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OS65D v3.0 User Manual

1. ow w ws m oum w cU oux d 3 05 6502 V3 0 User s Manual Table of Contents Features Introduction Using the System in BASIC Menu Orrented DESKS rases aa anien ea Development Disks BASIC and the Immediate Mode Loading Saving and Running BASIC Programs Floppy Disk Formats Utilizing Named Program Files Mini Floppy Disk Directory Full Size Floppy Disk Directory Saving a BASIC Program On Disk Via a Named File Loading a BASIC Program From Disk By File Name Deleting Files Backing Up Files Modifying BEXEC and Applications Disks Advanced Features of OS 65D V3 0 9 Digit BASIC BASIC 0 Hand ing BASIC to DOS Interface Data Files im BASIC Sow IT Sequential Data Files Steps to Using Sequential Data Files Random Data Files Steps to Using Random Data Files Using the Assembler Editor Using the Extended Monitor System Overview System Architecture Tere eC re rere ET Memory Map Utility Programs Create File Utility wa cs Change Parameter Utility Delete File Utility Directory Utility ported Directory Q o wara w es ww Random Access File List Utility Rename File Utility Sector Directory Utility Sequential File Lister Utility waa w lasa kake Trace Utility File Zeroing Utility 05 65 V3 0 Kernel Chane ae TAO PilsrulstsP Flags a
2. Assembly language programs can be developed for use with the XQT command by assembling them with an origin of 317E 327E and by entering the size of the program in tracks in location 317D 327D prior to saving the program on disk with the PUT command Since the Assembler work space also resides at this address a two step procedure must be used to create a program with this origin 1 Assemble the program with an origin of 317E 327E but with a memory offset set with the Assembler Mnnnn command that places the object code into some available memory 2 Use the Extended Monitor move command to move the program from the selected available memory area to the start of the work space enter the programs size in tracks then save the program on disk with the PUT command For example with available memory at hex 8000 up you could use an offset of 5000 The program would then be placed into memory at 817E up 317E 5000 complete sample dialog for creatinc such a program is shown below with user input underlined and explanatory comments A ASM Loads the Assembler OST 6502 ASSEMBLER COPYRIGHT 1976 BY OSI 1LOAD file name Loads the assembler source file M Sets memory offset A3 Assemble object code into memory EXIT Exit Assembler A RE EM Enter the Extended Monitor EM V2 0 epee Moves the object code to work space D Set up size of program in tracks 317p da g2 e g 2 tracks Exit the Extended Monitor A
3. Enter the number of the record to be listed Records are numbered from zero through n The specified record is listed then the RECORD NUMBER question is again asked To terminate the program merely type a return to this question If G is entered above the range of record numbers to be listed are requested FIRST RECORD Enter the number of the first record to be listed LAST RECORD Enter the number of the last record to be listed 48 The specified records are listed then the SINGLE RECORDS OR GROUPS question is again asked terminate the program merely type a return to this question Note that this program reads and lists a single string from the start of each record Random files with more than one entry an entry is a string of printing characters followed by a return per record will not be fully listed by this program um uU um a w E uS Rename File Utility This utility program may be used to change the name in the directory of any file listed in the directory To rename file type RUN RENAME The program output and the kind of input you may enter in response are as shown below Any unacceptable response will result in an error message and or a repeat of the request for input RENAME UTILITY OLD NAME Enter the name of the file to be renamed as it currently exists in the directory The program then outputs RENAME aaaaaa TO
4. MEMORY BUFFERED DISK OUTPUT BIT 6 MEMORY BUFFERED DISK OUTPUT BIT 550 BOARD RCIR OUTPUT AS SELECTED BY RINDEX SOURCE FILE FORMAT RELATIVE DISK ADDRESS MEMORY ADDRESS USAGE a 3179 SOURCE START LOW 1 317h SQURCE START HIGH e 3176 SOURCE END LOW 3 317C SOURCE END HI 4 317D NUMBER OF TRACKS REQ 5 AND ON 317E AND ON SQURCE TEXT D LFECTUOrF S FORMAT THO SECTORS 1 AND 2 gt ON TRACK 8 HOLD THE DIRECTORY ERCH REQUIRES 8 BYTES THUS THERE ARE R TOTAL OF 64 ENTRIES BETWEEN THE TWO SECTORS THE ENTRIES ARE FORMATTED AS FOLLOWS es 42 ASCII 6 CHARACTER NAME OF FILE BCD FIRST TRACK OF FILE BCD LAST TRACK OF FILE INCLUDED IN FILE gt MEMORY ALLOCATION BASIC ASSEMBLER EXTENDED MONITOR 2206 2eFe COLD START INITIRLIZRTION ON BOOT 2300 2658 INFUT QUTPUT HANDLERS 265C 2 A4A FLOPPY DISK DRIVERS eR4B 2E78 OS 65D V3 0 OPERATING SYSTEM KERNEL SEZT9 ere DIRECTORY BUFFER 2F79 3178 PAGE 071 SKAP BUFFER S479 Si7p SQURCE FILE HEADER 317E SOURCE FILE OS 65D Y3 A BOOTSTRAP FORMAT LOADS TO 22468 FOR 8 PAGES 2 77 SECTOR 1 REMAINDER 05 65 V3 0 LOADS TO 2A A FOR S PAGES SECTOR 2 TRACK ZERO READ MRITE UTILITY AND COPIER amp LORDS TO 0200 FOR 5 PAGES est 9 DIGIT MICROSOFT 6502 BASIC bo 6502 RESIDENT ASSEMBLER EDITOR re EXTENDED MONITOR a SECTOR 1 FIRST PRGE OF DIRECTOR SECTOR 8
5. SECOND PRGE OF DIRECTOR SECTOR 3 OVERLAY PAGE FOR 9 DIGIT BASIC SECTOR 4 OVERLAY FOR 9 DIGIT BASIC 9 76 USER PROGRAMS AND 05 650 UTILITY BASIC PROGRAMS DIGIT BASIC EXTENTIONS INPUT PNDSGNSDEVICE NUMBER INPUT IS SET TO DEVICE OUTPUT IS SET TO NULL DEVICE IF DEVICE NUMBER gt AND NULL INPUTS RRE IGNORED IF DEVICE NUMBER gt 3 2 D A a INPUT TEXT PNDSGNKDEVICE NUMBER PRINT TEXT AT CURRENT OUTPUT DEVICE THEN FUNCTION RS ABOVE F PRINT PNDSGN lt CDEVICE NUMBER PRINT OUTPUT FOR THIS COMMAND RT NEW DEVICE LIST 5 lt NUMBER LIST PROGRRM OR SEGMENTS OF PROGRAM TO NEW DEVICE WHERE DEVICE NUMBER FOR OUTPUT IS RCIR TERMINAL 4407548 VIDEO TERMINAL 430 URRT PORT LINE PRINTER MEMOR OUTPUT MEMORY BUFFERED DISK OUTPUT BIT 52 MEMORY BUFFERED DISK OUTPUT BIT 6 550 RCIR OUTPUT NULL OUTPUT JONDA NME I lt DEVICE NUMBER gt FOR INPUT IS RCIR TERMINRL 440 540 KEYBOARD 430 URRT PORT NULL DEVICE MEMORY INPUT MEMORY BUFFERED DISK INPUT BIT 5 MEMORY BUFFERED DISK INPUT BIT 6 550 ACIA INPUT NULL INPUT 0 Gy n NME I RND HHERE PNDSGN IS POUND SIGN EXIT EXIT TO OS 65D V3 0 RUN STRING LORD RND RUN FILE NRME IN lt STRING gt DISK lt STRING gt SEND STRING TO OS 65D V3 0 AS A COMMRND LINE DISK DEVICE STRING OPEN SEQ
6. X WHERE X CAN BE R B C OR D SELECT ENRBLES THE REQUESTED DRIVE RND HOMES THE HERD TO TRRCK 8 FILNRM LORD THE FILE FILNRM RS IF IT HRS R SOURCE FILE AND TRANSFER CONTROL TO LOCATION 317E NOTE ONLY THE FIRST 2 CHARACTERS ARE USED IN RECOGNIZING A COMMAND THE REST UP TO THE BLANK ARE IGNORED THE LINE INPUT BUFFER CAN ONLY HOLD 18 CHARACTERS INCLUDING THE RETURN THE COMMAND LOOP CAN BE REENTERED AT 8RS51 FILE NAMES MUST START WITH A A TO Z AND CAN BE ONLY CHARACTERS LONG THE DICTIONARY IS ALWAYS MAINTAINED ON DISK THIS PERMITS THE INTERCHANGE OF DISKETTES THE FOLLOWING CONTROL KEYS ARE VALID CONTROL CONTINUE OUTPUT FROM R CONTROL S CONTROL STOP OUTPUT TO THE CONSOLE CONTROL U DELETE ENTIRE LINE RS INFUT BACKARROW DELETE THE LAST CHARACTER TYPED ERROR NUMBERS 1 CAN T READ SECTOR PARITY ERROR e CAN T WRITE SECTOR REREAD ERROR TRACK ZERO 15 WRITE PROTECTED AGAINST THAT OPERATION 4 DISKETTE IS WRITE PROTECTED SEEK ERROR TRACK HEADER DOESN T MATCH TRACK Oo uU D DRIVE NOT READY SYNTAX ERROR IN COMMAND LINE BAD TRACK NUMBER CAN T FIND TRACK HEADER WITHIN ONE REV OF DISKETTE CRN T FIND SECTOR BEFORE ONE REQUESTED BRD SECTOR LENGTH RLUE CAN T FIND THAT NAME IN DIRECTORY READ WRITE ATTEMPTED PAST END NAMED FILE t TRANSIENT VUTILITIES BEXEC CHANGE CREATE DELETE
7. aaaaaa is the old name Enter the new name for the file of one to six characters the first being a letter The name will be changed and the utility program will terminate 50 Sector Directory Utility This utility program may be used to output the number and size of each sector on each of a specified range of tracks To output a sector directory type RUN SECDIR The program output and the kind of input you may enter in response are as shown below Any unacceptable response will result in an error message and or a repeat of the request for input SECDIR USES OS 65D S DIR COMMAND TO PRINT OUT SECTOR MAP OF A GIVEN RANGE OF TRACKS FIRST TRACK Enter any valid track number greater than zero and less than the total number of existing tracks 76 for full size disks or 39 for mini disks LAST TRACK Enter any valid track number greater than that entered for the first track A sector map for the specified tracks will be output then the program will terminate A sample of such is shown below SECTOR MAP DIRECTORY TRACK 01 91 95 g2 g5 TRACK 22 g1 gB etc OK 51 uu du the sample track 1 has two sectors both five pages in length Track 2 has one sector of 11 hex B pages 52 Sequential File Lister Utility This utility program may be used to list the contents of a sequential file A sequential file is one in which all entries within the file are contiguous with n
8. DIR DIRSRT RANLST RENAME SECDIR SEQLST TRACE ZERO PROGRAM WHICH GAINS CONTROL ON BOOT IN END USER SYSTEMS PERMITS ADJUSTMENT OF THE FOLLOWING TERMINAL WIDTH FOR BASIC THE HIGHEST PAGE OF MEMORY AVAILABLE IS WHAT BASIC AND ASM USE WHEN LOADED THE ADJUSTMENT OF THE WORKSPACE LIMITS FOR BASIC THE RESULT IS A EMPTY WORKSPACE TO THE USER SPECIFICATIONS ENTER A FILE NAME INTO THE DIRECTORY AND ZERO GUT THE CREATED FILE ON DISK REMOVE A FILE NAME FROM DIRECTORY PRINT UNSORTED DISK DIRECTORY PRINT SORTED lt NAME OR TRACK DIRECTORY GENERAL RANDOM ACCESS FILE LIST UTILITY RENAME A FILE NAME IN DIRECTORY PRINT A SECTOR MAP DIRECTORY OF DISK GENERAL SEQUENTIAL FILE LIST UTILITY ENABLE OR DISABLE STATEMENT NUMBER TRACE FEATURE INITIALIZE CONTENTS OF A DATA FILE TO ZEROS um UNS NH UNS Tra FLAG ELT SETTINGS INPUT BIT 8 RCIR ON CPU BOARD TERMINAL BIT 1 KEYBOARD ON 44 54 BOARD BIT 2 UART ON 43 BOARD TERMINAL gt BIT 3 NULL BIT 4 MEMORY INPUT CAUTO INCREMENTING BIT 5 MEMORY BUFFERED DISK INPUT BIT 6 MEMORY BUFFERED DISK INPUT BIT 7 550 BOARD ACIA INPUT AS SELECTED BY AINDEX AT LOCATION 2323 8995 DECIMAL OUTPUT BIT 8 ACIA ON CPU BOARD TERMINAL BIT 1 VIDEO OUTPUT ON 4482548 BOARD BIT 8 UART ON 436 BOAR TERMINAL BIT 3 LINE PRINTER INTERFACE BIT 4 MEMORY GUTPUT AUTO INCREMENTING BIT 5
