Se oO iiawe a ERE se Cea fdd do czzcowkiczy EEE E pee a Poavesogedesas M ESC 2 p 0 10 O TO fie 000000000 Ag 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Fig 86 Additional uncertainty from phase error depending on phase shift angle 127 PQM 701 Operating manual 10 8 5 Harmonic components measuring method The harmonics are measured according to the recommendations given in the IEC 61000 4 7 standard The standard specifies the measuring method for individual harmonic components The whole process comprises a few stages e synchronous sampling 10 12 periods e Fast Fourier Transform FFT e grouping Fast Fourier Transform is performed on the 10 12 period measuring window about 200ms As a result of FFT we receive a set of spectral lines from the OHz frequency DC to the 50 harmonics about 2 5kHz for 50Hz or 3kHz for 60Hz The distance between successive spectral lines depends directly on the determined length of measuring window and is about 5Hz As the PQM 701 analyzer collects 256 samples per period the total number of samples
5. Ey Analyzer settings e Measurement point 1 U e Measurement point 2 e Measurement point 3 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 Unit 2 3 5 6 U 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 3 0 14 5 0 5 9 5 0 5 5 5 0 5 e Measurement point 4 Analyzer PQM 701 S N 960036 Status Connected Fig 24 Basic harmonics settings Additional The Additional tab includes the following parameters e K factor the user can activate the recording and event detection when the threshold is exceeded The threshold is settable in the 0 0 50 0 range with 0 1 increment e Angles between voltage and current harmonics the user can activate the recording the angles are recorded for the 1 50 harmonics e Harmonics active power cyclical recording of active power for the 1 50 harmonics Harmonics reactive power cyclical recording of reactive power for the 1 50 harmonics e THD calculation method from first 40 or 50 harmonics 63 PQM 701 Operating manual H f SONEL Analysis 1 0 45 Settings gt File Analyzer Options Help x Ped Wu ee ah Sy wl Local Sa Weasic VE Additional ES anaye Sec Analyzer settings Min au Max Ins z i 9 w Min i sj Inst 7 Log events Max gt 10 0 s Measurement point 1 Phase angles between voltage and current harmonics All Min Avg Max Inst G EN 50160 Fa m Harmonics active p
6. e weight lt 1 3A gt 65dB A V 50 400Hz double according to IEC 61010 1 III 600V IP30 9V battery 6LR61 6LF22 NEDA 1604 about 120h 237 x 97 x 44mm about 520g 13 Equipment e maximum measured conductor diameter 039mm e clamp lead length 1 5m e operating temperature 10 C 55 C e humidity lt 85 RH e height lt 2000m e electromagnetic compatibility IEC 61000 6 3 2008 IEC 61000 6 2 2008 13 2 3 C 6 clamp The C 6 is used to measure the alternating current with frequencies up to 10kHz in the 10mA 10A range The output signal is voltage proportional to the measured current with the 100mV A sensitivity The output signal is supplied by a 1 5 meter lead with a pin adapted for the socket in the meter The arrow located on one of the jaws indicates the current flow direction It is assumed that the Fig 57 C 6 clamp current is flowing in the positive direction if it is flowing from the source to the receiver Such clamp orientation is required for a correct power measurement Warning Do not use the device on non insulated conductors with a potential of more than 600 V in relation to the earth and a measurement category greater than III e Reference conditions e Temperature 20 26 C e Relative humidity 20 75 e Conductor position conductor centered in jaws e Sinusoidal current frequency 48 65Hz e Harmonics content lt 1 e Current DC component none e Contin
7. m s v Ops Typi 8 Value duration Start End Duration Extreme value Average value Threshold Wavefc Interruptions Wavef 7 2221 ICF gt max a ATAMA 10 05 05 12 11 32 887 2010 05 05 12 11 33 087 0 1995 2 143 2 143 2 000 A v Current J Voltage rest factor 2222 1 gt max B 2010 05 05 12 11 32 977 2010 05 05 12 11 33 587 0 6095 23 06 A 22 86 A 20 00 A F 7 Curent crest factor 2223 Wawel 2010 05 05 12 11 33 057 2010 05 05 12 11 34 516 233 0 V 232 7 V 2330 V i v Frequency 7 PowerP 2224 P gt max 3 2010 05 05 12 11 33 087 2010 05 05 12 11 33 487 0 399s 5 162 kW 5 120 kw 5 000 kw i 4 v Power Q 2225 ICF gt max u2 2010 05 05 12 11 33 287 2010 05 05 12 11 33 487 0 1995 2 055 2 055 2 000 A J Power S powerD 2226 Harmonics voltage no 17 L2 2010 05 05 12 11 33 287 2010 05 05 12 11 33 487 0 1995 0 102 0 102 0 1000 4 v cosp 2227 Harmonics voltage no 19 L3 2010 05 05 12 11 33 287 2010 05 05 12 11 33 487 0 1995 0 100 0 100 0 1000 V P fact ei 2228 ICF gt max 2010 05 05 12 11 33 287 2010 05 05 12 11 33 687 _ 0 3995 2 214 2188 2 000 A 2 2 mon z 4 mt Analyzer S N Status Disconnected Fig 45 Event window for User s recording Check event with waveform to activate the Waveform plot Select this plot or double click in the event row to open the event waveform plot window including the graph showing semi periodic rms values RMS Fig 64 The Open in a new window option has the same functionality as in the d
8. 5 for IRs gt 1 liom 148 12 Technical specification Range and conditions Basic uncertainty f 40 70Hz 0 01Hz 0 01Hz 10 Unom lt Urms lt 120 Unom Harmonics __ Range and conditions __ Resolution __ Basic uncertainty DC 1 50 grouping harmonic subgroups acc to IEC 61000 4 7 Amplitude Urms 0 120 Unom 0 01 Unom 0 05 Unom if m v lt 1 Unom 5 of m v if m v 2 1 Unom acc to IEC 61000 4 7 class I Amplitude lrus depending on clamp 0 01 lhom 0 15 lhom If m V lt 3 Inom used see lRus 5 of m v if m v 2 3 lnom specification acc to IEC 61000 4 7 class I n 2 50 for Urms 2 1 Unom current THD R 0 0 100 0 0 1 n 2 50 for lpys Z 1 lnom for IRMS 21 liom Phase angle voltage 180 180 Phase angle current _ 180 180 Basic uncertainty Harmonics active and 80 Unom lt Urms lt 120 Unom depending on gt p a reactive power 5 hon 2 lee kas Unom and Inom gn Of Opn where dun Basic uncertainty of voltage harmonic amplitude measurement din Basic uncertainty of current harmonic amplitude measurement Oph Basic uncertainty of phase measurement between voltage and current harmonics 1 see section 10 8 4 Conditions Power and energy for power and energy Resolution Basic uncertainty 80 Unom Urms lt 120 Unom Active power 1 lnom lt Irus lt 5 Inom depending on 2 Active energy cose 1 Unom and Inom 1 07
9. CARD Absence of SD card or card damaged Measurements are blocked CODE Enter the key lock code to unlock Installation error i e switched two phases wrong polarization of current clamp etc which can cause incorrect measurements incorrect phasor ERR long audio signal diagram The LED s corresponding to phases with potential error are on This error does not block the measurements it only warns about possible incorrect recording Internal analyzer error If the error persists after rebooting contact the Sonel S A service department Open fuse detected PQM 701 only Replace with the same rated fuse Displaying the firmware after switching the analyzer on here version 1 00 es O ee cP O SD card formatting user to confirm the formatting by pressing the START STOP button No space on the SD card has been allocated to a given measurement point LIVE it is only possible to measure the instantaneous data and view them in the PC application according to the saved configuration LOGG Recording in progress Inactive connection with PC After switch on the instrument has detected full memory in the active measurement point Measurements are blocked To change the measurement point press P1 4 PC Active connection with the PC s SONEL Analysis software Enter the PIN code to get access to the SD card from another analyzer po PIN Attempt to restore the data after the SD card has been removed during the reco
10. Instalator programu Sonel Analiza Instalacja Prosz czeka podczas gdy Sonel Analiza jest instalowany Rozpakuj QtGui4 dll wm Folder wyj ciowy C Program Files SONEL Sonel Analiza Rozpakuj sonelAnalysis exe 100 Rozpakuj glut32 dll Rozpakuj libgcc_s_sjlj 1 dll Rozpakuj libsglite 3 0 dll Rozpakuj license tet Rozpakuj mingwm 10 dll Rozpakuj QtCLucene4 dll Rozpakuj QtCore4 dll Rozpakuj OtGui4 dll Nullsoft Install System v2 46 Anuluj Fig 15 Installation of the program 31 PQM 701 Operating manual In the final part the program installs the drivers if the user has chosen this option Depending on the operating system the installation wizard may look slightly different than the one shown in the presented screen shots After the installation wizard for drivers is displayed follow the on screen instructions For Windows XP select Install the software automatically recommended For Windows Vista and Windows 7 just select Next gt and after installation is completed close the wizard by clicking Finish button Fig 16 Fig 17 Kreator instalacji sterownik w urz dze Kreator instalacji sterownik w urz dze Zapraszamy Ten kreator ulatwia instalacj sterownik w oprogramowania potrzebnych do pracy niekt rych urz dze komputera Aby kontynuowa kliknij przycisk Dalej Fig 16 Installer installation wizard for drivers Kreator instalacj
11. coil diameter closing unit diameter maximum coil circumference internal coil diameter closed clamp weight e clamp lead length e operating temperature e electromagnetic compatibility 0 5 max 0 07 30Q 400mm double according to IEC 61010 1 III 1000V IP65 15 5mm 30mm F 1 120cm F 2 80cm F 3 45cm F 1 360mm F 2 235mm F 3 120mm F 1 about 410g F 2 about 310g F 3 about 220g 2m 20 C 80 C IEC 61000 6 3 2008 IEC 61000 6 2 2008 14 Other information 14 Other information 14 1 Cleaning and maintenance Note Use only the maintenance methods presented by the manufacturer in this manual Clean the analyzer casing with a wet cloth using generally available detergents Do not use any solvents and cleaning media which could scratch the casing powder paste etc Clean the leads can with water and detergents then wipe dry The analyzer electronic system is maintenance free 14 2 Storage When storing the device observe the following recommendations e disconnect all leads from the analyzer e thoroughly clean the analyzer and all accessories e recharge the battery from time to time to prevent total discharging 14 3 Dismantling and disposal Used electric and electronic equipment should be collected selectively i e not placed with other types of waste Used electronic equipment shall be sent to the collection point according to the Used Electric and Electron
12. 2eeeaaaa aaa zana aazaaaa aa zanaaaazanaaazzazaza ian 20 2 3 1 MEASULOMICNO PONTS oie a ee ane ses a aed pe sid A AOC 20 2 3 2 Triggering and stopping the rOCOLING cccsccscsssscssccseccnsescseusenseseusesseesssuseneees 20 2 3 3 Approximate recording tine e se aaa e aaa a aiaa aeisi aaa aaa rzez aa 21 2 4 SEVIOCK zasad E A rwa Ro a POM O AO A D W O EA 22 2 5 SIEED MOJE ae ara Z A Zna zaa de aoc e P Pei ORW 22 2 6 Indication of connection error eaaaaeaaaaa aaa aa anawa zana a aaaaaazawaazazaazazazazzaza na 22 2 7 Automalic SWICh OPTUNCHOM sser O dA AE 23 3 Measuring CITCUUS oniinn OJO CEE dO Ua OOO eee 24 4 SONEL Analysis software esszeesanenaanenanewzawzazawaazawzanaczzi0a 29 4 1 Minimum hardware requirements s eaaae aaa e aaaa aaa wa aanaazaaazawaazaaziaz za 29 4 2 Software installation e uau aaa aaa aaa a aaa waza naa aaaaaaaaaaazazaazazaaaazazazaazazazaaizaca 29 4 3 Launching Reprod aN aaaea A AE dA oai Ai a i 33 4 4 Selecting theanalyzer aoi A o OO anita tae ae ee 39 5 Analyzer configuration wawa ncocddoiwbaww wzysd wod wywi s w aiian 39 5 1 Analyzer SOULS a aaciada ia obtain Oki OBO WE AE 41 5 2 Measurement point configuration eesazaaa aa aaa zaa a zaawan azazaaaazazazaazkaz aiz 42 5 2 1 General SeUNGS rinie e i Aa Adriatic a heat bed A A Sas 42 9 2 2 Settings according to EN 50160 eazaza aaa nitate naiera
13. Examples are active power reactive power and power factor As the event detection threshold can only be positive in order to ensure correct detection for above mentioned parameters the analyzer compares with the threshold their absolute values U f U2 P Pit ip S F Q 132 10 Power quality a guide Example Event threshold for active power has been set at 10kW If the load has a generator character the active power with correct connection of clamps will be a negative value If the measured absolute value exceeds the threshold i e 10kW for example 11kW an event will be recorded exceeding of the maximum active power Two parameter types RMS voltage and RMS current can generate events for which the user can also have the waveforms record The analyzer records the waveforms of active channels voltage and current at the event start and end In both cases six periods are recorded two before the start end of the event and four after start end of the event The waveforms are recorded in an 8 bit format with 256 samples per period The event information is recorded at its end In some cases it may happen that event is active when the recording is stopped i e the voltage dip continues Information about such event is also recorded but with the following changes e no event end time e extreme value is only for the period until the stop of recording e average value is not given e only the beginnin
14. Interruptions 4 Harmonics x Short term term interruption threshold aii 4 Threshold E Measurement point2__ 7 Log waveforms 180 00 s a ER send EG receve El 9900 Un and energy Analyzer GRY Analyzer settings e Measurement point 1 i Warning amp Measurement point 2 T Waveforms occupy lots of space and i i may cause SD card filling up within amp Measurement point 3 less than a week e Measurement point 4 S N Status Disconnected Analyzer Fig 17 Recording acc to EN 50160 event settings 51 PQM 701 Operating manual Notes e Voltage dip cannot be set lower than interruption e Nominal voltage value is taken from measurement point main settings mains system nominal values e Waveforms take up relatively a lot of space on memory card which may cause that the space allocated to a measurement point is used up prematurely User s configuration In addition to the EN 50160 compliant recording the analyzer has also a much more flexible user s recording option In this mode it is possible to define precisely which parameters are to be recorded what must trigger event detection what the averaging time should be etc In contrast to EN 50160 compliant recording where only a few mains parameters have been defined the user mode gives much more flexibility It has four branches of measurement point configuration Voltage Current Power
15. P2 Fa Measurement point2 13 5 Send Analyzer RF EJ Analyzer settings P3 zj Measurement point 1 18 8 e Measurement point 2 ye Measurement point memory allocation e Measurement point 3 Total 971 7MB _ Available 971 7MB Free 0 0 MB Measurement e Measurement point 4 point y allocation Point 1 U 46 2 448 9 971 7 MB Point 2 P 13 5 131 2 971 7 MB Point 3 fel 18 8 182 7 971 7 MB Point 4 fe 21 5 208 9 971 7 MB Analyzer PQM 701 S N 960001 Status Connected Fig 12 Memory allocation window 5 2 Measurement point configuration To drop down the measurement point tree click once on the square with the or gt sign or double click on a given measurement point When a given memory point is highlighted by single clicking the main data settings related to such point appear in the right hand part of the screen After dropping down of a given measurement point the following list will be displayed EN 50160 settings for the EN 50160 compliant recording Voltage setting the voltage related parameters Current setting the current related parameters Power and energy power and energy parameters Harmonics harmonics parameters Below please find the description of the main settings screen and then of given fields 5 2 1 General settings The measurement point main settings screen is shown in Fig 30 It has a
16. in a one phase system the apparent power is equal to active power in terms of value and reactive power equals zero so such load fully uses the energy potential of the source and the power factor is 1 Appearance of reactive component inevitably leads to reduction of energy transmission effectiveness the active power is then less than apparent power and the reactive power is increasing In three phase systems the power factor reduction is also influenced by receiver unbalance see discussion on reactive power In such systems correct power factor value is obtained using the effective apparent power Se that is the value defined among others in the IEEE 1459 2000 standard The PQM 701 analyzer calculates these factors in the manner described above 10 8 Harmonics Decomposition of periodic signal into harmonic components is a very popular mathematical operation based on Fourier s theorem which says that any periodic signal can be represented as a sum of sinusoidal components with frequencies equal to multiples of basic frequency of such signal Time domain signal can be subjected to Fast Fourier Transform FTT to receive 121 PQM 701 Operating manual amplitudes and phases of harmonic components in the frequency domain In a perfect situation voltage is generated in a generator which at output gives a pure sinusoidal 50 60 Hz waveform absence of any higher harmonics If the receiver is a linear system then also current in su
17. the active energy which is measured by electric energy meters in each household Basic formula to calculate the active power is as follows t T P u t i t dt t where u t instantaneous voltage value i t instantaneous current value T period for which the power is calculated In sinusoidal systems the active power can be calculated as P Ulcosg where U is RMS voltage is RMS current and w is the phase shift angle between the voltage and the current The PQM 701 analyzer calculates the active power directly from the integral formula using sampled voltage and current waveforms M 1 P gt U l i 1 where M is a number of samples in the 10 12 period measuring window 2560 for the 50Hz and 3072 for the 60Hz system U and l are successive voltage and current samples 10 7 2 Reactive power The most popular formula for reactive power is also correct only for one phase circuits with sinusoidal voltage and current waveforms Q Ulsing Interpretation of this power in such systems is as follows it is an amplitude of AC component of instantaneous power on the source terminals Existence of a non zero value of this power indicates a bidirectional and oscillating energy flow between the source and the receiver Let us imagine a one phase system with sinusoidal voltage source which load is a RC circuit As under such conditions the elements behavior is linear the source current waveform will be sin
18. 0 with 0 1 increment for current e Harmonics here the user decides to activate the recording of harmonic amplitudes and about event detection The event detection thresholds are settable independently for each harmonic from the 2 to the 50 order The setting method is identical as for the harmonics setting according to EN 50160 see description in section 5 2 2 There is also an additional option of selecting the units of harmonics levels in absolute units volts or amperes or in percent The event threshold adjustment range is as follows 62 5 Analyzer configuration e For voltage harmonics in volts 0 0 Unom with 0 1V increment in percent 0 0 100 0 with 0 1 increment e For current harmonics in amperes 0 0 Inom with 0 1A increment in percent 0 0 200 0 with 0 1 increment Note THD harmonics level in percent is referenced to the fundamental component r gt SONEL Analysis 1 0 29 Settings J gt E PF File Analyzer Options Help x e Buses a Se ll Z W me Local W Basic JA Additional R Harmonics GY Analyzer settings settings for am e S Y a ga Measurement point 1 THD U G EN 50160 Ava 7 Log events Max 216 0 y Voltage Voltage harmonics amplitudes All Min Avg Max Inst M cow P omn EWG Harmonics amplitudes limits relative to the fundamental E Power and energy Harmonics Measurement point2 R sea reene Analyzer RE
19. 05 5 laom lt Irys lt Ria gt la REJA 5 Inom Irms lt 10 lnom io 0 5 a i 1 25 5h 7 10 liom lt IRMS lt lhom sing 0 5 1 0 65 o 149 PQM 701 Operating manual 10 liom lt IRMS lt lhom 2 Apparent power 2 Inom Iams lt 5 lnom depending on Apparent energy 5 Inom lewis lnom Unom and Inom Power factor PF 0 1 0 01 0 03 50 Unom Urms lt 120 Unom 10 Inom lt lRms lt Inom factor cosy DPF 50 Unom lt Urms lt 120 Unom 10 lhom lt laws lt lhom 1 see section 10 8 4 Flicbker _ o o Range and conditions Basic uncertainty Pst 10 min 0 2 10 0 01 5 within the tabularized values in Pit 2h for Urms 2 80 Unom IEC 61000 4 15 current Positive zero and 0 0 20 0 0 1 0 15 negative sequence for absolute uncertainty unbalance 80 Unom lt Urms lt 120 Unom 12 3 Event detection RMS voltage and RMS current Voltage Urms dips interruptions and Range Resolution Basic uncertainty Detection thresholds User defined in percent or absolute values Event detection based on the SA e measurement period RMS voaye retested eue a period Waveform recording 2 periods before event 4 periods after event total of 6 periods 256 samples per period Current lpus Range Resolution Basic uncertainty min max 0 0 100 0 Inom 0 01 lnom 0 2 Inom Detection thresholds User defined in percent or absolute values Event detection based o
20. 190V 115 200V 127 220 220 380V 230 400V 240 415V 254 440 400 690V phase to neutral phase to phase depending on the mains type e Frequency 50 or 60Hz e Mains system one phase split phase wye with N delta wye without N and Aron s measuring systems a connection drawing for selected system is shown in the field below the name e Clamps type indicates the type of current clamps used in the measurements You can choose the C 4 C 5 C 6 C 7 clamps and F 1 F 2 F 3 flexible clamps If the current measurement is not required you can select the None option e Voltage transducers define the voltage transducer ratio if the transducers are used Set the primary voltage range 1 999999V and the secondary voltage from among the 100V 100V V3 110V 110V V3 115V 115V V3 120V 120V V3 standard values When the voltage transducers option is activated the field Voltage Un becomes grey the value entered for the transducer primary side becomes a new nominal voltage e Current transducers define the current transducer ratio The measuring range of selected clamps can be extended by using external current transducers Set the primary current in the 1 99999A range and the secondary current 1A or 5A The resulting measuring range primary current which does not exceed the nominal range of used clamp is displayed below the clamp selection list e Additional measurements use the additional option fields to define possib
21. 5 2 0 1 5 46 5 Analyzer configuration Table 7 presents the criteria specified activated after loading High voltage systems default settings Table 7 High voltage systems default criteria Basic Parameter measurement Criterion time Slow voltage changes RMS 10 minutes for 95 of measurements deviation from the nominal voltage voltage shall be within the 10 5 Unom range Frequency 10 seconds for 99 5 of measurements deviation shall be within the 1 from range for 50Hz corresponds to 49 5 50 5HZ for 100 of measurements 6 4 fnom 47 52HZ Fast voltage changes 2 hours for 95 of measurements the long term flicker P lt 0 8 flicker Voltage unbalance 10 minutes for 95 of measurements the negative sequence unbalance shall be lt 1 Total harmonic distortion 10 minutes for 95 of measurements THD F shall be lt 3 THD F Voltage harmonics 10 minutes For 95 of measurements level of each voltage harmonics referenced to the basic component shall be less than Odd harmonic order Relative level 0 7 Example Nominal voltage 230V trequency 50Hz measuring time one week From among 1008 average values for RMS voltage 95 that is 958 must be in the 207V 253V range All RMS voltage measurements must be in the 195 5V 253V range In one week we have 60480 ten second frequency measurements 99 5 60178 must be in the 49 5 50 5Hz range All frequency measurements must be in th
22. 50 04 234 0 231 3 231 8 0 296 1248 13 38 18 21 10 74 2010 05 05 12 09 29 595 50 04 233 4 231 0 231 9 0 283 14 83 13 53 1820 10 30 2010 05 05 12 09 30 594 50 04 232 9 231 0 231 3 0 282 14 85 13 35 18 16 10 35 2010 05 05 12 09 31 593 50 04 233 2 231 2 231 9 0 283 14 90 13 42 18 25 10 42 x 2010 05 05 12 09 32592 50 04 232 9 231 2 231 6 0 282 14 86 13 36 18 23 10 37 2010 05 05 12 09 33 591 50 04 233 7 231 0 231 9 0 369 14 80 15 53 20 54 1207 x 2010 05 05 12 09 34 590 50 04 233 0 231 4 2314 0 296 14 86 13 44 18 67 10 71 2010 05 05 12 09 35 589 50 04 233 3 231 5 232 0 0 283 1495 13 38 18 18 10 31 2010 05 05 12 09 36 588 50 04 232 6 231 2 231 5 0 282 14 99 13 35 1822 10 33 Fig 43 Example of a report saved as a pdf file P Harmonics U l a 11 gt E File Edit Hic i Start i mam U HL3 inst 2010 05 05 12 09 04 615 Difference 15m 52 3698 Stop 2010 05 05 12 24 56 985 Fig 44 Harmonics diagram 87 PQM 701 Operating manual 7 3 3 Events Clicking the Events button will change the window to the format shown in Fig 62 This mode can be used to analyze all events recorded by the analyzer The recorded events are presented as dots in the diagram The parameters listed in the table appear for selection in the top left hand corner of the screen Click in relevant checkboxes to include or exclude selected types Only selected event types will appear in
23. 89 PQM 701 Operating manual P Waveform File Edit Value 1 uli 2010 05 04 14 47 06 390 317 2V Value 2 IL1 2010 05 04 14 47 06 510 27 78 A Delta 0 119 418s W e l 2010 05 04 14 47 06 384 Difference 0 140 010s Stop 2010 05 04 14 47 06 524 Fig 47 Zooming in a fragment of waveform Use the Report Event report option to save the data displayed in the table in a report format A typical report in pdf format is shown in Fig 65 90 2010 05 05 12 09 02 2010 05 05 12 24 57 RAPORT Koniec Typ Pocz tek Czas trwania Warto rednia Fizepiecie L3 2010 05 05 12 09 02 616 2010 05 05 12 09 02 856 0 2398 233 8 V 233 7 V 233 0 V Frzepi cie L1 2010 05 05 12 09 02 616 2010 05 05 12 09 03 216 0 5905 235 0 V 234 8 V 233 0V Harrroniczna pr du nr 41 L3 2010 05 05 12 09 02 616 2010 05 05 12 09 03 216 0 599s 0 102 0 101 0 1000 FF gt meks L1 2010 05 05 12 09 02 616 2010 05 05 12 09 05 015 2398s 0 952 0 948 0 960 Harmoniczna pr du nr 20 2 2010 05 05 12 09 02 616 2010 05 05 12 09 06 813 4197s 0 139 0 119 0 1000 Harmoniczna pr du nr 22 2 2010 05 05 12 09 02 616 2010 05 05 12 09 06 813 4197s 0 145 0 121 0 1000 Harmoniczna pr du nr 28 L1 2010 05 05 12 09 02 616 2010 05 05 12 09 07 013 4 3968 0 150 0 127 0 1000 Harmoniczna pr du nr 18 L3 2010 05 05 12 09 02 616 2010 05 05 12 09 07 013 4 3968 0 218 0 151
24. 9 9Tvarh 0 1varh resolution kvarh Mvarh Gvarh Tvarh e Apparent energy Es 0 0 999 9VAh kVAh MVAh GVAh or 9 9TVAh 0 1VAh resolution KVAh MVAh GVAh TVAh 60 5 Analyzer configuration For active and reactive energy the analyzer separately measures two magnitudes consumed received and supplied delivered energy The indicated threshold refers to both values i e the analyzer checks the exceeding threshold for both consumed and supplied energy Fa SONEL Analysis 1 0 29 Settings gt f File Analyzer Options Help s x ted au ees SEE a i Additional Energy zk Analyzer settings All Min Avg Max Inst V Log events w 4 ga Measurement point 1 Min 0 45 E Max 1 00 Gano cos p y Voltage All Min Avg Max Inst V Log events Min 7 0 50 Current Max 1 00 F Power and energy Gaa W Harmonics Min Avg Max Inst 9 Log events Min 0 00 Fa Measurement point2 a 0 40 EX send ES Receive Analyzer EJ Analyzer settings e Measurement point 1 e Measurement point 2 amp Measurement point 3 Measurement point 4 Analyzer PQM 701 S N 960001 Status Connected Fig 22 Power and energy Additional tab 61 PQM 701 Operating manual 8 f SONEL Analysis 1 0 29 Settings J PF File Analyzer Options Help 5 x jae ew ae amp E Power Addit
25. Analyzer Options Help 5 x ad Z time 00 03 02 2010 05 04 14 46 41 F 2010 05 04 14 49 43 F Off x pp ST Ce ping So je m z p General RE Measurements EZ 00000000000000000 000 Events z gt G amp Se Go RS Wo BO ZA Events fE rm lt I Waveforms B BR NGS MW He BRE EN VY B MW R BW Qe DRRR RERO 16 000 18 000 20 000 22 000 24 000 26 000 28 000 30 000 32 000 34 000 36 000 38 000 40 000 42 000 44 000 46 000 48 000 50 00 second millisecond 7 m P Q o No data to view Select event or waveform Analyzer PQM 701 S N 960001 Status Connected Fig 38 General data analysis window In the General view you can have a quick preview of waveform and or event but you cannot view the measurements Put the cursor on an event point and press the left mouse button to display information about this event and the waveform if it was recorded along with the event Fig 56 81 PQM 701 Operating manual Sometimes the diagram is very dense and practically in a single place there are a few overlapping points then placing the cursor displays the earliest event and waveform and information is displayed above the selected point about the number of events and waveforms If there are more events in a point tabs appear above the diagram The tabs descriptions correspond to the event type or the waveform When an even is selected the displayed waveform is from the beginning of suc
26. In order to use the wireless communication connect the OR 1 receiver to the USB port in the computer Wireless communication is slower and thus it is recommended for viewing the current data of the mains measured by the analyzer and for analyzer configuration and control Due to lower speed it is however not recommended to use wireless communication for transmission of large amounts of data stored on the SD card 1 3 Analyser PQM 701Z Analyser PQM 701Z differs from PQM 701 by the following features e PQM 701Z has separate terminals for a power adapter installed on the right side of the analyser housing The internal power adapter is connected only to these terminals there is no connection to voltage test terminals L1 A and N e External dimensions of the two analysers are slightly different see technical specifications in section 12 10 Other features of the analyser remain the same as in PQM 701 model PQM 701 Operating manual LEDs indicatingactive measurement point USB port SD memory SKA card slot LED indicators for individual phases Power supply fuse RS 232 port PQM 701Zr only Measurement point selection Analyzer ON OFF _ Power supply terminals Recording ON OFF Input terminals discription Fig 2 Power Quality Analyser PQM 701Z and PQM 701Zr General view NOTE RS 232 slot is installed only in PQM 701Zr analyser 1 4 Analyser PQM 701Zr Analyser PQM 701Zr differs fro
27. a limit value of the measured parameter is essential the user can take advantage of the option of measuring the minimum maximum and instantaneous values in the averaging period If a given parameter is measured in the 10 12 period time the minimum and maximum value is respectively the smallest and the largest 10 12 period value measured in a given averaging interval On the other hand the instantaneous value is the last 10 12 period value in this averaging interval In case of RMS current and voltage the method of searching for minimum and maximum values is more flexible and it is controlled by the Min Max calculation period parameter The user can take advantage of the following options half period 200ms 1s 3s and 5s If the half period option is selected the minimum and maximum values will be searched for with the highest sensitivity to the Ums 1 2 As this time is increasing additional smoothing is being introduced for example with 5 seconds first a 5 second average value is calculated which is then used to search for the minimum and maximum values This gives less sensitivity to instantaneous changes of the measured value Note similarly to the averaging times shorter than 10 seconds the 200ms 1s 3s and 5s times are actually the multiples of the mains period 10 12 50 60 150 180 and 250 300 mains periods respectively Selecting the right averaging period is not easy To a large extent it depends on the type of disturbance
28. and energy Harmonics To switch into the user mode close the options in the branch EN 50160 Basic Enable logging according to standard Note The settings from the EN 50160 branch are ignored in the user mode In most cases the settings of a selected parameter can be divided into the part relating to cyclical recording of the parameter values according to selected averaging time and to the part relating to event detection You can choose between recording of average minimum maximum and instantaneous parameter value You can set an additional averaging time for voltage and current to be used during detection of maximum and minimum values We will use an example to explain these issues 52 5 Analyzer configuration Example Global averaging time has been set to 1 minute min max determination period for voltage has been set to 5 seconds All four options have been checked recording of average minimum maximum and instantaneous values Question How these values are determined and what is recorded on the memory card 1 Average value is the RMS root mean square from 10 12 period measurements about 200ms There will be about 300 such measurements Average voltage value is the square root of arithmetic mean of squared input values where Uae 1 minute RMS voltage k number of collected 10 12 period values U 10 12 period RMS voltage 2 Min max averaging equal to 5 seconds means that first the analyze
29. and power of the tested spectral line The use of Hann weighting window which reduces the undesirable spectral leakage has been permitted but is limited to the situations when the PLL has lost synchronization The IEC 61000 4 7 defines also the required accuracy of the synchronization block the time between the sampling pulse rising edge and M 1 th pulse where M is the number of samples in the measuring window should equal the duration of indicated number of periods in the measuring window 10 or 12 with maximum allowed error of 0 03 To explain it in simpler terms let s use the following example Assuming 256 samples per period and the 50Hz mains frequency the measuring window duration is exactly 200ms If the first sampling pulse occurs exactly at time t 0 the first sampling pulse of the next measuring window should occur at t 200 0 06ms 60us is allowed deviation of the sampling edge The standard also defines the recommended minimum frequency range at which the above mentioned synchronization system accuracy should be maintained and specifies it as 5 of rated frequency that is 47 5 52 5Hz and 57 63Hz for 50Hz and 60Hz mains respectively The input voltage range for which the PLL system will work correctly is quite another matter 112 10 Power quality a guide The 61000 4 7 standard does not give here any concrete indications or requirements However the 61000 4 30 standard defines the input voltage range within
30. between harmonics U and l calculated according to IEC 61000 4 15 Current crest factor Harmonics active power KFactor Harmonics reactive power Short term flicker Psp 139 Long term flicker Active energy consumed and supplied Budeanu reactive energy consumed and supplied Fundamental component reactive energy consumed and supplied 140 PQM 701 Operating manual where Psr is the ith short term flicker Ep ROTO P if PO gt 0 PO 0 if P lt 0 ae gt P_ i T i _ ERO if POS PG 0if Pi gt 0 where i is a Successive number of 10 12 period measuring window P i represents active power P calculated in the th measuring window T i represents duration of the th measuring window in hours EQB gt Qp UT i Qp i if Qe gt 0 C 0 if QR lt 0 E qB 2 Qg T i _ ls lif Qs lt 0 Qs i 0 if QOO where i is a Successive number of 10 12 period measuring window Qg i represents Budeanu reactive power Qp calculated in the ith measuring window T i represents duration of the th measuring window in hours Eor GOTO Q if a gt 0 0 oif QO Ep Q OTA 1016 lif Q1 1 lt 0 Q 0if Q i 20 where i is a successive number of 10 12 period measuring 11 Calculation formulas window Q i represents fundamental component reactive power Q calculated in the ith measuring window T i represe
31. clock in the following manner When the clock measures a successive full multiple of the averaging period the instantaneous 10 12 period measurement is added as the last to the average value kth measurement in Fig 91 Simultaneously the ending averaging period is given a time stamp which relates to its end The next 10 12 period measurement is the first in a consecutive averaging period 135 PQM 701 Operating manual Averaging with times less than 10 seconds is somewhat different Although they are all expressed in time units 200ms 1s 3s 5s in reality they are measured in multiples of the mains period For example selecting of a 3 second averaging period means averaging in the time equal to 150 180 mains periods fifteen 10 12 period measurements 3 second interval x timestamp 3 second interval x 3 second interval x 1 actually it is a 150 180 cycles interval Fig 92 Determining the averaging intervals shorter than 10 seconds with the 3 second averaging The method of average values determination for such periods is shown in Fig 92 Here we do not have synchronization with the real time clock When a defined number of 10 12 period measurement is collected the instantaneous averaging period is closed and a new one starts The time stamp corresponds to the end of the interval Averaging of measurement results leads to the loss of extreme values smoothing of results In cases when the information about
