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USER`S MANUAL - Granta Design

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1. M uw Click on Lirias to open a branch and to close it M Fig 5 13 The Project Window showing the contents of CES InDepth and a page of information with the definition of the material attribute Elastic Limit 5 4 1 CES InDepth Click onceon the Books tab at thetop right of the Project window Click once on the next to CES InDepth then click on the next to 2 Materials to open the Materials chapter Open the branches of the contents tree down to List of generic attributes as shown in figure 5 13 Double click on Mechanical Attributes then select Elastic Limit The Books window will now show the definition of the material attribute Elastic Limit that is used in CES figure 5 13 CES InDepth contains a large amount of useful information about the system It is worth taking a little time to explore the contents You will find the Books toolbar useful for this See Appendix A figure A4 for details The same options are available on the Books pull down menu at the top of the screen 5 4 2 Searching the Books The on line books can be searched in a variety of ways The simplest is a text search which can be performed as follows Click once on the Books Search button 4 or usethe Books Search menu In the resulting dialog box figure 5 14 select the Query tab Then type the search string process near case study Finally click on the Find button to perform the
2. sss 69 ii CES User s Manual Part 3 Construction eene nri ramener ee a rr iia a a i a 71 Chapter 6 Selection Database Design sss 73 6 1 Introduction 2 tae ee eee ertet ets 73 6 2 Database Taxonomy ccce tette dee te 73 6 3 Comprehensiveness sssssssssseeeeenennneenn tenens 74 6 4 Universal Attributes ennt tnn nnns 74 6 5 Two step Screening and Ranking Process sss 75 6 6 Formsand Eilters dd ets 75 6 COmdpleternieso daret nece tert cen tree ere erect eor eie iei 76 6 8 Data Quantity and Precision sse 76 0 0 Cholceof Fields ott t e ten 76 6 10 Data ChecklIng etee inertes diawtenthowtone TI 6 11 Approximations Estimates and N on Existence of Data 80 6 12 Relational Structures sse nennen 81 6 13 Supporting Data Tables 81 6 14 ConclusiQns onere ttes 83 Chapter 7 Constructor Quick Start Guide sse 85 TA Introduction niet ntn 85 7 2 Editing A ttr DULES coo ced oca d e ret 85 7 3 Adding Recoras e ete ami es 90 7 4 Creating Table Components seen 95 7 5 CreatingaNew Table tns 99 7 6 Conclusions sasare tt de deo ar deo RO ee 107 Chapter 8 Advanced Construction Features esseeri 109 9E EIDIKS iere st e tente mte s d eR 109 8 2 Automatic Data Checking Implementation D eails 111 8 3 Constants and Parameters 113 8 4 Units and Currency nenn
3. Pama Cad nie Dopod Monroe Jiaiaeiak Foor Visi ensis WA stall Fiamh hina Vini naalz Fara HAAA ud i ibus Totes Corsisara Pass a vl Deae Select the DES Caxcde M aterials fay Fors Click on a branch table from Bi Metal then click on Insert the Trees s to send it to the tab EH expression field Fig 5 24 Set Axis dialog showing the selection of material classes for a graph axis Now generate a user defined property representing the performance index M og p for the Y axis of the chart as follows Select the Y Axis tab and then the Advanced button in theGraph Stage Wizard Select the Attributes tab figure 5 25 Double click on Elastic Limit in thelower paneto send itto the expression Click onceon thedivide button y in the middle of the window or type Then double click on Density to generatethe expression shown in figure 5 25 Click on OK to exittheSet AxisDialog Enter thename of the new property Strength Density M Pa Mg m 3 in the Titlefield in the Graph Stage Wizard Click on OK to exit the Wizard Divide operator Chapter 5 Selector Quick Start Guide 65 KE batir Lar t Cert PERREN I Draakicoan Poder E Bulk Modul GFa E Donpeeisivee Sheng HFa E Den Eo iiae miens Double click on Elastic Limit to send it to the expression field i Elongation x E Ernmbhaawoe L HPs X Fran noted Fig 5 25 Generat
4. O O0 OQ PpOPUP APN Chapter 4 The Data Modules 37 Structural Mass per unit length m l Bending Stiffness major Bending Stiffness minor E Failure Moment major Y Failure Moment minor Y Torsional Stiffness G K Failuretorque torsion T Q Axial Yield Load Y A Strength values vary with plate thickness Al Alloy 6082T6 Material Process Supplier Indicates estimated attribute Chapter 5 Selector Quick Start Guide 5 1 Introduction This Quick Start Guide provides a brief overview of the facilities of Selector It does not offer step by step instructions on how to run the program and is not comprehensive in its coverage of the facilities in Selector It assumes that you are familiar with running programs under the Windows operating system For detailed instructions on all aspects of the package see the on line Tutorials in the Selector H elp system This Quick Start Guide has five main parts Section 52 Getting Started introduces the H elp system and the Project window Section 5 3 TheDatabase presents some features of the database shows you theTabletrees Attributes and Linkswindows and shows you how to view the attributes of a record Section 5 4 On line Books shows you how to obtain information from the on line book CES InD epth and explainsthe on line interactive case studies Section 5 5 Selection shows you how to set the Selection Table and how to perform a limit sel
5. Thelmport Wizard is used to import the source file into an existing target CES database The procedure is described in Sections 8 6 9 8 6 11 u o 1 jowe ce 2 re o r1 transport tr f fT 5n pues pese pe ou yop sc x P o 1 of o 4 J Co monitors a a Keyboards Ead ii BS LR ME GNI DM TER Inc Table8 1 Sample data file prepared for importing illustrating the special fields mae TED a om a memes mw a o ms 3 e a a 3 4 10 n Table 8 2 Sample data file prepared for importing illustrating units discrete and logical attributes Chapter 8 Advanced Construction Features 127 8 6 4 Preparing for import Data formats FileStructure Table Names Field Names The import file can contain one or more data tables Each row of each table is treated as arecord Each new record must begin on a new line Thecolumns fields are treated as data values Data in a text file is imported as a single table The character acting as the text separator delimiter must be either a comma or atab If the delimiter is a comma then the file extension must be txt or csv If the delimiter is a tab then the file extension must be tab The name of a table is taken from its name in the source file the table names in a database the sheet names in a spreadsheet or the name of a text file Field names are taken
6. of interest e The attributes it contains should be universal common to all of the entities in the database The attributes should further satisfy the requirements of comparability measurability and discrimination t should be complete have no holes or gaps without any data This can be achieved by the use of approximations and estimatesto fill the holes t should have a rdational structure or similar to minimise data redundancy t should where possible exploit a hierarchical taxonomy so as to facilitate data checking between layers of the structure e Range checks and physically based relationships between the attributes should be used to implement automatic data checking procedures The supporting information system can have information stored in any format Theonly requirement is that items of information should be tagged according to the identifiers of records in the screening database Once a particular entity has been isolated by the screening process all information about it can be retrieved rapidly from the supporting information system Taken together the two step selection process is capable of selecting an optimal entity from a kingdom containing many thousands of entities Successful examples exist in the fields of materials 8 processes 9 section shapes 10 and components 1 11 12 Thisarchitecture is the core of the CES system Chapter 7 Constructor Quick Start Guide 7 1 Introduction
7. 46 CES User s Manual 5 3 2 The Attributes Window The Attributes window will now display information about 2014 T6 as shown in figure5 7 There are several pages of information in the listing and you can use the scroll bars to view these Each attribute can take a range of values for example the elastic limit yield strength of this material lies in the range 420 to 430 MPa Some properties for which data is not available are estimated and indicated by a see section 3 6 Note that the material properties in the database are defined in the on line book CES InDepth The contents of the Attributes window can be printed using the Print command on the File menu at the top left of the screen File Print Alternatively the contents can be copied using Edit Copy and then pasted into another Windows program eg a word processor or spread sheet 5 Mada UM a ight Ag Ala gh See EB Wrought aluminium alley 2014 T General Laseagnahon Ad oe 2914 16 eee Composition ALAL Ga BGA Bla lel Darai Ermy Contert Pee Hepa Fiho Mechanical Bak M pesiur Dorspisiseee Somers Ekra Dhati Lim Encuaance Lari Flaca Taoghnesi Hades ok Lew Lodi Modulun of Fiupiurg Porc Fee Shape Fake Shaun Hiir Taria Sieength Virus Wikis Fig 5 7 TheAttributes window showing the first page of properties of wrought aluminium 2014 T 6 5 3 3 Forms A Form is a template that specifies the attributes that are visib
8. A folder record acts as a branch of the tree It does not have any attribute data associated with it but does have records below it in the tree A generic record is a record whose attributes span the range of attributes of a number of specific records Itisa fictitious entity that represents the properties of the records below it in thetree eg Wrought Aluminium Alloys in figure3 3 Generic records are Chapter 3 CES Selector Concepts 23 particularly useful during the early stages of the selection where breadth of information and not detail is important A specific record B represents a real entity eg Aluminium alloy 2014 T4 It is not usually possibleto subdivide a specific 3 2 5 Record Identifiers 3 2 6 Filters 3 2 7 Forms Record Identifiers consist of several pairs of letters sometimes including blanks _ The first character of the identifier indicates which table it belongs to M means Materials P means Process etc Subsequent letters denote the family class and sub dass followed by three numbers which denote the particular member of the sub dass The sametype of Tabletree classification system is common to all CES data tables Part of the table tree for Aluminium Alloys is shown in figure 3 3 The identifier MMLAALW SBOOI can be decoded as follows MM Material Metal LA Light Alloy AL Aluminium W Wrought alloys SB 2000 series 001 2000 series alloy number 001 in the C
9. one function Type Array Description Domain Type Array Parameters B1 Value 12 53 59 20 78 80 30 90 100 D4 Estimated Functional Attribute To mark a functional attribute as estimated put e or estimate or after stating the Type eg Type Expression estimate When a data value from a domain marked as an estimate is displayed CES Selector will indicate this with an asterisk D5 Functional Range Examples Functional Range Attribute F1 one Parameter B1 one function Type Expression Description Domain Type Expression Parameters B1 1 10 Value Parameter B1 2 R1 where B1 is the parameter assigned to the functional attribute F1 the default value of BT is 10 and RT isa Range attribute value 56 89 Appendix D Functional Data Syntax 153 Range Attributes R1 56 as Functional Range Data n PES Description Domain Type Expression Parameters B1 2 1 10 Value Parameter B1 R1 Fig D1 Partof record showing functional data for F1 gy F1 steel a iof x Fig D2 Graph of functional range attribute F1 displayed on log scales Bi F1 steel a Iof xi Fig D3 Graph of functional range attribute F1 displayed on linear scales 154 CES User s Manual Functional Range Attribute F2 one Parameter B1 one function Type Array Description Domain Type Array Parameters B1 Valu
10. 30 48 centimetre cm 8 millimetre rm SI Consistent 0 3048 metre m UK Imperial 1 foot ft US Imperial 1 foot ft Display as unit milimetre mm Fig 8 13 Part of the U nit Settings and System Equivalents dialog for the unit foot The recommended approach to creating sets of equivalent units is i create all of the individual units ii set the conversion factors between units iii create unit systems and then set equivalent units 8 4 4 Combined Units M any attributes have units that are combinations of simpler units For example Torque is often expressed in N m in the Metric unit system Fracture Toughness in M Pa m1 2 Constructor allows these combined units to be created from a combination of other units already stored in the database The principal advantage of this is that Selector and Constructor know how big each of the constituent units are relative to their equivalent units in the database The programs can therefore automatically calculate the conversion factors for any other combined units of the same dimensions For example consider the M eric unit of pressure the Pascal Pa 1 Pa 1N 1m2 figure 8 14 If the database already contains N and m and knows that the N is equivalent to 0 225Ibf and the m equivalent to 39 37in in the Imperial unit system then when the Pa is created as a combination of the N and the m the program knows that an equivalent un
11. Choose an installation type Installs all licenced components including books Y MATERIAL jl Compact Only installs components required to run CES PROCESS The CD will be required to view books SHAPE Agreement Number 1000000 Software CES Engineer GRANTA Licence Type Educational DESIGN LIMITED Users Single user Licence Period Perpetual lt Back Cancel Fig 26 Select installation components Select an Installation option by clicking once on the button for Full or Compact Click on the Next gt button in this dialog box and in the following dialog box to perform theinstallation or click on lt Back if you wish to alter any of the installation settings A thermometer indicator will inform you of the progress of the installation When Setup has finished a dialog box will appear with the message Cambridge Engineering Selector has been successfully installed Click on OK to exit the installation program The program will return control to Windows The installation process will make a Start M enu Program group called CES Selector which will contain the icons for CES software components as shown in figure 2 7 Double click on the CES Selector icon to perform selections or CES Constructor to create edit selection databases Uninstall the entire system by double clicking on Uninstall CES Selector You can also access the CES Sele
12. File O pen database or click onceon amp Find thesample databases directory using the options in the O pen D atabase dialog box eg C Program Files CES Selector 3 2 Samples D atabase Open thedatabase Starter1 gdb 7 2 2 The Control Window Operation of CES Constructor centres around the Control window shown in figure 7 1 It hasthreetabs along thetop Thefirst of these Database provides general information about the current Database From this window you can perform operations on the overall structure of the database define the attributes contained in individual tables and edit the forms and filters associated with each table see Sections 3 2 6 and 3 2 7 The second tab Tables has a drop down list of tables just like the Project window in Selector The Books tab opens the on line book default CES InDepth Open the material record Cast magnesium alloy AM 60 as follows Select the Materials table from thelist box on the T ables tab Open the materials tree as shown in Figure 7 2 by clicking once on the symbols to display the contents of some of its branches Note that the branches of the tree or folders are indicated by various different icons explained in Section 3 2 4 Double click on Cast magnesium alloy AM 60 Scroll through the record until the M echanical properties are visible Fig 7 3 Chapter 7 Constructor Quick Start Guide 87 Database tab shows all of the tables
13. General Information 146 Generic Form 75 Generic Record 22 44 Geometric M ean 103 Graph Format Options 61 Graph Labels 58 Graph Stage W izard 64 H Hardness 7 76 H eat Deflection Temperature 75 Hep 41 Accessing 2 Screen 41 HideFailed Records 59 Hierarchical Structure 79 H yperlinks 25 Identifier Tree 44 Identifiers 23 90 Import Wizard 133 134 Importing Attributed Values 130 Blanks 131 Data Sources 125 Dates 131 Discrete D ata 131 Field N ames 127 FileStructure 127 Floating Point Data 130 Functional Data 132 H yperlinks 132 Integer Data 130 Link Data 131 Logical Data 131 LongText 131 Picture Data 106 107 131 Procedure 126 Record N ames 127 Restrictions 126 Short Text 131 Special Fields 127 128 Table N ames 127 Units Currency Discretes 130 Independent Variables 25 115 Indirect Links 109 110 Inheritence of Links 110 Installation 12 Integer 24 Interpolation 66 152 Isotropic M aterial 68 J L Kingdom of Entities 73 Label Formats 61 Licence Agreement iv 12 Licence K ey 16 Limit Selections 55 Limit Stage Window 67 Limits on Data Types 147 Lin 151 152 Linking Tables 101 Links 25 35 49 81 109 Direct 110 Indirect 110 111 Window 49 Log 151 152 Logarithmic Axes 58 Logical Data 25 M Magnetic M aterials 7 Manufacturing Processes 31 Matching Attributes 138 M aterial Classes 65 Data Table 29 Name Labels 61 Materials Selection Filters 145 M aximising a Performance Index 60 M aximu
