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1. Figure F 1 Flowchart Pseudo code for Main Program F 1 ECE 477 Final Report ATOM Sending Packets USBCDC RS232 i Packet In Checksum Adjust O Main Poll ReSend Figure F 2 Flowchart Pseudo code for the micro controller F 2 ECE 477 Final Report Sound Block C Images Sprites Block B Configuration File Block A USB COM Libraries Block E EDLET Driver Class Block D JOGE Block F LWGL Block G JAVA Block H Figure F 3 Hierarchical Block Diagram of Code Organization for the microcontroller for the Atom ECE 477 Final Report Figure F 4 Hierarchical Block Diagram of Code Organization for the microcontroller ECE 477 Final Report Copyright c 2002 2007 Lightweight Java Game Library Project All rights reserved Redistribution and use in source and binary forms with or without modification are permitted provided that the following conditions are met Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice this list of conditions and the following disclaimer Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and or other materials provided with the distribution Neither the name of Light Weight Java Game Library nor the names of its contributors may be used to
2. the Microchip development environment and is further convenient because many Microchip code examples are written for this compiler This compiler handles all of the very low level considerations for our code for example most memory allocation and subroutine argument passing and subroutine local variables It additionally handles addressing to all RS232 USB and I O registers These include the tri state buffers for I O called TRISB TRISC and TRISD 9 as well as the primary RS232 control registers BAUDCON TXSTA and RCSTA 9 The numerous USB registers are also referenced but completely abstracted by the communication device class wrapper For a memory mapping diagram of the microcontroller please reference Appendix F figure 6 The overall organization of the code is based around both polling and interrupt driven communications Both USB and RS232 communications trigger an interrupt that simply stores the incoming communication in a buffer This buffer and all I O as well emulated SPI are handled in polling The primary reason for separating the communications between interrupts and polling is to avoid the potential for packet errors For example if the communication were entirely handled in the interrupt service routine incoming data could potentially sit waiting while the current interrupt occurs The interrupt polling method allows for the interrupt to immediately restart interpretation of the communicated data This is desirable because a non t
3. JamVM that can be used The cost of this board is 149 for the Overo Earth and 49 for the Summit expansion board The major draw back to this board was that a separate IO board would have to be purchased which would not be as clean a final product as a single board and that programs might not port well form the JamVM to more mainstream JVMs Another embedded processor that was examined was the Beagle Board which cost 149 This processor also used the ARM Cortex A8 Processor running at 600 MHz The beagle board had USB S Video stereo out and RS 232 all on the main board no expansion board would be needed Since this is the same architecture as the Gumstix again a major JVM could not be used and instead something like JamVM would be needed There is a version of openGL that can be run with this board and since its main task in the project would be to graphics this was very appealing The processor decided on was the Intel Atom N270 945GSE which costs 350 This board fit the video output needs with the capability to output VGA and DVL It also has the stereo RS232 and USB outputs that are needed Additionally this processor is paired with the Intel Graphics Media Accelerator 950 which will give us more graphical processing power than the other boards The main reason that this processor was chosen was that it is a x86 architecture so the Sun JVM could be used This would make any software written very easy to port to another system since it is
4. as few pieces as possible because each one contributes slightly to environmental damage This project presents ethical challenges on two very separate levels As a development board it is paramount that no one be harmed using it which is a very difficult thing to do in the light that that the other primary goal of the project is to provide students with great freedom to learn and explore in an electrical environment There are numerous ways in which harm can come to someone using a development board ranging from shorts causing fires to overheated ICs causing burns Additionally the project allows for great social impact which creates a number of ethical complications This project is designed to be scalable with several university programs and as such it becomes a responsibility to make sure that the project represents 14 ECE 477 Final Report Fall 2009 electrical and computer engineering well such that students who may be considering Electrical and Computer Engineering are not mislead 6 2 Ethical Impact Analysis The ethical challenged faced by this project would be along two separate lines First this project is a development environment In that context much injury is possible heated parts burning students shorts starting fires etc It is the responsibility of the project to minimize this possibility as well as provide clear instructions to avoid these potentially harmful situations Second as a project intended as an outreach for elect
5. be that of the previous patent refrain from bridging our device out to include an external device that handles signaling the microcontroller especially a dance pad Finally Patent US 2006 0253762 A1 presents a high risk liability The patent is still in effect as it was published only a couple of years ago Though the main claim doesn t exactly align with our project one of its minor claims does We don t directly infringe on their main claim of returning predetermined output characteristics based on predefined input characteristics in a simulation environment because our design doesn t take into account using signal inputs to produce its output However the claim we might infringe upon is the protection circuitry they use to protect the pins Recommended action would be to examine the implementation of this protection circuitry to see if we are implementing this feature the same way 4 5 Summary Our design seeks to implement a product framework that exposes the visual cues of a high level configurable game to end users on output pins The end users will perform digital logic comparisons on these pins to provide a response back to the device Through this framework a reactionary game can be played for example an adaptation of Dance Dance Revolution or Guitar Hero During the design of this device there were four specific patents that presented low to high risk intellectual liabilities The patents being infringed claimed functionality o
6. endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY TH AS IS AND ANY EXPRESS OR TO THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED I CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FO P pP COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS RRANTIES INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED CHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR T SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR INDIRECT INCIDENTAL SPECIA INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO R zZ av H m ESA is D Eal De PZOH d XEMPLARY OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAG PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUT VICES LOSS OF USE DATA OR PROFITS OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF IABILITY WHETHER IN CONTRACT STRICT LIABILITY OR TORT INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE bi BI P T EA FF FF F F FF F FF F FF FF F FF F FF F FF F F F FF FF F KF OF OF F 5 Free BSD License F 5 ECE 477 Final Report PIC18FX455 PC lt 20 0 gt CALL RCALL RETURN RETFIE RETLW CALLW ADDULNK SUBULNK Stack Level 1 Stack Level 31 0000h ea
7. handle their game We define a lot of these configurations externally to avoid a limited monolithic game database Lastly the most pivotal step to achieve our high level goal is choosing Java as our development platform Sun Microsystems claim to fame with their slogan Write Once Run Anywhere should speak for itself As for the low level software design the PIC 18F4455 contains a fully functional USB 2 0 block This is configured as a Communication Device Class CDC 10 which is a specific subclass of USB This class emulates a serial port and allows the high level software to treat communications with the microcontroller identically regardless of whether a USB port or COM port is being used The USB port has a theoretical throughput of 12 Mbits s 9 which is slightly lower when measured in bytes of actual data when emulating a serial port due to the potential for parity start stop bits and stuffed bits Even with this very high bandwidth it was decided that 25 ECE 477 Final Report Fall 2009 the most elegant solution was to push data through the USB port at exactly the same baud rate as the optional RS 232 port This completely removes the need for the host software to know anything about the type of communication between itself and the micro controller Example https engineering purdue edu 477grp 10 hw9 codeappendix html RS232 The microchip C18 compiler is used to compile the code written in C This integrates directly into MPLab
8. in a flexible electrical operating environment Furthermore it contains other claims of implementing protection circuitry to prevent damaging the emulation board during testing 16 4 4 Action Recommended In section 3 0 there are five patent claims that present a liability Patent 5 076 584 Patent US2008 0058103A1 Patent 4 657 247 Patent US 6 227 968 B1 and Patent US 2006 0253762 A1 Each patent claim needs to be scrutinized to determine how we can apply our implementation in a unique way that doesn t clash with the claim First our core design of having external devices send signals to the computer to produce a desired effect infringes Patent 5 076 584 Changing the core functionality of this component would substantially hurt the goal we are trying to achieve because we require this kind of relationship feedback from the user The first action being recommended is to do nothing because we may be safe This claim was filed in Dec 12 1990 Patents typically have longevity of either 14 17 or 20 years 15 depending on their type and year filed This patent might be classified as a design patent in which it has now expired 14 years It was also filed before June 8 1995 which would mean it has already expired 17 years Aside from some due diligence in ensuring the expiration of this patent it may no longer present a risk Patent US2008 0058103A1 presents a medium risk liability for our design because we have a configurable interface Furt
9. in creating an extensible educational tool that will be used as an outreach tool for Electrical and Computer Engineering The project met every one of its project specific success criteria and with some small adjustments it should be ready to be used by engineering outreach projects EDLET succeeded in providing a framework that allows students to create a digital logic scoring circuit with CMOS gates create some type of game device like a dance pad or a guitar and hook them into EDLET to play customizable games With continued 28 ECE 477 Final Report Fall 2009 support and development planned we hope EDLET can be a tool used for years to come and will succeed in introducing the ideas of computer engineering to young students 13 0 References 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 DH MicroSystems Inc BB18TM PIC Development Board User Manual Available http www hobbyengineering com specs DHMICRO Breadboard18_Man pdf 09 24 09 Committee on the Prospering of the Global Economy of the 21 st Century An Agenda for American Science and Technology Rising Above the Gathering Storm Energizing and Employing America for a Brighter Economic Future National Academy Press Washington DC March 2007 U S Census Bureau Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement Racial Statistics Branch Population Division 2004 http www webuyics com scrap pcb htm Mi
