Home

PDF (Fulltext)

1. Operator Use static wrist strap which clip to static cable below table Figure 3 4 Wrist strap 1i Floors and floor mats A second method of controlling electrostatic charge on personnel is with the use of ESD protective floors in conjunction with ESD control footwear or foot straps This combination of floor materials and footwear provides a ground path for the dissipation of electrostatic charge thus 33 reducing the charge accumulation on personnel and other objects to safe levels Antistatic mat is shown in Figure 3 5 a whilst 3 5 b shows that the operator is standing on the antistatic mat In addition to dissipating charge some floor materials and floor finishes also reduce triboelectric charging The use of floor materials is especially appropriate in those areas where increased personnel mobility 1s necessary In addition floor materials can minimize charge accumulation on chairs lift trucks and other objects that move across the floor However those items require dissipative or conductive casters or wheels to make electrical contact with the floor When used as the primary personnel grounding system the resistance to ground including the person footwear and floor must be the same as specified for wrist straps lt 35x10 ohms or the voltage accumulation on a person must be less than 100 volts PAntistatic Mat for operator to stand while working Operator standing on static mat and wearing antistatic stati
2. d Figure 4 14 Voltage and current waveform with 1 finger touching a amp b for voltage at 1 2 50us and c amp d current at 8 20us 70 11 2 fingers touching 2 xX0021 2 XX0021 X 1 2000E 0006 2 1 6252E 0007 X 5 0000E 0005 2 9 1644E 0006 a b 4 XX0040 XX0044 X 2 0100E 0005 4 8 6632E 0002 4 XX0040 x lt 0044 X 8 0000E 0006 4 1 7499E 0003 c d Figure 4 15 Voltage and current waveform with 2 fingers touching a amp b for voltage at 1 2 50us and c amp d current at 8 20us 71 11 3 fingers touching 2 XX0021 2 0021 X 1 2000E 0006 2 1 8242E 0007 X 5 0000E 0005 2 9 1593E 0006 a b 4 XX0040 XX0044 4 XX0040 XX0044 X B 0000E 0006 4 1 7518E 0008 X 20000E 0005 4 6 7408E 0002 KIKIKINANSII KIKIKINAN SNI c d Figure 4 16 Voltage and current waveform with 3 fingers touching a amp b for voltage at 1 2 50us and c amp d current at 8 20us 12 iv 4 fingers touching 2 XX0021 2 xX0021 X 1 2000E 0006 2 1 5237 E 0007 X 5 0000E 0005 2 9 1567 E 0006 a b 4 XX0040 XX0044 4 XX0040 XX0044 X 8 0000E 0006 4 1 7527E 0003 X 2 0000E 0005 4 6 7454E 0002 c d Figure 4 17 Voltage and current waveform with 4 fingers touching a amp b for voltage at 1 2 50us and c amp d current at 8 20us 13 v 5 fingers touching 2 XxX0021 2 XX0021 X
3. injury from poor working surfaces such as wet or slippery floor gt Chips and particles flying from tools can injure your eyes Wear eye protection gt Falling objects can hit you Wear a hard hat Sharp tools and power equipment can cause cuts and other injuries If you receive a shock you may react and be hurt by a tool gt You can be injured or killed by falling from a ladder or scaffolding You expose yourself to hazards when you do not wear PPE How Do You Evaluate Your Risk After recognize a hazard your next step is to evaluate your risk from the hazard gt Obviously exposed wires should be recognized a hazard If the exposed wires are 15 feet off the ground your risk is low However if you are going to be working on a roof near those same wires your risk is high gt The risk of shock is greater if you will be carrying metal conduit that could touch the exposed wires You must constantly evaluate your risk gt Combination of hazards increase your risk Improper grounding and a damaged tool greatly increase your risk gt You will need to make decisions about the nature of hazards in order to evaluate your risk and do the right thing to remain safe Combinations of hazards increase risk 106 Continue dow Do You Evaluate Your Risk You must evaluate the clue and decide what action should be taken to control the hazard There are a number of other conditions that indicate a
4. Exposed Live Electrical Parts Isolate Energized Components Electrical hazards exist when wires or other electrical parts are exposed gt These hazards need to be controlled to create a safe work environment gt Isolation of energized electrical parts makes them inaccessible unless tools and special effort are used gt Isolation can be accomplished by placing the energized parts at least 8 feet high and out of reach or by guarding Use covers to prevent accidental contact with electrical circuits 109 Continue Take the following precautions to prevent injuries from contact with live parts gt Immediately report exposed live parts to a supervisor gt Provide guards or barriers if live parts cannot be enclosed completely gt Use covers screens or partitions for guarding that require tools to remove them gt Replace covers that have been removed from panels motors or fuse boxes gt Even when live parts are elevated to the required height 8 feet care should be taken when using objects that can contact these parts Close unused conduit openings in boxes so that foreign objects cannot get inside and damage the circuit This cover cannot be removed without special tools mh 1 it KALI fe HT Ata 4 Ee a Iy nbi Control Hazards of Exposure to Live Electrical Wires Use Proper Insulation gt Insulation is made of material that does not conduct electricity gt Insulation covers w
5. Installation of the electrical equipment is as important as specifying the right equipment Relying on manufacturer installation requirements and the requirements in standards such are not enough Companies must develop internal inspection processes for installations of electrical equipment to help assure the personnel to operate and maintain The integrity of the equipment is paramount If the equipment has not been maintained then the probability of it failing is high Electrical equipment can fail while in use without interaction from personnel but it is usually when people are interacting with the equipment that failures occur Many companies are striving to reduce fixed cost to become more profitable Equipment maintenance is one item that gets scrutiny each year and the amount of money allotted is consistently reduced Doughty Epperly and Jones 1990 look at the financial aspects of electrical safety Their conclusions on the cost impact of not providing a safe electrical environment are just as relevant today as they were sixteen years ago One serious injury can wipe out of the financial gains made in several years worth of the budget cutting in the maintenance of electrical equipment The purpose of most electrical equipment is to provide a method of safe interaction between people and electricity Electrical equipment must be maintained so that the integrity of the equipment is safe for this interaction 19 2 4 Managing Sy
6. a Current at Sus and b Voltage at 1 2us 65 11 2 fingers touching 5 10 15 20 25 t ms aeaa O oO Cx 60000 0006 Ta OBED Hialal 0 5 10 2 002 1 Dx mob none Nose none PIN Figure 4 10 Current and voltage waveform with 2 fingers touching a Current at Sus and b Voltage at 1 2us 66 11 3 fingers touching 5 10 15 20 25 tt ms Ama Dx 8 0000E 0006 74 1 0s08e 0002 Jo volt 100 0 5 10 2 mxl x 1200060006 2 02E MISI b Figure 4 11 Current and voltage waveform with 3 fingers touching a Current at Sus and b Voltage at 1 2us 67 iv 4 fingers touching 20 25 t ms EEC C samoeooe 4 10s14E0002 Miaa 0 5 10 2 0027 Tx 1 2000e po08 Eee PIPI b Figure 4 12 Current and voltage waveform with 4 fingers touching a Current at Sus and b Voltage at 1 2us 68 v 5 fingers touching 5 10 15 20 25 t ms Panag ena Se 8 0000E 0006 4 OSTeEo002 Toe 0 5 10 2 20021 Dx 1 2000E 0006 AoE PKI b Figure 4 13 Current and voltage waveform with 5 fingers touching a Current at Sus and b Voltage at 1 2us 69 4 3 2 Simulation by impulse source 1 1 finger touching 2 XX0021 2 XX0021 X 1 2000E 0006 2 1 6263E 0007 X 5 0000E 0005 2 9 1798E 0006 a b 4 XX0040 XX0044 4 XX0040 XX0044 X 8 0000E 0006 4 1 7445E 0003 X 2 0000E 0005 4 6 7045E 0002 c
7. and liberalization of the public sector Some efforts in this include a Standards Development Despite and in spite of SIRIM and the DSM standard development and writing is a private sector driven initiative with DSM and SIRIM purely taking on the role of facilitator and record keeping b Energy Efficiency New legislative efforts in promoting energy efficiency are partly being driven by the private sector with the recognition that prescriptive and punitive regulations are not effective Active consultation between industry and the regulators 1s an ongoing process C Paradigm Shift in OSH for the Electrical Sector Public consultation on a multitude of issues relating to OSH for the electrical sector is an ongoing process with perhaps a revision to The Electricity Act and associated regulations and the drafting of grid codes for regulating the generation sector This trend in public consultation has in recent times gained such momentum that government planners and legislator even co opting the private sector participation in a multitude of issues including globalization construction industry issues and sustainable development 1 5 4 Industry Statistics A quick preview of the electrical industry in Malaysia is shown in the following charts 1 1 to 1 2 Ir H P Looi 2003 that shows statistics on accident reporting The charts would seem to infer statistical rate against total number of electrical consumers as fo
8. and test regularly for input to any of the electrical safety procedures Therefore unsafe conditions are rectified accordingly but some unsafe condition takes time and more powerful interference Safety Engineers and Safety Inspectors are the person in charged in this unsafe condition Besides that the electrical drawing is important and always updated every time new installation energized In case of digging the ground or penetrate a wall or floor TNB has their own procedures by using special equipment During training or meeting management always request for feedback to any of electrical safety procedures The procedures regarding preventive and corrective actions and maintenance exercises to sustain electrical safety aspects are mentioned before TNB also has been grant in quality management with ISO 9001 2000 to look into the electrical safety aspects of personnel s Of course those ISO documents are safely kept whilst the electrical equipments manual is controlled and owned by TNB Head Quarters 3 3 6 Accidents Reported Although TNB has provided PPE to their staff and the staff is familiar with the rules and procedures the accident minor and major still happen in TNB Most of the accident occurs because one of the following l Without wearing safety helmet 2 Without wearing safety shoe 46 Without wearing safety vest Without wearing safety belt Without wearing safety glove 3 4 5 6 Without Permit To Work certifi
9. circuits and equipment Make certain kissa mana all energy sources are locked out and tagged out before performing FE any work on an electrical circuit or electrical device Working on energized hot circuits is one of the most dangerous things any worker could do If someone turns on a Circuit without warning you can be shocked burned or electrocuted The unexpected starting of electrical equipment can cause severe injury or death This worker is applying a group of lock out device The equipment cannot be re started until their workers remove their locks Q Remove jewelry and metal objects Remove them from your body before beginning work These things can cause burns if worn near high currents and can get caught as you work LI Plan to avoid falls Injuries can result from falling off scaffolding or ladders Other workers may also be injured from equipment and debris falling from scaffolding and ladders 113 Ladder Safety To prevent injury when climbing follow these procedures 1 Position the ladder at a safe angle to prevent slipping The horizontal distance from the base of the ladder to the structure should be one quarter the length of the ladder If you do not have a way to make this measurement follow the steps below to determine if the ladder is positioned at a safe angle gt Put your feet at the base of the ladder and extend your arms straight out gt If you can touch the closest part of the ladder
10. electrical current if the victim is still in contact with the energized circuit While you do this have someone else call for help s If you cannot get to the switchgear quickly pry the victim from the circuit with something that does not conduct electricity such as dry wood Do not touch the victim yourself if he she is still in contact with an electrical circuit Do not leave the victim unless there is absolutely no other option You should stay with the victim while Emergency Medical Services is contacted The caller should come back to you afterwards to verify that the call was made If the victim is not breathing does not have a heartbeat or is badly injured quick response by a team of emergency medical technicians or paramedics gives the best chance for survival Once you know that electrical current is no longer flowing through the victim call out the victim to see if he she is conscious awake 100 Continue s2 If the victim is conscious tell the victim not to move Quickly examine the victim for signs of major bleeding If there is a lot of bleeding place a cloth over the wound and apply pressure Keep the victim warm and talk to him her until help arrives s2 If the victim is unconscious check for signs of breathing Move the victim as little as possible If the victim is not breathing someone trained in CPR should begin artificial breathing then check to see if the victim has a pulse To be effectiv
11. for their useful idea information and moral support during the course of study Last but not least I would like to express my heartiest appreciation to my loving husband and family who are always there when it matters most ABSTRACT This project examines the issue of electrical safety and the regulatory inspection system currently practiced in Malaysia There are controlled parameters should be considered in this electrical safety such as people equipment and managing system itself This project is concerned on three types of industry which are large Panasonic Pasir Gudang medium TNB Johor Bahru and small Kedai Letrik Mohamad Lotfi Kuala Pilah Electrical safety is more than just the Arc Flash Hazard Therefore electrical safety needs to be a holistic approach that includes all aspects of electrical safety This study attempts to identify the loopholes in electrical safety by surveying and visit those industries and then to focus attention on the items that need to be addressed to create on holistic approach to electrical safety For uncontrolled parameter such as lightning we need to considered also in this project Unfortunately the study of this lightning phenomenon is very difficult due to the fact that it doesn t occur so frequently and cannot be controlled Therefore for the uncontrolled parameters the simulation with ATP EMTP will be used to show how the effects of current lightning to human being by using AC and impulse sou
12. hazard Tripped circuit breakers and blown fuses show that too much current is flowing in a circuit This condition could be due to several factors such as malfunctioning equipment or a short between conductors You need to determine the cause in order to control the hazard An electrical tool appliance wire or connection that feels warm may indicate too much current in the circuit or equipment You need to evaluate the situation and determine your risk An extension cord that feels warm may indicate too much current for the wire size of the cord You must decide when action needs to be taken A cable fuse box or junction box that feels warm may indicate too much current in the circuit A burning odor may indicate overheated insulation Worn frayed or damaged insulation around any wire or other conductor is an electrical hazard because the conductors could be exposed Contact with an exposed wire could cause a shock Damaged insulation could cause a short leading to arcing or a fire Inspect all insulation for scrapes and breaks You need to evaluate the seriousness of any damage you find and decide how to deal with the hazard A GFCI that trips indicates that is current leakage from the circuit First you must decide the probable cause of the leakage by recognizing any contributing hazards Then you must decide what action needs to be taken How Do You Control Hazards gt In order to control hazards you must first create a saf