32. disturbances IEC 61000 4 3 sinusoidal modulation 80 AM 1kHz 80 1000MHz 10V m 1 4 2 0GHz 3V m 2 0 2 7GHz 1V m Immunity to electrostatic discharge IEC 61000 4 2 Air discharge 8kV Contact discharge 4kV Immunity to conducted disturbances IEC 61000 4 6 induced by RF fields sinusoidal modulation 80 AM 1kHz 0 15 80MHz 10V Amplitude 2kV 5kHz Amplitude 2kV L L 4kV L PE Emission of radiated RF disturbances IEC 61000 6 3 30 230MHz 30dB uV m at 10m 230 1000MHz 37dB uV m at 10m Emission of conducted disturbances IEC 61000 6 3 Levels for quasi peak detector 0 15kHz 0 5MHz 66dBuV 56dBuV 0 5MHz 5MHz 56dBuV 5MHz 30MHz 60dBuV 12 12 Standards Standards Measuring methods IEC 61000 4 30 class S or class A depending on parameter IEC 61000 4 30 class S or class A depending on parameter EN 50160 IEC 61000 4 15 IEC 61000 4 7 development design and manufacture according to ISO 9001 13 Equipment 13 1 Standard equipment The standard kit delivered by the manufacturer includes e F 3 flexible clamp for currents up to 3kA AC length 45cm WACEGF3OKR e test lead with banana plugs CAT III 1000V black length 2 2m PQM 701 3 pcs PQM 701Z 4 pcs WAPRZ2X2BLBB e test lead with banana plugs CAT III 1000V blue length 2 2m PQM 701 1 pcs PQM 701Z 2 pcs WAPRZ2X2BUBB test lead with banana plugs CAT III 1000V yellow length 2 2m WAPRZ2X2YEBB Crocodile clip
33. divided into the following tabs e Graph colors e General colors e Measurements colors e Events colors 8 3 5 Data analysis The Scanning tab is used to indicate the devices disks which are to be skipped during the search for connected readers with SD card containing the measurements 8 3 6 Report settings In this part you can fill in additional fields used during generation of measurement reports 8 4 Analyzer database From the top menu select Options Analyzer database to add or edit the analyzers in the database Fig 76 Only the analyzers entered to the database will be visible in the analyzer selection window during the wireless search The serial number in the database must conform to the serial number of the analyzer you wish to connect to The software rejects the analyzers with different serial 100 8 Other software options numbers which are not shown in the analyzer selection window does not apply to the USB connection The Auto PIN informs if the software will request the PIN code before transmission If the field is not active you will have to enter the PIN In addition you can activate the option of reminding about the instrument recalibration The manufacturer gives the time after which the user should calibrate the instrument to maintain declared measurement accuracy Accuracy is deteriorating as the components are aging To activate this functionality check the option Notify before the Certificate o
34. few sections the mains related settings are grouped in the top part below is the part related to recording by the schedule and time intervals In addition here you can give your own name to a measurement point and determine the hysteresis used during the event detection The following can be defined in the top part Fig 30 42 5 Analyzer configuration r SONEL Analysis 1 0 29 Settings J PF File Analyzer Options Help E X ag RE Ey g Saeed Sw as amp rae Ts Mains nominal values Mains system Voltage transducers Voltage Un 230 400 v 3 phase 4 wire Wye E Enabled 853 Analyzer settings Frequency fn 50 Hz Primary V Secondary V 4 ga Measurement point 1 Gs EN 50160 y Voltage Triggering and averaging Current transducers Averaging period Current 10s v N conductor current Enabled V N PE voltage Primary A Secondary A Triggering E Power and energy Immediate rl Harmonics m Measurement point 2 ER Send Receive Analyzer 853 Analyzer settings amp Measurement point 1 e Measurement point 2 4 4 2010 05 07 00 00 00 e Measurement point 3 Measurement point name Events detection hysteresis e Measurement point 4 Measurement point 1 1 50 Analyzer PQM 701 S N 960036 Status Connected Fig 13 Setting the mains type rated parameters of the mains and transducers e Mains nominal values voltage 110
35. for 2 seconds e f a configuration error has been detected such as incorrect RMS voltage or switched phases the ERR message will be displayed for 2 seconds This does not block the analyzer operation and only warns the user about a potential configuration or connection error e The displays shows the STOP message which indicates absence of recording Press START STOP to activate recording MEM message is displayed if the space on the card for this measurement point is full if the space allocated to this point is set to zero the message is LIVE Before the measurement or during the recording if not in the sleep mode the LED s show the following mains statuses e LED is off correct voltage and phase angle e LED is flashing emergency state i e switched phases L2 and L3 both LED s are flashing e LED LEDs is flashing faster measured mains frequency differs from the rated frequency of present measurement point 17 PQM 701 Operating manual This depends on the mains type selected in the configuration For a one phase system only the L1 LED is active For a split phase system active are L1 and L2 and all three LEDs are active in case of a three phase system e Table 3 lists the messages displayed during the test and during the operation of the instrument Table 3 Messages shown on the analyzer display Displayed message BATT Analyzer switches off due to discharged battery Connect external power supply
36. generation the software displays a warning message that the time interval is different than one week 93 PQM 701 Operating manual 7 3 5 Data export Measurement data presented in a tabular form may be selected and saved in a desired file format This applies both to the data presented in part Measurements section 7 3 2 and for Events section 7 3 3 e for measurements click the time column and then select the parameters you want to export by selecting chosen columns with data To instantly select all the data in the table right click in the table and choose Select All option Time range may be reduced by selecting only some of the cells in the time column holding down SHIFT or CTRL key The second option of reducing the time range is using two sliders P start and K end in the part with the dotted graph Then press Reports gt User report A window will pop up as shown in Figure 69 To save the data in a desired file format select Save and then indicate the location name and format of your file Available formats 1 PDF export to this format may contain maximum 12 data columns 2 HTML these files may be opened in a web browser 3 TXT standard text files 4 CSV Comma Separated Values files of this type may be easily opened in spreadsheets e g in Microsoft Excel In order to properly load a CSV file into an Excel sheet select from the top menu Data gt External Data gt From text In the opened window in
37. ia OO OR N Sees Alene soe dees AR A A sae dees 88 7 3 4 Analysis of read data according to EN 50160 e eeaaaaaee ea aaaaeeeaac 91 7 9 9 Ble AON OM OPRZE EE 94 8 Other software OPTIONS esaaesane ane wanewanawanawanawanawa nawa zawa wawa zaDi AA 96 8 1 PTA ZTE Stal US eiea odka odd deli tet tans tated oda St qed eats 96 8 2 Remote starting and stopping the measurements changing the INIGASUICTICIIE PONT ssak ee he la A 96 8 3 SOMWANC CONNOUIAUON Z Odra E ie 97 8 3 1 MAIMESENI GS iss saith Sele cioa EE AZ Gd A aid oO ad ad A 98 8 3 2 Analyzer CONMOUL ANON ss awiza c cach ai EA dad AE OE Saat ao ised day AE 99 8 3 3 EVE APIO Cielo SAO R OO AWARS SOI 99 8 3 4 Color Seling edi BEEN PARSE DORO LI P LO eat aaa nS 100 8 3 5 DRINY SI Ser EE N SZ ACO OOOO OCE 100 8 3 6 Repon SOTO S 0 ON BOA oa ake Gd OOOO OOP OOP EG GRA O 100 8 4 AnalZeDaalaDASE cza wistccz ries is OR PW A A o A A OR Ok OC WA 100 8 5 Software and firmware UPAAtECS csccccseeccsescccecccseecesecseeeseseeessnsesseeees 102 8 5 1 Automatic software update eeesaae aaa waza aaa aaaaaaaaazaaaazaaaaaaazazaazazaazzaz inch 103 8 5 2 Manual SOMW Al UDO AUG eds Woo A PO od R dad 103 9 Support for serial port only PQM 701ZT a2eesaaeazaeeazanaazanza 104 9 1 Setting the parameters Of serial tranSMISSION asaaaaaaaaaaaaaasazazsanaii 104 9 2 Dir6Ct RS 232 COMMIUNICAUON A AW KA nee aes 104 9 3 C
38. in Fig 63 Fig 64 are analogous to the plots presented in Fig 59 and Fig 66 7 3 4 Analysis of read data according to EN 50160 Data analysis according to EN 50160 is analogous to the User s analysis The only difference is that only three types of events are taken into consideration voltage swells dips and interruptions If the currents were measured the measured parameters table will show also the 15 minute average values of active reactive and apparent powers as well as of tang There is an additional button EN 50160 Report Press this button to save the measurement final compliance report with the EN 50160 standard The report is saved as a PDF file with graphical diagram a HTML file or as a text file Click the EN 50160 Report button to display a window where you can enter additional data to the report Fig 67 91 PQM 701 Operating manual 5 EN 50160 report Measurement place Reason Measured by Company logo Notes Main switchboard L2 fault John Doe C logo Sonel png Fig 50 Entering additional data to the report In the Measurement location field appears the information Measurement point 1 2 3 or 4 or the name entered during configuration You can fill in the remaining fields If you leave the fields empty corresponding fields in the report will be blank as well If you want a corporate logo or another symbol to appear in the report header indicate it
39. in the Company logo field A fragment of a typical report is shown in Fig 68 92 7 Data analysis f Raport EN 50160 Plik Edytuj Micra SZ De H EN 50160 ZMODYFIKOWANA RAPORT m INF ORN m A A GC JE O G L NE Miejsce pomiaru Rozdzielnica g wna Przyczyna pomiaru Pomiar testowy EN50160 Autor Jan Nowak Uwagi Analizator Typ PQM 701 wersja FW1 04HWb Numer seryjny 960016 Oprogramowanie SONEL Analiza 1 0 57 Start 2010 07 16 11 02 52 Pomiary Stop 2010 07 29 13 08 35 Czas 1w6d2h5m43 440s Okres uSredniania 10min Liczba probek 1847 Uktad sieci Gwiazda zN z r Napiecie fazowe 230 0V m Napi cie miedzyfazowe 400 0V Cz stotliwo 50 00Hz Przepi cia Un 10 0 Zapady Un 10 0 e Pi Przerwy Un 99 0 m Pr g przerw krotkich dtugich 180s Pit 1 00 Asymetria napiecia 2 0 STATYSTYKI POMIAROWE Cz stotliwo 99 50 tygodnia Cz stotliwo 100 00 tygodnia L1 Napi cie 95 00 tygodnia L2 L3 L1 Napi cie 100 tygodnia L2 L3 Li THD L2 L3 4 A r Fig 51 Measurement report according to EN 50160 Note The time interval used in the measurement report depends on the interval selected by the user when the data for analysis were loaded If this time is Shorter or longer than 1 week required by the standard the report is still generated The user is responsible for selecting a correct time and before the report
40. internal memory of the program In such case the analyser will require authorised servicing 103 PQM 701 Operating manual 9 Support for serial port only PQM 701Zr 9 1 Setting the parameters of serial transmission PQM 701Zr analyser is supplied with the following serial port parameters e Baud rate 115200 bit s e Even parity none e Flow control disabled e Stop bits 1 After the connection with the analyser is established via a USB or serial port this option is unavailable for the connection via a GSM modem it is possible to change the default serial transmission parameters by selecting in the menu of Sonel Analiza Analyser gt Time and Safety and then pressing Change button in Communication settings Then a window pops up as shown in Fig 79 The change is made immediately after the Change button is pressed and the connection is not interrupted as is the case with the RS 232 connection f Ustawienia portu szeregowego Parzysto Szybko Transmisji Parzysty E 921600 Nieparzysty O 460800 Brak N 230400 e 115200 Q Wylaczona e Sprzetowa O 38400 19200 9600 rl era ae 4800 Fig 79 Changing default settings of RS 232 port 9 2 Direct RS 232 communication To activate the analyser search function via RS 232 cable use the menu of Sonel Analiza and select Options gt Program configuration gt General Settings gt and Active Media
41. on the Budeanu reactive power and related distortion power fell through These magnitudes did not allow even a correct calculation of correction capacitance which gives the maximum power factor Sometimes such attempts ended even with additional deterioration of power factor How come then that the Budeanu s power theory has become so popular There may be several reasons Firstly engineers got accustomed to old definitions and the curricula in schools have not been changed for years This factor is often underestimated though as a form of justification it can be said that this theory had not been refuted for 60 years Secondly in the 1920s there were no measuring instruments which could give insight in individual voltage and current harmonic components and it was difficult to verify new theories Thirdly distorted voltage and current waveforms i e with high harmonics contents are a result of revolution in electrical power engineering which did not start before the second part of the last century Thyristors controlled rectifiers converters etc began to be widely used All these caused very large current distortion in the mains and consequently increased harmonic distortion Only then were the deficiencies of the Budeanu s theory felt Finally fourthly the scientific circles related to power utilities were aware of the fact that industrial plants had invested a fortune in the measuring infrastructure energy meters Each change is this
42. period ae c V N conductor current Enabled urrent 10s V N PE voltage Primary A Secondary A Triggering Immediate x E Power and energy LJ Harmonics m Measurement point 2__ Scheduled logging Period Start Stop 1 L 2010 05 07 00 00 00 LJ 2010 05 07 00 00 00 RY 7 3 Analyzer settings 2 j 2010 05 07 00 00 00 2010 05 07 00 00 00 zj Measurement point 1 3 L 2010 05 07 10 00 0 i 2010 0507 00 00 00 amp Measurement point 2 4 4 2010 05 07 00 00 00 L 2010 05 07 e Measurement point 3 Measurement point name Events detection hysteresis e Measurement point 4 Measurement point 1 1 50 Analyzer PQM 701 S N 960036 Status Connected Fig 9 Configuration of measurement points settings tree Each of the four measurement points represents an independent measurement configuration of the analyzer It is the measurement point configuration where the user defines the mains type rated voltage and frequency clamp type recording parameters and event detection parameters Active measurement point is indicated by one of the four green LED s located above the alphanumeric display The icons near the measurement points can appear in various colors e grey color means absence of connection with the analyzer e green means that the present configuration is synchronized with the analyzer configuration and with the con
43. remaining cases the recoding continues until stopped by the user by means of the START STOP or from the application Absence of recording is indicated by the STOP message on the display e he recording is terminated automatically if the whole space on the memory card allocated to given measurement point is used up Such being the case the display shows the MEM message e The display remains off after the recording is completed if the sleep mode is activated in the configuration By pressing any button you can cause the STOP message to be displayed if no key lock has been activated or the CODE message if the lock has been activated 2 3 3 Approximate recording times The maximum recording time depends on many factors such as the size of the allocated space on a memory card averaging time the type of system number of recorded parameters waveforms recording event detection and event thresholds A few selected configurations are given in Table 4 The last column gives the approximate recording times when 2GB of memory card space is allocated to a measurement point The typical configurations shown below includes the measurement of the N PE voltage and ly current Table 4 Approximate recording times for a few typical configurations Approximate Configuration System type Waveforms recording type Averaging current Events Event after time with recorded time measurement waveforms averaging 2GB parameters on period allocated space
44. represents the resistance of cabling transformer winding etc Measurements of voltage and current harmonics will give slightly different results What will change Small voltage harmonics will appear and in addition current frequency spectrum will slightly change When analyzing the voltage waveform on the receiver one could notice that original sinusoidal waveform was slightly distorted If the receiver took current mainly at voltage peaks it would have visibly flattened tops Large current taken at such moments results in larger voltage drops on the system impedance A part of the ideal sinusoidal voltage is now dropped on this impedance A change in the current spectrum is a result of slightly different waveform of voltage supplied to the receiver The example described above and flattened tops of the sinusoid are very frequent in typical systems to which switched mode power supplies are connected 10 8 1 Harmonics active power Decomposition of receiver voltage and current to harmonic components allows a deeper analysis of detailed energy flow between the supplier and the consumer Let us assume that the power quality analyzer is connected between the voltage source and the receiver Both supply voltage and current are subjected to FFT as a result of which we receive the harmonics amplitudes with phase shifts It turns out that the knowledge of voltage and current harmonics and of phase shift between these harmonics allows calculat
45. reset the PIN Emergency unlocking of the keyboard is performed by keeping the buttons START STOP and depressed for 5 seconds 2 2 1 Serial port RS 232 only PQM 701Zr Serial port RS 232 of PQM 701Zr may be used for e direct communication with a computer using a null modem type cable male female interlaced cable e to connect an external GSM modem for remote communication with the analyser via an Internet connection In this a female male non interlaced cable shall be used this kind of cable is supplied as a standard accessory for the PQM 701Zr analyser Depending on a selected method for communication the Sonel Analiza software must be configured appropriately See more information in Chapter 9 2 3 Performing the measurements 2 3 1 Measurement points The analyzer allows storing 4 totally independent measurement configurations which are called measurement points The number of an activated point is indicated by a relevant LED above the display e he point can be changed inthe 1 4 sequence by pressing the P1 4 button e After the next measurement point is selected the correctness test sequence of connection to the mains is performed e The user can define any share of memory in percent of each point i e 100 for 1 no other points or 25 for each point If the whole memory is allocated to a given measurement point when the remaining points are selected the display shows the LIVE message to signal that on
46. respect could bring about huge financial consequences However slow changes became visible in the views of electrical engineers With time as non linear loads were more and more frequent and the waveforms more and more distorted the limitations of used formulas could no longer be tolerated A very significant event was the 2000 publication by IEEE of the standard 1459 called Definitions for the Measurement of Electric Power Quantities Under Sinusoidal Non Sinusoidal Balanced or Unbalanced Conditions For the first time Budeanu s definition of reactive power has been listed as not recommended which should not be used in new reactive power and energy meters Many magnitudes have been also divided into the part related to the current and voltage fundamental component first harmonics and the part related to remaining higher harmonics In most cases it is recognized that the usable part of energy is transmitted by the 50 60Hz components with much smaller and often harmful participation of higher harmonics The standard also introduced a new magnitude nonactive power N which represents all nonactive components of power N JS P Reactive power is one of the components of nonactive power N In one phase systems with 116 10 Power quality a guide sinusoidal voltage and current waveforms N equals Q hence the nonactive power does not have any other components In three phase systems this is true only for symmetrical
47. simultaneously in all eight channels at the frequency synchronized with the frequency of power supply voltage in the reference channel This frequency is 256 times higher than the mains frequency and equals 12 8kHz for the 50Hz and 15 36kHz for the 60Hz mains systems Each period includes then 256 samples A 16 bit analog to digital converter has been used which ensures 64 fold oversampling 3 decibel channels attenuation has been specified for frequency of about 13kHz and the amplitude error for the 3kHz maximum usable frequency i e the frequency of 50th harmonics in the 60Hz system is about 0 3dB The phase shift for this frequency is below 20 Attenuation in the stop band is above 75cB Please note that for correct measurements of phase shift between the voltage harmonics in relation to current harmonics and power of these harmonics the important factor is not absolute phase shift in relation to the basic frequency but the phase coincidence of voltage and current circuits The highest phase difference error for f 3kHz is maximum 15 Such error is decreasing with the decreasing frequency Also an additional error caused by used clamps are transducers must be considered when estimating the measurement errors for harmonics power measurements 10 5 PLL synchronization The sampling frequency synchronization has been implemented by hardware After passing through the input circuits the voltage signal is sent to a band pass filter which is
48. supplied by a 1 5 meter lead with a pin adapted for the socket in the meter The arrow located on one of the jaws indicates the current flow direction It is assumed that the current is flowing in the positive direction if it is flowing from the source to the receiver Such clamp orientation is required for a correct power measurement Fig 94 C 5 clamp e Overload e Direct current DC e Alternating current AC up to 3000A continuous mode up to 1000A in continuous mode up to the 1kHz frequency e Limitation of maximum current for continuous operation for frequencies above 1kHz according to the relationship lcont 1000A kHz e Switching on To switch on the clamp put the switch in the 1mV A position Green LED indicates the correct operation If after switching the LED is not lit or goes off replace the battery e DC zero indication correction Make sure the jaws are closed and there is no conductor inside them Then connect the clamp to the analyzer and launch the SONEL Analysis software in the instantaneous values viewing mode check if the measurement point is correctly configured for measurement with the C 5 clamp Press the knob and turn until the DC current indication is zero e Reference conditions e Temperature 18 28 C e Humidity 20 75 RH e Battery voltage 9V 0 1V e Conductor position e Current e Continuous magnetic field conductor centered in jaws direct DC or sinusoidal
49. tab then select Serial Port option see Fig 80 Then go to the Media Settings card Fig 81 In this window select e Ports to be scanned the COM ports detected in the system are listed If we know the specific port number to which the analyser is connected then just choose this one If you do not know the specific port number select all of them or a group e Parity indicates the current analyser parity type e Flow control select the flow control method hardware CTS RTS or off 104 9 Support for serial port only PQM 701Zr e Stop bits 1 or 2 e Baud Rate indicates the transmission speed in bits per second set in the analyser To speed up the search for analysers connected through the serial port the option Do not search for settings other than previously stored has been added If it is selected the program stores the transmission parameters when an analyser is found on the COM port to use them exclusively during the next scan This means that if a different analyser with different parameters is connected it will not be detected If this is the case the new analyser should be connected to another COM port or the option Do not search for settings other than previously stored has been added should be deselected In both cases you should ensure that the transmission parameters are specified in the Media Settings card f Konfiguracja programu Jezyk wy wietlanie 4 Analizator Aktualzacje
50. the conductor the return end is placed inside the coil at its entire length The current flowing through the measured conductor causes centric magnetic field lines which due to the self induction phenomenon induce the electromotive force at the end of the coil This voltage however is proportional to the rate of current change in the conductor and not to the current itself In comparison with current transformers the Rogowski coil has a few indisputable advantages As it does not have a core the core saturation effect is eliminated thus being a perfect instrument to measure large currents Such coil has also an excellent linearity and a wide pass band much wider than a current transformer and its weight is much smaller However until recently the wider expansion of flexible clamps in the current measurement area was difficult There are some factors which hinder practical implementation of a measurement system with a Rogowski coil One of them is a very low voltage level which is induced on the clamps it depends on geometrical dimensions of the coil For example the output voltage for the 50 Hz frequency of the F series flexible probes to be used with PQM 701 is about 45uV A Such low voltages require the use of precise and low noise amplifiers which of course increase the costs Because the output voltage is proportional to the current derivative it is necessary to use an integrating circuit generally the flexible probes comp
51. the NO message for 2 seconds and returns to the previous state i e it switches off if previously in the off mode After unlocking the keyboard automatically locks again if the user has not pressed any button for 30 seconds Note Emergency unlocking of the keyboard is performed by keeping the buttons START STOP and W depressed for 5 seconds 2 5 Sleep mode You can activate the sleep mode in the PC software In this mode after 10 seconds following the recording the analyzer switches off the display and all LED s Since then only the dots which signal the recording flash every 10 seconds 2 6 Indication of connection error Three yellow LEDs marked as L1 A L2 B L3 C are used to signal a possible error in connecting the analyzer to the mains or possibly the discrepancies of the measured parameters with the configuration of active measurement point The LEDs have dual function they are used during the self test procedure when the analyzer displays the voltage and current values and in the real time during the analyzer operation The self test is performed when the analyzer is switched on and each time after the measurement point is changed with the P1 4 button During this procedure the LEDs are 22 2 Operation of the analyzer permanently on indicating the tested phase For more detailed description of the self test refer to section 2 1 During the analyzer operation in the STOP and recording modes these LE
52. the analyzer is below freezing Such situation may occur when analyzer does not have the power supply energized and the ambient temperature drops below 0 C The battery can be recharged when the temperature inside the analyzer rises to above 0 C 12 1 General information 1 7 Measured parameters PQM 701 analyzer measures and records the following parameters e RMS phase to neutral and phase to phase voltages up to 690V 1150V peak e RMS current up to 3000A 10kA peak with flexible clamps F 1 F 2 F 3 up to 1000A 3600A peak with C 4 or C 5 clamps up to 10A 36A peak with C 6 clamp or up to 100A 141A peak with C 7 clamps Voltage and current crest factors Power frequency in the 40 70Hz range Active reactive and apparent power and energy values distortion power Voltage and current harmonic components up to the 50 Total harmonic distortion THDr and THDR for current and voltage K Factor factor for losses caused by higher harmonics Active and reactive power values of harmonic components Angles between voltage and current harmonics Power factor cosy tang Unbalance factors and symmetrical components for three phase systems Short term and long term flicker Ps and Py Selected parameters are aggregated averaged according to the time set by the user and can be written on the memory card In addition to average value it is also possible to record minimum and maximum values during the averaging peri
53. the following condition is met for each harmonics B B 0 where B receiver susceptance for the h th harmonics Bkh parallel compensator susceptance for the h th harmonics As the compensator complexity grows proportionally to the number of harmonics subjected to compensation usually only the fundamental component is compensated and maximum a few higher harmonics with the largest values However even if only the fundamental component is compensated the power factor can be improved considerably 10 8 3 Harmonics characteristics in three phase systems In three phase systems the harmonics of given orders have a particular feature which is shown in neee table below Die Rew ESD EAD CEZ EGZ ie FSA 250 R Hz Sequence positive negative 0 zero L S Czarnecki Power values in electrical circuits with non sinusoidal voltage and current waveforms Warsaw 2005 page 109 124 10 Power quality a guide The row Sequence refers to the symmetrical components method which allows the resolution of any 3 vectors to three sets of vectors positive sequence negative sequence and zero sequence more in the part related to unbalance Let us use an example Assuming that a three phase motor is supplied from a balanced 4 wire mains RMS phase to neutral voltage values are equal and angles between the individual fundamental components are 120 each Sign in the row specifying the sequen
54. the software is searching for available devices with SD cards If the software finds a correct card in the reader a widow is displayed with information about the analyzer from which the data originated Choose an analyzer from the list and click Select When the computer is correctly connected to the analyzer or the SD card reader a window is displayed as shown in Fig 53 and the recorded data can be downloaded Check the measurement points from which you wish to download the data To the right of the bar showing the memory use you can see the percent of memory for a given point and actual data volume Selecting the Delete data after reading option will cause deletion of data from the point points from which the data are read Accordingly a suitable warning message will be displayed after pressing the Read button and before the start of transmission A window with progress bar and the amount of downloaded data is displayed during the reading 18 7 Data analysis B SONEL Analysis 1 0 29 Analysis b EJ PF File Analyzer Options Help a x m Se yl R Measurement point Memory space utilization v SH j i AORE KZ J2 mo 33 2 61MB Real 3 MKA 51 2 49MB 4 Select all Delete data after reading Be m Analyzer PQM 701 S N 960001 Status Connected Fig 36 Selecting the measurement point for reading If there is no card in the reader or the card has incorrect data the No card with measurements me
55. the table Description of individual columns e Marker select this cell by double clicking to select the event along with the waveform if any on the dot chart and add a given event to the list in the Markers tab Type specifies the event type voltage swell dip exceeding the minimum threshold etc Source defines the phase in which the event was detected Start End time of event start and end Duration event duration Extreme value the smallest or largest value during the event Average value the average value during the event Threshold the threshold value exceeding of which has triggered the event detection the same as the threshold set during the analyzer configuration e Waveform sign V means than an waveform is available for a given event sign X means absence of waveform I SONEL Analysis 1 0 29 Analysis User A File Analyzer Options Help SIX m RYJ Ga m 24 ul RU time 00 15 55 2010 05 05 12 09 02 2010 05 05 12 24 57 off 5 A _ L4 P Ae 4 ges e R bii Swells K Se Measurements rate sean GOCE CEES OOS SOMOS WR WWE WYW COE O Ge O NOE CEI LID KOKO ea tag aan ta gE OZ ZKK AJ OES OG DD CEG Interruptions Current DA GE D O GED ea 09 00 10 00 11 00 12 00 13 00 14 00 15 00 16 00 17 00 18 00 19 00 20 00 21 00 22 00 23 00 24 00 minute second 7 Select al Pont ale PROSPER dw bu J Swells NNT
56. through a supplied serial cable If the modem is configured properly you will be able to connect to the analyser remotely The configuration process is specific for each modem type and manufacturer and must be performed according to the manufacturer s instructions It is important however that the IP number is configured together with the port number APN access point name and other parameters required by the GSM service provider In order for the modem to communicate with the analyser properly through the serial port both devices must be configured for identical serial transmission parameters baud rate parity flow control and stop bits To activate the function of searching analysers connected to Internet via GSM modem use the menu of Sonel Analiza and select Options gt Program configuration gt General Settings card gt and Active Media tab then select option TCP IP via GPRS see Fig 80 After selecting option TCP IP via GPRS in Active Media tab Fig 82 add data required for proper connection in this mode After pressing the Add button enter the IP address of the GPRS and the port number The field Name is for information purposes You can add more than one analyser to the search base When the configuration of the above options is complete an attempt will be made to establish the connection with the analyser as well as to connect to the analyser connected with the modem via the Internet 106 9 Support for serial port only PQM 7
57. 0 1000 Harmoniczna pr du nr 22 L3 2010 05 05 12 09 02 616 2010 05 05 12 09 07 013 4 3968 0 174 0 132 0 1000 Hermoniczna pr du nr 12 L1 2010 05 05 12 09 02 616 2010 05 05 12 09 07 813 5 1968 0 207 0 148 0 1000 Harmoniczna pr du nr 26 Li 2010 05 05 12 09 02 616 2010 05 05 12 09 07 813 5 1968 0 163 0 121 0 1000 Harmoniczna pr du nr 32 L1 2010 05 05 12 09 02 616 2010 05 05 12 09 08 012 5 3968 0 117 0 110 0 1000 Harmoniczna pr du nr 43 L3 2010 05 05 12 09 02 616 2010 05 05 12 09 09 811 7 194s 0 130 0 116 0 1000 Hearmoniczna pr du nr 6 2 2010 05 05 12 09 02 616 2010 05 05 12 09 20 203 17 586s 0 378 0 159 0 1000 1 gt meks 2 2010 05 05 12 09 02 616 2010 05 05 12 09 25 758 23 142s 30 47A 2272A 20 00A P gt meks 2 2010 05 05 12 09 02 616 2010 05 05 12 09 25 798 23 182s 6 260 KW 5 146 kW 5 000 kW P lt mn L1 2010 05 05 12 09 02 616 2010 05 05 12 09 28 596 25 979s 2 662 KW 2726 kW 3 000 kW bih gt maks L1 2010 05 05 12 09 02 616 2010 05 05 12 09 32 991 30 375s 25 73 20 62 3 000 Harmoniczna pr du nr 39 u 2010 05 05 12 09 02 616 2010 05 05 12 09 34 390 31 773s 0 252 0 166 0 1000 Harmoniczna pr du nr 8 L1 2010 05 05 12 09 02 616 2010 05 05 12 09 41 783 39 166s 1 554 0 389 0 1000 Harmoniczna pr du nr 45 L1 2010 05 05 12 09 02 616 2010 05 05 12 09 43 581 40 964s 0 220 0 134 0 1000 Harmoniczna pr du nr 4 L3 2010 05 05 12 09 02 616 2010 05 05 12 09 55 971 53 3548 0 967 0 253 0 1000 Harmoniczna pr d
58. 0000000 Curren PO OG Q Q 00000000000000000000000000000000 Crest factor U I pooococc0c000000000000000000000000000000 50 000 52 000 54 000 56 000 58 000 00 000 02 000 04 000 06 000 08 000 10 000 12 000 14 000 16 000 18 000 20 000 22 000 24 000 gt Za second millisecond a p Averaging period V Select all pm Reports Ajy Plots Open in a new window faai N Frequency f Time fLI Hz fLI Hz ULI U LA V U L2fV ULV U L3 V U L3 V U L120 UL23TW voltage U avg inst avg inst avg inst inst avg avg Current I 396 2010 05 05 12 15 39 290 50 03 50 03 2328 2318 230 6 230 3 228 2 400 2 399 3 Crest factor U I Unbalance U I Pst Plt 398 2010 05 05 12 15 41 288 50 03 50 03 233 1 J Average 227 7 401 0 398 9 THD U I 399 2010 05 05 12 542 287 50 03 i 233 8 Instantaneous k 400 7 398 2 Harmonics U I A tang PF cos 400 2010 05 05 12 15 43 286 50 03 i 2338 l 400 2 396 8 oc 401 2010 05 05 12 15 44 286 50 03 233 8 400 8 399 3 Energy P Q S Harmonics phase angles Harmonics power P Q 403 2010 05 05 12 15 46 284 50 03 233 4 t 230 2 j A A 400 3 398 8 4 Mm 397 2010 05 05 12 15 40 289 50 03 50 03 233 5 233 7 230 6 230 7 t 230 1 400 8 399 5 402 2010 05 05 12 15 45 285 50 03 233 5 400 4 398 9 lt A S I S I I I I I I I Analyzer PQM 701 S N 960036 Status Connected Fig 40 Measurements window for user s recording If you check the Open i
