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1. exponential base e like s_box but the text is overlaid on a box of identical size If there is only one argument then the default box is invisible and filed white fill macro 0 black 1 white dotted m default 0 Draw a spline through V m V n Works only with dpic and n m gt 2 V m position V n position integer for loop with index variable m4x fuse symbol type AIB C D S HB HC or dA D green color value gap with filled dots A chopped arrow between dots initialize environment for general diagrams customizable internal general labeller two same direction elements in parallel internal to gshade absolute grid location UI DIL R degrees ground without stem for nonblank 2nd arg N normal F frame S signal L low noise P protective E European up down left right or angle from horizontal default 90 gyrator box specs space ratio pin lgth N V cct gshade gray value A B Z A B gen hoprad_ cct ht_ gen ifdpic if true if false gen ifgpic if true if false gen ifinstr string string if true if false gen ifmfpic if true if false gen ifmpost if true if false gen ifpgf if true if false gen ifpostscript if true if false gen ifpstricks if true if false gen Gyrator two port wrapper for nport N omits pin dots V gives a vertical orientation Note last two arguments Shade a polygon with named vertices attempting to avoid sharp corners h
2. Euclidean length of triple x y z draws an overline over logic pin text except for xfig lg pin location logical name pin label nlels w NIL M E pinno optlen gen j_fet linespec L R P E cct larrow label gt lt dist cct lbox wid ht type gen left_ gen length3D x y z 3D lg bartxt log log lg pintxt log lg plen log lin_leng line reference gen linethick_ number gen ljust_ gen llabel label label label cct loc_ x y gen log10E_ gen log_init log loge gen lp xy log lpop xcoord ycoord radius fill gen lswitch linespec LIR cct 1t_ gen manhattan gen memristor linespec wid ht cct microphone U D L R degrees size cct mm__ gen zero ht comprehensive logic pin n e s w direction N negated L active low out M active low in E edge trigger reduced size text for logic pins logic pin length in in L_units calculate the length of a line set line thickness in points ljust with respect to current direction triple label on left side of the element location adjusted for current direction constant log y e initialize environment for logic diagrams customizable logarithm base e coordinates used by 1g_pin for lollipop graphs filled circle with stem to xcoord zeroht knife switch left with respect to current direction sets direction cosines for left right up down memristor element microphone In1 to In3 defined absolute millimetres 40 mosfet linespec
3. position Here vrot_ x y angle like s_box but the text is rotated by text_ang default 90 degrees Here position right with respect to current direction constant degrees radian constant degrees radian location relative to current direction s with respect to current direction generate dimensioned text string using boxdims from boxdims sty Two or more args are passed to sprintf O depth of the most recent or named s_box height of the most recent or named s box initialize s_box string label to name which should be unique the value of the last s_init argument width of the most recent or named s_box 42 cct test if chars are in string deleting chars from string se_ gen se with respect to current direction setrgb red value green value blue value name gen define colour for lines and text optionally named default 1cspec setview azimuth degrees elevation degrees 3D set projection viewpoint sfg_init default line len node rad arrowhd len arrowhd wid ect initialization of signal flow graph macros sfgabove cct like above but with extra space sfgarc linespec text text justification cw ccw height scale factor cct directed arc drawn between nodes with text label and a height adjustment parameter sfgbelow cct like below but with extra space sfgline linespec text text justification cct directed straight line chopped by node radius with text label sfgnode at location text above b
4. Absolute positions for example below or 1just also can be specified Figure 12 illustrates the resulting eight possibilities i i b_current i i below_ i 0 i below_ 0 w w aw M gt 1 1 b_current i E below_ E i 0 E 0 2 i below_ 0 E Figure 12 Illustrating b_current In all cases the drawing direction is to the right For those who prefer a separate arrow to indicate the reference direction for current the macros larrow label gt lt dist and rarrow label gt lt dist are provided The label is placed out side the arrow as shown in Figure 13 The first argument is assumed to be in math mode unless it begins with sprintf or a double quote in which case the argument is copied literally The third argument specifies the separation from the element 12 1 1 _ AAA A fh A NV o AAN E E i i larrow i rarrow i larrow i lt rarrow i lt Figure 13 The larrow and rarrow macros draw reference direction arrows adjacent to the element 4 4 Labels Macros for labeling two terminal elements are included llabel argl arg2 arg3 clabel argl arg2 arg3 rlabel argl arg2 arg3 dlabel Jong lat argl arg2 arg3 gt The first macro places the three arguments which are treated as math mode strings on the left side of the element block with respect to the current direction up down left right The second places
5. For example adding the line define dimen_ dimen_ 1 2 after the cct_init line of quick m4 produces slightly larger element body sizes 8 2 Pic scaling There are at least three kinds of graphical elements to be considered 1 When generating final output after reading the PE line pic processors divide distances and sizes by the value of the environmental parameter scale which is 1 by default Therefore the effect of assigning a value to scale at the beginning of the diagram is to change the drawing unit initially 1 inch throughout the figure For example the file quick m4 can be modified to use millimetres as follows PS Pic input begins with PS scale 25 4 mm cct_init Set defaults elen 19 Variables are allowed The default sizes of pic objects are redefined by assigning new values to the environmental parameters arcrad arrowht arrowwid boxht boxrad boxwid circlerad dashwid ellipseht ellipsewid lineht linewid moveht movewid textht and textwid The ht and wid parameters refer to the default sizes of vertical and horizontal lines moves etc except for arrowht and arrowwid which are arrowhead dimensions The boxrad parameter can be used to put rounded corners on boxes Assigning a new value to scale also multiplies all of these parameters except arrowht arrowwid textht and textwid by the new value of scale gpic multiplies them all Therefore objects drawn to default sizes are unaffected b
6. GNU pic 3 is being invoked rather than the older Unix pic Pic processors contain basic macro facilities so some of the concepts applied here require only a pic processor By judicious use of macros features of both m4 and pic can be exploited 2 1 Quick start The contents of file quick m4 and resulting diagram are shown in Figure 2 to illustrate the language to show several ways for placing circuit elements and to provide sufficient information for producing basic labeled circuits To process the file make sure that the libraries libcct m4 and libgen m4 are installed and readable Verify that m4 is installed Now there are at least two possibilities described in the following subsections with slightly simpler usage to be given in Section 2 1 3 PS Pic input begins with PS cct_init Set defaults elen 0 75 Variables are allowed default units are inches Origin Here Position names are capitalized source up_ elen llabel v_s resistor right_ elen rlabel R dot Save current position and direction capacitor down_ to Here Origin Here Origin Here x Origin y rlabel v llabel C dot Restore position and direction line right_ elen 2 3 inductor down_ Here y Origin y rlabel L b_current i line to Origin PE Pic input ends Figure 2 The file quick m4 and resulting diagram 2 1 1 Processing with dpic and PSTricks or Tikz PGF If you are using dpic with PSTricks type the
7. L R chars E cct MOSFET left or right included components defined by characters envelope arg 3 chars u d B center bulk connection pin D D pin and lead E dashed substrate F solid line substrate u d G G pin to substrate at source u d H G pin to substrate at center L G pin to channel Pz parallel zener diode Q connect B pin to S pin R thick channel u d S S pin and lead u arrow up d arrow down d T G pin to center of channel d not circle X XMOSFET terminal Z simplified complementary MOS m4xpand arg gen Evaluate the argument as a macro m41string argl arg2 gen expand argl if it begins with sprintf or otherwise arg2 m4_arrow linespec ht wid gen arrow with adjustable head filled when possible m4xtract stringl string2 gen delete string from string1 return 1 if present n gen n with respect to current direction ne_ gen ne with respect to current direction neg gen unary negation norator linespec width ht cct norator two terminal element nport box spec other commands nw nn ne ns space ratio pin lgth style other commands cct nport macro default 2 port nterm box spec other commands nw nn ne ns pin lgth style other commands cct n terminal box macro default three pins nullator linespec width ht cct nullator two terminal element nw_ gen nw with respect to current direction opamp linespec label label size P R other commands cct operational amplifier with
8. Q_d 0 Opt__ dnl is written into file jobname dim and the numerical values depend on the current font These definitions are required by the boxdim macro described below The ATEX macro boxdimfile dimension file is used to specify an alternative to jobname dim as the dimension file to be written This simplifies cases where jobname is not known in advance or where an absolute path name is required Another simplification is available Instead of the sinclude dimension file line above the dimension file can be read by m4 before reprocessing the source for the second time m4 library files dimension file diagram source file Objects can be tailored to their attached text by invoking boxdims and boxdim explicitly The small source file in Figure 43 for example produces the box in the figure eboxdims m4 PS T q sinclude CMman dim The main input file is CMman tex f et dt Qh Q_d box fi11_ 0 9 wid boxdim Q w 5pt__ ht boxdim Q v 5pt__ A boxdims Q large displaystyle int_O T e tA dt PE L Qu Figure 43 Fitting a box to typeset text The figure is processed twice as described previously The line sinclude jobname dim reads the named file if it exists The macro boxdim name suffix default from libgen m4 expands the expression boxdim Q w to the value of Q_w if it is defined else to its third argument if defined else to 0 the latter two cases applying if jobname dim doesn t exist yet
9. R W ud B K chars macro with drawing direction right_ Setting the sec ond argument to R produces a mirror image with respect to the drawing direction The macro switch D is a wrapper for the comprehensive dswitch macro draws two diodes to the right but the second one points left Figure 10 shows some two terminal elements with arrows or lines overlaid to indicate variability using the macro variable element type angle length where type is one of A P L N with C or S optionally appended to indicate continuous or stepwise variation Alternatively this macro can be invoked similarly to the label macros in Section 4 4 by specifying an empty first argument thus the following line draws the resistor in Figure 10 resistor down_ dimen_ variable uN Figure 11 contains arrows for indicating radiation effects The arrow stems are named Al A2 and each pair is drawn in a block with the names Head and Tail defined to aid placement near another device The second argument specifies absolute angle in degrees default 135 degrees 11 N N TAAL Figure 10 Illustrating variable element A P L u N CIS angle length For example variable capacitor down_ dimen_ draws the leftmost capacitor shown above and variable resistor down_ dimen_ uN draws the resistor The default angle is 45 regardless of the direction of the element The array on the right shows the effect of the second ar
10. The values of boxdim Q h and boxdim Q d are similarly defined and for convenience boxdim Q v evaluates to the sum of these Macro pt__ is defined as scale 72 27 in libgen m4 to convert points to drawing coordinates 27 Sometimes a label needs a plain background in order to blank out previously drawn components overlapped by the label as shown on the left of Figure 44 The technique illustrated in Figure 43 Wood chips n Figure 44 Illustrating the f_box macro is automated by the macro f_box boxspecs label arguments For the special case of only one argument e g f_box Wood chips this macro simply overwrites the label on a white box of identical size Otherwise the first argument specifes the box characteristics except for size and the macro evaluates to box boxspecs s_box label arguments For example the result of the following command is shown on the right of Figure 44 f_box color lightgray thickness 2 rad 2pt__ huge n g 4 1 More tricks can be played The example Picture s_box includegraphicsf file eps with sw at location shows a nice way of including eps graphics in a diagram The included picture named Picture in the example has known position and dimensions which can be used to add vector graphics or text to the picture To aid in overlaying objects the macro boxcoord object name x fraction y fraction evaluates to a position with boxcoord object name 0 0 at the lower left corner of th