14. Metal Begin a new graphical selection stage 3i Select Density for the X Axis of the chart Select Fatigue Strength M odel for the Y Axis of the chart Click on the Edit parameters button figure 5 27 You can either use the global project default parameters for evaluating the functional attribute Fatigue Strength M odel or you can define a set of parameters for useon this stage only see Section 3 3 9 If you usethe project defaults then if these are updated at any timein the current project this selection chart will automatically be updated If the Project Defaults check box is checked then i the project default parameters will be used for evaluating the function for this selection stage ii when you Edit the parameters as shown on the right of Fig 5 27 the project default parameters will be updated If the Project Defaults check box is not checked then the parameters will be used for evaluating the function for this selection stage only and the default values of the parameters will not be affected Changethe parameter values if you wish Chapter 5 Selector Quick Start Guide 67 Click on OK to exittheAxis Parameters dialog and OK to plotthechart A chart like that in figure 5 28 will appear It showsthe fatigue strength of most of the metals in the database evaluated at N 107 cycles and a stress ratio of R 1 Material labels have been added and the zoom function used to improvethe app
15. SOFTWARE LICENCE AGREEMENT This Software Licence Agreement Agreement together with the enclosed Schedule bearing your name is a legally binding agreement between you Customer and Granta Design Limited Rustat House 62 Clifton Road Cambridge CB1 7EG UK Granta If you do not wish to be bound by the terms and the conditions of this amp greement do not install the Software and return it all media and documentation supplied with it to the party from whom you purchased it within seven days for a full refund 1 LICENCE Subject to the payment by the Customer to Granta of the Licence Fee invoiced to the Customer Granta grants to the Customer a non exclusive non transferable licence without the right to sub license to load execute and use the Software referred to v Do you accept all the terms of the preceding licence agreement If so click on the amp gree push button If you select Disagree Setup will close Agree Fig 2 4 TheLicence Agreement 2 4 Installation The remaining information required for installation is the location and the software components to be installed The default installation location is a directory called C Program Files CES Selector 3 2 You do not have to create the default directory beforehand the setup program will create it for you Chapter 2 Installation 13 If you wish to changethe destination location for your copy of CES Selector Click onceon the Browse button
16. See further details in the on line Help Export Record x Select the format that you want to export to Select the file format then click on Settings Abaqus export settings x C Output to Clipboard Output to File C Program FilesNCES Selector 3 2450 Settings Select the C QutputteFile Generate filename automatically export format ANWrought aluminium alloy 5005 H4 txt Specify the nit system Metric i Significant figures 4 filename if RET i The unit system or number of significant figures may be changed requi red in the Tools Options dialog in CES OK Cancel Fig 5 29 Exporting material property data to a Finite Element program 5 7 Concluding Remarks This Quick Start Guide has guided you through some of the more important functions of Selector in a rather condensed fashion There are many more features that have not been discussed You can learn more about the program by going through the Tutorials in the on line Help system see section 5 2 3 or by reading the User s Reference in the Help system which discusses all of the commands buttons windows and dialog boxes in deail We recommend strongly that you also read about the selection methodology underlying Selector in the Background Reading section of CES InDepth But first you might like to explore the system a little to become familiar with the features that have been introduced here and investigate others We hope that you w
17. Symbot fourencykg m Conversions ar Your unit can store conversion information from other units 1 currency kg currency kg Settings curency kg Fig 8 16 Part of the Unit Settings dialog for a combined unit that uses the currency unit Whatever the Default Currency used in the database it is possible to view the data values in another currency if conversion data exists for that currency The data value is converted for display to the currency that is set as the Preferred Currency For example consider an attribute Flat Fee with units of currency The Default Currency stored in the database is US Dollars A record contains the data value of 5 i e 5 US Dollars If the Preferred Currency is set to Australian Dollar AUD Constructor uses the information in the currency conversion fileto calculate a conversion factor For viewing purposes the value becomes 7 9 Australian Dollars but it will remain stored as 5 US Dollars in the database 8 4 6 Preferred Currency and Unit System For the currently open database in Constructor Preferred Currency isthe currency unit in which currency data is currently displayed Preferred Unit System istheunit system in which attribute data is currently displayed Theseare set in the O ptions dialog as shown in figure 8 17 Database Options Preferred Currency British Pound GBP Preferred Unit System Metric Fig 8 17 Par
18. The Scale option in the dialog box Lin or Log figure 8 10 enables you to specify whether the interpolation done by Sdector is done on linear or logarithmic scales If a parameter varies over many orders of magnitude so that graph of the property is often be plotted with a logarithmic scale for that parameter eg a fatigue S N curve is often against log N then it may be more accurate to do the interpolation by assuming a logarithmic variation of the parameter Head Liz Disisi Cordini Preig Fig 8 10 Parametersin the Database Properties dialog 8 4 Units and Currency The attributes in the database can be stored in any units but usually when those attributes are displayed in a form it is desirable to display them in a consistent system of units Examples of consistent unit systems in common use are the US Imperial UK Imperial fps Systeme Internationale SI M etric Absolute Practical System mks and cgs CES provides sophisticated facilities for performing the conversions 116 CES User s Manual 8 4 1 Storing and Viewing Data Attribute values are stored in the database independently of the unit assigned to the attribute in the Table Properties dialog If you alter a unit assigned to an attribute the value of the property remains the same For example if you assigned the unit metre to the attribute Length and entered the value 256 in a record then the value of Length in that recor
19. These are functional range functional point integer date and hyperlink URL All except hyperlinks can be used in selections 6 CES User s Manual Expanded Table Size The limit on the number of fields in a CES table previously 256 has been removed CES tables can now contain any number of fields CES Weblinks M anager CES Weblinks M anager is a facility in CES Constructor that enables the user to edit the Weblinks database a database of relevant web sites to keep it relevant and up to date and upload the database to CES Weblinks Server CES Weblinks Manager can automatically store web site addresses which are entered by drag and drop from a web browser and link them to other related records in the database CES Weblinks Server is available for purchase separately Please contact Granta Design for further information 1 8 3 Materials Data Module Polymers The Polymer section of the materials table has been completely revised and updated It now contains over 500 records covering filled and unfilled polymeric grades and covers the vast majority of commercially available polymers Fifteen new polymer related attributes have been added Compressive M odulus Flexural M odulus Hardness Rockwell M Hardness Rockwell R Linear M ould Shrinkage M oulding Pressure Range Processing Temp Compression Processing Temp Extrusion Processing Temp Injection Dissipation Factor Transparency Tradenames Polymer Type Filler Type fill
20. estimated fraction of a typical production that could reasonably be recycled even though it may not be recycled to this extent at present see CES InDepth for definitions of attributes Some attributes are not relevant for some records These are shown as Not Applicable in the attribute listing For example the Dielectric Constant is shown as Not Chapter 3 CES Selector Concepts 27 Applicable for all electrical conductors sincethe dielectric constant is a property that is only relevant for electrical insulators By default records with Not Applicable data fail any selection stages based on that attribute This setting can be over ridden using the Stage Properties dialog for a selection stage H owever this is not generally recommended 3 7 Selection M ethodology The selection methodology behind CES Selector is described in the on line book CES InD epth Background on Selection Systems The application of this methodology to a specific area eg the selection of the optimum material for an engineering component is dealt with in the section of CES InD eth for the relevant data module 3 7 1 Selection Table Before any selection can be performed the user must specify which of the data tables will bethe Selection Table e g Materials Process etc This is done in the Project Settings dialog box or on the Wacome screen when CES is first opened Only one table can be used for selection in a given project The fi
21. is 10 Interpolation on a linear scale has been used between parameter values Interpolation on alog scale has been used for the result General Units Discretes Constants Parameters Name Default Value Unit Lin Lo B1 10 Lin Fig D6 Part of the Database Properties dialog showing parameter B1 156 CES User s Manual I F4 steel a OF xi Fig D7 Graph of functional point attribute F4 displayed on linear scales D7 Example Files Two example files for functional data of type Array are installed with the tutorial databases The spreadsheet function1 xls is a Microsoft Excel 97 file containing data points for a functional range attribute dependent on one parameter Each row represents a data point except for the first row which names the columns The first column is the minimum value of the functional attribute The second column is the maximum value of theattribute Thethird column isthe value of the parameter A B C 1 Strength min Strength max Temperature K 2 36 42 298 3 37 43 301 4 36 40 304 5 39 42 307 The text file function2 txt shows these data points in a form valid for Constructor the data can be pasted directly into the record attribute Description Domain 1 Type Array Parameters i Parameter Temperature Lin Value 298 36 42 301 37 43 304 36 40 307 39 42 3 Granta Design Limited provides a Microsoft Visual Basic macro in the User Area of its we
22. or False or Yes No For example an attribute in the process data module indicates whether a process class is Primary True or not False 3 3 4 Links Links between data tables can be considered to be attributes For example records in the Materials data moduleare linked to records in the Process module 3 3 5 Text data Text is stored in fields that can take a short or long string of text They are used for qualitative data For example the attribute Typical Uses in the materials data table is of type long text 3 3 6 Picture data Picture attributes allow the viewing of a diagram or photograph in a record for example the Process Schematic attribute in the process data table 3 3 7 Dates The date data type can be used to store calendar dates 3 3 8 Hyperlinks The H yperlink data type provides a mechanism for storing URL s Uniform Resource Locators consisting of a protocol and location eg http www grantadesign com Clicking on the hyperlink in a record in Selector causes the program to open your web browser and jump to that web page For example a material supplier record could have a dynamic link to the supplier s web site 3 3 9 Parameters and Constants Parameters and Constants are not attributes of database records however they require definition Parameters Parameters are the independent variables used to evaluate functional data For example the functional attribut
23. 2 Running the Setup Program essseeeenennnenennnnnnnnnnnns 10 2 3 Registering Your Copy of CES Selector sse 10 2 4 nstallatiQri 3 aseo cata di DD DOS d dide 12 2 5 Multiple User Installations enn 15 2 6 Purchasing Additional Data M odules see 16 2 7 Re Registering your Software sss 16 Part 2 Selection m M aaa paan 17 Chapter 3 CES Selector Concepts sss 19 3 1 Architecture e rt ote th ort e te oie 19 3 2 Database Concepts sssssssssssseeeeneneentnnne nnne 20 3 3 Types of Data etc utepter fer taeda tian Malaria ts tarte 24 3 4 Data Typesin Selections 26 3 5 S0urces Of D ata sintetico oed 26 3 6 Estimated and Not Applicable Attributes 26 3 7 Selection M ethodology ssssseeeeennenennnns 27 Chapter 4 Data M odules sse 29 41 Materials 5 nina maie RERO RR DOR SR 29 4 2 Manufacturing Processes sse nennen 3l 4 3 Str ct ral SectlOns 5n itm rrr e 34 Chapter 5 Selector Quick Start Guide 39 Sel IDECOQUCEIOTI csi sectae endete endete ecce ces 39 5 2 GETING Started inei t t RR RR UR erras 39 5 3 The Database etetetetuetuetuetuetuetuetuetuetuetuetuetues 44 54 TheOrnsline BOOKS 3er ree tret eerte 51 5 5 SeleCtIO n 5 5s Les e o etitm 55 5 6 Further FacilIElgs acu inci des eis den avian cineca 62 5 7 Concluding Remarks
24. AM60 Wrought Titanium Fig 8 7 The checking record for Cast M agnesium alloy AM 60 is Cast Magnesium 8 2 2 How the Checks are Calculated For numeric point attributes if the value falls within the checking range then the attribute passes For numeric range attributes the geometric mean is calculated from the maximum and minimum values If the geometric mean falls within the checking range then the attributes passes A statistical method is used to calculate the checking range of equations from the checking range of their constituent attributes In the CES materials table the correlation equations are chosen to be dimensionless which means they work irrespective of the units system chosen but this does not have to be so An attribute that is set as N ot Applicable will only pass if the attribute is also set as Not Applicable in the checking table for that record By convention checking tables are hidden so that they do not appear in Selector the range of the values for the attributes in a record in a typical checking table is often 10 times greater than those of the checked table and are not useful for selection purposes 8 3 Constants and Parameters 8 3 1 Constants CES Constructor contains a table in which to store common universal constants These constants can be used in Selector as part of a user defined property when plotting a selection chart or they can be used in Constructor as part
25. B1 Materials Selection Selection T able M aterials Materials filter All Bulk M aterials Process filter Generic Shape filter Shape Class B2 Process Selection Selection T able Process Materials filter All Bulk M aterials Process filter Generic Shape filter Shape Class B3 Structural Sections Selection Selection T able Structural Sections Materials filter All Bulk M aterials Process filter Generic Shape filter Structural Sections Structural Sections filter Structural Sections It is also recommended that the matching form for a filter be used when viewing records The exception to this is the Generic form for materials which can be used in conjunction with any of the material class filters e g Ceramic Foam etc For moreinformation on the data modules and thefilters and forms available with each please see the relevant sections of CES InDepth Appendix C General Information C1 File Types Projects gdb Granta Database file ces Selector Project file text On line Books gmv Granta M ediaView file cdb Granta Contents Database file Currency File currency csv Picture Files for importing into Picture Gallery bmp Bitmap emf Enhanced metafile wmf Windows metafile Constructor Import File Types mdb Microsoft Access 97 Database dbf DBaselll IV and V Database gdb Granta Database xis M icrosoft Excel Spreadsheet txt csv tab Text File Comma separated and tab delimite