9. Sample directory outputs sorted by name and track number appear on the next page 46 OS 65D VERSION 3 0 DIRECTORY FILE NAME TRACK RANGE AS AMPL BEXEC CHANCE CREATE DELETE DIR DIRSRT OS 65D3 RANLST RENAME SECDIR SEQLST TRACE ZERO 27 27 9 9 10 10 13 14 15 15 16 16 7 2 7 0 8 18 19 20 20 21 21 22 23 24 24 25 26 50 ENTRIES FREE OUT OF 64 OS 65D VERSION 3 0 DIRECTORY FILE NAME TRACK RANGE OS 65D3 BEXEC CHANGE CREATE DELETE DIR DIRS RT RANLST RENAME SECDIR SEQLST T RACE ZERO ASAMPL 9 9 19 19 13 14 15 215 16 16 17 17 18 19 28 29 21 21 22 23 24 24 25 26 27 27 5g ENTRIES FREE OUT OF 64 4722 GSS d GS a Gss umm d du Gs eg Random Access File List Utility This utility program may be used to list the contents of random access file either single record at time or in groups of contiguous records The program assumes 128 byte records list a random file type RUN RANLST The program output and the kind of input you may enter in response are as shown below Any unacceptable response will result in an error message and or a repeat of the request for input RANDOM ACCESS FILE READ FILE NAME Enter the name of the random access file to be listed EXAMINE SINGLE RECORDS OR GROUPS S G Enter S or G If S is entered the number of the single record to be listed is requested RECORD NUMBER
10. Source code tables lists etc storage used by BASIC Changed Start of Work Space User Defined User Defined Additional Room if present 18814 497E er lt lt lt w lt 17022 427F Second Buffer 8 Pages if present 12 Pages 25742 3D7E F lt Sse 14974 3A7E Buffer Size is 2048 800 Bytes 8 Pages First Buffer if present Buffer Size is 3072 C00 Bytes 12 Pages 12670 317E Normal Start of Work Space 12926 327E OS 65D V3 0 Work Space Addresses in Decimal Hexadecimal 38 To change system parameters type RUN CHANGE The program output and the kind of input you may enter in response are as shown below Any unacceptable response will result in an error message and or a repeat of the request for input CHANGE PARAMETER UTILITY THE TERMINAL WIDTH IS SET FOR 132 DO YOU WANT TO CHANGE IT Y N Enter YES or NO If you enter YES the program requests a new value for the terminal width NEW VALUE Enter a new value from 14 through 255 The program continues with BASIC amp ASSEMBLER USE xx K WORK SPACES yyy PAGES WOULD YOU LIKE TO CHANGE THIS Y N This refers to the total amount of main memory available to the system software Each K 1024 bytes contains four 256 byte pages change to this parameter will make a portion of highest memory unavailable to systems software Note that such memory will no
11. be the same as that of an existing file The CREATE utility also checks to make sure that the tracks specified are not in use at the moment to preclude the possibility of over writing or destroying other data on the disk To utilize the CREATE program simply type RUN CREATE To start CREATE a one track long pro gram called TEST For more detailed information on the CREATE program refer to the utilities description portion of the manual Once a file such as the example file TEST has been created with the CREATE utility you can directly store a program in it Key in a short program and run it Then to store this program on disk in the file TEST type the following statement DISK PUT TEST This statement saves the program currently in the work space under the file name TEST If TEST does not exist or you misspell it the disk operating system will report the error dc a Loading a BASIC Program From Disk By File Name To load and run a BASIC program by file name use the same procedure as you have used for utility programs Simple type the statement RUN TEST If you want to bring the program into the work space without running it type DISK LOAD TEST This loads the program into the work space but does not execute it After these exercises have been completed you can verify the existence of the file TEST by running the directory program and observing what track it appears on Deleting Files After utilizing a diskette for awhile
12. Disk Directory OS 65D VERSION 3 0 DIRECTORY FILE TRACK RANGE LL vas a om om gt me am a gt an am gt OS 65D3 BEXEC CHANGE CREATE DELETE DIR DIRSRT RANLST RENAME SECDIR SEQLST TRACE ZERO ASAMPL g 12 14 14 15 16 17 49 20 20 21 21 22 22 23 24 25 25 26 26 27 28 29 29 3g 31 32 32 59 ENTRIES FREE OUT OF 64 Full Size Floppy Disk Directory OS 65D VERSION DIRECTORY FILE NAME 056503 0 8 BEXEC 9 9 CHRNGE CRERTE DELETE DIR DIRSRT RRNLST RENRME SECDIR SEQLST TRRCE ZERO RSRMPL 10 TRRCK RRNGE 18 50 ENTRIES FREE OUT OF 64 13 g The directory listing shows that the program named DIR resides on track 16 so that in fact the program could be run on an 8 floppy by the statement RUN 16 just as well as it could be by the statement RUN DIR For more information on the directory program and the sorted directory program DIRSRT refer to the utilities description portion of the manual Saving a BASIC Program on Disk Via a Named File In order to save a program on disk as a named file the disk file must exist on the disk and appear in the directory A file is created on disk by use of the CREATE utility program This program allows the creation of a disk file of any size from one track to the total free space of the disk The file must have six character file name which is unique that is the name cannot
13. It is possible to gain access to the internal software of an Applications disk by typing in the proper response when the menu is displayed This feature will be covered later after the user has gained a familiarity with Development disks Development Disks Development disks are specifically for users who wish to write their own programs Development disks contain utility programs which will provide assistance in developing software instead of providing end user application programs A Development disk will boot in with a message such as OS 65D Version 3 0 followed by some other messages and a selection of possible functions ultimately asking the question FUNCTION The functions in this menu are utility programs which will be covered later BASIC and the Immediate Mode The first objective in mastering 65D Version 3 0 is to learn to utilize the programming language BASIC in the immediate mode and to write simple programs This is accomplished by selecting a Development disk booting it in by typing D and answering UNLOCK to FUNCTION Note that the RETURN key must be hit at the completion of each line of input This operation initializes BASIC prepares it for end user programming and returns the user to the BASIC immediate mode displaying the prompter OK At this point the computer will accept almost all standard BASIC statements in the immediate mode The immediate mode can be used in conjunction with any standard BASIC textb
14. PUT file name PUT machine lan uage program on disk 60 Using Indirect Files Often it is desirable to be able to merge two or more BASIC or Assembler source files or transfer BASIC programs between incompatible systems such as OS 65D and OS 65U The Indirect File provides a mechanism for doing this In order to use an indirect file you must have enouch RAM to hold the required program s in the BASIC or Assembler work space and another copy of the program s above the work space The top of the work space can be appropriately set up with the Assembler Hnnnn command or the BASIC Change Utility Program Then the indirect file mechanism is set up with this address 1 by entering it into the following locations decimal hex 9554 2552 Indirect file output address high 9368 2498 Indirect file input address hiah The low part of these addresses is fixed at g Transfers to and from the indirect file are then performed as follows Dumping Source from the Work Space to an Indirect File l Load the source into the BASIC or Assembler work space with the LOAD command 2 Output the source but type a after typing LIST or PRINT and before hitting the RETURN key This turns the indirect file output on 3 At the completion of the output type a This will be echoed as and will turn the indirect file out put off Loading Source from an Indirect File to the Work Space l Clear the work space by typing NEW in BASIC or INIZ
15. all inputs you type into the computer must be followed by pressing the RETURN key This is referred to as line oriented input It offers a tremendous advantage over character oriented input in that until the RETURN key is pressed typing errors can be corrected by merely typing a delete character after the error then typing the correct character On various keyboards the delete character hex code 5F may be a shift O underline or back arrow video terminals with backspace capability the erroneous character is then erased and the cursor is s tt at the proper position for entry of the correct character On printing terminals that have backspace capability the erroneous character obviously cannot be erased However the print head is left correctly positioned for entry of the correct character On terminals without backspace capability the cursor print head is not repositioned but the delete is performed per mitting simple correction of errors As many delete key strokes as needed can be used at any time For example if two characters were typed in error two delete key strokes can be used to eliminate them In addition to the single character delete a control U key entry may be used to delete a whole line This is done by pressing the U key while holding the CTRL key down Menu oriented operating systems provide operational messages as you go so it is usually not necessary to refer to this manual while operating an Applications disk
16. command XQT file name which allows the direct and convenient execution of machine code files providing they are linked to the operating system and reside in the normal work space area Named files must be created via the BASIC utility before the assembly process is begun The user has the option of exiting from the Assembler to the DOS for DOS level commands by the use of the EXIT command and returning by typing RE ASM after completing a command Or a command can be sent directly to the DOS by simply preceeding it with an exclamation point For example LOAD file name etis loads a source code file into the assembler s work space anc returns control to the Assembler Editor Note you can only return to the Assembler if the Assembler is in the transient processor area Likewise you can only return to BASIC if BASIC is in the transient processor area So if the Asserbler was last used you will have to type the DOS command BASIC to reboot BASIC If BASIC was last used you will have to type the DOS command ASM 29 mm Using the Extended Monitor OS 65D Version 3 0 also includes an Extended Machine Code Monitor for debugging programs at the byte level This utility is particularly useful for assembler code work The Extended Monitor can be entered by booting in the system exiting BASIC by typing EXIT and by typing EM which boots in the Assembler Editor and Extended Monitor and leaves the system in the extended monitor comman