13. it will carry Normally the circuit breaker in a circuit is matched to the wire size gt However in older wiring branch lines to permanent ceiling light fixtures could be wired with a smaller gauge than the supply cable The current capacity of the branch wire could be exceeded When a wire is too small for the current it is supposed to carry the wire will heat up The heated wire could cause a fire 2 Exposed Electrical Parts Hazards gt Electrical hazards exists when wires or other electrical parts are exposed Wires and parts can be exposed if a cover is removed from a wiring or breaker box This hand held sander has exposed wires and should not be used 103 3 Overhead Power Line Hazards gt Overhead power lines are not insulated More than half of all electrocutions are caused by direct worker contact with energized power lines Due to such incidents all linemen now wear special rubber gloves that protect them up to 34 500 volts Overhead power lines killed many workers 2 pe 4 Defective Insulation Hazards gt Insulation that is defective or inadequate is an electrical hazard Usually a plastic or rubber covering insulates wires Insulation prevents conductors from coming in contact with each other and with people 5 Improper Grounding Hazards When an electrical system is not grounded properly a hazard exists The metal parts of an electrical wiring systems that we touch should be grounded an
14. order to assure a Continuous reliable electrical path to ground a bonding jumper wire is used to make sure electrical parts are connected Some physical connections like metal conduit coming into a box might not make a good electrical connection because of paint or possible corrosion To make a good electrical connection a bonding jumper needs to be installed Install bonding jumpers around conductive material 111 Control Overload Current Hazards When a current exceeds the current rating of eguipment or wiring a hazard exists The wiring in the circuit eguipment or tool cannot handle the current without heating up or even melting gt Not only will the wiring or tool be damaged but the high temperature of the conductor can also cause a fire gt To prevent this from happening an overcurrent protection device circuit breaker or fuse is used in a circuit This devices open a circuit automatically if they detect current in excess of the current rating of equipment or wiring This excess current can be caused by an overload short circuit or high level ground fault Use overcurrent protection devices circuit breakers or fuses in circuits CONTROLLING HAZARDS SAFE WORK PRACTICES How Do You Work Safely Safe work practices help you control your risk of injury or death from workplace hazards If you are working on electrical circuits or with electrical tools and equipment you need to use safe wor
15. safely and maintain good housekeeping practices Use and maintain all personal protective equipment Report the hazardous conditions accidents and occupational diseases Participate and support all Occupational Safety and Health Programs Occupational safety and health TNB occupational safety and health are strictly follows the acts below Occupational Safety amp Health Act 1994 Electricity Supply Act 1990 40 Environmental Quality Act 1974 Constuction Industry Development Board CIDB Act 1994 Accidents and Fire Report Regulations are stated in 1 OSH Act Section 32 All accidents hazardous condition nearmiss occupational diseases 2 Electricity Supply Act Section 33 All accidents involved electrical wiring 9 All fire cases In line with this TNB also has their own safety rules books and procedures themselves that must be followed strictly as stated in Chapter 2 There are some of the books as shown in the Figure 3 8 below Besides that permit certificate competence certificate permit to work for power line and contractor also must be filled up before start any risky task and ensure the documents must be issued to the person in charged The documents are shown in the Figure 3 9 ATURAN KESELAMATAN ELEKTRIK 9 TENAGA NASIONAL BAHAGIAN PEMBAHAGIAN a b c Figure 3 8 TNB Safety Rules and Procedures Book a Distribution Safety Rules b Distrib
16. the overlap the greater effect each separate area has over the other areas and the overall impact will be more significant PEOPLE Figure 2 1 Electrical Safety Categories If a company has well trained people and strong managing systems but the equipment was old and not well maintained then there is still a potential for things to go wrong Equipment fails This is true especially if it is not maintained Even though the people are well trained and there are procedures to deals with the 14 equipment incidents can occur The intent of electrical safety is to eliminate the potential of electrical incidents from occurring This can be applied to other areas as well If the equipment is new and well maintained and the people are highly qualified then the lack of strong managing systems leaves a void Procedures will not be in place to guide the employees when working on or near energized electrical equipment If the managing systems are strong and the equipment is new and well maintained but the people are not qualified then again the potential is high for incident or injury to occur All three areas must be addressed in order for there to be a significant improvement Each of the areas can be broken down further By doing this we begin to outline all of the items that need to be addressed in the pursuit of improving electrical safety 2 2 People Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace has reguirements for a pers
17. third ground wire Power tools with metal housings or only one layer of effective insulation must have a third ground wire and three prong plug v Use multiple safe practices Remember A wire may not be wired correctly Wires may contact other hot circuits Someone else may do something to place you in danger Take all possible precautions 6 Wear Correct PPE OSHA requires that you be provided with PPE The equipment must meet OSHA requirements and be appropriate for the parts of the body that need protection and the work performed PPE helps keep you safe Wear and maintain PPE Wear safety glasses to avoid eye injury Wear safety glasses to avoid eye injury Wear proper clothing wear clothing that is neither floppy nor too tight Loose clothing will catch on corners and rough surfaces Clothing that binds is uncomfortable and distracting Contain and secure loose hair wear your hair in such a way that it does not interfere with your work or safety Wear proper foot protection wear shoes boots that have been approved for electrical work Wear a hard hat to protect your head from bumps and falling objects Wear hearing protectors to prevent hearing loss in noisy areas Follow directions follow the manufacturer s direction for cleaning and maintaining PPE 118 CONCLUSION This training aid has to serve establish best work practices to reduce electrical incidents and
18. without bending your arms the ladder is probably at the correct angle gt If you have to bend your arms to touch the closest part of the ladder or if you can not reach the ladder at all the ladder is not positioned at a safe angle Make sure the base of the ladder has firm support and the ground or floor is level Be very careful when placing a ladder on wet icy or otherwise slippery surfaces Special blocking may be needed to prevent slipping in these cases Follow the manufacturer s recommendations for proper use Check the condition of the ladder before using it Joints must be tight to prevent wobbling or leaning Continue When using a stepladder make sure it is level and fully open Always lock the hinges Do not stand on or above the top step When using scaffolding use a ladder to access the tiers Never climb the cross braces Do not use metal ladders Instead use ladders made of fiberglass Although wooden ladders are permitted wood can soak up water and become conductive Beware of overhead powerlines when you work with ladders and scaffolding 114 2 Avoid Wet Working Conditions amp Other Dangers Remember that any hazard becomes much more dangerous in damp or wet conditions To be on the safe side assume there is dampness in any work location even if you do not see water Even sweat can create a damp condition Do not work wet Do not work on circuits or use electrical equipment
19. work on a bright sunny day might be very hazardous in the rain The risks in your work environment need to be evaluated all the time Then whatever hazards present need to be controlled Control Hazards Once electrical hazards have been recognized and evaluated they must be controlled Control electrical hazards in 2 ways i create a safe work environment and ii Use safe work practices Controlling electrical hazards reduces the risks of injury or death 102 How Do You Recognize Hazards The 1st step toward protecting yourself is recognizing the many hazards you face on the job To do this you must know which situation can place you in danger Knowing where to look helps you to recognize hazards Inadequate wiring is dangerous Exposed electrical parts are dangerous Overhead power lines are dangerous Wires with bad insulation can give you a shock Electrical systems amp tools that are not grounded or double insulated are dangerous Overloaded circuits are dangerous Damaged power tools amp equipment are electrical hazards Using the wrong PPE amp tools are dangerous Some on site chemicals are harmful 10 Defective ladders amp scaffolding are dangerous 11 Ladders that conduct electricity are dangerous 12 Electrical hazards can be made worse if the worker location or equipment is wet Inadequate Wiring Hazards gt An electrical hazard exists when the wire is too small gauge for the current
20. 1 2000E 0006 2 1 6234E 0007 X 5 0000E 0005 2 9 1551E 0006 a b 4 x lt 0040 XX0044 4 XX0040 X0044 X 8 0000E 0006 4 1 7532E40003 X 2 0000E 0005 4 5 74916 0002 c d Figure 4 18 Voltage and current waveform with 5 fingers touching a amp b for voltage at 1 2 50us and c amp d current at 8 20us 74 44 Summary Table 4 19 and 4 20 are the summarized for the simulation which are injected by AC source and impulse source The result then compared with the calculation Table 4 19 Result for using AC source Resistance Current mA Voltage V Fingers An 10 450 10 467 10 465 109 38 109 36 Table 4 20 Result for using impulse source ring aa 10 383 1 7518 1 7518 18 189 18 242 10 375 1 7527 1 7527 18 184 18 237 10 370 1 7532 1 7532 18 181 18 234 It can be shown that if human hold something with 5 fingers the current flows will be increased compare to 1 finger as the resistance become reduced When the simulation result is compared with the calculation it gives almost the same answer for both impulse and ac injected 75 In calculating the body resistance this thesis is refer to Table 4 21 taken Environmental Safety and Health Manual from where we can see that if the body contact such as finger thumb grasp the resistance in dry condition 1s about 10kQ to 30kQ It become worst scenario if it happen in the wet condition where the resistance 1s reduced to about 2
21. 59 60 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 T2 73 xili SYMBOL Hz lac Limp lir DF 13r lar Isr Rir Ror R3r Rar Rsr Rr GREEK SYMBOL X1V LIST OF SYMBOLS DESCRIPTION Unit for frequency hertz Injected current with AC source Injected current with impulse source Current flow with one finger touching Current flow with two fingers touching Current flow with three fingers touching Current flow with four fingers touching Current flow with five fingers touching 1x10 milli Resistance for one finger touching Resistance for two fingers touching Resistance for three fingers touching Resistance for four fingers touching Resistance for five fingers touching Leg resistance DESCRIPTION 1x10 micro Unit for resistance ohm AP ATP EMTP CIDB CP CPR DOE DSM EPPE ESD HV IEC ISO LV NEC NFPA NIOSH OSH OSHA PAVCJM PPE PTW STRIM TNB XV LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Authorized Person Alternative Transient Program Electromagnetic Transients Program Construction Industry Development Board Competent Person Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Department of Engineering Department of Standards Malaysia Electrical Personal Protective Equipment Electrostatic Discharge High Voltage International Electro Technical Committee International Standard Organization Low Voltage National Electrical Code National Fire Protection Association National Institute of Occupati
22. Dept 44 hal Practices Requirements Using Flashing Not less than 3 pieces Refer Working Procedures amber lamp per a Customer Service ii Using Insulated Overhead teamwork and Refer Instruction by CEO ladder contractor Distribution Dept Bil K3 2005 iy discharge Overhead teamwork and Refer Instruction by CEO contractor Distribution Dept Bil K3 2005 Stock equipment All office Replace the damage PPE zk clearance 17 Using good tester Person involved only Approved by Engineering E equipment Department TNB Using tool box All teamwork Every morning before start talk work 3 3 5 Surveying Result TNB motto is Safety First and the management more concern in electrical safety is more important than getting the job done The organization has Electrical Safety Rules Safe Operation Manual Internal Circulars and Competency Authorization in monitoring electrical safety aspect The staff is familiar with the safety procedures but some of the staff neglects the safety procedures due to speeding up restoration of supply The personnel s in TNB are having an induction training and also on job training of electrical safety awareness program before assigned with specific tasks TNB spend about RM 635 356 44 last year for the training Most of the training for 45 lower level is from internal trainer but occasionally for safety engineers are trained in NIOSH or by consultant TNB always conduct a survey
23. Electrical Safety Officer to conduct a training to make the personnel learn more about safety Send the personnel not only the safety officer to go for training outstation to expose them Add more Electronic Signboard SAFETY FIRST or others words instead of permanent signboard to make working environment brightness and always beware on safety Analysis for TNB can be illustrated as in Figure 3 18 PPE amp OTHERS EQUIPMENT PERSONNEL gt Not wearing required PPE gt Careless gt Not enough supplied gt Miscommunication equipment amp tools tequip gt Not healthy while gt Not proper maintain doing job gt Do not follow the procedure Or eng Peri To wore gt Do not supervised until job end METHOD MANAGEMENT Figure 3 18 Analysis accident at TNB Below are the recommendation for prevention and correction at TNB Procedure of issuing the Permit to Work must be follow strictly Competent Person must know their job and responsible when doing switching operation Procedure of job hand over must be documented and approved by officer in charged Always use appropriate PPE and insulated tools 53 Make sure all eguipments enough before start the job Person responsible must be at the field until job end Here I suggested for continuous improvement in TNB a switching simulation program to expose the workers to show the dangerous of the electricity to human being This is just like com
24. Elektrik TENAGA NASIONAL BERHAD BATASANNYA PO rere rr err errr rrrry NN NN IN Tip rrr Tier yy LOPES TOT Il TN NN TN TT Voltan Sistem untuk Alat yang mana pemegang 1 Sijil ini dibenarkan bekerja Nana aa Kania aa Tandatangan Naa kasa ana ATT Ari Jawatan ETETE E A erases a A TENAGA Gp NASIONAL ranan No Siri KK 009701 SIJIL KEBENARAN MENJALANKAN KERJA KONTRAKTOR Sian en SN TE ANA sheet Hama Kantaka i ma Mama Pelnja Konak Ying Menjaga Karja damia Lian ara Pangawang Terangkan di sin DENGAN TEPAT Pada donate korja akan dibaal Tarangkan ch ae DENGAN TEFAT lempeng RSL yang MIAA DAU 3 an dar diliat maan Saya mengaku bahawa adalah salamed untuk menjalankan kerja pada mdes yang telah GIMATIKAN DAH DIASINGHAN dari segala pengaht yang hidup dan belah DIEUMIKAN SEMUA BAHAGIAN RAMAGIAN LAIN ADALAH MERBAHAYA Dikelearkan dan ditandalangan oleh Kakilangan THE Vang Piripai hunch Perang Tarihi Dangan Ini saya mengaku bahawa semua Aedas yang dak disebutkan d alas adalah HIDUP DAN MERBAHAYA TARVIN i seimen me An aa Wintel Kontrako Yang Moraga Karja Katingan THE Mang Darkecekepan Kama ww Page Pulang Maia e Papi Petar Tarih nerau a Sees Erw aga THEA d Figure 3 9 Documents needed before start any task a Permit certificates b Competence certificate c PTW for power lines and d PTW for contractor 42 3 3 3 Personal Protective Eguipment PPE As Panasonic TNB also has their o