26. Click once on the Apply button at the top of the window to perform the selection Minimum 0 04 0 06 10 12 0 2 100000 Al af Fig 5 18 Selecting processes for a spark plug insulator using the Limit Selection window 5 5 3 Selection Results To view the results of your selection open the Selection Results window as follows d Maximum Units Chapter 5 Selector Quick Start Guide 57 Selectthe View Results option from the drop down View menu Alternatively click on the Results button on the Standard toolbar The default format for the Selection Results window is entities passing All stages as shown in figure 5 19 Since one selection stage has been performed the processes currently shown in the list are the ones that passed the Limit stage If you had performed morethan one selection stage the list would show only the processes that had passed them all The Selection Results window can be set to various other formats by changing the drop down list box at the top left corner of the window You could examine the attributes of one of the processes on the list by double clicking on it This would open the Attributes window with the properties of your selected process Theresults window in figure 5 19 shows nine possible processes In fact only two are suitable for manufacturing the spark plug insulator They are Die Pressing and Sintering and Powder I
27. DBK data for some properties This table can be used very effectively to compare and select M IL H DBK materials at a generic level It isthen possible to link to specific MIL H D BK records and view manipulate plot all of the approved MIL HDBK data Materials Database Suppliers Database MATERIAL 1 SUPPLIER 1 Mechanical Name Address Thermal Telephone Suppliers SUPPLIER 2 uppie Name Supplier 1 Address Supplier 3 Supplier 5 Telephone SUPPLIER 3 Name Address Telephone MATERIAL 2 Mechanical SUPPLIER 4 Name Thermal Address Telephone Suppliers 7 SUPPLIER 5 Supplier 1 Supplier 2 7 Name Supplier 4 Address Telephone Fig 6 3 Relational structureof material and supplier data tables Chapter 6 Selection Database Design 83 6 14 Conclusions Optimal selection of standard engineering entities whether performed on paper or a computer screen is best achieved by a two step process a screening and ranking step followed by a step of supporting information In the first step the kingdom of entities is reduced to a small candidate list which meets the attribute limits and maximises optimising indices The second step retrieves detailed contextual information about each of the candidates and enables a final choiceto be made i ii A database suitable for screening should have the following characteristics t should be comprehensive contain all general classes of entities in the kingdom
28. Pr 10 3 3 9 Yoghurt Pot 3 3 Process Case Studies 3 Pr 11 3 3 10 Spark Plug Insulator 3 3 Process Case Studies 3 Pr 12 Double click 3 3 11 Ceramic Tap Valve 3 3 Process Case Studies 3 Pr 13 on Spark Plug 3 3 12 Car Bumper 3 3 Process Case Studies 3 Pr 14 insulator Fig 5 15 Search results pages in CES InDepth containing the string process near the string case study IRE ULAT OR Click once on the interactive Selection of manufacturing il case study processes button to run the case study CENTRAL ELECTRODE Veris rini Tima e Caran in Pree Ciara pimay discrete Bhape bo ees pires rar o gt Bear a B eee ee p ri Mars O05 kg Minden Beton i 2mm Prison 3mm Bura Finish 10 um Baten Bie 1000 Table PRL Spark Plug insulator dexeges rurulrasmamits LIN a Fig 5 16 Part of the Spark Plug Insulation case study in CES InDepth Chapter 5 Selector Quick Start Guide 55 5 5 Selection This section shows you how to perform a simple limit selection how to plot selection charts how to select a subset of entities from the chart how to view the selection results and some graph formatting options 5 5 1 Changing the Selection Table The first example in this section will be selection of a manufacturing process for a spark plug insulator You will only be ableto do this if you purchased a database containing the Process Table eg CES Engineer It will probably be necessary to change
29. This Quick Start Guide provides a brief overview of the facilities of CES Constructor It does not offer step by step instructions on how to run the program and is not comprehensive in its coverage of the facilities in Constructor It assumes that you are familiar with running programs under the Windows operating system and are experienced with the concepts underlying the CES system If you are not familiar with use of CES it is recommended that you work through the Selector Quick Start Guidein Chapter 5 of this manual before beginning work with Construdor For detailed instructions on all aspects of Constructor seethe on line Tutorials in the CES Constructor Help system Thefundamentals of selection database design are discussed in Chapter 6 Although it is not necessary to read that information before you work through this chapter it is strongly recommended that you do before beginning any large selection database design project This Constructor Quick Start manual has four main sections Section 7 2 Editing Attributes explains how to edit the attributes of an existing record and how to use the automatic data checking Section 7 3 Adding Records Shows you how to add anew record to the database and add links between records Section 7 4 Creating Components demonstrates how to create discrete attributes and new units Section 7 5 Creating a New Table explains how to create a new table and define its structure as well as how to
30. and the filter and form through which the table will be copied Click OK to perform the copy A new table will appear on thelist of tables on the Database page of the Control window EIE i lol xl Database O Tables a Books Table company2 z company2 gg Computer CP Ergo Keyboards EK B Monitor Co MC1 gg Office OF B Stationary Inc S1 Bi Projects PJ gg Sales SA Transport TR B company2 Computer ES Monitor Co CPMC1 Supplier Information NAME Monitor Co Products Supplied 15 1 inch monitors Batch size Delivery Account No Fig 8 27 Theresult of importing the information shown in Table8 1 Compare the table tree information branch names codes etc with the special fields in the source file 8 7 2 Copying Data Values Down a Branch Once a tree structure is in place it is possible to copy attribute data values in a selected data generic record to all child records on the branch below the selected record The user can select i the attributes whose values areto be copied ii whether existing values should be left or overwritten 136 CES User s Manual iii Procedure whether the values should be pasted into all child records or only those records in the current filter Selectthe data generic record with the values of interest Select Copy Record on the Edit menu Select Copy down branch on t
31. applicable IV Show one number for zero width ranges Database Options Preferred Currency British Pound GBP z Select different cu rrency Preferred Unit System Metric Select different units system Supporting Information Options I Select Weblinks website before launching browser Cancel Apply Help Fig 5 23 Options dialog Chapter 5 Selector Quick Start Guide 63 5 6 2 Project Files To save your work in a project file do the following Open the Project Settings dialog figure 5 17 Then selectthe Summary tab Enter thetitleof the project the author and a description then exit the dialog Select File Save Project As The Save As dialog box will open Set the File Type in the drop down list box bottom of the dialog box to Selector Project ces Enter the file name sample ces in theinput field Set the file directory using the directory tree options at the top of the window Click once on Saveto save the file and exit the dialog box Your current CES session can be saved again at any time by selecting File Save Project Ctrl S If you wish to open an old project file use File Open Project but beware this will overwrite the current state of the program so you will lose any selections currently on the screen If you think you might need them again save your selections before opening another project file 5 6 3 Some Other Chart Options The following illustrates the second type of
32. can be used very effectively for screening and ranking purposes 6 9 Choice of Fields The fields chosen for a selection database must satisfy three criteria comparability measurability and discrimination 6 9 1 Comparability Theimportance of storing a common set of universal attributes in the screening database was mentioned in section 6 4 It is necessary to choose these attributes so as to ensure comparability of entities A difficulty arises when the kingdom contains many families it is that for reasons of history and convenience a single attribute may be measured in several different ways Consider for examplethe hardness of materials The hardness of metals is measured on the Rockwell Vickers or Brinell hardness scales that of elastomers is measured on the Shore or Durometer scale that for minerals on the M oh Chapter 6 Selection Database Design 77 scale They are measured with different testing equipment reported in different units and there are no simple relationships between them H owever since all material have a hardness it is an important attribute in a comprehensive materials database This creates the necessity to choose a common equivalent hardness scale the Vickers scale say for all materials and to calculate or estimate suitable values for those materials that are not usually measured on that scale Family specific or class specific databases can contain attributes which are not universal to the kingdom
33. create forms and filters Before starting this Quick Start Guide you will need to install the CES system by following the instructions in Chapter 2 of this manual Notethat the CES Constructor software is not automatically distributed with every CES system It will only beavailableif you have purchased alicence for Constructor 7 2 Editing Attributes In this exercise you will learn how to edit a record and how to use the automatic data checking system 7 2 1 Open the Starter Database The installation process will make a Start Menu Programs group called CES Selector 3 2 which will contain the icons for CES software components as shown in figure 2 7 86 CES User s Manual Double click on the CES Constructor icon to run the program CES Constructor You can also access the CES Selector Start Menu Programs group on the Programs option on the Start menu usually at the bottom left of the Windows screen The exercises in this quick start guide are based on a small starter database called starter1 gdb This should be located in the Samples folder of the CES installation directory In a single user installation of the software the default location for this file is C Program Files CES Selector Samples D atabase W e recommend that you make a backup copy of this database file before your begin Do this using the normal facilities of Windows Explorer Then Select the pi option on theFile menu
34. date from the Date Picker dialog Today s date will be highlighted To enter a W eb Address either i typea URL into the W eb Address field ii open your web browser at the relevant web page and copy the URL from the Address field at the top of the browser to the clipboard and then paste it into the Web Address field in the Suppliers table in Constructor iii drag the URL icon from the Address field at the top of your web browser into the Web Address field in the Suppliers table in Constructor You will need to arrange the windows so that you can see both your browser and the Attributes window in Constructor at the same time You can open the URL automatically by clicking on the zx button in the Web Address field and clicking on the Launch button in the Web Address dialog Note that the attributes are organised alphabetically according to their type ie all range attributes are listed together all short text is stored together etc This is the style of the form called lt All Alphabetical which isthe default form when a table is first created Chapter 7 Constructor Quick Start Guide 103 7 5 2 Converting Between Numerical Data Types It is possible to convert some data types into others in the Table Properties dialog Constructor may prompt you for some user input depending on the conversion For example to convert the T ypical batch size attributefrom a Rangeto a Point variable Open
35. in the trees the child records are also linked together with indirect links as shown in figure8 3 The various classes of cast alloys are all linked to ALCOA This is a consequence of the hierarchical structure of the tables Since a folder represents the collection of the records below it in the tree if a link is made at the level of a folder then all the children of that folder are also linked In the example above thisis like saying ALCOA can supply all Cast Aluminium Alloys 110 CES User s Manual iii This hierarchical inheritance of links can be avoided by making links directly from record to record and not from folder to folder The parents of the linked records are also linked together as shown in figure 8 4 This is again a function of the hierarchical structure of the database In this example it is like saying that at least one supplier in the USA ALCOA can supply at least one aluminium alloy all cast aluminium alloys and by implication at least one light alloy and by implication again at least one metal Materials tree Supplier tree 3 0 Metal c Materials Commercially Pure OE Ceramic Element Metal Ferrous Alloys DIC3 Australia 3 Light Alloys Canada Aluminium USA OE ACME Steel s Wrought ALCOA OB American Crucible Products Link Cast gt
36. names Cast magnesium alloy EQ 21 Enter the Short Code 001 Add the material to the Generic and Metals filters CES User s Manual tg Control Gl x Database Tables la Books Table Materials Materials gg Ceramic MC Composite Mx ii Foam MF gg Metal MM 1 0 0 Click the right mouse button on Ferrous Alloys FE Light Alloys LA Cast C_ Beryllium BE Magnesium M a ag AM Pen Bl C v Genetic 003 Bl C y In Curent Filter 001 he Wrought P with th Titanium TI Copy Record LN s cursor over New Non ferrous Alloy Baste until the sub Precious Metal A DON Refractory Alloys rra eem menu appears H Natural MN Rename Record Poles Becod GGate TEE Linked Records Click the left mouse button on Folder Record Properties Fig 7 5 Adding anew material folder below Cast in the M aterials tree Open the record for EQ21 in the Attributes window Either Double click on theicon of EQ21 in the materials tree or Right click onceon EQ21 in thetabletree and select Open from the context menu or Left click once on EQ21 in the table tree and select the menu option View Record Attributes Enter some of the attributes of EQ21 into the Attri
37. of a checking correlation equation or functional data expression A constant is one of the properties of the database It is set in the Table Properties dialog as shown in figure 8 9 114 CES User s Manual Checking Materials Properties R E Vm R Tm H sigma y K1C A E b 0 5 K1C sigma y b 0 5 sigma c sigma v sigma y E an equation is a combination Specific Heat Density Atomic Volume average Constant G as of attributes and can include constants Fig 8 8 Equations in the Table Properties dialog box Ha efron Or ro Bee of Haha z 2713 i iri See pi Laghi wana des Voluma of Pebe Gert 2nd Fig 8 9 Constants in the Database Properties dialog Chapter 8 Advanced Construction Features 115 8 3 2 Parameters Parameters are the independent variables used in functional data For example you could store the variation of Young s M odulus E with Temperature T for a material as pairs of measured T E values If T was defined as a Parameter then you could perform a selection based on the Young s Modulus E at a specified value of Temperature T Selector would interpolate between temperatures to find the value of E at the user specified value of T A parameter is one of the properties of the database It is set in the Database Properties dialog as shown in figure 8 10 Each parameter has specified units and a default value the default value can easily be over ridden by Selector users
38. of any desired slope across the chart using the Guidelines button wl Your chart should end up looking something like figure 5 22 The selection chart can be printed using File Print You can also usethe Edit Copy to send a copy of the chart to your Windows clipboard The contents of the clipboard can then be pasted into another Windows program eg word processor 5 6 Further Facilities This section shows you how to change units and currencies save your work in a Project file how to select materials using more complex selection charts and how to export files containing property lists or selection results 5 6 1 Units and Currency The default units and currency used by CES are obtained automatically from your computer s Regional Settings which are defined by Windows See the Regional Settings Control Panel in Windows These regional settings are denoted lt Automatic gt in the Tools Options dialog shown in figure 5 23 Open theTools Options dialog To change the currency eg to US or the units eg to US Imperial simply select different settings in the list boxes All attribute data in property lists or selection charts etc will change automatically General Numbers Labels Files General Options a Books Op NEAR means within J8 words Graph Options MV Show generic records in bold V Use solid ellipses Minimum bubble size 3 Attribute Window Options JV Hide attributes marked as not