17. resident Assembler Editor 6502 Extended Machine Code Monitor and various I O devices The operating system is available for all Ohio Scientific mini floppy and full size floppy disk configurations The system is convenient for beginners to use via the programming language BASIC It supports writing programs in BASIC storing programs on disk recalling programs and reading and writing sequential and random access data files in BASIC The system also fully supports assembler language programming for the 6502 In conjunction with its assembler and machine code capabilities it offers an extensive machine code debugging aid the Extended Monitor The system is also well suited to utilize machine code subroutines in conjunction with BASIC programs It has several advanced features such as variable sector length and the capability of its stand alone disk operating system kernel to support other languages This manual will cover the above features starting with fundamental operation of the system for the BASIC programmer and advancing to more detailed levels The manual is written to permit the user to fully utilize the computer system at the BASIC language level without ever having to read those portions of the manual covering assembler level operation For the user s convenience a condensed User s Guide that covers all features of OS 65D Version 3 0 is included at the end of this manual Using the System in BASIC Before using any floppy diskett
18. 2 4 2A4B 2E78 2F79 3178 317E up to BFFF System Memory Map 6502 Page Zero 6502 Stack Transient Processor Area for BASIC or Assembler or other language processor OS 65D V3 0 to 3278 on mini floppy versions I O Routines Disk Drivers Operating System Kernel Swapper Source File Work Space 327E up for mini floppy Disk buffers when present normally occupy from 317E up offsetting the work space 327E on mini floppy versions 32 Utility Program A complete set of utility programs are provided in the OS 65 Version 3 0 for use in creating new files copying files printinc directories of files or file contents etc These programs may be used without any knowledge of their implementation However they are all written in BASIC and may be used by the interested reader as sample programs demonstrating various programming and file accessing techniques Descriptions of the operation of the utility programs appear on the following pages Create File Utility This utility program is used to create new named files Note that a file must have been created with this program before it can be referenced by any of the file commands To create a file type RUN CREATE The program output and the kind of input you may enter in response are as shown below Any unacceptable response will result in an error message and or a repeat of the request for input FILE CREATIO
19. Change Parameter Utility This utility program is used to change the system parameters for terminal width and for the work space limits The defined terminal width value for the system is used by the BASIC interpreter to provide automatic line rollover when lines longer than the terminal width are output A carriage return and line feed character are automatically inserted into the output line when it hits the terminal wicth Thus long lines are output as two or more lines rather than a single truncated line Since some serial terminals and all OSI video systems automatically provide line rollover you may not need to change this parameter Note that changing terminal width with this utility program provides only a temporary change Whenever the system is rebooted or BASIC is cold started by typing BAS the terminal width is set back to its default value 132 If you write a BASIC program that requires a different terminal width then you must run this utility program to appropriately change the terminal width parameter prior to running that BASIC program you can include into the BASIC program the following commands which setup terminal width WD is a BASIC variable which must contain the desired terminal width POKE 23 WD NC INT WD 14 14 POKE 24 NC The second POKE above sets the column beyond which there are no more 14 character output fields Fourteen is the number of character positions allotted to each output field when co
20. EAD LOW BYTE OF ADDRESS OF MEMORY BLOCK FOR DISK OPERATION HIGH BYTE OF ADDRESS OF MEMORY BLOCK FOR USR lt X gt DISK OPERATION 7 58 13 DISABLE AND TERMINATORS ON STRING INPUT 44 13 173 96 IGNORE CONTROL C 55 DISRBLE BRERK ON NULL INPUT 11 REDO FROM STRRT 76 10 REMOVE KEYWORDS NEW AND LIST 73 1a STATEMENT ARE 27 THEN 05 lt gt 3 8993 8994 8995 9098 9099 9105 91096 9132 9133 9155 9156 9213 9214 9238 9239 8998 9006 12942 t LOCATION OF JSR TO A USR FUNCTION PRESET TO ISR 22D4 IE SET UP FOR USR lt X DISK OPERATION 0 DISTRIBUTOR INPUT FLAG I Q DISTRIBUTOR OUTPUT FLAG INDEX TO CURRENT RCIR ON 550 BOARD IF NUMBERED FROM 0 TO 15 THE VALUE POKED HERE IS amp TIMES THE ACIA NUMBER LOCATICN OF A RANDOM NUMBER SEED THIS LOCATICN IS CONSTANTLY INCREMENTED DURING KEYBOARD POLLING HAS PAGE NUMBER OF HIGHEST RAM LOCATION FOUND ON OS 65D S COLD START BOOT IN THIS IS THE DEFAULT HIGH MEMORY ADDRESS FOR THE ASSEMBLER AND BASIC LOW BYTE ADDRESS FOR MEMORY INPUT HIGH BYTE ADDRESS FOR MEMORY INPUT LOW BYTE ADDRESS FOR MEMORY OUTPUT HIGH BYTE ADDRESS FOR MEMORY OUTPUT LOW BYTE ADDRESS FOR MEMORY BUFFERED DISK INPUT HIGH BYTE ADDRESS FOR MEMORY BUFFERED DISK INPUT BIT S DEVICE DEFAULTS TO 317E LOW BYTE ADDRESS FOR MEMORY BUFFERED DISK OUTPUT HIGH BYTE ADDRESS FOR MEMORY BUFFERED DISK QUTPUT BIT 5 DEVICE DEFAULTS TO 317E LOW BYTE ADDR
21. ESS FOR MEMORY BUFFERED DISK INPUT HIGH BYTE ADDRESS FOR MEMORY BUFFERED DISK INPUT BIT 6 DEVICE DEFAULTS TO 3D7E LOW BYTE ADDRESS FOR MEMORY BUFFERED DISK OUTPUT HIGH BYTE ADDRESS FOR MEMORY BUFFERED DISK OUTPUT BIT 6 DEVICE DEFAULTS TO 3D7E MEMORY BUFFERED DISK I O BIT 5 DEVICE PARAMETERS 8998 8999 BUFFER START ADDRESS 317E 9080 9001 BUFFER END ADDRESS 3D7 E 9aa2 FIRST TRRCK OF FILE 9863 LAST TRACK OF FILE 9064 CURRENT TRRCK IN BUFFER 9005 DIRTY BUFFER FLAG CLEAN gt MEMORY BUFFERED DISK I O BIT 6 DEVICE PARAMETERS 9006 9807 BUFFER START ADDRESS 3D7E 9008 9809 BUFFER END ADDRESS 497E 9810 FIRST TRRCK OF FILE 9011 LRST TRRCK OF FILE 9012 CURRENT TRACK IN BUFFER 9013 DIRTY BUFFER FLAG lt CLERN gt LOCATION QF THE 24 USED BY THE RANDOM ACCESS FILE CALCULATION ROUTINES THIS LOCATION SHOULD ONLY BE ALTERED AFTER THE OPEN HAS OCCURRED FOR THE RANDOM ACCESS FILE BECAUSE THE PUT GET CODE IS LOAD 8 ED INTO THE DIRECTORY BUFFER THIS IS WHERE THIS e4 RESIDES MAKING IT A 48 GIVES ONE 64 BYTE RECORDS 9368 HIGH BYTE ADDRESS FOR INDIRECT FILE INPUT LOW gt 2554 HIGH BYTE ADDRESS FOR INDIRECT FILE OUTPUT amp LOHz2B6G EXTENTIONS TO ASSEMBLER EXIT TO 05 650 3 8 HXHEX NUM SET HIGH MEMORY LIMIT TO lt HEX NUM lt NUM SET MEMORY OFFSET FOR ASSEMBLY TO HEX NUM XCMD LINE SEND lt CMD LINE TO OS 65D RS A COMMAND TO BE
22. EXECUTED RND THEN RETURN TQ RSSEMBLER CONROL I TRB 8 SPRCES RLSO CONTROL U SPRCES CONTROL Y 6 SPACES CONTROL T 5 SPACES CONTROL R 4 SPACES CONTROL E 3 SPACES CONRQL C ABORT CURRENT OPERATION EXTENDED MONITOR TERT SENT TEXT TO 05 650 V3 0 AS A COMMAND GNNNN OPEN MEMORY LOCATION FOR EXAMINATION SUBCOMMANDS LF OPEN NEXT LOCATIOCN CR CLOSE LOCRTION DD PLRCE DD INTO LOCRTION PRINT ASCII VALUE LOCATION REOPEN LOCATION UPARROW OPEN PREVIOUS LOCATION A PRINT AC FROM BREAKPOINT BN LLLL PLACE BREAKPOINT N 1 85 AT LOCATION C CONTINUE FROM LRST BRERKPOINT DNNNN MMMM DUMP MEMORY FROM TO EN ELIMINATE BREAKPOINT N EXIT EXIT TO 05 65 3 0 FNNNN MMMM DD FILL MEMORY FROM TO MMMM 4 WITH 9 GNNNN TRANSFER CONTROL TO LOCATION HNNH HHNNN MMMMOOF gt HEXDECIMAL CALCULATOR PRINTS RESULT GF NNNN COP MMMM WHERE CIS 77 I PRINT BREAK INFORMATION FOR LAST BREAKPOINT k PRINT STACK POINTER FROM RREAKPOTNT L LOAD FROM CASSETTE MHNNN MMMM LLLL MOVE MEMORY BLOCK TO LLLL 1 T LOCRTTCMN NNNN AND UP IN MEMORY gt MMMM SEARCH FOR STRING OF BYTES HEX 1 4 BETWEEN MEMORY LOCATION HHNH AND 1 0 PRINT OVERFLOW RENAINDER FROM HEX CALCULATOR PRINT PROCESSOR STATUS WORD FROM BREAKPOINT GNNMNN DISASSEMBLE 23 LINES FROM LOCATION NNNN A LINE
23. FEED CONTINUES DISASSEMBLY FOR 23 MORE RMMMMZNHMN LLLL RELOCATE NNMNN LLLL 1 TO LOCATICN MMMM SMMMM NNNN SAVE MEMORY BLOCK TO NNNN 1 ON CASSETTE T PRINT BREAKPOINT TABLE y VIEH CONTENTS OF CASSETTE MHTEXT2MMMM NNNN SEARCH FOR ASCII STRING TEXT BETWEEN MMMM AND AND NNNN 1 x PRINT X INDEX REGISTER FROM LAST BREAK T PRINT Y INDEX REGISTER FROM LAST BREAK NOTE ALL COMMANDS ARE LINE BUFFERED BY OS 65D THUS ONLY 18 CHARACTERS PER LINE ARE ALLOWED AND CONTROL U AND BACKARROW APPL Y DISKETTE COPTER THE DISKETTE COPY UTILITY IS FOUND ON TRACK 1 SECTOR 2 IT SHOULD BE LOADED INTO LOCATION 200 WITH A CA G2 8 41 2 TQ START IT TYPE GQ A200 TO SELECT THE COPIER TYPE A i THE COPIER AUTOMATICALLY FORMATS THE DESTINATION DISKETTE BEFORE WRITING ON IT 10 TRACK O READ KHRITE UTILITY THIS UTILITY PERMITS THE READING OF DATA ON TRACK ANYWHERS INTO MEMORY ALSO THE CAPABLITY IS AVAILABLE TO WRITE ANY BLOCK OF MEMORY TO TRACK SPECIFYING A LOAD ADDRESS AND PAGE COUNT THE TRACK ZERO FORMAT IS AS FOLLOWS 1 MILLISECOND DELAY AFTER THE INDEX HOLE THE LOAD ADDRESS OF THE TRACK IN HIGH LOW FORM THE PAGE COUNT OF HOW MUCH DATA IS ON TRACK ZERO TRACK FORMATTING THE REMAINING TRACKS ARE FORMATTED AS FOLLOWS 1 MILLISECOND DELAY AFTER THE INDEX HOLE 2 BYTE TRACK START CODE 43 57 BCD TRACK NUMBER A TRACK TYPE CODE ALWAYS A 58 THERE CAN BE ANY MIXTURE OF VARIOUS LENG