59. 01Zr BS Konfiguracja programu L foatszucgmy 28 TPP peper ons Zdefiniowane adresy TCP IP TE IPv4 168 200 1 Port 20000 Nazwa Analizator z modemem GPRS Fig 82 IP address configuration for the GSM modem 107 PQM 701 Operating manual 10 Power quality a guide 10 1 Basic information The measurement methodology is mostly imposed by the energy quality standards mainly IEC 61000 4 30 2009 Rapidly growing interest in these issues and demand for instruments measuring mains parameters has resulted in many various power analyzers available on the market Unfortunately these instruments have been based on different algorithms Consequently the measurements of the same parameters with various instruments often have given completely different results The factors behind growing interest in these issues have included wide use of electronic power controllers DC DC converters and switched mode power supplies energy saving fluorescent lamps etc that is widely understood electrical power conversion All these devices have tendency to significantly distort the current waveform The design of switched mode power supplies widely used in household and industrial applications is often based on the principle that the mains alternating voltage is first rectified and smoothed with the use of capacitors meaning that it is converted to direct voltage DC and then with a high frequency and efficiency is co
60. 09 09 611 50 04 233 9 229 4 231 9 0 283 1227 22 25 18 36 10 57 2010 05 05 12 09 10 611 50 04 233 4 229 0 231 7 0 282 1251 23 70 18 45 10 40 2010 05 05 12 09 11 610 50 04 234 2 229 8 232 8 0 284 1220 22 21 18 32 10 74 x 2010 05 05 12 09 12 609 50 04 234 0 229 6 232 7 0 284 12 35 22 19 1833 10 94 2010 05 05 12 09 13 608 50 04 234 0 229 6 232 8 0 296 1256 22 28 18 26 10 94 2010 05 05 12 09 14 607 50 04 234 0 229 3 232 7 0 283 1225 23 62 18 40 10 83 2010 05 05 12 09 15 607 50 04 234 2 229 1 231 9 0 283 1211 22 22 18 44 10 97 2010 05 05 12 09 16 606 50 04 233 2 227 9 232 1 0 283 1222 23 44 18 43 10 73 2010 05 05 12 09 17 605 50 04 233 7 229 2 232 7 0 283 1223 22 19 18 43 10 90 x 2010 05 05 12 09 18 604 50 04 233 5 229 6 232 0 0 236 1219 22 17 18 46 11 08 2010 05 05 12 09 19 603 50 04 234 3 229 7 232 8 0 296 1230 22 20 18 46 10 99 x 2010 05 05 12 09 20 603 50 04 233 4 229 3 232 1 0 307 1241 23 71 18 42 10 80 x 2010 05 05 12 09 21 602 50 04 234 1 229 1 232 5 0 308 12 14 23 97 18 48 10 82 2010 05 05 12 09 22 601 50 04 234 2 229 2 232 0 0 283 1220 21 98 18 50 10 64 2010 05 05 12 09 23 600 50 04 234 1 229 5 2325 0 283 1225 22 11 18 51 10 62 2010 05 05 12 09 24 599 50 04 234 0 229 6 232 5 0 283 12 08 22 00 18 34 10 57 2010 05 05 12 09 25 598 50 04 233 0 229 4 231 6 0 282 1227 22 21 18 30 10 52 2010 05 05 12 09 26 598 50 04 233 8 230 6 232 0 0 296 1231 16 58 18 23 10 58 2010 05 05 12 09 27 597 50 04 234 1 231 4 232 0 0 296 1229 13 44 18 25 10 74 2010 05 05 12 09 28 596
61. 1 Status Connected Fig 30 Current and voltage plot in real time 6 3 Phase and total values The Measurements tab allows viewing of a range of parameters of the measured mains Fig 48 shows a typical screen with a table which presents values read from the analyzer and shown in real time Individual parameters have been grouped in successive columns in a few categories e Voltage RMS voltage U DC component Upc frequency f e Voltage RMS current I DC component Ipc e Power active power P reactive power Qs acc to Budeanu or fundamental component reactive power acc to IEEE 1459 apparent power S distortion power D acc to Budeanu or nonfundamental apparent power Sy acc to IEEE 1459 e Energy consumed active energy Ep and supplied active energy Ep consumed reactive energy Eq and supplied reactive energy Ea respectively acc to Budeanu or IEEE 1459 apparent energy Es e Factors power factor PF displacement power factor cosy total harmonic distortion THD for voltage and current crest factors CF for voltage and current flicker Pg and Pi e Unbalance for voltage zero component Up positive sequence component U and negative sequence component U negative sequence unbalance uz zero component unbalance uv for currents zero component lo positive sequence component and negative sequence component l negative sequence unbalance i2 zero component unbalance io 70 6 Live mo
62. 14 Other information woo O A AO OG OLO WO 163 14 1 14 2 14 3 14 4 14 5 PQM 701 Operating manual Cleaning and maintenance eszaaw esa zaaa aaa zaza aa zaaaa za zazaza zaneta zazazzaraziE0 163 SIOA Oasisa e O od OO Ae 163 Dismantling and CISDOSAN aa AOS a E 163 Mandla tO ARR Oa 163 LQDOlAIOIY SCIVICCS nano a SA iR duces cian A A 164 1 General information 1 General information 1 1 Safety PQM 701 Power Quality Analyzer is designed to measure record and analyze ZN power parameters In order to ensure safe operation observe the following recommendations Before you proceed to operate the meter acquaint yourself thoroughly with the present manual and observe the safety regulations and recommendations of the manufacturer e Any application that differs from those specified in the present manual may cause damage of the instrument and a serious hazard to its user e The PQM 701 analyzers must be operated solely by appropriately qualified personnel with relevant certificates to perform measurements of electric installation Operation of the instrument by unauthorized personnel may result in damage to the device and constitute a hazard to the user e The instrument must not be used for the mains and equipment in rooms with special conditions such as fire or explosion hazard e Itis unacceptable to operate the following gt A damaged instrument which is completely or partially out of order Leads with damaged i
63. 52 112 8 5 809 Analyzer PQM 701 S N 960001 Status Connected Fig 32 Phasor diagram for the wye connection Next to the diagram are two buttons used to turn the phasor diagram by 90 clockwise or counter clockwise 6 5 Harmonics The harmonics tab allows viewing the harmonic values in voltage and current active and reactive harmonics power harmonic factors and K factor A typical screen is shown in Fig 50 The displayed parameters are for one phase which is selected with the buttons on the right hand side The bar chart in the central part of the screen presents the harmonics from the DC component through the first component up to the 50 The Measure button in the bottom part of the screen is used to choose one of the two options e Voltage Current voltage and current harmonics are displayed e Power active and reactive harmonics power is displayed To the left and right of the chart are the axes scaled with units relevant for the selected mode in the Voltage Current mode the voltage harmonic axis is on the left and the current harmonics axis is on the right In the Power mode the active power axis is on the left and the reactive power axis is on the right The tables below the bar chart present e THD e K factors only in the Voltage Current mode e Table with numerical values of voltage and current harmonics and cos displacement power factor in the Voltage Current mode or active and r
64. 701 S N 960001 Status Connected Fig 34 Harmonics power screen Right click on the chart to display a context menu in which there are the following options e Auto scaling of voltage current or power P and power Q depending on the harmonics type Use this option to scale the harmonics bars and fit them to the chart window height e Do not scale to the first harmonics the first harmonics will be skipped during the auto scaling consequently the higher harmonics bars can be quickly made higher they usually have much lower level than the fundamental component example shown in Fig 50 In the bottom right hand corner is the 2D 3D button After clicking the harmonics are presented in a 3D view After clicking the Any view button the diagram can be freely set with a mouse Hold the left mouse button on the diagram and put it in the position you want Hold the right mouse button to zoom in out the diagram You can use also the sliders on the left hand of the window or the mouse scroll wheel Press SPACEBAR to start a simple 3D visualization 76 6 Live mode r B SONEL Analysis 1 0 29 Live PF File Analyzer Options Help De SY yl ZY Se AD Waveforms GS Timeplots g Measurements Phasors WH Harmonics 7 u 7 l J cosy 7 mk 47 Yr A L2 0 00 3 L3 4 e gt W a THD K Unit DC 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 U 0 099 100 0 0 155 1 381 0 084 1 884 0 071 0 900 0 073 0 487 0 066
65. 85 Warto 1 2010 05 05 12 19 54 167 233 9V R nica 1 2 Os Wartos 2 IL1 red 2010 05 05 12 19 54 167 11 62A R nica 2 3 Os 26 83 A Warto 3 I L2 red Wszystkie V Wszystkie 4 4 2010 05 05 12 19 54 167 38 44A 10 00 11 00 12 00 13 00 14 00 15 00 16 00 17 00 18 00 19 00 20 00 21 00 22 00 23 00 24 00 a lt i f i _ minuta sekunda Fig 42 Timeplot window 85 PQM 701 Operating manual Time plot description information about the start end and time difference of the plot is included in the top left hand part information about the values of two independent markers is displayed in the left hand part below three circles on the plot the markers can be moved by the left mouse button grab and move use left right arrows to move the markers along the time axis use up down arrows to move the active marker to the next waveform in the default mode the grabbed marker sticks to the nearest waveform If after right clicking within the plot area you select the Free mode enabled option the marker can be set without restraint If there is no waveform near the marker its color changes to grey and the coordinates in the X and Y axes refer to its current position after right clicking the mouse a Comparative Mode is also available It sets the markers at the same time point and moving one
66. AC f lt 65Hz earth field lt 40A m 157 158 e Alternating magnetic field e Conductors in direct vicinity e Technical specification e Accuracy Current range 0 5 100A 100 800A PQM 701 Operating manual none no flowing current 800 800 1000A AC 1400A DC Basic uncertainty lt 1 5 1A as of measured value e Phase error 45 65Hz 10 200A 200 1000A range e ratio 1mV 1A e frequency range DC 5kHz e output impedance 1000 e DC zero adjustment range 10A noise DC up to 1kHz lt 1mVp p or 1Ap p e Additional errors caused by current frequency e caused by battery voltage e caused by temperature caused by relative humidity in the10 85 range caused by position of 520mm conductor DC up to 5kHz lt 1 5mVp p or 1 5Ap p 1Hz up to 5kHz lt 0 5mVp p or 0 5Ap p 65 440Hz 2 440 1000Hz 5 1 5kHz 4dB lt 1A V lt 300ppm C or 0 3 10 C lt 0 5 DC up to 440Hz lt 0 5 DC up to 1kHz lt 1 DC up to 2kHz lt 3 DC up to 5kHz lt 10 caused by a parallel conductor with the 50 60Hz AC at 23mm from the clamp lt 10mA A caused by the 400A m 50Hz external magnetic field on the centered conductor common mode rejection ratio e Other data e insulation type e measuring category acc to IEC 61010 1 e protection rating acc to IEC 60529 e power supply e operating time with alkaline battery e dimensions
67. Ds perform the control function and indicate the following states e deviation from the RMS voltage by more than 15 of the rated value slow flashing every 300ms e deviation from the phase angle of voltage fundamental component by more than 30 of the theoretical value at the resistive load and the symmetrical system slow flashing e deviation from the phase angle of current fundamental component by more than 30 of the theoretical value at the resistive load and the symmetrical system slow flashing e deviation from the mains frequency by more than 10 of the rated value fast flashing every 150ms Note The phase error detection requires that the fundamental is greater or equal 5 of the nominal voltage or 5 of the nominal current range If this condition is not met the angles correctness is not checked Activated are only the LEDs of the phases in which a parameter has been exceeded In case of a frequency error LEDs of all active phases are flashing For the wye or delta systems without a neutral conductor two LEDs are activated for each phase i e a phase to phase voltage error results in the L1 A and L2 B LEDs flashing This functionality allows a quick visual assessment if the mains parameters are compatible with the analyzer configuration 2 7 Automatic switch off function If the analyzer operates for at least 30 minutes on the battery supply absence of mains supply and is not in the recording mo
68. EEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 1459 2000 standard from 2000 does not give a formula for total reactive power for non sinusoidal three phase systems as three basic types of power the standard mentions are active power apparent power and attention nonactive power designated as N Reactive power has been limited only to the fundamental component and designated Q4 This standard is the last document of this type issued by recognized organization which was to put the power definition issues in order It was even more necessary as the voices had been appearing in scientific circles for many years that the power definitions used so far may give erroneous results Most of all the controversies related to the definition of reactive and apparent power and also distortion power see below in one and three phase systems with non sinusoidal current and voltage waveforms In 1987 professor L S Czarnecki proved that the widely used definition of reactive power by Budeanu was wrong This definition is still taught in some technical schools and it was proposed by professor Budeanu in 1927 The formula is as follows QB gt Unln sin Pn n 0 where U and are voltage and current harmonics of order n and n are angles between these components As after this magnitude has been introduced the known power triangle equation was not met for circuits with non sinusoidal waveforms Budeanu introduced a new magnitude c
69. Epner OPERATING MANUAL POWER QUALITY ANALYZER PQM 701 PQM 701Z PQM 701Zr CE SONEL S A ul Wokulskiego 11 58 100 widnica POLAND Version 1 09 28 06 2013 wr KH PQM 701 Operating manual To 960120 4 a 2 PQM 701 epi om P3 op ke L3 C d 5 START STOP CONTENTS 1 General information aooach io G AGO ACER G GO 7 1 1 AIC ea WAKE ao otoz TAT 7 1 2 GONCIAITC QIUIIOS 22 2p sonrtecoxtaratcsco celacsun iteuoontizes ssahehewidealactas Gitaveentizese aehaus tials 8 1 3 Analyser ad 1 ay A 0 PZ z Z O CO A OO ee eee 9 1 4 Analyser POM VOT ZFT ma EE ini ak Gai oai ni e PORE ri 10 1 5 Analyzer p wer SUD OV aaa Ee AE kowe LE EE ak bono zak 11 1 6 Protection rating and outdoor operation essaaa aaa a aaaaaaaaa zana aazaazaaazanca 11 1 7 Measured parameters cccccccecccescnseeccuscnsensuscsusensuensuscausensuessusesesensussauseaes 13 1 8 Contonmity 10 standards nisi A a Na E OO WP R OOPS CAO YI 15 1 9 MOUNTING ON DIN Tal ycia ec Eda zo ed ea A kak 16 2 Operation of the analyzer aeesaaeeazaeaazanaananaanewazaawazawaazawzazEDEA 17 2 1 SVE IIIT OID INC OUT Zo dO NORA REA EW 17 2 2 Connection with PC and data transmission cccccccccseccssescecteceesesessnsesseeees 19 2 2 1 Serial port RS 232 only PQM 7TO1ZT s aae aaa aa aaa aaa aaa zaa aaa e a RE a 20 2 3 Performing the measurements
70. IEC 61000 4 30 class S e Basic measurement time for parameters voltage current harmonics unbalance is a 10 period interval for 50 Hz system and 12 period interval for 60 Hz system e 3 s interval 150 periods for 50 Hz rated frequency and 180 periods for 60 Hz e 10 min interval e 2 h interval based on twelve 10 min intervals IEC 61000 4 30 Class S Real time clock RTC e n built real time clock set from the SONEL Analysis software no GPS or uncertainty radio synchronization e Clock accuracy better than 0 3s day Aggregation of measurements in time intervals F Meets the requirements of IEC 61000 4 30 class A for measurement method requency and uncertainty Meets the requirements of IEC 61000 4 30 class A for measurement method Supply voltage and uncertainty Voltage fluctuations flicker AG method and uncertainty meet the requirements of IEC 61000 4 Supply voltage dip Meets the requirements of IEC 61000 4 30 class A for measurement method interruption and swell and uncertainty Meets the requirements of IEC 61000 4 30 class A for measurement method Supply voltage unbalance and uncertainty Voltage and current Measurement method and uncertainty conforms to IEC 61000 4 7 class harmonics 15 PQM 701 Operating manual 1 9 Mounting on DINrail The kit includes two catches for mounting the analyzer on a standard DIN rail To do this first remove the metal bracket bolted to the back of the analyzer Then i
71. If all parameters are within specified limits one can say that the distribution network meets the EN 50160 quality requirements Table 6 shows the present measurement requirements according to EN 50160 in the network with voltage up to 35kV These settings are activated after selecting the default settings Low and medium voltage systems Table 6 Power quality requirements according to EN 50160 for networks with voltage up to 35kV Basic Parameter measurement Criterion time Slow voltage changes RMS 10 minutes for 95 of measurements deviation from the nominal voltage voltage shall be within the 10 Unom range for 100 of measurements 15 10 Unom 100 criterion is binding only for LV networks Frequency 10 seconds for 99 5 of measurements deviation shall be within the 1 fnom range for 50Hz corresponds to 49 5 50 5Hz for 100 of measurements 6 4 fnom 47 52HZ Fast voltage changes 2 hours for 95 of measurements the long term flicker Pi lt 1 flicker Voltage unbalance 10 minutes for 95 of measurements the negative sequence unbalance shall be lt 2 Total harmonic distortion 10 minutes for 95 of measurements THD F shall be lt 8 THD F 0 5 1 5 1 5 Voltage harmonics 10 minutes For 95 of measurements level of each voltage harmonics referenced to the basic component shall be less than Relative Relative 5 0 2 0 6 0 1 0 5 0 0 5 9 15 3 5 3 0 0
72. KO1 black PQM 701 3 pcs PQM 701Z 4 pcs WAKROBL20K01 Crocodile clip KO2 blue PQM 701 1 pcs PQM 701Z 2 pcs WAKROBU20K02 Crocodile clip KO2 yellow WAKROYE20K02 socket adapter with banana pins L1 and N for charging the batteries WAADAAZ1 e e 13 Equipment software for data reading and analysis SONEL Analysis WAPROANALIZA USB cable WAPRZUSB OR 1adapter wireless USB interface transmission receiver WAADAUSBOR1 SD card WAPOZSD 1 hard suitcase for the analyzer and accessories WAWALXL1 band for fixing on the pole WAPOZOPAKPL DIN Rail Mounting Clip ISO 2 pcs WAPOZUCH2 built in battery operating manual certificate of calibration The standard equipment supplied by the manufacturer with the PQM 701Zr device includes e serial transmission cable female male non interlaced RS 232 DB 9 WAPRZRS232 13 2 Optional equipment In addition the following items not included in the standard kit can be purchased from the manufacturer or the distributors C 4 1000A AC clamp WACEGC4OKR C 5 1000A AC CD clamp WACEGC5OKR C 6 clamp for small currents 10A AC WACEGC6OKR C 7 clamp 100A AC WACEGC7OKR F 1 flexible clamp for currents up to 3kA AC length 120cm WACEGF1OKR F 2 flexible clamp for currents up to 3kA AC length 80cm WACEGF2OKR rechargeable battery WAAKUO09 hand carrying case for clamps WAWALL2 Note When orderin
73. Sonel Analiza kt re chcesz zainstalowa Zaznacz komponenty kt re chcesz zainstalowa i odznacz te kt rych nie chcesz instalowa Kliknij Dalej aby kontynuowa san ja zainstalowania y ae cilia Przesu kursor myszy Sterowniki PQOM 701 nad komponent aby Sterowniki OR 1 zobaczy jego opis Skr t na pulpicie Wymagane miejsce 90 7MB Nullsoft Install System v2 46 Fig 13 Installer choosing components Select option PQM 701 drivers OR 1 drivers when using wireless module OR 1 and optionaly Desktop shortcut Then click Next gt 30 4 SONEL Analysis software Instalator programu Sonel Analiza Wybierz lokalizacj dla instalacji Wybierz folder w kt rym ma by zainstalowany Sonel Analiza Instalator zainstaluje program Sonel Analiza w nast puj cym folderze Aby zainstalowa w innym folderze kliknij Przegl daj i wybierz folder Kliknij Dalej aby kontynuowa Folder docelowy C Program Files GONEL Sonel Analiza Wymagane miejsce 99 2MB Dostepne miejsce 11 76GB NullsoFk I Fig 14 Installer program location settings Select the installation location by clicking Browse installation Click Next gt The last step is to choose the software name which will be displayed in the Start menu The installer is ready to install the software To begin the installation press Install or leave default settings of the
74. V Port Szeregowy TCP IP poprzez GPRS Fig 80 Selection of additional media for scanning while searching for analysers 105 PQM 701 Operating manual Konfiguracja programu 4 Port Szeregowy E TCP IP poprzez GPRS Porty do przeskanowania Parzysto Szybko transmisji 7 com1i Parzysty F 921600 V COM10 E Nieparzysty 0 v coms 7 Brak N V COM2 7 COM3 Kontrola przep ywu V COM4 Wy czona Ka COM5 Sprz towa 460800 230400 115200 57600 v 38400 z 19200 Bity sto A pe 7 9600 Ni 1 F 4800 F 2 E 2400 Od wie liste port w Detekcja V Nie sprawdzaj innych ustawien ni ostatnio zapami tane Usu zapami tane ustawienia Fig 81 Selection of scanning parameters for the RS 232 serial port The Delete the saved settings button causes the removal of the settings for the detected analysers which means that when a search is initiated all combinations of settings selected in the Media Settings card are used To speed up the analyser detection process it is advised to narrow down the possible setting combinations 9 3 Communication with the analyser via the GSM modem The analyser s serial port may be connected with a GSM modem in the GPRS package data transmission mode which may be used in transparent mode
75. a graphical representation of determination of this component As we can see from the definition the vector of positive sequence component equals one third of the sum of the summands Ua aU B a Uc Operators a and a are unit vectors with angles 120 and 240 The procedure is as follows turn the voltage vector U by 120 counterclockwise multiply by a and add to the vector U44 Then turn the vector U c by 240 and add to the previous sum of vectors As a result you get the vector 3U The vector U is the symmetrical positive sequence component Let us note that in case of a perfect symmetry equal voltages and angles the positive sequence component is equal in terms of value to the phase to neutral voltages The positive sequence component is a measure of similarity of the tested set of three phase vectors to the symmetrical set of positive sequence vectors Analogously the negative sequence component is a measure of similarity to the symmetrical set of negative sequence vectors The zero sequence component exists in the systems in which the sum of three voltages or currents is not equal to zero A measure of the system unbalance which is widely used in the power generation is the negative sequence and zero sequence unbalance formulas are for the voltage u 100 1 where uo zero sequence unbalance U2 negative sequence unbalance Uo zero sequence symmetrical component U positive sequence symmetr
76. according to EN events according to EN events according to the voltages and 1s 3 phase wye currents profile according to the voltages and 1s 3 phase wye currents profile according to the Power and 1s 3 phase wye harmonics p y profile 60 years o tee PQM 701 Operating manual according to the R e i 22 5 days armonics profile All possible 10min 3 phase wye 4 years parameters 3 ph prase wye 1000 events 1000 events all passible 10s 3 phase wye 25 days parameters al possibla 10s 1 phase 64 days parameters all possible 10s 1 phase 1000 events 1000 events 14 5 days parameters day day 2 4 Key lock The PC application allows the key lock function to be activated after the start of the recording This is to protect the analyzer from stopping the recording by unauthorized personnel To unlock the keys buttons enter a three digit code e press any button to display the CODE message and then three dashes e use the keyboard buttons to enter the correct unlocking code with the button change the digits sequentially O 1 2 9 O on position one with the P1 4 button on position two and with the START STOP on position three e athree second inactivity of the keyboard buttons causes the entered code to be checked e correctly entered code is indicated by the OK message and the keys are unlocked if an incorrect code has been entered the display shows
77. acy in difficult measuring environments The analog integrators must also include the systems protecting the inputs from saturation in case DC voltage is present on the input A perfect integrator has an infinite amplification for DC signals which falls with the rate of 20dB decade of frequency The phase shift is fixed over the whole frequency range and equals 90 Theoretically infinite amplification for a DC signal if present on the integrator input causes the input saturation near the power supply voltage and makes further operation impossible In practically implemented systems a solution is applied which limits the amplification for DC to a specified value and in addition periodically zeroes the output There are also techniques of active cancellation of DC voltage which involve its measurement and re applying to the input but with an opposite sign which effectively cancels such voltage There is a term leaky integrator which describes an integrator with finite DC gain An analog leaky integrator is just an integrator featuring a capacitor shunted with a high value resistor Such a system is then identical with a low pass filter of a very low pass frequency Digital integrator implementation ensures excellent long term parameters the entire procedure is performed by means of calculations and aging of components drifts etc have been eliminated However just like in the analog version also here we can find the saturation proble
78. aeaanawanawanewanawanawnEca I 147 TZ IPU eeik R SRA R AE O ARE eet alow coe AE 147 12 2 Measured parameters accuracy resolution and rangeS 1 11 148 12 3 Event detection RMS voltage and RMS current c ccccccssseeeeeneeeseaneees 150 12 4 Event detection remaining parameterS essaaaeaaaaaazanaazanasazzasaza 150 125 TR OCOMOING ocz WZA a OKA AA OE PAK AA 151 12 6 Power supply and NOACELM cccccsscecseeccescnsuecsuscaesensuessuecsusenseessussaesenaess 152 12 7 Supported MAINS Systems uaaaa aa aa aa aaa aaa aaa aa aazaaaaazazaaaazazaaazazaziaza ca 153 1286 SUPDONEA Clamps srs as AA A ieee aise wa dwa 153 129 GOMMUNICANON Amie i dob E eee eee da tw 153 12 10 Environmental conditions and remaining technical specification 153 12 11 Safety and electromagnetic compatibility ss aae aaa zana aa aaa wana zawaaaazanananaa 154 t217 SSAC QOS wina Oz UE O z O eo ad ada az 154 13 EGUDMENE sionn O WR a i i 154 13 1 Standard eguipme n neo Ok R R Ga CG 154 13 2 Optional equipment eeaaaeeaaaa aa aaa aaa aaa aa zana a aaaaazazaazazaaaazazazaazazazaaizaca 155 13 2 1 CF CLIN GNS tba arn anak Ge vedas crane OO war atin Gran Aa ROR ROACH 155 13 2 2 C29 Glamis uni OWA Z R G AWIWIE AAA R a a EM 157 13 2 3 COCA OPRZE EE ENEA 159 13 2 4 CoP CIA DS sh Goo U R E O WOP AO 160 13 2 5 Ped Aree le ClAINIDS wot EPAR OO OR IAA DIP O OE 161
79. agnetic field e Alternating magnetic field e Conductors in direct vicinity Technical parameters e Accuracy Basic uncertainty Current range 20 26 C 20 75 RH conductor centered in jaws 48 65HZ lt 1 none earth field lt 40A m none no flowing current Phase error 0 1 10A lt 3 0 1A 10 50A 50 200A 200 1000A lt 0 75 1000 1200A as of measured value e input signal for max current e ratio e frequency range e insulation type e measuring category acc to IEC 61010 1 e protection rating acc to IEC 60529 e dimensions e weight e jaws opening 1V AC 1mV AC 1A AC 30Hz 10kHz double according to IEC 61010 1 III 600V IP40 with open jaws IP30 216 x 111 x 45mm about 640g 53mm 13 Equipment e open jaws height 139mm e maximum measured conductor diameter 252mm e clamp lead length 1 5m e operating temperature 10 C 55 C e relative humidity lt 85 e height lt 2000m e electromagnetic compatibility IEC 61000 6 3 2008 IEC 61000 6 2 2008 13 2 2 C 5 clamp The C 5 clamp is used to measure the alternating and direct current without interrupting the circuit with the flowing current The measuring range is 1400A for DC and 1000A AC The output signal is voltage proportional to the measured current The clamp has one 1000A measuring range with the 1mV A sensitivity DC zero adjustment knob and LED power supply indicator The output signal is
80. al ratio of active power and apparent power P PF 5 In one phase systems the apparent power is calculated as shown in the formula above and there are no surprises However it turns out that in three phase systems calculation of this power is equally difficult as calculation of reactive power Of course this is related to actual systems with 119 PQM 701 Operating manual non sinusoidal waveforms which additionally can be unbalanced The tests have shown that the formulas used so far can give erroneous results if the system is unbalanced As apparent power is a conventional magnitude and does not have a physical interpretation determination which of proposed apparent power definitions is correct could be difficult Yet the attempts have been made based on the observation that the apparent power is closely related to the transmission losses and the power factor Knowing the transmission losses and the power factor one can indirectly specify a correct definition of apparent power The definitions which have been used so far include arithmetic apparent power and vector apparent power The test have shown however that neither the arithmetic definition nor the vector definition give correct value of the power factor The only definition which did not fail in such a situation was the definition proposed as early as in 1922 by German physicist F Buchholz So 3U I It is based on RMS current and voltage and the power is called an effect
81. all harmonics in the 2 50 range K Factor max 1 0 50 0 Based on 10 12 period value Event detection hysteresis Calculation method Hysteresis 0 10 For each parameter calculated as a percent of with 0 5 increment max threshold 12 5 Recording Recorder Averaging time 200ms 1s 3s 5s 10s 15s 30s 1min 3min 5min 10min 15min 30min 60min 120min averaging period from the first detected event according to schedule four defined time periods 4 independent user configurations definable space allocation on memory card it is possible to allocate the whole space to a given point 1 Averaging times below 10s are actually equal to multiples of mains period 200ms 10 12 periods 1s 50 60 periods 3s 150 180 periods 5s 250 300 periods 2 Urmsci2 and l vsi 2 Mean 1 period RMS values refreshed every half a period 3 min max averaging periods 200ms 1s 3s 5s are actually equal to multiples of mains period 200ms 10 12 periods 1s 50 60 periods 3s 150 180 periods 5s 250 300 periods 151 PQM 701 Operating manual Average Minimum Maximum Instantaneous Recorded parameters value value value value depending on system type Phase to phase RMS voltage Urms only 3 phase wye with N and split phase systems RMS current Irus Frequency f Voltage crest factor CF U e e e Current crest factor CF k ow e 6 lt Negative and positive sequence unbalance sym
82. alled the distortion power De s2 P2 Q Distortion power was to represent in the system the power appearing due to distorted voltage and current waveforms For years reactive power had been associated with energy oscillations between the source and the load The formula indicates that according to Budeanu s definition the reactive power is a sum of reactive power of individual harmonics Due to the sing factor such components can be positive or negative depending on the angle between the harmonics of voltage and current Hence a situation is possible when total reactive power QB will be zero at non zero harmonic components Observation that at non zero components total reactive power can according to this definition be zero is a key to a deeper analysis which finally allowed proving that in some situations Qgcan give quite surprising results The research has questioned the general belief that there is a relation between energy oscillations and Budeanu reactive power QB One can give examples of circuits in which despite oscillating character of instantaneous power waveform reactive power according to Budeanu is zero Over the years the scientists have not been able to connect any physical phenomenon to the reactive power according to this definition Such doubts about the correctness of this definition of course also cast shadow on the related 115 PQM 701 Operating manual distortion power Dg The scientists have s
83. alysis is carried out over a longer period of time e g 7 days and therefore the chosen averaging time is also long 10 minutes Please note that there is no single best setting for both the averaging time and other parameters or event thresholds Each mains system is different and so are the goals of the mains tests Therefore the optimal configuration of the analyzer may require several approaches and will also depend on the experience of the operator 10 13 Frequency measurement The signal for measurement of 10 second frequency values is taken from the L1 voltage channel It is the same signal which is used for synchronization of the PLL The L1 signal is sent to the 2 order band pass filter which passband has been set to 40 70Hz This filter is to reduce the level of harmonic components Then a square signal is formed from such filtered waveform The signal periods number and their duration is counted during the 10 second measuring cycle 10 second time intervals are determined by the real time clock every full multiple of 10 second time The frequency is calculated as a ratio of counted periods to their duration 137 PQM 701 Operating manual 11 Calculation formulas 11 1 One phase system One phase system Parametr S O i Parameter l l Calculation method Name Designation Unit M n 1 RMS a True UA V where U is a successive voltage sample U4 n M 2560 for 50Hz systems M 3072 for 60Hz systems 1 M U
84. anc U i 1 Voltage DC component Uanc y where U is a successive voltage sample Uz M 2560 for 50Hz systems M 3072 for 60Hz systems number of full voltage periods U counted during a 10 Frequency f Hz s clock time interval divided by the total duration of full periods RMS current True RMS where l is a successive current sample l4 M 2560 for 50Hz systems M 3072 for 60Hz systems Current DC component where l is a successive current sample l4 M 2560 for 50Hz systems M 3072 for 60Hz systems M 1 P ZD Uili i 1 Active power where U is a successive voltage sample U4 n liis a Successive current sample M 2560 for 50Hz systems M 3072 for 60Hz systems 50 Qg gt Up Ip Sin Pp Budeanu reactive h 1 power where U is the hth voltage harmonics Ua l is the hth current harmonics la gn is the hth angle between harmonics U and I Q Uh sin 94 Fundamental where U is the voltage fundamental component U4 n component reactive l4 is the current fundamental component I power g is the angle between fundamental components U and I Apparent power Nonfundamental Fez z apparent power Sy yS U114 2_ p2_n2 Budeanu distortion rza xar Dg JS Pt QB 138 11 Calculation formulas PF S EEEE If PF lt O the load has a generator character If PF gt O the load has a receiver character cos p DPF cos y P Displacement power coso where gu is absolute angle of vol
85. and other user defined reference conditions independent operation of many devices e web based upgrade to newer versions 4 1 Minimum hardware requirements Table 5 gives the minimum and recommended configuration of a PC running the Sonel Analysis software Table 5 Minimum and recommended PC configuration a 512MB gt Free space on hard disk Free space on hard disk on hard disk 150MB a 64MB with a support 5 gan resolution 1024x768 1024x768 Internet access E automatic updates Operating system Windows XP Windows Vista Windows 7 4 2 Software installation Note In order to facilitate installation of the PQM 701 drivers it is recommended to install the SONEL Analysis software and the drivers before connecting the USB cable To start the installation of SONEL Analysis open the installation file such as Setup Sonel Analysis 1 0 57 exe from the CD delivered with the analyzer 29 PQM 701 Operating manual Welcome to the 5onel Analysis Setup Wizard This wizard will guide you through the installation of sonel Analysis It is recommended that you cose all other applications before starting Setup This will make it possible to update relevant system files without having to reboot your computer Click Next to continue Fig 12 Installer starting screen Click Next gt Instalator programu Sonel Analiza Wybierz komponenty programu