39. on the Choose Destination Location dialog box figure 2 5 Selecta folder in the Select Destination Directory dialog and then click onceon OK When you are happy with the destination Click onceon the Next button The Select Components dialog will appear figure 2 6 This screen informs you about some details of your Licence including the components that will be installed and enables you to choose between a Full and Compact installation A Full installation will install all of the components including the on line books You will use about 400 M B of hard disk space for the CES Engineer Pro package less for the other packages A Compact installation will install all the components needed to run CES Selector but you will need to usethe CD ROM to view theon line books It will use about 300 M B of hard disk spacefor the CES Engineer Pro package W erecommend that you do a Full installation if possible 43 Choose Destination Location Setup will install Cambridge Engineering Selector 3 2 in the following folder To install into a different folder click Browse and select another folder You can choose not to install Cambridge Engineering Selector 3 2 by clicking Cancel to exit Setup ESIG LIMITED Destination Folder C Program FilesNCES Selector 3 2 Browse Cancel Fig 2 5 Choose destination for software 14 CES User s Manual J3 Select Components LX
40. see Table Properties dialog Named unit system is used to display data e g Metric Database O ptions Preferred Currenc The new database is created with its currency unit as the Regional Setting of the operating system Theregional setting is specified after Automatic e g Automatic GBP gt The new database is created with the currency unit as the Regional Setting The new database is created with the named currency as the currency unit eg Australian Dollar AUD Preferred Unit System Thenew databaseis created with its unit system as the Regional Setting of the operating system Theregional setting is specified after Automatic e g Automatic M etric Thenew databaseis created with no unit system The new database is created with the named unit system asthe unit system e g SI Appendix D Functional Data Syntax D1 Description of Functional Data Syntax Numerical data can be stored as a functional range or a functional point attribute A functional attribute consists of one or more functions Each function defines how the attribute value varies dependent on one or more parameters in an exclusive domain A function is stored as a numeric expression type Expression or a set of points type Array Both types of function are entered in CES in similar formats Description Type Parameters Value Description is a textual description of
41. shape Engineering Design 7 2 1996 Harmer QJ Selection charts for rolling dement bearings Cambridge University Engineering D epartment CUED C EDC TR47 1996 Huber JE Fleck NA and Ashby MF Theselection of mechanical actuators based on performance indices Proc R Soc 453 pp 2185 2205 1997 A lt All Records Filter 45 ABAQUS 4 68 Acknowledgements iv Adding Parameter 122 Record 90 Links 93 Additional Data M odules 16 Advanced Construction Features 109 Advanced Selection Options 63 All Bulk M aterials Filter 45 75 Aluminium Beryllium 7 ANSYS 4 68 Arithmetic M ean 103 Array 150 Assigning Checking Table 112 Attribute Date 25 Functional Point 24 Functional Range 24 Hyperlink 25 Integer 24 Long Text 25 Picture 25 Point 24 Range 24 Short Text 25 Attribute Parameters Dialog 123 Attributes 22 73 74 87 Attributes Window 22 23 46 89 Automatic Data Checking 79 88 111 Bar Charts 28 Bending Strength 80 Bibliographic References iv Books Search 52 Books Toolbar 144 Box Selection 59 65 Bubble Charts 28 Bulk Modulus 76 Butterworth H einemann EM S 51 Index C Capacitor 80 Case Study Materials Selection 57 Process Selection 54 CES Indepth 51 Changing Books 51 Selection Tables 55 Units 116 Chart Guidelines 62 Chart Options 63 Checking Calculations 113 Not Applicable Values 113 M aterial Attributes 88 Table 111 113 Class Specific Filter 106 Colours of Bubbles 5
42. speed with which it can be set up and operated the efficiency of material usage and the economic batch size Section 4 2 3 presents a typical record from the Process Table it is for large scale electro forming A schematic illustrates how the process works it is supported by a short description This is followed by a listing of attributes All the numeric attributes are stored as ranges indicating the range of capability of the process Links to the M aterial and Shape data tables enable selection of processes on the basis of the materials they can form and the shapes they can produce Links to the References table provides sources of data and further information essential in reaching a final selection Every process in the data table is characterised by a record like this one The way in which the data is used to make a selection is best understood by looking at a case study The on line documentation system CES InDepth contains thirteen fully worked interactive case studies on process selection These include components such as a manifold jacket a spark plug insulator a car bumper etc Chapter 4 The Data M odules 33 4 2 3 A Typical Record in the Process Data Table Name Electroforming large scale General Designation D eposition Electroforming large scale Tradename Process Schematic Electrolyte Cathode Description of Process ELECTROFORMING isa variation of electroplating in which metal is deposited on a ma
43. the Cambridge M aterials Selector CM S and CES visit our web site www grantadesign com products diffcmsces htm The major additions in CES 3 2 Selector arethe capacity for model based selection that is selecting entities using properties which vary with one or more independent parameters eg variation of elastic modulus with temperature data export to finite element analysis packages process cost modelling enabling selection of processes on cost criteria substantially extended information about polymers and polymer composites information about tool steels and magnetic properties of materials as well as extensive information about trade names equivalent designations chemical compositions and numerous other features CES Constructor has been enhanced with a variety of new facilities including sophisticated database copying and merging facilities and the W eblinks M anager system for managing linkage to web searching There is now also an option to have the Military Handbook data MIL HDBK 5 and MIL HDBK 17 included in CES 3 2 making it particularly relevant to aerospace and defence industries Theenhancements in CES 3 2 are described in detail in thefollowing sub sections 1 8 1 CES Selector Model Based Selection M odel based selection is the software capability in CES that enables selections based on functional data Functional data describes properties that vary with one or more independent parameters eg M odulus with
44. the Project window will be visible on the screen figure 5 5 This window is the central navigation point for CES Thetitle of the current CES Project is displayed at the top of the window in this case H eat Exchanger The drop down list contains the names of all the tables in the database Select one to view the contents of that table The on line books can be accessed through the tab at the far right Information about the selection stages that have been performed in the current project is displayed in the central area of the window Figure 5 5 shows how the Project window might look after three selection stages have been performed CES User s Manual Title of current project Online books tA Project Heat Exchanger Project Tables QA Books ig Stage 1 X Axis Thermal Conductivity W m K Y Axis Elastic Limit MPa Su mmary of Number of Materials passing 543 selection stages 1g Stage 2 Axis Sea Water Y Axis Maximum Service Temperature K Number of Materials passing 887 Current selection stage highlighted Fig 55 The Project window with three selection stages 5 3 The Database This section will show you how to list the attributes of a record in the database As an example we will examine the material Wrought Aluminium Alloy 2014 T6 and view the processes by which it can be formed If you do not have the materials data module follow the same procedure but use one of the other data tables i
45. these as the Selection Table the most usual choices for selections are M aterials Process and Structural Sections Set the Selection Tableto M aterials Welcome to CES Selector 3 2 CO si spibical 5 election rwain a graphical micin chat abad on the cuaneni cabin Bl Lan Selection rman a rni raluciar bae on fes camari table Views Tabisz ea fhe prisan ines loi Phe jimi bee H Views Books Vina ha book and cactenir P Get Help Click once m Wira haipo Gabeca to access e pes B the Help Simin Tabie Hacen system ORE iE Use this list box to change the Selection Table Fig 5 1 TheWelcome Screen The five buttons down the left of the Welcome screen lead to five frequently used options in CES Click onceon a button to select that option e The first two buttons Graphical Selection and Limit Selection will start a selection stage using the Selection T able set in the list box M aterials shown in figure 5 1 View Table will take you to the contents of the current Selection table from where you can view the attributes of some of the records View Books will open the on line books probably the default book CES InD epth 3 Thelast button will take you into theon line H elp system 3 CES will attempt to open the on line book it used most recently on this computer For example if the M egabytes on Coppers CD ROM was open when CES was last closed down CES will a
46. tree in the Project window Note that the axes are logarithmic by default since the properties span such a wide range of values This can be changed by selecting linear scales in the Graph Stage Wizard dialog box or using the Stage Properties button il on the Project toolbar Click once on any material bubble on the chart to see a label showing its identity You can change the format of the label using a right mouse click Chapter 5 Selector Quick Start Guide 59 5 5 5 Selecting Materials within a Property Range Now select all materials in the database with density and elastic limit in the range 1M g m lt density lt 10M g m3 and 100 MPa lt elastic limit lt 3000 M Pa Click onceon the Box Selection button aj on the Project toolbar Click onceon point x y 1 0 100 on the chart and hold the mouse button down The coordinates of the cursor are shown at the bottom left of the screen Drag the cursor to a point near 10 0 3000 on the chart then release the mouse button 3000 3 0E3 Materials within the box and all materials that cross the boundary of the box are now plotted in colour This indicates that they have been included in the current subset of materials they passed the selection stage M aterials that are not included in the subset have been plotted in grey because they failed the selection stage Optionally click the Hide Failed Records button X to hidethe grey bubbles You can cha
47. update is started The user has the ability to match Tables Attributes and Records Essentially in each case there aretwo options i To create items in the current database to match the external database ii To delete items in the current database to match the external database The current database is the edited 3 1 database and the external database is the 3 2 database For each option the user can accept the default actions or set a custom action Update Tables If the names of tables in the two databases do not match this option gives the ability to match them The default settings areto create all tables necessary and to delete no tables in the current database 140 CES User s Manual Synchronise Attributes If the names of tables in the two databases match this option gives the ability to match the attributes in these tables The default settings are to create all attributes necessary and to delete no attributes in the current database Attributes that have the same name but differ by their units data type or assigned parameters will be considered a mismatch and therefore available for synchronisation Synchronise Records Start Update If the names of tables in the two databases match this option gives the ability to match the records in these tables The default settings are to create all Granta records necessary to delete all Granta records necessary not to delete any user records in the current databas
48. values displayed for the fatigue strength on the Attributes form 5 Thefatigue model is based on the Basquin and Coffin M anson approximations for high and low cycle fatigue It uses Goodman s ruleto model the dependence on stress ratio See Section 2 2 2 of CES InDepth Chapter 5 Selector Quick Start Guide 49 Try plottingthefatigue strength as a function of stress ratio R by changing the X axis parameter in the Functional Graph Properties dialog It is possibleto edit the parameters used to plot the graph using the Edit button at the bottom of thedialog If the check box is ticked when you click on Edit you will edit the Project Default parameters If the check box is not ticked you will just edit the parameters used to plot the graph but the project defaults will not be changed Set the Filter back to All Bulk Materials and the Form to Generic when you have finished 5 3 5 Viewing Links At the bottom of every page of attributes is a set of Links buttons These buttons are used to view records in other tables that are linked to this record These might be processes that can be used to form this material or companies who supply it or the shapes to which it can beformed etc Scroll down to the bottom of the Attributes window figure 5 10 Click onceon the Process Link button Thelinks window will appear figure 5 11 showing all the processes that can be used to shape 2014 T6 These links can be used in for selecti
49. 4 8 4 7 Editing Exchange Rates Currencies and their conversion factors are located in a file called currency csv in the CES installation directory This file must contain the Default currency used by the database Up to date copies of currency csv can be downloaded from the Granta Design web site It is not possible to edit currency conversion factors from within Constructor however it is possible to edit the currency csv file as follows i Close all databases in Constructor ii Makea backup of currency csv in the CES installation directory iii Open currency csv using M icrosoft Excel Do not usea text editor iv X Add anew currency or edit the exchange rates v Close the file and re open your database in Constructor The currency changes will beimplemented automatically 8 5 Creating Functional Attributes 8 5 1 Adding a parameter to the database The following section provides a simple example of creating a functional data attribute dependent on one parameter Functional data can be of type Array or Expression An array contains a set of measured data points whereas an expression contains a mathematical equation Theattribute created in this example is an Expression Details of the syntax of functional attributes can befound in Appendix D Before an attribute is created any parameters to be associated with it must exist Parameters are properties of the database This allows them to be associated wi
50. 8 Combined Units 118 Compact Installation 41 Comparability 76 Completeness 76 80 Composition Form 47 Searching 5 Comprehensive Data Source 74 Constants 26 113 Constructor Quick Start Guide 85 Context M enu 3 Control Window 86 87 Conversions Between Data Types 103 Copy and Paste 134 Copying 134 Attributes 138 Down a Branch 135 Filters 138 Forms 138 Links 138 Records 136 137 Records Between T ables 137 139 Records in a Table 134 Tables 135 Copyright iv Correlation Between Attributes 78 Checks 112 Equation 26 113 Cost Index 8 Count Charts 28 Creating Discrete Attributes 95 Forms 103 New Tables 99 Table Components 95 Units 96 Creep 75 Cross T abular Selections 63 109 Currency 62 119 Conversion File 121 Exchange Rates 121 Current Filter 106 Current Form 105 106 D Data Checking 77 79 Implementation Details 111 Data Quality 76 Sources 26 Data Type 5 147 Discrete 25 Link 25 Logical 25 Numerical 24 Picture 25 Text 25 Database 20 Properties Dialog 113 119 Date Picker Dialog 102 Dates 25 102 Default Currency 62 Currency 119 120 Filter 45 Form 105 Settings 139 Units 62 Destination Table 137 138 Index 159 Dialog Attribute Parameters 123 Books Search 53 Choose Destination 13 Copying Records Between Tables 139 Database Properties 96 113 115 116 119 Date Picker 102 Edit Form 105 Export Record 68 Export Settings 68 Expression Builder 64 Functional Graph Properties 48 Graph Stage Wiz
51. ALCOA Aluminum Company of America Fig 8 2 A direct link between the Cast aluminium alloys folder and the ALCOA record Materials tree Supplier tree 3 Aluminium Materials Cast OE Ceramic F F 1xx x Group B Cast aluminium pure 150 1 gu 2xx x Group Bl Cast aluminium alloy 222 1 BH 3xx x Group gu 4xx x Group B Sxx x Group Exs Group 7xx x Group Sxx x Group Metal 4 4 Australia Canada USA OE ACME Steel MIB ALCOA OB American Crucible Products Wrought Fig 8 3 CES Sdector uses this information when making a selection based on links An example selection might be that a material is only suitable for a given design if as well as satisfying all of the constraints on its attributes strength stiffness etc it is also available from a supplier in the USA All cast aluminium alloys pass this selection as they are available Link Cast gt ALCOA Aluminum Company of America Indirect links between child records of Cast aluminium alloys and ALCOA generated by the direct link shown in figure 8 2 from ALCOA which isin the USA folder in the Supplier table Chapter 8 Advanced Construction Features 111 The originating direct link of any indirect link can befound by highlighting the indirect link in Constructor The originating link is shown in th