24. Input Devices Output Devices l Serial Port ACIA l Serial Port ACIA 2 Keyboard on 440 540 Board 2 Video on 440 540 Board 3 430 Board 3 UART on 430 Board 44 Null 4 Line Printer 5 Memory 5 Memory 6 Disk Buffer 1 6 Disk Buffer 1 7 Disk Buffer 2 7 Disk Buffer 2 8 550 Board Serial Port 8 550 Board Serial Port 9 Null 9 Null 219 EB The following are examples of the use of these statements INPUT 8 D PRINT 4 LINE PRINTER LIST 6 For instance to store a program on cassette that exists cn disk the user simply calls that program into memory and types LIST 1 or LIST43 depending on which port his cassette interface is connected to This lists that program on that device output to a printer the user simply types PRINT 4 and the out put will be routed to the line printer Memory output device 5 is useful for various experimenter situations such as directly displaying information on the 540 video screen without scrolling This particular application is covered in the Character Graphics Reference Manual Device 6 and device 7 are memory buffers for use with disk files The use of these disk file buffers will covered in the following section Care must be taken not to route input or output to non existent or turned off peripheral devices since this will cause the computer system to hang and will require a reset which
25. N UTILITY PASSWORD The program continues with an explanation of its operation CREATES AN ENTRY IN DIRECTORY FOR A NEW FILE AND INITIALIZES THE TRACKS THAT THE NEW FILE WILL RESIDE ON THE TRACKS WILL CONTAIN NULLS WITH A RETURN AT THE END OF THE TRACK FILE NAME Enter a one to six character file name that is not a duplicate of an existing file name It must start with a letter FIRST TRACK OF FILE Enter the number of the first track the file is to reside on Note that a file always begins on a track boundary and resides on a whole number of tracks NUMBER OF TRACKS IN FILE Enter the number of tracks on which the file is to reside All tracks assigned to a file must not have been previously assigned 34 The program then continues with 12 8 for mini floppy PAGES PER TRACK IS THIS OK Type YES if the specified number of pages per track is acceptable otherwise type NO If you type NO the following question is asked HOW MANY PAGES PER TRACK THEN Enter the number of pages of storage you want each track to contain Any number up to the default number of pages is acceptable For full size diskettes this is twelve pages and for mini diskettes it is eight pages per track The file will now be created and its name and track location will be entered into the directory Each of the tracks of the file will be initialized to nulls with a return character at the end of each track 35 uS a
26. QUIRED TQ READ SOME EARLIER VERSION FILES i 5 Ye PLEASE REFER TO COMPATABLITY DISCUSSION LATER PRINT SECTOR MAP DIRECTORY OF TRACK NN LOAD THE ASSEMBLER AND EXTENDED MONITOR TRANSFER CONTROL TO THE EXTENDED MONITOR EXAMINE TRACK LORD ENTIRE TRACK CONTENTS INCLUDING FORMATTING INFORMATION INTO LOCATION TRANSFER CONTROL GO TO LOCATION NNNN RESET TRRCK COUNT TO ZERO RND HOME THE CURRENT DRIVE S HERD TO TRACK ZERO INITIRLIZE THE ENTIRE DISK IE ERRSE THE ENTIRE DISKETTE EXCEPT TRACK 02 AND WRITE NEW FORMATTING INFORMATION ON EACH TRACK SAME RS INIT BUT ONLY OPERATES QN TRACK TT CHANGES THE INPUT I 0 DISTRIBUTOR FLAG TO NN AND THE OUTPUT FLAG TO MM CHANGES ONLY THE OUTPUT FLAG CHANGES ONLY THE INPUT FLAG LOADS NAMED SOURCE FILE FILNRM INTO MEMORY LOADS SOURCE FILE INTO MEMOR GIVEN STARTING TRRCK NUMBER TT SETS THE MEMORY I 0 DEVICE INPUT POINTER TO NNNN RND THE OUTPUT POINTER TO 1 w wu wm PUT FILNRM SRVES SOURCE FILE IN MEMORY ON THE NRMED DISK FILE FILNRM PUT TT SRVES SOURCE FILE IN MEMORY ON TRRCK TT RND FOLLOWING TRACKS RET ASM RESTART THE ASSEMBLER RET BAS RESTART BASIC RET EM RESTART THE EXTENDED MONITOR RET MON RESTART THE PROM MONITOR RST VECTOR SAVE TT S NNNN P SAVE MEMORY FROM LOCATION ON TRACK TT SECTOR S FOR P PAGES SELECT X SELECT DISK DRIVE
27. TH SECTORS HEREAFTER THE TOTRL PAGE COUNT CAN NOT EXCEED 12 PAGES IF MORE THAN ONE SECTOR IS ON ANY GIVEN TRACK 13 PAGES CAN BE PLACED ON A TRACK IF ONLY ONE SECTOR RESIDES ON A TRACK EACH SECTOR IS WRITTEN THE FOLLOWING FORMAT PREVIOUS SECTOR LENGTH 4 IF NONE BEFORE TIMES 800 MICROSECONDS OF DELAY SECTOR START CODE 76 SECTOR NUMBER IN BINARY SECTOR LENGTH IN BINARY SECTOR DRTR COMPATABILITY WITH EARLIER OS s6S5SDS THE EARLIER VERSIONS OF OS 65D IE EARLIER THAN 3 8 HAD A QUIRK OPERATION THEY ATTEMPTED TO DO READ THE HERD WAS LOADED AND THE ACIA INITIALIZED AT THE RISING EDGE OF THE INDEX HOLE SINCE THE EARLIER 65075 FORMAT INCLUDED NO GAP AFTER THE INDEX HOLE THE ACIA MAY BE INITIALIZED IN THE MIDDLE OF A BYTE THIS WOULD SET THE ACIA OUT OF SYNC WITH THE DATA IT WOULD THEN TAKE SEVERAL REVOLUTIONS OF THE DISKETTE BEFORE THE ACIA GOT BACK IN SYNC AND THE TRACK HEADER FOUND FOR THIS REASON THERE MAY BE PROBLEMS IN READING EARLIER VERSION FILES THE ERROR ENCOUNTERED IS ERROR 9 THIS ERROR INDICATES THAT THE TRACK HEADER WAS NOT FOUND IN ONE REVOLUTION so THAT EARLIER VERSION FILES CAN BE COPIED OVER TO THE NEW SYSTEM THE D9 COMMAND IS AVAILABLE IT PREVENTS THE ERROR 9 ERROR CHECKING 11
28. UENTIAL ACCESS DISK FILE WITH FILE lt STRING gt USING MEMORY BUFFERED DISK I O DISTRIBUTOR DEVICE NUMBER 6 OR 7 READS FIRST TRACK OF FILE TO MEMORY AND SETS UP THE MEMORY POINTERS TO START OF BUFFER DISK CLOSE DEVICE FORCES A DISK WRITE OF THE CURRENT BUFFER CONTENTS TO CURRENT TRACK P DISK GET lt RECORD NUMBER gt USING LAST FILE OPENED ON THE LUN 6 DEVICE A CALCULATED TRACK IS READ INTO MEMORY WHERE THAT TRACK IS lt lt NUM 2 24 TRACK GIVEN IN LAST OPEN COMMAND DISK IT ALSO SETS BOTH MEMORY POINTERS TO 128 lt lt NUM gt lt lt NUM gt 24 gt BRSE BUFFER RDDRESS FOR LUN 6 DEVICE WRITE DEVICE 6 BUFFER QUT TO DISK THE EFFECT IS THE SRME RS R DISK CLOSE 6 END USER POKES TO BASIC LOCATION OLD FUNCTION 2972 2976 2673 2893 2894 741 750 OTHER FORES TO BASIC LOCATION FUNCTION 23 2888 8722 8917 9826 9822 9823 9824 9825 TERMINAL WIDTH IF BOTH ARE A NULL INPUT TO A INPUT YIELDS AN EMPTY STRING OR A IF BOTH THE INPUT STATEMENT FUNCTIONS AS NORMAL USRCX DISK OPERATION CODE WRITE TO DRIVE A 3 READ FROM DRIVE A 6 WRITE TO DRIVE B 9 READ FROM DRIVE B TRACK NUMBER FOR USR lt X gt DISK OPERATION SECTOR NUMBER FOR USR X gt DISK OPERATION PAGE COUNT FOR USR KX25 DISK WRITE OR NUMBER OF PAGES READ IN BY DISK R
29. Y 61 i uw um the Assembler load the source file into the work space into which the indirect file is to be merged Type a Control X The indirect file data will be loaded into the work space When the character is loaded at the end of the file the indirect file input will be automatically terminated 62 Kernel Utilities For normal use only two operations from the KERNEL mode will be rquired Initializing Diskettes and Copying Diskettes Initializing Diskettes Once the kernel is entered a new diskette can be initialized for use by OS 65D V3 0 by removing the operating system disk and placing the diskette to be copied in the A drive Then type INT The machine answers ARE YOU SURE You answer Y After the initialization is complete the prompter A will re appear If an error message is reported during the initialization process the diskette is probably bad and should be discarded k k k k k k k k k k k k k k NOTE 923323244222 OSI mini floppy systems have write protect capability Write protected diskettes have a label covering a notch on one side cf the disk write protected disk will imrediately report an error upon initialization or copying attempts Simply remove the write protect label before using Copying Diskettes Diskettes can be copied on dual drive systems as follows l First initialize
30. affect the operation of the program ebd File Zeroing Utility This utility program is used to zero the contents of a data m file This fills the entire data fiie with null hex 9 characters which are ignored skipped over during BASIC input You may find it advantageous to zero random data files before entering data into them in order to provide a background that is transparent not seen by a BASIC INPUT command To zero a file type RUN ZERO The program output and the kind of input you may enter in response are as shown below Any unacceptable response will result in an error message and or a repeat of the request for input FILE ZERO UTILITY COMPLETELY ERASES THE CONTENTS OF A DATA FILE D PASSWORD Enter the appropriate password FILE NAME Enter the name of the file to be zeroed The program continues with IS IT A NORMAL 12 8 for a mini floppy PAGE DATA FILE Enter YES or NO If NO is entered the following message is output THEN HOW MANY PAGES PER TRACK Enter 1 through 12 8 for mini floppy to specify the number of 256 byte pages per track in the file The file will be zeroed and the program will terminate 55 ej uw uu OS 65D V3 0 Kernel The OS 65D V3 0 kernel contains its own command interpreter for handling those commands that are basic to the system These include commands for initializing diskettes selecting a disk drive transferring specific disk sectors and f
31. again or BASIC is reloaded by typing BAS in the DOS command mode Later running a program that results in an Out of Memory OM error may be the result of a reduced work space that is no longer required Program output continues with YOU WILL HAVE fffff BYTES FREE IN THE WORK SPACE IS THAT ALRIGHT Enter YES or NO If NO is entered the Change Parameter Utility Program from the beginning Otherwise the requested changes are made the work space contents are cleared and the program terminates 42 Delete File Utility This utility program may be used to delete a named file from the directory This frees the tracks on which that file resided tracks on those contents a direct RUN but it does not actually alter the contents of those Consequently until a new file is created residing tracks or the tracks are otherwise changed the of the old deleted file are still recoverable by track number access delete a named file type DELETE The program output and the kind of input you may enter in response are as shown below Any unacceptable response will result in an error message and or repeat of the request for input DELETE UTILITY REMOVES AN ENTRY FROM THE DIRECTORY PASSWORD Enter the appropriate password The program continues with FILE NAME Enter the name of the file to be deleted The file will now be deleted from the directory enda p