25. PAVCJM s role in the prevention of accidents is a joint effort of all employees and always co operate as a team to make PAVCJM not only clean and tidy but also the safest most secure healthy and best place to work in PAVCJM usually involves with electronic components Integrated circuits are made from semiconductor materials such as silicon and insulating materials such as silicon dioxide which can breakdown if exposed to high voltages Thus electrostatic discharges ESD always occur on workers bodies What does ESD mean will be discussed next PAVCJM has take precautions to avoid this problem Such the use of conducting wrist straps and foot straps to prevent high voltages from accumulating on workers bodies anti static mats to conduct harmful electric charges away from the work area as mentioned in Chapter 2 3 2 2 Electrostatic Discharge ESD Electrostatic discharge is the sudden and momentary electric current that flows when an excess of electric charge stored on an electrically insulated object finds a path to an object at a different electrical potential such as ground The term 26 is usually used in the electronics and other industries to describe momentary unwanted currents that cause damage to electronic equipment Figure 3 1 a and b shows that the PAVCJM main static discharge bar at the production floor and every production line is provided with their static discharge point themselves Ewer Producti
26. PPENDIX A CASE STUDY Non Death Accident Case At Jin Tan Swee Hoe Tmn Bkt Pasir Batu Pahat Johor On 02 Dec 2005 87 88 Case Background Electrical Accident Non Death Involved TNB worker Batu Pahat Date Happened 02 Dec 2005 Friday Time 01 30 a m Location At Jalan Tan Swee Hoe Tmn Bkt Pasir Batu Pahat Johor Darul Takzim Touching Arc Flash during jointing HV Cable 11kV Flows of Incident Tn Hj Ismon with his Competant Person En Mohaini Bin Ahmad went to C S J In Kundang No 1 01 Dec 2005 Supply aaa No 11 PMU Prt Besar 21 30 Cik Fareha OIC was sprawled AP Hamzah assigned AP Tn Hj Mohd noticed that the Ismon to do the fault was caused from HV repairing work cable PMU Prt Besar to C S J in Kundang No 1 02 Dec 2005 01 30 Arc flash occurred during the Jointer Cable Team doing the jointing Lock with Cable Earth slot amp nonstandard lock and Circuit slot are in start doing cutting OFF position and jointing work Condition of Victim Hand En Faryzzal Harun right hand was blistered at 1st Degree burn from palm of the hand up to his wrist At the Site I Fault Location Schematic diagram HV underground cable 11kV from PMU Prt Besar to C Sub JIn Kundang No 1 89 At the site C Sub Jin Kundang No 1 OFF Wrack Out Circuit Slot unlocked Cable Earth Slot locked AP was putting nonstandard lock at t
27. Projek ini diakhiri dengan analisis yang didapati dari laporan kemalangan serta menyarankan teknologi baru bagi melindungi pekerja pekerja di industri dari terjebak dengan sebarang kemalangan elektrik CHAPTER CONTENTS TITLE DECLARATION DEDICATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ABSTRACT ABSRAK CONTENTS LIST OF CHARTS LIST OF TABLE LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF SYMBOLS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS INTRODUCTION 1 1 Introduction l2 Objective 1 3 Scope of Project 1 4 Research Methodology 1 5 Literature Review 1 5 1 Occupation Safety and Health OSH 1 5 2 Active Measures Vil PAGE li iil vi vii xi xii XIV XV N aA na a A A me 1 5 3 Industry Participation 1 54 Industry Statistics 1 6 Structure and Layout of Thesis ELECTRICAL SAFETY 2al Introduction 2 2 People 233 Equipment 24 Managing System 23 Summary RESULT AND ANALYSIS 3 1 Introduction 3 2 Large Industry 3 2 1 PAVCJM Safety and Health Policy 3 2 2 Electrostatic Discharges ESD 3 2 3 Cause of ESD 3 24 Type of ESD 3 2 5 Sparks 3 2 6 Grounding 3 2 7 Controlling Static on Personnel and Moving Equipment 3 2 8 Personal Protection Equipment PPE 3 2 9 Production Equipment and Protection Aids 3 2 10 Packaging and Handling 3 3 Medium Industry 3 3 1 TNB Occupational Safety and Healthy Policy 12 12 14 17 19 21 23 23 24 24 25 26 27 21 28 30 31 35 36 3T 38 vili 3 32 Occupational Safety and Health 3 3 3 Personal Pr
28. REFOCUSING OF ELECTRICAL SAFETY PRACTICES IN MALAYSIA CONSIDERING UNCONTROLLED AND CONTROLLED PARAMETERS RAHINAH BINTI ABDUL RAHMAN A project report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Master of Engineering Electrical Power Faculty of Electrical Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia NOVEMBER 2006 To my beloved husband mother and family for their encouragement blessing and inspiration il ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Alhamdulillah I am grateful to Allah SWT on HIS blessing and mercy for making this project successful I would like to extend my deepest gratitude to my supervisor Prof Dr Hussein Bin Ahmad for his invaluable committed and continuous supervision guidance and patience throughout this project I sincerely thank to En Mohd Noh Bin Seth TNB Safety Officer Mr K lamurugu Panasonic Safety Officer and En Mohamad Lotfi Bin Manager of Kedai Letrik Mohamad Lotfi for giving all the data for completing this project I also would like to thank to Assoc Prof Dr Zulkurnain Bin Abdul Malek and to Ph D student En Muhammad Irfan Bin Jambak for helping and guiding me a lot on learning ATP EMTP software to do my simulation studies Not forgetting to librarians at UTM thank you for their assistance in supplying the Malaysian Standards To all lecturers who have taught me thank you for the lesson that has been delivered Not forgetting all my friends thank you
29. __ 5600 10375 1752 74A Current with 5 fingers touching 15r is R Jep ea R R SF 5600 5000x 5600 10370 1753 28A 4 3 Simulation results This simulation is done by using ATP EMTP software The waveform for both sources ac and impulse is shown below to measure the value of current when human being is touching in current lightning We also can determine the value of the voltage for certain amount of current when the human touching on it by this simulation and verify them by calculation Figure 4 9 to 4 13 show the waveform injected by alternating current source The current injected is 30mA with frequency 50Hz The waveform setting for x axis is for time with time step of simulation 1x10 seconds and the end time for simulation is 0 03 seconds Whilst in Figure 4 14 to 4 19 show the waveform injected by impulse source The current injected is SkA with front duration of 8us and tail duration of 20us for current and 1 2 50us for voltage setting The waveform setting for x axis is for time with time step of simulation 1x10 seconds and the end time for simulation is 50us for current and 60us for voltage 64 4 3 1 Simulation by AC source 1 1 finger touching 20 25 t ms EEE 5 8 0000E 00n6 a oseo Miall h il H 5 10 2 sO 1 Dx 1 200be 0006 2 essen dadi Figure 4 9 Current and voltage waveform with 1 finger touching
30. and these free ions temporarily cause the air to become a conductor The best known example of a spark is a lightning strike In this case the potential difference between a cloud and ground can be millions of volts and the resulting current that flows heats the air causing an explosive release of energy 28 3 2 6 Grounding Grounding recommends a two step procedure for grounding ESD protection equipment The first step is to ground all components of the work area work surfaces people equipment etc to the same electrical ground point called the common point ground This common point ground is defined as a system or method for connecting two or more grounding conductors to the same electrical potential as in Figure 3 2 very working table connected with static discharge cable which never touch to table body Figure 3 2 Working table with common point ground The second step is to connect the common point ground to the equipment ground or the third wire green electrical ground connection This is the preferred ground connection because all electrical equipment at the workstation is already connected to this ground Connecting the ESD control materials or equipment to the equipment ground brings all components of the workstation to the same electrical potential 29 By surveying done in PAVCJM the management is more concern in safety than in getting the job done They do not allow contractors to do their w
31. anufacturing facilities provides us with entertainment and allows us to do more with the time given us The use of electricity is dangerous and we have come to learn just how dangerous it 1s There are other aspects of electrical safety that are not being addressed This can be seen not only in the way companies and people approach electrical safety but also in how national consensus standards are addressing electrical safety Electrical safety must be addressed in a holistic manner Danny Liggett 2004 Electrical safety has to be more than putting in personal protective equipment If it is limited to just that then the electrical safety effort will not see the significant step change in improvement 13 Electrical safety is a process of minimizing or eliminating the risk of incident or injury from electrical hazards In order to do this electrical safety must have an approach that encompasses all of the factors that influences the outcome In Stephen Covey s book The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People Steven Covey 1989 he utilized a concept of three overlapping circles to show the need for three factors and the need for all three of them to overlap This concept can be applied to the electrical safety Electrical safety can be breaking down into three categories which are People Equipment and Managing Systems as shown in Figure 2 1 Each circle overlaps the others The importance of the overlap is critical The larger
32. application of topical antistats may be required to control generation and accumulation of static charges 3 2 10 Packaging and Handling Direct protection of ESD s devices from electrostatic discharge 1s provided by packaging materials such as bags corrugated and rigid or semi rigid packages The primary use of these items is to protect the product when it leaves the facility usually when shipped to a customer In addition materials handling products such as tote boxes and other containers primarily provide protection during inter or intra facility transport The main ESD function of these packaging and materials handling products is to limit the possible impact of ESD from triboelectric charge generation direct discharge and electrostatic fields The initial consideration is to have low charging materials in contact with ESD sensitive items For example the low charging property would control triboelectric charge resulting from sliding a board or component into the package or container A second requirement is that the material provides protection from direct electrostatic discharge as well as shield from electrostatic fields 3T Many materials are available that provide all three benefits 1 low charging ll discharge protection 11 electric field suppression The inside of these packaging materials have a low charging layer but also have an outer layer with a surface resistance generally in the dissipative range Resista
33. ate static charges that can transfer to the products being transported on this equipment as shown in Figure 3 3 a and b 31 aterial transporting trolley been fis with static discharge i rolley wiil discharge at stainless steel plate at production cable line a b Figure 3 3 Moving Equipment a Trolley been fix with static discharge cable and b Trolley will discharge at stainless steel plate 3 2 8 Personal Protective Equipment PPE 1 Wrist straps Typically wrist straps are the primary means of controlling static charge on personnel When properly work and connected to ground a wrist strap keeps the person wearing it near ground potential Because the person and other grounded objects in the work area are at or near the same potential there can be no hazardous discharge between them In addition static charges are safely dissipated from the person to ground and do not accumulate It can be shown in Figure 3 4 32 Wrist straps have two major components the cuff that goes around the person s wrist and the ground cord that connects the cuff to the common point ground Most wrist straps have a currents limiting resistor molded into the ground cord head on the end that connects to the cuff The resistor most commonly used is a one megaohm MQ 4 watt W with a working voltage rating of 250 volts V Wrist strap should be tested on a regular basis Daily testing or continuous monitoring is recommended
34. atic shoe 3 2 9 Production Equipment and Protection Aids Although personnel generated static is usually the primary ESD culprit in many environments automated manufacturing and test equipment also can pose an ESD problem For example a device may become charged from sliding down a feeder If the device then contacts the insertion head or another conductive surface a rapid discharge occurs from the device to metal object In addition various production aids such as hand tools tapes or solvents also be ESD concerns Grounding 1s the primary means of controlling static charge on equipment and many production aids Much electrical equipment is required by the National 36 Electrical Code to be connected to the equipment ground the green wire in order to carry fault currents This ground connection also will function for ESD purposes All electrical tools and equipment used to process ESD sensitive hardware require the 3 prong grounded type AC plug Hand tools that are not electrically powered 1 e pliers wire cutters and tweezers are usually grounded through the ESD work surface and the grounded person using the conductive tools Holding fixtures should be made of conductive or static dissipative materials when possible A separate ground wire may be required for conductive fixtures not sitting on an ESD work surface or handled by a grounded person For those items that are composed of insulative materials the use of 1onization or
35. blem SF6 Type Merlin Gerin Communication AP amp AC not very good Careless Do not follow instruction of issuing PTW Work pressure No procedure regarding occupied Joint Pit while switching operation METHOD ENVIRONMENT 94 Suggestion for Correction Prevention Action Strictly follow the instruction of issuing PTW Competant Person CP must be exposed to his work and responsible while doing switching operation This can be done by attending regarding awareness and safety courses training Instruction must be done to Cable Jointer Team for not to hold the cable stay near the Joint Pit while switching operation is made at the same circuit Job hand over procedure should be documented between AP to AP approved by OIC Designation and specification of switching Merlin Gerin type must be take into account to avoid from confusing Conclusion Accident can be avoid if discussion counter check is done before and after any action taken between the CP and AP involved during the switching operation Cable Jointer Team must not stay in the Joint Pit area holding any cable during switching operation in the same circuit Certificate of Competence of the AP was suspended temporarily 95 APPENDIX B ELECTRICAL SAFETY TRAINING AID Prepared by RAHINAH BINTI ABDUL RAHMAN MASTER OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING POWER UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA 96 Electricity is Dangerous Whenever you work
36. c cable been connected from mat to discharge point uniform a b Figure 3 5 Antistatic Mat a Antistatic mat and b Operator standing on the antistatic mat 34 111 Clothing Clothing is a consideration in some ESD protective areas especially in clean rooms and very dry environments Clothing materials can generate electrostatic charges that may discharge into sensitive components or they may create electrostatic fields that may induce charges on the human body Because clothing usually is electrically insulated or isolated from the body charges on clothing fabrics are not necessarily dissipated to the skin and then to ground Full static uniform is shown in Figure 3 6 Grounded static control garments are intended to minimize the effects of electrostatic fields or charges that may be present on a person s clothing Operator wearing full anti static apparatus such as static Uniform static glove wrist strape even static head scart Figure 3 6 Static uniform head scarf glove amp wrist strap iv Shoes grounders casters Used in combination with ESD protective floor materials static control shoes grounders casters and wheels provide the necessary electrical contact between the person or object and the floor material Insulative 35 footwear casters or wheels prevent static charges from flowing from the body to the floor to ground Operaior use static Shoe at Production area Figure 3 7 St