86. are must be regularly updated in order to correct discovered errors or introduce new functionalities When the analyser software is updated check whether a new version of Sonel Analiza is available and vice versa if yes proceed with the upgrade 102 8 Other software options 8 5 1 Automatic software update Every time the program is started it checks for updates on the company server This feature may be turned on off in the preferences see section 8 3 1 If this option is disabled the update may be performed manually by selecting Help On line update To perform the update an operational Internet connection is required If the program detects that a new version of Sonel Analiza is available the user may decide to upgrade the current version After downloading necessary files the new version will be installed and the program will re start The program may also check for a newer version of the analyser firmware Firmware update may be performed only after connecting the analyser with a USB cable When a new version is available the user will see information concerning the software version and introduced changes After confirmation by the user the update proceeds Then after it is completed the analyser automatically disconnects and re starts 8 5 2 Manual software update In order to manually update Sonel Analiza download the installation file of the new version from the manufacturer s website http www sonel pl New sof
87. are not equal to 120 The receiver unbalance occurs when impedance values of individual receiver branches are not equal These phenomena are particularly dangerous for three phase motors in which even a slight voltage unbalance can cause current unbalance that is many times larger In such situation the motor torque is reduced heat losses in windings increase and mechanical wear is faster The unbalance also has an unfavorable effect on power supply transformers The most frequent reason of unbalance is uneven load on individual phases A good example is connecting to three phase systems of large one phase loads such as railway traction motors The PQM 701 is capable of measuring the voltage and current unbalance with a symmetrical components method This method is based on the assumption that each set of three unbalanced vectors can be resolved to three groups of vectors positive sequence negative sequence and zero sequence Ur AU yg AU 3U U B UB Fig 88 Example of determination of positive sequence component As an example let us use the calculation of voltage positive sequence component U U14 aU a U4C WI e where U is the vector of positive sequence component Una U1B U1c are vectors of positive sequence components of phase to neutral voltages 130 10 Power quality a guide Ua UB Uc Byd 1 v3 1 J120 a e 2 zj eon 1 v3 2 1 J240 5 SS d a e zj Fig 82 shows
88. arts at the moment when the Ukusu2 voltage increases above the swell ae threshold value and ends at the RMS1p RMS4j2 moment when the Urmsa 2 RMS1 p RMS1p voltage is equal or less than the swell threshold value minus the voltage hysteresis During the interruption the analyzer remembers the maximum recorded voltage and the average voltage value RMS RNS RMS7p The hysteresis for all three states is the same and it is a Fig 90 Determination of the Urms1 2 value user defined percent of nominal voltage Unom Events detection hysteresis parameter The analyzer remembers the event start and end time with a half a period accuracy 134 10 Power quality a guide The minimum voltage dip interruption and swell duration is half a period The Urmsi1 2 values are determined during 1 period when the fundamental voltage component passes the zero and they are refreshed every half period independently for each voltage channel This means that these values will be obtained at different times for different channels Fig 84 shows the method of the RMS4 determination with two voltage phases Information about the fundamental component s passing the zero is obtained by FFT 10 12 Averaging the measurement results Mains monitoring over a longer period of time means that a huge amount of data needs to be collected If analysis of such data is to be possible at all it is necessary to introduce the mechanisms which will reduce th
89. ata analysis 88 7 Data analysis The Marker window lists the user selected events in the table The rows that is the events can be moved in this table so that you can arrange them to your discretion Use the drag and drop method to move the rows click on any cell in the row and keeping the left bottom mouse pressed drag it up or down All buttons in the Marker tab have the same functionality as in the Point tab Fig 63 presents a typical waveform plot As two waveforms are assigned to this event start and end of the event the grayed out boxes on the diagram mark the beginning Start and the end End of the event In case of a short event the waveform will be continuous If the event duration is longer there will be two waveforms 2 periods before and 4 after for event beginning and 2 before and 4 after for event end The plot can be freely zoomed in as shown in Fig 64 Operations on the plot are the same as in case of the time plot r P Waveform File Edit lic i Start mua W m u 2010 05 04 14 47 06 384 z r mee IN Difference e Stop a 2010 05 04 14 47 06 524 z lou m z i WAY Value 1 z oe ULI if H 2010 05 04 f 14 47 06 390 HLA VA 317 2 V Value 2 IL3 2010 05 04 14 47 06 443 J 35 38 A F RE 30 0 4 0 50 0 60 0 70 0 80 0 90 0 100 0 110 0 10 0 20 0 30 0 40 0 0 052 338s mSecond uSecond 4 m Fig 46 Plot with start and end waveform
90. ce for the 1 harmonics means the normal direction of the motor shaft rotation The voltage harmonics for which the sign is also cause the torque corresponding with the direction of the fundamental component The harmonics of the 27 5 8 and 11 order are the opposite sequence harmonics meaning that they generate the torque which counteracts normal motor direction of rotation which can cause heating unnecessary energy losses and reduced efficiency The last group are the zero sequence components such as the 3 6 and 9 which do not generate torque but flowing through the motor winding cause additional heating Based on the data from the table it is easy to note that the series O is repeated for all successive harmonic orders The formula which links the sequence with order is very simple and for k being any integer A The even order harmonics do not appear when a given waveform is symmetrical in relation to its average value and this is the case in majority of power supply systems In a typical situation the measured even order harmonics have minimum values If we consider this property it turns out that the group of harmonics with the most undesirable properties is the 3 9 15 zero sequence and the 5 11 and 17 negative sequence The current harmonics which are multiples of 3 cause additional problems in some systems In 4 wire systems they have a very undesirable property of summing up in the
91. ch situation is a pure sinusoidal waveform In real systems voltage and current waveforms can be distorted hence in addition to the fundamental component there must be harmonics of higher orders Why is the presence of higher harmonics in the system not desirable One of the reasons is the skin effect which involves pushing out the electrons from the center of conductor towards the surface as the current frequency is increasing As a result the higher the frequency the smaller the effective conductor cross section which is available for the electrons which means that the conductor resistance is increasing Consequently the higher the current harmonics the higher effective cabling resistance for this harmonics and this inevitably leads to more power losses and heating A classic example connected with this effect is related to neutral conductor in three phase systems In a system with little distortion little unbalance and a balanced or slightly unbalanced receiver the current in neutral conductor has the tendency of zeroing it is much smaller that RMS phase currents Such observation has tempted many designers to obtains savings by installing the cabling in such systems with neutral conductor of a smaller cross section than in phase conductors And everything went well until the appearance of odd harmonic orders which are multiples of 3 third ninth etc Suddenly the neutral conductor began overheating and the measurement showed very hig
92. d current with the sensitivity equal to 38 83mV 1000A for 50Hz and 46 6mV 1000A for 60Hz Fig 97 F 1 clamp Fig 98 F 2 clamp Fig 99 F 3 clamp The output signal is supplied by a 2 meter lead with a pin adapted for the socket in the meter The arrow located on the closing unit indicates the current flow direction It is assumed that the current is flowing in the positive direction if it is flowing from the source to the receiver Such clamp orientation is required for a correct power measurement Warning Do not use the device on non insulated conductors with a potential of more than 1000 V in relation to the earth and a measurement category greater than Ill e Reference conditions e Temperature 18 22 C e Conductor position centered in relation to the clamp loop 161 162 Continuous magnetic field Alternating magnetic field External electric field Technical specification Rated measuring range Input output ratio Basic uncertainty Linearity PQM 701 Operating manual earth field lt 40A m none none 1A 3000A 10000A peak for 50Hz 38 83mV 1000A 50Hz 46 6mV 1000A 60Hz 1 in the 1A 3000A range 0 2 Additional error caused by conductor position 2 max e Additional error caused by external magnetic field Additional error caused by temperature Output impedance Remaining data insulation type measuring category acc to IEC 61010 1 protection rating acc to IEC 60529
93. d only at the manufacturer s service department 1 6 Protection rating and outdoor operation The PQM 701 analyzer is adapted to operation under difficult weather conditions it can be used directly on electric poles Installation is performed by means of two bands with clasps which should be passed through a metal frame bolted to the analyzer rear wall The ingress protection rating is IP65 and the operating temperature range is from 20 C to 55 C Note In order to ensure declared IP65 protection rating the following rules must be observed e The analyzer shall be installed with connecting terminals facing down e Fasten the transparent cover with two screws near the cover catch closing the cover with the catch only is not sufficient e Unused measuring terminals shall be made tight with silicon plugs 11 PQM 701 Operating manual Because the capacitive keyboard keys can be triggered by a strong stream of water rain it is recommended to activate the keyboard protection option with a 3 digit code in order to minimize the risk of unintentional stopping of the recording The internal heater is activated at ambient temperatures below 0 C in order to maintain above freezing temperature inside for the 20 C 0 C ambient temperature range The power supply to the heater is from the internal mains power supply and its power rating is limited to about 10W The Li ion battery will not be charged when temperature inside
94. d with the keyboard standard for Windows ENTER select option ESC cancel TAB go to the next button etc r PF SONEL Analysis 1 0 29 File Analyzer Options Help ad Gul oS Sonel l ad w omamy zzo U szan Analyzer S N Status Disconnected Fig 2 Main screen 34 4 SONEL Analysis software 4 4 Selecting the analyzer Before sending any data from to the analyzer it is necessary to select the analyzer with which the SONEL Analysis software will connect In order to connect to the analyzer select any option which requires an active connection such as Settings Live mode or Analysis When one of the above mentioned options has been selected and if no active connection with the analyzer has happened before the software will display the Connection window see Fig 20 The analyzers are searched for in the wire mode USB ports and the wireless mode if the OR 1 radio receiver is connected to the computer When the scanning is successful a list appears with detected analyzers analyzer model serial number and type of communication line Click on the selected analyzer and press the Select icon to accept a given analyzer from the list Press the Search again icon to scan again for the analyzers When the analyzer is selected the system will request the PIN code protecting against an unauthorized access The PIN code has three digits 0 9 Default PIN co
95. de 11 4 Three phase delta and wye without N Three phase delta and wye without N the parameters RMS voltage and current voltage and current fundamental components THD and K symmetrical components and unbalance factors flicker are calculated as in one phase systems phase to phase voltage is used instead of phase to neutral Parameter Calculation method Name Designation Phase to phase EE Ip Current l2 Aron s measurement systems Total active power Usc is a Successive voltage sample UB c la is a successive current sample lig is a successive current sample lsg M 2560 for 50Hz systems M 3072 for 60Hz systems SEUL where Total apparent power Se VA P Ins Upc Ue e Ss 9 1 M M Prot gt Viaclia Dacha i 1 i 1 where w Uiac is a Successive voltage sample U4 c 144 11 Calculation formulas Total reactive power Budeanu and IEEE QBtot s2 P 1459 Total Budeanu Sen 5e Ma where Se1 3Ue1le1 Effective nonfundamental Uag Usa EU apparent power Ue 9 _ las tas lo lc Ep tot Pitot OT i 1 s 0 if Prior lt 0 m Pana gt gt NT i Active energy 3 P tot L tot IT 1 consumed and En A P tot supplied P veo if Pro lt 0 0 if Prot i 0 where i is a successive number of 10 12 period measuring window Pror i represents total active power Piot calculated in the ith measuring window T i represents duration of the th m
96. de KE SONEL Analysis 1 0 29 Live PF File Analyzer Options Help De SF wl SSH amp Waveforms 45 Timeplots EX Measurements Phasors 9 Harmonics 7 mmvoltage 7 mCurent 9 Power Energy V mfactor unbalance U Upc f loc P Q 5 Sn PE cosp tang THDU THDI CFU CFI Pst Unit VI mV Hz A mA kw kvar kVA kvar E a LI N 233 3 8 023 50 00 19 82 0 101 4 434 0 946 4 624 0 839 0 959 0 978 0 213 2631 18 27 1 393 1 748 2117 L2 N 232 8 42 94 50 00 12 46 9 850 2 796 0 292 2 900 0 702 0 964 0 995 0 105 2 198 24 54 1 392 1 863 2 358 L3 N 231 2 11 75 50 00 22 85 0 490 5132 0 639 5 283 0 975 0 971 0 992 0 125 2 582 18 72 1401 1 987 2 681 N PE 0 272 9 781 10 36 12 98 143 9 1175 2 211 1 963 11 12 L2 L3 L3 L1 Total 50 00 12 36 1 878 13 81 4 004 0 895 0 988 0 152 m THD relative to Fundamental Energy display Session energy Analyzer PQM 701 S N 960001 Status Connected Fig 31 Indications of phase and total values Each group can be switched on and off independently of the other groups and the background color in its column can be changed with the option fields and buttons in the top of the screen When the program is started for the first time the following parameters are shown voltage current power and coefficients Parameter values are displayed in the consecut
97. de and the connection with the PC is not active the instrument will switch off automatically to prevent the battery discharge The display shows the OFF message for one second The analyzer will also switch off automatically in case of total battery discharge Such emergency switch off is performed independently of the present analyzer mode Any active recording will be stopped The recording will resume when the power supply is restored Emergency switch off is indicated by the BATT message 23 PQM 701 Operating manual 3 Measuring circuits The analyzer can be connected to the following mains types Single phase with neutral Fig 3 Split phase Fig 4 Three phase 4 wire wye Fig 5 Three phase 3 wire wye Fig 6 Three phase 3 wire delta Fig 7 In three phase systems it is possible to measure the currents with Aron s method using only two clamps measuring the line currents IL and li3 The l 2 is then calculated according to the formula l2 li lis This method can be used in the delta systems Fig 8 and the wye systems without neutral conductor Fig 9 Note Because the voltage measuring channels are referenced to terminal N in the systems without neutral conductor it is necessary to connect short the N and L3 analyzer terminals as shown in Fig 7 Fig 8 Fig 9 and Fig 10 three phase 3 wire wye and delta systems In systems with neutral conductor the current can be measured in such conductor a
98. de is 000 Note If the PIN code is entered incorrectly three times the data transmission will be blocked for 10 minutes PF Connection Available analyzers ney PQM 701 S N 960001 USB connection lt A PQM 701 S N 960001 Wireless connection again z Fig 3 Analyzer selection window 35 PQM 701 Operating manual Note e Wireless analyzer detection is possible only after previous connection of the analyzer by means of the USB link entering the correct PIN code and selecting the Remember PIN option see Fig 21 Then the analyzer is added to the analyzer database During the wireless search only analyzers from the database can be detected e Registration involves entering the unique serial number Based on this number the software filters other analyzers for instance within the radio interface range which do not belong to the owner of a given software copy z f Connection Please enter PIN a UE v Store PIN in database x Fig 4 PIN code verification If the Remember PIN option is checked in the authorization window the serial number and the entered PIN will be associated so that the user does not have to enter it again during the next connection serial number and analyzer model are automatically added to the analyzer database After a successful connection a window appear
99. ded according to the standard text EN 50160 or according to user defined settings text USER There are three fields that define start duration and end of the analysis interval which is selected by two sliders S beginning and E end You can use these sliders to select smaller analysis interval If you select interval longer that a given period the whole period will be selected for analysis The information about the interval selected for analysis in the week day hour minute second format appears in central field Range You can select standard time interval from the drop down list i e 10 min hour day week If a selected period is longer than recording the whole recording is checked Click the Data analysis button to start the data analysis in selected time interval f SONEL Analysis 1 0 29 Analysis File Analyzer Options Help tg RT Ey Q m S y s ok Measurement point a i 4 te Measurement point 1 time 00 03 02 Off a Measurement point 1 P 2010 05 04 14 46 43 U 2010 05 04 14 47 32 P 2010 05 04 14 47 45 U 2010 05 04 14 49 42 SO MEE eee eee neem eee 2 47 00 48 00 49 00 minute second f a Data analysis Analyzer PQM 701 S N 960001 Status Connected Fig 37 Selecting the analysis time interval If you wish to perform many analyses on the read data after downloading save such data on a local disk as a file with the extension p
100. dependent of the PIN and can be changed by pressing the Change button next to the Keys lock code field The keys lock function protects against an attempt to stop the recoding by unauthorized personnel The Sleep mode during recording option blanks the analyzer display 10 seconds after the start of recording The recording is indicated only by flashing dots in the display The Change button next to the PIN code field is used to change the current PIN code The default setting is 000 but the user can set any code from 000 to 999 When the button is pressed the window appears as shown in Fig 44 the PIN code change procedure is the same as for the keys lock code An appropriate message is displayed after the successful operation 65 PQM 701 Operating manual r P Time and security Date and time User time b4 05 2010 10 44 03 gt Mg Set System time 04 05 2010 11 24 43 ur Set Analyzer time 04 05 2010 11 24 43 Security settings V Keyboard lock Keyboard lock code Li Change Sleep mode Analyzer PIN fase Change Fig 26 Setting the time and security options f Time and security r Please enter PIN Fig 27 Changing the keys lock code or PIN 5 4 Reversing the clamp phase In case of a reverse clamp connection to the measured circuit right direction is the one where the arrow on the clamp indicates the receiver select the option f
101. dicate a chosen CSV file and then follow the on screen instructions of the spreadsheet e for events the data range lines may be reduced by using two sliders P start and K end in the part with the dotted graph Then press Reports gt User report A window will pop up aS shown in Figure 69 To save the data in a desired file format select Save and then indicate the location name and format of your file The data formats are the same as described above for the measurements It is possible to export only selected events mark the icon in Marker column next to selected events and then after choosing the Marker tab press Reports gt User Report and proceed as described above Raport u ytkownika Raport zawiera dane A Podgl d Od 2010 02 03 10 28 58 350 Do 2010 02 04 12 45 58 650 E Rozpi to 1d2h17m0 300s ma 1 Liczba pr bek Sls Liczba pomiar w 3697 SE Drukuj Kopiuj do schowka zamknij Fig 69 Export data to a file The standard way to export data to CSV files may be configured by selecting Options gt Program Configuration gt Report Settings gt and clicking Export to CSV tab A window will pop up as shown in Figure 70 e an option for dividing data into files of smaller size To do this select Divide CSV file option 94 and set the maximum desired number of lines in a single file If the report contains more lines that defi
102. e 47 52Hz range The analyzer configuration procedure for standard compliant measurement is as follows In the main configuration screen set the correct mains system type nominal voltage frequency clamp type and select appropriate transducers if necessary Then go to the EN 50160 section In the Basic tab check the option Enable logging according to standard Then the averaging time will be set to 10 minutes and the recording parameters are only taken from EN 50160 The remaining options in the tree Voltage Current Power and energy Harmonics are blocked and disregarded by the analyzer 47 PQM 701 Operating manual Then click one of buttons for default settings for the standard for LV and MV networks up to 35 KV or HV networks Now the application loads the default parameters within the EN 50160 tab You can now see the recording parameters in all three tabs Basic Harmonics Events When the configuration is completed trigger the recording from the application level or by pressing the START STOP button You can edit the settings in the Basic Harmonics Events tabs even after the default values are loaded It can be helpful in the situation when the criteria defined in EN 50160 change Then you can adjust the settings by yourself without the need to update the SONEL Analysis software Although the standard EN 50160 does not provide for current measurement or testing the mains parameters associated with the current b
103. e analyser models including PQM and PQM 701Z 701Zr unless otherwise stated 1 5 Analyzer power supply The analyzer has built in mains power supply that can operate in the rated voltage range from 90 760V AC In PQM 701 the power supply is internally connected to the L1 A and N voltage measurement terminals so the power to the analyzer can be supplied from the tested mains In the PQM 701Z and PQM 701Zr the power supply has been separated from voltage measurement terminals and has separate terminals on the right side of the analyzer Internal rechargeable battery is used to maintain power supply in case of an outage The battery is charged during the operation of the analyzer when voltage is supplied to the power supply terminals The battery can ensure up to 5h of operation at 20 55 C When the battery is discharged the meter discontinues current operation Such as recording and turns off in emergency mode showing the BATT message If the previous operation was the recording when the power supply is restored the analyzer resumes recording After a long period of not using the analyzer with disconnected power supply more than 3 months the battery pack can become totally discharged and some settings will be lost current time last measurement point used PIN keys lock password etc When resuming work it is recommended to restore the settings using the SONEL Analysis software Note The battery can be replace
104. e data size to the values acceptable by both humans and machines Lets us take the example of EN 50160 compliant power quality measurements The basic mains test period is one week If all 200 millisecond RMS values were to be remembered we would get 3 024 million measurements Processing of such amount of data would be time consuming and difficult Therefore the averaging concept has been introduced which involves recording one value per a specified time interval for the analysis purposes For the EN 50160 standard such time interval is 10 minutes In such case the analyzer calculates an average 10 minute value on the basis of about three thousand 200 millisecond values approximately because in reality the conventional 200 millisecond value is a 10 12 period value synchronized with the mains frequency Each average voltage value is recorded every 10 minutes which gives only 1008 measurement results Fig 85 presents the method according to which the PQM 701 analyzer determines the average values at averaging intervals equal to or greater than 10 seconds with the 10 minute averaging time This method meets the requirements specified in IEC 61000 4 30 2009 RTC 10 min tick i e 14 10 00 10 min interval x timestamp 10 min interval x 10 min interval x 1 Fig 91 Determining the averaging intervals equal to or longer than 10 seconds with the 10 minute averaging The average values are synchronized with real time
105. e only the cards supplied by the analyzer manufacturer If during the card initialization the analyzer detects the FIRMWARE PQF file in the root directory which includes the analyzer firmware and its version is newer than present analyzer firmware version a firmware update process will be suggested UPDT message Press START STOP to start the process 3 short audio signals and observe progress in percent on the display DONE informs about successful update if the update has been unsuccessful the message is FAIL Then the analyzer will automatically switch off This process brings the risk of the analyzer damage so it is performed without the manufacturers warranty A safer method is to perform this process at the manufacturer s service department The analyzer sets on the last active measurement point and starts the test of connection correctness depending on the set mains configuration A typical test procedure for three phase wye or delta configuration e L1 LED is on or L1 and L2 for delta configuration and the display shows the voltage in this phase for 2 seconds and then the current for 2 seconds if the current measurement is activated e L2 LED is on or L2 and L3 for delta configuration and the display shows the voltage in this phase for 2 seconds and then the current for 2 seconds e L3 LED is on or L1 and L2 for delta configuration and the display shows the voltage in this phase for 2 seconds and then the current
106. e system 1 In three phase 3 wire mains systems the total reactive power is calculated as the nonactive power N S2 P see discussion on reactive power in section 9 7 14 1 General information 1 8 Conformity to standards The PQM 701 analyzer has been designed to meet the requirements of the following standards Standards relating to measurement of mains parameters IEC 61000 4 30 2009 Electromagnetic compatibility EMC Testing and measurement techniques Power quality measurement methods e IEC 61000 4 7 2007 Electromagnetic compatibility EMC Testing and Measurement Techniques General Guide on Harmonics and Interharmonics Measurements and Instrumentation for Power Supply Systems and Equipment Connected Thereto e IEC 61000 4 15 1999 Electromagnetic compatibility EMC Testing and Measurement Techniques Flickermeter Functional and Design Specifications EN 50160 2008 Voltage characteristics of electricity supplied by public distribution networks Standards relating to safety e IEC 61010 1 Safety requirements for electrical equipment for measurement control and laboratory use Part 1 General requirements The instrument meets fully the requirements of class S according to IEC 61000 4 30 however in many aspects it meets also the requirements of more restrictive class A This is summarized in the table below Table 2 Summary of conformity to standards for selected parameters
107. eactive harmonics power and cos displacement power factor in the Power mode 74 6 Live mode p sone ans 102 til OOOO _ E f File Analyzer Options Help Se yl Bs amp A Waveforms G Timeplots c Measurements Phasors U Harmonics u mu m 0 Zam i Voltage autoscale Current autoscale Autoscaling without fundamental 0 059 1 513 0 028 0 522 0 029 1321 1634 0 342 2 528 0 208 0 904 0 810 0 105 0 541 0 633 i Measurement Voltage current z pic strzec Fundamental values unit Analyzer PQM 701 S N 960001 Status Connected Fig 33 Harmonics on a 2D diagram In the voltage and current harmonics mode the user has access to two settings e THD and harmonics relative to two options are available relative to RMS or to the first harmonics this option is active only after selecting the percents see below e Harmonics unit also there are two options in absolute units V A or in percent 75 PQM 701 Operating manual r f SONEL Analysis 1 0 29 Live f File Analyzer Options Help elx DG7JZNZ Ah Waveforms G Timeplots E Measurements C Phasors WH Harmonics am a u Ze 18 20 22 24 2 28 30 4 5 0 000 0 006 0 000 0 000 0 001 0 000 0 840 0 979 0 924 THD and harmonics Harmonics 7 s Fundamental values relative to values unit Analyzer PQM
108. easuring window in nouns Estot 2 SOTO ners i is a Successive number of 10 12 period measurin Total apparent energy Estot VAh window P 9 Se i represents total apparent power Se calculated in the ith measuring window T i represents duration of the th measuring window in hours 145 PQM 701 Operating manual 11 5 Method of averaging parameter Method of averaging parameter Effective current Power factor PF calculated from the averaged power values arithmetic average calculated from the averaged power values Active Reactive Apparent and arithmetic average Distortion Power Unbalance factor U calculated from average values of symmetrical components THD U calculated as the ratio of the average RMS value of the harmonics to the average RMS value of the fundamental component for THD F or the ratio of the average of RMS value of higher harmonics to the average value of effective voltage for THD R Harmonic amplitudes U current harmonics harmonics Note RMS average value is calculated according to the formula The arithmetic average AVG is calculated according to the formula N 1 AVG WD X where e X is subsequent parameter value to be averaged e Nis the number of values to be averaged 146 12 Technical specification 12 Technical specification e Technical specification is subject to change without prior notice The latest revisions of technical documentation are available at
109. ecause of the frequent need to test 15 minute power and tang average values the analyzer allows simultaneous measurement of the mains for conformity with EN 50160 and 15 minute average values of active reactive and apparent powers as well as tang To enable recording of these parameters activate the option Record according to the standard enable the current measurement by selecting an appropriate clamp from the list and possibly set the parameters of the transducers 48 5 Analyzer configuration Basic Use this screen to set the measuring criteria for e Frequency tolerance values which define admissible deviations as a percent of nominal frequency value and the measurement time limit for the first tolerance i e 99 5 of the week and 1 fn e Slow voltage changes RMS voltage two tolerance values which define admissible deviations as a percent of nominal RMS voltage value and the measurement time limit for the first tolerance i e 99 5 of the week and 10 Uh Voltage unbalance factor measurement time limit for a specified threshold e Long term flicker Py measurement time limit and the threshold SONEL Analysis 1 0 29 Settings gt E f File Analyzer Options Help x He Wl ae ea n gf r r a Basic 0 Harmonics Events R pa etti V Enable logging according to standard E nalyzer settings Noa boga Time interval 4 e Measurement point 1 ai ger 99 50 1 00 1 00
110. ector sum of two phase currents When in a given mains configuration a given parameter is not calculated the display shows in its place In the bottom part of the tab you can also determine the calculation method for total harmonic distortion THD in relation to fundamental component THD or the RMS value THD The displayed energy values depend on the Displayed energy selection list The user can choose if the energy counters should be zeroed when the measuring session starts or if they should display the total energy measured by the analyzer Internal energy counters in the analyzer are zeroed e when the measurement point is changed e when recording starts e when the analyzer is switched on on start of self test When the energy display mode is selected the internal energy counters are not modified The idea behind this mode is that when the application first reads the energy values i e after switching into the Measurements tab these values are remembered and the displayed values are a difference between the presently read energy value and the remembered value 72 6 Live mode 6 4 Phasor diagram Phasor diagram Fig 49 is used to present the vectors of fundamental voltage and current components Angles between the vectors correspond to the phase shift angle between individual phases Table with numerical values is displayed left to the diagram Individual columns of the table present e U amplitude of volta
111. ed tab The following can be defined in the bottom part of the screen Fig 31 44 Schedule recording you can define 4 periods When a given period is selected by clicking the green arrow enter the start date and time and optionally the stop date and time If you set the start and not the stop the recorder will operate until the START STOP button is pressed or until the memory is used up The time intervals must be disjoint the software does not allow to configure overlapping intervals Successive times must be set chronologically Measurement point name give your own name to a given point maximum 32 characters Events detection hysteresis define the hysteresis used during evaluation of event detection thresholds You can use the 0 0 10 0 range with the 0 5 increment Typical hysteresis value is 2 To find out more on the topic go to the event detection part sections 10 10 i 10 11 5 Analyzer configuration B SONEL Analysis 1 0 29 Settings o o mm P File Analyzer Options Help BEE Sen RUSS Mains nominal values Clamps type Voltage transducers wage un 20 00 rv Gee twee a FA o a Frequency 0 wt max 3 00 kA F cmm Triggering and averaging Additional measurements Current transducers weondatoraarent E Erabied A V N PE voltage Primary A Secondary A Else Stop 2010 05 07 00 00 00 2010 05 07 v 00 00 00 Ej Analyzer s
112. empt will be made to save the buffered data The display will show the REP message If the procedure has been successful the display will show OK and the analyzer will resume recording otherwise the display will show FAIL which may mean an irreversible damage to the file system e It is recommended to discharge any accumulated electrostatic charges before touching the card by touching a conductive and earthed object 2 2 Connection with PC and data transmission e When the analyzer is switched on with the button the radio module and USB port are permanently active to send the measurement data at any moment in real time and to remotely trigger or stop the recording Note Before connecting to the analyser through a wireless connection the user must add the analyser to the base of analysers Options gt Base of analysers When searching for analysers in the base the list of displayed analysers includes only those entered in the base See more information in Chapter 8 4 e PC message appears when the analyzer is connected to a PC if the instrument is in the recording mode the message is P C the dots are flashing with the 0 5s period e Connection to a computer PC mode allows e Transmission of data saved in the recorder memory O O During the recording it is possible to read some of the data saved for an active measurement point successive data blocks are successively saved on the card All saved data can be read
113. er PQM 701 Operating manual 100mV AC 1A AC 40Hz 10kHz double according to IEC 61010 1 III 600V IP40 with open jaws IP30 135 x 50 x 30mm about 240g 21mm 69mm 520mm 1 5m 10 C 55 C lt 85 RH lt 2000m IEC 61000 6 3 2008 IEC 61000 6 2 2008 C 7 Clamps are used to measure alternating currents in networks of low and medium power Fig 1 C 7 clamp lt 85 non condensing 0 100A AC 40Hz 3kHz e maximum allowable continuous current 100A AC 50 60Hz e accuracy sine wave Frequency Basic Phase error uncertainty 45 65 Hz 0 5 0 1mV AOHz 1kHz 1 0 0 2mV 13 Equipment e ratio 5mV AC 1A AC e output impedance 110 e type of insulation double according to PN EN 61010 1 e measurement category according to PN EN 61010 1 III 300V e dimensions 100 x 60 x 26mm e weight approx 160g e maximum diameter of tested cable 524mm e length of clamp cables 1 5m e operating temperature 0 C 50 C e relative humidity lt 85 bez kondensacji e electromagnetic compatibility PN EN 61326 13 2 5 F 1 F 2 F 3 clamps F 1 F 2 and F 3 flexible clamps Rogowski coil are used to measure the alternating current of frequencies up to 10kHz in the 1A 3000A range The only difference between the F 1 F 2 and F 3 flexible clamps is the coil size The electrical parameters are identical The output signal if voltage proportional to the derivative of the measure