11. Z turn switch dtee L R darrow double arrow tee junction with tail to left right or default back along current direction dtor_ gen degrees to radians conversion constant dturn degrees ccw darrow turn dline argl degrees left ccw e_ gen e relative to current direction e_fet linespec L R P S ElS cct left or right N or P enhancement MOSFET normal or simplified without or with envelope or thick channel earphone U DILIRIdegrees size cct earphone In1 to In3 defined ebox linespec length ht fill value cct two terminal box element with adjustable dimensions and fill value 0 black to 1 white elchop E A gen chop for ellipses evaluates to chop r where r is the distance from the centre of ellipse E to the intersection of E with a line to location A e g line from A to E elchop E A eleminit_ linespec cct internal line initialization elen cct default element length em_arrows N I E D angle length 38 cct endshade gen expe gen f_box boxspecs text exprl gen fi11_ number gen fitcurve V n e g gen for_ start end increment actions gen fuse linespec type wid ht cct 8 gen gap linespec fill A cct gen init gen glabel_ cct gpar_ element element separation cct gpolyline_ fraction location gen grid_ x y log ground at location T NIFISILIPIE cct radiation arrows N nonionizing I ionizing E simple D dot end gray shading see beginshade
12. a block containing the predefined internal locations shown These locations can be referenced in later commands for example as last 0ut The first argument defines the direction and length of the opamp but the position is determined either by the enclosing block of the opamp or by a construction such as opamp with In1 at Here which places the internal position In1 at the specified location There are optional second and third argu ments for which the defaults are scriptsize and scriptsize respectively and the fourth argument changes the size of the opamp The fifth argument adds a power connection exchanges the second and third entries or both Customizations can be added using the last argument which is executed within the block after all other elements are drawn Ini El vi Dut V2 In2 E2 opamp Point_ 15 opamp PR Point_ 90 opamp Figure 18 Operational amplifiers The P option adds power connections The second and third arguments can be used to place and rotate arbitrary text at In1 and In2 Typeset text associated with circuit elements is not rotated by default as illustrated by the second and third opamps in Figure 18 The opamp labels can be rotated if necessary by using postprocessor commands for example PSTricks rput as second and third arguments The code in Figure 19 places an opamp with three connections line right 0 2 then up 0 1 A opamp up_ 0 4 R with Inl at Here line right 0 2
13. arc with centre at 1 1 radius 2 from 3 1 to 1 1 and arca from 1 1 to 2 2 1 gt draws an acute angled arc with arrowhead on the chord defined by the first argument The linear objects can be given arrowheads at the start end or both ends for example line dashed lt right 0 5 arc lt gt height 0 06 width 0 03 ccw from Here to Here 0 5 0 with center at Here 0 25 0 spline gt right 0 5 then down 0 2 left 0 3 then right 0 4 The arrowheads on the arc above have had their shape adjusted using the height and width parameters Finally lines can be specified as dotted dashed or invisible as in the above example 3 3 The planar objects box circle ellipse and text The planar objects are drawn by specifying the width height and center position thus A box ht 0 6 wid 0 8 at 1 1 after which in this example the position A center is defined and can be referenced simply as A In addition the compass corners A n A s A e A w A ne A se A sw A nw are automatically defined as are the dimensions A height and A width For example two touching circles can be drawn as shown circle radius 0 2 circle diameter last circle width 1 2 with sw at last circle ne The planar objects can be filled with gray or colour thus box dashed fill produces a dashed box filled with a medium gray by default The gray density can be controlled using the fi11_ number macro where 0 lt number lt 1 with 0 cor
14. cde he ste Cor hah Riad sie ies ue adn ds Bs iG chy he Sites Pag Page oh es ath a et 24 Qe Writing IMACTOS ias AA see ee co a Cones Ada 25 10 Interaction with BTFEX cu0 omesis ces Sea alee vie a dae Bae Vater en 26 11 PS Tricks andsother tricks Vimecmncian ii a Se R 28 12 Web documents pdf and alternative output formats cece eee eee 29 13 Developer s notes ii ad 30 TABS A A A a ai ca 30 TS LASCIOLMIACTOS id A E ESA EA Ad ETE 33 1 Introduction Before every conference I find Ph D s in on weekends running back and forth from their offices to the printer It appears that people who are unable to execute pretty pictures with pen and paper find it gratifying to try with a computer 9 This document describes a set of macros written in the m4 macro language 7 for producing electric circuits and other diagrams in ATX documents The macros evaluate to drawing commands in pic a line drawing language 8 that is readily available and simple to learn The result is a system with the advantages and disadvantages of TX itself since it is macro based and non wysiwyg and since it uses ordinary character input The book from which the above quotation is taken correctly points out that the payoff can be in quality of diagrams at the price of the time spent in learning how to draw them A collection of basic components and conventions for their internal structure are described It is often convenient to customize elements or to
15. gen unit vector pair CCW perpendicular to linear object vrot_ x y xcosine ycosine gen rotation operator vscal_ number x y gen vector scale operator we gen w with respect to current direction wid_ gen width with respect to current direction winding L R diam pitch turns core wid core color ect core winding drawn in the current direction R right handed xtal linespec cect quartz crystal xtract string substring gen returns substring if present References 1 J Bentley More Programming Pearls Addison Wesley Reading Massachusetts 1988 2 A R Clark Using circuit macros 1999 Courtesy of Alan Robert Clark at http ytdp ee wits ac za cct html 44 The Free Software Foundation Gpic man page 1992 D Girou Pr sentation de PSTricks Cahiers GUTenberg 16 1994 http www gutenberg eu org pub GUTenberg publicationsPDF 16 girou pdf M Goossens S Rahtz and F Mittelbach The MT X Graphics Companion Addison Wesley Reading Massachusetts 1997 J D Hobby A user s manual for MetaPost 1990 B W Kernighan and D M Richie The M4 macro processor Technical report Bell Labora tories 1977 B W Kernighan and D M Richie PIC A graphics language for typesetting user manual Technical Report 116 AT amp T Bell Laboratories 1991 Thomas K Landauer The Trouble with Computers MIT Press Cambridge 1995 E S Raymond Making pictures with GNU PIC 1995 In GNU groff source distributio
16. generated automatically at the m4 processing stage The libgen library defines the macro for_ start end increment actions for this and other purposes Nested loops are allowed and the innermost loop index variable is m4x The first three arguments must be integers and the end value must be reached exactly for example 19 Oblique m4 PS cct_init Ct dot Point_ 60 capacitor C dlabel 0 12 0 12 C_3 Cr dot left_ capacitor C dlabel 0 12 0 12 C_2 Cl dot down_ capacitor from Ct to C1 C dlabel 0 12 0 12 C_1 T dot at Ct 0 elen_ inductor from T to Ct dlabel 0 12 0 1 L_1 Point_ 30 inductor from Cr to Cr vec_ elen_ 0 dlabel 0 0 07 L_3 R dot L dot at Cl R x Cr x Cr y R y inductor from L to Cl dlabel 0 0 12 L_2 right_ resistor from L to R rlabel R_2 R resistor from T to R dlabel 0 0 15 R_3 b_current y ljust line from L to 0 2 lt L T gt source to 0 5 between L and T dlabel sourcerad_ 0 07 0 1 dlabel 0 sourcerad_ 0 07 u resistor to 0 8 between L and T dlabel 0 0 15 R_1 line to T PE Figure 33 Illustrating elements drawn at oblique angles for_ 1 3 2 print In m4x prints locations In1 and In3 but for_ 1 4 2 print In m4x does not terminate since the index takes on values 1 3 5 Repetetive actions can also be performed with the the libgen macro Loopover_ variable actions valuel value2
17. labels do unexpected things if care is not taken to preset the current direction using macros right_ left_ up_ down_ or rpoint_ Thus for two terminal macros it is good practice to write e g resistor up_ from A to B rlabel R_1 rather than resistor from A to B rlabel R_1 which produce different results if the last defined drawing direction is not up It might be possible to change the label macros to avoid this problem without sacrificing ease of use 32 10 11 12 13 15 Position of elements that are not 2 terminal The linespec argument of elements defined in blocks must be understood as defining a direction and length but not the position of the resulting block In the pic language objects inside these brackets are placed by default as if the block were a box Place the element by its compass corners or defined interior points as described in the first paragraph of Section 5 on page 13 for example igbt up_ elen_ with E at 1 0 Pic error messages Some errors are detected only after scanning beyond the end of the line containing the error The semicolon is a logical line end so putting a semicolon at the end of lines may assist in locating bugs Scaling Pic and these macros provide several ways to scale diagrams and elements within them but subtle unanticipated effects may appear The line PS x provides a convenient way to force the finished diagram to width x However if gpic is the pic pr
18. not circle 34 NOT_gate linespec N log not gate 1 input or as a 2 terminal element N negated input NOT_rad log not radius in absolute units NXOR_gate n N log nxor gate 2 or n inputs N negated input N_diam log diameter of not circles in L_units N_rad log radius of not circles in L_units OR_gate n N log or gate 2 or n inputs N negated input OR_gen n chars wid ht log general OR gate n number of inputs 0 lt n lt 16 chars B base and straight sides A Arcs N NE N SE N I N N N S inputs or circles N P XOR arc N O output C center OR_rad log radius of OR input face in L_units Point_ integer gen sets direction cosines in degrees Rect_ radius angle gen deg polar to rectangular conversion Sin integer gen sine function integer degrees View3D 3D The view vector triple defined by setview azim elev The project macro projects onto the plane perpendicular to this vector Vperp position name position name gen unit vector pair CCW perpendicular to line joining two named positions XOR_gate n N log xor gate 2 or n inputs N negated input XOR_off log XOR and NXOR offset of input face above_ gen string position above relative to current direction abs_ number gen absolute value function adc width height nIn nN nOut nS cct ADC with defined width height and number of inputs Ini top terminals Ni ouputs Outi and bottom terminals Si a
19. then to S In2 line left 4 L_unit from S In1 S sp_ rjust line right 4 L_unit from R Ini sp_ R ljust PE Figure 36 SR flip flop 21 Figure 37 shows a multiplexer block with variations and the macro FlipFlop D T RS JK label boxspec which is a wrapper for the more specific F1ipFlop6 label spec boxspec and FlipFlopJK label spec boxspec macros Pins on the latter two can be omitted or negated according to their second argument The second argument of FlipFlop6 for example contains NQ Q CK S PR CLR to include these pins Preceding any of these with n negates the pin The substring 1b is included to write labels on the pins Any other substring applies to the top left pin with equating to a blank Thus the second argument can be used to customize the flip flop FlipFlop D Q1 FlipFlop RS FlipFlop T Q2 ht hi wid wi fi11 0 9 gt CK TCKQlb FlipFlopJK JCKKQNCLR1b Ino 0 Sel 3 Sel In1 1 2 In2 2 1 In3 3 0 Mux 4 Mx1 Mux 4 L Mux 4 T Mux 4 LT Figure 37 The FlipFlop and Mux macros with variations Customized gates can be defined simply For example the following code defines the custom flip flops in Figure 38 define customFF Chip box wid 10 L_unit ht FF_ht L_unit ifelse 1 1 lg_pin Chip se svec_ 0 int FF_ht 4 lg_bartxt Q PinNQ e lg_pin Chip ne svec_ 0 int FF_ht 4 Q PinQ e lg_pin Chip w CK PinCK wEN lg_pin Chip n PR PinPR nN lg_pi