37. cate 7 Without Authorized person 8 Without signboard 9 Without batton light 10 Without plicker light 11 Use aluminium ladder 3 3 6 1 Accidents Statistic Figure 3 12 shows that accident statistic recorded for year 2004 2005 It can be shown that 65 accident happen at the low voltage overhead and this is a highest percentage amongst the high voltage overhead substation cable street and store Whilst in Figure 3 13 it shows the victims category by sector And it can be seen that the highest accident occur on the TNB workers itself compare to others MI Street BPencawang O Cable 35 7 au OSstore 5 BLY Owerhesd G HV E HY Overhead Overhead l i B Substation 8 to O Cable BB Street O Store Li LV Overhead 65 Figure 3 12 Accidents Statistic 2004 2005 47 TNB workers mM Contractor Public O Animals Properties m Total LV Overhead HV Overhead Substation Cablel Others Figure 3 13 Victims category by sector The accident is compared for year 2004 and 2005 and it can be seen that the number of whole accident happen is reduced almost about 50 as shown in Table 3 14 Table 3 14 r am accident for year 2004 and 2005 poe Pest BECAK AN NN ME EA ON Figure 3 15 below are the picture of electric arc effect happened in TNB Figure 3 15 Electric Arc Effect 48 49 And the next pictures are an electric explosi
38. crapes that can damage insulation or conductors You should also test electrical cords regularly for ground continuity using a continuity tester as follows 1 Connect one lead of the tester to the ground prong at one end of the cord 2 Connect the second lead to the ground wire hole at the other end of the cord If the tester lights up or beeps the cord s ground wire is okay If not the cord is damaged and should not be used 116 Continue gt Do not pull on cords Always disconnect a cord by the plug gt Use correct connectors 1 Use electrical plugs and receptacles that are right for your current and voltage needs Connectors are designed for specific currents and voltages so that only matching plugs and receptacles will fit together This safeguard prevents a piece of equipment a cord and a power source with different voltage and current requirements from being plugged together gt Use locking connectors Use locking type attachment plugs receptacles and other connectors to prevent them from becoming unplugged Locking type attachment plug 5 Use and Maintain Tools Properly gt You must use the right tools for the job Proper maintenance of tools and other equipment is very important gt Inadequate maintenance can cause equipment to deteriorate creating dangerous conditions gt You must take care of your tools so they can help you and not hurt you v Inspect tools before using th
39. d at 0 volts gt If the system is not grounded properly these parts may become energized and a hazards exists because unwanted voltage cannot be safely eliminated gt If there is no safe to ground for fault currents exposed metal parts in damaged appliances can become energized gt A Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter GFCI is an inexpensive life saver GFCI s detect any difference in current between the two circuit wires The difference in current could happen when electrical equipment is not working correctly causing leakage current If leakage current a ground fault is detected in a GFCI protected circuit the GFCI switches off the current in the circuit protecting you from a dangerous shock GFCI receptacle pe 104 6 Overload Hazards gt Overloads in an electrical system are hazardous because they can produce heat or arcing Wires and other components in an electrical system or circuit have a maximum amount of current they can carry safely If too many devices are plugged into a circuit the electrical current will heat the wires to a very high temperature The temperature of the wires can be high enough to cause a fire If the insulation melts arcing may occur Arcing can cause a fire in the area where the overload exists even inside the wall In order to prevent too much current in a circuit a circuit breaker or fuse is placed in the circuit If there is too much current in the circuit the b
40. d voltage segregation 22 Electrical equipment must be maintained in a condition that provides maximum safety Regular maintenance should be done on all electrical equipment Electrical equipment manufacturers have to be progressive in developing inherently safer designs If they do not then they may find it mandated in regulations and standards Management must set the tone and provide the felt leadership to assure electrical safety will be an important part of the job Management needs to understand what the electrical safety performance is in their company or at their site Controls must be established Procedures need to be developed to provide the guidance for those exposed to electrical hazards CHAPTER 3 RESULT AND ANALYSIS 3 1 Introduction This project is concern on three types of industries which are large medium and small For large industry Panasonic AVC Networks Johor Malaysia Sdn Bhd PAVCJM Pasir Gudang Johor was chosen Whilst Tenaga Nasional Berhad Jalan Yahaya Awal Johor Bahru Johor for medium industry and Kedai Letrik Mohamad Lotfi Kuala Pilah Negeri Sembilan for small industry were chosen Firstly surveying the industries is carried out to focus of the electrical safety on current practices in those industries Then analysis is done by data s collection From there the advantages and the weakness of the practices can be determined The next step comparison between the practices with the standard and r
41. e when they are involved in the same task in the future Although they have attended some training about electrical safety and know the dangerous of the electricity individual attitudes do not care about safety Due to this unfortunately the accidents still occur Most of the accidents happen because of the human error and not using the PPE provided 51 3 4 Summary It can be seen that generally all management of industries are following the government standard and procedure on safety However the workers attitude must be changed to avoid the accident They should not simply neglect rules even though they know occurrence of the consequences of their negligent Here I conclude that the overall analysis as shown in Table 3 17 Table 3 17 Overall Analysis PRACTICES Pavom TNB WIRING SHOP Flectrical safety policy y Training amp qualification personnel 5 Used of protective equipment tester tools amp protectve methods e Used arkoni saume e ating Co remas So far there is no accident happen at PAVCJM Here I suggest that continuous improvement should be added such as gt All the while the manuals are kept in the document room It should be better if PAVCJM can provide a set of personal computer to all its key personnel This can make the personnel easy to search something and it will be faster instead going to a document room 52 Invite expertise in safety from any consultant not the PAVCJM
42. e CPR must performed within 4 minutes of the shock What Must Be Done to Be Safe Use the three stage safety model recognize evaluate amp control hazards To be safe think about your job and plan for hazards To avoid injury or death you must understand and recognize hazards You need to evaluate the situation you are in amp assess youre your risks You need to control hazards by creating a safe work practices and by reporting hazards to a supervisor If you do not recognize evaluate amp control hazards you may be injured or killed by the electricity itself electrical fires or falls 101 Recognize Hazards It is best to discuss and plan hazard recognition tasks with your co workers Careful planning of safety procedures reduces the risk of injury Decisions to lock out and tag out circuits and equipment need to be made during this part of the safety model OSHA regulations provide a wide range of safety information Knowledge of OSHA standards is an important part of training for electrical apprentices Always lock out and tag out circuits Evaluate Hazards It is best to identify all possible hazards first then evaluate the risk of injury from each hazards Do not assume the risk is low until you evaluate the hazard It is dangerous to overlook hazards Job sites are especially dangerous because they are always changing and exposed to bad weather A reasonable place to
43. e work environment then work in a safe manner When OSHA regulations are followed safe work environment are created gt You never know when materials or equipment might fail Prepare yourself for the unexpected by using safe work practices Use as many safeguards as possible If one fails another may protect you from injury or death How Do You Create a Safe Work Environment gt A safe work environment is created by controlling contact with electrical voltages and the currents they can cause Electrical currents need to be controlled so they do not pass through the body In addition to preventing shocks a safe work environment reduces the chance of fires burns and falls 107 Continue How Do You Create A Safe Work Environment You need to guard against contact with electrical voltages and control electrical currents in order to create a safe work environment Make your environment safer by doing the following Treat all conductors even de energized ones as if they are energized until they are locked out and tagged Lock out and tag out circuits and machines Prevent overloaded wiring by using the right size and type of wire Prevent exposure to live electrical parts by isolate them Prevent exposure to live wires and parts by using insulation Prevent shocking currents from electrical systems and tools by grounding them Prevent shocking currents by using GFCl s Prevent too much current in circ
44. egulation is done Lastly refocus of the electrical safety is carried out by defining on improvement by analyzing fault related issues and management dynamics 24 3 2 Large Industry The products manufactured by PAVCJM are l Audio product 1 11 111 1v v V1 vii CD Radio Cassette Recorder Mini Hi Fi MD SD DVD amp AK Stereo Receiver Portable Mini Disc Home Theatre Speaker Box System DVD Stereo System VK 2 Video product 1 ii iii 1v Video cassette recorder Video cassette player DVD VCR Combo DVD VCR Recorder 3 2 1 PAVCJM safety and health policy PAVCJM is committed to ensure the safety health and welfare of persons at work and shall adhere and operate with the following concepts 1 Amongst PAVCJM s major objectives and goals of paramount important is the safety and health of its employees 11 PAVCJM emphasizes the greatest importance on the safety of its employees and will do its utmost to provide a safe working 25 environment at all times for all employees and contractors 111 PAVCJM provides all employees with adequate safety training and will instill and promote safety consciousness among its employees to prevent accidents and injuries Iv PAVCJM s Rules and Regulations and Codes of Practice should be observed by each and every employee as well as contractors at all time v PAVCJM shall comply in full with all Government laws and regulations V1
45. em Check for cracked casings dents missing or broken parts and contamination oil moisture dirt corrosion Damaged tools must be removed from service and properly tagged These tools should not be used until they are repaired and tested v Use the right tool correctly Follow the safety instructions and operating procedures recommended by the manufacturer When working on a circuit use approved tools with insulated handles However do not use these tools to work on energized circuits Always shut off and de energized circuits before beginning work on them This cord has been spliced using a wire na aa nut Spliced cords are very dangerous Ey 117 Continue v Protect your tools Keep tools and cords away from heat oil and sharp objects These hazards can damage insulation If a tool or cord heats up stop using it Report the condition to a supervisor immediately If equipment has been repaired make sure that it has tested and certified as safe before using it Never carry a tool by the cord Disconnect cords by pulling the plug not the cord v Use double insulated tools Portable electrical tools are classified by the number of insulation barriers between the electrical conductors in the tool and the worker Equipment that has two insulation barriers and no exposed metal parts is called double insulated When used properly double insulated tools provide reliable shock protection without the need for a
46. ement dynamics To model human being when they are touch in current lightning by using ATP EMTP software To produce a electrical safety training aid to facilitate in training of personnel to be more awareness about safety Scope of Project The scope of work for this project includes Study the currently practices of electrical safety for three types of industries which are large Panasonic medium TNB and small Kedai Letrik Mohamad Lotfi Analyzed data from the industries Determined the advantages and the weakness of the practices Compare the practices with the standard and regulation Simulation study by using human body model when they are touch in current lightning with ATP EMTP software Produce a training aid to facilitate in training of personnel to be more awareness about safety 1 4 Research Methodology The research work is undertaken in the following stages 1 Survey the practices in the industries by a Interview the person or officer in charged of the electrical safety b Questionnaire for the officers and workers 11 Site visit to focus of the electrical safety and what is currently being practices in the industries 111 Looking at the accident reported Iv Simulation study to show the effect to the human being 1 5 Literature Review This project is new Therefore not much reference in Malaysia is related to this project However there is some literature review is carried out on the c
47. ements and guidelines that direct the activities of personnel who could be exposed to electrical hazards 5 to encourage and make it easier for each employee to be responsible for his her own electrical safety self discipline The scope of the electrical safety program should address the needs of all employees as well as contractors and visitors at a facility All parties shall be orientated with the program and be very familiar with the parts that pertain to his her own particular job assignments The written program should include policy requirements responsibilities and general guidelines Specific detailed procedures can be written in subdocuments and referred to in the program A complete electrical safety program should contain the following elements 1 management commitment 2 organizational support 3 electrical safety policy a electrically safe facilities b documented safe electrical work practices 4 training and qualification of all personnel 5 use of protective equipment testers tools and protective methods 6 use of electrical equipment 7 documentation 8 oversight and auditing 9 technical support 10 emergency preparedness 1 2 1 iii 1 3 1 ii iii iv v v1 Objective The objectives of this project are To focus of electrical safety on current practices in industries and refocus by defining on improvement by analyzing fault related issues and manag
48. ems and equipment are also being made responsible for electrical safety are being worked into new model for electrical safety and regulation An electrical safety program is a plan designed so that neither workplace conditions nor the action of people expose personnel unnecessarily to electrical hazards Employers should develop and implement an electrical safety program to give overall safety directions for facility activities related to electrical work Effective electrical safety programs are a major key in preventing electrical incidents Kim Eastwood Danny Liggett and Erling Hesla 2002 An electrical safety program are integrated with an overall safety and occupational health program Good reasons for practicing electrical safety are 1 Personal reasons desire to return home healthy to family at the end of workday 2 Business reasons safety makes good business sense 3 Regulatory and legal reasons violations can result in fines and or imprisonment There are five key objectives of an electrical safety program 1 to instruct personnel concerning rules responsibilities and procedures for working safely in an electrical environment 2 to demonstrate the employer s intention to fully comply with all applicable laws 3 to document general requirements and guidelines for providing workplace facilities that are free from unauthorized exposure to electrical hazards 4 to document general requir