10. more signals to said FPGA device under test corresponding to said predetermined input characteristics and configured to receive one or more signals representing output characteristics of said FPGA device under test to emulate the operation of said FPGA device under test in a predefined selectable and flexible electrical operating environment 16 Full Patent Document Link 4 3 Analysis of Patent Liability From the section above there are several patents and claims to scrutinize Our senior design project stands to infringe upon four patents There exists similar functionality in these claims that we implement without different methodology and without different purpose First Patent 5 076 584 has a key claim similar to our invention because end users will be actuating their own devices to produce a signal This signal will then be compared and reported accordingly to our video to produce the desired effect A direct application of our invention would accepting makeshift DDR Pads Guitar Hero controllers they actuate to produce a signal Therefore the liability is high and probably in direct violation of this claim 11 11 ECE 477 Final Report Fall 2009 Second Patent US2008 0058103A1 produces a claim about a configurable game interface This claim provides a medium risk liability for our design because we are basing our game on a configurable game interface That is we are essentially allowing primitive customization of the game to gene
11. the capacitor attached to the Vusp pin to regulate the USB voltage Additionally the PCB layout must make sense as it is intended to be used as a development environment not merely a functional unit hidden behind packaging 9 2 PCB Layout Design Considerations Overall PCB layout considerations for this project follow typical PCB layout concerns for any micro controller based project In particular our project follows many of the guidelines laid out in Motorola Application Note 1259 8 This project operates at the lowest possible clock frequency possible which is 48 MHz that is required for USB functionality This project separates noisy and sensitive circuitry uses large traces for power and ground uses all the power and ground pins on the micro controller and places decoupling caps appropriately Other considerations of this project are primarily aesthetic in nature Each of the 20 general purpose input output pins of this project has an associated LED to visually indicate the logic level of that pin These are placed in a straight row in order to make identifying which pin they represent easy for the end user Additionally protection for these input output circuits is on the back of the PCB obscured from the end user The 7 segment LEDs are placed with reasonable spacing and orientation as to be easily readable All of the headers are located in logical places and the breadboard area is placed below all the circuitry on the PCB Figu
12. the zener diode and the capacitor This logical input is connected through another 1 5k Ohm resistor to the base of a 2N3904 NPN BJT The collector of the BJT is connected directly to the 5V source and the emitter is connected to a 10k Ohm pull down resistor in parallel with a LED and current limiting resistor Logical output is drawn from the emitter of the BJT Measured values of the logical output are 4 1 V for high and 0 volts for low which are acceptable to 5V CMOS logical inputs according to a typical data sheet 6 and experimentally The LED drivers and 7 segment LEDs are configured in a typical fashion Each LED driver powers a 7 segment with the 8 bit of the driver providing the input to the next driver The clock for all the LED drivers is tied together In this way three units of 8 bits can be shifted out to appear on the 7 segment displays 8 3 Hardware Design Narrative The PIC 18F4455 will utilize primarily general purpose I O pins as well as the USB module and the USART module The I O pins are unusual in that they are expected to be actively reconfigured by the 18F4455 in response to commands sent over USB or RS232 Upon turning on the pins will be configured for output and held at OV after doing a quick blink Upon receiving specific commands the pins will assert themselves or become digital inputs If a pin 20 ECE 477 Final Report Fall 2009 becomes a digital input it will be sampled as fast as the spare processing on the
13. to have and our functionality will be tailored toward our project while this is just a general board 17 ECE 477 Final Report Fall 2009 7 3 Project Packaging Specifications The packaging that we have designed to meet our projects needs is a simple and effective solution to the problem Our product will mounted to a wooden board see Appendix A with terminal blocks to ease connecting the board to the student build game devices The PCB will have a USB RS 232 and power jack as well as 40 header pins that the users can connect to the breadboard The PCB will have a breadboard mounted on it for the student s digital logic scoring circuit The 40 header pins that they will use to interface their bread board with the micro controller will be well labeled so they know exactly which header goes to which micro controller pin The terminal blocks are used as an easy way to disconnect the game devices from the breadboard without disconnecting the scoring circuit 7 4 PCB Footprint Layout Our only major component that will be placed on the PCB is our micro controller The majority of other components on our PCB will be smaller passive devices used for IO protection The protection scheme we designed uses eight components per pin so with twenty IO pins there will be 160 small passive components Theses components are very small and maneuverable so they will work well with any shape PCB Since this is the case the PCB will be a rectangl
14. 18F4455 can manage and the de bounced signal will be recorded Also a record of whether the pin has ever gone high since the time of the last report will be kept Upon receiving another signal over USB or RS232 the 18F4455 will report on the input pins back through whichever communication method is being used SPI will be emulated over any of the general purpose input output pins This is done in part because the serial data out pin on the 18F4455 conflicts with the USART RX pin and in part because this emulation is simple and for human readable speeds easily achievable It also allows for more than one SPI ready device to be attached to the breadboard area The USB module will be configured as a CDC Communications Device Class This allows it to be plugged into modern operating systems and recognized without a new driver being provided Specifically within the communication device class the USB module will be configured to act as a virtual COM port This simplifies the interface on the Atom side of the project because it can treat the 18F4455 the same regardless of whether it is connected to the RS232 or USB This provides a very convenient abstraction and increases the modularity of this project The USART will be set to operate at 19200 baud which is chosen primarily to match the USB module and to provide a reasonable speed It will be run in a typical interrupt driven manner Operating the USART and USB simultaneously will be impossible not beca
15. 7 Final Report Fall 2009 Pi 3 4 8 a Figure C 10 Protection Circuit Schematic ECE 477 Final Report Fall 2009 Appendix D PCB Layout Top and Bottom Copper a _ z Figure D 1 The Top of the Printed Circuit Board Fall 2009 ECE 477 Final Report Figure D 2 The Bottom of the Printed Circuit Board D 2 ECE 477 Final Report Appendix E Parts List Spreadsheet Fall 2009 General Part Quantity Unit Total Description Manufacturer Mfg Part Needed Cost Cost rs 232 driver Maxim MAX232CWE 1 3 31 3 31 main micro MicroChip PIC18F4455 l 0 ACSA56 41SRWA 7 Segment LED Kingbright F01 3 0 oscillator ECS Inc ECS 200 S 5P TR 1 0 73 0 73 capacitors 477 provided 0 resistors 477 provided 0 reset button Sparkfun COM 08229 1 0 95 0 95 Debugging Headers Sullins S9008E 10 ND 4 1 33 5 32 BJTs Fairchild MMBT3904 20 0 08 1 6 LEDs Lite On Inc LTST C1IS50KGKT 20 0 17 3 4 Zener Diode Rohm KDZTRS5 6B 20 0 41 8 2 Programming Header Power and GND header Sullins S5675 ND 2 1 75 3 5 linear regulator Faichild LM7805CT l 0 45 0 45 Throughole 40 pin connector Sullins S6104 ND 1 2 12 2 12 led driver Allegro A6275SLWTR T 3 2 23 6 69 rs232 jack Tyco 5747840 2 1 3 99 3 99 usb jack EDAC 690 004 621 013 1 0 81 0 81 barrel jack 477 provided 1 0 0 capacitor 100uF 477 provided 1 0 0 ECE 477 Final Report Appendix F Software design Micro Code
16. ECE 477 Final Report Fall 2009 Team 10 EDLET en we Ben ex Mike Parsons Ea iA Pr Toe jek J a ny gt a Team Members 1 Ben Parsons Signature Date 2 Joe Leong Signature Date 3 Mike Gasser Signature Date _ CRITERION SCORE MPY PTS Technical content Design documentation Technical writing style Contributions Editing 1 Comments ECE 477 Final Report TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 0 10 0 11 0 12 0 13 0 Project Overview and Block Diagram Team Success Criteria and Fulfillment Constraint Analysis and Component Selection Patent Liability Analysis Reliability and Safety Analysis Ethical and Environmental Impact Analysis Packaging Design Considerations Schematic Design Considerations PCB Layout Design Considerations Software Design Considerations Version 2 Changes Summary and Conclusions References Appendix A Individual Contributions Appendix B Packaging Appendix C Schematic Appendix D PCB Layout Top and Bottom Copper Appendix E Parts List Spreadsheet Appendix F Software design ii Fall 2009 O nA a N e 14 14 16 19 21 24 28 28 29 B 1 C 1 D 1 E 1 ECE 477 Final Report Fall 2009 Abstract This project is a digital logic educational tool It provides a highly configurable game play framework that omits a small piece of digital logic A student designs this logic a
17. The primary goal of the micro is to accomplish I O in a very broad and general way This is accomplished by making the micro controller stateless and packet driven meaning that the microcontroller needs to know nothing about what it is actually doing at a higher level The higher level software simply redefines the microcontroller functionality in every packet that is exchanged This can be accomplished in a packet length of 7 bytes of 8 bits Additionally the micro controller communicates over both RS 232 and USB 9 This allows the end user to choose a preferred way of communicating One of our goals is to design the high level software to be extensible and customizable We accomplish this design by using open source A lot of the graphics and media libraries being implemented are openly developed and supported under the BSD license Appendix F item 5 Now users can choose to take advantage of the documentation and community to build a more robust game Furthermore we are implementing our Java driver with intent to be customizable to both the developer and user For the developer we proceed with very modular and self contained building blocks to produce our composite application Carefully we consider class interfaces that can be paired for the communication protocol as well as input output operations to allow easy swapping of implementation For the user we will be providing in game interfaces to customize the graphics sounds and inputs used to