20. which evaluates actions for each instance of variable set to valuel value2 7 Logic gates Figure 34 shows the basic logic gates included in library liblog m4 Gate macros have an optional argument an integer N from 0 to 16 defining locations In1 InN as illustrated for the NOR gate in the figure By default N 2 except for macros NOT_gate and BUFFER_gate which have one input In1 unless they are given a first argument which is treated as the line specification of a two terminal element amp D AND_gate gt NAND_gate O NAND_gate B Ini Out gt OR_gate Tn Dew HR gate 3 In3 N_0ut ul gt BUFFER_gate Do NOT_gate O BOX_gate PN N 1 D XOR_gate o NXOR_gate Figure 34 Basic logic gates The input and output locations of a three input NOR gate are shown Inputs are negated by including an N in the second argument letter sequence A B in the second argument produces a box shape as shown in the rightmost column where the second example has AND functionality and the bottom two are examples of exclusive OR functions NOR_gate 3 NB OOO IV m BOX_gate PP N ey 20 Negated inputs or outputs are marked by circles drawn by the NOT_circle macro The name marks the point at the outer edge of the circle and the circle itself has the same name prefixed by N_ For example the output circle of a nand gate is named N_0ut and the outermost point of the circle is named Out The macro IOdefs creates a seque
21. 0 is derived from the diode and bipolar transistor macros 18 Some other non two terminal macros are dot which has an optional argument at location the line thickness macros the fi11_ macro and crossover which is a useful if archaic method to show non touching conductor crossovers as in Figure 32 This figure also illustrates now elements and labels can be colored using the macro rgbdraw r g b drawing commands where the r g b values are in the range 0 to 1 to specify the rgb color This macro is a wrapper for the following which may be more convenient if many elements are to be given the same color setrgb r g b drawing commands resetrgb A macro is also provided for colored fills rgbfill r g b drawing commands These macros depend heavily on the postprocessor and are intended only for PSTricks Tikz PGF MetaPost and the Postscript output of dpic Vee Figure 32 Bipolar transistor circuit illustrating crossover and colored elements 6 Directions rotations and macro level looping Aside from its block structure capabilities looping and macros pic has a very useful concept of the current point and current direction the latter unfortunately limited to up down left right Objects can be drawn at absolute locations or placed relative to previously drawn objects These macros need to know the current direction so whenever up down left right are used they should be written respectively as the mac
22. D B 43 cct SPST switch left or right blank or closing or opening arrow or button D dots taxy x y cct macro internal coordinates adjusted for L R thicklines_ number gen set line thickness in points thinlines_ number gen set line thickness in points thyristor linespec chars cect thyristor chars D Diode A Open diode UA open diode with centre line B Bidirectional diode C Type IEC G Full size gate terminal R Right orientation E envelope tline linespec wid ht cct transmission line manhattan direction tr_xy x y ect relative macro internal coordinates adjusted for L R tr_xy_init origin unit size sign ect initialize tr_xy transformer linespec L R np A W L ns cct 2 winding transformer left or right np primary arcs air core or wide or looped windings ns secondary arcs ttmotor linespec string diameter brushwid brushht ect motor with label twopi_ gen 217 ujt linespec R P E cct unijunction transistor right P channel envelope unit3D x y z 3D unit triple in the direction of triple x y z up gen set current direction up up gen up with respect to current direction variable element A P L u N CIS angle length cct overlaid arrow or line to indicate variable 2 terminal element A arrow P preset L linear N nonlinear C continuous S setpwise vec_ x y gen position rotated with respect to current direction vlength x y gen vector length y 124 y vperp linear object
23. M4 Macros for Electric Circuit Diagrams in BIFX Documents Dwight Aplevich Version 6 7 Contents Tr Introduction sess suaeon ilar ad a a dd 2 2 Using the Macross siii ea ee SN ee ae SN PON ee ae E 2 2 1 Quick start naa la aaa ROR ea a a ee eee a et a OS 2 2 1 1 Processing with dpic and PSTricks or Tikz PGF 3 212 Processing With gpi 2 aoe Ge oe we a tw ee ee eae ed A de Se 3 21 35 sSimplncations aa at a GA Ae al a oe HAT BES GAD A 4 3 Pic essentials it ii A ts Rc sista A Bl oD a 5 ool Manuals 2 iia A a a da Gg See ad aia keda 5 3 2 The linear objects line arrow spline arc 5 3 3 The planar objects box circle ellipse and text 6 34 Compound objects Vii m e a a a A nae dd lt A e AO I N 7 3 5 Other language facilities o e e ee 7 4 Two terminal circuit elements cece cece cee ee ee ee eee ee ee ee ee nono 8 4 1 Circuit and element basics ee 8 4 2 The two terminal elements o 9 4 3 Branch curtent arrows a de e A E A aa a EA 12 AVAL A A OR Ok Ete pe er eres Ay fan 13 5 Other circuit elements ois ich eke ee id a ai 13 6 Directions rotations and macro level looping 0 ce cece eee cece eee 19 1 FGORICH A A A O O 20 8 Element and diagram scaling ooooococoocococococrrarananaoaononooomoo oo 23 8 1 CireurtsGaling a a do Se A PO ht hee a yay ate eee Ba ee 24 O e e IG sites cat obs
24. The only subtlety required in writing m4 macros is deciding when to quote arguments In the context of circuits it seemed best to assume that macro arguments would not be protected by quotes at the level of macro invocation but should be quoted inside each macro There may be cases where this rule is not optimal or where the quotes could be omitted Dollar signs The i th argument of an m4 macro is i where 7 is an integer so the following construction can cause an error when it is part of a macro 0 rjust below since 0 expands to the name of the macro itself To avoid this problem put the string in quotes or write 0 Name conflicts Using the name of a macro as part of a comment or string is a simple and common error Thus arrow right dot x above produces an error message because dot is a macro name Macro expansion can be avoided by adding quotes as follows arrow right dot x above Library macros intended only for internal use have names that begin with m4 to avoid name clashes but in addition a good rule is to quote all IXT X in the diagram input If extensive use of strings that conflict with macro names is required then one possibility is to replace the strings by macros to be expanded by TFX for example the diagram PS box stringA PE with the LaTeX macro newcommand stringA Circuit containing planar inductor and capacitor Current direction Some macros particularly those for
25. acros are defined to simplify the repeated drawing of a series resistor and series inductor and the macro tsection defines a subcircuit that is replicated several times to generate Figure 41 Tline m4 PS cct_init hgt elen_ 1 5 ewd dimen_ 0 9 define sresistor resistor right_ ewd llabel r define sinductor inductor right_ ewd W llabel L define tsection sinductor dot line down_ hgt 0 25 dot gpar_ resistor down_ hgt 0 5 rlabel R capacitor down_ hgt 0 5 rlabel C dot line down_ hgt 0 25 dot sresistor SW Here gap up_ hgt sresistor for i 1 to 4 do tsection line dotted right_ dimen_ 2 tsection gap down_ hgt 25 line to SW PE Figure 41 A lumped model of a transmission line illustrating the use of custom macros 10 Interaction with BTE X The sizes of typeset labels and other T X boxes are generally unknown prior to processing the diagram by TEX Although they are not needed for many circuit diagrams these sizes may be required explicitly for calculations or implicitly for determining the diagram bounding box For example the text sizes in the following example affect the total size of the diagram PS B box Left text at B w rjust Right text x 2 at B e ljust PE The pic interpreter cannot know the dimensions of the text to the left and right of the box and the diagram is generated using default text dimensions One
26. adius rad1 and rad2 clabel label label label cct centre triple label consource linespec Vl I vli R cct voltage or current controlled source with alternate forms R reversed polarity contact 0 C R cct single pole contact default double pole or normally open or closed R oriented right default left contline line gen evaluates to continue if processor is dpic otherwise to first arg default line cosd arg gen cosine of an expression in degrees cross at location gen plots a small cross cross3D x1 y1 z1 x2 y2 z2 3D cross product of two triples crossover linespec L R Linel 36 ect line jumping left or right over named lines crosswd_ gen cross dimension csdim_ cct controlled source width dac width height nIn nN n0ut nS cct DAC with defined width height and number of inputs Ini top terminals Ni ouputs Outi and bottom terminals Si d_fet linespec L R P S ElS cct left or right N or P depletion MOSFET normal or simplified without or with envelope or thick channel dabove at location darrow above displaced dlinewid 2 darrow linespec t t width arrowhd wd arrowhd ht lt or lt or darrow double arrow truncated at beginning or end specified sizes reversed arrowhead or closed stem darrow_init darrow initialize darrow drawing parameters dashline linespec thickness color lt gt dash len gap len G gen dashed line with dash at end G ends with gap dbelow at location darrow below displa
27. agram source Macro libraries PDFlatex tikz Figure 45 Output formats produced by gpic t and dpic PDF latex produces pdf without first creating a postscript file but does not handle tpic specials so dpic must be installed Most PDFLatex distributions are not directly compatible with PSTricks but the Tikz PGF output of dpic is compatible with both ATRX and PDFLatex Several alternative dpic output formats such as mfpic and MetaPost also work well To test MetaPost create a file filename mp containing appropriate header lines for example verbatimtex documentclass 11pt article usepackage times boxdims graphicx boxdimfile tmp dim begin document etex Then append one or more diagrams by using the equivalent of m4 lt path gt mpost m4 library files diagram m4 dpic s gt gt filename mp The command mpost tex latex filename mp end processes this file formatting the di agram text by creating a temporary tex file 4TpXing it and recovering the dvi output to create filename 1 and other files If the boxdims macros are being invoked this process must be repeated to handle formatted text correctly as described in Section 10 In this case either put sinclude tmp dim in the diagram m4 source or read the dim file at the second invocation of m4 as follows m4 lt path gt mpost m4 library files tmp dim diagram m4 dpic s gt gt filename mp 29 On some operating systems the absolute path name for tmp d
28. an be given a symbolic name beginning with an upper case letter e g Top 0 5 4 5 Such a definition does not affect the calculated figure boundaries The current position Here is always defined and is equal to 0 0 at the beginning of a diagram or block The coordinates of a position are accessible e g Top x and Top y can be used in expressions The center start and end of linear objects are valid positions as shown in the following example which also illustrates how to refer to a previously drawn element if it has not been given a name line from last line start to 2nd last arrow end then to 3rd line center Objects can be named using a name commencing with an upper case letter for example Bus23 line up right after which positions associated with the object can be referenced using the name for example arc cw from Bus23 start to Bus23 end with center at Bus23 center An arc is drawn by specifying its rotation starting point end point and center but sensible defaults are assumed if any of these are omitted Note that arc cw from Bus23 start to Bus23 end does not define the arc uniquely there are two arcs that satisfy this specification This distribution includes the m4 macros arcr position radius start radians end radians arcd position radius start degrees end degrees arca chord linespec ccwlcw radius modifiers to draw uniquely defined arcs For example arcd 1 1 2 0 90 gt dashed cw draws a clockwise
29. ce Hints for drawing general two terminal elements are given in libcct m4 However if an element or composite is to be drawn in only one orientation then most of the elaborations used for general two terminal elements in Section 4 can be dropped It may not be necessary to define your own macro if all that is needed is a small addition to an existing element that is defined in an enclosing block The element arguments are expanded in the normal way and then one argument beyond the normal list is also expanded before exiting the block This process is mentioned with respect to opamps on page 14 and nports on page 15 A macro is defined using quoted name and replacement text as follows define name replacement text After this line is read by the m4 processor then whenever name is encountered as a separate string it is replaced by its replacement text which may have multiple lines The quotation charac ters are used to defer macro expansion Macro arguments are referenced inside a macro by number thus 1 refers to the first argument Custom two terminal elements can often be defined by writing a wrapper for an existing element For example an enclosed thermal switch can be defined as shown in Figure 40 define thermalsw dswitch 1 2 WDdBT circle rad distance M4T last line c at last line c Figure 40 A custom thermal switch defined from the dswitch macro In the following example two m