49. flow through one finger up to five fingers by using Kirchhoff Current Law 6l Current with 1 finger touching jr is R L 1 x 1F AC R i Re 5600 5600 10450 10 467mA Current with 2 fingers touching IF is R 2F AC R 4 R 5600 5600 10400 10 500mA Current with 3 fingers touching 43r is R L 1 x 3F AC R Ry 5600 5600 10383 33 10 510mA Current with 4 fingers touching yr is R Lesl o ay 4F AC R E R 5600 5600 10375 10 516mA Current with 5 fingers touching 15r is R Lam 1 x SF AC R Rg 5600 5600 10370 10 519mA 62 4 2 4 Current calculation with impulse source For this impulse source we injected the current limp with SkA This high current is to show when human being is touching in lightning Similarly as before we can calculate the current flow through one finger up to five fingers by using Kirchhoff Current Law Current with 1 finger touching 477 is R I I y 1F imp R R 5600 5000x 5600 10450 1744 55A Current with 2 fingers touching IF 1s R Lp me L p Rr 5600 5000x 5600 10400 1750A Current with 3 fingers touching 43r is R TP OTE C 3F imp Ri ada 5600 5000x 5600 10383 33 1751 83A Current with 4 fingers touching 4p 1s R Lir T Ry are 63 5600 5000x _ __
50. gineers can provide guidance on all aspects of operation maintenance and safety Emergency preparedness is being able to respond quickly to an electrical shock or burn injury could be the difference between the life and death of the victim All electrical workers should be trained in first aid and CPR Know the location and phone number of nearby qualified medical assistance A phone or some other communication method should be available at every job location that involves work on energised conductors or has other elements of risk Extensive medical research has proven that providing the treating medical facility with vital information on the environment and circumstances related to an electric shock or burn victim is critical and can improve the victim s chances for survival Improving any of the elements discussed in this thesis can make improvements in electrical safety performance However step change improvements can only be made by addressing electrical safety in a holistic manner Electrical safety 1s a process and processes only work effectively when all parts of that process are working correctly The simulation studies done is to show how much current flow through the body and the effect to the human when they are touch in current lightning 83 5 2 Suggestion for Future Work After analyzed data from the industries most of the accidents occur in the medium industry TNB Therefore for future work I suggest tha
51. gistered wiring and or electrical contractors are eligible to work on wiring electrical installation The Electricity Act only qualified commissioning engineer and or chargeman or wireman are eligible to test and endorse commissioning reports at their relevant competency level Product Certification supports the approval process listed above Relevant agencies and laws are as follows 11 The Electrical Department Jabatan Elektrik of the Energy Commission maintains a list of prescribed and approved items In support of the prescribed list SIRIM certifies electrical integrity and safety standards for approval External or other foreign testing laboratories are also recognized by the Electrical Department 111 Apart from prescribed items other items not on the prescribed list are subjected to certification standards demanded as a matter of procedure especially in the construction industry Iv The Standards of Malaysia Act by its enactment confers certain legal status to standards adopted and published as Malaysian Standards ISO IEC standards by proxy therefore has legal status over other standards if MS are not available 1 5 3 Industry Participation In line with current trends the participation of the private sector in OSH legislation and procedures are increasingly becoming important Concurrent with and reinforcing this trend include new paradigms shifts such energy efficiency sustainable development
52. harge Control Working table with common point ground Moving Equipment Wrist strap Antistatic Mat Static uniform head scarf glove amp wrist strap Static shoe TNB Safety Rules and Procedures Book Documents needed before start any task Personnel Protective Equipment at TNB Accidents Statistic 2004 2005 Victims category by sector Electric Arc Effect Electric Explosive Effect Analysis accident at TNB Human body model Equivalent circuit Leg circuit xii PAGE 13 15 17 19 26 28 31 32 33 34 35 40 41 42 46 47 48 49 52 55 56 57 4 4 4 5 4 6 4 7 4 8 4 9 4 10 4 11 4 12 4 13 4 14 4 15 4 16 4 17 4 18 Hand resistance with one finger touching Hand resistance with two fingers touching Hand resistance with three fingers touching Hand resistance with four fingers touching Hand resistance with five fingers touching Current and voltage waveform with finger touching Current and voltage waveform with 2 fingers touching Current and voltage waveform with 3 fingers touching Current and voltage waveform with 4 fingers touching Current and voltage waveform with 5 fingers touching Voltage and current waveform with finger touching Voltage and current waveform with 2 fingers touching Voltage and current waveform with 3 fingers touching Voltage and current waveform with 4 fingers touching Voltage and current waveform with 5 fingers touching 58 58 59
53. he slot cable earth and not at the slot circuif on the switch Merlin Gerin di C S Jln Kundang No 1 At the site C Sub J In Kundang No 1 OFF Wrack Out J ointer 1 90 PMU Prt Besar J oint Pit PMU Prt Besar AP do not inform the Jointer that he will be going to C Sub Kundang No 1 for install the resistor for dead phasing activity Analysis at the site AP do not issued the PTW to CP Jointer whose doing the repairing work Communication between AP amp CP is slow and CP do not counter check the AP activity Analysis at the site Location Jin Tan Swee Hoe Tmn Bkt Pasir The effect of span over cable 91 92 Analysis at the site Exchange of AP to continue the repairing the fault cable works Tn Hj Ismon just finished his work on new installation and feel tired when he received instruction from Cik Fareha Analysis at the site The positions of cable earth slot and circuit slot confusing because not clearly label 93 Causes of the Accident N The accident occur because of the electric arc flash at the HV underground cable while the Cable Jointer Team is cutting and to skin the cable was switch on unpurposely The switching is switch at the wrong slot The switching was done at circuit slot not at the cable earth slot ANALYSIS EQUIPMENT Designed amp specification AP tired of switching confusing AP has healthy pro
54. idalen H K 2002 ATPDraw for Windows 3 5 User s Manual Trondheim Norway Jamil S Floyd H L and Pace D A 1997 Effective Implementation of Electrical Safety Regulations and Standards IEEE PCIC Conf Banff AB Canada 337 345 Liggett D 2004 Refocusing Electrical Safety IEEE PCIC 333 338 Looi H P 2003 A Technical Seminar on Management amp Improvement of Electrical Safety Electrical Safety and Inspection A Malaysian Perspective March 29 TEEAM IEE Technical Seminar Mohla D C McClung L B and Rafferty N R 1999 Electrical Safety and Design TEEE IAS Petroleum amp Chemical Industry Committee Conference National Conference On Electrical Power Engineering 1991 Electrical Power Engineering Future Trends and Development for The Malaysian Electrical Power Industry KL UTM Rakov V A and Uman M A Lightning Physics and Effects Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Florida 86 Seminar Persidangan Kilat 1975 Perlindungan Kilat Kertas Kertas Persidangan KL Universiti Malaya Steven Covey 1989 The Habits of Highly Effective People New York NY Simon amp Schuster Swann H W 1959 Electrical Safety London MacDonald Viemeister P E 1961 The Lightning Book New York Doubleday amp Co Wa L S 1991 National Conference On Electrical Power Engineering Electrical Safety Engineering Principles and Practices June 11 12 KL UTM A
55. in damp or wet areas If necessary clear the area of loose materials or hanging objects Cover wet floors with wooden planking that can be kept dry Wear insulating rubber boots or shoes Your hands must be dry when plugging and unplugging power cords and extension cords Do not get cleaning solutions on energized equipment Use a GFCI Always use a GFCI when using portable tools and extension cords 3 Avoid Overhead Powerlines Be very careful not to contact overhead powerlines or other exposed wires More than half of all electrocutions are caused by contact with overhead lines When working in an elevated position near overhead lines avoid locations where you and any conductive object you hold could contact an unguarded or uninsulated line Vehicle operators should also pay attention to overhead wiring Dump trucks front end loaders and cranes can lift and make contact with overhead lines If you contact equipment that is touching live wires you will be shocked and may be killed If you are in the vehicle stay inside Always be aware of what is going on around you 115 4 Use Proper Wiring and Connectors gt Avoid overloads Do not overload circuits gt Test GFCI s Test GFCI s monthly using the test button gt Check switches and insulation Tools and other equipment must operate properly Make sure that switches and insulating parts are in good condit
56. ingers Then the simulation result will be compared with the calculation 1 OK ofr UQohrni TUK ohm 2 Nohm 130ohm ohm 3Uohm Figure 4 1 Human body model 4 2 Calculation 56 From the human body model above the equivalent circuit can be simplified as shown in Figure 4 2 a0 ohm 200ohm 10K 0 2954F 300ohm a00ohm Sieh 10K 0 25uF 150ahm 150ohm Figure 4 2 Equivalent circuit 4 2 1 Leg resistance To calculate the leg resistance which is grounded the Figure 4 3 00ohm 10K 10uF circuit is shown in 57 30 ohm O 45uF Figure 4 3 Leg circuit Assume there is open circuit we just consider only the resistors So the total leg resistance Rz 1s R 300 300 10000 300 10000 150 300 5150 150 56000 4 2 2 Hand resistance First calculate the hand resistance with finger touching which is grounded as shown in Figure 4 4 58 1 000m cal 100ohm O0ohmi 1 000m 10ohm K 5 fingers 200hm 100ohm Figure 4 4 Hand resistance with one finger touching Assume open circuit condition the total hand resistance with one finger touching Rip is R 200 10000 100 150 104500 Similarly hand resistance with two fingers touching is shown in Figure 4 5 1 Odohm 150ohm 1 0kohrni O0ohmi 100ohm 10 ohm Figure 4 5 Hand resistance with two fingers touching Assume open circuit the total hand resistance w
57. inst Electric Shock Putrajaya MS IEC 60364 4 41 Department of Standard Malaysia 2003 Electrical Installations of Buildings Part 4 42 Protection for Safety Protection Against Thermal Effects Putrajaya MS IEC 60364 4 42 Department of Standard Malaysia 2003 Electrical Installations of Buildings Part 4 43 Protection for Safety Protection Against Overcurrent Putrajaya MS IEC 60364 4 43 Department of Standard Malaysia 2005 Safety of Machinery Prevention of Unexpected Start up Putrajaya MS ISO 14118 85 Department of Standard Malaysia 2005 Safety of Machinery Interlocking Devices Associated With Guards Principles for Design and Selection Putrajaya MS ISO 14119 Department of Standard Malaysia 2005 Safety of Machinery Guards General Requirements for the Design and Construction of Fixed and Movable Guards Putrajaya MS ISO 14120 Department of Standard Malaysia 2004 Safety of Machinery Principles of Risk Assessment Putrajaya MS ISO 14121 Doughty R L Apperly R A and Jones R A 1990 Maintaining Safe Electrical Work Practices in a Competitive Environment IEEE IAS Petroleum amp Chemical Industry Committee Conference Eastwood K Liggett D and Hesla E 2002 Electrical Safety Programs IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 38 6 ES amp H Working Group 2005 Environment Safety and Health Manual Document 16 1 Electrical Safety United States Government University of California Ho
58. ion Use three prong plugs Never use a three prong grounding plug with the third prong broken off When using tools that reguire a third wire ground use only three wire extension cords with three prong grounding plugs and three hole electrical outlets Never remove the grounding prong from a plug You could be shocked or expose someone else to a hazard If you see a cord without a grounding prong in the plug remove the cord from service immediately Use extension cords properly If an extension cord must be used choose one with sufficient ampacity for the tool being used An undersized cord can overheat and cause a drop in voltage and tool power Check the tool manufacturers recommendations for the reguired wire gauge and cord length Make sure the insulation and Never use a 3 prong grounding plug with the 3 prong broken off the grounding prong are intact Continue Check power cords and extensions Electrical cords should be inspected regularly using the following procedure Remove the cord from the electrical power source before inspecting Make sure the grounding prong is present in the plug Make sure the plug and receptacle are not damaged Wipe the cord clean with a diluted detergent and examine for cuts breaks abrasions and defects in the insulation Coil or hang the cord for storage Do not use any other methods Coiling or hanging is the best way to avoid tight kinks cuts and s
59. ires and prevents conductors from coming in contact with each other conductor gt If conductors are allowed to make contact a short circuit is created gt In a short circuit current passes through the shorting material without passing through a load in the circuit and the wire becomes overheated gt Insulation keeps wires and other conductors from touching which prevents electrical short circuits gt Insulation prevents live wires from touching people and animals thus protecting them from electrical shock gt Insulation helps protect wires from physical damage and conditions in the environment 110 Control Hazards of Shocking Currents gt Ground circuits and equipment Equipment needs to be grounded under any of these circumstances i The equipment is within 8 feet vertically and 5 feet horizontally of the floor walking surface The equipment is within 8 feet vertically and 5 feet horizontally of grounded metal objects you can touch The equipment is located in a wet or damp area and is not isolated The equipment is connected to a power supply by cord amp plug and is not double insulated Use GFCIl s in high risk situation 1 Electricity is used near water The user of electrical equipment is grounded Circuits are providing power to portable tools or outdoor receptacles Temporary wiring or extension cords are used Portable GFCI Continue gt Bonding components to assure grounding path In
60. ith two fingers touching R2r is R 200 10000 100 100 150 1040002 59 Figure 4 6 shows to find the total hand resistance with three fingers touching 100ohm 150ohm 10kohrn 2 Uohm 1000hm 1 00ohm Figure 4 6 Hand resistance with three fingers touching Assume open circuit the total hand resistance with three fingers touching R3r is R 200 10000 100 100 100 150 10383 33Q Hand resistance with four fingers touching circuit is shown in Figure 4 7 below 100ohm 1 50ohm 1 kohm OQohrn 1 00o0hm 1 00o0hm Figure 4 7 Hand resistance with four fingers touching Assume open circuit the total hand resistance with four fingers touching R4r is 60 R 200 10000 100 100 100 100 150 103756 Lastly the total hand resistance with five fingers touching is shown in Figure 4 8 100ohm 150ohm 1T kohm O0o0hm 1 00h 100ohm 100ohm Figure 4 8 Hand resistance with five fingers touching Assume open circuit the total hand resistance with five fingers touching Rsr is R 200 10000 100 100 100 100 100 150 103700 4 2 3 Current calculation with AC source For this AC source we only injected the current 4c with 30mA By giving this amount of current it can give the supply voltage almost 415V This small current is to show when human being is touching in current at the workplace From here we can calculate the current