114. erating manual Three phase wye system with neutral conductor Load Transformer ETA his SOOOO PQM 701 Fig 6 Connection diagram three phase wye system with neutral conductor Three phase wye system without neutral conductor Load PQM 701 Fig 7 Connection diagram three phase wye system without neutral conductor 3 Measuring circuits Three phase delta system Transformer PQM 701 Fig 8 Connection diagram three phase delta system Three phase delta Aron 5 E i F a 1 E FE PQM 701 Fig 9 Connection diagram three phase delta system current measurement with Aron s method 2 PQM 701 Operating manual Three phase wye system without neutral conductor Aron Transformer PQM 701 Fig 10 Connection diagram three phase wye system without neutral conductor current measurement with Aron s method System with transducers L1 A i a L3 C M Fig 11 Connection diagram system with transducers PQM 701 28 4 SONEL Analysis software 4 SONEL Analysis software SONEL Analysis is an application necessary for using the PQM 701 analyzer It allows analyzer configuration reading data from the recorder viewing the mains parameters in real time deleting data in the analyzer showing the data in table format showing the data in the graph format analyzing the data in terms of EN 50160 reports
115. ere are two types of flicker short term Pg which is determined once every 10 minutes and long term P which is calculated on the basis of 12 consecutive Py values i e every 2 hours Long measurement time results directly from slow changing character of this phenomenon in order to collect a reliable data sample the measurement must be long P equal to 1 is considered a value on the border of annoyance certainly sensitivity to flicker is different in different people this threshold has been adopted after tests carried out on a representative group of people What causes flicker Most frequently the reason is the voltage drop as a result of connecting and disconnecting large loads and some level of flicker is present in the majority of mains systems Disregarding the unfavorable effect on humans described above flicker does not need to be and usually is not a symptom of malfunctioning of our installation However if a rather abrupt and unexplainable flicker level increase is observed in the mains increase of Ps and Pi this should not be ignored under any circumstances It may turn out that the flicker is caused by unsure connections in the installation increased voltage drops on connections in the distribution panel for example will result in higher voltage fluctuations on the receivers such as light bulbs The voltage drops on connections also cause their heating and finally sparking and possibly a fire Periodical mains tes
116. ernal voltage transducers LEDs indicatingactive measurement point SD memory card slot LED indicators for individual phases _ Power supply fuse Measurement point selection Analyzer ON OFF _ Power supply Recording terminals L1 A N ON OFF Input terminals discription Current clamps input terminals Fig 1 Power Quality Analyser PQM 701 General view Current is measured by means of four current inputs to which several types of current clamps can be connected such as flexible clamps F 1 F 2 F 3 with the 3000A nominal range the only difference between them is the coil size and the C 4 clamp range 1000A AC C 5 clamp range 1000A AC DC C 6 clamp range 10A AC and C 7 range 100A AC Also in case of currents the nominal range can be changed by using additional transducers For example by using a 100 1 transducer with C 4 clamp currents up to 100kA can be measured A lot of attention has been given to functionality in the recording mode The instrument is equipped with a high capacity removable SD memory card Secure Digital When the recording is completed the card can be removed from the analyzer and the data can be transferred quickly to the computer by means of an external card reader and the software which is included in the package The data can also be read by two communication links USB or wireless transmission 8 1 General information The recorded paramete
117. ettings e Measurement point 1 e Measurement point 2 e Measurement point 3 e Measurement point 4 2010 05 07 00 00 00 2010 05 07 00 00 00 2010 05 07 00 00 00 2010 05 07 00 00 00 2010 05 07 00 00 00 2010 05 07 00 00 00 Events detection hysteresis gt 1 50 Analyzer PQM 701 S N 960036 Status Connected Fig 14 Additional settings 45 PQM 701 Operating manual 5 2 2 Settings according to EN 50160 When the item EN 50160 is selected from the tree the user can quickly configure a selected measurement point for recording of power quality parameters according to the requirements defined in the EN 50160 European standard This standard specifies the parameters and quality criteria for LV and MV distribution networks According to this standard the basic mains measurement period is one week The checked values include RMS voltage frequency total harmonic distortion THD levels of individual harmonics unbalance in three phase system and flicker As a test of the mains which lasts one week entails collecting of a huge amount of data it has been decided to use averaging algorithms All parameters to be evaluated except for the frequency and long term flicker are averaged in 10 minutes Therefore the user gets 1008 values for each parameter These values are then evaluated by comparing them with the criteria specified in the standard
118. f Calibration expires If this option is checked the lists Validity period and Remind before become active The lists are used for e Validity period set to 6 months 12 months 12 months 18 months or 24 months frequency of instrument calibration e Remind before set to week two weeks month specify the length of time before expiry of deadline that the software will display the reminding message during launch The Date of calibration column gives the date on which the analyzer was calibrated D Analyzer database Certificate of Calibration Notify before the Certificate of Calibration validity expires Validity period 12 months month Analyzer type Serial number Date of calibration Auto PIN Expiration reminder 201001 2 2 2010 02 08 2 2010 02 08 4 Fig 54 Analyzer database 101 PQM 701 Operating manual Click the Add icon to add a new analyzer as in the window below r P Analyzer database Serial number Date of calibration 04 05 2010 Fig 55 Adding an analyzer to the database Click the Remove icon to display the window used to remove the analyzer from the database f Baza analizator w um A y Czy jeste pewien e chcesz usun analizator PQM 701 960016 z bazy danych Fig 56 Confirming the analyzer removal from the database 8 5 Software and firmware updates Firmware of the analyser and Sonel Analiza softw
119. figuration saved on the disk 39 PQM 701 Operating manual e blue means that the present configuration is compatible with the analyzer but differs from the configuration saved on the disk e yellow configuration is incompatible with the analyzer but compatible with the configuration saved on the disk e red present configuration differs from the analyzer configuration and from the configuration saved on the disk The Receive button is used to read the analyzer settings in order to edit them in the computer If the settings have been previously modified by the user a warning message will appear The correct reading is also confirmed by a relevant message Then all icons in the measurement points tree will change to blue which means that the settings in the application and in the analyzer are identical The Send button is used to send the configuration to the analyzer Before sending the user is asked to confirm the operation Fig 27 PF Settings Please confirm settings write to analyzer Attention Writing new settings will erase all data recorded on the SD card Fig 10 Confirm configuration saving Note Saving a new configuration will cause the loss of all data on the memory card Such data should be previously downloaded from the analyzer and saved on a local disk Note It is not possible to save a new configuration in the analyzer if the instrument is in the recording mode t
120. for other measurement points e Viewing the mains parameters on the computer O O O O O instantaneous values of current power and energy total values for the whole system harmonic components harmonics power and THD unbalance voltage phasor diagrams current and voltage waveforms drawn in the real time e All buttons are locked during the connection with a PC except for the button unless the analyzer is working in the key lock mode i e during the recording then all buttons are locked 19 PQM 701 Operating manual e In order to connect with the analyzer enter its PIN code which is saved on the memory card The default code is 000 three zeros The PIN code can be changed with the SONEL Analysis application It is not possible to connect to the analyzer without a correct memory card inserted e f an incorrect PIN code is entered three times in a row the data transmission will be impossible for 10 minutes You can re enter the PIN code only after this 10 minute period e If after the analyzer has been connected to the PC and no data exchange has occurred within 30 seconds the analyzer exits the data transmission mode and terminates the connection Notes e Keeping the P1 4 and buttons depressed for 5 seconds causes an emergency reset to the default PIN code 000 e If the key lock mode is activated during recording it has a higher priority you need to unlock the keys in an emergency mode to
121. fter an additional clamp is connected in the lu channel To perform this measurement activate the N conductor current option in the configuration see section 5 2 1 and Fig 30 Note For correct calculation of total apparent power S and total power factor PF in a 4 wire three phase system it is necessary to measure the current in the neutral conductor In such case always activate the N conductor current option and connect 4 clamps as shown in Fig 6 For more information refer to section 10 7 5 In case of systems with PE and N conductors protective earth and neutral it is also possible to measure the N PE voltage To do this connect the PE conductor to the PE voltage analyzer terminal and additionally select the option N PE voltage in the measurement point configuration see section 5 2 1 and Fig 30 Note the direction of current clamps also flexible clamps The clamp should be placed so that the arrow on it is directed towards the load To verify you can measure the active power in majority of passive receivers active power has the plus positive sign Connection of the analyzer to different mains types is shown in the figures below 24 3 Measuring circuits Single phase system Transformer Load PQM 701 Fig 4 Connection diagram single phase system Split phase system Transformer Load PQM 701 Fig 5 Connection diagram split phase system 25 26 Transformer PQM 701 Op
122. g the clamps for PQM 701 please state the serial number of the analyser for which clamps are ordered 13 2 1 C 4 clamp The C 4 clamp is used to measure the alternating current in medium and high power electrical installations The output signal is voltage proportional to the measured current The output signal is supplied by a 1 5 meter lead with a pin adapted for the socket in the meter The arrow located on one of the jaws indicates the current flow direction It is assumed that the current is flowing in the positive direction if it is flowing from the source to the receiver Such clamp orientation is required for a correct power measurement Fig 93 C 4 clamp 155 PQM 701 Operating manual Note Currents above 1200A must not be measured The measurement time for currents above 1000A shall be limited as follows lt 1000A 1000A lt I lt 1200A Operation mode continuous 15 minute measurement then 30 minute break For frequency f lt 1kHz Limitation of maximum current for continuous operation for frequencies above 1kHz according to the relationship leon 1000A A KkHz Warning Do not use the device on non insulated conductors with a potential of more than 600 V in relation to the earth and a measurement category greater than Ill 156 Reference conditions e Temperature e Humidity e Conductor position e Sinusoidal current frequency e Harmonics content e Current DC component e Continuous m
123. g waveform is available for RMS voltage or current related events In order to eliminate repeated event detection when the parameter value oscillates around the threshold value the analyzer has a functionality of user defined event detection hysteresis It is defined in percent in the following manner e for RMS voltage events it is the percent of the nominal voltage range for example 2 of 230V that is 4 6V e for RMS current events it is the percent of the nominal current range for example for C 4 clamps and absence of transducers the 2 hysteresis equals 0 02x1000A 20A e for remaining parameters the hysteresis is specified as a percent of maximum threshold for example if the maximum threshold for current crest factor has been set to 4 0 the hysteresis will be 0 02x4 0 0 08 10 11 Detection of voltage dip swell and interruption Voltage dips swells and interruptions are the mains system disturbances during which the RMS voltage significantly differs from the nominal value Each of the three states can be detected by the analyzer when the event detection is activated and when the user defines the threshold values Voltage dip is a state during which the RMS voltage is lower than the user defined voltage dip threshold The basis for the dip measurement is Urmscii2 that is the one period RMS value refreshed every half period Voltage dip definition according to the IEC 61000 4 30 standard The voltage dip starts at the mome
124. ge fundamental component e pu angle of voltage fundamental component in relation to the L1 voltage fundamental component in degrees e amplitude of current fundamental component e p angle of current fundamental component in relation to the L1 current fundamental component in degrees e pu angle between voltage and current vectors pu Q for a given phase unavailable in 3 wire systems e Type the type of a receiver indicated by a coil symbol for inductive load or a capacitor symbol for capacitive load unavailable in 3 wire systems Above the table are the on off buttons for voltage U u current I g and angle ou and the receiver type In addition the user can change the default color of the table background for these groups Different phasor diagrams and different parameters will be displayed for various mains configurations The vector angles are referenced to the L1 vector angle which is always 0 The vector amplitude scaling takes place automatically in relation to the highest value independently for voltage and current 13 PQM 701 Operating manual r f SONEL Analysis 1 0 29 Live Pf File Analyzer Options Help De Se ZJ b Waveforms 45 Timeplots E Measurements Phasors MI Harmonics E r mu ol mm U Qu I Q Qu Unit V e A u 231 5 0 000 22 55 11 92 1192 L2 229 7 120 8 21 92 1221 1 388 L3 232 0 118 6 18
125. ge zero Uo mag U5 sequence component Where Un Us Uc are vectors of fundamental components of phase to neutral voltages Ua Ug Uc Operator mag means vector magnitude 1 2 U z Un aUp a Ug1 U mag U1 RMS voltage positive Where Un UB1 Uc1 are vectors of fundamental sequence component components of phase to neutral voltages Ua Ug Uc Operator mag means vector magnitude RR 1 v3 1e 120 pee a e zt o 1 2 U z Un a Up aU U mag U2 Where Un Us Uc are vectors of fundamental components of phase to neutral U Ug Uc Operator mag means vector magnitude ee 1 v3 1e 120 GSR a e zt RMS voltage negative sequence component Zero sequence o Uo unbalance Negative sequence U unbalance 143 PQM 701 Operating manual Current zero Ip mag Ip component Where In lg lc1 are vectors of fundamental components of phase currents 4 Ig Ic Operator mag means vector magnitude 1 3 lu alg a Ic RMS current positive I I mag I sequence component i Where In lg lc1 are vectors of fundamental components of currents l4 Ig le Operator mag means vector magnitude 1 2 L z li a Ip alcy RMS negative positive I mag Iz sequence component Current zero sequence unbalance Current negative sequence unbalance Where In lg lc1 are vectors of fundamental components of phase currents 4 lg le Operator mag means vector magnitu
126. h RMS current Explanation of this phenomenon is however rather simple In this example the designer did not take into consideration two circumstances in systems with distorted waveforms the higher harmonics might not zero in the neutral conductor and quite to the contrary they may sum up and secondly the skin effect and high harmonic currents additionally contributed to the neutral conductor heating Let us try now to answer two basic questions What is the cause of harmonic components in voltage What is the cause of harmonic components in current Seemingly these two questions are almost identical but separation of current and voltage is extremely important to understand the essence of this issue The answer to the first question is as follows harmonics in voltage are a result on a non zero impedance of the distribution system between the generator assuming that it generates a pure sinusoid and the receiver Harmonics in current on the other hand are a result of non linear impedance of the receiver Of course it must be noted that a linear receiver to which distorted voltage is supplied will also have identically distorted current waveform For years in the literature the following statement has been used receiver generates harmonics It should be remembered that in such case the receiver is not a physical source of energy as suggested by the word generates The only source of energy is the distribution system If t
127. h event Use the slider or the mouse wheel to zoom in the selected area reduce the time interval If you select the dot of an event which has the beginning and end waveform the corresponding waveforms will also be selected Similarly if the waveforms were recorded after the averaging period clicking on the measurement simultaneously highlights the dot of accompanying waveform r B SONEL Analysis 1 0 29 Analysis User ale PF File Analyzer Options Help E Xx a a g yl ey 2010 05 04 14 46 41 time 00 03 02 GF S E la he 2010 05 04 14 49 43 5 We gt Vad Measurements E amea e 5 e e Events emse op e eee 0000 BEBE even e Waveforms 8 RW c amp BO 2 22 500 23 000 23 500 24 000 24 500 25 000 25 500 26 000 26 500 27 000 27500 28 000 28 500 29 000 29 500 30 000 30 500 31 000 second millisecond 2010 05 04 14 47 27 547 A p Waveform Current 4 m ue ur2 urs uN 1 1 m2 103 IN 40 0 write time 2010 05 04 14 47 27 407 Source L 1 I A 0 5 11 17 23 29 35 41 47 53 59 ms Analyzer PQM 701 S N 960001 Status Connected Fig 39 General window with waveform preview 7 3 2 Measurements Clicking the Measurements button will change the window to the format shown in Fig 57 The analyzable parameters appear in the lower part The diagram includes the do
128. he Hall effect and include a Hall sensor In brief the effect is the production of voltage across an electrical conductor through which the current is flowing and which is placed in a magnetic field The voltage is transverse to the field induction vector The clamps based on this phenomenon can measure the DC and AC current component The 109 PQM 701 Operating manual conductor with current located inside the clamps generates a magnetic field which concentrates in an iron core In the core slot where both clamp parts are joined placed is a semiconductor Hall sensor and its output voltage is amplified by an electronic circuit supplied from a battery This clamp type usually has the current zero adjustment knob To adjust the current zero close the jaws no conductor inside and turn the knob until the DC indication is zero In the area of AC DC measurement clamps Sonel S A offers the C 5 clamp with rated range of 1000A AC 1400A DC This clamp has a voltage output and for 1000A rated current it gives a 1V voltage signal 1mV A 10 3 3 Flexible current probes Flexible Current Probes are based on a totally different physical principle than the current transformer Their principal part is a so called Rogowski coil named after German physicist Walter Rogowski It is an air core coil wound around a conductor with current Special design of the coil allows leading out its both ends on the same side thus facilitating clamp placement around
129. he properties of receivers are described with many various magnitudes and indices This paper can shed some light on this area As already mentioned lack of standardization of measurement methods has caused significant differences in values of individual mains parameters calculated with various devices As a result of efforts of many engineers the standard on power quality has been developed IEC 61000 4 30 For the first time this standard and related standards gives very precise methods mathematical relationships and required measurement accuracy for power quality analyzers Conformity to standard and particularly to class A should be a guarantee of repeatable and almost identical measurement results of the same magnitudes measured with devices from different manufacturers 10 2 Voltage inputs The voltage input block is shown in Fig 83 Three phase inputs L1 A L2 B L3 C and protective conductor PE have common reference line which is the N neutral conductor Such inputs configuration allows reducing the number of conductors necessary to connect the analyzer in the most expanded version from eight to five Eight inputs can be met in the analyzers with four independent differential channels In reality however a 5 input solution is not inferior to 8 input solutions and can be connected to most operated mains and receiver systems 5 input solution significantly simplifies connection to the tested facility and reduces the probability of mi
130. he receiver is a passive device the energy sent from the receiver to the distribution system comes from the same distribution system What we have here is a disadvantageous and useless bidirectional energy flow As discussed earlier in the section on power factor such phenomenon leads to unnecessary energy losses and the current generated in the receiver causes an additional load on the distribution system Let us consider the following example A typical non linear receiver such as widely used switched mode power supplies i e for computers receives power from a perfect generator of sinusoidal voltage For the time being let us assume that the impedance of connections between the generator and the receiver is zero The voltage measured on the receiver terminals will have sinusoidal waveform absence of higher harmonics this is imply the generator voltage The receiver current waveform will however include harmonic components a non linear receiver often takes current only in specified moments of the total sinusoid period for example maximum current can take place at the voltage sinusoid peaks However the receiver does not generate these current harmonics it simply takes current in a 122 10 Power quality a guide variable or discontinuous way The whole energy is supplied only by the generator In the next step we can modify the circuit by introducing some impedance between the generator and the receiver Such impedance
131. he user will be warned by a relevant message Fig 28 40 5 Analyzer configuration I Settings Cant send settings The analyzer is logging data now Fig 11 Programming locked 5 1 Analyzer settings The first element to be configured in the left hand side of the window is Analyzer settings The Memory allocation tab is used to allocate the SD card memory to individual measurement points Use the four sliders to determine the amount of memory for a given point in MB and The allocation visualization is shown in the centre All available card space 100 can be freely divided among the four measurement points You can allocate card space to one measurement point then the recording for other points will not be possible the instantaneous mains data can only be viewed All measurement points have linear recording in the memory when the memory allocated to a given point is used up the recording stops Please remember that modification of memory allocation can require deletion of all data from the memory card Thus it is advisable to download such data and save it on a local disk 41 PQM 701 Operating manual r f SONEL Analysis 1 0 29 Settings J gt f File Analyzer Options Help a x e Bu aS M SY u EF 2 Memory allocation Allocation S Analyzer settings om a Z Measurement point 1 G EN 50160 y Voltage Current F Power and energy K Harmonics
132. her the harmonics content the higher difference in readings and of course as a consequence other fees for measured energy As it has been signaled before the reactive power measurement in unbalanced three wire systems with traditional meters is subject to an additional error caused by creation of a virtual Zero inside the meter which has little to do with actual zero of the receiver On top of that the manufacturers usually do not give any information about the applied measuring method One can only wait impatiently for the next version of the standard which lets hope will define the measuring and testing methods much more precisely also for non sinusoidal conditions 10 7 5 Apparent power Apparent power S is expressed as the product of RMS voltage and RMS current S UI As such the apparent power does not have a physical interpretation it is used during designing of transmission equipment In terms of value it is equal to maximum active power which can be supplied to a load at given RMS voltage and current Thus the apparent power defines the maximum capacity of the source to supply usable energy to the receiver The measure of effective use of supplied power by the receiver is the power factor which is the ratio of active power to apparent power In sinusoidal systems pre P Ulcosp _ ROEE In non sinusoidal systems such simplification is however not allowed and the power factor is calculated on the basis of actu
133. i ataa a a e zza 46 5 2 3 MONROE O Z AZOT ZO AE A 54 5 2 4 CUMEDI waza d awe s 0a dek EDA dowi ida PEP wasz O zad E dl dawac SZA 57 9 2 5 ROWEKAaNna CHOVOY adi oO A ORO a AO o doo GE dad sink 58 5 2 6 RIAIMIONIC TW GZ coats me ACE W PGE O erent OO OE 62 5 2 7 Default configuration profileS ses aaa aaa aaa a nana aaa aaa aa zaaaaazaaaaazzaaaaaaaaazaaac 64 5 3 lime and seculos Adi RO R OE RO A A Sa N 65 5 4 Reversing the clamp phase eeaaae zaa aa aaa aaa a zaaaaaaaz zana aazaz aaa azza zaa akc 66 6 LIVE NOBO na ab zad O on en tere aa Podobni duet en een enn ear 68 6 1 Current and voltage waveformS ess sana aaa aaa zana aaa zanaaazanaaazaazaaazazaaci 68 PQM 701 Operating manual 6 2 Current and voltage time plOt cccccccccsseeccnseseccnscececsausesecsensesnseeessauesensaes 69 6 3 Phase and total vales sasiad o i A OPLA Ooh aoi ee 70 6 4 INAS OF GQLAQI AI wad kd Ok AO APA E YADA 3 6 5 RAINONIC wassat EO R A Rz R EZ AED 14 TBD AU QINAIY SIS orie serari E E R REA 78 7 1 Reading the data from the analyzer and SD card 22s asssaszanssainzi 78 7 2 Selecting the analysis time interval 2eseaaaa aaa aa nasa zaanaaazazaaaazazasania 79 7 3 Analysis Of read data waj ol AEO OOO A ed A POJ 81 7 3 1 GOI GTA ies acct chica secre e ars PAY Bea onic alee nats ies ar nce deci heal ooh Sree iran 81 7 3 2 Measure MEN S audi ae NE ae mie R AEO NNER 82 723 9 EVON S
134. i sterownik w urz dze Ko czenie pracy Kreatora instalacji sterownik w urz dze Sterowniki zosta y pomy lnie zainstalowane na tym komputerze Mo esz teraz pod czy urz dzenie do tego komputera Je li da urz dzenia byla zal czona instrukcja przeczytaj j najpierw Nazwa sterownika Stan s FTDI CDM Driver Packa Gotowe do u ycia s FTDI CDM Driver Packa Gotowe do u ycia Fig 17 Installer installation of drivers completed PQM 701 32 4 SONEL Analysis software At the end of software installation the window will appear as shown in Fig 18 If the option Run Sonel Analysis has been checked then after clicking the Finish button the application will be launched Completing the Sonel Analysis Setup Wizard Sonel Analysis has been installed on your computer Click Finish to dose this wizard Fig 1 Finishing the installation Now you can connect the PQM 701 to the computer The system should automatically recognize the connected device If the installation has been successful the computer is ready to work with the PQM 701 analyzer 4 33 Launching the program When the program is launched the main window appears as shown in Fig 19 Individual icons have the following meaning from left to right e Open depending on the context load the analyzer configuration the saved analysis or the saved recording from the disk Save depending on the context save the a
135. ic Equipment Act Before sending the instrument to the collection point do not dismantle any parts by yourself Observe local regulations on disposal of packagings and used batteries 14 4 Manufacturer The manufacturer of the equipment and provider of service during and past the warranty period SONEL S A ul Wokulskiego 11 58 100 Swidnica Poland tel 48 74 858 38 60 fax 48 74 858 38 09 E mail export sonel pl Web page www sonel pl Note Service repairs must be performed solely by the manufacturer 163 REANIM MAAAAAASASAAS NW MAM AMAA AHA A AH HAH DYR AHH AA HHH AHH AA AAW DAN DAJA MANDA AAA AHA AAT TTT TTT PQM 701 Operating manual 14 5 Laboratory services SONEL S A Calibration Laboratory offers the following range of electrical instrumentation calibration services for the following instruments e thermal imagers e pyrometers IR thermometers e safety and protective meters insulation resistance earth resistance and impedance short circuit loop RCD parameters including multi function meters with above mentioned functions safety of electrical equipment meters low resistance meters current and voltage meters also clamp meters resistance and multimeters light meters A calibration certificate is a document that endorses compliance of the parameters declared by the tested instrument manufacturer with official standards defining the measurement uncertainty In compliance PN ISO 10012 1 standa
136. ical component U2 negative sequence symmetrical component The most convenient method to calculate the symmetrical components and unbalance is using the complex number calculus The vectors parameters are amplitude of the voltage current fundamental component and its absolute phase shift angle Both these values are received from FFT 131 PQM 701 Operating manual 10 10 Event detection The PQM 701 analyzer gives a lot of event detection options in the tested mains system An event is the situation when the parameter value exceeds the user defined threshold The fact of event occurrence is recorded on the memory card as an entry which includes parameter type channel in which the event occurred times of event beginning and end user defined threshold value parameter extreme value measure during the event parameter average value measure during the event Depending on the parameter type you can set one two or three thresholds which will be checked by the analyzer The table below lists all parameters for which the events can be detected including specification of threshold types Table 10 Even threshold types for individual parameters p Parametr interruption Dip Swell Minimum Maximum GFU GF i p E Ze gt THD U U U Voltage harmonic amplitudes C order n 2 50 THD I Current THDr a Current harmonic amplitudes Faas order n 2 50 K Some parameters can take positive and negative values
137. imate the resultant phase error between the voltage and the current for a given frequency caused by all elements of the measuring circuit current and voltage transducers clamps and the analyzer The uncertainty of the harmonics active power measurements can be calculated according to the following formula Spn 100 1 SES cosp 0 cos On the other hand the uncertainty of the harmonics reactive power measurements can be calculated according to the following formula 6 100 1 SSS sing 0 sing In both formulas p means the actual phase shift angle between the current and voltage components and Ap means the total phase error for a given frequency The conclusion which can be drawn from these relationships is that power measurement uncertainty for the same phase error very clearly depends on the displacement power factor between current and voltage It is shown in Fig 86 126 10 Power quality a guide Example Calculation of measurement uncertainty of active power fundamental component Conditions o 60 Urus Z Unom Irus 5 lnom Fundamental uncertainty equals 0 52 Ooh For the 0 200Hz frequency range the PQM 701 phase error is 1 After substituting to the equation Onn 100 1 cos p Ag _ M i cos 61 COS cos 60 then the measurement uncertainty is y 0 52 3 042 3 08 Under the same conditions but with the phase shift o 10 we will obtain 3 04
138. in the system and the user s expectations for the final data analysis A frequent situation is that we know only that there is a problem in the mains and the measurements with the analyzer will only help us identify the cause In this situation it is better to use shorter averaging times e g 10 seconds and activate the recording of minimum and maximum values for the voltages and currents it is advisable in such situation to set the shortest possible time for determining the maximum and minimum value i e half the period Short time averaging will give more precise diagrams of changes of parameters over time and minimums and maximums will be detected and recorded Recording with short averaging times is performed mostly for limited time primarily due to rapid growth of data the air of such recording is identifying the possible cause of a problem and not a long term analysis 136 11 Calculation formulas Recording with a short averaging time may be sufficient to evaluate the performance of the mains and disturbances in it However equally detailed information can probably also be obtained with longer times in minutes but with activated recording of minimum and maximum values and event detection An important advantage in this situation is that the volume of recorded data is much smaller which means faster data retrieval and analysis On the other hand the power quality tests are usually made according to the EN 50160 In this case the an
139. ing the active power of each harmonics separately P Unly COS Pp where Pi active power of the hth order harmonics U RMS voltage of the hth order harmonics I RMS current of the hth order harmonics Pn phase shift angle between the voltage and current harmonics of the hth order If the power Ph has a plus sign the dominating source of energy of this harmonics is on the energy supplier s side If it is a negative value the dominating source is the receiver It must be noted that on the basis of harmonics active powers measured in this way one cannot determine that only one party is the sole source of the harmonics as the measured value is a resultant of the supplier and the consumer Example If the supplier generates harmonics active power of Pao 1kW and the consumer generates the power of this harmonics equal to Pho 100W the resultant power measured at the terminals between the supplier and the consumer will be Pa Pro Pro 0 9kW In the situation as in the example above we have two separate energy flow sources Unfortunately the actual distribution cannot be indicated directly on the basis of such measurement In real systems determination of the dominant source is often sufficient By grouping the harmonic components with plus signs we receive a set of power values which are responsible for the energy flow from the source to the receiver that is the useful energy On the other hand the se
140. ional Energy Local EE Active energy Ep San Analyzer settings ERA A l Vi V Log r 4 ga Measurement point 1 Max 300 0 Wh m s Reactive energy Eq LA EN 50160 Bi tog events Log zzz y Voltage Max 200 0 varh Y Apparent energy Es P Curent V Log events V Li i Max 50 0 kvAh x 4 Power and energy LJ Harmonics m Measurement point 2 ER Send Receive Analyzer GY Analyzer settings e Measurement point 1 amp Measurement point 2 e Measurement point 3 e Measurement point 4 Analyzer PQM 701 S N 960001 Status Connected Fig 23 Power and energy Energy tab 5 2 6 Harmonics The Harmonics branch can be used to configure the recording method and event detection for voltage and current harmonics and other parameters directly related to them The branch has two tabs Basic and Additional Basic This tab is shown in Fig 41 e Inthe top part the user can choose the voltage or current harmonics e THD total harmonic distortion similarly to other configuration areas the fields Min Max Avg Inst are used to set the recording of minimum maximum average and instantaneous values according to set averaging period The event detection can be activated on the right hand side The event will be recorded when THD exceeds the user defined threshold value The event threshold setting range is 0 0 100 0 with 0 1 increment for voltage and 0 0 200