30. ced dlinewid 2 dcosine3D i x y z 3D extract i th entry of triple x y z def_bisect gen defines the pic procedure bisect func xmin xmax eps result that finds a root of func arg value to precision eps in the interval xmin xmax by the method of bisection delay linespec size cct delay element delay_rad_ ect delay radius deleminit_ darrow sets drawing direction for dlines dend at location darrow close or start double line diff3D x1 y1 z1 x2 y2 z2 3D difference of two triples diff_ a b gen difference function dimen_ cct size parameter for circuit elements dimension linespec offset label D H W blank width tic offset arrowhead gt gen macro for dimensioning diagrams arrowhead gt lt diode linespec B CR D K L LE R P R ISITIVIv1Z R E cct diode B bi directional CR current regulator D diac K open form L open form with centre line LED R LED right P R photodiode right s Schottky T tunnel V varicap v varicap curved plate Z zener arg 4 R reversed polarity E enclosure dir_ darrow used for temporary storage of direction by darrow macros distance Position 1 Position2 gen distance between named positions direction_ U D L R degrees default gen sets current direction up down left right or angle in degrees distance position position gen distance between positions dlabel long lat label label label ect general triple label dleft darrow double line left turn 37 dli
31. cro argument because m4 ignores white space immediately preceding arguments e The two terminal element macros expand to sequences of drawing commands that begin with line invis linespec where linespec is the first argument of the macro if it is non blank otherwise by default the line is drawn a distance elen in the current direction which is to the right by default The invisible line is first drawn then the element is drawn on top of it The element rather the initially drawn invisible line can be given a name R1 in the example so that positions R1 start R1 centre and R1 end are defined as shown e The element body is enclosed by a block which later can be used to place labels around the element The block corresponds to an invisible rectangle with horizontal top and bottom lines regardless of the direction in which the element is drawn In the diagram a dotted box has been drawn to show the block boundaries e The last sub element identical to the first in two terminal elements is an invisible line that can be referenced later to place labels or other elements This might be over kill If you create your own macros you might choose simplicity over generality and only include visible lines To produce Figure 3 the following embellishments were included after the previously shown source thinlines_ box dotted wid last wid ht last ht at last move to 0 85 lt last sw last se gt spline lt down arrowht 2 r
32. d and or gates in L units BOX_gate inputs output swid sht label log output P N inputs P N sizes swid and sht in L_units BUFFER_gate linespec N log basic buffer 1 input or as a 2 terminal element N negated input BUFFER_gen chars wd ht N P N P N P log general buffer chars T triangle N 0 output location Out NO draws circle N_0ut NJI N N N s N NE N SE input locations C centre location Args 4 6 allow alternative definitions of respective In NE and SE argument sequences BUF_ht log basic buffer gate height in L_units BUF_wd log basic buffer gate width in L_units Cos integer gen cosine function integer degrees 33 Cosine amplitude freq time phase gen Darlington linespec L R P cct E gen Equidist3 Pos1 Pos2 Pos3 Result gen FF_ht cct FF wid cct Fector x1 y1 z1 x2 y2 z2 3D FlipFlop DITIRS JK label boxspec log FlipFlop6 label spec boxspec log FlipFlopJK abel spec boxspec log G_hht log HOMELIB_ all H_ht log Int_ gen IOdefs linespec label P N L R log Intersect_ Namel Name2 gen LH_symbol U D L R degrees log function a x cos wt left or right N or P type bipolar Darlington pair internal locations E B C the constant e Calculates location named Result equidistant from the first three positions i e the centre of the circle passing through the three positions flipflop height parameter in L_un
33. e object and boxcoord object name 1 1 at its upper right 11 PSTricks and other tricks This section applies only to a pic processor dpic that is capable of producing output compatible with PSTricks Tikz PGF or in principle other graphics postprocessors By using command lines or simply by inserting TX graphics directives along with strings to be formatted one can mix arbitrary PSTricks or other commands with m4 input to create complicated effects Some commonly required effects are particularly simple For example the rotation of text by PSTricks postprocessing is illustrated by the file Axes m4 PS arrow right 0 7 x axis below arrow up 0 7 from ist arrow start rput B 90 0 0 y axis rjust PE which contains both horizontal text and text rotated 90 along the vertical line This rota tion of text is also implemented by the macro rs_box which is similar to s_box but rotates its text argument by 90 a default angle that can be changed by preceding invocation with define text_ang degrees The rs_box macro requires either PSTricks or Tikz PGF Another common requirement is the filling of arbitrary shapes as illustrated by the following lines within a m4 file command pscustom fillstyle solid fillcolor lightgray drawing commands for an arbitrary closed curve command Y For colour printing or viewing arbitrary colours can be chosen as described in the PSTricks manual PSTr
34. el r_ g b color definitions resistor n cycles default 3 chars E ebox Q offset H squared R right oriented reverse polarity of 2 terminal element rgbdraw color triple drawing commands gen rgbfill color triple closed path right_ rjust_ rlabel label label label rot3Dx radians x y z rot3Dy radians x y z rot3Dz radians x y z rotbox wid ht type rotellipse wid ht type rpoint_ linespec rpos_ position rrot_ x y angle rs_box text expr1 rsvec_ position rt_ rtod_ rtod__ rvec_ x y s_ s_box text exprl s_dp name default s_ht name default s_init name s_name s_wd name default sc_draw dna string chars iftrue iffalse gen gen gen cct 3D 3D 3D gen gen gen gen gen gen gen gen gen gen gen gen gen gen gen gen gen gen color drawing for PSTricks pgf MetaPost postprocessors fill with arbitrary color set current direction right right justify with respect to current direction triple label on right side of the element rotates x y z about x axis rotates x y z about y axis rotates x y z about z axis box oriented in current direction in block type e g dotted shaded green Defined internal locations N NE E SE S SW W NW ellipse oriented in current direction in block e g Point_ 45 rotellipse dotted fill_ 0 9 Defined internal locations N S E W set direction cosines Here
35. elow sl circle options cct small circle default white interior with text label The default label position is inside if the diameter is bigger than textht and textwid otherwise it is sfgabove Options such as fill or line thickness can be given sfgself at location UIDIL R degrees text text justification cwlccw scale factor cct self loop drawn at angle angle from a node with text label and a size adjustment parameter shade gray value closed line specs gen fill arbitrary closed curve shadebox box specification gen box with edge shading sign number gen sign function sinc number gen the sinc x function sind arg gen sine of an expression in degrees sinusoid amplitude frequency phase tmin tmax gen draws a sinusoid over the interval tmin max source linespec V v I i ACIFIGIQIL PIS T X U string diameter R cet source blank or voltage 2 types current 2 types AC or type F G Q L X or labelled P pulse U square R ramp S sinusoid T triangle R reversed polarity sourcerad_ cect default source radius sp gen evaluates to medium space for gpic strings speaker U D LIRI degrees size H cct speaker In1 to In7 defined H horn sprod3D a x y z 3D scalar product of triple x y z by a sum3D x1 y1 z1 x2 y2 z2 3D sum of two triples sum_ a b gen binary sum svec_ x y log scaled and rotated grid coordinate vector SW gen sw with respect to current direction switch linespec L R C10
36. entiometer linespec cycles fractional pos length shown in Figure 15 first draws a resistor along the specified line then adds arrows for taps at fractional positions along the body with default or specified length A negative length draws the arrow from the right of the current drawing direction Start Start Start Ti T1 a i End End End down_ dimen_ 0 5 0 2 potentiometer down dimen_ down_ dimen_ 0 25 0 2 0 75 0 2 Figure 15 Default and multiple tap potentiometer 13 The ground symbol is shown in Figure 16 The first argument specifies position for example the two lines shown have identical effect move to 1 5 2 ground ground at 1 5 2 The second argument truncates the stem and the third defines the symbol type The fourth argument specifies the angle at which the symbol is drawn with down the default i Es A A O ground ground T F E 5 90 L GP Figure 16 The ground at position T NIFISILIPIE UJD L Rlangle macro The arguments of the macro antenna at position T AIL TISID P F UJD L Rlangle shown in Figure 17 are similar to those of ground antenna GT L T L G T 6 5 D P F v aa y s i T i T T1 T2 T1 T2 T TL T2 T1 T2 T Figure 17 Antenna symbols with macro arguments shown above and predefined terminal names below Figure 18 illustrates the macro opamp linespec label label size R P other com mands The element is enclosed in
37. f a TEX macro as shown newcommand diaA PS drawing commands PE box graph box graph not required for dpic newcommand diaB PS drawing commands PE box graph box graph not required for dpic Process the file using m4 and dpic or gpic to produce a tex file insert this into the BTEX source using input and invoke the macros at the appropriate places e It may be desirable to invoke m4 and dpic automatically from the document file as shown documentclass article usepackage tikz newcommand mtopgf 1 immediate write18 m4 lt path gt pgf m4 1 m4 dpic g gt 1 tex begin document mtopgf PicA input PicA tex par mtopgf PicB input PicB tex end document The path to pgf m4 must be defined in this file sources PicA m4 and PicB m4 must con tain any required include statements and the document file should be processed using the command pdflatex shell escape lt filename gt This method processes each picture source every time TEX is run so for large documents containing many graphics the mtopgf line could be commented out after debugging the corresponding graphic 3 Pic essentials Pic source is a sequence of lines in a file The first line of a diagram begins with PS with optional following arguments and the last line is normally PE Lines outside of these pass through the pic processor unchanged The visible objects can be divided conveniently into two classes the linear object
38. following commands or put them into a script m4 lt path gt pstricks m4 lt path gt libcct m4 quick m4 gt quick pic dpic p quick pic gt quick tex where lt path gt is the path to the libcct m4 file Put usepackage pstricks in the main ATEX source file header and the following in the body begin figure hbt centering input quick caption Customized caption for the figure labe1l Symbolic_label end figure This distribution is compatible with the Tikz PGF drawing commands which have nearly the power of the PSTricks package with the ability to produce pdf output by running the pdflatex command instead of latex on the input file The commands are modified to read pgf m4 and invoke the dpic g option as follows m4 lt path gt pgf m4 lt path gt libcct m4 quick m4 gt quick pic dpic g quick pic gt quick tex The TEX header should contain usepackage tikz but the inclusion statemensts are the same as for PSTricks input In all cases the essential line is input quick which inserts the previously created file quick tex Then TFX the document convert to postscript typically using dvips and print the result or view it using Ghostview The alternative for Tikz PGF output of dpic g is to invoke PDFlatex 2 1 2 Processing with gpic If your printer driver understands tpic specials and you are using gpic on some systems the gpic command is pic the commands are m4 lt path gt libcct m4 quick m4 gt quick pic gp
39. from A Out line down 0 1 from A In2 then right 0 2 Figure 19 A code fragment invoking the opamp Clinespec size R P macro 14 Figure 20 shows variants of the transformer macro which has predefined internal locations P1 P2 S1 S2 TP and TS The first argument specifies the direction and distance from P1 to P2 with position determined by the enclosing block as for opamps The second argument places the secondary side of the transformer to the left or right of the drawing direction The optional third and fifth arguments specifies the number of primary and secondary arcs respectively If the fourth argument string contains an A the iron core is omitted and if it contains a W wide windings are drawn Play S1 P1 Pix S1 P1 Pix gi X 1 LE r E TS TP 3 lt TS TS TP par 82 P27 P27 s2 S27 P2 transformer 8 W 4 down_ 0 6 2 8 Gs Uy 9 AL R 8 AW Figure 20 The transformer linespec L R np A WIL ns macro drawing direction down showing predefined terminal and centre tap points Figure 21 shows some audio devices defined in blocks with predefined internal locations as shown The first argument specifies the device orientation Thus S speaker U with In2 at Here places an upward facing speaker with input In2 at the current location In4 In5Box Ini Box Circle Circle Face In2 Mi In1 Inl In1 In3 In2 a In2 In6 In In3 Ins speaker H bell or ss buzzer buzzer C B