18. ack to the system so that the score can be calculated To create this type for platform two microcontrollers will be needed One will generate the graphics provide a video and audio output and control the secondary micro controller The secondary micro controller will provide the I O for interfacing with the student built circuits 3 2 Design Constraint Analysis The design constraint analysis will take a detailed look at the specific components that will be used and the functionality required from each of them The embedded processor and the secondary microcontroller will be the two main focuses of this section The computational requirement as well as the peripheral requirements will be discussed and then several product options analyzed The power needs for these processors as well as the packaging for them will also be considered ECE 477 Final Report Fall 2009 3 2 1 Computation Requirements Since the microcontroller s purpose is to communicate with an embedded processor and perform I O related tasks it will not need a great deal of processing power The estimated program size that will be stored is less than 10kB Most microcontrollers with the other peripheral requirements met will easily have this In order to run the USB peripheral which is one of the requirements the chip must operate at 483MHz which will greatly exceed what is required since this microcontroller will not be performing computationally complex operations The embe
19. again this was deemed unnecessarily complicated The largest complication comes from the fact that USB connectivity may not be used by the end user as RS232 is also allowed In that case external power would be needed The 18F4455 is directly connected to the D and D lines of the USB and through a MAX232 level shifter to TX and RX of RS232 The protection circuit per general purpose input output pin is a combination of resistors a zener diode a NPN BJT and a capacitor This can be seen in Appendix C Figure 10 Attached to the protection circuit is a LED to provide visual feedback as to the logical level of the pin Each protection circuit provides a separate place for logical input and logical output While less universal this allows for greater protection of the pin Each pin is immediately protected by a 1 5k Ohm resistor Beyond this protection there is a capacitor and a zener diode to ground The capacitor is there to provide both voltage buffer and a sink for stray electrostatic discharge The zener diode protects from large voltages being applied Its breakdown voltage is 5 6V Anything greater than 5 6 volts will be dissipated through this diode The ancillary protection provided by the zener diode is in the case of a large negative electrostatic voltage being applied In this case current will be drawn from ground through the zener diode instead of in an undetermined way from the 18F4455 pin Logical inputs are accepted on the non ground side of
20. ages and accept digital inputs on those same pins Through this framework a reactionary game can be played for example an adaptation of Dance Dance Revolution or Guitar Hero In these games players react to moving objects on a monitor or television In each case their reaction is either correct or incorrect This tool allows students to do comparisons to determine whether the reactions are correct or not with simple 5V CMOS logic gates An example of this using the Dance Dance Revolution game occurs when the game expects to see the player dancing on the left arrow This kit translates this into a logic high on a pin corresponding to left while the pins for down up and right are left at logic low The student can set up a cascade of logic gates to compare those four pins with four inputs from a physical dance pad The result of the comparison is then fed back into the micro controller in this case the PIC 18F4455 Within this project there are several pieces that provide harm to the environment In particular the components on the PCB contain lead mercury and a host of other chemicals are used in the manufacture of these components This creates the problem of how to dispose of this project should one want to Specifically there must be recycling methods in place to deal with the disposal of this project Additionally the project must make every effort to use as little as possible The designed circuit should contain
21. ain components that could potentially violate other patent claims Upon research there are five patents that have already claimed functionality similar to our design Patent 5 076 584 Computer Game Controller with User Selectable Actuation 12 12 1990 Condensed Abstract CA A controller electrically interfaced to a video game computer or the like for the purpose of controlling a progression of the video game or the like the signals produce electrical signals suitable to be received by a conventional video game computer or the like for the purpose of controlling the progression of the video game 11 Key Claim s 2 The controllers are selectively actuated by a human user to produce a signal input which the computer game or exercise equipment will use to produce a desired effect 11 Full Patent Document Link Patent US2008 0058103A1 Configurable User Interface for a Gaming Apparatus 5 15 2007 Condensed Abstract CA A programmed controller of a gaming console is disclosed The controller controls play of a game in which a plurality of symbols are selected to form one or more outcomes Also disclosed is a gaming system including a network and a method of configuring a gaming machine 12 Key Claim s 2 3 4 9 11 12 Gaming venue operators have therefore continuously looked for new variations and types of games In response to this need suppliers of gaming devices and systems have attempted to prov
22. asic functionality was complete Ben created code that abstracted the communications to a very simple API This made it very easy for Joe to send packets from the graphics generating threads To send the different types of packets nothing about the actual packet definition needed to be known just what you wanted to be sent To send a packet to update the seven segment display there was a method called sendSPIPacket int score which took an integer which was the score and converted it into the proper packet and then sent the packet to the microcontroller Likewise to update the state of the GPIO pins there was a method called sendIOPacket that looked at an object that represented the state of the microcontroller encoded that information into the proper packet and sent the packet to the microcontroller 32 ECE 477 Final Report Fall 2009 To make using the serial port simple Ben came up with the idea of sending a handshaking packet to the microcontroller and then listening for a response packet This allowed Ben to write code that would scan through all the ports in the system list and automatically find the right one This feature meant that users would not have to figure out which port was EDLET but that it would be done automatically Ben also created the game customizer and recorder In order to easily create games the project needed a tool that would allow users change game settings in a GUI and then have it save the proper xml file for th
23. ation It begins with initializing objects with the configuration files and then it enters and awaits user input while constantly repainting the graphics Block E is the module that controls communication of the game simulation out to the USB COM port The USB connection is already going to be virtualized to the computer as a COM port so this communication class helps us convey data to the microcontroller via COM Block F and G are both engines Block F is a game engine that has specific API to aid in rapid game GUI specific logic Block G is the graphics library which the game engine is built on top of Block G abstracts a lot of the low level details of Open GL programming to a useful API Lastly block H all the API s and code is built on top of Java Java will convert it to code that the Java Virtual Machine will interpret The only two blocks that merit a progress report are D amp E Block D EDLET Driver is in it s premature stages we ve started creating an initial Open GL Gui with menu options but have not implemented any game logic Block E is also premature we re in the stages of writing pseudo code to familiarize ourselves with the communications library As for the low level hierarchy the code is almost entirely written with a little functionality left out It still needs to be debugged and tested Self test routines have yet to be decided but will be tackled after we get our first working implementation Block I displays the ge
24. bility to raise and lower pin voltages and accept digital inputs on pins Through this framework a reactionary game can be played for example an adaptation of Dance Dance Revolution or Guitar Hero There are two distinct component functionalities that need to be addressed here for patent liability The first component functionality is being provided by the ATOM board The ATOM board is providing an environment to simulate a reactionary game This game will display a game that simulates object moving across the screen in accordance with time and music rhythm and based on input from users determine if the user is awarded a score The second component functionality is being provided by the PIC 18F4455 The PIC 18F4455 will take packets from the ATOM board and simulate electrical signals on exposed pins for users to compare against The PIC 18F4455 will also take input from the users to pass up to the ATOM to be used for score calculation Both functionalities presented above can be contested for patent infringement There are several attributes in the first component that rivals a patent held by Konami Co LTD for a ECE 477 Final Report Fall 2009 rhythm based coordination game The functionality provided by the second component that exposes electrical signals to pins for game interaction appears to be similar to that of a patent held by Renato M Openiano 4 2 Results of Patent and Product Search As described in the introduction there are two m
25. crochip PIC18F 2455 2450 4455 4450 Data Sheet 2007 http ww1 microchip com downloads en DeviceDoc 39632D pdf Texas Instruments SNS54AHC05 SN74AHC0O5 HEX INVERTERS WITH OPEN DRAIN OUTPUTS May 1997 Revised July 2003 http focus ti com lit ds symlink sn74ahc05 pdf Microchip PIC18F 2455 2450 4455 4450 Data Sheet 2007 http ww1 microchip com downloads en DeviceDoc 39632D pdf Motorola Appl Note 1259 System Design and Layout Techniques for Noise Reduction in MCU Based Systems 1995 Microchip PIC18F 2455 2450 4455 4450 Data Sheet 2007 http ww1 microchip com downloads en DeviceDoc 39632D pdf Microchip Migrating Applications to USB from RS 232 UART with Minimal Impact on PC Software 2004 http ww1 microchip com downloads en AppNotes 00956b pdf United States Patent Computer Game Controller with User Selectable Actuation 1990 https engineering purdue edu 477grp10 Downloads Patent ComputerGameControllerWith UserSelectableActuation pdf United States Patent Configurable User Interface for a Gaming Apparatus 2007 https engineering purdue edu 477grp 10 Downloads Patent ConfigurableUserInterfaceFor AGamingApparatus pdf 29 ECE 477 Final Report Fall 2009 13 United States Patent Video Game Apparatus with Automatically Adjusting Timing 1985 https engineering purdue edu 477 grp10 Downloads Patent VideoGameA ppartus WithAuto maticallyAdjustingTim