141. is not a result of actual measurement but only an approximated value 10 7 4 Reactive power and reactive energy meters Reactive energy meters are devices unknown to the household users who for settlements with energy suppliers use the meters of active energy expressed in Wh or kWh Household users are in a comfortable situation they pay only for usable energy and do not have to think what the power factor is in their installations In contrast to the first group the industrial consumers are obliged in their contracts and sometimes under pain of financial penalties to keep the power factor at an appropriate level The EN 50160 standard gives some guidelines for the power quality requirements and defines the quality parameters which should be met by energy supplier Among these parameters are among others mains frequency RMS voltage total harmonic distortion THD and allowed levels of individual voltage harmonics Besides EN 50160 requirements there is often an additional condition the supplier does not need to comply with those requirements if an energy consumer does not ensure the tang factor below some threshold agreed value which can be changed in the contract between the energy supplier and consumer i e 0 4 and or exceeds the agreed level of consumed active energy The tang is defined as a ratio of measured reactive energy to the active energy in a settlement period Going back for a while to the power triangle in sinusoidal system
142. itive negative and zero sequence components The larger the unbalance the higher the content of remaining components 10 8 4 Estimating the uncertainty of power and energy measurements The total uncertainty of active and reactive power and energy measurements for the fundamental component and the harmonics power is based on the following relationship 125 PQM 701 Operating manual additional uncertainty is omitted in case of energy measurements as much smaller than other uncertainty types Opa Sin Oi Op where p uncertainty of active or reactive power measurement Oun total uncertainty of voltage harmonic amplitude measurement analyzer transducers Oj total uncertainty of current amplitude measurement analyzer transducers clamps Oph additional uncertainty caused by the error of phase measurement between the voltage and current harmonics The n uncertainty can be determined if we know the phase shift angle for a given frequency ranges Table 9 presents the phase difference error between the voltage and current harmonics for the PQM 701 analyzer without clamps and transducers Phase difference error Frequency range 0 200Hz 200 500Hz 500Hz ikHz 1 2kHz 2 3kHz Table 9 Phase error in the PQM 701 analyzer depending on the frequency The phase error caused by used transducers and clamps can be usually found in their technical documentation Such being the case we need to est
143. ive apparent power hence the index e in designations in three phase systems Those effective voltage and current values are such theoretical values which represent voltage and current in an energetically equivalent three phase balanced system Consequently the key issue is to determine the Ue and le The IEEE 1459 standard gives the following formulas In three wire systems L 17 i EC wama Uap Une U 9 KAL FE 1 Ie e OA RU ae FO vee 18 where la l le are RMS currents for individual phases line or phase is the RMS current in neutral conductor Ua Up Ue are RMS phase to neutral voltages and Uap Ube Uca are RMS phase to phase voltages U In four wire systems Se calculated in this manner includes both the power losses in the neutral conductor in four wire systems and the effect of unbalance 10 7 6 Distortion power Ds and effective nonfundamental apparent power Sen During the discussion on reactive power it was proved that the distortion power according to Budeanu cannot be used at large voltage and current distortions and three phase systems unbalance a paradox of distortion power which is not a measure of actual distortion Despite this fact however this power is often used by energy quality specialists and manufacturers of systems for reactive power compensation It must be clearly said that this parameter has given relatively good results only in conditions of slight distortio
144. ive lines marked as follows L1 N L1 phase in systems with neutral conductor N L2 N L2 phase in systems with neutral conductor N L3 N L3 phase in systems with neutral conductor N N PE parameter values in the N PE voltage channel or the In current channel L1 L2 L1 phase in systems without neutral conductor with phase to phase voltages L2 L3 L2 phase in systems without neutral conductor with phase to phase voltages L3 L1 L3 phase in systems without neutral conductor with phase to phase voltages Total value total value of the whole system or average of phase values For example for a three phase system with N conductor the phase parameters values are displayed in rows L1 N L2 N L3 N If the measurement of N PE voltage and or In current has been activated in the configuration the row N PE displays also the values of parameters which are calculated in such case The Total row displays the total values for the whole system In case of delta systems the phase values are displayed in rows L1 L2 L2 L3 L3 L1 and Total 71 PQM 701 Operating manual Note In some mains configurations it is not possible to calculate measure the values of some parameters For example in a delta three phase system it is impossible to calculate the coso displacement power factor between current and voltage because the measured voltage is phase to phase voltage and the measured current is line current which is a v
145. iwo f f L1 Hz U L1 2fv U L2 3 V U L3 1 V I LATA item pias pen CFUL1 CFUL2 CFUL3 CFUN WNapi cie U red red red red red red red red red pr d 20 2010 05 05 12 09 23 600 zs 402 0 399 8 403 7 12 25 2211 1851 1062 1 38 1 39 1 39 2 48 WV Wsp tczynnik szczytu U I ZlAsymetria U I 21 POU RPL YLE 29 401 9 399 9 403 6 1208 2200 1834 10 57 1 38 1 39 1 39 240 7 pat PR 22 POLEVA YEE i 401 5 12 27 22 21 1830 1052 139 139 139 3 06 VITHD U I VHarmoniczne U I 23 POU SSPE v Autodopasowanie szeroko ci kolumn 23 1058 138 139 139 310 oe a heck Q S 24 PAEPAE Zaznacz wszystko 25 1074 1 39 1 39 1 39 239 VEnergia P Q S 25 POUN 402 5 aa 21 1074 139 139 139 234 VPrzesuniecia fazowe harmonicznych vli sma Moc harmonicznych P Q 26 POOLE PAYEE 4019 20 1030 139 139 139 2 28 Wsp k Chwilowa sp czyik 27 POU RPA EU 3 2 i 16 1035 1 39 1 39 1 39 5 71 ViOscylogramy U I 28 2010 05 05 12 09 31 593 25 1042 1 39 1 39 1 39 2 27 29 2010 05 05 12 09 32 1486 1336 1823 1037 1 39 1 39 140 240 30 2010 05 05 12 09 33 591 EZDMETNI 2219 ECCE 402 2 400 7 403 5 1480 15 53 20 54 1207 1 39 1 39 1 39 453 4 Analizator S N Status Roz czony Fig 41 Selecting data for the plot Plik Edytuj dad Phusa mura una Phasa Dhns oF 7 IN red 2010 05 05 12 09 04 615 isas R r jg AA era N Koniec A 2010 05 05 12 24 56 9
146. le measurements of additional parameters such as neutral conductor current with the fourth 43 PQM 701 Operating manual clamp if the system type is appropriate and the N PE voltage for systems with separate N and PE conductors Remember that the analyzer will not measure such parameters unless you check relevant options Averaging period for measurements use this field to define the basic results averaging period Available times are as follows half period special mode only voltage and current instantaneous values are recorded 200ms 1s 3s 5s 10s 15s 30s 1min 3min 5min 10min 15min 30min 60min 120min Triggering of recording select the recording activation mode e Immediate measurement after pressing the START STOP button Measurement by the schedule after pressing the START STOP button the meter compares the present time with intervals defined in the schedule and starts and stops the recording according to such defined intervals Measurement after the limit for any active event is exceeded after pressing the START STOP button the meter analyzes the mains and waits until a parameter is exceeded which triggers the recording Note If in the EN 50160 tab the user has activated the standard compliant recording the averaging will be set to 10 minutes and the averaging period selection list will be blocked To change these settings first deactivate the standard compliant recording in the above mention
147. le between the voltage and the current at each leg of such receiver Unfortunately we do not know this angle In the delta type receiver we know the voltages on individual impedances but we do not know the current in such systems the phase to phase voltages and line currents are measured Each line current is a sum of two phase currents In the wye without N type receivers we know the currents flowing through impedance but we do not know the voltages each phase to phase voltage is a sum of two phase to neutral voltages We need to take account of the fact that at given voltage values at terminals and currents flowing into such black box there is an infinite number of variants of receiver internal structure which will give us identical measurement results of voltage and current values visible outside the black box Then how is it possible that there are reactive power meters intended for measurements in three wire systems and the mains analyzers which allow the reactive power measurement under such circumstances In both cases the manufacturers use the trick which involves an artificial creation of a reference point virtual neutral terminal N Such point can be created very easily by connecting to the terminals of our black box a wye connected system of three resistors of the same value In no case should a measuring instrument mislead the user and such approximation can be allowed only after a clear reservation that the indicated value
148. lustrates a part of the plot which is currently zoomed in move it with a mouse on the plot miniature to move the plot in the main window press one of the buttons in the top of the screen to save the plot on the disk in a user selectable format jpg png or xpm copy to clipboard or print maximum number of waveforms on the plot is 12 Highlight any column for example f U L1 THD U etc or any range of cells and click the Report button to display a new window enabling users to save the selected data in a required file format pdf html txt csv or to copy them to clipboard and print The data refer to the time specified in the selected column columns or marked cells Example of a report saved as a pdf file is shown in Fig 60 Maximum 12 columns of data may be generated 86 7 Data analysis R A P O RT Data rozpocz cia rejestracji 2010 05 05 12 09 02 Data zako czenia rejestracji 2010 05 05 12 24 57 Flaga Czas f L1 Hz U L1 V U L2 V U L3 V U N V I L1 A 1 L2 A I L3 A I N A red red red red red red red red red Xx 2010 05 05 12 09 04 615 50 04 235 0 230 5 233 1 0 309 1226 23 87 21 05 1212 x 2010 05 05 12 09 05 614 50 04 233 4 230 3 232 2 0 319 1230 24 36 18 55 10 70 2010 05 05 12 09 06 613 50 04 235 0 231 1 233 7 0 272 1227 22 29 18 50 10 71 2010 05 05 12 09 07 613 50 04 235 0 231 0 233 6 0 272 1226 22 23 18 45 10 67 2010 05 05 12 09 08 612 50 04 235 1 231 0 233 7 0 272 1222 2231 18 39 10 70 x 2010 05 05 12
149. ly viewing of the mains parameters is available in the Live mode 2 3 2 Triggering and stopping the recording The recording according to the measurement point configuration can be activated by three methods e in the immediate mode by pressing the START STOP button or from the application if the connection with PC is active e according to the schedule preset in the application up to four time intervals in this case when the START STOP button is pressed the analyzer checks if current time is included in 20 2 Operation of the analyzer one of the preset time intervals If yes the analyzer starts the recording If the analyzer is in the waiting mode for the next recording period the TIME message is displayed e inthe threshold mode after an event threshold set in the configuration is exceeded pressing of the START STOP button switches the meter into the normal measurement mode but the saving of the files proper recording starts only when the first event is detected In the event waiting mode the display shows the EVNT message In the recording mode if there is no active connection with PC the display shows LOGG including the flashing dots recording in the PC mode is indicated with dots only Pressing the P1 4 button will display voltages and currents values in the same fashion as in the test procedure described earlier Termination of the recording e he recording is terminated automatically in the schedule mode in
150. lyzer If the analyzer is switched off during the communication the USB cable is plugged out or the application cannot receive answer from the analyzer for any other reasons the message shown in Fig 25 will appear K A Connection Connection lost Fig 8 Lost connection 38 5 Analyzer configuration 5 Analyzer configuration In the main menu select Analyzer Settings or click the icon to open the measurements configuration window as shown in Fig 26 This is the most important part of the analyzer configuration as here the user determines which parameters will be recorded by the analyzer the mains type and nominal values of the parameters The left part of the screen is divided into two parts Fig 26 Local and Analyzer The top part Local is used for parameters modification by the user and the bottom part Analyzer stores the present analyzer settings and is read only Each part has a drop down tree divided into four measurement points and Analyzer settings f SONEL Analysis 1 0 29 Settings File Analyzer Options Help HEJZNZ Mains nominal values Mains system Clamps type Voltage transducers Voltage Un 230 400 w V 3 phase 4wire Wye F1 F2 F3 Enabled 853 Analyzer settings Frequency fn 50 Hz Primary V Secondary V 100 00 4 ga Measurement point 1 4 EN 50160 Local y a Additional measurements Current transducers Averaging
151. m and without a suitable counteraction the digital integration may become useless It should be remembered that both input amplifiers and analog to digital converters have a given finite and undesirable offset which must be removed prior to integration The PQM 701 analyzer firmware includes a digital filter which is to remove totally the DC voltage component The filtered signal is subjected to digital integration The resultant phase response has excellent properties and the phase shift for most critical frequencies 50 and 60Hz is minimal Ensuring the least possible phase shift between the voltage and current components is very important for obtaining small power measurement errors It can be proven that approximate power measurement error can be described with the following relationship Power measurement error phase error in radians x tan o x 100 where tan g is the tangent of the angle between the fundamental voltage and current components From the formula it can be concluded that the measurement errors are increasing as the displacement power factor is decreasing for example at the phase error of only 0 1 and cosy 0 5 the error is 0 3 Anyway for the power measurements to be accurate the phase coincidence of voltage and current circuits must be the highest possible Current sensing for energy metering William Koon Analog Devices Inc 111 PQM 701 Operating manual 10 4 Signal sampling The signal is sampled
152. m PQM 701 by the following features e PQM 701Zr has separate terminals of a power adapter installed on the right side of the analyser housing as in case of PQM 701Z The internal power adapter is connected to these terminals only no connection to the voltage measurement terminals L1 A and N e PQM 701Zr has additional galvanically isolated serial port RS 232 which is installed in a slot on the side of the unit casing e External dimensions of the two analysers are slightly different see technical specifications in section 12 10 Serial port RS 232 allows for communication with an external PC or an external communication module e g GSM modem The hardware flow control using CTS and RTS lines is supported RS 232 is active only when the USB cable is not connected do the socket on the analyser s front panel If a PC is connected to the analyser using the USB cable the active RS 232 connection shall be disconnected RS 232 bitrate is maximum 921600 bit s and may be adjusted by the user Serial port RS 232 has an ingress protection rating of IP65 when not connected The supplied protective plug protects the connectors against weather conditions An additional standard accessory of the PQM 701Zr analyser is the non interlaced female male RS 232 data transmission cable 10 1 General information Other features of the analyser remain the same as in PQM 701 model Information In this manual PQM 701 shall be used to name all th
153. meters make the PQM 701 analyzer an exceptionally useful and powerful tool for measuring and analyzing of all types of mains systems and faults which occur in them With some unique features the PQM 701 stands out from other similar analyzers available in the market The list of parameters measured by the PQM 701 analyzer depending on the mains type is presented in Table 1 13 PQM 701 Operating manual Table 1 Measured parameters for various mains configurations Mai 3 ph delta ains type 3 ph wye with N 3 ph wye without channel N eae A B N z A B C N z A B C z U Voltage DC component Current DC D component Q1 S P DC f CF U Voltage crest factor Current crest factor PP ative power Distortion power S Apparent power Displacement Tangent Total Harmonic THD U Distortion voltage Total Harmonic THD Distortion current Active energy Ep Ep consumed and supplied Reactive energy eae aol consumed and QB QB supplied Apparent energy UnU Voltage harmonics minet amplitudes Current harmonics ee amplitudes Angles between Qul1 Quiso voltage and current harmonics Harmonics active Harmonics reactive Unbalance Symmetrical components and unbalance factors PaP Flicker jel e e tetete eleljel Note A B C successive phases L1 A L2 B L3 C N measurement for the N PE voltage channel or ly current channel depending on the parameter type total value of th
154. metrical components negative sequence positive sequence and zero sequence voltage Uo U1 U2 Uo U2 Negative and positive sequence unbalance symmetrical components negative sequence positive sequence and zero sequence current lo h l io i Short term and long term flicker Pst and Pi Active power consumed and supplied P P Reactive power consumed and supplied Q1 Q4 QB QB Apparent power S Distortion power D Nonfundamental apparent power SN Harmonics active power 1 50 Pp4 Phso Harmonics reactive power 1 50 Qh1 Qhs0 Angles between voltage and current harmonics Q1 050 12 6 Power supply and heater Power supply 90 760V AC connected internally to L1 N terminals in PQM 701 separate terminals in PAM 7012 CAT IV 600V max 30VA Li lon 6 9Ah gt 5h 8h Battery current consumption in off state without lt 1mA external power connected Heater activation temperature threshold 5 C Heater power supply from built in mains power supply Heater rated power 152 12 Technical specification 12 7 Supported mains systems 1 phase with N split phase 3 phase 4 wire wye with N 3 phase 3 wire delta Aron s 3 phase 3 wire delta Three phase delta terminals L1 L2 L3 N shorted with L3 with two current clamps 3 phase 3 wire wye without N Three phase wye without neutral conductor terminals L1 L2 L3 N shorted with L3 Aron s 3 phase 3 wire wye Three phase wye withou
155. n a new window option a new diagram or table will always be opened in a new window If this option is not active a separate window with diagram or table is refreshed Averaging is used to select the time according to which the data in the table will be shown if there are the data with various averaging times i e long term flicker Py 120min and frequency 10s The rows in which the Time cell has a red background indicate that a given measuring record is flagged which means that a voltage swell dip or interruption event happened during a given averaging period Such concept of flagging has been introduced by the IEC 61000 4 30 standard The listed event types can cause incorrect measurements of some mains parameters and the standard recommends that in such case the whole averaging period is flagged to inform the user 83 PQM 701 Operating manual that the measured values might be unreliable The decision how to treat the flagged measurements is left to the user With the Plots button the user can generate a few types of diagrams The following options are available e Time plot when the Time column is selected along with any other column columns as in Fig 57 and this option is chosen a new window appears with a diagram showing the indicated parameters over time To include only a part of total time interval in the diagram in the Time column select the period you are interested in and then select relevant parameters You ca
156. n in Fig 46 The diagrams are refreshed instantaneously allowing the mains viewing in real time i SONEL Analysis 1 0 29 Live gt f File Analyzer Options Help a x De BS Ab waveforms iS Timeplots Measurements 0 Phasors U9 Harmonics zau e Analyzer PQM 701 S N 960001 Status Connected Fig 29 Live mode waveforms The checkboxes above the diagram are used to activate the display for voltages and currents Buttons next to the boxes are used to change the colors of presented waveforms 68 6 Live mode To the right are the buttons for available phases Waveforms for each phase are shown when the button is pressed and each phase is presented on a separate drawing The time scale X axis is updated on the basis of measured frequency value i e from O to 40ms for 50Hz The left hand Y axis includes the voltage values and the right hand one current values The voltage and current units are selected automatically The scale is selected e statically the upper scale range is set at the value close to the nominal voltage or maximum clamp range e dynamically the diagrams are automatically scaled to the highest instantaneous value of the waveform The change of scaling mode is available after right clicking in the diagram area context menu has the following options voltage auto scaling current auto scaling When the program is launched the a
157. n of voltage and current waveforms 120 10 Power quality a guide The IEEE 1459 2000 standard lists this definition of power however just like in case of Budeanu reactive power it has a non removable defect and it is recommended to discard it entirely Instead of Dg another value has been proposed which is a much better characteristics of total distortion power in a system nonfundamental apparent power Sen The Sey power allows a quick estimation whether a load works in conditions of small or large harmonic distortion it is also a basis for estimating the static values and active filters or compensators Sen s sS Se1 3l Vex where Effective current and RMS voltage of the fundamental component ley and Ue respectively are calculated similarly to and Ue but instead of RMS phase to neutral or phase to phase voltages the effective voltages of fundamental components are substituted Sv af 5 gt U 1 where U and are effective values of fundamental components of phase to neutral voltage and current 10 7 7 Power factor True Power Factor or Power Factor TPF or PF is the value which takes into account also the presence of higher harmonics For sinusoidal systems it is equal to Displacement Power Factor DPF popular cosy Hence DPF is a measure of phase shift between the fundamental voltage and current components P U lhcos yin4 S UL COSQvU111 P PF 5 In case of a purely resistive load
158. n select any parameter columns including individual harmonics U I f H03 HO5 etc A typical time plot is shown in Fig 59 e Waveform waveforms view for voltage and current if any i e during the events or at the end of an averaging period Fig 63 The waveform can be displayed by highlighting the row with available waveform and selecting the Plots option and then the Waveform option or by double clicking on a given row e The graph showing semi periodic rms values RMS1 2 for events for which the oscillogram diagram was recorded This diagram is opened together with the oscillogram e g by double clicking the event line with the event in the table The time scale for both charts is identical e Harmonics plot bar chart presenting the 1 50 order harmonics This option is active even when only one harmonics is selected other harmonics are also plotted All other selected values which are not harmonics such as U f I etc are ignored If a time interval has been selected more than one row the plotted chart represents the average harmonics values in this interval Fig 61 In general the parameters are recorded according to the averaging time set in the configuration For example if you have set a 10 minute averaging time every 10 minutes a record is written on the memory card with the average values and possibly also minimum maximum and instantaneous values of the parameters However in some case there are deviati
159. n the IRms1 2 1 period RMS current refreshed every half period half a period Waveform recording 2 periods before event 4 periods after event total of 6 periods 256 samples per period 12 4 Event detection remaining parameters Detection method Frequency 40 70Hz in Based on 10 second values acc to IEC 61000 values min max min max unbalance max unbalance max 150 12 Technical specification Short term flicker Ps max Based on 10 minute value Long term flicker Py max Based on 2 hour value configuration for consumed and supplied power configuration for consumed and supplied power Apparent power S min max Based on 10 12 period value configuration apparent power SN configuration min max Power factor PF min max Based on 10 12 period value Based on 10 12 period value configuration supplied power configuration supplied power configuration i 0 Displacement power factor 0 1 Based on 10 12 period value cosg DPF min max Voltage total harmonic distortion 0 100 Based on 10 12 period value THD F max Current total harmonic distortion 0 200 Based on 10 12 period value THD F max Voltage harmonic amplitudes max 0 100 or in Based on 10 12 period value absolute values Independent thresholds for all harmonics in the 2 50 range Current harmonic amplitudes max 0 200 or in Based on 10 12 period value absolute values Independent thresholds for
160. nalyzer configuration on the disk during configuration editing save raw data or present analysis files during the analysis Settings analyzer configuration module Live mode view the instantaneous values in real time Analysis module for data reading directly from the analyzer and data analysis SD card analysis module for data reading from the SD card with the reader and data analysis e Disconnect terminate the communication session with the analyzer Extensions of the files created by SONEL Analysis software e settings analyzer configuration files e config SONEL Analysis configuration files e pqm701 recording data files e analysis analysis files The user can select commands from the top menu by clicking icons with the mouse or by using hotkeys hotkeys are valid in the whole program 33 PQM 701 Operating manual CTRL T analyzer configuration CTRL I time and security settings CTRL F program configuration CTRL L live mode CTRL A data analysis from the analyzer CTRL D data analysis from the SD card CTRL S save the analysis on the disk or screenshot in the instantaneous values reading mode After clicking on relevant icons selecting items from top menu or using hotkeys the user can go to individual modules described below or to the software parameters configuration Advice The commands can be selected with the mouse an
161. ned in the settings CSV Report will be divided into several files with names including respective numbers The first file number is 000000 7 Data analysis e a character for separating the integer part from the decimal dot or comma e a character for separating values semicolon is used as default e a character for separating text fields e g column headers a f Konfiguracja programu 15 Dodatkowe dane Eksport do CSV s Fabryczne Dziel plik l Dziel plik CSY Wierszy na plik 65000 Kropka dziesi tna w warto ciach Wczytaj Kropka Przecinek Opcje rozdzielania warto ci Przecinek rednik fer Zapisz spacja Tabulacja Inny J us Zapisz jako Ogranicznik tekstu Z DS a O X Anuluj Fig 70 Export settings for CSV files PQM 701 Operating manual 8 Other software options 8 1 Analyzer status You can check the analyzer status at any time To display the analyzer status window in the top menu choose Analyzer gt Status A window will appear with analyzer basic parameters type status power source etc as shown in Fig 71 f Analyzer status Analyzer type PQM 701 Serial number 960001 Analyzer status Logging in progress Measurement point number 1 Measurement point free memory 70 5 Events number 592 Battery Charging Power source Mains Temperature 34 C 92 F Fig 71 Analy
162. neutral conductor It turns out that contrary to other order harmonics in which the sum of instantaneous current values is zeroed the waveforms of these harmonics are in phase with each other which causes adding of the phase currents in the neutral conductor This can lead to overheating of such conductor particularly in the distribution systems in which this conductor has a smaller cross section than the phase conductors and this was widely practiced until recently Therefore in systems with non linear loads and large current distortions it is now recommended that the cross section of neutral conductor is larger than that of the phased conductors In the delta systems the harmonics of these orders are not present in the line currents provided these are balanced systems but they circulate in the load branches also causing unnecessary power losses Character of individual harmonics as shown in the table is fully accurate only in three phase balanced systems Only in such systems the fundamental component has the exclusively positive sequence character In actual systems with some degree of supply voltage unbalance and the load unbalance there are non zero positive and negative sequence components The measure of such unbalance is so called unbalance factors And this is due to this unbalance of the fundamental component and additionally the differences in amplitudes and phases of the higher harmonics that also these harmonics will have the pos
163. nic subgroups 50Hz system The IEC 61000 4 30 standard recommends that the harmonic subgroup method is used in power quality analyzers 128 10 Power quality a guide 10 8 6 THD Total Harmonic Distortion THD is the most widely used measure of waveform distortion Two versions of this factor are applied in practical use e THD THD F or simply THD total harmonic distortion referred to the fundamental component e HDR THD R total harmonic distortion referred to the RMS value In both cases THD is expressed in percent The definitions are given below no A THD 2 x 100 Ay no A THD x 100 Arms where A RMS of the Ath order harmonics A RMS of the fundamental component Arms RMS waveform Limitation of the number of harmonics used to calculate THD is conventional and is caused mainly by measuring limitations of the device Because the PQM 701 is capable of measuring the harmonic components up to the 50 order the harmonics up to the 50 order are used to calculate THD Please note that when the waveforms are very distorted the two definitions presented above will give significantly different results THDR may not exceed 100 but there is no such limit for THDF and it may go up to 200 or higher Such case can be seen when measuring very distorted current The voltage harmonic distortion usually does not exceed a few percent both THD and THDR for example the limit according
164. nr 10 2 2010 05 05 12 09 02 616 2010 05 05 12 13 25 388 4n22 771s 1 016 0 278 0 1000 Harmoniczna pr du nr 20 L3 2010 05 05 12 09 02 616 2010 05 05 12 13 25 588 4n22 971s 1 183 0275 0 1000 Harmoniczna pr du nr 16 2 2010 05 05 12 09 02 616 2010 05 05 12 13 25 787 4n23 171s 0 852 0 280 0 1000 Fig 48 Event report 7 Data analysis Fig 66 presents the Value duration plot This plot shows the events as dots and allows presenting many events and the interrelation between event duration on horizontal axis and extreme event value on vertical axis If an event is current or voltage related select a relevant dot with the mouse and double click to open a new window with waveform for this event if any f Value duration Z File Edit m a 3 Start v U2 U1 gt max L1 m PF gt max L3 v K factor gt max L1 v imieni i T meat v mm V dip Li a 7 yswell3 W vdpt3 W p lt mnl2 V I gt maxt2 J mmi gt maxl3 z nS S Ri mined u iy P lt min L2 W 7 SFO RIP p A Stop e i i 7 taa 4 4 z g a D Value 1 v i gt I gt max L2 z g Value 2 P lt min L2 l 6 800 700s lt 5 2 875 kW a i ae 0 009999 0 1 1 10 100 6 740 700s A s Ald Rj Q Fig 49 Data analysis value time diagram Advice Zoom in zoom out operations dragging crosses functions etc
165. nstall two catches on the casing hand the analyzer on the DIN rail and finally turn and lock the catches Mounting is shown in Fig 2 Fig 3 Mounting the analyzer on DIN rail 16 2 Operation of the analyzer 2 2 1 Operation of the analyzer Switching on and off To switch on the analyzer briefly press the button Self test is launched when the instrument is switched on and relevant Exxx message is displayed accompanied by a long audio signal 3 seconds when internal error is detected the measurements are blocked Current time of the analyzer is displayed after the self test 2 seconds The WAIT message informs about initialization of the SD card it may take a few seconds If the memory card is from another analyzer the user is asked to enter the analyzer s card owners PIN code to get access to the card During the first logging with such card it is assigned to the analyzer and its PIN is updated CARD message appears in case of an initialization error If the file system on the card is damaged or if the user has formatted the card manually the analyzer will suggest card formatting message FORM press START STOP to start the formatting process 3 short audio signals When the formatting is completed the analyzer repeats the SD card initialization During the formatting of the card the analyzer performs speed test of the card The CARD message is displayed if the card is too slow It is recommended to us
166. nsulation e Use only the power supplies specified in this manual e f possible connect the analyzer to the de energized circuits e Before placing the analyzer in the electrical panel it is recommended to remove the metal bracket on the back panel to avoid accidental short circuit e Opening the instrument cover causes loss of tightness which during an unfavorable weather can result in a damage to the instrument as well as a hazard for its user e Repairs may be performed solely by an authorized service point The PQM 701 analyzer meets the requirements of IEC 61010 1 for the measurement category IV 600V and of double insulation with closed casing cover With open cover it conforms to the class IV 600V and basic insulation The measurement category of the whole system depends on used accessories If a lower category accessories such as clamps are connected to the analyzer the category for the whole system will be reduced PQM 701 Operating manual 1 2 General features Power quality analyzer PQM 701 Fig 1 is an advanced product for comprehensive measurements analysis and recording of the parameters of the 50 60 Hz mains systems and of the power quality according to the EN 50160 The analyzer has five voltage input terminals marked L1 A L2 B L3 C N and PE and the N terminal neutral conductor is shared The range of voltages measured by four measuring channels is 1150V maximum This range may be changed by using ext
167. nt when the Ukusur2 voltage decreases below the dip threshold value and ends at the moment when the Urmsi1 2 voltage is equal to or greater than the dip threshold value plus the voltage hysteresis The dip threshold is specified at 90 of Unom During the voltage dip the analyzer remembers the minimum recorded voltage this is called the residual voltage Ures and is one of the parameters characterizing the dip and the average voltage value 133 PQM 701 Operating manual RMS 4 5 maximum swell value swell threshold hysteresis nominal voltage hysteresis dip threshold interruption hysteresis interruption threshold minimum dip and interruption value Fig 89 Voltage swells dips and interruptions Interruption is a state during which the Urmsc1 2 voltage is lower than the specified interruption level The interruption threshold is usually set much below the voltage dip level at about 1 10 of Unom The interruption starts at the moment when the UkRusua voltage decreases below the interruption threshold value and ends at the moment when the Urmsi1 2 voltage is equal to or greater than the interruption threshold value plus the voltage hysteresis During the interruption the analyzer remembers the minimum recorded voltage and the average voltage value Swell is a state of increased voltage The swell threshold is usually set at the level close to 110 of Unom The swell st