52. CAMBRIDGE ENGINEERING SELECTOR Version 3 2 UseR S MANUAL Granta Design Limited Cambridge Engineering Selector v3 2 U ser s M anual Release 1 D Cebon M F Ashby L Lee Shothaman Copyright 1999 2001 Granta D esign Limited All Rights Reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic or otherwise without the prior permission of the Copyright owners and the Publisher First edition printed 2001 Granta Design Limited M icrosoft Windows 95 98 2000 and Windows NT are trademarks of M icrosoft Corporation Contents l 6gal Matters uin cct e E E ba iv Licence Agreement nannte inr einen di e e Ua pets iv COPY ONE se sd deed ere a iv Trademarks d E E saam iv Permission to Reprint Acknowledgements References iv Part 1 Introduction Installation eere nnne nennen nnn nnns 1 Chapter 1 Introd UCtl OTi ri er rtis 1 1 1 ReadthiS FIESEL nosmet rt 1 1 2 Organisation of the M anual sss 1 1 3 Tutorials and Reference Information see 2 1 4 Obtaining Hid piss iau nt eei erecto 2 1 5 Mouse Buttons iia di i dtc dde 2 1 6 Typographical Conventions 3 1 7 Tih Tool Dais 5 itti tubi t is 3 18 What sN ew In CES3 2 i dusidus i duet ductu deae 4 Chapter 2 Installation sess 9 2 A Introductions 2 5 Ed aad deed eee dS 9 2
53. Creer J Assigned checking Desk piu an table Drini Foe carac Table Tg k Mie Nc 7 Hiin n CES backen Er peers Sese Fig 8 6 Assigning a checkingtablein the Table Properties dialog For range checks each attribute is matched to its checking attribute by name i e the attribute Young s M odulus in the Materials table will be checked against the attribute named Young s M odulus in its checking table If an attribute s name does not exist in the checking table it will not be checked The correlation checks consist of equations that are assigned to the checking table The equations are a combination of attributes in the table and constants from the constants table where needed An equation is one of the properties of a table It is set in the Table Properties dialog box as shown in figure 8 8 In CES Constructor 3 2 only numeric attributes range point and integer can be checked Chapter 8 Advanced Construction Features 113 Materials T able Checking Materials T able Ceramic 31 8 Ceramic Composite Composite Foam Foam Metal Metal Ferrous Alloys Ferrous Alloys c Light Alloys 3 Light Alloys Beryllium Beryllium J Magnesium J Magnesium Cast Cast CH AM series Wrought BB Cast magnesium alloy AM20 Titanium BB Cast magnesium alloy
54. E of an isotropic material is related to its Bulk modulus K and Poissons ratio v by the equation E 3 1 2v K Soif E and v areknown K can be predicted confidently Similarly if the atomic volume Vm and the melting point Tm are known for a material then the Young s modulus E can be estimated using E CRTp Vm where R is the general gas constant and C is a constant that depends on the class of materials M ore details are provided in 4 It is essential that such estimates in the database are flagged in some way so that if the material is selected on the basis of one of these properties the engineer knows to seek further information to check the estimated data An estimate flag can be set for each estimated attribute using Constructor 6 8 Data Quantity and Precision The screening and ranking stage will in general consider a relatively small proportion of the total information available about a particular kingdom of entities The remaining information will not be in a suitable format for the screening process and will generally be better suited to the supporting information step The data will often be of low to medium precision compared with the high precision data available later in the process For example the price of a material or its strength stored in a general materials database may often be less precise than information provided directly by the supplier during the supporting information step However the less precise information
55. ES designation system See CES InDepth for details of the identifier treesin each data table A Filter is a device for specifying which recordsin a table are visible The current record filter for each table can be viewed and set in the Table Properties dialog The filter for the current Selection Table is visible on the Filters toolbar figure 3 5 Filter lt User Defined gt Form Generic Fig 35 TheFilterstoolbar showing theform and filter set for the Selection T able A set of pre defined filters is available for each table and is available in a list box wherever the filter setting can be changed It is also possible to expand and contract generic records so as to add or remove records from the current filter In this case the filter automatically becomes called lt U ser Defined The record filter for the Selection Table determines which records are available for selection A form is a template that specifies the attributes that are visible and their layout in the Attributes window Some attributes are relevant to all entities in the table others are specific to a particular class of entities For example Density is a relevant attribute for all material records whereas W ater Absorption is only relevant for a particular class of materials Polymers 24 CES User s Manual The Generic Form which is the default form for the M aterials table and is relevant for all classes
56. Fatigue Strength evaluated at N 2107 cycles and R 1 vs Density 5 6 6 Exporting data to Finite Element programs To export material property datato a Finite Element program Notes i ii iii Locate the material of interest by clicking on a bubble on a chart or by locating it on the Materials table tree Select File Export Record Select the format for export in the Export Record dialog figure 5 29 Click on theSettings button to set the Export Settings and choose either to outputto Clipboard or to File For exportto file specify thefilename Click on OK to exit the Export Settings dialog then OK in the Export Record dialog to perform the export Only onerecord can be exported at a time For the CES 3 2 release the available FE file formats are for ABAQUS ANSYS NASTRAN and PATRAN Other formats may be available on request Email dbsupport grantadesign com for more details In all cases the material data is assumed to be for a linear temperature independent isotropic material Some of the file formats allow for the plastic behaviour of the material to be modelled and in these cases this information is made availablefor export Chapter 5 Selector Quick Start Guide 69 iv Unless the file format requires a particular set of units the data is exported in the preferred database unit system and to the current number of significant figures It is recommended that a consistent unit system is used v
57. Features Part 5 Case Studies Part amp Online Book Pat Finding Supporting Information Click once on Tutorials Click once on Graphical Selection Fig 5 2 Part of the H elp system 42 CES User s Manual Open one of the on line Tutorials as follows In the Help window click onceon thetext Tutorials In the next help screen click onceon Part 3 Graphical Selection Then select 3 1 Selection Charts Then select 3 1 1 Setting the Selection Table You will see the H elp Tutorial screen shown in figure 5 3 Along the top of the Tutorial screen isthe Tutorial navigation line This line can be used to take you forwards and backwards through the current tutorial Simply click on the stations along the line to see that part of the Tutorial Click on the menu icon at the start of the navigation line to open go back to the menu options for this Tutorial Click on the arrows at either end of the navigation line to go to the previous and next tutorials Close the H elp screen by clicking on the x at thetop right of the window Click on text to navigate through tutorial Current tutorial Click here Beia Fou Bezp pon wi need ta hove to go to menu the default rid oboe opas idee gdaj for this tutorial CES elector con de och mass thon find x record ard bet iex wirbulser Vis Sonik pe His designed 3a saed the agirigra sete Im an eraegaperins datas quen as eciion criteria LI Dod 80 udsrbon ol
58. SCRETE P PRIMARY Shape N otes Intricate parts with very fine detail and undercuts re entrant angles and reverse tapers possible Typical uses Moulds for phonograph records paint masks wave guides nose cones fountain pen parts surface finish standards reflectors venturi nozzles and rocket thrust chambers Material notes M ainly used for copper and nicke with possible alternatives of gold and silver Links Reference Shape M aterials Supplier ndicates estimated attributes 4 3 Structural Sections 4 3 1 Introduction Materials that are used to carry loads in mechanical and civil structures are manufactured in a wide range of standard section shapes The CES Structural Sections Data T able enables selection of the best combination of material and shape to meet a given design requirement It contains data for approximately 1900 standard cross sections in steel aluminium alloy glass reinforced polyester GFRP and wood The selection proceeds by the user specifying the required stiffness and strength for axial loading bending or torsion and any required dimensions The selector delivers the standard sections and materials capable of meeting the specification ranked by cost by weight or by volume Chapter 4 The Data M odules 35 4 3 2 Contents of the Structural Sections Data Table Figure 4 3 shows the taxonomy of the Structural Sections Data table The kingdom of Prismatic Sections is arranged into broad fa
59. Temperature or Fatigue Strength with No of Cycles and Stress Ratio M odel based selection allows selections to be made through manipulation of this type of data Example On a chart of Density vs M odulus with Temperature the user can change the specified temperature The software automatically changes the value of M odulus for each material accordingly This versatile capability can be used to store many kinds of functional data e g creep fatigue deformation mechanism maps variation of properties with temperature etc Exportto FE Packages An export capability to some of the major Finite Element Analysis FE packages has been developed Currently data can be exported to ABAQUS ANSYS NASTRAN PATRAN Chapter 1 Introduction 5 Full Text Searching Thenew search facility means that users can search across all text properties in any of the data tables in the database e g trade names typical uses Composition Searching A new Form Composition contains the composition details for each of the materials in the database This can be used to select materials not just on their properties but also based on their composition Thisis also fully compatible with the full text search facility above Axisrange Charts The user can now specify axes range for selection charts Previously the axes range was fixed at the maximum and minimum values of the displayed data Elongation The property used to describe how much a mater
60. Universal Constants 113 UNSNumber 47 Update Database Wizard 139 U pdating 134 Updating an Edited CES 3 1 Database 139 URL 102 User Defined Property 63 Vv W Validating Procedures 77 Value 150 151 Viewing Functional Data 47 Water Absorption 75 Web Address 102 Address Dialog 102 Browser 102 Weblinks M anager 6 Table 99 Welcome Screen 40 What s New in CES3 2 4 Window Attributes 46 Books 52 Control 86 100 Edit Attributes 89 92 Help 41 Help Contents 42 43 Limit Selection 56 Linked Records 93 110 111 Links 50 Project 43 Selection Chart 59 61 Selection Results 57 Index 163 Wizard Graph Stage 58 Import 127 132 134 New Folder 91 106 New Record 91 106 New Table 99 Update Database 139 X Z Yield Strength 80 Young s M odulus 76 Young s M odulus With Temperature 24 25 Zooming 61
61. W rought tg Project Untitled PB x Project O Tables a Books Table Materials Materials B Ceramic View the Composite M aterials Bl Fibres amp Particulates table ii Foam E Intermetallic a Metal Commercially Pure Ferrous Alloys Click once l Light Alloys wy Aluminium ona n m to open 3 8 Wrought Toug a branch 1000 Series or a to 3 3 2000 Series close it 8 2014 T3 mT mi Double LAM Te Bl rest click on a E 1552 record to I 2017 view its m 2024 properties mg 2025 fm 2090 mi 2124 fm 2219 fm 2519 Fig 5 6 Opening the materials table tree The default filter for materials selection is called All Bulk M aterials See section 3 2 6 This filter displays about 2910 materials from each of the main classes It does not display about 700 material records in the database which are not normally used in bulk form in engineering applications Examples of these are fibres and particulates which are used in composites but not normally on their own However these records can be accessed readily whenever they are needed using the lt All Records filter on the filters toolbar below which lists all 3660 or so materials in the database Filter lt All Records Form Generic
62. a nail cm EI Und t appli de adi Tuas ond piia Frare thet Prepac ses select the Praject Semis ciimenand Tha Database paga abeukl ba vail n Ibi Frisa Selina datg The cumas wating fer Bakin Taie Cari bs ius on Lhe page c a rae JA pun ad dap weed ble tables for de selectins laale of your prpgsci ic siran m ibe drop dram let bao Thasca se ibe jabber in thes current Sdaboca zi Fig 5 3 Anon line Tutorial Alternative ways into the Help system are to click on the Help button ked on the standard toolbar or select the Help Contents menu at the top of the screen Both of these options will lead you to the Help Contents window shown in figure 5 4 This window can be used to search for help topics in several different ways Chapter 5 Selector Quick Start Guide 43 Contents Index Text of Help keyword search System search Help Topics CES Selector Help Contents Index Find Click a book and then click Open Or click another tab such as Index Information about the CES system QA Tutorials Part 1 Before You Begin Part 2 Getting Started e Part 3 Graphical Selection e Part 4 Further Features Part 5 Case Studies Part 6 Online Book G Part 7 Finding Supporting Information LE Reference Guide Windows Menus e Toolbars Dialogs G Software and Copyright Print Cancel Fig 5 4 Help Contents window 5 2 4 The Project Window When you have closed the H elp system
63. ables which are designed for the purpose of optimal selection Of course not all data tables are used for selection Some provide supporting information For example a table of preferred suppliers of materials clearly does not need to satisfy many of the requirements of comprehensiveness completeness etc It simply needs links to the relevant records in the selection table A useful approach isto store raw data in separate tables from design selection data For example it is possible to store laboratory test data in a raw data table and to generate a selection data table by processing the raw data eg by statistical analysis of multiple test records Records in the raw and selection data tables can be linked together in the normal relational way The selection data table can be used to compare materials through summarised properties and to perform optimal selections Then by viewingthe linked records in the raw data table the user can find out about the source and pedigree of the selection data This is the approach used by Granta Design for many databases For example the raw data in MIL HDBK 5 and 17 is not suitable for selection purposes because it is not 82 CES User s Manual complete it is full of gaps The core CES materials table has a record for each of the MIL HDBK materials which is complete These records have data for the universal attributes only not for the specific MIL HDBK data The gaps have been filled using non MIL H
64. ame Metric ton tonne Unit Derivation C This unit is not derived from another unit Set up conversion factor with kg Conversion Factor 1000 Base Unit kilogram kg m C This unit is derived from a combination of units Bod Existing Conversions 1000 kilogram kg 2204 62 pound Ib 1e 006 gram a 1e 006 megaton Mt 1 Metric ton tonne Cancel Help The program automatically calculates the conversion factors for other units of mass Fig 7 10 Setting unit conversion factors It is possibleto change unit systems in CES Selector see Section 5 6 1 To achievethis it is necessary to define the equivalent units in each system Do this as follows Click on the Settings button under System Equivalents in the Unit Settings dialog box figure 7 9 Click once on the unit system US Imperial figure 7 11 then select pound Ib from the drop down list box Note that the program is ableto calculatethe conversion factors automatically Set the other equivalent units as shown in figure 7 11 Click on OK to finish Close the Database Properties dialog Chapter 7 Constructor Quick Start Guide 99 2 System Equivalents X Your unit can be displayed differently in each unit system Unit Name Metric ton tonne Unit Systems Unit System Equivalent Unit CGS Consistent 1e 006 gram a Metric 1 Metric ton tonne SI Consist