26. dded processor needs to be able to generate and output the necessary graphics for the game It also needed to have a JVM available for its architecture since the development will be done in Java to enhance portability Some similar game s minimum requirements where considered to ensure we would have enough computational power Dance Dance revolution requires a 400Mhz processor and 32 MB of RAM Stepmania another DDR like program uses 266Mhz and 64MB of RAM Frets On Fire a guitar hero like game requires 600Mhz and 128MB of RAM Considering these game requirements the minimal requirements for this project are 600Mhz processor and 128MB of RAM but a higher performance of a 1Ghz processor and 256MB of RAM would be preferable 3 2 2 Interface Requirements For this project it is necessary to interface at two separate levels The processor that will run embedded Linux will need to output video in some format preferably VGA This functionality will be built into the board with the embedded processor and will meet specifications for those signals This board will also need to interface with a speaker system so an audio output will be required The most common kind is an eighth inch stereo jack which will meet the need of this project Finally either a USB or RS232 interface will be needed to communicate with the microcontroller The other interface will be a simple one between the smaller microcontroller and the student designed components This in
27. e as to fit nicely into the majority of project boxes available We estimate that we will need 185x130 mm to properly fit everything on the board The footprint we will use for the microcontroller will also not be critical since the board s components are very adaptable We will therefore use an SOIC package because the surface mount design does not waste space and will be easy to layout and solder onto the board 7 Summary This report details the packaging design for our project While our packaging is not critical for the success or our project or the PSSC s it is essential to create a professional well designed product Our packaging encases the printed circuit board and allows users to attach the 18 ECE 477 Final Report Fall 2009 necessary communication devices as well as any wires that they need to attach their devices This clean and simple design will give our product a professional look as well as protect it from abuse without causing the user any unneeded hassle or confusion 8 0 Schematic Design Considerations 8 1 Introduction This project is a digital logic educational tool The essential operation of the tool is the ability to raise and lower pin voltages and accept digital inputs on pins Through this framework a reactionary game can be played for example an adaptation of Dance Dance Revolution or Guitar Hero In these games players react to moving objects on a monitor or television In each case their reaction is eith
28. e a ee High Priority Interrupt Vector 0008h CENI eae oath a reeerees Low Priority Interrupt Vector 0018h On Chip Program Memory 5FFFh 6000h User Memory Space 1FFFFFh 200000h Figure F 6 Microcontroller Memory Map F 6
29. e footers various game sprites Additionally custom graphics were created and modified for the team s website Responsibilities of the PADS layout were shared by Joseph Leong and Ben Parsons These responsibilities included creating all the schematic components for our design creating custom footprint and decals for the schematic components placing and routing all the EDLET components Lastly Joseph Leong and Ben Parsons exported the CAM file formats and performed revisions to successfully produce a correct PCB layout Finally Joseph Leong s last contribution was creating the team s website He spliced and modified new graphics He used these graphics to create flash animation headers Additionally his responsibilities included coding CSS HTML and JavaScript for the site As for the presentation videos Joseph Leong did the EDLET in game screen cast He also did the post editing adding callouts and merging of videos to produce one of the demonstration videos 34 ECE 477 Final Report Fall 2009 Appendix B Packaging Figure B 1 The EDLET Board Power Barrel Jack 7 5V 14A 7 Segment Displays USB Port Used COM Port Used to Show Multiplayer to Connect with to Connect with Top Row is Power Score ATOM ATOM Bottom Row is Ground Ports 17 18 19 20 are respectively associated with 20 Surface Mount kaise LEDS to visually Player Two Feedback aaaea en a po Player One Feedback wires securely has been assert
30. ead output from that circuit 2 0 An ability to display custom game play configurable graphics on an external monitor 3 0 An ability to read and interpret files stored in the system that specify graphical and audio game play features 4 0 An ability to control micro controller I O functionality from the embedded host 5 0 An ability to allow definition of multi player games All of these goals were achieved and demonstrated to course staff in the second to last week of the project timeline 1 was demonstrated by constructing the digital scoring circuit for both the adaptation of Guitar Hero and Dance Dance Revolution 2 was demonstrated by using the Java Lightweight Gaming engine to create graphics from the host 3 was demonstrated by parsing and interpreting XML files that defined games 4 was demonstrated through a specific packet definition that will raise or lower voltages on micro controller pins and allow digital inputs to be read from microcontroller pins 5 was demonstrated through the definition and demonstration of a multi player game 3 0 Constraint Analysis and Component Selection 3 1 Introduction The goal of this project is to create a platform that will aid newcomers in learning the basics of digital design The platform will run games such as Dance Dance Revolution and generate input signals to a student made digital scoring circuit These inputs will be compared to a device such as a dance pad and will then provide feedb
31. ed SPI Data Pin p before routing j them to the SPI Clock breadboard area anii Breadboard Ports 1 17 by default are used as output EN arene for signals for in game objects Port 17 is only students to build deca A present for output use in single player Each port circuit logic p _can be potentially reconfigured for input as well ECE 477 Final Report Fall 2009 Figure B 2 The Atom s interface Power USB Ports for Barrel Jack for Video Displa Keyboard Ji Ethernet Not Used ECE 477 Final Report Fall 2009 Appendix C Schematic Figure C 1 Breadboard Headers and Programming Headers Schematic C 1 Fall 2009 ECE 477 Final Report o l A Oscillator Figure C 2 Microcontroller Schematic C 2 ECE 477 Final Report RS232 Items USB Items a La Fall 2009 t i U i l Figure C 3 Communication Components and Reset Switch Schematic C 3 ECE 477 Final Report Fall 2009 Figure C 4 LED Drivers Schematic ECE 477 Final Report Fall 2009 Figure C 5 Seven Segment Display Schematic C 5 ECE 477 Final Report Fall 2009 Figure C 6 Off Page Protection Circuit Schematic C 6 Fall 2009 ECE 477 Final Report uj J a uj Figure C 7 Power Regulator Schematic C 7 ECE 477 Final Report Fall 2009 Figure C 8 Debugging Headers Schematic C 8 ECE 477 Final Report Fall 2009 Figure C 9 Power Connectors Schematic C 9 ECE 47
32. em Ben implemented this by using Java s Swing GUI framework Ben created a customizer that allowed the users to enter all of the fields to the configuration file in a user friendly GUI The customizer also allowed users to open saved configuration files for editing and checked the files the user created warning them of any errors that would prevent the game from running The game recorder which is part of the customizer was conceived and implemented by Ben Since a game can have many timestamps for each of the different objects it was not an option to have the users enter the times for each timestamp Instead the customizer was created to allow users to create the timestamps in real time with the song playing Since the user s game can have a different number of objects a universal recorder was needed Ben decided that it would be best to have users match up keyboard keys to the different objects and have them hit the key to record a timestamp for that object Once the code was completed and tested in a development environment Ben worked with Mike to integrate the Atom and the microcontroller The initial integration was not difficult but the communications logs from Ben s code showed that there were a lot of resend request from the microcontroller meaning there was some trouble with the microcontroller receiving packets After some research they found that there were some problems with the microcontroller s input buffers getting offset f
33. er correct or incorrect This tool allows students to do comparisons to determine whether the reactions are correct or not with simple 5V CMOS logic gates An example of this using the Dance Dance Revolution game occurs when the game expects to see the player dancing on the left arrow This kit translates this into a logic high on a pin 99 66 corresponding to left while the pins for down up and right are left at logic low The student can set up a cascade of logic gates to compare those four pins with four inputs from a physical dance pad The result of the comparison is then fed back into the micro controller in this case the PIC 18F4455 This is accomplished by providing an abstraction to the 18F4455 s functionality Signals from software sent over either USB or RS232 command the 18F4455 to raise or lower pins or report on the values on input pins The 18F4455 in this project has the capability to use 20 general purpose input output and to reconfigure them at any point The pins are fed into a breadboard area in which the end user can place logic gates or in fact any hardware desired that accepts logic level inputs It is worth noting that with no modifications aside from placing drivers of some type in the breadboard area this educational toolkit could be used to flash Christmas lights on and off in a manner correspondence to music which is a popular hobbyist project The entirety of the hardware runs off a 5 v
34. ery appealing 1 98 but the only package was QFN which would be difficult to deal with Like the Freescale chip this was very unappealing to us since it is desired to have a variety of packages available to fit the end user s specific needs The microcontroller chosen was the PIC 18F4455 It had 40 pins with 33 GPIO This meets the requirements for our project It also has the USB RS232 and SPI to meet the communication requirements The 24kB of program memory and 2kB or RAM will also be more than needed The cost is a little over 6 00 which is a bit more that the other chips but this is offset by being available in 2 packages PDIP 6 56 and TQFP 6 42 This will allow us to us the SOIC for the PCB but also give an end user the option to use a breadboard with the PDIP instead of a PCB 3 4 Summary This report has analyzed the design constraints for each major piece of the project and analyzed several possible solutions The embedded processor decided upon was an Intel Atom N270 because it met all of the requirements in a convenient package For the microcontroller the PIC 18F2455 was chosen because it met all of the requirements and left us with very few unused pins With these carefully selected components the design should be able to move forward smoothly and a usable product can be created 4 0 Patent Liability Analysis 4 1 Introduction This project is a digital logic educational tool The essential operation of the tool is the a