168. nts duration of the th measuring window in naure E 2 S i T i e i is a successive number of 10 12 period measuring window S i represents apparent power S calculated in the th measuring window T i represents duration of the ith measuring window in hours Apparent energy 11 2 Split phase system Split phase system omitted parameters are calculated as in one phase system Parameter Calculation method Designation Total Budeanu reactive Qa Qna Om Total fundamental component reactive Qitot var Qitot Q14 Qip power Total apparent power Stot S4 Sp Total nonfundamental Total Budeanu P Stot Total displacement cos 1 Total tangent tanga EEE Piot Total active ener consumed a Epstot Ep tot Ep a EP B supplied Ep tot Ep_tot Ep a Ep B Total Budeanu reactive energy EGB tot Egp tot EqB a EQB B consumed and E QB tot Eop tot EqB a EQB B supplied Total fundamental component reactive energy consumed and supplied Eatstot Eq1 tot Eq1 a Eq1 B EqQt tot Eq1 tot Eq1 a Eq1 B 141 PQM 701 Operating manual 11 3 Three phase wye with N Three phase wye with N omitted parameters are calculated as in one phase system Parameter 2 Calculation method Designation Total active power Prot Piot Pa Pp Pe Total Budeanu reactive Total fundamental component reactive Qitot var Qitot Qia Qag Qic power Qi 3U I singi where U is the voltage
169. nverted to required output voltage Such solution has however a side effect Smoothing capacitors are recharged by short current pulses at moments when the mains voltage is close to peak value From power balance rule it is known that if the current is taken only at short intervals its crest value must be much higher than in case it is taken in a continuous manner Large ratio of current crest value to RMS value a so called crest factor and reduction of power factor PF will result in a situation in which in order to obtain a given active power in a receiver in watts the power supplier must supply power greater than the receiver active power this is a so called apparent power expressed in volt amperes VA Low power factor causes higher load on the transmission cables and higher electrical energy transport costs Harmonic components which appear in the current cause additional problems As a result the electricity suppliers have started to impose financial penalties upon the customers who have not ensured sufficiently high power factor Among entities which can be potentially interested in power quality analyzers are power utility companies on one hand which can use them to control their customers and on the other hand the power consumers which may use the analyzers to detect and possibly improve the low power factor and solve other problems in connection with widely understood power quality issue The power source quality parameters as well as t
170. od as well as the actual value at the instant the record is being written The event detection module is also expanded According to EN 50160 typical events include voltage dip reduction of RMS voltage to less than 90 of nominal voltage swell increase to more than 110 of nominal value and interruption reduction of the supply voltage to less than 1 of the nominal voltage The user does not need to enter the settings defined in EN 50160 as the software allows an automatic configuration of the instrument to the energy measurement mode according to EN 50160 The user can take advantage of the manual configuration option and the software offers a full flexibility in this area Voltage is only one of many parameters according to which event detection thresholds can be defined For instance the analyzer can be configured to detect power factor reduction to below a set threshold THD increase to above another threshold and similarly the event of exceeding by the 9 voltage harmonic of the user defined value in percent An event is recorded along with the time at which it happened In case of events which involve exceeding of the set thresholds for voltage dip swell and interruption and exceeding of the current minimum and maximum values the information can also include the voltage and current waveforms It is possible to record 2 periods before the event and 4 after Very extensive configuration options along with a long list of measured para
171. of them moves the others enabling users easily compare up to the three chosen parameters for a given time use the buttons above the plot to switch on off individual waveforms and change their colors use the sliders or the mouse wheel to zoom in the plot vertically and horizontally vertically if the mouse pointer is placed near the side edges of the plot horizontally if the mouse pointer is placed near its top or bottom edge keeping the SHIFT key pressed use mouse to select a rectangular area to be zoomed in keeping the CTRL key pressed click with left mouse button in the plot area and without releasing the mouse button move the visible fragment the cursor arrow turns into a hand the plot has two vertical axes on the left and right hand sides select the scale for the required value to be displayed on the plot from the drop down lists in addition to the parameters selected by the user i e UL1 K P etc the scales drop down lists include also the group of parameters with the same units V A W var VA Hz no unit When a group is selected one scale is adopted for the plot for example in V and all waveforms from this group are rescaled to fit the scale selecting a given group for the left hand scale Y causes deactivation of this group and its all parameters on the right hand scale Y and vice versa click on the icons in the corners of the screen to show a miniature of the whole plot the highlighted rectangle il
172. ommunication with the analyser via the GSM modem 1111211111 106 10 Power quality a guide es eesaaamaanemanewazawaazanaanawzznacazaEGA AA 108 TOA BASICINIOMNANON ao O O zo AEO A O do 108 10 2 WONAQCAN DUIS aa AOC Da WO ADO O toz GDY 108 105 CUT ONE HAO UNS zela ie ak A 109 10 3 1 Current transformer clamps CT for AC measurements 22 1122211111212 109 10 3 2 AC DC measurement CLAIMS sereias a e e aE R 109 10 3 3 Flexible current DIODES wa e ao O A PA PAPA OLO PCE APE PIAP PEJA 110 10 3 4 Pigra ega 18 isona a EO OE ONO 111 104 Signal sampling aoi AO AA ESRO 112 t09 HEL SVN CHTOMZAUON ax iR owal sane O Rz ad 112 O6 82 EEE 113 10 7 AOWEFINEGSUEMEM sss Rosa oz Ai A ACE AD 113 10 7 1 ACH OW CN psc ce NO R W O A teas il ae ok ta 114 10 7 2 Reactive DOW Ol owo secon a OO eea ear a aa dead ei 114 10 7 3 Reactive power and three wire systeMS eaaaeaaae aaa aaa aaaaaanaazazaazaneaa 117 10 7 4 Reactive power and reactive energy Meters eeesaeeaaaa aaa aa aazaazazaazazcaa 118 10 7 5 Apparent DOWN ict et ate eee yee ate Mee ot eat le tole CO 119 10 7 6 Distortion power Dg and effective nonfundamental apparent power Sen 120 10 7 7 POWCrTACION nien a od daeacanuudanteteaascatencdeie zed ESP Gd eGP BASOWE 121 100 IMONI Sin e Z OO NA ER R OC 121 10 8 1 Harmonics ACUVE DOWOR ENG OO ZO AAAA ESA SOA 123 10 8 2 Harmonics reactive POWEL
173. onic components You can use two methods to set the limits of individual harmonic components filling in the table below the diagram or directly on the diagram When filling in the table the entered value is shown on the diagram after it is confirmed with the ENTER or TAB key To change the limit on the diagram double click the selected harmonics and then holding the left mouse button set the required level In addition after selecting the harmonics you can also use the following keys e UP and DOWN arrows to change the limit value LEFT and RIGHT arrows to select the previous or next harmonics SPACE BAR to select limit value for editing PAGE UP and PAGE DOWN to toggle between the min and max values HOME and END to toggle between the first and last harmonics Note The THD and harmonics values are referenced to the fundamental component The THD calculation in EN 50160 mode includes harmonics up to the 40th order r SONEL Analysis 1 0 29 Settings J PF File Analyzer Options Help a X a ie GE S Mm zy Local Basic Harmonics GA Events E i T Analyzer settings Time interval Threshold 95 00 of week 8 00 4 zj Measurement point 1 Voltage harmonics amplitudes EN 50160 E Time interval 95 00 of week Voltage Harmonics amplitudes limits 20 gt Current Pov j 15 Hi H 3 Measurement point 2 ER Send Receive Analyzer E53 Analyzer settings zj Mea
174. ons from this rule for example e Long term flicker Py it is measured every 2 hours hence at a 10 minute averaging time a new P value appears every 12 averaging periods e Frequency the measurement time for this parameter is 10 seconds e 15 minute active and reactive power during the recording compliant with EN 50160 for which the basic averaging period is 10 minutes In order to facilitate search for parameters measured with different averaging times an option has been added of displaying parameters in relation to the indicated averaging period For example if you measured with a 10 minute averaging time and wish to quickly display the records in which the Py values were measured select 2h from the Show data every list Then the table will include only the rows with times being the multiples of 2 hours during which the next measured value of P occurred 84 7 Data analysis PFET 2010 05 05 12 09 02 2010 05 05 12 09 02 czas 00 15 55 Wy czony v 2010 05 05 12 24 57 w ken savu U a s z s 00000000 e000 38 000 40 000 42 000 44 000 46 000 48 000 50 000 52 000 54 000 56 000 58 000 00 000 92 000 04 000 06 000 08 000 10 000 12 000 14 000 16 000 18 000 20 000 22 000 24 000 26 00 sekunda milisekunda s Wy wietl dane co _ Wy wietl harmoniczne D emage v A a oe GE icz stot
175. ot be lower than the interruption level For mains with neutral conductor it is possible to set also the maximum N PE voltage level When this level is exceeded an event will be triggered Switching from the threshold percent values to absolute values causes automatic calculation to selected unit Note If after the event threshold have been set the user changes mains nominal voltage the thresholds expressed in percent will remain on the same levels Check the Log waveforms option to enable recording of 6 voltage and current waveform periods at the beginning and the end of event 55 Additional PQM 701 Operating manual This tab see Fig 36 Additional voltage measurement settings is used to set the recording parameters for mains frequency voltage crest factor flicker and voltage unbalance Just like in case of other parameters you can select recording of average minimum maximum and instantaneous values The event settings are to the left The settings ranges are as follows e frequency 40 70Hz with the 0 01Hz or 0 1 resolution but the minimum value must not be above the set nominal power frequency and the maximum value must not be below the set nominal power frequency e crest factor 1 00 2 50 0 01 resolution e negative sequence unbalance 0 0 20 0 0 1 increment flicker short term and long term 0 0 20 0 0 1 increment f SONEL Analysis 1 0 29 Settings
176. ower G Voltage All Min Avg FI Current Harmonics reactive power All Min Avg Max Inst F Power and energy M T i THD calculated from Harmonics 40 harmonics 50 harmonics zj Measurement point2 _ a saw ec Analyzer RT s E Analyzer settings amp Measurement point 1 e Measurement point 2 e Measurement point 3 e Measurement point 4 Analyzer S N Status Disconnected Fig 25 Additional harmonics settings 5 2 7 Default configuration profiles As a standard after installation the application loads the default analyzer configuration with following measurement points profiles e voltage e voltage and current e power e power and harmonics The names of these profiles are entered in the measurement points names PP1 Voltage PP2 Voltage and current PP3 Power PP4 Power and harmonics The parameters recorded in given profiles are listed in Table 8 64 5 Analyzer configuration Table 8 List of recorded parameters for default profiles of measuring points Voltage ____ Voltageandcurret _ Power _____ Power and harmonics U symmetrical U symmetrical U symmetrical U symmetrical components and components and components and components and unbalance factor unbalance factors unbalance factor unbalance factor current current current crest factor crest factor crest factor ON po I symmetrical I symmetrical I symmet
177. per measuring window is 2560 or 3072 for 50Hz and 60Hz respectively Fast Fourier Transform requires however that the number of samples subjected to transformation equals a power of 2 Consequently the analyzer changes the sampling frequency interpolation linked with decimation as a result of which we receive exactly 2048 samples 2 A very important thing is to maintain a constant synchronization of sampling with the mains FFT can be performed only on the data which include a multiple of the mains period This condition must be met in order to minimize a so called spectral leakage which leads to falsified information about actual spectral lines levels The PQM 701 meets these requirements because the sampling frequency is stabilized by the phase locked loop PLL Because the sampling frequency can fluctuate over time the standard provides for grouping together with the harmonics main spectral lines also of the spectral lines in their direct vicinity The reason is that the components energy can pass partially to neighboring interharmonic components There are two grouping methods e harmonic group includes the main spectral line and five or six neighboring interharmonic components on each side e harmonic subgroup includes the main spectral line and one neighboring line on each side harmonic harmonic harmonic subgroup subgroup subgroup order 1 order 2 order 3 FFT output harmonic order 0 1 2 3 Fig 87 Determination of harmo
178. positive sequence component of the Total reactive power fundamental component acc to IEEE 1459 I his the current positive sequence component of the fundamental component 01 is the angle between components U and I Se 3U ele Where Effective apparent 3 U Up Uc U tee Uca power Ue a i Lye Ip 17 tir e 3 SeN JS ba Where Sei 3Ue1le1 Effective nonfundamental R 5 R 2 3 5 apparent power U 3 Uq Upi Ucq Uapi Upc1 Ucar j 18 2 2 2 2 ln Ip Ic Iya 3 le1 Total Budeanu Prot Total power factor PF ot GE e Total displacement s _1 power factor COS Mtoe DPFiot 3 COS p4 COSQPR cose Q Total tangent tOProt m tot 142 11 Calculation formulas Total active energy Ep4tot Ep a Epap Epic consumed and supplied Ep_tot Ep a Ep p Ep c Total Budeanu reactive energy EQB tot consumed and Eos i supplied AA EQB tot EqB A EqB B EqB C EQB tot Fossa EqB B EQB C Total fundamental component reactive energy consumed and supplied E Eq1 tot Foita Eq1 B Eq1 C Q1 tot Eqy Q1 tot Eq1 tot Eq1 4 EQ1 B T EQ1 c Estot gt Se DT i where i is a successive number of 10 12 period measuring window Se i represents effective apparent power S calculated in the th measuring window T i represents duration of the ith measuring window in Total apparent energy 1 3 Ua Upi Uca RMS volta
179. qm701 Such file will include a true copy of the read data and can be used at any moment and you can return to the analysis time selection screen Fig 54 Please remember that if you send a new measurement points configuration the SD card is formatted and all recorded data will be irreversibly lost Starting the analysis by pressing the Data analysis button will require a next reading of the data from the card if you want to perform a next analysis on the basis of the data saved on the card To save data on the disk click the Save icon on the toolbar or select Save or Save as in the File menu 80 7 Data analysis 7 3 Analysis of read data 7 3 1 General After a correct data reading the main data analysis module window is displayed The window is divided into a few parts Fig 55 e The buttons used to display the following data are in the left hand side e General all data of individual types are displayed as dots Measurements Events and Waveforms e Measurements all types of measurements recorded according to the averaging time are displayed as dots voltage frequency etc e Events all types of detected events are shown as dots voltage dips swells interruptions e If you select a button also relevant data will be displayed in the table below the diagram e The fields with start date time interval and end date are above the diagram r I SONEL Analysis 1 0 29 Analysis User PF File
180. r averages 25 successive U values using the method described above Minimum and maximum values are selected from among all 5 second average values collected during 1 minute Both minimum and maximum values will be recorded 3 Instantaneous value is the last 10 12 period voltage value measured during 1 minute averaging period This value will also be recorded on the card Event detection can be configured for majority of parameters An event is the situation when the measured parameter value exceeds the user defined threshold or thresholds Depending on the parameter there can be only one threshold i e for the unbalance factor of negative sequence component exceeding of the maximum value there can be two i e for frequency exceeding of the upper and lower limit and in case of voltage there can be even three exceeding of the swell dip and interruption thresholds The analyzer saves the event information on the memory card when event ends The following information is saved event start time event end time threshold value parameter limit value during event duration parameter average value during event duration If recording has been discontinued during an event the event information is also saved but only the following data is recorded event start time threshold value parameter limit value recorded until the recording was stopped Recording of waveforms at the event beginning and the end can be ac
181. r factor P P PF Se P2 D Q D In the IEEE 1459 2000 standard reactive power known as Q has been limited to the fundamental component for both one phase and three phase systems Q ULL sing In three phase systems only the positive sequence component is taken into consideration Qi 3U7 singi Correct measurement of this power requires the same phase rotation sequence i e phase L2 delayed by 120 in relation to L1 phase L3 delayed by 240 in relation to L1 The term of positive sequence component will be discussed in more detail in the section devoted to unbalance The value of reactive power of the fundamental component is the main value which allows estimating the size of capacitor to improve the displacement power factor DPF that is the displacement of the voltage fundamental components in relation to the current fundamental component i e compensator of the reactive power of the fundamental component 10 7 3 Reactive power and three wire systems Correct reactive power measurement is impossible in unbalanced receivers connected according to the three wire system delta and wye systems without the N conductor Such statement may come as a surprise for many people The receiver can be treated as a black box with only 3 terminals available We cannot determine its internal structure In order to calculate the reactive power we need to know the 117 PQM 701 Operating manual phase shift ang
182. rd appendix A Quality assurance requirements for measuring equipment SONEL S A recommends that their products are subject to periodical metrological checks every 13 months Note In case the instrument is used in measurements related to fire protection the person who carries out the tests has to be fully satisfied as to the instrument s performance Measurements carried out using a device that is not in proper working order can lead to an incorrect assessment of the health protection safeguards and can contribute to a hazardous or even life threatening situation 164 NNEURUYRUNAWNARWYAWNAWNADNARDDNADNADDNARRDINA WD ADA DDD A AAA DAA APA AAD NNN 14 Other information MRU 200 Earth Resistance and Resistivity Meter MIC 2 Insulation Resistance Meter 7h PQM 701 Power quality analyzer CMM 40 Industrial multimeter Multifunction Electrical Installations Meter MRU 20 Earth Resistance and Resistivity Meter KT 384 Thermal imager Da alogoi atalogging Light CMP 1006 Digital Clamp on multimeter DIT 500 IR thermometer MPI 502 Multifunction Electrical Installations Meter MIC 2510 Insulation Resistance Meter MIC 30 Insulation Resistance Meter PAT 805 Portable appliance tester MMR 630 Microohmeters LKZ 700 Wire tracer 165
183. rding STOP STOP Standby mode No recording Inactive connection with PC TIME Waiting for automatic triggering of recording in case of scheduled recording UPDT The user to confirm the firmware update by pressing START STOP button Press P1 4 to skip the update WAIT SD card scanning in progress DONE OK FAIL Operation successful failed e When the measurement point is changed the connections testing sequence is repeated e To switch off the analyzer press the D button and hold for 2 seconds unless the key lock or recording are activated e Pressing an active key causes a short high pitched audio signal for an inactive key the signal will be longer and lower pitched 18 2 Operation of the analyzer Notes e Before removing the SD card it is recommended to switch off the analyzer with the ON OFF button This will prevent possible data loss on the memory card e The CARD message indicates that the SD card has been removed during the analyzer operation This may cause the loss of unsaved data or total damage of the SD card file system particularly if recording was in progress e Do not interfere with the SD card file system i e create and save your own files or delete the files saved by the analyzer e Removing the card from the slot when recording is in progress brings the risk of data loss or file system damage To minimize such risk reinsert the card to the slot without switching the analyzer off and an att
184. rical components and components and components and unbalance factor unbalance factor unbalance factor Ractive power _____ Pactive power re Pp Qreactivepower Qreactive power po S apparent power ___ Sapparentpower po Distortion power ___ D distortion power pd Gosp Cosp po Powerfactor Power factor _ pd Tang Tang 000 Kfactor The recording for default profiles does not include waveforms after the averaging period Only average values of parameters are recorded and event detection is off The mains type is set to three phase wye with neutral conductor and the averaging time is 10 seconds 5 3 Time and security When Analyzer gt Time and security is selected from the main menu or by a hotkey the widow appears as shown in Fig 43 Here the user can set the time and analyzer security parameters The present analyzer date and time is given on a current basis in the Analyzer time field To set any date and time in the User time drop down field set required values and press the Set button to the right You can also send the system time to the analyzer just press the button next to the System time field If you check the Keys lock option the analyzer will lock the access to keyboard immediately after the start of recording In such case to get access to the keyboard the user needs to enter a 3 digit code using three analyzer buttons in the same manner as during entering of the PIN code This code is in
185. rise a Rogowski coil and an analog integrator circuit characteristic battery powered module On the integrator output available is the voltage signal proportional to measured current and suitably scaled for example 1mV A Another problem connected with the Rogowski coil is its sensitivity to external magnetic fields A perfect coil should be sensitive only to the fields closed within its area and should totally suppress external magnetic fields But this is a very difficult task The only way to obtain such properties is very precise manufacture of the coil with perfectly homogenous windings and impedance as low as possible It is the high precision which causes a relatively high price of such probe The PQM 701 analyzer can be used with the following flexible probes from Sonel S A e F 1 with coil circumference 120cm e F 2 with coil circumference 80cm Fig 85 Rogowski coil 110 10 Power quality a guide e F 3 with coil circumference 45cm All these probes have identical electrical parameters The peak current which can be measured after connecting to PQM 701 is 10kA the limitation is due to the properties of the input channels and not the probe itself 10 3 4 Digital integrator The PQM 701 uses the solution with digital integration of signal coming directly from the Rogowski coil Such approach has allowed the elimination of the analog integrator problems connected with the necessity to ensure declared long term accur
186. rom the Analyzer gt Clamp phase option Sonel Analysis 1 0 38 or later firmware version 1 03 or later Click a clamp icon in the selected channel to reverse the phase by 180 which is equivalent to reverse clamp placement on the test lead The change of direction applies to all measurement points and take effect immediately The reversal effect can be verified on the phasor diagram screen waveforms screen or by change of active power sign in the channel The clamp phase cannot be reversed in the recording mode 66 5 Analyzer configuration Fig 28 Reversing the clamp phase 67 PQM 701 Operating manual 6 Live mode To enter the live mode click the Live mode button If the computer is not connected to the analyzer the program first goes to the connection screen see section 4 4 Selecting the analyzer In this mode the screen has a few tabs Waveforms scope waveform of current and voltage Timeplot RMS current and voltage plotted on time scale Measurements instantaneous values of measured parameters phase and total values Phasor diagram graphical representation of phasors of fundamental voltage and current components e Harmonics view of harmonic components of individual phases for currents and voltages The more detailed description of individual tabs is given below 6 1 Current and voltage waveforms The voltage and current scope view shows two periods of waveforms A typical screen is show
187. rs are divided into groups which can be independently included or excluded from the recording which allows a rational use of the memory card space Parameters which are not recorded do not take up space hence there is more time to record other parameters In the PQM 701 the power is supplied to the analyzer from the tested mains internal power supply with wide input voltage range 90 760V AC is permanently connected to the L1 A and N inputs In the PQM 701Z the internal power supply has separate terminals on the right side of the enclosure and is not internally connected to the L1 A and N voltage measurement terminals The PQM 701 is adapted to operation under difficult weather conditions it can be used directly on electric poles The ingress protection rating is IP65 and the operating temperature range is from 20 C to 55 C In case of a power outage an uninterrupted operation is ensured by an internal lithium ion battery A simplified user interface includes a 4 character LED alphanumeric display which ensures perfect visibility with external lighting and a 3 button touch type keyboard Dedicated PC software SONEL Analysis allows using the full potential of the instrument There are two types of communication with a computer e Optoisolated USB interface which ensures the transmission speed of up to 921 6kbit s to connect it is necessary to open the instrument top cover e Wireless transmission with the 57 6kbit s speed
188. s of week fm EN 50160 100 14 00 716 00 Slow voltage changes Voltage Time interval Tolerance a 1 95 00 z 10 00 S Current of week o 100 E 2 15 00 Power and energ Voltage unbalance Time interval Threshold 4 Harmonics 95 00 of week gt 2 00 Long term flicker severity Plt ue Measurement point 2 Time interval Threshold ER send EG Receive gt 95 00 of week 1 00 Analyzer GY Analyzer settings zj Measurement point 1 amp Measurement point 2 e Measurement point 3 zj Measurement point 4 Default EN50160 settings tow and medium voltage systems g Hoh voltage systems Analyzer Status Disconnected Fig 15 Recording according to EN 50160 basic settings In the bottom part you will find the default settings buttons for LV and MV networks as well as the HV networks A very important element in this screen is the option Enable logging according to standard It is necessary to check this option to set the analyzer in the recording mode compliant with the parameters set in the tabs of the EN 50160 screen Otherwise the analyzer will record according to the measurement point settings in the Voltage Current Power and energy Harmonics trees 49 PQM 701 Operating manual Harmonics The screen is shown in Fig 33 Use this screen to set the total harmonic distortion THD limits and the threshold limits for individual harm
189. s we can see that the tangent of the phase shift angle between the voltage and the current is equal to the ratio of reactive power Q to active power P Consequently the requirement to maintain the tang below 0 4 means nothing else but only that maximum level of measured reactive energy may not exceed 0 4 of the measured active energy Each consumption of reactive energy above this level is subject to additional fees Does the knowledge of tang calculated in this manner give both interested parties an actual view of energy transmission effectiveness Have we not mentioned before that the reactive power is only one of the nonactive power components which influence the power factor reduction Indeed it seems that instead of tang we should use the power factor PF which takes into account also other issues Unfortunately if the present regulations leave no choice than the correct reactive power measurement seems a key matter Now a question should be asked whether the reactive energy meters ensure correct readings in the light of the controversies described above And what do such widely used meters really measure One can attempt to look for answers to these questions is the standard on such meters IEC 62053 23 Unfortunately to our disappointment we will not find there any reference to measurements in non sinusoidal conditions the calculation formulas relate to sinusoidal 118 10 Power quality a guide conditions we can read in the s
190. s in the top left hand part of the window Main settings Analyzer configuration Live mode Color settings Data analysis Report settings When you select each of them the detailed settings which additionally can be divided into tabs are displayed in the central part of the window The window navigation buttons are in the right hand part of the window Default restore the application default settings Read read the software settings from the file Savel Save as save the software settings to the file Ok remember the changes only for a present session the changes are lost when the application is closed Cancel close the window without saving changes 8 3 1 Main settings 98 Language tab lets you select default application language Display tab Fig 73 e Use accelerated graphics OpenGL select this option to relieve the CPU during the graphics generation i e drawing the diagrams e Last option Open in full screen mode open applications in full screen mode The Analyzer tab defines with which analyzer tab the application is to work with select the PQM 701 analyzer The Updates tab allows switching on and off the automatic check for a new SONEL Analysis software and the analyzer firmware versions When this option is checked at each launch the application will connect to the manufacturer s server and check availability of new versions You will be informed by means of a sui
191. s which confirms connection with the analyzer see Fig 22 This screen also shows the analyzer information such as its serial number firmware and hardware version If automatic log in is unsuccessful the window shown in Fig 21 is displayed again 36 4 SONEL Analysis software Ta Connection oom PQM 701 S N 960001 Firmware version FW1 03 Hardware version HWb Fig 5 Successful connection to the analyzer When incorrect PIN is entered the window shown in Fig 23 appears Note When the transmission is blocked after three unsuccessful attempts to enter the PIN during the next attempt to connect to the analyzer the window will appear with the following message Transmission blocked due to incorrect PIN A Connection Failure to connect to analyzer Incorrect PIN code Attention Communication with the analyzer will be locked for 10 minutes after three failed attempts to authorize Fig 6 Incorrect PIN 37 PQM 701 Operating manual An unsuccessful attempt to connect the analyzer for reasons not attributable to PIN will trigger the error message Press the Retry button to repeat the attempt or go to the analyzer selection window and select another analyzer or rescan for available analyzers 4 P Connection Unable to establish connection with analyzer No card detected Please insert a valid card Fig 7 Unsuccessful connection to the ana
192. sinusoidal systems with a balanced purely resistive load Other nonactive power components are related to concrete physical phenomena According to the professor Czarnecki s theory which is one of the best in explaining the physical phenomena in three phase systems the power equation in such systems is as follows SSP DAD Ds is the scattered power which appears in the system as a result of changing load conductance with frequency Hence presence of reactive elements in the system may cause the scattered power In this equation reactive power Q appears when there is a phase shift between the voltage and current harmonics D means the unbalanced power which is a measure of unbalance of a three phase receiver This component explains the situation in which an unbalanced three phase load of a purely resistive character results in the power factor less than one Such load does not have the reactive power Q and still the results from the power triangle S P Q are totally different the Budeanu s power theory with its distortion power could not explain this situation either in a purely resistive load the distortion power Dg equals zero An attempt to connect the IEEE 1459 2000 standard with the Czarnecki s power theory leads to the conclusion that nonactive power conceals at least three separate physical phenomena which influence the reduced effectiveness of energy transmission from the source to the receiver i e reduction of the powe
193. ssage will be displayed Data may be deleted from the card at any time by entering Analyser menu and choosing the option of Analyser gt Delete Data This action may be used to delete data of chosen measuring points without changing their configuration or to completely format the card 7 2 Selecting the analysis time interval After a correct data reading a window is displayed to select the analysis time interval Only data from the indicated interval will be analyzed The selection window is shown in Fig 54 Individual window components have the following meaning e The list of read measurement points is in the left hand part Click on the point to display the following data point name if previously entered during the configuration and all time intervals during which the analyzer was recording data e Double click on the Beginning icon to set the S slider at the beginning of recording by a given point and double click on the End icon to set the E slider at the end of recording by a given point e The recording periods are represented graphically as bars in the central and right hand part of the screen After selecting a measurement point the bars representing the periods from this point change color to red showing which data can be analyzed Simultaneously the Data analysis button becomes active 19 PQM 701 Operating manual Next to the Measurement point X description is an information whether data from this point have been recor
194. stake Fig 83 shows the solution of the analyzer power supply circuit in the PQM 701 The power supply unit with rated voltage range of 90 760V AC is internally connected between the lines L1 A and N In 108 10 Power quality a guide the PQM 701Z the power supply has separate terminals 10 3 Current inputs L1 A The analyzer has four independent current inputs with identical parameters Current transformer clamps with voltage L2 B output in a 1V standard or flexible clamps probes F 1 F 2 and F 3 can be connected to each input A typical situation is using flexible clamps with inbuilt L3 C electronic integrator However the PQM 701 allows connecting the Rogowski coil alone to the input and a digital signal integration PE 10 3 1 Current transformer clamps CT for AC Fig 83 Voltage inputs measurements with power supply unit CT Current Transformer Clamp is just a transformer PQM 701 only converting a large current in primary winding to a smaller current in secondary winding The jaws of typical current clamp are made of a ferromagnetic material such as iron with the secondary winding wound around The lor lsec primary winding is a conductor around which the clamp jaws are closed hence most often it is one single coil If the 1000 ampere current flows through the tested conductor in the secondary winding with 1000 coils the current will be only 1A if the circuit is closed In case of clamps with voltage outp