40. gument TIPY OR iS AS mes A aN A A Se A i em_arrows ND 45 I CID E ED i em_arrows N Figure 11 Radiation arrows em_arrows type angle length 4 3 Branch current arrows Arrowheads and labels can be added to conductors using basic pic statements For example the following line adds a labeled arrowhead at a distance alpha along a horizontal line that has just been drawn Many variations of this are possible arrow right arrowht from last line start alpha 0 i_1 above Macros have been defined to simplify the labelling of two terminal elements The macro b_current label above_ below_ In O ut Start E nd frac draws an arrow from the start of the last drawn two terminal element frac of the way toward the body If the fourth argument is End the arrow is drawn from the end toward the body If the third element is Out the arrow is drawn outward from the body The first argument is the desired label of which the default position is the macro above_ which evaluates to above if the current direction is right or to ljust below rjust if the current direction is respectively down left up The label is assumed to be in math mode unless it begins with sprintf or a double quote in which case it is copied literally A non blank second argument specifies the relative position of the label with respect to the arrow for example below_ which places the label below with respect to the current direction
41. gure 3 which also serves as an example of pic commands The first part of the source file for this figure is as follows PS cct_init linewid 2 0 linethick_ 2 0 Ri resistor a ds last R1 start R1 centre R1 end Figure 3 Resistor named R1 showing the size parameters enclosing block and predefined positions The lines of Figure 3 and the remaining source lines of the file are explained below e The first line invokes an almost empty macro cct_init that initializes local variables needed by some circuit element macros This macro can be customized to set line thicknesses maxi mum page sizes scale parameters or other global quantities as desired e The body dimensions of two terminal elements are multiples of the macro dimen_ which evaluates by default to linewid the pic environmental parameter with default value 0 5 in The default length of an element is elen_ which is dimen_ 3 2 Setting linewid to 2 0 as in the example means that the default element length becomes 3 0in For resistors the length of the body is dimen_ 2 and the width is dimen_ 6 All of these values can be customized Element scaling is discussed further in Section 8 e The macro linethick_ sets the thickness of subsequent lines to 2 0 pt in the example In the m4 language macro arguments are written within parentheses following the macro name with no space between the name and the opening parenthesis Lines can be broken before a ma
42. h 7 vertices per side The macro up evaluates to up but also resets the current directional parameters to point up MW resistor UUL resistor H 000 inductor W _Wn _ inductor M capacitor C Ht capacitor E e e gap I ebox 0 5 f___ t line W _ resistor 3 Q ww resistor 4 QR 000 inductor L A G I ttmotor G jt _ capacitor C _4 IM capacitor K e gt e gap A firyM _ memristor Figure 4 Two terminal elements showing some variations source source 1 source i source V source v source AC source X source F source G source Q PO Pore source 0 4 source P source U source R source S source T source L nullator OEO norator Figure 5 Sources and source like elements diode p diode K H diode L Lt diode D pt diode LE __ resistor E ebox Mn inductor 00000 inductor W 6 M capacitor _H capacitor P _ xtal gt arrowline g ebox 0 5 0 3 source mu A consource consource I consource i consource V consource v 1999999 battery 1H battery 3 R diode Z RE diode T E OG gt t diode PR Z Figure 6 Varia
43. he macros in the top three rows of the figure are wrappers for the general macro mosfet linespec R characters E The third argument of this macro is a subset of the characters BDEFGLQRSTXZ each letter corresponding to a diagram component as shown in the bottom row of the figure Preceding the characters B G and S by u or d adds an up or down arrowhead to the pin and preceding T by d negates the pin This system allows considerable freedom in choosing or customizing components as illustrated in Figure 31 E Sy D 3 ql L L L 5 b ar E tl Fi j fet right_ dimen_ gt E d_fet gt 5 e_fet gt 5 d_fet gt 5 e_fet R E ES ales a s Ip EN Ej 1 ry jfet P e_fet P dfet P e fet P S d_fet P S mike O C C c_fet c_fet P G D la Q dT as ha Jr dih zA c T Guaeane CO TEDSQUB ae ES ZSDFaT S uHSDF rho Me IRF4905 Figure 31 JFET insulated gate enhancement and depletion MOSFETS and simplified versions These macros are wrappers that invoke the mosfet macro as shown in the bottom row The two lower right examples show custom devices the first defined by omitting the substrate connection and the second defined using a wrapper macro The number of possible semiconductor symbols is very large so these macros must be regarded as prototypes Often an element is a minor modification of existing elements For example the thyristor linespec chars macro illustrated in Figure 3
44. ic t quick pic gt quick tex The figure inclusion statements are as shown begin figure hbt input quick centerline box graph caption Customized caption for the figure labe1l Symbolic_labe1 end figure 2 1 3 Simplifications e If appropriate include statements are placed at the top of the file quick m4 then the m4 commands illustrated above can be shortened to m4 quick m4 gt quick pic For example the following two lines can be inserted before the line containing PS include lt path gt pstricks m4 include lt path gt libcct m4 where lt path gt is the path to the folder containing the libraries Only the second line is necessary if gpic is used or if the libraries were installed so that PSTricks is assumed by default e On some systems setting the environment variable M4PATH to the library folder allows the above lines to be simplified to include pstricks m4 include libcct m4 e In the absence of a need to examine the file quick pic the commands for producing the tex file can be reduced to m4 quick m4 dpic p gt quick tex e When many files are to be processed then a facility such as Unix make which is also available in several PC versions can be employed to automate the commands given above On systems without such a facility a scripting language can be used e You can put several diagrams into a single source file so that they can be processed together Put each diagram in the body o
45. icks parameters can be set by inserting the line command psset option value in the drawing commands or by using the macro psset_ PSTricks options The macros shade gray value closed line specs and rgbfi11 red value green value blue value closed line specs can be invoked to accomplish the same effect as the above fill example but are not confined to use only with PSTricks 28 Since arbitrary TEX can be output either in ordinary strings or by use of command output then complex examples such as found in reference 4 can be included for example The complications are twofold TeX and dpic may not know the dimensions of the formatted result and the code is generally unique to the postprocessor Where postprocessors are capable of equivalent results then macros such as rs_box shade and rgbfill mentioned previously may hide code differences 12 Web documents pdf and alternative output formats Circuit diagrams contain graphics and symbols and the issues related to web publishing are similar to those for other mathematical documents Here the important factor is that gpic t generates out put containing tpic special commands which must be converted to the desired output whereas dpic can generate several alternative formats as shown in Figure 45 One of the easiest methods for producing web documents is to generate postscript as usual and to convert the result to pdf format with Adobe Distiller or equivalent Di
46. ight arrowht 2 then right 0 15 tt last ljust arrow lt down 0 3 from R1 start chop 0 05 tt Ri start below arrow lt down 0 3 from R1 end chop 0 05 tt R1 end below arrow lt down last c y last arrow end y from R1 c tt R1 centre below dimension_ from Ri start to R1 end 0 45 1tt elen _ 0 4 dimension_ right_ dimen_ from R1 c dimen_ 2 0 0 3 tt dimen _ 0 5 PE e The line thickness is set to the default thin value of 0 4 pt and the box displaying the element body block is drawn Notice how the width and height can be specified and the box centre positioned at the centre of the block e The next paragraph draws two objects a spline with an arrowhead and a string left justified at the end of the spline Other string positioning modifiers than ljust are rjust above and below Lines to be read by pic can be continued by putting a backslash as the rightmost character e The last paragraph invokes a macro for dimensioning diagrams 4 2 The two terminal elements Figures 4 9 are tables of the two terminal elements Several elements are included more than once to illustrate some of their arguments which are listed in Section 15 The first argument of the two terminal elements if included defines the invisible line along which the element is drawn The other arguments produce variants of the default elements Thus for example resistor up_ 1 25 7 draws a resistor 1 25 units long up from the current position wit
47. im has to be used to ensure that the correct dimension file is written and read This distribution includes a Makefile that simplifies the process otherwise a script can automate it Having produced filename 1 rename it to filename mps and voila you can now run PDFlatex on a tex source that includes the diagram using includegraphics filename mps in the usual way The dpic processor is capable of other output formats as illustrated in Figure 45 and in example files included with the distribution The TX drawing commands alone or with eepic or pict2e extensions are suitable only for simple diagrams 13 Developer s notes Years ago in the course of writing a book I took a few days off to write a pic like interpreter dpic to automate the tedious coordinate calculations required by TX picture objects The macros in this distribution and the interpreter are the result of that effort drawings I have had to produce since and suggestions received from other people The interpreter has been upgraded over time to generate mfpic MetaPost 6 raw Postscript Postscriptwith psfrag tags and PSTricks output the latter my preference because of its quality and flexibility including facilities for colour and rotations together with simple font selection In addition xfig compatible output has been added and most recently TikZ PGF output which combines the simplicity of PSTricks with PDFlatex compatibility Instead of pic macros I preferred the eq
48. ine can be drawn as follows line from position to position where position is defined below or line direction distance where direction is one of up down left right When used with the m4 macros described here it is preferable to add an underscore up_ down_ left_ right_ The distance is a number or expression and the units are inches but the assignment scale 25 4 has the effect of changing the units to millimetres as described in Section 8 Lines can also be drawn to any distance in any direction The example line up_ 3 sqrt 2 right_ 3 sqrt 2 draws a line 3 units long from the current location at a 45 angle above horizontal The construction line from A to B chop x truncates the line at each end by x or if x is omitted by the current circle radius which is convenent when A and B are symbolic names for circular graph nodes for example Otherwise line from A to B chop x chop y truncates the line ends by x and y which may be negative The above methods of specifying the direction and length of a line are referred to as a linespec Lines can be concatenated For example to draw a triangle line up_ sqrt 3 right_ 1 then down_ sqrt 3 right_ 1 then left_ 2 A position can be defined by a coordinate pair e g 3 2 5 more generally using parentheses by expression expression or by the construction position position the latter taking the x coordinate from the first position and the y coordinate from the second A position c