61. ive safety hardhats arc flash protection face shield with hood blankets insulating mats arc flash protection jackets etc People are not only surrounded by electrically powered equipment but they also operate and use the equipment There is fixed equipment such as switchgear control panels and wall switches There is portable equipment such as power tools extension cords and test equipment Provide direction for the proper use of such equipment The most important thing properly ground all fixed and portable equipment At the start of the each shift visually inspect and or test instruments equipment all associated test leads cables power cords probes and connectors This inspection and testing is the responsibility of the person s who will be using these items If there are defects or evidence of damage that might expose an employee to injury the defective or damaged item shall not be used until any required repairs or tests have been made M Capelli Schellpfeffer R C Lee M Toner and K Diller 1998 81 There is a fair amount of documentation that is required in order to have an effective electrical safety program These documents may include work authorizations standards procedures guidelines drawings and equipment records A good document management system is very important to the safe operation and maintenance of a facility Outdated or erroneous documents not only cause confusion and delays but they ca
62. k practices Before you begin a task ask yourself LQ What could go wrong Q Do have the knowledge tools and experience to do this work safely All workers should be very familiar with the safety procedures for their jobs Control electrical hazards through safe work practices Plan your work and plan for safety Avoid wet working condition and other dangers Avoid overhead powerlines Use proper wiring and connectors Use and maintain tools properly Wear correct PPE 112 Plan Your Work and Plan For Safety Take time to plan your work by yourself and with others Safety planning is important part of any task It takes effort to recognize evaluate and control hazards s Planning with others is especially helpful It allows you to coordinate your work and take advantage of what others know about identifying and controlling hazards The following is a list of some things to think about as you plan LQ Work with a buddy Do not work alone Both of you should trained in CPR and must know what to do in an emergency U Know how to shut off and de energized circuits You must find where circuit breakers fuses and switches are located Then the circuits that you will be working on even low voltage circuits MUST BE TURNED OFF Test the circuits before beginning work to make sure they are completely de energized Test circuits to make sure they are de energized Continue O Plan to lock out and tag out
63. kQ to 5kQ Of course the current will be more than 10mA for using AC source and can make the individual die immediately From the Table 4 22 also taken from Environmental Safety and Health Manual shows that if a men being touching in about 10mA from ac source he will get painful but voluntary muscle control will maintained while if a women touching the same value of current she will get painful and unable to let go of wires In case of the impulse source the human being will of course die because of the high current Table 4 21 Human resistance for various skin contact Body Contact Condition Dry kQ Wet kQ Hand holding wire 15 50 3 5 Finger thumb grasp 10 30 2 5 Hand around 1 5in pipe 0 5 1 5 2 hand around 1 5in pipe 0 5 1 5 0 25 0 75 76 Table 4 22 Electric current effect an individual Slight sensation felt at hand s en Threshold of perception l ImA Painful but voluntary muscle control maintained Painful unable to let go of wires Severe pain difficulty breathing Possible heart fibrillation after 3 seconds CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK 5 1 Conclusion An electrical safety practices cannot be successful or effective if it is not strongly supported at the highest management level Management should not delegate electrical safety responsibility but must show genuine interest in all management levels Management must believe there is real value in an electrical safety progra
64. llows a Electrical accident reports of about to 100 000 per year and b Rate of fire accident conclusively attributed to electrical fault of about 1 to 500 000 per year 1996 1997 1998 Chart 1 1 Number of Fire Accident Reported Chart 1 2 Number of Electrical Accidents Reported Source Ererey Commies or 5 A E 5 5 Ki 5 10 11 1 6 Structure and Layout of Thesis This thesis is organized into five chapters Chapter 1 gives the introduction to the project stating its objective scope of work research methodology and overview Chapter 2 mentioned the electrical safety must be addressed in a holistic manner to see the significant step change in improvement Chapter 3 discusses the result obtained from the surveying in the large medium and small industry and continues with an analysis Whilst in Chapter 4 the simulation is done by modeling the human being and to show the effect when they are touch in current lightning This is to facilitate in training of personnel to be more awareness about safety by using ATP EMTP software The thesis ends with Chapter 5 where the summary of this project is described Recommendations for future work are also presented in this final chapter Case study and training aid are also included in the appendix for employers and employees to be awareness about electrical safety CHAPTER 2 ELECTRICAL SAFETY 2 1 Introduction Electricity is used to light our homes drive our m
65. m both from humanitarian and financial standpoints Management should first establish an electrical safety policy and then identify the line organization s to implement the policy Management should also ensure that the program be audited and continually improved Management should demonstrate by its commitment that safety is truly a top priority in business To demonstrate this importance management must be consistent by not lowering safety standards when confronted with other business pressures 78 Just as management structures its organization to accomplish other business objectives the same organizational effort must be directed toward the electrical safety objective From the top level of management down management must develop an organization of individuals or teams to perform the functions needed to accomplish the electrical safety objective that is management design installation facility operations maintenance training purchasing visitor and contractor liaison general industrial safety and electrical safety authority In large organization the managers who have ultimate authority usually do not have the expertise themselves to make decisions in specific technical areas They delegate that authority or solicit advice from specialists before making final decisions Management s electrical safety policy may be stated in a policy manual or in the electrical safety program Unfortunately these words are sometimes the e
66. n From Electrical Accidents M Capelli Schellpfeffer K Eastwood H L Floyd D P Liggett 1998 can provide more information on how to gain a better understanding of the kinds of incidents that are occurring One important item that must be addressed is the definition of an electrical incident Unless this step is taken the term will be interpreted differently by people based upon their motivation In this thesis the definition will be used An electrical accident is an unusual event during which an injury occurred or had the potential to cause an injury as the result of exposure to an electrical hazard An electrical shock is an electrical incident Controls also can be deciding to use inherently safer designs in all new installations or in overhauls Exceptions to using these safer designs would have to be justified Ensuring personnel are qualified to perform tasks may be a principle but providing the training is a control Before people can understand the concepts that may be outlined in the procedures and standards a company may have they must first understand the basics of electrical safety Training cannot be a one shot deal Electrical safety is changing and new technology is being developed Regular training or meetings dedicated to electrical safety can be used to share the latest information on electrical safety and will help maintain higher level of awareness 21 Auditing for compliance to principles controls and p
67. n also cause electrical related incidents Rigorously control distribution of documents so that only the current applicable version is readily available on the job Superseded documents can be archived if necessary On a regular schedule perform a self assessment to determine how well the written electrical safety program is actually being implemented To be of value the assessment should be very objective without trying to blame people The goal is to improve the safety performance not to punish employees Occasionally it is also prudent to have the company s safety organization or even an outside contracted safety auditor perform an electrical safety audit This way a set of eyes not so familiar with the facility and without fear of retaliation from local management can discover things that self assessors might overlook Audit the written program periodically to identify new or revised requirements based on regulations standards or new technologies Whenever electrical safety related incidents or accidents occur conduct a thorough investigation to determine the root cause and contributing factors Distribute Lessons Learned information to all personnel who could get involved in or influence decisions about similar future situations 82 The company should have or have access to a gualified engineering organization and or gualified consultants These persons can be either in house or contracted employees These en
68. nal Electrical Code provides additional information on high voltage equipment gt OTHER NFPA 70E Standard for Electrical Safety Requirements for Employee workplaces provides detailed safe approach distances for working on high voltage equipment 3 3 1 TNB Occupational Safety and Health Policy Our employees are our most valuable asset We are committed to the provision and maintenance of a safe and healthy working environment and to the compliance of statutory requirements It is also our aim to ensure the safety of our customers contractors the public and others who may be affected by our activities 3 3 2 39 In line with this policy TNB shall Ensure Occupational Safety and Health is incorporated in design planning evaluation and construction of all projects Ensure safe work procedures are complied during operation and maintenance Give a high priority to Occupational Safety and Health in the procurement of all services and equipment Provide information and training to employees and contractors who may be exposed to hazards at work Ensure all incidents accidents and occupational diseases are reported investigated and corrective measures taken to prevent reoccurrence Promote Occupational Safety and Health awareness amongst employees and the affected public Carry out regular workplace Occupational Safety and Health inspection monitoring and auditing In upholding this policy employees shall Work
69. nce or resistivity measurements help define the material s ability to provide electrostatic shielding or change dissipation Electrostatic shielding attenuates electrostatic fields on the surface of a package in order to prevent a difference in electrical potential from existing inside the package Electrostatic shielding is provided by materials that have a surface resistance equal to or less than 1 0x10 or a volume resistivity of equal to or less than 1 0x10 ohm cm In addition shielding may provided by packaging materials that provide an air gap between the package and product Dissipative materials provide charge dissipation characteristics These materials have a surface resistance greater than 1 0x10 but less than or equal to 1 0x10 or a volume resistivity greater than 1 0x10 ohm cm but less than or equal to 1 0x10 ohm cm 3 3 Medium Industry In this medium industry high voltage must be taken into consideration This is because the accident is often happen at this level 38 High voltage is defined by the DOE Electrical Safety Guidelines as Over 600 volts but any voltage above 50 volts should be considered life threatening and treated accordingly Usually high voltage circuits and equipment are marked with Hazard Signs References on High Voltage can be found in gt OSHA Defines high voltage and lists training requirements and safe work practices including approach distances gt NEC NFPA 70 Natio
70. on Line prowded with Stabe Discharge point Factory Main Static Discharge bar at Production Floor a b Figure 3 1 Static Discharge Control a Main Static Discharge Bar and b Static Discharge Point 3 2 3 Caused of ESD One of the causes of charge separation that creates an ESD event is the triboelectric effect in which certain materials become electrically charged after coming into contact with another different material and then being separated This is why people experience ESD events after walking on a rug descending from a car or removing some types of packaging In all these cases friction between different materials causes triboelectric charging that when discharged become ESD 27 3 2 4 Type of ESD The most spectacular form of ESD is the spark which occurs when a strong electric field creates an ionized conductive channel in air This can cause minor discomfort to people severe damage to electronic equipment and fires and explosions if the air contains combustible gases or particles However many ESD events occur without a spark when a person carrying an electric charge touches a sensitive electronic component Even these invisible forms of ESD can cause device failures or less obvious forms of degradation 3 2 5 Sparks This is triggered when the electric field strength exceeds a certain threshold value in the air causing a rapid increase in the number of ions in the air electrical breakdown
71. on to be qualified One of the largest misconceptions regarding people is if a person is an electrician then the person is qualified A qualified person can be defined as one who is Knowledgeable of the construction and operation of the eguipment to be worked on Knowledgeable of the electrical hazards associated with the equipment and the task Able to recognize when the electrical hazards are present 2 Able to avoid the hazards 15 Another misconception is that electrical engineers and designers are qualified Although the tasks of engineers may be different from electricians when there is the potential for exposure to electrical hazards the same requirements for being qualified apply to them as they do to electricians Unless the engineer or designer meets the criteria for being qualified then they are not qualified Basic knowledge of how electricity works does not make a person qualified nor does their title Training must be done with all people who interact with electrical equipment The training must focus on the electrical equipment the person interacts with and the hazards associated with the equipment Management personnel should be trained also They must be aware of the electrical hazards that people are exposed to In Stephen Covey book Steven Covey 1989 specifically applied the circles to establish habits in people By using the same circles we can apply this to establishing habits or analyzing behavio
72. onal Safety and Health Occupation Safety and Health Occupational Safety and Health Administration Panasonic Audio Video Networks Johor Malaysia Personal Protective Equipment Permit to Work Standard Industrial Research Institute Malaysia Tenaga Nasional Berhad 1 1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Introduction From the earliest introduction of electricity to the States of Malaya electrical safety has been a concern for the regulator and increasingly for the public Ir H P Looi 2003 As is the practice in most countries regulatory measures to ensure electrical safety is embedded in the historical development of the electrical industry and plays a major role in the regulation of electrical safety Principles of safety in electrical systems encompass two major issues a b a b c Protection of persons and Protection of property principally fire hazard Accordingly regulations in Malaysia take cognizant of the above by prescribing safe practice instituting a system of inspection and accident reporting and maintaining prescribed list of electrical equipment contractors and installations This traditional approach where the regulator plays a dominant role in ensuring safety with rigid application of regulatory standards and procedures and punitive measures is increasingly being challenged Current principles of Occupational Safety and Health OSH where the public and purveyor of electrical syst