65. and enables tr Contro operations on their structure forms and filters a Database E Tables QQ Books EJ Application Areas Ej Checking Materials E Materials w Filters VY lt All Records Vv Ceramic w Foam WwW Generic Vv Metal w Polymer Y Wood BST Forms BB All Alphabetical Bg All Attributes E Ceramic BB Foam A Generic Bg Metal BB Polymer BB wood E Process Fig 7 1 The Control window 7 2 3 The Attributes Window Current form filter shown in bold Default form filter indicated by V The information displayed for the material in the Attributes window figure 7 3 is similar to what you would see in Attributes window in Selector The numbers in the white boxes are range attributes which can be edited The buttons down theright side of the window are the data checking buttons The green tick marks xi indicate that these attributes have all passed their automatic data checks The concepts behind the automatic data checking are described in Section 6 10 3 Theblue symbols in the second column from the right indicate that some attributes are uncertain or estimated 88 CES User s Manual te Control iol x D Database D Tables a Books Table Materials gg Ceramic Composite fa Foam gg Metal Open and close BH Ferrous Alloys branches by clicki
66. ard 58 Installation Welcome 11 Options 62 120 Picture Gallery 107 Project Settings 55 Record Paste 137 Registration Information 11 Select Installation Components 14 System Equivalents 99 118 Table Properties 101 112 114 Unit Settings 117 119 120 Web Address 102 Dielectric Constant 80 Direct Link 109 110 Discrete Attributes 24 95 Discrimination 77 Docking Toolbar 3 E Editing Attributes 85 Exchange Rates 121 Elastic Limit 60 Elongation 5 Equivalent Designations 7 Hardness Scale 77 Units 98 99 116 Estimate Flag 76 80 Estimated Attributes 26 76 77 80 Exchange Rates 121 Expanding a TableTree 45 Export Record Dialog 68 Export To FE 68 Expression 150 160 CES User s Manual F Family Specific Attributes 75 Fatigue Strength 7 68 M odel 47 48 154 FE File Formats 68 FE Packages 4 Field Limit 6 Fields 76 File Types 146 Pictures 107 Filter AII Alphabetical 134 Adding Records 106 All Bulk M aterials 5 Filter Settings 145 Filters 23 44 75 105 Filters Toolbar 143 Finite Element Export 68 Folder Record 22 Folders 22 Forms 23 46 75 lt All Alphabetical 102 lt All Records 134 Composition 47 Generic 47 M etal 47 Functional Data 4 25 48 66 115 Array 151 Estimate 152 Examples 152 Expression 26 113 150 Interpolation 151 Syntax 150 Type 150 Functional Graph Properties Dialog 48 Functional Point Attribute 24 150 151 Functional Range Attribute 24 150 151 G General Gas Constant 26
67. as long as they are common to all members of the family or class Thus a database of elastomers could contain the Shore hardness and this could be used to screen at the family or class specific level Similar problems are found in databases of manufacturing processes and of components and can be resolved in a similar way It is sometimes useful to create universal attributes which summarise various types of behaviour into a single quantity An example of this is the maximum service temperature of a material defined as the highest temperature at which the material can reasonably be used in aload bearing component without oxidation chemical change or excessive creep becoming a problem 5 6 9 2 Measurability There are standard ways of measuring many engineering properties density modulus thermal conduction and dielectric properties are examples There are other properties some microstructural others relating to corrosion in exceptional environments or to tribological behaviour which one might like to use for screening but their use in this function is precluded by lack of data and the near impossibility of making any sensible esti mate 6 9 3 Discrimination The choice of attributes for screening must allow discrimination between entities Thus density modulus and strength are discriminating attributes when the kingdom is that of materials but if the kingdom is restricted to the family of carbon steels density and modulus ceas
68. ation table properties will be offered 8 7 4 Copying Records Between Tables When records are copied between tables and the properties of the table of the source record do not match the properties of the destination table a dialog will appear giving an option to edit the properties of the destination table attributes filters forms and related tables so that they match the source 138 CES User s Manual Attributes Filters Forms If the source table and the destination table contain matching attributes i e attributes of the same name type and units then the data is copied between tables without any need for intervention If the attributes differ only by units and the units are related e g the source table attribute is in M Pa and the destination table attribute is in GPa then the data will automatically be converted to the destination unit If an attribute exists in the source table but not the destination table then an additional attribute in the destination table can be created If an attribute exists in the source table and an attribute of the same name but of a different type or with units that cannot be converted between the two exists in the destination table then a new attribute with a different name can be created in the destination table to hold the same data as the source The user will be informed that this has occurred If you choose not to create new or additional attributes in the destination table then th
69. b site that converts functional data in an Excel spreadsheet from the form shown above to one valid for Constructor Only Microsoft Excel is supported at present Full instructions are given on the web site See http www grantadesign com members updates functionaldatahelper htm 10 11 12 Appendix E References Harmer QJ Weaver PM and Wallace KM Design led component selection CAD 30 5 pp 391 405 1998 Ashby MF Materials selection in mechanical design 2nd Edition Butterworth Heinemann Oxford 1999 Esawi A and Ashby MF Computer based selection of manufacturing processes J Eng M anuf 212 Part B pp 595 610 1998 Ashby MF Checks and estimates for material properties Proc Roy Soc A 454 pp 1323 1336 1998 Cebon D Ashby MF and Lee Shothaman L CES InDepth Granta Design Ltd 40B High St Trumpington Cambridge CB2 2LS UK 1999 Ashby MF Materials and shape Acta Metall 39 pp 1025 1039 1991 Bassetti D Brechet Y and Ashby MF Estimates for material properties The method of multiple correlations Proc R Soc 1997 Cebon D and Ashby MF Computer aided materials selection for mechanical design M etals and M aterials 8 1 pp 25 30 1992 Esawi AMK and Ashby MF Computer based selection of manufacturing processes Cambridge University Engineering Department CUED C EDC TR50 1997 Weaver PM and Ashby MF The optimal selection of material and
70. bottom of the record and click on the Materials link button Usethe methods described in Section 7 3 3 to add a link to all Magnesium Alloys Simply check the box next to Magnesium in the Linked Records window Finally open the record for Magnesium alloy EQ21 created in Section 7 3 2 and check its supplier links It should belinked to US Magnesium Supplier 1 Filters provide a facility for defining which records are viewed in Selector see Section 3 2 6 A new filter can be created on the Databasetab of the Control window in a very similar way to a new form eg see Section 7 5 3 Once a new filter has been 106 CES User s Manual created its name will appear automatically in the New Folder and New Record Wizards see Section 7 3 So new records can be added to the new filter easily see Section 7 3 2 ti Control inl x 3 Database El Tables a Books starter E Application Areas E Checking Materials E Materials E Process E Suppliers Filters ES Forms BB lt All Alphabetical 1 F9 FF 8 SENN Set Curent Set Default Copy Form Delete Form Rename Form Edit Form Fig 7 17 Setting the current form An existing record can be added to a filter as follows i Right click on a record name on a table tree eg Magnesium EQ21 on the Materials tree and select Record Properties from the context menu Then click on the Filt
71. butes window as shown in figure 7 6 you needn t enter them all Click the estimate button to the right of a property to toggle the estimate flag on and off as needed eg for Price Scroll down the window to the section headed Environmental Resistance Click once in thefield next to Flammability and select the option Average from thedrop down list Thisis a discrete property Enter some text into the Typical Uses field Chapter 7 Constructor Quick Start Guide 93 Full name Position on table tree Record identifier Materials Metal Light Alloys Magnesium Cast EQ series E Cast magnesium alloy EQ21 MMLAMGC EQ001 Atomic Volume average pna pns o m 3 kmol Density hs o ooo fpe Mg m 3 x Energy Content 329 486 MJ kg 4 Price je je GBP kg P vi Recycle Fraction o7 fos HH Mechanical Bulk Modulus 5 o sa v Compressive Strength 190 200 MPa J 4 Ductility pgs fous x Elastic Limit o0 fo MPa vj Endurance Limit 120 135 MPa P vw Fracture Toughness fea jes MPa m 1 2 E x Hardness 700 300 MPa in Loss Coefficient 22 003 f BN Modulus of Rupture 180 200 MPa P vi A Enter data values Fig 7 6 Attributes of Cast Magnesium Alloy EQ21 7 3 3 Adding Links Between Records Link this material to some manufacturing processes as follows Scroll to the bottom of the record to the section headed Links C
72. button in the Picture Gallery dialog box Alternatively use the Paste button to paste a picture from the Clipboard into the Gallery The picture must be in one of the following file formats Bitmap bmp Enhanced metafile emf Windows metafile wmf See Appendix C1 ii X Pictures in the gallery can be classified into groups to simplify their management Click on the Groups button to do this See further details in the on line H elp tutorials Select OK to insert the picture into the Click on a picture name to view it database record Picture Gallery id Box bmp df I Beam bmp Select Import to import a new picture from file Sn RN Properties into the Picture af RCP hmn A Gallery Fig 7 18 The Picture Gallery dialog box 7 6 Conclusions This chapter has shown you how to use some of the key components in CES Constructor There are many other facilities Once you have made a start we hope you will find most of these to be intuitive They are easily learned by working through the Tutorials in the on line H dp system A few aspects of the workings of Constructor are a little more complex and these are described in the next chapter Chapter 8 Advanced Construction Features This Chapter presents information about some of the advanced features of CES Constructor These include some technical details about links information about setting up automatic data checking details of units and currency conversio
73. cannot be overlooked This screening can be based on simple go no go criteria has the material a sufficiently large modulus Is the process able to cope with that material More revealing often is to create a sequence of selection charts which give a visual picture of the important attributes of the material or process Often it is not a single property that counts rather it is some combination of them The Selector creates any combination of 20 CES User s Manual properties you wish and allows you to screen and rank the candidates with them CES Selector provides a number of other tools to facilitate sophisticated optimisation strategies and it automatically keeps track of the selection results 3 1 2 Supporting Information Screening and ranking based on numeric properties are merely the first steps in any selection exercise They deliver a ranked list of potential candidates but this can belong and with many questions unanswered Once a subset of entities is found CES Seector provides automatic access to vast sources of supporting information searchable files or databases provided by Granta or others on CD ROM text images and tabular data of the sort found in handbooks and immediate Internet access to an enormous range of material and process information through the CES Weblinks system This gives background reference information for the short listed candidates their reputation case histories of their uses warnings about their weak
74. cord in the database also has a set of attributes The attributes are the data values eg the Young s modulus of a material The attributes are all user defined 7 4 Creating Table Components This section explains how to create two components that are needed for building a table of material suppliers which is the subject of Section 7 5 Theseare a discrete attribute type with the settings High M edium and Low and a new unit called tonnes metric tons 7 4 1 Discrete Attributes Create a discrete attribute called 3 value as shown in figure 7 8 Select the menu option Database Database Properties Click onceon the Discretes Tab of the Database Properties dialog Createa new Discrete property type by clicking on the New button near thetop right of the dialog box under Discrete T ypes Edit the name of the new discrete property to 3 value Ensure that 3 value is highlighted then create its values by clicking once on the New button in the middle of the dialog box under Discrete values Edit the name of the new value to High Repeat the process to create values Medium and Low Click onceon Apply at the bottom of the dialog box 96 CES User s Manual Database Properties xi General Units Discretes Constants Parameters Discrete Types Click on New Standard New to create a Wood Type new discrete COME NNNM Delete property Name the new p
75. ctor Start M enu Program group from the Programs option on the Start menu on the Windows task bar Chapter 2 Installation 15 amp CES Selector 3 2 Bi x Eie Edt View Go Favorites Hep MEM Mp CES Selector Help a CES Selector ei Uninstall CES Selector Fig 2 7 The CES Selector group in Windows Program M anager Notethat the CES Constructor software is not automatically distributed with every CES system It will only be available if you have purchased a licence for Constructor 2 5 Multiple User Installations This section provides information about options for multiple user installations of CES Selector It assumes that you have some experience with setting up Windows programs to run on networks M ultiple user copies of CES Selector can be installed in two possible ways In both cases it is necessary to perform an installation on every machine on which the software isto be used i ii CES Selector can beinstalled individually on the hard disk drive of every machine on which it will be used i e like a single user installation In this case you should follow the installation instructions described in the previous sections and install the software into a folder on the local hard disk If morethan one copy is to be used simultaneously a full installation will be required on each machine So asto enable access to the on line books The software can be installed in a folder on a network drive I
76. d formats Appendix C General Information 147 C2 Limits on Data Types CES Symbol Data Type Numerical A maximum of 6 significant figures Zz Range amp Point Data values can be entered as Ja Functional Range ean integer e g 456 Functional Point ea decimal e g 123 456 0 000123456 or formatted with an exponent e g 456e 010 or 123 456e 009 Data values can range from 1e4038 to 1e 039 for negative values 1e 039 to 1e 038 for positive values Numerical A maximum of 10 significant figures Integer Data values are entered as an integer eg 456 Data values can range from 2 147 483 648 to 2 147 483 647 TRUE or FALSE Discrete A maximum of 26 valuesin a set eg Red Orange Yellow or A B C X Y Z El Date Data values can be entered in a valid short or long date system format e g dd M M yyyy 22 09 00 d M yy 22 09 2000 yyyy M M dd 2000 09 22 M d yyyy 9 22 2000 dd mmmm yyyy 22 September 2000 Data values can range from January 1 100 to December 31 9999 ap Picture Windows Bitmap bmp Enhanced M afile emf Windows M etafile wmf t Short Text 40 characters Tune Ed Hyperlink Data values are valid URLs consisting of a protocol and location e g http www grantadesign com asLongText as Long Text 148 CES User s Manual C3 Naming Conventions Names are case sensitive and must beunique Maximum Invalid Cannot Cannotbe number of Characters start with charactersin cannot nam
77. d would be 256 metre If you subsequently changed the unit of the Length field to say centimetre the valuein Length would remain as 256 so it would become 256 centimetre in that record Whatever units are chosen for setting the data values in the database using Constructor it is still possible to view attribute data in another unit if you have set up equivalent units for other unit systems For example if the yard has been set up as an equivalent unit to the metre then the value of the attribute can be displayed in either unit in Selector 256 metre or 280 1 yard but it will remain stored as 256 metre in the database It is also possible to display the data in a different unit in Constructor if you alter the Preferred units system see Section 8 4 6 8 4 2 Unit Name and Symbol When a new unit is created it is given both a Name and a Symbol The symbol is what you will see most of the time in both Selector and Constructor but the name is shown wherever clarity is required Example Name metre Symbol m figure 8 11 Database Properties x General Units Discretes Constants Parameters megaton Mt Delete Metric ton tonne z Mg m 3 Mg m 3 Edi micron um Fig 8 11 Part of the Database Properties dialog showing the unit metre 8 4 3 Unit Systems and Equivalent Units If a new unit is common across all unit systems Example volt V then there is no need to specify an