35. field is underrepresented by many minority groups 3 This project is an attempt to remedy that issue With that goal in mind it is easy to begin promoting electrical and computer engineering as something it is not This project must make sure it provides an accurate representation of computer engineering to beginners It must also highlight the fun aspects of electrical and computer engineering It must do all of this in the context of being used by someone with only a beginners knowledge This project makes an effort to do all of this but a continued effort must always be made 6 3 Environmental Impact Analysis The primary environmental challenge faced by this project is the need to dispose of PCB materials They contain many harmful chemicals and do not biodegrade at any appreciable rate Additionally as the project scales it will be necessary to move from leaded to unleaded solder 15 ECE 477 Final Report Fall 2009 The ability to dispose of the PCB at the end of the project s lifetime is very important to lower the environmental damage caused by this project As the project scales it will be important to provide both instructions on how to recycle the project and eventually if the project becomes large enough a specific way of doing this through B W recycling 4 For example shipping the project with an addressed postage paid envelope to a recycling center would be a possible solution A unique aspect of this project is that in its ma
36. he micro controller leverages the CDC 10 demo provided by microchip to encapsulate USB communication and further enhances its functionality with RS 232 communication Its final functional goal of providing input and output pins is accomplished by actively rewriting the registers responsible for I O Communication between the high level software on the Atom and the PIC 18F4455 is accomplished on a packet based system of fixed packet length 10 On the high level beyond 24 ECE 477 Final Report Fall 2009 the microcontroller initialization and configuration the micro controller is entirely stateless and each packet it receives from the high level host carries all of the information to fully define the micro controller I O functionality 10 2 Software Design Considerations There are two streams of software design considerations that need to be recognized The criterion driving the goals of our high level design Java Application is different than that of the low level design Micro Controller Code Our high level software seeks to be highly extensible and customizable This is an education tool and we want the students to be able to use the platform to continue development outside of this senior design project s lifecycle That is users have the flexibility to tweak the game to convert from a Dance Dance Revolution game to Guitar Hero or anything else they can dream Our low level design seeks to provide a modular interface for the end user
37. he score A timer module is needed to track the length of time the output signals are given to the student scoring circuit 3 2 4 Off Chip Peripheral Requirements All of the peripheral requirements are commonly implemented on microcontrollers so no peripherals will be offloaded to other chips 3 2 5 Power Constraints The project only requires 5V power to control the microcontroller and logic gates The embedded processor will have its own regulator but the secondary microcontroller will need a 5V regulated supply Since the device will be interfaced with audio and video equipment mobility is not necessary so the device can be powered from a standard AC wall socket Since only a microcontroller and digital logic will need to be powered which we estimate to draw about 500mA of current and the packaging does not need to be compact and can have vents no heat sink should be needed and heat dissipation will not be a major issue 3 2 6 Packaging Constraints The packaging does not need to meet any stringent requirements because it will be stationary and not in a tight space The preliminary packaging design will have the Atom and the smaller microcontroller encased in a plastic box and space for the student design in another plastic box which is has easy access The two will be connected via a USB cable and each will require their own power This will allow us to isolate the two parts of the system and ensure the students only handle part of the sy
38. her scrutinizing of this claim demonstrates that we may not be infringing on this patent We seek to configure our interface through various configuration files 12 ECE 477 Final Report Fall 2009 game modes where they produce a configurable interface through a touch screen combination Recommended action would be to confine the configurable options to software configurations Third Patent 4 657 247 presents a medium risk liability for our design because we implement functionality that produces scoring off of time based overlapping images However the specific claim in the patent points out that these triggers to produce scoring is based from a lever mechanism Our design doesn t include a specific mechanism for how we produce signals to interact with the overlapping images We merely provide the means for someone else to apply that Recommended action would be to not alter our design but perform legal due diligence Similar to the first patent this was filed quite some time ago Dec 12 1985 15 It has been longer than 17 years and the patent holder should no longer hold intellectual property on this ground Fourthly Patent US 6 227 968 B1 presents low risk liability because it patents an external platform that we are not embodying Though it involves a step device that can be used in our design one feels it s distinctly different Our team seeks to create a universal platform that this device can bridge with Recommended action would
39. ide the sought after variety There has been a trend in recent years to provide increasing variation in the types of games offered on gaming machines 12 Full Patent Document Link Patent 4 657 247 Video Game Apparatus with Automatically Adjusting Timing 12 12 85 Condensed Abstract CA A video game apparatus which judges a game success if the operation timing of an operation member manipulated by a player in accordance with a displayed game image falls within an allowable time limit for game success set in a range setting unit 13 Key Claim s shows one example of a video game apparatus embodying the present invention upon operation of a game start button the game images are displayed on the screen of a CRT When an indicium such as an arrow is displayed together with the game images as shown in FIG 2 the player manipulates an operation level in the same direction as the arrow and within a preset time limit Only if this manipulation is performed correctly within this time limit the game is considered a success at that stage and the next stage of the game follows 13 Full Patent Document Link 10 ECE 477 Final Report Fall 2009 Patent US6 227 968 B1 Dance Game Apparatus and Step On Base for Dance Game 7 21 1999 Condensed Abstract CA Stepping position indication data which is set by a rhythm setting section is read from a stepping position indication data memory and the stepping position instructio
40. ile loop that polls inputs from student logic and communication devices for instructions from the Atom host Software debugging was also a contribution of Michael Gasser The debugging of the micro code was relatively straightforward with the only difficulties being related to the USB functionality The USB debugging took the form of great amounts of trial and error because due to the nature of the USB viewing the signal on an oscilloscope was essentially meaningless Finally all the USB issues were resolved and full USB 2 0 functionality was achieved This includes acting as an emulated serial port which the host Atom cannot differentiate from a regular RS232 connection This required the modification of a driver inf file provided by microchip On the EDLET Atom the EDLET hardware when connected via USB shows up as EDLET Comm Additionally Michael Gasser designed implemented and tested the protection circuit that is attached to each of EDLET s 20 Input Output pins This was done early in the semester to verify the design before fabrication of the PCB Several iterations of changes were made to the circuit including changes recommended by the course staff This circuit was debugged using one of the course oscilloscopes and functions very well in its final form Michael Gasser was charged with the tedious task of soldering the hardware together He has previous soldering experience and having designed the hardware it made sense for him t
41. ine whether the reactions are correct or not with simple 5V CMOS logic gates An example of this using the Dance Dance Revolution game occurs when the game expects to see the player dancing on the left arrow This kit translates this into a logic high on a pin corresponding to left while the pins for down up and right are left at logic low The student can set up a cascade of logic gates to compare those four pins with four inputs from a physical dance pad The result of the comparison is then fed back into the micro controller in this case the PIC 18F4455 The entirety of the hardware runs off a 5 volt supply and is broken into four large functional groups First the micro and associated reset circuitry oscillator and headers to USB and RS232 connections Second general purpose input output pins and their protection from mistreatment Third a series of shift registers and 7 segment LEDs that provide a quick way of displaying information on the PCB Fourth a breadboard that allows for logic design and implementation as well as a connection to hardware outside the box Among these functional groups there are two important aspects that affect the design of the PCB First the board must separate noisy components from electrically sensitive components The noisy components in this project are all encapsulated in the power supply and associated circuitry The electrically sensitive components are the oscillator circuit and
42. ing pdf 14 United States Patent Game Apparatus and Step On Base for Dance Game 1999 https engineering purdue edu 477grp10 Downloads Patent DanceGameAndStepOnBaseFo rDanceGame pdf 15 Georgia Tech Library Patent Facts 2009 http www library gatech edu search_locate techres patentfacts htm 16 United States Patent FPGA Emulation 2006 https engineering purdue edu 477grp10 Downloads Patent FPGAEmulation pdf 30 ECE 477 Final Report Fall 2009 Appendix A Individual Contributions A 1 Contributions of Michael Gasser Michael Gasser was responsible for the original conception of the project as well as numerous technical and clerical aspects of the project as it underwent its journey to completion His specific contributions include design of the circuitry used on the EDLET board writing and maintaining the code for the PIC 18F4455 debugging USB related issues as well as ordering a majority of group parts from suppliers The primary contribution of Michael Gasser was in writing the code for the PIC 18F4455 This spanned nearly the entirety of the semester Initial software design was done early in week 3 with input from both Joe Leong and Ben Parsons A PDIP version of the PIC 18F4455 was ordered in week 3 and successful coding programming began in week 4 The software handles interface with the Intel Atom employed by EDLET as well as interface with student logic The basic structure of the program is a wh
43. layers react to moving objects on a monitor or television In each case their reaction is either correct or incorrect This tool allows students to do comparisons to determine whether the reactions are correct or not with simple 5V CMOS logic gates An example of this using the Dance Dance Revolution game occurs when the game expects to see the player dancing on the left arrow This kit translates this into a logic high on a pin corresponding to left while the pins for down up and right are left at logic low The student can set up a cascade of logic gates to compare those four pins with four inputs from a physical dance pad The result of the comparison is then fed back into the micro controller ECE 477 Final Report Fall 2009 Figure 1 2 EDLET in Action ECE 477 Final Report Fall 2009 Keyboard Mouse Speakers 1 8 Audio Jack 20 Configurable I O Pins PIC 18F4445 Shift Register Score Display SR 3 7 Segment LEDs I O Protection Inputs Diode Resistor Outputs Resistor BJT 20 Protected I O Ports Student Logic PDIP Jumper Wire Playground Via Solderless Jumper Wire Connections Student Hardware Dance Pad Guitar etc Figure 1 3 Final Block Diagram i ECE 477 Final Report Fall 2009 2 0 Team Success Criteria and Fulfillment PSSCs 1 0 An ability to generate inputs to a digital scoring circuit that a student constructs and r