73. ork or any repairing job without considered the electrical safety They follow the Electricity Supply Act and Energy Commission procedures in monitoring electrical safety aspect of the organization The competent person will isolate power supply for any work to be done with electrical switchboard if the personnel s involve in risky job The competent personnel been refers to advice for any changes for input to any of the electrical safety procedures Besides that the personnel s are experienced with electrical safety aspects of job assign and been trained of First Aid process as electrical safety awareness programs before assigned with specific tasks In PAVCJM the electrical safety shall be practice at all the time and therefore there will be no accident happen Before doing any modification work they always refer to electrical drawing which has been approved And they will check the electrical drawings for the particular area before any work commence to protect the personnel s from electrical hazards before dig the ground or penetrate a wall or floor For unsafe conditions and any findings related to discrepancy will be highlight to the relevant contractor and rectification must be carry out before commence any testing They also have external Engineer Consultant to look after the unsafe practices on electrical aspect and the status will be reported to Energy Commission by the consultant Besides that their Production Line Engineer
74. otection Equipment PPE 3 34 Electrical Safety Practices 3 3 5 Surveying Result 3 3 6 Accident Reported 3 3 6 1 Accidents Statistic 3 4 Small Industry 3 5 Summary 4 SIMULATION 4 1 Introduction 4 2 Calculation 4 2 1 Leg Resistance 4 2 2 Hand Resistance 42 3 Current calculation with AC source 424 Current calculation with impulse source 4 3 Simulation Results 4 3 1 Simulation by AC source 4 3 2 Simulation by impulse source 4 4 Summary 5 CONCLUSION amp FUTURE WORKS 5 1 Conclusion 3 2 Suggestion For Future work REFERENCES APPENDIX A CASE STUDY APPENDIX B TRAINING AID 39 42 43 44 45 46 50 51 54 54 56 56 57 60 62 63 64 69 74 TI td 83 84 87 95 LIST OF CHARTS CHART NUMBER TITLE PAGE 1 1 Number of Fire Accident Reported 10 1 2 Number of Electrical Accident Reported 10 TABLE NUMBER 3 11 3 14 3 17 4 19 4 20 4 21 4 22 LIST OF TABLES TITLE Electrical Safety Practices Comparison Accident for year 2004 and 2005 Overall Analysis Result for using ac source Result for using impulse source Human resistance for various skin contact Electric current effect an individual PAGE 43 47 5 74 74 75 76 xl FIGURE NUMBER ZA 2 2 2 3 2 4 Del 3 2 3 3 3 4 3 5 3 6 3 3 8 3 9 3 10 3 12 3 13 3 15 3 16 3 18 4 1 4 2 4 3 LIST OF FIGURES TITLE Electrical Safety Category Habits in People Component of the Equipment Component of the Managing Systems Static Disc
75. prevent injuries to personnel at work place It is also to facilitate them to be more disciplines and awareness about electrical safety SAFETY Fire si THE SAFE WAY IS THE BEST WAY
76. puter aided simulator training And the other thing since the management is concern more to the workers TNB and Kedai Letrik Mohamad Lotfi should go towards behaviors based safety The next Chapter will carried out with simulation studies to show the effect to human being when they are touching in current by AC supply at the workplace and struck by lightning 4 1 CHAPTER 4 SIMULATION STUDIES Introduction This simulation is to show the effect of electrical energy on human Basically this effect 1s divided into two categories which are 1 2 Physiological Effects Burns Delayed Effects Critical Path Biological Effects of Electrical Hazards Biological effects of electric current on human body can vary depending on following Source characteristics current freguency and voltage of all electric energy Sources Duration of the contact Body impedance and the current s pathway through the body How environmental conditions affect the body s contact resistance 55 In this simulation a model of human being is used as shown in Figure 4 1 by using ATP EMTP software The models are injected with two type of energizing alternating current AC and impulse This simulation is to show when human being are touch in current lightning and to facilitate in training of personnel to be more awareness about safety From there we can measure how much current flow through one up to five f
77. r vicinity They should also be trained to understand what they are not allowed to do Persons more directly related to the electrical business need a much deeper and more specific level of training They need training that covers all of the equipment on which they might work safe practices and methods and the use and care of personal protective equipment tools and test equipment Training in some emergency response procedures is also important Another effective tool for creating electrical safety awareness in the workplace is to display electrical safety related pictures or posters at strategic locations throughout the employer s facility Evaluate every job to determine what protective equipment and tools would lessen the risk of injury Protective methods are the little extra safety precautions that can be taken to reduce personnel exposure to hazards 80 Identify and classify work examples as Energized Circuit or Live Work Working On Proximity Work Working Near and Testing Appropriate personal and other protective equipment should be listed for each work example S Jamil H L Floyd and D A Pace 1997 Typical protective equipment includes but is not limited to items such as voltage rated gloves with leather protectors approved test instruments and leads live line tools protective grounding equipment and grounding cables fire retardant clothing nonconductive safety glasses with side shields nonconduct
78. rces This project concludes with analysis by accident reporting and identified the new technology methods to prevent them from injury vi ABSTRAK Projek ini adalah untuk mengkaji isu isu mengenai keselamatan elektrik dan sistem peraturan yang diamalkan di Malaysia Terdapat parameter parameter yang boleh dikawal dalam mengkaji keselamatan elektrik ini seperti pekerja peralatan dan sistem pengurusan di industri itu sendiri Kajian projek ini melibatkan tiga kategori industri iaitu industri besar Panasonic Pasir Gudang industri sederhana TNB Johor Bahru dan industri kecil Kedai Letrik Mohamad Lotfi Kuala Pilah Keselamatan elektrik bukan sekadar bahaya percikan arka Oleh yang demikian keselamatan elektrik perlu pendekatan yang lebih holistik yang merangkumi semua aspek keselamatan elektrik Projek ini juga dapat mengenalpasti kelemahan dalam keselamatan elektrik yang diamalkan dengan menggunakan kaedah lawatan ke industri industri yang terlibat dalam kajian ini dan perlu diberikan penekanan yang mendalam serta pendekatan yang sebaik mungkin bagi menangani kemalangan daripada berlaku Bagi parameter yang tidak dapat dikawal seperti kilat ianya juga perlu dikaji Walau bagaimanapun fenomena ini amat sukar untuk dikaji Oleh yang demikian simulasi komputer dengan menggunakan perisisan ATP EMTP telah digunakan bagi tujuan ini untuk menunjukkan bagaimana kesan arus kilat terhadap manusia melalui sumber bekalan arus ulangalik dan dedenyut
79. reaker trips and opens like a switch gt If an overload circuit is equipped with a fuse an internal part of the fuse melts opening the circuit gt Both breakers and fuses do the same thing open the circuit to shut off the electrical Current Overloads are the major cause of fires 7 Wet Condition Hazards Working in wet conditions is hazardous because you may become an easy path for electrical current gt If you touch a live wire or other electrical component and you are well grounded because you are standing in even a small puddle of water you will receive a shock gt Wet clothing humidity and perspiration also increase your chances of being electrocuted 8 Additional Hazards In addition to electrical hazards other types of hazards are present at job sites Remember that all of these hazards can be controlled gt Frequent overhead work can cause tendinitis inflammation in your shoulders gt Intensive use of hand tools that involve force or twisting can cause tendinitis of hands wrist or elbow Use of hand tools can also cause carpal tunnel syndrome which results when nerves in the wrist are damaged by swelling tendons or contracting muscles Overhead work can cause long term shoulder pain 105 Continue Additional Hazards gt Low back pain can result from lifting objects the wrong way or carrying heavy loads of wire or other material Back pain can also occur as a result of
80. rm HV can also cause severe burns At 600 volts the current through the body may be as great as 4 A causing damage to internal organs such as heart Even if the electrical current is too small to cause injury your reaction to the shock may cause you to fall resulting in bruises broken bones or even death Arm with 3 degree burn from HV line 99 Burns Caused by Electricity The most common shock related nonfatal injury is a burn Burns caused by electricity i Electrical burns ii Arc burns iii Thermal contact burns Electrical burns can result when a person touches electrical wiring or equipment that is used or maintained improperly Electrical burns are one of the most serious injuries you can receive They need to be given immediate attention Clothing may catch fire and a thermal burn may result from the heat of the fire Arc blasts occur when powerful high amperage currents arc through the air Arching is the luminous electrical discharge that occurs when high voltages exists across a gap between conductors and current travels through the air This situation is often caused by equipment failure due to abuse or fatigue 4 4 Contact electrical burns i The knee on the left was energized and the knee on the right was grounded i What Should I Do If a Co Worker is Shocked or Burned by Electricity 2 kS 2 2 kS 2 kS 2 kS 9 9 s Shut off the
81. rocedures is a necessary step It measures the effectiveness of the established controls Auditing should not only be done as a first party audit but second party audits need to be performed First party audits may help identify obvious problems They do little to identify performance creep Second party auditing brings fresh eyes to look at the performance and to look at the procedures Procedures need to be developed based upon the equipment people and environment of the company or facility Understanding what is occurring is important for development of applicable procedures 2 5 Summary Electrical safety cannot be a one dimensional program Electrical safety must be approached in a manner that addresses all that influences electrical safety All of the hazards of electricity must address Everyone must understand how people are exposed to hazards and how they can protect themselves from all of the hazards People must be trained in electrical safety The awareness of those exposed to electrical hazards must be kept at a high level People must understand the basics of electrical safety before they can apply the electrical safety concepts and work in a safe manner Providing basic electrical safety training and keeping the awareness high will develop the willingness in people to use safe work practices Electrical equipment must be installed that contains the inherently safer designs such as arc containment touch safe terminals an
82. rs in electrical safety In Figure 2 2 the three circles show Skill Will and Knowledge Again the overlap is important SKILL WILL KNOWLEDGE Figure 2 2 Habits in People 16 Skill is the ability to do something Knowledge is knowing what to do Will is the willingness to do it Much attention is given to the skill level and the knowledge level of people in all occupations The willingness to do the job comes in second All three components must be addressed One area that specific training is needed in is Electrical Personal Protective Equipment EPPE Providing personnel with the EPPE is a good thing but training must accompany it If personnel are not trained in its use and care then it will not be used correctly Electrical safety technology is advancing at a rapid rate This rate of change is significant enough that classroom training knowledge of those providing the guidance on the job Too many times this becomes the blind leading the blind This is especially true if the supervisors have not received the appropriate electrical safety training Supervisors of electrical personnel are required to be trained Many companies are streamlining their organizations by having electrical maintenance personnel report to non electrical supervisors This places a greater burden on the electrician Unfortunately the requirement to train these supervisors is not being addressed adequately Supervisors who do not understand the hazard
83. s of electricity cannot aid the electrician in planning hazardous tasks This leaves the electrician to do what he she has always done It is imperative that management and supervisors understand the hazards of electricity in order to participate in the electrical safety process 17 2 3 Equipment Electrical equipment plays a role in the effectiveness of any electrical safety program or process Electrical incidents and injuries occur when people interact with energized electrical equipment As long as the two are kept apart electrical incidents and injuries of people usually don t occur Once again we can break down equipment further In Figure 2 3 the circles show Specification Installation and Maintenance SPECIFICATIONS INSTALLATION MAINTENANCE Figure 2 3 Component of the Equipment The first link in providing a safer electrical environment is specifying equipment that contains inherently safer features D C Mohla L B McClung and N R Rafferty 1999 These safer aspects cost more and in today s economy the application of inherently safer designs may have to be mandated in order for their use to become widespread Safer designs such as touch safe terminals are readily available but are not used widely enough Many equipment manufacturers do not use them Too many times manufacturers will say these safer designs are not requested So the lack of demand prevents them from becoming main stream 18
84. stems Managing systems sets the parameters for people s actions Within these systems 1s where most people will function Voids in the managing systems leave those exposed to electrical hazards without guidance Whenever there is a lack of guidance people will always fail back on their experiences and current knowledge Again we can break down Managing Systems further In Figure 2 4 the circles show Culture Controls and Procedures CULTURE PROCEDURES CONTROLS Figure 2 4 Components of the Managing Systems Before there are any significant step changes in electrical safety there has to be a Culture that has value for electrical safety The value management has for electrical safety has to be felt by the employees It can not just be words in procedure or standards One method for achieving this is active involvement in the electrical safety process by management Controls are those things we put in place to help assure that we are headed in the right direction addressing the right things If there is to be progress in electrical 20 safety then an improvement process must be in place For a company to understand what needs to be improved you must have some way of measuring where you are Measuring the number of injuries and fatalities may not provide sufficient data to allow for an effective analysis Understanding what is occurring within a company or a facility therefore become imperative The paper How We Can Better Lear