32. be written out between each item or the user would have to provide the detailed programming to break the long string into its separate items whenever the string was input It is much simpler to write each item with a separate PRINT statement There is also another limitation preventing long strings from being read The BASIC input buffer is 72 characters long Consequently longer strings are truncated on input 27 meg Using the Assembler Editor OS 65D Version 3 0 supports an interactive Assembler Editor The Assembler Editor can be brought in by proceeding with the normal boot in procedure to BASIC s immediate mode Then type EXIT followed by ASM This brings in the Assembler Editor and places the computer in the Editor s immediate mode Assembler Editor s operation is as specified in the separate Assembler Editor Manual except for the extensions to the Assembler covered here The Assembler Editor is an extra cost option The Assembler Editor utilizes two types of files Source files which contain the assembler code and optional object files which contain the machine code generated by the assembly Under OS 65D Version 3 0 source files can be named or specified by track number Object files can be stored in variable sector format for placement anywhere in memory or can be stored in named file mode if they are set up to reside in the standard work space In addition the disk operating System includes an execute object file
33. ch line of input 2 BASIC will report number of tracks needed for storace Then the DOS prompter A will appear 3 Type PUT track number where track number 73 for the example on 8 floppies and 34 on 5 floppies WARNING PUT track number will place new programs right over old files on the disk so be sure that the tracks you specify don t contain other important software in the example they don t 4 Type RETURN BASIC or RE BA in shorthand 5 The BASIC prompter OK should appear with the program still in memory Type NEW to clear the program from memory and reinitialize the work space Now follow the procedure on the next page specifying track 73 for 8 floppies and track 34 on a 5 floppy m a ww s g b kas Procedure for Loading a Program from Disk by Track Number 1 Type EXIT 2 Ignore the track size report BASIC puts out 3 Type LOAD track number where track number is the starting track of the desired program 4 Type RE BA 5 The BASIC prompter OK should appear with the program in memory 6 RUN or LIST the program as desired The preceding process could be considered tedious for bringing in programs to be run There is a much shorter way of bringing in programs and running them This can be demonstrated by typing NEW to initialize the work space and then typing the statement RUN track number where track number is 73 or 34 This brings the progra
34. d mode The OS 65D Version 3 0 User s Guide at the end of this manual provides a complete list of the Extended Monitor s commands 30 System Overview The OS 65D Version 3 0 is a highly refined super set of the original OS 65D operating system which was first introduced in 1976 Version 3 0 is a compact highly responsive operating system for BASIC assembler and machine code programming It is suitable for all computer system uses except the most demanding business applications where OS 65U and OS DMS should be utilized System Architecture Version 3 0 utilizes a stand alone DOS complete with command interpreter The DOS and command interpreter are part of the DOS kernel and can be utilized without a programming language In addition to the DOS kernel the system contains an I O distributor which supports all standard Ohio Scientific I O devices and can route input and output through common locations to any combination of these input and output devices The system supports a transient processor area specifically for Microsoft BASIC the 6502 Assembler Editor and the Extended Monitor and can be used for any other 6502 language processors which may be installed on the system The principal source code or object file work space starts at 317E hex for 8 floppies and 327E for mini floppies The following memory map Shows the overall layout of the system 31 0 100 200 22 2300 3178 2300 265 265
35. disk file size as large as or slightly larger than the available RAM for BASIC programs For example with the mini disk system with 20K of RAM slightly less than 8K is available for programs thus a four track file will handle any program that can be typed into the machine The user should always maintain a scratch file usually with the name SRATCH which is larger than the memory size of the computer or simply have a large block of free tracks This file or block of tracks can act as temporary storage in several situations For example the user types in a program and then remembers that he did not create a file for it The procedure is to simply store the program in SRATCH create an appropriate file reload the program from SRATCH and store it under its proper name Another case comes up when a BASIC program outgrows its file size The program is then stored in SRATCH the old file is deleted and then recreated in a larger size These procedures will also be valuable for data files which will be discussed later 16 Backing Up Files On computer systems with two or more disk drives it is recommended that the user periodically recopy his entire disk to a back up disk by use of the Copy Utility The Copy Utility is a machine code utility and is described in the utilities documentation portion of the manual single drive systems the best approach is to back up work by performing all disk file functions on two diskettes That is w
36. e the program as amended type LIST lt RETURN gt amp To execute the new program type RUN lt RETURN gt The computer operating manual contains more in depth discussion of BASIC several sample programs and a reference manual on BASIC You may also wish to refer to one of the many BASIC programming texts now available for an in depth study of BASIC a m l il w Loading Saving and Running BASIC Programs ricis DOTS JON rada a ete OS 65D Version 3 0 allows the user to LOAD SAVE and RUN BASIC programs specified by starting track number or by up to a six character file name This unique approach allows maximum versatility in that the user can allow the disk system to locate the space for files or can manually specify exactly where files appear on the disk as desired Floppy Disk Formats Floppy disks are divided into concentric circles called tracks Each track can be further divided into entities called sectors An 8 floppy disk has 77 usable tracks Mini floppy disks have from 35 to 40 usable tracks depending upon the quality of the read write head in the floppy diskette drive and the quality of the floppy media Tracks are numbered from 0 up such that the 5th physical track on the disk is track 4 OS 65D Version 3 0 stores BASIC programs starting on track boundaries and uses an integer number of tracks to store each program That i
37. es please carefully read ali the warnings about the care and handling of diskettes and the floppy disk system in the main operator s manual accompany ing your computer Once you have the system properly connected and pcwered up place the 65D Version 3 0 diskette label side up in the A drive of your disk system There are basically two types of 65D 3 0 diskettes Development disks and menu oriented Applications disks Both boot up directly in the programming language BASIC and execute a BASIC program called BEXEC With either type of diskette the proper procedure is as follows 1 Place the diskette into the disk drive 2 Close the drive door 3 Depress the reset button in front of the CPU or the break key on the computer s keyboard depending on the model of the computer you have 4 Check to be sure the shift lock key is in the locked or down position on polled keyboard systems 5 Depress the D key This selects the floppy disk bootstrap which will load the operating system from disk into memory A series of messages will appear on the screen Menu Oriented Disks Applications disks display a menu when booted which is a list of numbers and program descriptions and finally a message such as YOUR SELECTION To select the desired program you simply type the number corresponding to the desired selection and depress the RETURN key The operating system will then load that program execute it Note that
38. ges can be made as required The Applications disks do not contain the named file utility programs CREATE DIR etc but can be utilized in conjunction with these programs if they are brought in from a Development disk Likewise the user can generate new by simply changing BEXEC on a Development disk as desired for menu and locked operation 18 Advanced Features of OS 65D Version 3 0 9 Digit BASIC The 9 Digit BASIC in OS 65D Version 3 0 contains several extensions to Microsoft 9 Digit BASIC These extensions provide l Input output distribution to various devices 2 Interfaces to the disk operating system kernel 3 Extensions for sequential and random access disk data files We will now discuss each of these extensions in detail BASIC I O Handling BASIC input and output is performed with the following commands INPUT PRINT and LIST Under OS 65D BASIC these statements can be utilized in the normal way for input and output to the console device Also input output can be selectively routed from to various other devices on the system including a terminal modem or cassette at the serial port video display 430 board based UART memory buffer line printer two disk buffers 16 port serial board and a null device Input output can be routed from to these devices by simply typing a pound sign 4 and the device number as listed in the table below immediately following the INPUT PRINT or LIST command
39. gram at any given time These files are referred to as devices 6 and 7 utilize files as device 6 and 7 obviously one must equate them to physical files on disk This is done by use of the OPEN command which equates a nam d file to a particular device number For example the statement DISK OPEN 6 TEST2 opens the previously created disk file TEST2 and equates it to device 6 Once this statement has been executed a statement such as PRINT 6 A will print the string AS to the file TEST2 Likewise information can be input from a file by the statement INPUT 6 B When this statement is executed the next variable in the data file TEST2 will be read into string variable B At the end of a program or when one has completed their use of a particular data file the statement DISK CLOSE 6 should be executed which closes the data file and assures that all updates to the file are made Two data files may be in use simultaneosly by opening one on device 6 and one on device 7 Then INPUTS and PRINTS to device 6 and 7 can be made interchangeably More than two data files can be used in a program by simply closing and re opening files as needed Steps to Using Sequential Data Files The following steps must be taken to create and fill a sequential file with information w Using the CREATE utility create a file to hold the sequential output program with a name such as PROGL Create a data file with a