44. le an adaption of Dance Dance Revolution or Guitar Hero In these games there are two main software components that drive its functionality Firstly a high level software component written in Java that displays a lot of the visual objects that the players will be reacting to Secondly a low level software component will be written for the microcontroller to expose the electrical signals students must compare and respond to In each case their reaction is either correct or incorrect This tool allows students to do comparisons to determine whether the reactions are correct or not with simple 5V CMOS logic gates Upon successful comparison and response a signal is interpreted by the microcontroller software and tabulated into the LED score Furthermore this signal will be communicated up to the Java application The Java software will interpret this signal accordingly and provide visual feedback in terms of score and game karma In addition there are several other software features to highlight The java driver will be leveraging a few open source graphics media library The java application will be highly customizable with visuals sounds and a number of inputs Also the software will provide multiplayer support Lastly all of these features will be accomplished from a highly modular software design As for the micro code design the PIC 18F4455 is based around a combination of interrupt driven communications and polling for all other activities T
45. likely that other system will also have an x86 architecture It also ensures that there will be plenty of open sources graphical libraries that can be used All the benefits associated with the x86 architecture as well as the necessary computational power and IO are the reasons this board was chosen over the other products available While this analysis was focused around one company s board there are many companies selling this same processor and chipset and the boards have very similar functionality 3 3 2 I O Microcontroller The first potential micro controller was the Freescale HCS08 series MC9S08JM32 It has 44 pins total along with 33 GPIO which provides the IO needed but with a lot of unused pins The necessary communication interfaces USB RS232 and SPI where all present The memory also met the minimal needs with 32kB of program memory and 2kB of RAM The chip cost 3 83 but unfortunately was only available in LQFP It would enhance the modularity of the project to have other packages available especially DIP so it was decided not to use this micro controller ECE 477 Final Report Fall 2009 The Atmelmega8U2 was also considered It has 32 pins with 22 of them being GPIO This met the requirements but like the Freescale chip leaves a lot of unused pins Like the Freescale chip this one also met all the communication needs with USB RS232 and SPI The memory was again ample with 16kB of program memory and 512B of RAM The price was a v
46. n configurable user interfaces external signal triggering devices step on dance controllers and games that use overlapping images timing Proper infringement remediations were suggested that ranged from restricting our design to legal due diligence Two of the patents should already be expired and the specific implementation methodologies are different on the remaining claims Though this patent listing is by no means exhaustive It demonstrates a sample of possible infringements other areas to continue investigating are patents in the academic realm that model similar functionality 13 ECE 477 Final Report Fall 2009 5 0 Reliability and Safety Analysis We did not do this homework because we are a three person team 6 0 Ethical and Environmental Impact Analysis 6 1 Introduction This project is a digital logic educational tool intended for use by Electrical and Computer Engineering outreach programs This provides the immediate ethical implication of the positive social change that may be engendered by this project An inadequate number of graduates in technological fields is a perennial complaint of the U S government The idea behind this project is to provide a nearly fully functional game to a student with a key digital logic ingredient missing A student can then design and implement the missing logic and immediately have something very rewarding and exciting The essential operation of the tool is the ability to raise and lower pin volt
47. n contents are scrolled and displayed on a monitor by a scroll display control section thereby performing instructions of the stepping position and the stepping operation timing 14 Key Claim the performance of a piece of music is not always required and the present invention can also be applied to a game apparatus which performs only a stepping operation instruction by display light sound audio etc from guidance means 14 Full Patent Document Link Patent US 2006 0253762 Al FPGA Emulation System 1 1 09 2006 Condensed Abstract CA This invention features an FPGA emulation system including an FPGA device under test having a plurality of pins A bus functional model circuit responsive to signals representing predetermined input characteristics of the FPGA device under test and configured to apply one or more signals to the FPGA device under test corresponding to the predetermined input characteristics and configured to receive one or more signals representing output characteristics of the FPGA device under test to emulate the operation of the FPGA device under test in a predefined selectable and flexible electrical operating environment 16 Key Claim s 1 7 8 42 An FPGA emulation system comprising an FPGA device under test having a plurality of pins and a bus functional model circuit responsive to signals representing predetermined input characteristics of said FPGA device under test and configured to apply one or
48. nd implements it on a solder less breadboard Thus with only a beginner s knowledge of digital design can create a fully functional game This project was conceived after a prototype version experienced great success as an outreach tool for ECE over the summer of 2009 with Purdue University Minority Engineering Program MEP and Women In Engineering Program WIEP The project was accomplished using a microcontroller whose I O functionality was being controlled by a host The host provided a suite for graphically altering the game play experience A USB link between the host and microcontroller allowed for quick communication across a ubiquitous protocol Protection circuits were provided for the microcontroller I O pins By controlling the microcontroller and reading back inputs from it a full game play experience was realized Emulated commercial video games packaged with the product include Dance Dance Revolution and Guitar Hero Additionally the hardware necessary for these games was provided ECE 477 Final Report Fall 2009 1 0 Project Overview and Block Diagram This project is tool that can be used to implement a reactionary game if students construct the missing piece of digital logic The essential operation of the tool is the ability to raise and lower pin voltages and accept digital inputs on pins Through this framework a reactionary game can be played for example an adaptation of Dance Dance Revolution or Guitar Hero In these games p
49. neral headers required to work with the USB COM code Block J is comprised of several files The Hardware _profile h contains a set of macros to make code more readable by providing masks USB _descriptors c contains endpoint and packet descriptions for the USB module USB config h contains further references to USB header files provided by microchip Lastly Main c contains the main program interrupt definitions and all functions 27 ECE 477 Final Report Fall 2009 10 4 Summary In conclusion the purpose of this report is to provide an analysis of the EDLET project with a focus on software design The high level Java software design objective is to create an interface that is highly extensible and customizable to both the developers and end users The low level Micro software design objective is to provide a configurable bridge to expose these in game responses to users through signals Careful software design considerations have been accounted for to choose the best level of modularity packages and technologies to accomplish this In addition a progress briefing on our development as well as hot linked code is provided to demonstrate this 11 0 Version 2 Changes There are very few things that we would do differently if we had to redo the project but quite a few additional features that we would like to add What we would do differently primarily involves modifying our code structure to increase modularity Right now the main graphic l
50. nufacturing scalability there is the option for users to buy essentially only the microcontroller and breadboard leaving behind the PCB This sidesteps the entire issue of PCB recycling and provides a very environmentally friendly solution 6 4 Summary This project is designed with safety and the environment in mind as well as greater societal good Primary safety concerns arise from this project being a development environment with active exposure of 5V rails This is dealt with by providing ample safety literature and a fuse on the board itself Additionally the need to represent the field of electrical and computer engineering in a good way is of importance The environmental issues this project encompasses are primarily disposal issues The project provides instruction on proper recycling 7 0 Packaging Design Considerations 7 1 Introduction The goal of this project is to create a platform that will aid newcomers in learning the basics of digital design The platform will run games such as Dance Dance Revolution and generate input signals to a student made digital scoring circuit These inputs will be compared to a device such as a dance pad and will then provide feedback to the system so that the score can be calculated This project will be packaged in two separate units The first unit will hold the Atom N270 and communicate to the second unit via RS 232 or USB The second unit will contain the PCB with the necessary microcontroller IO pr
51. o go through the process of soldering it and debugging it In this task Michael found and fixed several problems on the PCB through clever and efficient use of fly wires solder bridges and trace cutting Specifically there was a problem with an improper pinout being used for the RS232 header as well as the NPN BJTs In no way unique to Michael Gasser but a contribution nonetheless was extensive debugging of the final product Moving into the final stages of the course there were a plethora of timing issue as well as numerous other issues with the EDLET hardware Michael Gasser contributed to the team effort to resolve these issues 31 ECE 477 Final Report Fall 2009 Aside from the above mentioned contributions Michael Gasser contributed to each report as an editor and to each presentation as both a presenter and an editor Similarly Michael helped film some of the final presentation videos These contributions made Michael Gasser a valued member of the team who contributed approximately 200 hours to the project and approximately 150 of his personal money to the project A 2 Contributions of Ben Parsons Ben Parsons as well as the rest of the EDLET team contributed to the overall success of the project Some of Ben s specific contributions include writing the communication code for the Atom creating the game customizer game recorder collaboration with Joe to create the printed circuit board layout and working with Mike to integrate