195. surement point 1 Mn 0 0 w z Max 100 0 G EN 50160 Pe y Voltage All Min z Max Inst V Log events E Min gt 4 0 var Z Current Max 20 0 E Power and energy EE S All Min Avg Max Inst V Log events K Harmonics w i Min 0 0 VA z Max 20 0 Measurement point2 Distortion power D Send Receive All Min Avg Max Inst V Log events A iw Min 0 0 Analyzer var AY Max gt 5 0 GY Analyzer settings Reactive power calculation method amp Measurement point 1 Era Budeanu zj Measurement point 2 zj Measurement point 3 e Measurement point 4 Analyzer PQM 701 S N 960001 Status Connected Fig 21 Power and energy Power tab Additional The Additional tab Fig 39 includes the following power calculation parameters e Power factor event threshold setting range 0 00 1 00 0 01 increment e Displacement power factor cos q event threshold setting range 0 00 1 00 0 01 increment e tan factor of reactive power to active power event threshold setting range 0 00 10 00 0 01 increment Energy The Energy tab is shown in Fig 40 In addition to energy values recording option with settable averaging period the user can also define event detection when energy exceeds a given threshold The setting ranges are as follows e Active energy Ep 0 0 999 9Wh kWh MWh GWh or 9 9TWh 0 1Wh resolution kWh MWh GWh TWh e Reactive energy Ea 0 0 999 9varh kvarh Mvarh Gvarh or
196. surement point 1 s U 10 E Measurement point 2 E Measurement point 3 0 e Measurement point 4 4 m Analyzer S N Status Disconnected Fig 16 Recording acc to EN 50160 harmonics settings 50 5 Analyzer configuration Events The events setting screen for recording acc to EN 50160 is shown in Fig 34 Use this screen to set e Swell dip and interruption detection thresholds These thresholds are set as a percent of the nominal voltage which should be added to the nominal value For example the swell tolerance of 10 U means that for the voltage Un 230 V the swell threshold User 230 23 V 253V The interruption tolerance set at 99 U means that the detection of the interruption event takes place at the voltage equal to or greater than Uswe 230 227 7V 2 3V e Recording of the waveforms at the beginning and the end of detected events It can be set independently for each of 3 event types e Short term long term interruption threshold This value is used for the classification of the interruption events SONEL Analysis 1 0 29 Settings o File Analyzer Options Help a x Hel amp JES i a u 7 a a gt Basic 6 Harmonics Events Pd J Analyzer settings 4 e Measurement point 1 El V Log waveforms E EN 50160 i Dips Voltage x d fj P Current V Log waveforms Power
197. t neutral conductor terminals L1 L2 L3 N without N shorted with L3 with two current clamps 12 8 Supported clamps Types of supported clamps CT clamp AC measuring range 1000Arms 1MV A CT clamp AC measuring range 100ARus 5mV A 12 9 Communication Communication optically isolated Max transmission speed 921 6kbit s USB 2 0 compatible Wireless Built in 433MHz radio module Communication by means of OR 1 radio receiver Max transmission speed 57 6kbit s RS 232 Galvanically isolated only PQM 701Zr Max bitrate 921 6kbit s Hardware Flow Control RTS CTS optional 12 10 Environmental conditions and remaining technical specification Environmental conditions acc to IEC 60529 IP 20 open cover Ambient temperature 23 C 2 C Humidity 40 60 RH Dimensions 235 x 218 x 122mm PQM 701 243 x 218 x 122mm PQM 701Z and PQM 701Zr PQM 701Z and PQM 701Zr width with power supply leads inserted min 290mm Weight about 2 1kg Display LED red 4 alphanumeric characters Memory card SD SDHC Cards larger than 4GB are formatted to 4GB available for user data 153 PQM 701 Operating manual 12 11 Safety and electromagnetic compatibility Compliance with IEC 61010 1 IV 600V lt 2000m above sea level IV 460V lt 3000m above sea level pollution class 2 acc to IEC 61010 1 Insulation Double acc to IEC 61010 1 closed cover Single ac to IEC 61010 1 open cover Immunity to RF
198. t of harmonics active power values with negative sings makes up this part of energy which does not play any useful role and is returned back to the distribution system 123 PQM 701 Operating manual By adding all active harmonics power values we receive the receiver active power Hence we can notice that there are at least two alternative active power measurement methods The first method involves calculation of average active power instantaneous value which is calculated on the basis of successive voltage and current samples M 1 DA i 1 where U is a successive voltage sample is a successive current sample and M is the number of samples in the measuring window The other method involves adding individual harmonics active power values which are obtained by the FFT decomposition P gt Uh Ip COS Pp h 10 8 2 Harmonics reactive power The harmonics reactive power values can be calculated in a similar manner as the active power values Qn UI SIN Ph Knowledge of harmonics reactive power values is a valuable information used during development of reactive parallel compensators of reactive power Such compensators consist of LC branches tuned to concrete harmonics frequencies The sign of individual power components indicates the character of load for this component If the sign is plus the character is inductive and if it is minus the character is capacitive Source nonactive power can be reduced to zero when
199. table message and then you can decide whether to download and install an update 8 Other software options Konfiguracja programu Jezyk F wy wietlanie 4 Analizator Aktualizacje E sprawdzaj aktualizacj aplikacji V Sprawdzaj wersje firmware u miernika przy po czeniu Fig 52 Software configuration updates 8 3 2 Analyzer configuration This option allows defining a default analyzer configuration after application launch If you select From file the application will load the default configuration from the saved file with the settings extension If you have not indicated your own configuration file in the Path field the application will use the standard file in the installation catalog If the option From file is not checked the software will use the default configuration 8 3 3 Live mode This part of the settings Fig 75 allows defining the colors of elements and settings in the live mode The part has the following tabs Waveforms Timeplot Measurements Phasor Harmonics 99 PQM 701 Operating manual Fa Configuration Waveforms 45 Timeplot c Measurements 0 Phasor Colors Li L2 L3 K factor E ee KW Background Fig 53 Live mode settings 8 3 4 Color settings This part allows changing the colors of individual application components It is
200. tage fundamental factor DPF component UA gn is absolute angle of current fundamental component la i Total harmonic distortion referred to THDU fundamental component a U THDU x 100 U1 where U is the hth voltage harmonics U4 n U is the voltage fundamental component U4 n gt 25 U THDUp X 100 Total harmonic distortion referred to THDUp RMS Total current harmonic distortion referred to fundamental TADIr component Total harmonic distortion referred to THDIR RMS where is the hth current harmonics l4 Voltage crest factor Where operator max U expresses the greatest absolute value of voltage U4 n among samples i 2560 for 50Hz systems i 3072 for 60Hz systems 4 ARMS where U is the hth voltage harmonics U4 n Eraik THDIp x 100 1 where is the hth current harmonics la l is the current fundamental component ee Ii THDI x 100 ARMS max I 7 IARMS Where operator max I expresses the greatest absolute value of current among samples i 2560 for 50Hz systems i 3072 for 60Hz systems gt 0 eh h 1 h If Where is the hth current harmonics la I is the current fundamental component P gt Up Ip COS Mn Where U is the hth voltage harmonics Ua_y l is the hth current harmonics pn is the angle between harmonics U and Qn Unln SIN Ph Where U is the hth voltage harmonics U y l is the hth current harmonics pn is the angle
201. tandard that due to practical reasons non sinusoidal waveforms have been excluded The standard does not give any measurement criteria which would allow checking the meter properties at distorted voltage and current waveforms As a surprise comes also the fact that the older standard IEC 61268 already withdrawn defined the test which involved checking the measurement accuracy at 10 of the third current harmonic The present situation leaves the choice of measuring method to the meters designers which unfortunately leads to significant differences in reactive energy indications in the presence of high harmonic distortion level Older electromechanical meters have characteristics similar to that of a low pass filter higher harmonics are attenuated in such meters and the reactive power measurement in the presence of harmonics is very close to the value of reactive power of the fundamental component Electronic meters which are more and more popular can perform the measurement with various methods For example they can measure active and apparent power and then calculate the reactive power from the power triangle square root from the sum of both such powers squared In reality in the view of the IEEE 1459 2000 standard they measure the nonactive power not the reactive power Another manufacturer may use the method with voltage waveform shift by 90 which gives a result close to the reactive power of the fundamental component The hig
202. tarted to look for answers to the question whether the distortion power Ds really is the measure of distorted waveforms in non sinusoidal circuits The distortion is a situation in which the voltage waveform cannot be put on the current waveform with two operations change of amplitude and shift in time In other words if the following condition is met u t Ai t T the voltage is not distorted in relation to the current In case of sinusoidal voltage and load which is any combination of RLC elements this condition is always met for sinusoidal waveforms these elements maintain linearity However when the voltage is distorted the RLC load does not ensure absence of current distortion in relation to voltage any more and the load is no longer linear it is necessary to meet some additional conditions module and phase of load impedance changing with frequency And then is really Dg a measure of such distortion Unfortunately also in this case the Budeanu s power theory fails It has been proven that the distortion power can be equal to zero in a situation when voltage is distorted in relation to current waveform and vice versa the distortion power can be non zero at total absence of distortion Practical aspect of this power theory which relates to improvement of power factor in systems with reactive power was to be the feature to take the most advantage of correct definitions of reactive power The compensation attempts based
203. temperature range 147 PQM 701 Operating manual 12 2 Measured parameters accuracy resolution and ranges Table 11 Reference conditions Reference conditions Ambient temperature 23 C 2 C Relative humidity 40 60 RH Voltages unbalance lt 0 1 for negative sequence unbalance only in three phase systems External continuous magnetic lt 40A m d c field lt 3A m ac at 50 60Hz frequency DC voltage Current zero component OE EEN and RADA Basie uncertainty for gt gt co Crest factor a 10 5 Se UA gt 10 Uhom Range and conditions Basic uncertainty IRus AC DC Input circuit without clamp O Inputcircuitwithoutclamp O O 0 1V 0 3 6Vp p 0 01 lnom 0 1 Inom 0 4 lhom including the error caused by radiated RF disturbance Flexible clamps F 1 F 2 F 3 0 3000A 0 01 lnom Additional uncertainty 10 OO0A 1 2 including additional error caused by location Clamps C 4 0 1000A 0 01 lhom Additional uncertainty 3600A p 0 1 10A 3 0 1A 10A 3 50A 1 5 200A 0 75 1000 1200A 0 5 0 1000A 0 01 lhom Additional uncertainty 3600A p 0 5 100A lt 1 5 1A 100 800A lt 2 5 800 1000A AC lt 4 800 1400A DC lt 4 x 0 01 lhom Additional uncertainty 0 01 0 1A 3 1mA 0 1 1A 2 5 1 12A 1 0 01 lhom Additional uncertainty 0 100A 0 5 0 02A 45 65Hz 0 100A 1 0 0 04A 40 1000Hz Crest factor 1 10 1 3 6 for lnom
204. tivated for two parameters RMS voltage and RMS current Six waveform periods are recorded two periods before the event and four after 53 PQM 701 Operating manual 5 2 3 Voltage Voltage branch has two tabs Basic and Additional Basic Fig 35 shows basic voltage recording settings Depending on the mains type the settings relate to phase to neutral voltages one phase split ohase three phase 4 wire systems or phase to phase voltages three phase 3 wire systems As a standard you can check recording of the average value Avg minimum value Min maximum Max or instantaneous Inst of the RMS voltage Use the All option to select all four or remove all four Measurement of minimum and maximum value is performed with the user defined averaging time option Min Max calculation period Available are the following averaging times 2 period period 200ms 1s 3 or 5s Note 200ms 1 3 and 5 second averaging times are actually multiples of the mains basic period e 200ms 10 12 periods 50 60Hz e 1 second 50 60 periods e 3 second 150 180 periods e 5 second 250 300 periods For systems with phase to neutral voltages split phase and three phase with neutral conductor N there is an additional option of recording RMS phase to phase voltages In such case only the average value is recorded Check the Log waveforms after each averaging period option to record three voltage waveform periods after each successi
205. to EN 50160 is 8 THD 10 8 7 K Factor K Factor also called the transformer loss factor is a measure used to determine the requirements for power supply transformers Higher current harmonics cause increased thermal losses in the windings and metal parts of the transformer The main reason is the eddy currents generated by high frequency harmonics and the skin effect The transformer temperature increase is directly proportional to current components squared the value called K Factor takes this into account and the factor is calculated according to the following formula 50 KFactor gt ih 129 PQM 701 Operating manual I amplitude of the current fundamental component h harmonic order In case of this parameter the higher harmonics are much more important than the lower each harmonic component is multiplied by its order squared K Factor is useful when defining the requirements for transformers which must work in conditions of significant current distortion The transformer which works in conditions with K x will generate x times more heat than at purely sinusoidal current K 1 10 9 Unbalance Unbalance is term related to three phase systems and can refer to e supply voltage unbalance e load current unbalance e receiver unbalance In three phase systems the voltage current unbalance occurs when values of three component voltages currents are different and or the angles between individual phases
206. to reduce the harmonics level and pass only the voltage fundamental component Then the signal is sent to the phase locked loop circuits as a reference signal The PLL system generates the frequency which is a multiple of the reference frequency necessary for clocking of the analog to digital converter The necessity to use the phase locked loop system results directly from the requirements of the IEC 61000 4 7 standard which describes the methodology and admissible errors during the measurements of harmonic components The standard requires that the measuring window being the basis for a single measurement and evaluation of harmonics content is equal to the duration of 10 periods in the 50Hz mains systems and 12 periods in the 60Hz systems In both cases it corresponds to about 200ms Because the mains frequency can be subject to periodical changes and fluctuations the window duration might not equal exactly 200ms and for the 51Hz frequency will be about 196ms The standard also recommends that before the Fourier transform to separate the spectral components the data are not subject to windowing operation Absence of frequency synchronization and allowing the situation in which the FFT is performed on the samples from not the integer number of periods can lead to spectral leakage This phenomenon causes that the spectral line of a harmonic blurs also to a few neighboring interharmonic spectral lines which may lead to loss of data about actual level
207. to the doubts about the power measurement according to traditionally used Budeanu s method The IEEE 1459 2000 standard suggests somewhat different calculation methods of this power which give correct results also in unbalanced systems with distorted current and voltage waveforms For more information about this issue see section 9 7 When the Budeanu option is selected both the reactive power Q and the distortion power are calculated according to Budeanu s power theory If the IEEE 1459 option is checked the reactive power is the Q reactive power of the fundamental component and Sy nonfundamental apparent power expressed in VA is calculated instead of the distortion power The units for entering the limit values for events are user definable The setting range are as follows e P Qs S D according to Budeanu s power theory 0 0 999 9W var VA or kW kvar KVA or MW Mvar MVA 0 1W resolution var VA or kW kvar kVA or MW Mvar MVA e P Q S Sy acc to IEEE 1459 0 0 999 9W var VA or kW kvar kVA or MW Mvar MVA 0 1W resolution var VA or kW kvar KVA or MW Mvar MVA 59 PQM 701 Operating manual r f SONEL Analysis 1 0 29 Settings gt f File Analyzer Options Help al x sk m GR y RU amp ell Se wl SS Local fa amp Power 5 Additional Energy 853 Active power P y Analyzer settings All Min Avg Max Inst 4 Log events M E v E i z a Mea
208. trical components The event recording can be activated on the right hand side e two thresholds can be set for RMS current maximum upper limit and minimum lower limit The settings range is from 0 0A up to the rated current measuring range clamps and possibly current transducers The minimum value cannot be greater than the maximum value In case of mains with neutral conductor different thresholds can be set for phase channels and neutral channel e current crest factor two thresholds minimum and maximum adjustment range 1 00 5 00 0 01 increment e negative sequence unbalance one threshold maximum range 0 0 20 0 0 1 increment 57 PQM 701 Operating manual ig SONEL Analysis 1 0 29 Settings gt E f File Analyzer Options Help 5 x e Pulses a Gy zy W sx sz Local S Basic GE a J Phase current jo all Min Avg Max Inst F Log events v 4 ga Measurement point 1 g N Min 20 0 25 0 G EN 50160 Min Max calculation period Half period X Max 200 0 300 0 iv i i V Log waveforms y Voltage V Log waveforms after each averaging period Log Crest factor P Current All Min Avg Max Inst Min a 1 00 CZ w Log events Max 3 00 E Power and energy Unbalance and symmetrical components Harmonics i rl Al sx paz V Log events Max 10 0 W Fa Measurement point2 Send Receive Analyzer EJ Analyzer settings e Measurement point 1
209. ts and described symptoms can turn our attention and help find the source of hazard 10 7 Power measurement Power is one of the most important parameters defining the properties of electrical circuits The basic magnitude used for financial settlements between the supplier and the consumer is electric energy which is the power multiplied by time A few different power types can be found in electrical engineering e active power designated as P and measured in watts e reactive power designated as Q unit is var e apparent power S unit is VA These three types of power are the most known but there are also other types At school we are taught that these three power types make up a so called power triangle which properties are expressed by the following equation P Q S2 113 PQM 701 Operating manual This equation is however correct only for systems with sinusoidal voltage and current waveforms Before a more detailed discussion about the power measurement individual types of power should be defined 10 7 1 Active power Active power P is a magnitude with precise physical meaning and it expresses the ability of a system to perform a given work It is the power most desired by the energy consumers and it is for this supplied power that the consumer pays the supplier in a given settlement period the problem of fees for additional reactive power is discussed separately see below It is the active power and consequently
210. ts which represent the parameters measurement over time If the data amount is large the dots can become lines Similar as in case of choosing the analysis time range three fields are displayed to indicate the beginning duration and the end of the selected time range required time range may be manually entered The range of data displayed in the table may be also reduced using two sliders P start and K end 82 7 Data analysis Below the diagram is the summary table with recorded values of the parameters The table includes the data only from the selected time interval The checkboxes on the left hand side are used to include exclude some parameters from the table If a parameter measured in a few phases is selected such as voltage all columns U L1 U L2 U L3 will appear in the table To limit the amount of data shown in the table use the buttons L1 L2 L3 N on the right hand side Right click within the table area to display a context menu with the options Average Instantaneous Min Max Fig 57 Check uncheck the options to show hide relevant values from among the recorded data as configured by the user The selected data may also be copied to the clipboard gt SONEL Analysis 1 0 29 Analysis PF File Analyzer Options Help 5 x ed ew ass time 00 15 55 2010 05 05 12 09 02 2010 05 05 12 24 57 off Frequency f ee a a adaa aE ee eee ee ee pooococccccccecec000000000
211. tware can be found in section Download Programs gt Sonel Analiza After downloading the software it has to be started If an older version of Sonel Analiza is detected the installation wizard will require user to uninstall it After uninstalling run the installation program again and install the new version To manually update the analyser firmware download the new version from the manufacturer s website http www sonel pl when it is available It may be found in the following section Produce gt Download gt Firmware for meters gt Firmware for PQM 701 Download the file appropriate for your meter and its serial number After downloading a ZIP file unpack it and save FIRMWARE PQF file to the main directory of the SD card removed from the analyser use a SD card reader Then the card must be inserted into the analyser If the software version is newer and appropriate for your version of the analyser UPDT message will appear on the display alternately with detected firmware version To update press the START STOP button on the analyser keypad and the update process will start The display will show the update progress in After a successful update the analyser will restart Note Firmware update should be performed with the analyser powered from the mains Battery supply is permitted only when battery is fully charged If the battery is discharged during the update the whole procedure will be interrupted which may damage the
212. u 2 622 I 0 029 100 0 1 259 15 63 0 477 11 41 0 544 5 871 0 513 2 735 0 402 21 40 2 680 cosp 0 974 0 928 0 758 0 751 0 955 0 999 0 727 0 926 0 673 0 833 0 4 m Measurement Voltage current v THD and harmonics p ndamental v Harmonics 9 v values relative to values unit Analyzer PQM 701 S N 960001 Status Connected Fig 35 Harmonics on a 3D view rr PQM 701 Operating manual 7 Data analysis The data analysis block allows reading the data collected by the analyzer during recording viewing the numerical data and graphical visualization It is possible to create reports which characterize the tested system in a concise manner There are two methods to read the data saved on memory card e by the USB or wireless link from the card located in the analyzer slot e by external SD card reader connected to the computer the card is in the reader When the data amount is large it is recommended to use the reader Click an appropriate icon on the toolbar to select one of the two options e Analysis reading directly from the analyzer e SD card analysis reading the data by means of external reader 7 1 Reading the data from the analyzer and SD card After selecting Analysis from top menu or by clicking the icon if there is no connection between the analyzer and the software standard connection procedure is carried out section 4 4 After clicking SD card analysis
213. u nr 35 L3 2010 05 05 12 09 02 616 2010 05 05 12 09 57 570 54 953s 0 277 0 160 0 1000 Harmoniczna pr du nr 33 L1 2010 05 05 12 09 02 616 2010 05 05 12 10 25 348 1227325 0 425 0 192 0 1000 Harmoniczna pr du nr 12 L3 2010 05 05 12 09 02 616 2010 05 05 12 10 26 347 1m23 731s 0 991 0 273 0 1000 Harmoniczna pr du nr 31 L1 2010 05 05 12 09 02 616 2010 05 05 12 10 26 547 1m23 931s 0 489 0 259 0 1000 Harmoniczna pr du nr 10 L1 2010 05 05 12 09 02 616 2010 05 05 12 10 28 945 17726 3295 2 257 0 461 0 1000 FF gt meks L2 2010 05 05 12 09 02 616 2010 05 05 12 10 30 943 1m28 327s 0 991 0 973 0 950 FF gt meks L3 2010 05 05 12 09 02 616 2010 05 05 12 10 30 943 1m28 327s 0 975 0 957 0 950 cosg gt meks L3 2010 05 05 12 09 02 616 2010 05 05 12 10 31 143 1m28 527s 0 995 0 988 0 950 Harmoniczna nr 39 L3 2010 05 05 12 09 02 616 2010 05 05 12 10 31 343 1m28 726s 0 195 0 141 0 1000 Wsp czynnik K gt meks L3 2010 05 05 12 09 02 616 2010 05 05 12 10 31 343 1m28 726s 3 371 2907 2 000 Wsp czynnik K gt maks L1 2010 05 05 12 09 02 616 2010 05 05 12 10 31 543 1rr28 926s 4 928 3 287 2000 Harmoniczna napi cia nr 17 L1 2010 05 05 12 09 02 616 2010 05 05 12 10 36 139 17783 5225 0 194 0 149 0 1000 Harmoniczna pr du nr 6 L3 2010 05 05 12 09 02 616 2010 05 05 12 11 07 110 2m 493s 1 698 0 358 0 1000 Harmoniczna pr du nr 29 L3 2010 05 05 12 09 02 616 2010 05 05 12 11 07 909 2n6 293s 0 494 0 216 0 1000 Harrroniczna pr du
214. uous magnetic field earth field lt 40A m e Alternating magnetic field none e Conductors in direct vicinity no flowing current e Technical specification e Accuracy Current range ZE 1 Phase error uncertainty 0 01 0 1A lt 3 1mA not specified 0 1 1A 1 12A as of measured value 159 ratio frequency range insulation type protection rating acc to IEC 60529 dimensions weight jaws opening open jaws height clamp lead length operating temperature humidity height electromagnetic compatibility 13 2 4 C 7 Clamps within the range up to 100A The output signal is a voltage proportional to the measured current at the sensitivity of 5 mV A It is introduced via a cable length 1 5 m ended with a plug suitable for a socket in the meter The arrow marked on one of the clamps indicates the direction of current flow It is assumed that the current flows in the positive direction if it flows from the source to the receiver This orientation of clamps is required for the correct power measurement 160 Attention Do not use non insulated clamps for conductors with a potential exceeding 300V with respect to the ground and in systems with the measurement category higher than III Reference conditions e temperature 18 28 C e relative humidity Technical data e e test range e frequency range measuring category acc to IEC 61010 1 maximum measured conductor diamet
215. usoidal but due to the properties of capacitor it will be shifted in relation to source voltage In such a system reactive power Q will be non zero and can be interpreted as an amplitude of energy oscillation which alternately is collected in the capacitor and returned to the source Capacitor active power equals zero However it turns out the energy oscillation seems only an effect and that it appears in 114 10 Power quality a guide particular cases of circuits with sinusoidal current and voltage waveforms and is not the cause of reactive power Research in this area has shown that reactive power occurs also in circuits without any energy oscillation This statement may surprise many engineers In latest publications on power theory the only physical phenomenon mentioned which always accompanies appearance of reactive power is phase shift between current and voltage The reactive power formula given above is correct only for one phase sinusoidal circuits The question thus arises how do we calculate the reactive power in non sinusoidal systems This question opens a proverbial Pandoras box among electrical engineers It turns out that the reactive power definition in real systems and not only those idealized has been subject to controversy and now 2009 we do not have one generally accepted definition of reactive power in systems with non sinusoidal voltage and current waveforms not to mention even unbalanced three phase systems The I
216. ut a shunt resistor is located in the clamps Such current transformer has a few characteristic properties It can be used to measure very large currents and its power consumption is low The magnetizing current causes some Fig 84 Current phase shift tenth of a degree which can result in some power transformer clamp with measurement error particularly when the power factor is low voltage output Another disadvantage of this clamp type is also the core saturation phenomenon when very large currents are measured above the rated range Core saturation as a result of magnetizing hysteresis leads to significant measurement errors which can be eliminated only by the core demagnetization The core becomes saturated also when the measured current has a significant DC component An undeniable disadvantage of such clamp is also its considerable weight Despite such drawbacks the CT clamps are presently the most widely used non invasive alternating current AC measurement method The following CT clamps can be used with the PQM 701 analyzers to measure alternating currents e C 4 rated range 1000A AC e C 6 rated range 10A AC e C 7 rated range 100A AC 10 3 2 AC DC measurement clamps There are situations when it is necessary to measure the current DC component In such case the clamps must be based on different principle of operation than a traditional current transformer The clamps in this case use the physical phenomenon known as t
217. uto scaling is set to off In case no clamps have been selected in the general measurement point settings the current waveforms are not active 6 2 Current and voltage time plot Fig 47 shows a screen with current and voltage time plot The configuration elements are identical as in the waveform screen current voltage display on off and plot color change in the top part activation of individual phases on the right hand side The time scale on the plot is shown from the moment of activation of the live mode The time format is hh mm ss The plot is divided into equal 60 second parts When the end of scale is reached the whole plot moves by 60 seconds to the left The plot is updated irrespective of the fact if the tab is on or off meaning that it is created in the background even if the user is for example viewing the harmonics As in case of waveforms view the scaling can be static according to general measurement point settings or dynamic 69 PQM 701 Operating manual K SONEL Analysis 1 0 29 Live File Analyzer Options Help RE i we amp Sie Se yl BS amp A Waveforms D Tmeplots Measurements 6 Phasors WH Harmonics 14 21 43 14 22 43 14 23 13 14 23 43 14 24 13 14 24 43 14 25 13 14 25 43 14 22 43 14 23 13 14 23 43 14 24 13 14 24 43 14 25 13 14 25 43 14 21 13 14 21 43 14 22 43 14 23 13 14 23 43 14 24 13 14 24 43 14 25 13 14 25 43 14 26 13 Analyzer PQM 701 S N 96000
218. ve averaging periods for example every 10 minutes 54 5 Analyzer configuration gt SONEL Analysis 1 0 29 Settings gt PF File Analyzer Options Help E x alb BI ESY m So y W ox Local a Basic Additional EH Anal Phase voltage VERO nalyzer settings 3 4 yz 3 All Min Avg Max Inst E Log events 4 Z Measurement point 1 L N EET 5 Swells gt 240 00 m Dips gt 220 00 v y Voltage Interruptions 30 00 P Current ol limi z Min Max calculation period Half period N PE voltage over limit 2 00 v E Power and energy V Log waveforms after each averaging period 4 Log waveforms H Phase to phase voltage rll re w Log according to global averaging average value Fa Measurement point2 ER Send Receive Analyzer GY Analyzer settings z Measurement point 1 e Measurement point 2 e Measurement point 3 zj Measurement point 4 Analyzer PQM 701 S N 960036 Status Connected Fig 18 Basic voltage measurement settings The parts related to events is to the right Check the Log events option to activate the fields for voltage threshold values You can enter them in absolute values or in percent e swell 0 0 20 0 with the 0 1 resolution or in volts in the same range e dips 0 0 99 9 with the 0 1 resolution or in volts e interruptions 0 0 100 0 with the 0 1 resolution or in volts down to 0 0V the dip level cann
219. which the metrological parameters shall not deteriorate and for the class A such range is 10 150 Ugn The PQM 701 meets the above mentioned requirements in terms of the PLL system operation also for the lowest supported nominal voltage Unom 110V i e down to about 10 V 10 6 Flicker In terms of power quality flicker means a periodical changes of the luminous intensity as a result of fluctuations of voltage supplied to light bulbs The flicker measurement function appeared in the power quality analyzers when it turned out that this phenomenon causes a deteriorated well being annoyance sometimes headache etc The luminous intensity fluctuations must have a specified frequency they may not be to slow as then human iris can adapt to changed lighting and they may not be too fast because the filament inertia offsets these fluctuations almost totally The tests have proved that maximum arduousness occurs at the frequency of about 9 changes per second The most sensitive light sources are traditional incandescent bulbs with tungsten filament Halogen bulbs which filaments have much higher temperature have also much higher inertia which reduces the perceived brightness changes Fluorescent lamps have the best flicker resistance as due to their some specific properties they stabilize the current flowing through the lamp during the voltage changes and thus reduce the fluctuations Flicker is measured in so called perceptibility units and th
220. www sonel pl e Basic uncertainty is uncertainty of a measuring instrument in reference conditions given in Table 11 e Given uncertainty values refer to the PQM 701 analyzer without additional transducers and clamps e Abbreviations e m v measured value Unom Nominal voltage lhom Nominal current range clamp RMS root mean square value n harmonic order Oph additional uncertainty caused by the error of phase measurement between the voltage and current harmonics 12 1 Inputs Voltage inputs No of inputs 5 L1 L2 L3 N PE 4 measuring channels not galvanically isolated ror 701 Maximum input voltage 690V ems Peak input voltage 1150V Range of measured direct current 1150V voltages Measuring inputs impedance No of inputs Nominal input voltage Peak input voltage Analog pass band 3dB Input impedance CT clamp circuit 100kQ Flexible clamp circuit 12 4kQ Measuring range without Flexible clamps F 1 F 2 F 3 1 3000A 10000A peak transducers Clamps C 4 C 5 1 1000A 3600A peak Clamps C 6 0 01 10A 36A peak Clamps C 7 0 100A 720A peak Transducers Sampling and real time clock RTC analog to digital converter 16 bit Sampling frequency 12 8kHz for 50Hz 15 36kHz for 60Hz Simultaneous sampling in all channels No of samples per period 256 PLL synchronization 40 70Hz Reference channel to PLL L1 Real time clock 3 5ppm max about 9 seconds month in the 20 C 55 C
221. zer status Number of events is equal to the number of events detected at a given measurement point counting from the beginning of the last triggered recording If a new configuration is sent or when the analyzer is switched off the counters will be zeroed 8 2 Remote starting and stopping the measurements changing the measurement point The software offers the option to remotely start and stop the measurements To use this option from the top menu choose Analyzer Start Stop A window will appear Fig 72 in which you can choose to start and stop the recording Below are the Start Stop Close buttons to choose required action Note When the recording is in progress you cannot change the measurement point It can be changed only after the recording is stopped STOP mode 96 8 Other software options PF Control Start stop logging and select measurement point Analyzer status Fig 72 Remote starting and stopping the measurements and change of measurement point 8 3 Software configuration You can change the default application settings after choosing from the software menu Options Software configuration Fig 73 7 Konfiguracja programu E U yj akceleracji graficznej OpenGL F Otw rz w trybie pe noekranowym Fig 73 Preferences main window 97 PQM 701 Operating manual The whole settings have been divided into a few parts marked by icon

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