40. he parameters and their locations are Disk Buffer Locations t 2326 low 2327 high Buffer start address normally 317E 2328 low 2329 high Buffer end address 1 normally 3D7E 232A First track of file BCD 232B Last track of file BCD 232C Current track in buffer BCD 232D Buffer dirty flag 0 clean Disk Buffer 2 Locations 232E low 232F high Buffer start address normally 3D7E 2330 low 2331 high Buffer end address 1 normally 497E 2332 First track of file BCD 2333 Last track of file BCD 2334 Current track in buffer BCD 2339 Buffer dirty flag 0 clean Locations of the current buffer addresses are Disk Buffer 1 Input 23AC low and 23AD high Disk Buffer 2 Input 23FD low and 23FE high Disk Buffer 1 Output 23C3 low and 23CA high Disk Buffer 2 Output 2416 low and 2416 high Proper initialization of these parameters prior to disk I O includes Setting the current buffer addresses to the buffer end address 1 Setting the current track in buffer to the first track of file 1 After completing output to disk the current buffer contents may be left dirty Data has been written to the buffer but the Add hex 188 to these addresses in mini floppy systems 58 disk hasn t yet been updated by transferring the buffer out to disk If this is so as indicated by a non zero buffer dirty flag the user must perform the final disk transfer This can be done by readi
41. hen a new program is being generated a file for it should be created on two diskettes and then when the program is entered in the machine it should be saved on both diskettes by storing it on one disk removing that disk from the system placing the other diskette in place and storing it in that diskette This is a somewhat tedious process which is why dual drive systems are popular Modifying BEXEC and Applications Disks We have now covered enough information to allow the customiza tion of existing Applications diskettes and the creation of new Applications diskettes All OS 65D Version 3 0 diskettes boot up in BASIC and call in and execute the BASIC program called BEXEC On Applications disks this program contains a menu of available BASIC programs Development disks it may contain a menu of some of the utilities To access the operating system that is to unlock an Applications disk such that programs may be listed and modified the user must type either UNLOCK or PASS to the question YOUR SELECTION depending upon the particular diskette The system then reports that it is open for modification By unlocking the Applications diskette and examining the listing of 17 a d aM uu cond the menu program the user can determine where programs are located on the disk Programs can then be called in via the LOAD command modified and saved back on disk Additional programs can be saved on the disk and menu chan
42. iate to the I P display the device 1 serial port address is changed to Fgg as appropriate to the I P 65 au uu up um I P Pico DOS A version of OS 65D V3 0 is available as a Pico DOS for use with mini floppies on the OSI I P Personal Computer This system extends the 6 Digit BASIC LOAD and SAVE commands to permit files to be saved on a diskette as well as on the usual cassette In order to use the Pico DOS insert a Pico DOS diskette into the A mini floppy drive and type a D in response to the D C W M j message The Pico DOS will boot up with the following message MINI 65D3 V1 0 MEMORY SIZE 8955 TERMINAL WIDTH Note that the memory size has automatically beer specified This is because the Pico DOS occupies memory above this point Continue with the initialization by entering terminal width as usual The new commands available under the Pico DOS are LOAD n SAVE n where n is a program number 1 through 8 66 05 650 DISK OPERATING SYSTEM USER S GUIDE COMMANDS BASIC CALL NNNN TT S D9 DIR NN EM EXAM NNNN TT GO NNNN HOME INIT INTET ETT IO NN MM IO MM IO NN LORD FILNRM LORD TT MEM LORD THE ASSEMBLER AND EXTENDED MONITOR TRRNSFER CONTROL TO THE RSSEMBLER LORD BRSIC RND TRRNSFER CONTROL TO IT LORD CONTENTS OF TRRCK TT SECTOR S TO MEMORY LOCATION NNNN DISABLE ERROR 9 THIS IS RE
43. iles initiating various language processors etc All kernel commands are listed in the User s Guide with brief descriptions of their function Those requiring further explanation are also covered below Accessing the Kernel Upon initializing the system type UNLOCK to the question FUNCTION Then type EXIT The DOS kernel prompter A then appears and any kernel commands may be entered Changing I O Distributor Flags IO nn mm Changes input and output flag IO nn Changes input flag only IO mm Changes output flag only This command changes I O distributor flags to specify from which device system input is to be taken and to which device or devices system output is to be sent The values nn and mm shown above in the command are taken from the following table 56 Input Device Null Serial Port at FC Keyboard on 440 540 Board UART on 430 Board Null Memory Disk Buffer 1 Disk Buffer 2 550 Board Serial Port Output Device Null Serial Port at FC Video on 440 540 Board UART on 430 Board Line Printer Memory Disk Buffer 1 Disk Buffer 2 550 Board Serial Port Note that the above values are hexidecimal numbers each of which corresponds to the setting of one bit within the flag byte no bits in an I O flag byte specifies the null device Output to t the null device is thrown away undefined data Input from the null device yields If more than one bit is set in the i
44. it may be desirable to remove a file from the disk because the file is no longer needed or possibly because the program is becoming too larae for that particular file and the file must be recreated a larger size Files can be removed from the directory and subsequently from the disk by use of the Delete Utility Refer to the utility EE 5 portion of this manual for instructions the use of this utility Other Useful Features For Loading and Saving Programs on Disk We have now covered all the fundamentals required to put programs on a diskette and recall them from a diskette The following discussion will provide additional insights into the use of the disk system for BASIC programs and other files Tips for File Use File names can be up to six characters long and are generally three to six characters The first character in the file name must be alphabetic and the name cannot include spaces The 15 E ug uw ws 3 directory program lists out file names as they appear in the directory For this reason a sorted directory program DIRSRT is available It sorts the directory in alphabetic order or track number order The disk also contains a renaming utility called RENAME which allows a file name to be changed Tips On File Size The OS 65D approach to data files requires that the user know how large his file is initially For programs this should not be a problem To be safe the user can simply specify a
45. k space and the total number of bytes reserved for buffers etc THE BASIC WORK SPACE WILL BE SET TO START AT aaaaa LEAVING bbbb BYTES FREE IN FRONT OF THE WORK SPACE IS THAT ALRIGHT 40 Enter YES or NO If you enter NO the program requests that you specify an exact lower limit address for the work space NEW LOWER LIMIT Enter a lower limit address The program then confirms this value by outputting bbbb BYTES WILL BE FREE BEFORE THE WORK SPACE The program then continues with YOU HAVE xx K OF RAM DO YOU WANT TO LEAVE ANY ROOM AT THE TOP Enter YES or NO If you enter YES the following question is asked HOW MANY BYTES Enter the number of bytes to be allocated between the top of the work space and the end of main memory that this The program then outputs THE BASIC WORK SPACE WILL BE SET TO END AT ccccc LEAVING dddd BYTES FREE AFTER THE WORK SPACE IS THAT ALRIGHT Enter YES or NO If you enter NO the program requests you specify an exact number limit address for the work space NEW UPPER LIMIT Enter an upper limit address The program then confirms value by outputting eeee BYTES WILL BE FREE AFTER THE WORK SPACE Note that the reservation of space after the work space is not recorded on disk with a program when it is saved in a file The allocation is only recorded as a RAM resident change to the 41 gt BASIC interpreter and remains in effect until explicitly changed
46. lication In general tracks ten through 26 contain the various utility programs however note that tracks ll and 12 are free Track 27 contains the sample assembler language program ASAMPL 5 dl du ml C wm Sorted Directory Utility This utility program may be used to output a list of all currently existing named files and the numbers of the tracks on which they reside This output can be in alpha numeric order by file name or by track number To output a sorted directory type RUN DIRSRT The program output and the kind of input you may enter in response are as shown below Any unacceptable response will result in an error message and or a repeat of the request for input SORTED DIRECTORY UTILITY SORTED BY NAME OR TRACK N T Enter N or T to specify a named or a track sort respectively The program continues with LIST ON LINE PRINTER INSTEAD OF DEVICE sd Enter YES or NO is the current output device assignment If you enter YES the directory output will be on device 4 other wise it will be on the currently assigned output device If you answer YES and there is no device 4 on the system the directory will not be output If neither N or T was entered above THEN IT WILL BE UNSORTED is output and the directory list will be in the same order as the actual entries in the directory
47. m into the work space and automatically starts executing it de Utilizing Named Program Files It is somewhat difficult to have to remember the locations TN of all programs by track number For example it is easy to forget whether program you want is on track 72 or track 27 Therefore it is desirable to be able to utilize a name for a program instead of its track number To utilize named files on the disk utility programs which are present on the diskette must be used These programs are written in BASIC and include DIR CREATE and DELETE There are more utility programs but these are the only ones necessary for saving and recalling named BASIC programs DIR is the directory program This program when executed lists or prints out a directory of the disk files by name and track utilization Disk files can include BASIC programs BASIC data files assembler source code machine code and other special files such as the utilities programs To obtain a disk directory simple type RUN DIR while in the BASIC immediate mode Or type DIR directly to the question FUNCTION when the system is booted The directory program then asks if you want line printer output in stead of console output then follows with the directory of file names and track ranges The following two listings show the standard directory for mini floppy and 8 floppy Development disks ll b Ww 1 Mini Floppy