52. olt supply and is broken into three large functional groups First the micro and associated reset circuitry oscillator and headers to USB and RS232 connections Second general purpose input output pins and their protection from mistreatment Third a series of LED drivers and 7 segment LEDs that provide a quick way of displaying information on the PCB The primary issue dealt with in hardware is pin protection for the 18F4455 This is an important issue because when providing a development kit it is an unavoidable fact that at some point they will short something or provide an incorrect voltage etc Because of this a protection circuit was developed that will allow all the general purpose input output pins to be used as both input and outputs while providing protection against abnormally high voltages ESD and shorts to 5V and ground 19 ECE 477 Final Report Fall 2009 8 2 Theory of Operation The PIC 18F4455 is clocked at 48 MHz the requirement for USB 2 0 speed using an external 20 MHz quartz crystal oscillator An external oscillator is required for use of the USB module on the micro 5 It is possible to use the internal oscillator block to clock the microcontroller while using an external crystal with the USB module but this was deemed unnecessarily complicated Power to the 18F4455 comes from a 5V linear regulator being supplied by an unregulated DC wall wart Potentially the entire board could have been supplied by USB power but
53. oop is very large and involves a lot of control structures to create the different modes If done again we would ensure that this large class was broken up into smaller ones and have a main that instantiated the others This would make the code much nicer and easier to use and understand Since we hope to continue to maintain and improve the code as different engineering camps use EDLET and give use feedback there are several basic improvements that we are planning for our version 2 0 One specific thing we are planning on doing is adding a parameter to adjust the blink speed of the scroll objects This would simply be another parameter in the xml file that would allow the user to adjust how fast the scroll objects blink Another setting we would like to add is a parameter to adjust how long a score can be counted This could make the game easier or harder by adjusting how precisely the player has to hit the goal A graphical improvement that we would like to make is to show the user some type of graphical or audio feedback when a point is made This would be done by playing a sound when the goal is hit of somehow lighting up the goal marker to show that it was hit The final improvement that we would like to make is to make the micro s input pins adjustable Right now for players one and two they are both hard coded to specific pins but it would be nice to allow the users to adjust this 12 0 Summary and Conclusions The EDLET project succeeded
54. otection and an area for the student designed logic This unit will need to be easy to open so the students can configure the logic but also be sturdy when closed This report will explore several similar commercial products specify our specific packaging needs and describe our PCB to justify our packaging choice 7 2 Commercial Product Packaging The packaging for the Atom N270 board is generally available with the board and like similar commercial products is essentially a case enclosing the board with the appropriate jacks Therefore only the smaller unit will be compared to other commercial units The type of device that best models the functionality of the smaller unit is a development board with a breadboard attached While our device will have a specific application as opposed to these development 16 ECE 477 Final Report Fall 2009 board s general ones useful insight can still be gained by examining how these commercial products achieve a similar goal 7 2 1 Product 1 The first product we analyzed was the dsPIC30F2010 Development Board This is a PIC development board with a breadboard built in This is a similar package to what we are designing with a microcontroller on the PCB as well as an adaptable piece to allow the inclusion of student logic We liked that this product had a built in breadboard but it was lacking in several other areas This board does not have a good way to interface the breadboard with the PCB only hole
55. purdue edu 477 grp10 hw9 codeappendix html Checksum 26 ECE 477 Final Report Fall 2009 Built into the packet definitions is a handshaking packet which also causes the micro to perform a debug routine raising and lowering all the pins requested at a human visible speed Example https engineering purdue edu 477grp10 hw9 codeappendix html Packet This handshake packet is required and not for debugging The handshake process is how our high level software can detect which COM port to work with 10 3 Software Design Narrative Beginning with the high level design hierarchy in Appendix F figures 1 and 2 there are eight blocks The first tier contains three blocks Block A is a configuration module This module is responsible for parsing through a configuration schema to preload environment data for the game to be played It works by taking in configuration parameters such as the number of inputs the song file location and the graphic sprites to be used in game and initializing the game objects Block B and Block C are media files that can be loaded externally They are the outer most piece of our design These pieces serve as individual objects that can be loaded and sought out at run time to give the game its personality through sound and graphics Block D is the Java driver class This is the main routine that the game will follow through In addition it will pull in the needed libraries to help its subcomponents invoke their flow of oper
56. rate different display and pin outputs However the specific methodology in this patent is by creating a variety not only through in game options but through interface such as touch screen so it may not be in direct competition to our design 12 Third Patent 4 657 247 produces a claim on games that are scored based on the time offset of overlapping images created by the manipulation of levers The liability is medium risk because though there are similarities with scoring based off of time offsets our methodology for scoring is not invoked by lever manipulation A signal to trigger this manipulation can be caused from anything to represent action 13 Fourthly Patent US6 227 968 B1 produces a claim on a Step On base for a dance game This claim provides us low liability because we are not directly designing a user based signal trigger mechanism The mechanism designed by users can be a step on base that reacts to the arrow scroll display but that is not what we are claiming in our design We are generating signal impulses from the software game of which users compare against 14 Finally Patent US 2006 0253762 A1 is patent that can be taken from an educational perspective The patent is in regards to FPGA emulation which is commonly used in ASIC design courses This patent produces a claim of providing a simulation environment that models the responses of predetermined output characteristics with predetermined input characteristics
57. re 9 1 LED indicators in a row 22 ECE 477 Final Report Fall 2009 9 3 PCB Layout Design Considerations Microcontroller When laying out the circuit for the microcontroller it was important to keep the oscillator circuitry close to the associated pins I was also important to keep the oscillator circuit and Vusp capacitor nearby as well as two decoupling capacitors near the Vpp and Vss pins The Vusp capacitor acts essentially as a decoupling capacitor for an internally onboard the 18F4455 regulated 3 3V supply that drives the USB circuitry 7 Because of this it is important that this capacitor is located very close to the Vusg pin Because the USB peripheral is one of the most sensitive and highest speed pieces of our application it is most likely even more important that this capacitor be located properly than the decoupling capacitors in between Vpp and Vss In addition to the layout considerations related to the decoupling capacitors and oscillator it was very important that we provide test points to all the microcontroller pins The microcontroller for this project comes in a TQFP with 11 pins on each side although 4 pins total are no connects on the 18F4455 To provide access to these pins each side of the square package is drawn out to a 1x10 05 through hole mounted header directly next to the micro These headers will not be populated unless it is required by an unforeseen circumstance and potentially just the through hole via for a
58. rical and computer engineering it must function as such in an honest and fun way Towards the end of protecting the end user it will be absolutely requisite that appropriate safety considerations be taken These precautions include placing very clear instructions and warnings in the instruction manual and doing the utmost to guarantee the board itself is resistant to improper use that may develop into a safety hazard The board must fail gracefully rather than explosively or unpredictably The simplest way to do this is to fuse the board such that any short causes an easily replaceable fuse to blow protecting the board student and wall power supporting the board A simple 1 A fuse will be attached to the board to provide this safety The expected maximum current draw of our board is 440 mA plus student breadboard area The measured current usage is actually 550 mA plus student breadboard The instruction manual will need to be crafted with readability in mind both for students and for camp staff for which this project is also intended It is paramount that both groups take away a sense of what an electrical short is and how to avoid them Additionally both groups must understand that improperly placing parts in the breadboard or improperly using the development environment can cause the overheating of parts that can cause serious burns Electrical and computer engineering is a field in which more graduates are needed in the US 2 Additionally the
59. rivial number of clock cycles several thousand will be taken interpreting the packet and altering I O configuration of the microcontroller Additionally the packet will contain a hash meaning that the entire packet will have to be received before any action can be taken This makes utilizing the first byte of data that shows up in an interrupt very difficult The easiest way around this is to simply load a buffer and poll the buffer and a packet complete flag Within this polling loop all the pins that are configured as inputs are sampled de bounced and any changes in input status are reported to the host program Additionally the polling for input is occurring every 0 000042 seconds If the value being polled is maintained for 128 consecutive polls we consider this a valid value The reporting is done in another packet definition that is pushed out in an interrupt fashion Additionally the host computer will detect the packet being received by event Thus this allows the interface board to send data back to host computer whenever it likes The hash function mentioned serves as a double check that data being received by the micro is correct The hash function operates in a computationally efficient way summing each byte in the packet and then taking the two s complement of that sum The microcontroller upon receiving the packet can simply sum all the bytes including the checksum and ensure that they sum to 0 Example https engineering