85. t shock 24 Disturbing but not painful Most people can let go However strong involuntary movements can cause injuries 10 370 6 25 milliamps women jt Painful shock Muscular control is lost This is the range where freezing 9 40 milliamps men currents stari It may not be possible to let go 3 19 milliamps Exiremey painful shock respiratory arrest breathing stops severe muscle contractions Flexor muscles may cause holding on extensor muscles may cause intense pushing away Death is possible It can be shown that if human 000 4 300 milliamps Ventricular fibrillation heart pumping action not rhythmic occurs Muscles hold somethin g with 5 fin gers 13 amps contract nerve damage occurs Death is Ekely the current flows will be 10 000 milliamps Cardiac arrest and severe burns occur Death is probable 10 amps increased compare to 1 finger as Tabu AN NN an Tatar i 15 000 milliamps Lowest overcurrent at which a typical fuse or circuit breaker opens a creuit the resistance become reduced 15 amps Effects are for voltages less than about 600 volts Higher voltages also cause severe bums Differences in muscle and fat content affect the severity of shock High Voltage Sometimes HV lead to additional injuries HV can cause violent muscular contractions You may lose your balance and fall which can cause injury death if you fall into machinery that can crush you Electrical burn on hand and a
86. t we focus the electrical safety practices in TNB in every state in Malaysia analyze the hazard analysis and study on the performance and practically of the new technique method which to be proposed to make improvement and better performance by reduce the number of injury As suggested before TNB can make a continuous improvement in switching simulation program to expose the workers to show the dangerous of the electricity to human being should go towards behaviors based safety 84 REFERENCES Andrews J J Kilpatrick S W and Mc Alhaney J H 1997 Identifying Electrical Safety Needs Implementing Improvement and Measuring Results IEEE Capelli Schellpfeffer M Eastwood K Floyd H L and Liggett D P 1998 How We Can Better Learn From Electrical Accidents IEEE IAS Petroleum amp Chemical Industry Committee Conference Capelli Schellpfeffer M Lee R C Toner M and Diller K 1998 Correlation Between Electrical Accident Parameters and Injury IEEE Industry Application Mag 4 25 31 Chew C and Looi H P 2002 Electrical Safety Workshop Electrical Installation Code A Malaysian Perspective March 18 22 TEEAM Cooper W F 1978 Electrical Safety Engineering London Butterworth amp Co Ltd Cooper W F 1993 Electrical Safety Engineering Oxford Butterworth Heinemann Department of Standard Malaysia 2003 Electrical Installations of Buildings Part 4 41 Protection for Safety Protection Aga
87. ted to play an increasingly important part in OSH for the electrical industry In Malaysia maintenance and safety inspection can be categorized under the following broad categories a Maintenance Inspection under The Electricity Act is mandatory for certain categories of industries where regular visits are made by independent licensed inspectors Accident reporting as a mandatory statutory requirement under the responsibility of the inspector b d Operation The safe operation of electrical installation are also covered under The Electricity Act which provides for the mandatory employment of competent persons qualified under the relevant grade of restriction Accident reporting as a mandatory statutory requirement is also a function of the competent person responsible for maintaining the installation Installation of new electrical installation are covered by multiple laws which promote installation safety and standards iii 1v The Street Drainage and Building Act all new structures or installation require submission of plans by competent persons cross reference to the Engineers Act is also made Under this Act registered engineers are also responsible for the maintenance of minimum safety standards and in the near future energy efficient standards The Engineers Act registered engineers are name as qualified person eligible to submit plans The Electricity Act only re
88. trocution even in dry conditions gt 1 Metal electrical boxes should be grounded to prevent shock Danger of Electrical Shock The severity of injury from electrical shock depends on the amount of electrical current and the length of time the current passes through the body e g 1 10 Amp of electricity going through the body for just 2 seconds is enough to cause death The amount of internal current a person can withstand and still be able to control the muscles of the arm and hand can be less than 10 mA Current above 10 mA can paralyze A persons is no longer able to release a tool wire or other object The electrified object may be held even more tightly resulting in longer exposure to the shocking current For this reason hand held tools that give a shock The bah iaaa in rae can oe can be very dangerous simulate by human boay model using y g supply of 30mA 50Hz Simulation result using ATP EMTP software to show the effect of the current to human when they are in touch with 1 to 5 fingers Fa 4 1 finger f 2 fingers 3 fingers 4 fingers 5 fingers 98 Simulation Result Finger s Resistance Current Table below shows what usually happens kQ mA for a range of currents lasting 1 second 10 450 Longer exposure times increase the 10 400 10 496 Effects of Electrical Current on the Body 3 10 383 Current Reaction 4 10 375 1 milliamp Just a faint tingle 5 milliamps Sligh
89. uits by using overcurrent protection devices Lock Out and Tag Out Circuits amp Equipment gt Before working on a circuit you must turn off the power supply gt Once the circuit has been shut off and de energized lock out the switchgear to the circuit so the power cannot be turned back on inadvertently gt Then tag out the circuit with an easy to see sign or label that lets everyone know that you are working on the circuit gt If you are working on or near machinery you must lock out and tag out the machinery to prevent startup gt Before you begin work you must test the circuit to make sure it is de energized 108 Control Inadequate Wiring Hazards Electrical hazards result from using the wrong size or type of wire You must control such hazards to create a safe work environment gt You must choose the right size wire for the amount of current safely The wire s insulation must be appropriate for the voltage and touch enough for the environment Connections need to be reliable and protected Control Hazards of Fixed Wiring The wiring methods and size of conductors used in a system depend on several factors gt Intended use of the circuit system gt Building materials Size and distribution of electrical load Location of equipment such as underground Environmental conditions such as dampness Presence of corrosives Temperature extremes Control Hazards of
90. urrent practice in maintenance and safety inspection to help me in completing this thesis 1 5 1 Occupation Safety and Health OSH The establishment and maintenance of a system of inspection and maintenance of safety standards for the electricity industry is a complex issue involving regulatory instruments voluntary efforts and common practice Traditionally before the term OSH became fashionable public safety was maintained by strict application of punitive measures enforced by the law This approach was one sided and it was not found to be not effective OSH recognizes that punitive actions and prescriptive regulations alone are not the answer to public safety and health a The responsibilities for OSH lie also on the private sector and industry instead of just the regulator b OSH legislation and regulations are therefore less prescriptive but more performance oriented C The active involvement of industry and the private sector in OSH is encouraged both on voluntary and punitive programmed The privatization of inspection officers as oppose to the employment of fully government inspectors can perhaps be listed as part of this procedure 1 5 2 Active Measures In Malaysia maintenance and safety inspection for the electrical industry include a mixture of punitive legislative measures and encouragement of voluntary efforts from industry In line with the latest OSH trend the involvement of private industry is expec
91. usually will recheck all the parameters and procedures and ensure them are maintain in good condition 30 All the safety tools and equipments provided for personnel being monitor time to time for the safety practices The personnel s also been trained before they operate the new equipments and they are allowed to join any time of electrical safety in house training which are scheduled by their management PAVCJM has been grant ISO 9001 2004 for manufacturing and ISO 14001 2004 for environmental protection Therefore PAVCJM has procedures regarding preventive and corrective actions and maintenance exercises to sustain electrical safety aspects in their place And of course all the documents are kept safely in a document room where it will be monitor time to time 3 2 7 Controlling static on personnel and moving equipment In many facilities people are one of the prime generators of static electricity The simple act of walking around or repairing a board can generate several thousand volts on the human body If not properly controlled this static charge can easily discharge into a static sensitive device Even in highly automated assembly and test processes people still handle static sensitive devices For this reason static control programs place considerable emphasis on controlling personnel generated electrostatic discharge Similarly the movement of trolleys and other wheeled equipment as through the facility also can gener
92. ution Working Procedures c Low Voltage Power Lines Working Procedures SIJIL PERAKUAN KEBENARAN SIJIL PERAKUAN KEBENARAN Bahawa Perakuan ini adalah dikeluarkan kepada Nama No Pekerja No kad pengenalan yang dengan ini dilantik sebagai ORANG BERKEBENARAN bagi maksud Aturan Keselamatan Elektrik TENAGA NASIONAL BERHAD BIDANG KEBENARANNYA Voltan sistem maksima untuk alat yang mana pemegang perakuan ini dikehendaki menjaga Tandatangan Jawatan Tarikh TNB 91 5 28 068207 1 a TNIKJP KS 15 5 6 GP itt eee Sijikini dikeluarkan kepada Nama Pangkat Jawatan Nombor Pekerja Nombor Kad Pengenalan yang dengan ini telah dilantik sebagai ORANG BER NARA KEBE papain Aturan Keselamatan Elektrik TENAGA NASIONAL BERHAD ja BIDANG KECEKAPAN UNTUK MENGATUR DAN MEMBERI ARAHAN KERI PEMEGANG IJIL KECEKAPAN YANG oa ae MELAKSANAKAN KERJA TALIAN HIDUP BATASAN SEKIRANYA TIDAK MENYELIA KERJA TALIAN HIDUP SEHINGGA TIGA BULAN BERTURUT TURUT AO PERTURUT TURUT SIJIL INI AKAN SECARA laksima sistem voltan untuk radas yang mana Kerja Talian Hidup emegang perakuan ini dibenarkan bekerja sehingga 1000 volt ee j Timbalan Pengurus Besar Jabatan Kejuruteraan Pembahagian SIJIL KECEKAPAN 2 TENAGA NASIONAL penuaan Sijil ini dikeluarkan kepada Nama Nombor Pekerja Nombor Kad Pengenalan Beliau ini telah dilantik sebagai ORANG BERKECEKAPAN untul maksud Aturan Keselamatan
93. ve effect which is shown in Figure 3 16 Figure 3 16 Electric Explosive Effect 50 3 4 Small Industry As mentioned before for the small industry Kedai Lektrik Mohamad Lotfi was chosen This company is located at Kuala Pilah Negeri Sembilan which involves in electrical wiring and sometimes doing repairing and maintenance This company follows Electricity Supply Act and Energy Commission There have only three permanent workers and the supervisor has a competent certificate At times there are practical students from local institution doing their practical training at the place Kedai Lektrik Mohamad Lotfi practices electrical safety Their policy is Safety First and to ensure the workers are always in good health while doing any task Therefore the workers are covered with insurance before they start any job Besides that the workers are provided with personal protective equipment PPE such as hand glove test pen which can detect current in the bricks safety shoe safety cloth safety belt pliers with high insulated and wood ladder The workers had attended some training courses but not so frequent Besides that this company also has person responsible to look after the unsafe practices Because it is a small company they do not grant any ISO and no auditing be made since the setup of the company Although it is small company all the documents such as drawing and manuals are kept safely The purpose is to make a referenc
94. with power tools on electrical circuits there is a risk of electrical hazards especially electrical shock Anyone can be exposed to these hazards at home or at work Workers are exposed to more hazards because job sites can be cluttered with tools and materials fast paced and open to the weather Risk is also higher at work because many jobs involve electric power tools Electrical trade workers must pay attention to electrical hazards because they work on electrical circuits Coming in contact with an electrical voltage can cause current to flow through the body resulting in electrical shock and burns Serious injury or even death may occur Always test a circuit to make sure it is de energized before working on it How is an Electrical Shock Received When electrical current passes through the body Current will pass in a variety of situations Whenever two wires are at different voltages current will pass between them if they are connected Your body can connect the wires if you touch both of them at the same time Current will pass through your body sIf you are in contact with a live wire or any live component of an energized device and also in contact with any grounded objects you will receive a shock Your risk of receiving a shock is greater if you stand in a puddle of water lt Wet clothing high humidity and perspiration also increase your chances of being electrocuted Of course there is always a chance of elec
95. wn PPE that provided to all their workers TNB spend about RM 200 000 00 on safety tools for year 2005 Some of the PPE are shown in Figure 3 10 c d Figure 3 10 Personal Protective Equipment at TNB a Safety helmet b Reflective safety vest c Safety glove and d Safety shoe 43 3 3 4 Electrical Safety Practices TNB always concern of their workers and ensure they should follow the electrical safety practices before start any job Table 3 11 below shows that what is currently being practices in TNB what are the requirements and when they have to use all the PPE provided The most important here is to ensure that no accident will occur during working time Table 3 11 Electrical safety practices P Pras Requirements Noes Wearing safety helmet Wearing safety shoe Wearing safety glove Wearing safety vest Wearing safety belt Wearing FRS PPE Permit to Work Certificate Using safety cone Using safety signboard Using Barricade tape Wearing during working time Wearing during working time Wearing during working time Working at the street Overhead workers All AP and CP Involved switching and operation All AP HV LV Involved switching ON OFF EARTH Not less than 8 pieces Refer Working Procedures per lorry Customer Service Dept Not less than 4 pieces Refer Working Procedures per lorry Customer Service Dept As required Refer Working Procedures Customer Service
96. xtent of management s direction If management stops with lip service and does not provide adequate direction and resources to carry the policy through implementation most likely electrical safety performance will be poor Electrical equipment integrity is a fundamental part of an electrical safety program Particular emphasis should be placed on the integrity of the enclosures insulation grounding and circuit protective devices Safe electrical work practices are perhaps the most important part of the whole electrical safety program It is a fact that most injuries and facilities are a result of the actions of people as opposed to workplace conditions Electrical safety principles should be identified and taught to employees Electrical safety principles are Plan every job 79 Anticipate unexpected events Use the right tool for the job Isolate the eguipment Minimize the hazard Protect the person Assess people s abilities Audit these principles The best way to help people avoid hurting themselves is to train them It is impractical and unnecessary to train all employees to be electrical experts however it is important to train them to recognize where electrical hazards might be located both in the workplace and at home At minimum employees should be trained on the equipment they use and know how to recognize when something is wrong with any electrical components in thei

PDF (Fulltext)

Contents

Download Pdf Manuals

Related Search

Related Contents