78. depth than permitted by the LDR without changing the wall thickness and ironing in which the thickness of the sheet is reduced thus resulting in a deeper cup iml Fig 5 12 Attributes window showing the first screen of information for the process Deep Drawing 5 4 The On line Books CES contains an on line documentation system which provides a wide variety of information to support users The default book called CESInDepth includes background on the selection process information about the CES databases solutions to many standard engineering problems 50 interactive case studies on material process and shape selection and more figure 5 13 A number of other CD ROM s can be purchased from Granta Design and run within CES They are linked directly to entities in the CES databases generally materials and manufacturing processes and can be used as sources of supporting information during the selection process The current on line book can be changed using the Books Change Book menu 6 At the time of writing these CD ROMs include Megabytes on Coppers II The Butterworth Heinemann Engineering Materials Selector and Steelspec Contact Granta Design for details 52 CES User s Manual Click once on the Books tab Elec Loe Bum SE Pe oe HP dyes epee HE uad PTT M echanical Attributes E much mcus Fem Double piarum Click on EET i
79. e 12 53 59 20 78 80 30 90 100 where B1 is the parameter assigned to the functional attribute F2 and the default value of B1 is 10 Interpolation on a log scale has been used between points LEES CS a Ex a x Fig D4 Graph of functional range attribute F2 displayed on log scales CES Example Functional Range Attribute Fatigue Strength M odel two Parameters No of Cycles and Stress Ratio one function Type Expression In Constructor open theCES database data gdb and set the filter and form of the Materialstableto Metal View the metal record AerMet 100 under Metal Ferrous Alloys H igh Alloy Steels D6 Functional Point Examples Functional Point Attribute F3 one Parameter B1 one function Type Expression Description Domain Type Expression Parameters B1 2 1 10 Value Parameter B1 P1 where B1 is the parameter assigned to the functional attribute F3 the default value of BT is 10 and PT is a Point attribute value 100 Appendix D Functional Data Syntax 155 53 F3 steel a OY xi Fig D5 Graph of functional point attribute F3 displayed on log scales Functional Point Attribute F4 one Parameter B1 one function Type Array Description Domain Type Array Parameters B1 Value 12 53 20 80 30 90 where BT is the parameter assigned to the functional attribute F4 and the default value of B1
80. e Y oung s M odulus with Temperature contains values of the Young s modulus of materials as a function of the parameter Temperature Each parameter has a default value which is stored in the database The default parameters are global to a CES project Their values can be changed but the changes have a global effect There are two different options for setting the parameter values used to evaluate a functional attribute eg when viewing a particular record or when performing a selection stage 26 CES User s Manual Constants i The parameter values can be set locally for the particular instance of the function ii The global project default parameters can be used for viewing the function If the project default parameters are used for a selection stage and the default parameter values are changed at any time in the current project the selection stage will automatically update itself For example it would be possibleto set the project default parameter T emperature to a value of say 500K degrees Kelvin All material selection stages which used default parameters in functional data would then be evaluated at 500K If the value of this default parameter was changed then all selection stages which used it would automatically be updated to the new temperature Constants are numbers like the General Gas Constant the Acceleration dueto gravity g or x They can be used in Selector as part of a user defin
81. e and to overwrite all existing Granta records with updated values Branchesthat have only changed location on thetree will not be considered During the updating process the default action is for records created by Granta in the current database to be overwritten with new data from the external database Records created by the user will be unchanged Where there is a conflict between a user created record and a new Granta record both records will be present in the updated database Seethe Reference Guide on the U pdate Database W izard in the on line H elp for further information 8 8 Conclusions CES Constructor is a sophisticated tool for making selection databases To take full advantage of its capabilities we recommend that you work through the Tutorials in the on line Help system The expert staff at Granta Design can provide advice on database design issues and can provide a consulting serviceto help with major database development projects Granta Design would welcome your feedback on any improvements you would like to see in the CES system its data or documentation email support grantadesign com APPENDICES Appendix A Toolbars A1 Selector New Save Copy Print Selection Books Find Weblinks Project Project Results Window Record Supporting sic id dl id alsm e S Sollte Al wl Open Cut Paste Project Links Welcome Books Help Project Window Window Screen Supporting Information F
82. e data values for the attributes will be lost from the copied records If the source table and the destination table contain filters of the same name then the copied records will be added to the same filters in the destination table without any need for intervention If a filter exists in the source table but not the destination table then an additional filter in the destination table can be created In the destination table if appropriate the copied records and its parent records will be added to this additional filter No other records will be added to the filter If you choose not to create additional filters then filter information will be lost from the copied records If the source table and the destination table contain matching identical forms then there isno need for the creation of an additional form If a form exists in the source table but not the destination table then an additional form in the destination table can be created If a form exists in the source table and a form of the same name but with different headings or different attributes exists in the destination table then a new form with a different name can be created in the destination table to hold the same layout as the source If you choose not to create additional forms then form information will be lost in the destination table Related Tables If arelationship exists between the source table and third party table but not between the destination
83. e same set of information for all records entities This constrains the choice of fields attributes to those which are common to all entities in the database We will call these the universal attributes Decisions about the taxonomy of the database the structure of records are strongly linked to the choice of attributes Chapter 6 Selection Database Design 75 For example consider constructing a database of manufacturing processes It is possible to include all of the main families of processes casting deposition deformation composite forming rapid prototyping as records in a comprehensive generic database as in the CES process data module Section 4 2 The universal attribute se consists of properties like surface roughness tolerance material classes shape classes capital cost tooling cost and economic batch size These attributes are common to all manufacturing processes whatever the family and they can be used to select families classes or sub classes of processes from a generic database of processes 3 However such a database should generally not contain class specific attributes such as cutting rate or cutting fluid type which are only relevant to one family of processes machining If a generic process database contained these family specific attributes and a selection was based on them some families eg casting rapid prototypin
84. e 115 8 5 Creating Functional Attributes seen 121 8 6 Importing Data aded dede 125 8 7 Copying and Updating sse 134 8 8 CONCIUSIONS 5 bnt ts 140 Lun rn r 141 Appendix A T oolDars e cie ite ette ente ect e Decet eerie 143 Ail Sel tOr e E 143 AZ Selectorand Constructor 2 a ees 143 A3 GONSEFUCUON e ent Soh teva LR Lav Ete RA te RA en kn ER 144 Appendix B Filter Settings nnns 145 B1 Materials Selection ssssssseeennnnnnnnnnnnnn nnns 145 B2 Process Select OFT ui ree eee teet ee EA ee ele 145 B3 Structural Sections Seleti Moscoson 145 Appendix C General Information sese 146 CL FleTyp6es e etic citi eic tice i 146 C2 Limitson Data T ypes ssssseeseeeeenenennnnnnnen nnne nnns 147 C3 Naming Conventions essere nnn nennen 148 C4 Constructor Options for Preferred Currency and Units 149 Contents iii Appendix D Functional Data Syntax 0 cccsessssscsssessssssssessssssrsssssseseresesesess 150 D1 Description of Functional Data Syntax sesers 150 D2 Expression FUNCTION iua ccn te iei ti is 150 D3 Array Function sse nnne nnns 151 D4 Estimated Functional Attribute essen 152 D5 Functional Range Examples seen 152 D6 Functional Point Examples sss 154 D ExamipleFiles c cet ceci aa 156 Appendix E References nennen tentent n
85. e are checked using the same hierarchical procedure RUT ATA pss CLASS hARGE TEST PHYSICAL LIMITS OUTPUT DATA METALS POL YIMEFIE j CERAMICS nme Frid v i BON F ul Dni va ITO WALIATED fe GLASSES Fay POLAT Ser Li ed ee Die DATA BATA i vM aces X Y g WITH CLASS PATH CLASS 5 7 ELASTOMERS 74 ng IDE RTIFER IDEHTIEIER COMPOSITES HATIRA Fig 62 Theschemefor checking material properties in CES databases 80 CES User s Manual 6 11 Approximations Estimates and Non Existence of Data The need for completeness ie the absence of holes in records for screening has already been mentioned There are three ways of dealing with holes 6 11 1 Approximations An attribute may not strictly apply for the particular entity The modulus of rupture OMOR is one such property in material properties database It describes the bending stiffness of a brittle material like glass and is familiar to ceramic engineers who measure strength in this way but not to metallurgists who use other measures of strength An engineer seeking a material with an adequate modulus of rupture really wants one with an adequate bending strength so a practical solution is to fill the modulus of rupture field in the metals part of the database with a comparable property the yield strength Then metals with adequate bending strength will pass selections based on the modulus of rupture 6 11 2 Estimates In some cases the value of an attrib
86. e contain Database DatabaseTitle Author Company Notes Unit Unit Name Unit Symbol Unit Equation Unit System Discrete Discrete Type N ame 60 blank Discrete Value Name a aa Constant Honea ae 6 1 ES Picture Gallery Picture N ame 60 blank Picture Group Name 60 blank Table TableName blank TableType Filter Name Hen blank Form Name blank Form H eading blank Equation Name f blank Attribute Name Record Short Name Full Name Short Code Appendix C General Information 149 C4 Constructor Options for Preferred Currency and Units For the Current Database Automatic None For New Databases Automatic Named Setting Database O ptions Preferred Currency TheRegional Setting from the operating system for currency is used to view data Theregional setting is specified after Automatic e g Automatic GBP Data is displayed using the units stored in the database Currency data is displayed using the default Currency see Database Properties dialog Named currency is used to display data e g US Dollar USD Preferred Unit System The Regional Setting from the operating system for unit system is used to view data The regional setting is specified after Automatic e g lt Automatic M etric gt Data is displaying using the units stored in the database Attribute data is displayed using the unit for the attribute definition
87. e existing records for soft magnets For the hard magnets data is availablefor remnant induction coercive force intrinsic coercive force maximum energy product and recoil permeability In addition details of the temperature dependence of the above properties are available for some materials The magnetic materials and their specific properties are shown in the M agnetic filter and form Aluminium Beryllium Aluminium Beryllium AIBeM et alloy has been added to the database This is an important new material for high end light stiff applications Trade Names and Equivalent Standards D esignations These have been extensively revised and updated in co operation with ASM International and now cover 47 standards organisations in 40 countries CES includes approximately 8 000 material equivalencies Fatigue Strength A Fatigue Strength model property known as an S N curve has been included for the metal records in CES This is a generic fatigue model constructed by Granta Design to estimate the fatigue strength based on the variables N o of Cycles and Stress Ratio the values of which can be changed by the user Hardness The generic hardness property i e given for all materials has changed from Hardness to Hardness Vickers Vickers hardness is a known engineering property The previously used hardness was a stress equivalent effectively a factor of 10 greater Note Alternative hardness systems are available
88. e listed in Table 8 4 Chapter 8 Advanced Construction Features 137 source record isa folder source record has attributes destination record is added to thefilter source record has as well as keeping its own DATA If any attribute has the value N ot Applicable in the destination record then it is overwritten by the data in the source record CHILDREN All the children of the source record are merged onto the branch Table8 4 Effect of merge operation on destination records When copying records between tables if the properties of the table of the source record do not match the properties of the destination table then a dialog will appear giving the option to edit the properties of the destination table so that they match the source Procedure Select the record of interest if the record isa generic or folder record all the child records will be included Select Copy Record from the Edit menu Select the record under which the copied records are to appear i e select the parent record for the destination record s Select Paste from the Edit menu If the short name tree name of the record being copied source record matches a record under the destination branch then the Record Paste dialog opens Select a merge operation Click OK to paste the records or Cancel When copying records between tables if the table properties of the source and destination table do not match the option to edit the destin
89. e or more of these companies in every record with some of the suppliers appearing in several different records This would be a violation of the redundancy rule Were one supplier to change telephone number for example then every instance of this number must be updated throughout the database with potential for error and omission A relational database structure overcomes this problem The simplest relational database contains two data tables In this example one table contains material properties the other contains information about the suppliers as shown schematically in Figure 6 3 Each supplier appears just once in the suppliers table The database management software creates and maintain links between this supplier and every material that it supplies In arelational database the links are as important as the attributes in fact they can be considered to be attributes and they require a software system which handles them flexibly and automatically A powerful feature of links is that they work in both directions Thusit is possible to use the example system as a materials selector to select materials that are made by particular suppliers eg select all aluminium alloys made by US suppliers Alternatively it could be used as a suppliers selector to select the suppliers that manufacture particular materials eg select all US suppliers who make aluminium alloys 6 13 Supporting Data Tables This chapter has concentrated on data t