60. rom the packet and added a start bit which fixed the problem These are the major contributions that Ben Parsons made to the project Along with helping with reports general team design and debugging and contributing to the homeworks these are the specific things that where done by Ben that helped lead to the team s overall success A 3 Contributions of Joseph Leong Joseph Leong was in part responsible for the high level implementation of EDLET on the ATOM with Ben Parsons Specifically Joseph Leong was responsible for the EDLET s game framework graphic implementations and logic The game framework includes structuring the different game modes available such as Single Player Multi Player game filtering algorithms for song selection by Instrument or Outputs Joseph Leong was also responsible for packaging the binaries and optimizing the embedded ATOM environment to function as a shell for the EDLET GUI Joseph Leong created and modified all the custom graphics for 33 ECE 477 Final Report Fall 2009 skinning the ATOM shell and game graphics Additionally Joseph Leong worked together with Ben Parsons to do all the PADS work to formalize our design for fabrication Lastly Joseph Leong created the team s website and helped create the demonstration videos The game framework is defined as the structure for how our game works when switching between the different modes That is logically organizing the overall s
61. s to solder wires This will not work for our purposes because we want students to be able to build there logic without any soldering This product also did not come self contained in any type of box which is another thing we want in our product s packaging Our product will also provide protection for the jacks that go to the breadboard which this product does not There are several key differences between our product and this one but the main idea of incorporating a breadboard for the student scoring circuit and a micro controller on the PCB is similar to our goal 7 2 2 Product 2 The second product we analyzed was the PIC Development Board with Solderless Breadboard by Hobby Engineering 1 Like our product it holds a microcontroller several communication channels and a prototyping area The breadboard attached to the PCB was the major attraction to this product We would like to implement this on our final product because it is a very clean way to implement adjustable prototyping components with a finished product This product also had very well designed headers for interfacing the PCB with the breadboard Instead of soldering wires into holes in the PCB a breadboard like and well labeled row of jacks was soldered to the PCB This is a very user friendly and low space way to have jacks available to the users and we plan to implement this in our product What we did not like about this product was that there was no box which we plan
62. specific pin on the micro will be soldered so instead of attaching the entire header The flexibility and convenience of this design provides an easy solution to any problem that may occur wherein more or different microcontroller functionality is required Figure 9 2 18F4455 with headers and decoupling capacitors 9 4 PCB Layout Design Considerations Power Supply The power supply for this project is a relatively uncomplicated 5V linear regulator Nearby is a 100 micro Farad bulk capacitor All the power and ground traces are 100 mil wide The ground of the power supply is also directly connected to the ground coming from the USB input The helps ensure that the data coming over the USB lines is readable The power supply circuit is physically distant from the rest of the circuitry as well 23 ECE 477 Final Report Fall 2009 Figure 9 3 Power supply distant from rest of circuit 9 5 Summary The primary concerns of this project in relation to PCB layout are that it be aesthetically and logically routed for the end user and that noisy components do not interfere with the operation of the sensitive components primarily the oscillator and USB circuitry 10 0 Software Design Considerations 10 1 Introduction This project is a digital logic educational tool The essential operation of the tool is the ability to raise and lower pin voltages and accept digital inputs on pins Through this framework a reactionary game can be played for examp
63. stem 3 2 7 Cost Constraints The project has a cost constraint associated with the microcontroller and logic gates but not the embedded processor This product is being designed to be used in engineering outreach camps or as an educational tool in a classroom so it is important that the costs be minimal and scalable This requirement does not apply to the embedded processor since the camps can replace this with a computer A USB or RS232 connection is connecting the processor and microcontroller and Java is used for generating the graphics This will allow educators to replace the embedded processor with a computer if desired and port the Java program onto this new platform This will provide a good option to these types of camps who generally have access to computer labs Knowing this camps will have a low cost option as long as the cost of the secondary microcontroller is kept to a minimum ECE 477 Final Report Fall 2009 3 3 Component Selection Rationale 3 3 1 Embedded Processor The first embedded processor that was investigated was the Gumstix which is a series of very small processors on PCB s with other boards that can be attached for additional IO The specific board proposed was the Overo Earth with the summit extension board This featured an ARM Cortex A8 Processor running at 600 MHz The expansion board added output for HDMI stereo and USB While the Sun JVM will not run on this architecture there are open source JVMs such as the
64. terface will require at least twenty general purpose I O ports a USB interface RS232 and a SPI The general purpose I O ports will be used to send input signals to the student designed logic and receive the signal that that logic generates Twenty is the minimum requirement because this would allow four players at once with each player requiring four outputs and one input These signals will pass through protective circuitry before being output to the student logic Since theses I O pins will be sourcing CMOS logic gates minimal current will be required The USB and RS232 are needed to communicate with the embedded processor Both communication types are going to be enabled and the software will determine which is connected This will enhance the modularity of the project since end users will easily be able to replace either piece with a different component and not need to worry about the communication necessary The last peripheral needed is a SPI This will be used to output the score to a shift register connected to a seven segment display This will allow the score to be displayed on a bank of 7 segment displays on the EDLET board ECE 477 Final Report Fall 2009 3 2 3 On Chip Peripheral Requirements The on chip peripherals required for the secondary microcontroller are those associated with the IO functions as well a timer One channel of each RS232 and USB are needed for communication with the embedded processor and a SPI is needed to output t
65. the Atom and microcontroller At the beginning of the project Ben worked with Mike and Joe to create a project idea that would fit within the requirements set for a 477 project While a basic prototype had been used by camps in the past and was a model for our project changes to it needed to be made and specific design goals needed to be set After the project implementation was realized Ben searched for an embedded host that would fit the requirements After researching different Atom chipsets and vendors Ben chose the final product and had it ordered Then after the major components were selected and ordered Ben started researching and choosing specific components for non major parts like BJTs and diodes When all of the parts had been selected Ben worked with Joe to create the PCB layout With PADs installed on the tablet PC Ben created the different part types for each of the components and Joe used the desktop to put them all into the final design This teamwork and division of labor turned out to be extremely efficient Ben s attention then turned to creating the communication code so that the Atom board could communicate with the microcontroller Ben researched different libraries that enabled serial communication and settled on one that would enable the program to be easily ported to different platforms Ben then worked to create the low level code that was needed to actually send and receive bytes on the serial port Once this b
66. tructure for how to implement Single Player and Multiplayer Joseph Leong also shared responsibilities with Ben Parsons on designing a well thought out XML schema to hold our configurable game scenarios In addition given the different aspects of our game Joseph Leong had to research different java game engines to implement Open GL support Joseph Leong created and implemented the different filtering game parsing and multiplayer algorithm The creation of the single player game algorithm was shared with Ben Parsons Next Joseph Leong was responsible for packing the runnable java binary with the appropriate libraries display hooks java library paths and a launcher batch script These binaries were then made available for public consumption Following Joseph Leong setup and skinned the shell for EDLET to run on the ATOM board Responsibilities of the ATOM included setting up the OS from a USB flash drive creating custom graphics and changing the boot loading screen creating graphics and customizing the desktop environment implementing registry tweaks to auto login clear the desktop icons disable notifications and auto launch EDLET from startup This provided the feel of EDLET being the only program on the ATOM Joseph Leong performed all custom graphic creations and modifications for the project Custom graphic creations included the OS boot screen desktop game loading screening all the different game headers all the different gam
67. use it is difficult to do but because it will be potentially confusing to the end user Because of this incoming signals from either USB or USART will cause the other one to go offline for the duration of the 18F4455 s power cycle 8 4 Summary This project contains primarily an abstraction for micro controller functionality as well as communication of that abstraction over USB and RS232 This is done in order to provide a functional and modular digital logic education tool The goal of the tool is to allow for games to be played in a reactionary manner much in the same way as many current commercial games Pin protection is provided for 20 general purpose input output pins to increase the durability of the tool Additionally three 7 segment displays are provided for outputting various things including game score 9 0 PCB Layout Design Considerations 9 1 Introduction This project is a digital logic educational tool The essential operation of the tool is the ability to raise and lower pin voltages and accept digital inputs on those same pins while being robust enough to handle abuse from students Through this framework a reactionary game can be played for example an adaptation of Dance Dance Revolution or Guitar Hero In these games players react to moving objects on a monitor or television In each case their reaction is either 21 ECE 477 Final Report Fall 2009 correct or incorrect This tool allows students to do comparisons to determ

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