49. ipt m4 pgf m4 mpost m4 mfpic m4 or xfig m4 The package default is to read gpic m4 The processor options must be set correspondly gpic t for gpic m4 and most often dpic por dpic g when dpic is employed For example the pipeline for PSTricks output from file circuit m4 is m4 lt path gt pstricks m4 lt path gt libcct m4 circuit m4 dpic p gt circuit tex but for Tikz PGF processing the configuration file and dpic option have to be changed m4 lt path gt pgf m4 lt path gt libcct m4 circuit m4 dpic g gt circuit tex Any non default configuration file must be processed explicitly as illustrated above To rede fine the default behaviour change the include statements near the top of the libraries The top level makefile automates these changes Initialization If the first element macro evaluated is not two terminal or is within a Pic block then later macros evaluated outside the block may produce the error message there is no variable rp_ang because rp_ang is not defined in the outermost scope of the diagram To cure this problem make sure that the line cct_init appears immediately after the PS line or prior to the first block It is entirely permissible to modify cct_init to include customized diagram initializations such as the thicklines_ statement For completeness macros gen init log_init darrow_init are also provided for cases where the circuit library is not needed Pic objects versus macros A common e
50. istor core left or right chars BU bulk line B base line and label S Schottky base hooks uEn dEn emitters E0 to En uE dE single emitter Cn uCn dCn collectors CO to Cn u or d add an arrow C single collector u or d add an arrow G gate line and location H gate line L L gate line and location d D named parallel diode d dotted connection u T thyristor trigger line arg 4 E envelope boxcoord planar obj x fraction y fraction gen internal point in a planar object boxdim name hlwld v default gen evaluate e g name_w if defined else default if given else 0 v gives sum of d and h values bp gen big point size factor in scaled inches scale 72 bswitch linespec L R cct pushbutton switch buzzer U DILIR Idegrees size C cct buzzer In1 to In3 defined C curved c_fet linespec L R P cct left or right plain or negated pin simplified MOSFET capacitor linespec char R cct capacitor char F or none flat plate C curved plate E polarized boxed plates K filled boxed plates P alternate polarized adds a polarity sign arg3 R reversed polarity cbreaker linespec LIR D cct circuit breaker to left or right D dotted cct_init cct initialize circuit diagram environment centerline linespec thickness color minimum long dash len short dash len gap len gen Technical drawing centerline cintersect Posl Pos2 rad1 rad2 R gen Upper lower if arg5 R intersection of circles at Pos1 and Pos2 r
51. its flipflop width parameter in L_units vector projected on current view plane with top face of 3 dimensonal arrowhead normal to x2 y2 z2 flip flops boxspec e g ht x wid y 6 input flip flops spec n NQ n Q n Ck In PR 1b n CLR n S fn DITIR to include and negate pins 1b to print labels JK flip flop spec similar to above gate half height in L_units directory containing libraries hysteresis symbol dimension in L_units corrected old gpic int function Define locations label1 label along the line P label only N with NOT_circle R circle to right of current direction intersection of two named lines logic gate hysteresis symbol Loopover_ variable actions valuel value2 gen LT_symbol U JD L R degrees log L_unit log Max arg arg gen Min arg arg gen Mux a label L T gen Mux_ht cct Mux wid cct Mx_pins log NAND_gate n N log NOR_gate n N log NOT_circle log Repeat actions with variable set successively to valuel value2 logic gate triangle symbol logic element grid size Max of an arbitrary number of inputs Min of an arbitrary number of inputs binary multiplexer n inputs L reverses pin numbers T puts Sel pin to top Mux height parameter in L_units Mux width parameter in L_units max number of gate inputs without wings nand gate 2 or n inputs N negated input nor gate 2 or n inputs N negated input
52. just E s_box Right text x g8 2 at B e ljust A EPA i PE Figure 42 The macro s_box sets string dimensions automatically when processed twice If two or more arguments are given to s_box they are passed through sprintf The dots show the figure bounding box The argument of s_init which should be unique within jobname dim is used to generate a unique boxdims first argument for each invocation of s_box in the current file If s_init has been omitted the symbols are inserted into the text as a warning Be sure to quote any commas in the arguments Since the first argument of s_box is TFX source make a rule of quoting it to avoid comma and name clash problems For convenience the macros s_ht s_wd and s_dp evaluate to the dimensions of the most recent s_box string or to the dimensions of their argument names if present The file boxdims sty distributed with this package should be installed where BT X can find it The essential idea is to define a two argument ATEX macro boxdims that writes out definitions for the width height and depth of its typeset second argument into file jobname dim where jobname is the name of the main source file The first argument of boxdims is used to construct unique symbolic names for these dimensions Thus the line box boxdims Q Huge Hi there has the same effect as box Huge Hi there except that the line define Q_w 77 6077pt__ define Q_h 17 27779pt__ define
53. mp linespec size cct amplifier along_ linear object name gen short for between name start and name end antenna at location T AILITISIDIPIF UIDILIRI degrees cct antenna without stem for nonblank 2nd arg A aerial L loop T triangle S diamond D dipole P phased F fork up down left right or angle from horizontal default 90 arca chord linespec ccwlcw radius modifiers gen arc with acute angle obtuse if radius is negative arcd center radius start degrees end degrees gen arc definition see arcr angles in degrees arcr center radius start angle end angle gen arc definition e g arcr A r 0 pi_ 2 cw gt arcto position 1 position 2 radius dashed dotted gen line toward position 1 with rounded corner toward position 2 arrowline linespec cct line dotted dashed permissible with centred arrowhead b gen blue color value b_current label pos In Out Start End frac 35 cct labelled branch current arrow to frac between branch end and body battery linespec n R cct n cell battery default 1 cell R reversed polarity beginshade gray value gen begin gray shading see shade e g beginshade 5 closed line specs endshade bel1 UIDIL R degrees size cct bell In1 to In3 defined below gen string position relative to current direction bi_tr linespec L R P E cct left or right N or P type bipolar transistor without or with envelope bi_trans linespec L R chars E cct bipolar trans
54. n T Rokicki DVIPS A T X driver Technical report Stanford 1994 R Seindal et al GNU m4 1994 http www gnu org software m4 manual m4 html T Van Zandt PSTricks user s guide 1993 45
55. n Chip s CLR PinCLR sN lg_pin Chip sw svec_ 0 int FF_ht 4 R PinR w lg_pin Chip nw svec_ 0 int FF_ht 4 S PinS w This definition makes use of macros L_unit and FF_ht that predifine dimensions and the logic pin macro 1g_pin location printed label pin name type The pin Q is drawn only if the macro argument is 1 22 PRESET ENABLE SERIAL INPUT Figure 38 A 5 bit shift register For hybrid applications the dac and adc macros are illustrated in Figure 39 The figure shows the default and predifined internal locations the number of which can be specified as macro argu ments N1 Ni N2 N1 Ni N2 NW NE NW NE In1 Out1 Ini ee In1 Out1 nl ee In2 Outl In2 Out3 SW SE SW SE S1 S1 2 S3 S1 S1 2 S3 dac Q dac 2 2 3 3 DAC 2 at Q C adc adc 2 2 3 3 Figure 39 The dac width height nIn nN nOut nS and adc width height nIn nN n0ut nS macros A good strategy for drawing complex logic circuits might be summarized as follows e Establish the absolute locations of gates and other major components e g chips relative to a grid of mesh size commensurate with L_unit which is an absolute length e Draw minor components or blocks relative to the major ones using parametrized relative distances e Draw connecting lines relative to the components and previously drawn lines e Write macros for repeated objects e Tune the diagram by making absolute locations relative and by tuning the parameters Some useful macro
56. n port a Wi El Wib Elb Wib E3b S1 nport P nterm Sla BiG S4b nport wid 1 5 ht 1 111_ 0 9 n port 1 2 3 4 Figure 22 The nport macro draws a sequence of pairs of named pins on each side of a box The pin names are shown The default is a twoport The nterm macro draws single pins instead of pin pairs If this were to be used extensively then the following custom wrapper would save typing add the labels and pass all arguments to nport define nullor nport 1 0 at Box w ljust infty at Box e rjust shift The above example and the related gyrator macro are illustrated in Figure 23 D gt gyrator invis 0 N nullor gyrator gyrator invis wid boxht 0 NV Figure 23 The nullor example and the gyrator macro are customizations of the nport macro A basic winding macro for magnetic circuit sketches and similar figures is shown in Figure 24 For simplicity the complete spline is first drawn and then blanked in appropriate places using the background core color lightgray for example default white ae core color l winding diam T wid l L winding R Ti T2 Figure 24 The winding L R diam pitch turns core wid core color macro draws a coil with axis along the current drawing direction Terminals T1 and T2 are defined Setting the first argument to R draws a right hand winding Figure 25 shows the macro contact 0 C R which contains predefined locations P C O f
57. nce of named outputs Gates are typically not two terminal elements and are normally drawn horizontally or vertically although arbitrary directions may be set with e g Point_ degrees Each gate is contained in a block of typical height 6 L_unit where L_unit is a macro intended to establish line separation for an imaginary grid on which the elements are superimposed Including an N in the second argument character sequence of any gate negates the inputs and including B in the second argument invokes the general macro BOX_gate P N PIN horiz size vert size label which draws box gates Thus BOX_gate PNP N 8 geq 1 creates a gate of default width eight L units height negated output three inputs with the second negated and internal label gt 1 If the fifth argument begins with sprintf or a double quote then the argument is copied literally otherwise it is treated as scriptsize mathematics Beyond a default number 6 of inputs the gates are given wings as illustrated in Figure 35 Figure 35 Eight input binary multiplexer circuit with for_ looping in the source showing a gate with wings Input locations retain their positions relative to the gate body regardless of gate orientation as shown in Figure 36 FF m4 PS log_init S NOR_gate left_ R NOR_gate at S 0 L_unit AND_ht 1 R line from S 0ut right L_unit 3 then down S Dut y R In2 y then to R In2 line from R 0ut left L_unit 3 then up S In2 y R Dut y
58. nds right_ Andi AND_gate And2 AND_gate at Andi 0 And1 ht 3 2 line from And1 0ut right_ And1 wid 3 then down_ And1 y And2 y 2 then left_ And1 wid 5 3 then to And2 Ini And1 wid 3 0 then to And2 In1 with And2 In1 at K x IC5 Pin9 y The two gate macros evaluate to compound objects containing Out In1 and other locations The final positions of all objects between the square brackets are specified in the last line by specifying the position of In1 of gate And2 3 5 Other language facilities All objects have default sizes directions and other characteristics so part of the specification of an object can sometimes be profitably omitted Another possibility for defining positions is expression of the way between position and position which is abbreviated as expression lt position position gt but care has to be used in processing the latter construction with m4 since the comma may have to be put within quotes to distinguish it from the m4 argument separator Positions can be calculated using expressions containing variables The scope of a position is the current block Thus for example theta atan2 B y A y B x A x line to Here 3 cos theta 3 sin theta Expressions are the usual algebraic combinations of primary quantities constants environ mental parameters such as scale variables horizontal or vertical coordinates of terms such as position x or position y dimensions of pic objects e g las
59. ne linespec t t width or or darrow double line truncated by half width at either end closed at either or both ends dlinewid darrow width of double lines dn_ gen down with respect to current direction dljust at location darrow ljust displaced dlinewid 2 dn_ gen sets down relative to current direction dna_ cct characters that determine which components are drawn dnm_ cct similar to dna_ dot at location radius fill gen filled circle third arg gray value 0 black 1 white dot3D x1 y1 z1 x2 y2 z2 3D dot product of two triples dotrad_ gen dot radius down_ gen sets current direction to down dright darrow double arrow right turn drjust at location darrow rjust displaced dlinewid 2 dswitch linespec L R W ud B K chars cct SPST switch left or right W baseline B contact blade dB contact blade to the right of drawing direction K vertical closing contact line C external operating mechanism D circle at contact and hinge dD hinge only uD contact only E emergency button EL early close or late open LE late close or early open F fused H time delay closing uH time delay opening HH time delay opening and closing K vertical closing contact L limit M maintained latched MM momentary contact on make MR momentary contact on release MMR momentary contact on make and release O hand operation button P pushbutton T thermal control linkage Y pull switch