48. may destroy data in memory BASIC to DOS Interface OS 65D Version 3 0 utilizes a stand alone command processor for the disk operating system That is disk operation can be performed even if BASIC is not present in memory Full discussion of the disk operating commands are in another section of the manual and in the User s Guide We have already covered some of these commands such as LOAD and PUT The programmer can leave BASIC and enter the DOS command mode by typing EXIT If he does not f alter the BASIC interpreter in memory or the work space he can return to BASIC by typing RETURN BASIC or in shorthand form RE BA The user can also execute a single DOS command without leaving BASIC by utilizing the statement DISK string where string is an operating system command This statement can be part of a BASIC program thus allowing the user to conveniently utilize all the disk operating system commands as part of any BASIC program ye mA EM dM mn ME wg pata Files in BASIC Im many applications it is a practical necessity to store many variables in such a way that they can be recalled at a later date Specifically after the power has been turned on and off several times Such a collection of variables is referred to as a data file There are two fundamental types of data files available under OS 65D Version 3 0 sequential files and random files Sequen
49. mmas 36 are used to separate the variables in a PRINT statement The work space is that RAM area where the assembler and BASIC source programs reside It is used to hold these source programs and various tables lists etc that are used during assembly or BASIC program interpretation The work space normally begins at 12670 hex 317E for full size floppy disk systems and at 12926 hex 327E for mini floppy disk systems The end of the work space is normally the end of the main memory that memory which starts at address zero and is contiguous up to some higher address The BASIC command RUN file name and the DOS commands LOAD and PUT provide a means to easily load a disk file into the work space and to put a file that is in the work space back onto disk either by name or by track number Such files are referred to as LOAD PUT or L P files The Change Parameter Utility Program permits changes to the work space limits so that you can reserve space in a LOAD PUT file for disk I O buffers assembly language object code or whatever The following diagram shows relevant work space addresses 37 Full Size Mini Floppy Floppy Disk Disk System System Normal End of Work Space Depends of Size of System Memory or No of Pages Specified Depends on Size of System Memory or No of Pages Specified Room at the Top if present User Defined User Defined Changed End of Work Space
50. name such as TEST2 Execute the Change Utility by typing RUN CHANGE Use the Change Utility to allocate space for one disk buffer at the beginning of the BASIC program Refer to the section on disk utilities for explicit information on using the Change Utility When the CHANGE program is complete the work space has been reconfigured with space allocated for a disk buffer The program for use of the single disk file should be entered at this time The following program may be used It will place four strings in the disk file TEST2 19 DISK OPEN 6 TEST2 29 FOR I 1 TO 4 3 PRINT 6 STRING I 4g NEXT I 5g DISK CLOSE 6 Store the program on disk under the name specified in Step l Run the program which should output the strings to the disk file TEST2 Use the utility program SEQLST to list out the contents of the data file TEST2 Refer to the utilities portion of the manual for directions Make the following changes to the program to use it to list out the file 30 INPUT 6 D 35 PRINT D 9 Run the modified program The results should be the same as they were when SEQLST was run Random Data Files In may instances sequential files become very impractical For instance in an inventory application one would like to be able to quickly access an inventory item for reference or change This requires the use of a random data file Random data files differ from sequential files in that groups of entries are combined into reco
51. ng past the end of the current buffer which will cause a page fault and update the disk Transferring Disk Sectors CALL address track sector SAVE track sector address page These commands transfer a specified track sector between RAM and disk The address must always be four hexidecimal digits track must be two decimal digits and sector one decimal digit Pages must be one hexidecimal digit within the range 1 D for full size floppies and 1 through 8 for mini floppies A diven sector can be referenced only if all lowered numbered sectors exist on the specified track NOTE This version of OS 65D contains more comprehensive disk transfer error checks than previous versions As a result under some circumstances error 9 will be reported when attempting to read or write earlier version diskettes The D9 command should be entered when this occurs to temporarily defeat the checks for error 9 The system should be reinitialized after completing the transfer to restore error 9 checks Executing a Machine Code File file name This command loads the file file name into the work space at hex 3179 up 3279 up in mini floppy systems and transfers control to location 317E 327E The file name can be either the name of 59 NES NN ss um previously defined file a track number Relative location four of the file which loads into 317D must contain the nurber of tracks to be loaded
52. nput flag input is taken from the lowest numbered device other than null and the other bits are ignored More than one bit set in the output flag results in output being sent to each device for which the appropriate bit is set For example the command IO g9 would result in all output going to both the Serial ACIA Port and the Line Printer Some of the above devices need further explanation Memory input is from RAM starting at the address contained in locations 238A low and 238B high with an automatic incre mentation of the address after each character is input Memory output is to RAM starting at the address contained in locations 2391 low and 2392 high with an automatic incrementation of the address after each character is output The addresses in these locations can be changed by the user in order to do memory I O to any available RAM area provided for this purpose 537 The command MEM nnnn mmmm is The nnnn is a four hex digit address Setting for input mumm is an output address Disk buffer I O operates similar to memory I O described above However I O to the disk buffers also results in automatic disk transfers whenever a buffer track boundary is crossed In order for this disk I O to properly take place a few parameters must be set up before performing any of the actual input output operations These parameters are set up in BASIC by the command OPEN T
53. o RD X d ss au mdi g NE wu Directory Utility Cc This utility program is used to output a list of all current ly existing named files and the numbers of the tracks on which they reside To output a directory type RUN DIR The program output and the kind of input you may enter in response are as shown below LIST ON LINE PRINTER INSTEAD OF DEVICE d Enter YES or NO dis the current output device assignment If you enter YES the directory output will be on device 4 other wise it will be on the currently assigned device If you answer YES and there is no device 4 on the system the directory will not be output A sample directory output appears below p OS 65D VERSION 3 0 DIRECTORY FILE NAME TRACK RANGE OS 65D3 0 8 BEXEC 9 9 CHANGE 10 10 CREATE 13 14 DELETE 15 15 DIR 16 16 DIRSRT 17 17 RANLST 18 19 RENAME 29 29 SECDIR 21 21 SEOLST 22 23 TRACE 24 24 ZERO 25 26 ASAMPL 27 27 50 ENTRIES FREE OUT OF 64 The above directory shows that the system software occupies 44 tracks zero through eight OS 65D3 is not a file in the conventional sense but appears in the directly solely to delineate and reserve the tracks occupied by system software Track nine contains the BASIC Executive BEXEC This is a BASIC program which always runs when the system is booted and which may be customized as needed to suit your app
54. o intervening gaps To list a sequential file type RUN SEQLST The program output and the kind of input you may enter in response are as shown below Any unacceptable response will result in an error message and or a repeat of the request for input SEQUENTIAL FILE LISTER TYPE A CONTROL C TO STOP FILE NAME Enter the name of the sequential file to be listed The specified file is listed until you type a Control C or the end of the file is reached in which case the program terminates with the following end of file message ERR D ERROR IN LINE 100 OK 53 Trace Utility This utility program may be used to initiate or terminate a BASIC program line number trace To trace a BASIC program type RUN TRACE The program output and the input you may enter in response are as shown below Any unacceptable response will result in a repeat of the request for input TRACE UTILITY WHEN BASIC S TRACE FEATURE IS ENABLED BASIC WILL PRINT OUT EACH LINE NUMBER OF THE PROGRAM BEFORE IT IS EXECUTED ENABLE OR DISABLE E D Enter E to enable the trace or D to disable the trace If the trace is being enabled 160 OK will be output The 160 is a trace of the last line of the utility program Now run the program you wish to test with line number tracing Note that the execution of any program including utility programs such as this one will include line number outputs while the trace is enabled This will not adversely