60. nts of diode linespec BIDIKILILE R P R ISITIVIZ R E Most of the two terminal elements are oriented that is they have a defined polarity Sev eral element macros include an argument that reverses polarity but there is also a more general mechanism The first argument of the macro reversed macro name macro arguments is the name of a two terminal element in quotes followed by the element arguments The element is drawn with reversed direction Thus diode right_ 0 4 reversed diode right_ 0 4 SS OO OO 4 fuse fuse D fuse B fuse C fuse S fuse HB SS AS x fuse HC HC 0 5 HC 0 5 0 3 cbreaker cbreaker R D Figure 7 The fuse linespec A dA BIC DIEIS HBIHC wid ht and cbreaker linespec L R D macros amp delay gt integrator gt amp 0 3 a lay 0 2 SHE a gt integrator 0 3 Figure 8 Amplifier delay and integrator switch D 0D 0 Cura BO C B B te aa ee He gt ro dswitch WBuD WBF X WBL switch D WABK WdBKF i T m DE S ae I y WBT N WBM WBCO WBMP WABKL WABKC Ll m gt we AS AAA CE J e I WBCY WBCZ WBCE WBRH WBRdH C WBRHH ee anes E AA AA meee N ones WBMMR WBMM WBMR WBEL WBLE a E Figure 9 The basic switch linespec L R O C D B macro and more elabourate dswitch linespec
61. ocessor then all scaled parameters are affected including those for arrowheads and text parameters which may not be the desired result A good general rule is to use the scale parameter for global scaling unless the primary objective is to specify overall dimensions Buffer overflow For some m4 implementations the error message pushed back more than 4096 chars results from expanding large macros or macro arguments and can be avoided by enlarging the buffer For example the option B16000 enlarges the buffer size to 16000 bytes However this error message could also result from a syntax error List of macros The following table lists the macros in libraries darrow m4 libcct m4 liblog m4 libgen m4 and files gpic m4 mfpic m4 and pstricks m4 Some of the sources in the examples directory contain additional macros such as for flowcharts Boolean logic and binary trees Internal macros defined within the libraries begin with the characters m4 or M4 and for the most part are not listed here The library in which each macro is found is given and a brief description AND_gate n N log basic and gate 2 or n inputs N negated input AND_gen n chars wid ht log general AND gate n number of inputs 0 lt n lt 16 chars B base and straight sides A Arc N NE N SE N I N N N S inputs or circles N O output C center AND_ht log height of basic and and or gates in L_units AND_wd log width of basic an
62. op radius in crossover macro height relative to current direction test if dpic has been specified as pic processor test if gpic has been specified as pic processor test if the second argument is a substring of the first argument test if mfpic has been specified as pic post processor test if MetaPost has been specified as pic post processor test if Tikz PGF has been specified as pic post processor test if Postscript dpic r has been specified as pic output format test if PSTricks has been specified as post processor 39 ifroff if true if false gen ifxfig if true if false gen igbt linespec L R L d D cct in gen inductor linespec W L n M cct inner_prod linear obj linear obj gen integrator linespec size cct intersect_ linel start linel end test if troff or groff has been specified as post processor test if Fig 3 2 dpic x has been specified as pic output format left or right IGBT L alternate gate type D parallel diode dD dotted connections absolute inches inductor arg2 narrow default W wide L looped arg3 n arcs default 4 arg4 M magnetic core inner product of x y dimensions of two linear objects integrating amplifier line2 start line2 end intersection of two lines left or right N or P JFET without or with envelope arrow dist to left of last drawn 2 terminal element box oriented in current direction type e g dotted left with respect to current direction
63. or other internal labels specified size P adds power connections R swaps In1 In2 labels the first and last arguments allow added customizations open_arrow linespec ht wid gen arrow with adjustable open head par_ element element separation cct two same direction same length elements in parallel pc gen absolute points pi gen T pmod integer integer gen ve mod M N e g pmod 3 5 2 point_ angle gen radians set direction cosines polar_ x y gen rectangular to polar conversion potentiometer linespec cycles fractional pos length cct resistor with taps T1 T2 with specified fractional positions and lengths possibly neg print3D x y z 3D write out triple for debugging prod_ a b gen binary multiplication project x y z 3D 3D to 2D projection onto the plane perpendicular to the view vector with angles defined by setview azim elev psset_ PSTricks settings gen set PSTricks parameters pt gen TeX point size factor in scaled inches scale 72 27 r_ gen red color value 41 rarrow label gt lt dist rect_ radius angle relay n 0 C R resetrgb resistor linespec n E chars cct gen cct gen cct reversed macro name args cct arrow dist to right of last drawn 2 terminal element radians polar rectangular conversion relay n poles default 1 default double throw or normally open or closed R oriented to right default left of current direction canc
64. or the armature and normally closed and normally open terminals The macro relay poles O C R defines coil terminals V1 V2 and contact terminals P C Oj 16 pe r ay E ko ae o A contact contact R contact 0 contact C C2 pf ph ay at H relay relay 2 relay 2 R relay 2 0 relay 2 C Figure 25 The contact 0 C R and relay poles 0 C R macros default direction right h Rane Ree Figure 26 shows the variants of bipolar transistor macro bi_tr linespec L R P E which contains predefined internal locations E B C The first argument defines the distance and direction from Eto C with location determined by the enclosing block as for other elements and the base placed to the left or right of the current drawing direction according to the second argument Setting the third argument to P creates a PNP device instead of NPN and setting the fourth to E draws an envelope around the device ice c q Ge bi tr R bi tr P bi tr E igbt igbt LD Darlington bi_tr up dimen_ Figure 26 Bipolar transistor variants current direction upward The code fragment example in Figure 27 places a bipolar transistor connects a ground to the emitter and connects a resistor to the collector S dot line left_ 0 1 up_ Qi bi_tr R with B at Here ground at Q1 E line up 0 1 from Q1 C resistor right_ S x Here x dot Figure 27 The bi_tr linespec L R P E macro The bi_tr and igbt mac
65. ox In1 In3 earphone earphone C Figure 21 Audio components speaker U DIL R degrees size type bell microphone buzzer earphone with their internally named positions and components The nport box specs nw nn ne ns space ratio pin Igth style macro is shown in Figure 22 The first argument is a box specification such as size or fill parameters or text The second to fifth arguments specify the number of ports pin pairs to be drawn respectively on the west north east and south sides of the box The end of each pin has a name corresponding to the side port number and a or b pin as shown The sixth argument specifies the ratio of port width to inter port space the seventh is the pin length and setting the eighth argument to N omits the pin dots The complete structure is enclosed in a block The nterm box specs nw nn ne ns pin lgth style macro illustrated in Figure 22 is similar to the nport macro but has one fewer argument draws single pins instead of pin pairs and defaults to a 3 terminal box Many custom labels or added elements may be required particularly for 2 ports These elements can be added using the first argument and the ninth not mentioned above of the nport macro For example the following code adds a pair of labels to the box immediately after drawing it but within the enclosing block nport 0 at Box w ljust oo at Box e rjust 15 Nla Nib N2a N2b Ela Wila Ela Wla
66. package combinations of them for particular drawings so macros such as these are only a starting point 2 Using the macros This section describes the basic process of adding circuit diagrams to ATEX documents to produce postscript or pdf files On some operating systems project management software with graphical interfaces can be used to automate the process but for simple documents the steps can be performed by hand as described in Section 2 1 The diagram source file is preprocessed as illustrated in Figure 1 The predefined macros followed by the diagram source are read by m4 The result is passed through a pic interpreter to produce tex output that can be inserted into a tex document using the input command m4 macros i pic m diagram interpreter Figure 1 Inclusion of figures and macros in the TEX document Replacing TX with PDFlatex to produce pdf directly is also possible Depending on the pic interpreter chosen the choice of options and the choice of ATEX or PDFla tex the interpreter output may contain tpic specials TEX graphics PSTricks 13 commands Tikz PGF commands or other formats These variations are described in Section 12 There are two principal choices of pic interpreter One is dpic described later in this docu ment An alternative 3 is gpic t together with a printer driver that understands tpic specials typically 11 dvips In some installations gpic is simply named pic but make sure that
67. responding to black and 1 to white Basic colours for lines and fills are provided by gpic and dpic but more elaborate line and fill styles can be incorporated depending on the printing device by inserting special commands or other lines beginning with a backslash in the drawing code In fact arbitrary lines can be inserted into the output using command string where string is the line to be inserted Arbitrary text strings typically meant to be typeset by IAT X are delimited by double quote characters and occur in two ways The first way is illustrated by large Resonances of C_ 20 H_ 42 wid x ht y at position which writes the typeset result like a box at position and tells pic its size The default size assumed by pic is given by parameters textwid and textht if it is not specified as above The exact typeset size of formatted text can be obtained as described in Section 10 The second occurrence associates one or more strings with an object e g the following writes two words one above the other at the centre of an ellipse ellipse bf Stop bf here The C like pic function sprintf format string numerical arguments is equivalent to a string 3 4 Compound objects A compound object is a group of statements enclosed in square brackets Such an object is placed by default as if it were a box but it can also be placed by specifying the final position of an internal location Consider the example code fragment shown A
68. ros are wrappers for the macro bi_trans linespec L R chars E which draws the components of the transistor according to the characters in its third argument For example multiple emitters and collectors can be specified as shown in Figure 28 BU B B sk B S Em2 Cm2 DNA We NS C E E E2 E1 E0 C0 C1 C2 bi_trans BCuEBUS bi_trans BCdE2BU bi_trans BC2dEBU Figure 28 The bi_trans linespec L R chars E macro The sub elements are specified by the third argument The substring En creates multiple emitters EO to En Collectors are similar 17 A UJT macro with predefined internal locations B1 B2 and E is illustrated in Figure 29 and an SCR macro with predefined internal locations T1 T2 and G is illustrated in Figure 30 B2 E E B2 B2 E B2 E Bl mE Eg B1 B1 B1 ujt up dimen_ E ujt P ujt R ujt R P Figure 29 UJT devices with current drawing direction up A T1 T1 ho Ro F Q la E G G K T2 T2 thyristor B GBR ie BGE C BRGE y ARE GC Figure 30 The thyristor macro drawing direction down These are not two terminal elements so the linespec argument determines direction and length but not position Some FETs with predefined internal locations S D and G are also included with similar arguments to those of bi_tr as shown in Figure 31 In all cases the first argument is a linespec and entering R as the second argument orients the G terminal to the right of the current drawing direction T
69. ros up_ down_ left_ right To draw circuit objects in other than the standard four directions the macros Point_ degrees point_ radians and rpoint_ rel linespec re define the entries m4a_ m4b_ m4c_ m4d_ of a trans formation matrix which is used for rotations and potentially for more general transformations Thus as shown in Figure 33 Point_ 30 resistor draws a resistor along a line with slope of 30 degrees and rpoint_ to Z sets the current direction cosines to point from the current location to location Z Macro vec_ x y evaluates to the position x y rotated as defined by the argument of the previous Point_ point_ or rpoint_ command The principal device used to define relative locations in the circuit macros is rvec_ x y which evaluates to position Here vec_ x y Thus line to rvec_ x 0 draws a line of length x in the current direction Figure 33 illustrates that some hand placement of labels using dlabel may be useful when elements are drawn obliquely The figure also illustrates that any commas within m4 arguments must be treated specially because the arguments are separated by commas Argument commas are protected either by parentheses as in inductor from Cr to Cr vec_ elen_ 0 or by multiple single quotes as in as necessary Commas also may be avoided by writing 0 5 between L and T instead of 0 5 lt L T gt Sequential location names such as In1 In2 in logic and other diagrams can be
70. rror is to write something like line from A to B resistor from B to C when it should be line from A to B resistor from B to C This error is caused by an unfortunate inconsistency between the linear pic objects and the way m4 passes macro arguments Commas Macro arguments are separated by commas so any comma that is part of an argument must be protected by parentheses or quotes Thus shadebox box with n at w h produces an error whereas shadebox box with n at w h and shadebox box with n at w h do not Default directions and lengths The linespec argument of element macros requires both a direction and a length and if either is omitted a default value is used Writing source up draws a source up a distance equal to the current lineht value which may cause confusion Writing source 0 5 draws a source of length 0 5 units in the current pic default direction which is one of right left up or down It is usually better to specify both the direction and length of an element thus 31 source up elen The effect of a linespec argument is independent of any direction set using the Point_ or similar macros To draw an element at an obtuse angle see Section 6 try for example Point_ 45 source to rvec_ 0 5 0 Quotes Single quote characters are stripped in pairs by m4 so the string nec inverse aot will be typeset as if it were inverse The cure is to add single quotes
71. s for this are the following which are in units of L_unit AND_ht AND_wd the height and width of basic AND and OR gates BUF_ht BUF_wd the height and width of basic buffers N_diam the diameter of NOT circles In addition to the logic gates described here some experimental IC chip diagrams are included with the distributed example files 8 Element and diagram scaling There are several issues related to scale changes You may wish to use millimetres for example instead of the default inches You may wish to change the size of a complete diagram while keeping 23 the relative proportions of objects within it You may wish to change the sizes or proportions of individual elements within a diagram You must take into account that line widths are scaled separately from drawn objects and that the size of typeset text is independent of the pic language The scaling of circuit elements will be described first then the pic scaling facilities 8 1 Circuit scaling The circuit elements all have default dimensions that are multiples of the pic environmental param eter linewid so changing this parameter changes default element dimensions The scope of a pic variable is the current block therefore a sequence such as resistor linewid linewidx 1 5 resistor resistor produces a string of three resistors the middle one larger than the other two Alternatively you may redefine the default length elen or the body size parameter dimen_
72. s line arrow spline arc and the planar objects box circle ellipse The object move is linear but draws nothing A composite object or block is planar and consists of a pair of square brackets enclosing other objects as described in Section 3 4 Objects can be placed using absolute coordinates or relative to other objects Pic allows the definition of real valued variables which are alphameric names beginning with lower case letters and computations using them Objects or locations on the diagram can be given symbolic names beginning with an upper case first letter 3 1 Manuals At the time of writing the classic pic manual 8 can be obtained from URL http www cs bell labs com 10thEdMan pic pdf A more complete manual 10 is included in the GNU groff package A compressed postscript version is available at least temporarily with these circuit files In both of the above manuals explicit use of roff string and font constructs should be replaced by their ATEX equivalents as necessary Further explanation is available for example from the gpic man page part of the GNU groff package Examples of use of the circuit macros in an electronics course are available on the web 2 For a discussion of little languages for document production and of pic in particular see Chapter 9 of 1 Chapter 1 of 5 also contains a brief discussion of this and other languages 3 2 The linear objects line arrow spline arc A l
73. solution is to measure the text sizes by hand and include them literally thus Left text wid 38 47pt__ ht 7pt__ at B w rjust but this is tedious A better solution to this problem is to process the diagram twice The diagram source is pro cessed as usual by m4 and a pic processor and the main document source is TXed to input the diagram and format the text and also to write the required dimensions into a supplementary file Then the diagram source is processed again reading the required dimensions from the supplemen tary file and producing a diagram ready for final BT Xing This hackery is summarized below with an example in Figure 42 e Put usepackage boxdims into the document source e Insert the following at the beginning of the diagram source where jobname is the name of the main FTX file sinclude jobname dim s_init unique name e Use the macro s_box text to produce typeset text of known size as shown in Figure 42 alternatively invoke the macros boxdims and boxdim described later The macro s_box text evaluates initially to boxdims name text wid boxdim name w ht boxdim name v On the second pass this is equivalent to text wid x ht y where x and y are the typeset dimensions of the TEX input text If s_box is given two or more arguments as in Figure 42 then they are processed by sprintf 26 PS sinclude CMman dim s_init stringdims Be ox Left text Right text x s_box Left text at B w r
74. st or Postscript code so that diagrams defined using pic can be manipulated and combined with others The Postscript output is compatible with CorelDraw and by extension to Adobe Illustrator With raw Postscript output the user is responsible for ensuring that the correct fonts are provided and for formatting labels Many thanks to the people who have sent comments questions and occasionally bug fixes for the macros What began as a tool for my own work grew into a hobby that has persisted thanks to your help and advice 14 Bugs The distributed macros are not written for maximum robustness Arguments could be entered in a key value style for example resistor up_ elen_ style N cycles 8 instead of by positional parameters Macro arguments could be tested for correctness and explanatory error messages could be written as necessary but that would make the macros more difficult to read and to write You will have to read them when unexpected results are obtained or when you wish to modify them In response to suggestions some of the macros have been modified to allow easier customization to forms not originally anticipated but these modifications are not complete 30 Here are some hints gleaned from experience and from comments I have received 1 Misconfiguration One of the following configuration files must be read by m4 before any of the other files depending on the required form of pic output gpic m4 pstricks m4 postscr
75. t circle rad The elementary alge braic operators are h and similar to the C language The logical operators lt gt gt and lt apply to expressions and strings can be tested for equality or inequality A modest selection of numerical functions is also provided the single argument functions sin cos log exp sqrt int where log and exp are base 10 the two argument functions atan2 max min and the random number generator rand Other functions are also provided using macros A pic manual should be consulted for details more examples and other facilities such as the branching facility if expression then anything else anything y the looping facility for variable expression to expression by expression do 1 anything operating system commands pic macros and external file inclusion 4 Two terminal circuit elements There is a fundamental difference between two terminal elements which are drawn as directed linear objects and other elements which are compound objects as described in Section 3 4 The two terminal element macros follow a set of conventions described in this section and other elements will be described in Section 5 4 1 Circuit and element basics First the arguments of all drawing macros have default values so that only arguments that differ from these values need be specified The arguments are given in Section 15 Consider the resistor shown in Fi
76. the arguments along the centre and the third along the right side Thus a simple circuit example with labels is shown in Figure 14 The macro dlabel performs these functions for an obliquely drawn element placing the three macro arguments at vec_ long lat vec_ 0 lat and vec_ long lat respectively relative to the centre of the element Labels beginning with sprintf or a double quote are copied literally rather than assumed to be in math mode Loop m4 PO cct_init define dimen_ 0 75 loopwid 1 loopht 0 75 source up_ loopht llabel v_s resistor right_ loopwid llabel R b_current i inductor down_ loopht W rlabel L capacitor left_ loopwid C llabel v_C rlabel C PE Figure 14 A loop containing labeled elements with its source code 5 Other circuit elements Many basic elements are not two terminal These elements are usually enclosed in a block and contain named locations in the interior In some cases an invisible line determining length and direction but not position can be specified by the first argument as for the two terminal elements Instead of positioning by the first line the enclosing block must be placed by using its compass corners thus element with corner at position or when the block contains a predefined location thus element with location at position A few macros are positioned with the first argument the ground macro for example element at position The macro pot
77. ually simple but more powerful m4 macro processor and therefore m4 is required here although dpic now supports pic like macros Free versions of m4 are available for Unix Windows and other operating systems If starting over today would I not just use one of the other drawing packages available these days It would depend on the context but pic remains a good choice for line drawings since it is easy to learn and read but powerful enough for coding the geometrical calculations required for precise component sizing and placement However the main value of this distribution is in the macros which have been developed and refined over nearly two decades Some of them have become less readable as more options and flexibility have been added and if starting over today perhaps I would change some details No choice of tool is without compromise and producing good graphics seems to be time consuming no matter how it is done The dpic interpreter has several output format options that may be useful The eepicemu and pict2e extensions of the primitive ATEX picture objects are supported The mfpic output allows the production of Metafont alphabets of circuit elements or other graphics thereby essentially removing dependence on device drivers but with the complication of treating every alphabetic component as a TEX box The xfig output allows elements to be precisely defined with dpic and interactively placed with xfig Dpic will also ouput low level MetaPo
78. y changing scale at the beginning of the diagram To change default sizes redefine the appropriate parameters explicitly The PS line can be used to scale the entire drawing regardless of its interior Thus for ex ample the line PS 100 25 4 scales the entire drawing to a width of 100mm Line thickness text size and dpic arrowheads are unaffected by this scaling If the final picture width exceeds maxpswid which has a default value of 8 5 then the picture is scaled to this size Similarly if the height exceeds maxpsht default 11 then the picture is scaled to fit These parameters can be assigned new values as necessary for example to accommodate landscape figures 2 The finished size of typeset text is independent of pic variables but can be determined as in Section 10 Then text wid x ht y tells pic the size of text once the printed width x and height y have been found 24 3 Line widths are independent of diagram and text scaling and have to be set explicitly For example the assignment linethick 1 2 sets the default line width to 1 2pt The macro linethick_ points is also provided together with default macros thicklines_ and thinlines 9 Writing macros The m4 language is quite simple and is described in numerous documents such as the original reference 7 or in later manuals 12 If a new element is required then modifying and renaming one of the library definitions or simply adding an option to it may suffi

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