55. ook for mastering the concepts of the programming language BASIC The following is a short introduction to programming in BASIC and some sample programs that can be run Once you have mastered elementary programming in BASIC proceed to the next section which covers loading BASIC programs from disk and storing BASIC programs on disk md PROGRAM EXAMPLE The following program example demonstrates some of the more fundamental concepts of BASIC This program may be entered when the computer replies OK Enter the program exactly as it appears including all punctuation etc 10 PRINT HELLO I M YOUR NEW COMPUTER RETURN 20 PRINT lt RETURN gt 3 END lt RETURN gt Now check the program to be sure you have entered it correctly Type in the word LIST and lt RETURN gt This instructs the computer to print out the program as stored within the computer s memory LIST lt RETURN gt To have the computer execute run the program type in RUN lt FETURN gt The computer should then print HELLO I M YOUR NEW COMPUTER The BASIC language makes it easy to modify edit a program Errors within a line may be corrected by retyping the line Additional statements may be incorporated into a program by sequencing the new line numbers within the existing program The following additions to the example program demonstrate these editing concepts 5 FOR X g TO 39 RETURN 25 NEXT X lt RETURN gt To examin
56. owing steps Steps to Using Random Data Files t l Create a new program file or utilize the same program file as in the sequential exercise 2 Execute the Change Utility and allocate space for one disk buffer 3 Type in the following program lg DISK OPEN 6 TEST2 20 FOR I TO 9 DISK GET I 4g FOR J 1 TO 2 5g PRINT 6 STRING I J 68 NEXT J 79 DISK PUT 80 NEXT I 98 DISK CLOSE 6 4 Save the program under the file name specified in Step 1 5 Run the program to fill TEST2 with ten records of information dibus 6 Utilize the random file list utility RANLST to list out the information placed in TEST2 Note that RANLST only lists one string per record so it does not list the second string we wrote to each file record 7 Modify the original program via the following lines 50 INPUT 6 5 55 PRINT D 70 deleted 8 Execute the modified program to observe the output Output information should be the same as was originally placed in the file Note that in the above example an inner FOR loop is used to write each of two strings to each record of the file Execution of the PRINT statement for each string causes the data followed by a carriage return character to be written to the file Al though the carriage return character occupies a character of file space its use after each item written to the file greatly simplifies inputting the data If a record were written as a single long string commas would have to
57. rds These records can be randomly non sequentially accessed For instance a random data file could have a hundred records A program could quickly access any one of these records by record number For example the contents of record 58 could be brought in and the contents of record 72 could be brought in without looking at any of the records in between OS 65D Version 3 0 supports one random access file at a time as device 6 This can be used in conjunction with an optional sequential file as device 7 The length of individual records within a random access file can be adjusted by the user but are factory set at 128 bytes There can be any number of individual variable entries within a record of 128 bytes and one record can overflow into the next so that if the user wanted 256 character records for instance he would just utilize even record numbers The following example will use the same data file TEST2 and use it as a random file with a total of ten records To reuse this 25 a a d sequential data file as a random file we must first perform some housekeeping This housekeeping is performed with the Zero Utility The Zero Utility erases all information in a file accomplish this type RUN ZERO Then specify TEST2 as the file to be erased more complete discussion on the Zero Utility function is present in the utilities portion of this manual After TEST2 has been zeroed proceed with the foll
58. s it stores programs on a single sector per track Pro grams that are multiple tracks in length are stored on contiguous tracks that is if a program is 3 tracks long and is specified to be stored on track 40 it is in fact stored on track 40 41 and 42 8 floppies approximately 2800 bytes or characters are stored per track On mini floppies approximately 2000 bytes or characters are stored per track Not all of the diskette is available to store user programs Part of the diskette is occupied by the operating system the language processors such as BASIC and the Assembler utility programs and possibly other end user programs and data files It is necessary to maintain a directory of what is on the disk both to be able to select desired information from the disk and to 9 know what portions of the disk are available for future storage For the moment we will bypass the methods of obtaining dir ectories and proceed to storing a program on diskette and recalling it First type a short program into the computer in BASIC and RUN it Then follow the procedure below Note when you type EXIT tha system will report the number of tracks required to store the program 8 floppies store the program on track 73 on 5 floppies store the program on track 34 Procedure for Saving a Program on Disk by Track Number A After the program has been entered A l Type EXIT By now you should be remembering to hit the RETURN key after ea
59. s nn nse ives dan wees ee RE Transferring Disk Sectors Executing a Machine Code File Using Indirect Files bern DOSIJTIISG ae ee AER EA SQ BK oo we eee EO EUG de Initializing Diskettes Copying Diskettes OS 65D V3 0 for the I P I P Pico DOS Appendix OS 65D V3 0 User s Guide Manual C 1978 OHIO SCIENTIFIC INC 65D V3 0 C 1978 OHIO SCIENTIFIC INC 9 Digit BASIC C MICROSOFT INC Features Convenient to use conventional disk operating system Available for all OSI 6502 mini floppy and 8 floppy configurations Supports 9 Digit BASIC Assembler Editor Extended Machine Code Monitor and transient code programs Utilizes named files and manually allocated files inter changeably Features convenient to use BASIC oriented sequential and random access data files Supports up to four floppy drives Supports 430 serial 550 serial 16 port parallel printer cassette and memory I O as well as serial console and or keyboard with video console Can be directly converted to a locked menu oriented system for end users Contains all OS 65D V2 0 features as a subset and can read version 2 files and assign file names to them Supports multiple variable length disk buffers and variable length sectors on diskette aD m NE ws Introduction OS 65D Version 3 0 is a convenient to use disk operating system which fully supports Microsoft s 9 Digit Extended BASIC a 6502
60. t be included within LOAD PUT files Enter YES or NO If you enter YES the program requests the number of pages to be used by system software HOW MANY PAGES SHOULD THEY USE Enter a number of pages from 50 through 191 The program continues with CHANGE BASIC S WORK SPACE LIMITS Y N Enter YES or NO If you enter NO the program terminates 30 mm um y ws wag If you enter YES the program requests the following HOW MANY 12 8 for mini floppy PAGE BUFFERS DO YOU WANT BEFORE THE WORK SPACE Enter 0 l or 2 to reserve that many track buffers at the beginning of the work space Note that device 6 memory buffered I O uses the first buffer by default while device 7 uses the second buffer by default Of course these defaults can be changed with appropriate POKES If no buffers are specified the program asks WANT TO LEAVE ANY ROOM BEFORE THE WORK SPACE Enter YES or NO If you enter NO the program outputs the address of the start of the BASIC work space as shown below If YES is entered proceed to the HOW MANY BYTES question below If one or more buffers was specified the program continues with WANT TO LEAVE ANY ADDITIONAL ROOM Enter YES or NO If you enter YES the following question is asked HOW MANY BYTES Enter the number of additional bytes to be allocated before the start of the work space The program then outputs the new address for the start of the wor
61. the new diskette as specified above 2 Place the newly initialized diskette in the B or lower 63 medl Uu s 3 mm mum 3 NOTE drive and the diskette to be copied in the A drive With the KERNEL mode prompter A on the screen type g2g0 g1l 2 for 8 floppies CA 2 13 1 for 5 floppies Type Go 020 The disk copier will appear on the screen Select 1 and copy from drive A to drive Specify from track f to 34 on mini floppies and from track g to 76 on 8 floppies t As each track is copied its track number will appear on the screen If an error is reported during copying reinitialize the B diskette and repeat the process If the error persists the new diskette is probably bad and should not be used OS 65D V3 0 can be used to initialize and copy diskettes for all previous versions of OS 65D but not vice versa In fact the use of Version 3 0 is recommended over the use of earlier versions for this purpose Bde OS 65D Version 3 0 for the I P A version of OS 65D V3 0 is available for use with mini floppies on the OSI I P Personal Computer It is identical to that described throughout this manual with the following exceptions the device 4 line printer driver is not included the device 3 UART input output drivers are not included only the 440 style video is supported 24 character display amp s appropr
62. tial Data Files A sequential data file is a file in which information is output to the file sequentially one item right after another from the beginning to end of the file read information from the file one must sequentially input it Examples of uses for sequential files would be store a large numeric array or to store information that can be searched sequentially such as names and phone numbers Let s walk through the process of having a name and phone number in a sequential file First a file of adequate length must be created Then a program must be written which outputs names and phone numbers to this data file Another program can be written that reads the individual string entries which are in fact names and phone numbers and compares them with a target name which is the name a user is searching for If this name is found in the file the next string from the file will be the desired phone number Each file is terminated by an end of file marker which the programmer can use or the programmer may utilize other techniques for his own end of file For instance in the telephone program the string END could e Dus be utilized as the end of file indication This would be the last string output to the file and could be checked for when inputting information from the file 0S 65D allows the user one or two disk buffers for use with one or two files This means that the user can have one or two sequential files in use in his pro

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