90. e status bar of the Linked Records window as shown in figure 8 5 Materials tree Supplier tree 3 Metal Materials Commercially Pure 0O Ceramic Element Metal Ferrous Alloys Australia EB Light Alloys v C3 Canada 3 0 Aluminium 2 v C3 usa xe Cast OE ACME Steel Wrought ME Lcos OB American Crucible Products Link Cast gt ALCOA Aluminum Company of America Fig 8 4 Indirect links between parent records of Cast aluminium alloys and parent records of ALCOA as a consequence of the direct link shown in figure 8 2 ked Records Metal OF x Link Supplier Associations Organisations and Directories Materials Ceramic Metal Australia Canada USA ACME Steel examining indirect link from Metal Materials to ALCOA Supplier D originating link is from Cast Materials to ALCOA Supplier ALCOA Aluminum Company of America BS American Crucible Products ha ALCOA Aluminum Com Cast gt ALCOA Aluminum Company of America Fig 8 5 The Linked Records window showing links for the record M etal in the material table Highlighting the indirect link to ALCOA shows that the originating direct link was from Cast Aluminium Alloys 8 2 Automatic Data Checking Impleme
91. e to be discriminating because all carbon steels have almost the same values of these properties Strength hardness and magnetic coercive force a property which is non universal for the greater kingdom of materials but universal for carbon steels are all discriminating in the family specific case 6 10 Data Checking The value of a database depends on its accuracy and its completeness in short on its quality One way of maintaining or enhancing quality isto subject the data to validating procedures The range checks and physically based correlations described below provide powerful tools for doing this The same procedures fill a second function that of providing estimates for missing data Thisis essential when direct measurements are not available 4 6 10 1 Range Checks Trivial though it may seem it is valuable when creating a database to tabulate the known range of values of each attribute for each class in the database and to check whether each new datum lies within the appropriate range A convenient way of 78 CES User s Manual presenting the information is as a table in which a low L and a high H value are stored identified by the family or class If the attributes of the records at each level of the hierarchy table tree are chosen to be an envelope of the attributes of the records beneath them in the hierarchy then the attributes of new records added to the database can be checked against the envelope of attr
92. eWelcome dialog v Enter Registration Information Hohn Smitt Smith s Industries Inc 1abc 09we 4bj9 abcd __ lt Beck nees conca Fig 23 Registration information 12 CES User s Manual Enter your Name and Company details Enter your registration key located on your Licence Agreement card by typingitin thefield provided Click onceon Next gt to confirm the registration information and continue with the setup procedure The Licence Agreement screen will appear figure 2 4 The Licence Agreement is a legally binding agreement between you and Granta Design Limited The same Licence Agreement text appears on the Licence Card For Customer details the Site and any special conditions please seethe hard copy Licence Card IF YOU CLICK ON THE Agree BUTTON YOU AGREE TO BE BOUND BY THE TERMS OF THE LICENCE AGREEMENT AS SPECIFIED ON THE LICENCE AGREEM ENT SCREEN AND ON THELICENCE CARD Once you have read the licence agreement you can proceed with installing CES Selector Click onceon the Agree button if you agreeto be bound by theterms of the Licence Agreement Licence Agreement x Please read the following licence agreement Use the scroll bar to view the rest of this agreement For CUSTOMER SITE and any SPECIAL CONDITIONS please refer to hard copy agreement Agreement Number 0 Users 1 user Licence Type Educational Licence Period Perpetual Software CES Engineer Pro GRANTA DESIGN LIMITED
93. earance Note on Limit Selection Stages f you wish to perform a limit selection stage see Section 5 5 2 using functional data the values of the parameters used in the selection can be edited using the Properties button at the top of the Limit Stage window figure 5 18 Yii Plot Fatigue Strength M odel on the Y axis ambr Esn ba eiad ha vui eu in pia ce akci Fe eed bala Fapa shue D Edit the parameter values used to evaluate the function NV jmp Parr Dela Matan Tepa Seng Mote R If this box is checked the project defaults will be used to evaluate the function The project defaults can then be edited in the Axis Parameters dialog Fig 5 27 Setting the parameters for plotting a chart with functional data 5 6 5 Saving Material Properties and Results You can transfer the contents of the Attributes or Results windows to an external file as follows Make the Attributes window or the Selection Results window active by clicking on it or select it from the Window menu Select Edit Copy to copy the contents to the clipboard Open another Windows application such as a spread sheet or word processor Select Edit Paste in the external program to import the contents of the clipboard The format of the exported data will depend on the capabilities of the external program 68 CES User s Manual Fa hin ci eriam eT Fema c 2 X amp T 1 F M B Diei py hig Fig 5 28 Graph of
94. ecision floating point numbers and must have values within the ranges 1e4038 to 1e 039 for negative numbers 1e 039 to 1e 038 for positive numbers Data values are a number with a maximum of ten significant figures Integer data occupies onefield Integer data cannot be assigned a unit Chapter 8 Advanced Construction Features 131 Data values are entered as an integer e g 456 Data values are stored as long integer numbers and should rangein valuefrom 2 147 483 648 to 2 147 483 647 Discrete D ata Discrete data values are text e g the value 1 will be treated as the character 1 not the number 1 0 A discrete attribute cannot be assigned a unit instead a Discrete Type is created for it The data values become Discrete Values for the Discrete Type A maximum of 26 different discrete values is allowed Logical data Data values can be a number 1 or 0 or a Boolean TRUE or FALSE No units can be assigned to logical data Short Text A maximum of 40 characters is allowed No units can be assigned to short text data LongText A maximum of 64k characters is allowed No units can be assigned to long text data In the case of a text string in tab or comma delimited text file if the text string contains the delimiter eg a comma then quote marks should be put around the entire text string For example 15 17 inch monitors in Table8 1 Blanks An Attribute data value can also be left blank In Constructor blan
95. ection button on the Project toolbar The program will now present you with the dialog box Line Selection The default slope is 1 0 which is what you want for M so Click onceon OK to accept theslope of 1 then Click onceon a point near 1 0 200 on thechart Hold down the mouse button and drag the lineto 1 0 200 and releaseit Seethe coordinates at the bottom left of the window A diagonal selection line will appear on the chart figure 5 22 Click onceon a point above the line with the hand cursor to indicate that you want to select materials in that area those with high og p All materials above the line and all materials that cross the line passed the selection stage and will now be plotted in colour All other materials failed and they will be plotted in grey You can move the selection line to change your selection move the cursor over thelineuntil it changesto four way arrows then drag and drop thelineto anew position Note that this line selection superseded the previous box selection because only one selection is possible on each stage Chapter 5 Selector Quick Start Guide 61 Reference lines Text added using the Materials above added using the Text button on the the selection guideline option on Project tool bar line passed the Project toolbar 5i Selection on strengthidensity i Tungsten Carbide Matrix Composite Boron Carbide All NE o o T E 9 tin Re
96. ection stage plot a simple selection chart select a subset of entities from the chart view the selection results It also presents various graph formatting options Section 5 6 Further Facilities shows you how to save your work in a Project file perform more complex selections and export data to other applications Before starting this Quick Start Guide you will need to install the program by following the instructions in Chapter 2 of this manual 5 2 Getting Started 5 2 1 Starting CES The installation process will make a Program M anager group called CES Selector 3 2 which will contain theicons for CES software components as shown in figure 2 7 Double click on the CES Selector icon to run the program aie CES Selector You can also access the CES Selector Start Menu Program group from the Programs option on the Start menu usually at the bottom left of the Windows screen 40 CES User s Manual 5 2 2 The Welcome Screen You will be greeted by the Welcome screen shown in figure 5 1 At the bottom of the screen is the Sdection Table list box This can be used to specify which of your database tables is used for selection The contents of the list will depend on the CES data modules you have purchased If you have the full CES Engineer package then the list will contain Application Areas Materials Process Reference Shape Structural Sections Supplier and Uses Although it is possible to specify any of
97. ed property when plotting a selection chart or they can be used in Constructor as part of a checking correlation equation or functional data expression 3 4 Data Types in Selections CES can perform selections on Numerical Static or Functional Discrete Logical and Date data types and on Links between tables An example of the last would beto select Materials which can be manufactured by Injection Moulding Injection Moulding isa record in the Process table Selections cannot be performed on Text Pictures or URLs 3 5 Sources of Data W here possible information for the attributes in the CES databases was obtained from published literature journals handbooks manufacturers leaflets or electronic sources such as databases or the World Wide Web These sources of information are listed in the CES References table 3 6 Estimated and Not Applicable Attributes Not all attributes can be obtained from published sources Some may not even have been measured It is important for the operation of Selector that the database is complete has no holes or gaps see Chapter 6 for discussion Thereforein some places it is necessary to use expert estimates of data values The data values which are estimated are denoted in the list of attributes with an asterisk One such example is the attribute Recycle Fraction in the General attributes of Aluminium Alloy 2014 T6 shown in figure 3 4 This attribute is defined as the
98. el Under the form heading Range Attributes enter the following values for the attribute RT Minimum 56 Maximum 89 Fig 8 21 124 CES User s Manual m fe mi Fig 8 21 Setting a value for property R1 Scroll to the form heading Functional Range Data For theattribute F T click on the Function Builder button This opens the Functional Data Expression Builder dialog The upper pane is where the function for the functional attribute is built The lower pane lists those attributes constants and parameters that can be used in anumerical expression Click on the New button Fig 8 22 A drop down list appears enabling the user to choose the type of expression to be created Click on Expression Functional Data Expression Builder Fig 8 22 Creating anew Expression The skeleton for a function of type Expression appears in the upper pane and the Constants Parameters page of the dialog becomes visible listing the Parameters in the database The cursor is positioned to input a descriptive text string for the expression Type Domain 1 for the Description Now set the line for Parameters will to Parameters Parameter B1 1 10 as follows Ensure that Parameters are shown in the lower pane Place the cursor between the brackets on the Parameters line Click on the Parameter Name BT to select it Click on the Insert button to add the parameter to the expr
99. ennen enn 157 aO E E A E m re ert her ed ada aa S 158 Legal Matters Licence Agreement The software described in this document is furnished under a Licence Agreement and may be used or copied only in accordance with theterms of the Licence Copyright This documentation for the Cambridge Engineering Selector CES and the software described in it are copyrighted 1999 2001 Granta Design Limited with all rights reserved Under the copyright laws neither the documentation nor the software may be copied photocopied reproduced translated or reduced to any electronic medium or machine readable form in whole or in part without the prior written consent of Granta Design Limited except in the manner described in the installation instructions Trademarks Cambridge Engineering Selector CES Selector CES Constructor CES Viewer CES InDepth and CES Weblinks are Trademarks of Granta Design Limited Permission to Reprint Acknowledgements References Reprinting Selection charts attribute data and extracts from hardcopy or on line documentation copyrighted by Granta Design Limited may be reprinted in published works provided i prior written permission is obtained for every instance from Granta Design Limited by mail fax or electronic mail contact details on back cover of this manual ii each such chart attribute list document etc is accompanied by an acknowledgenent of the form Chart data etc from the Cambridge Eng
100. ent 1000 kilogram kg UK Imperial 2204 62 pound lb pound Ib Click on US Imperial then select pound Ib from the list box Display as unit Fig 7 11 Setting equivalent units in each unit system 7 5 Creating a New Table In this exercise you will create a new table containing information about material suppliers then make links between this table and the materials table You will also learn how to create a form to change the format of the information displayed in the Attributes window The Suppliers table will include the following attributes Text attributes Name Address and Telephone number Range attributes Batch size capability tonnes and Lead time weeks Discrete attribute Quality of product High M edium or Low Create a new table of suppliers as follows Click on the Database tab in the Control window Click on the New Table button i Create an empty table in the Create T able page of the New Table Wizard Note that you can also base the new table on a standard template in the New Table Wizard This does a lot of work for you by automatically creating all the attributes units etc for the new table in the same form as the tables from Granta Design It is essential to do this if you are creating a new Weblinks table Give the new tablethe name Suppliers in the New Table Wizard Link the new table to the M aterials table by checking the box in the Table Links
101. er Polymer Composites Information for 25 polymer matrix lamina and laminate composites has been added to the data module The properties for quasi isotropic QI laminates are given for all composite materials Base data is included for both non woven and woven materials The base properties for the non woven materials are given for unidirectional laminates in the longitudinal and transverse directions For the woven materials the properties for biaxial laminates are used Where data was taken from the MIL HDBK 17 links to MIL HDBK 17 test data information have been added requires the optional separate MIL H DBK database for thisto work Tool Steels The materials table has been enhanced with records covering 82 Tool Steels Additional properties appropriate for the specific properties of tool steels have been added These properties allow the selection criteria to reflect the needs of tool tip materials Examples Chapter 1 Introduction 7 include Decarburisation Resistance Distortion Resistance Rating and Cracking Resistance Rating Thenew tool steel materials are shown in the Tool Steels filter Magnetic Materials Records for 50 hard and soft magnetic materials have been added to the materials data module The entries are split between electromagnets soft magnets and permanent magnets hard magnets Specific properties including maximum permeability coercive force remnant induction and saturation induction have been added to som
102. er Fuchsia icons in the CES tree and selection graphs This 0 15 allows the user to quickly identify record groupings This integer field should be one of thefollowing values 0 Red Navy Lime Olive Blue Purple Yellow Teal Fuchsia Grey Aqua Black Maroon White Green Silver LONGNAME The full name of therecord Value from NAME Table8 3 Descriptions of the Special Fields 130 CES User s Manual 8 6 7 Preparing for Import Units Currency Discrete Types To import a unit for a numeric attribute directly follow the field name with the unit symbol enclosed in curly brackets or braces as shown in Table 8 2 For example length m specifies an attribute of name length and units m If the unit symbol does not already exist in the database a new unit will becreated Only numeric attributes can have units It is also possible to import a unit equation using nested brackets and the operators and For example max speed m s specifies an attribute of name max speed and units m per s see Table 8 2 To import discrete data directly follow the field name with the name of the discrete type enclosed in curly brackets or braces e g type of craft mode specifies an attribute of name type of craft and its discrete type mode Table 8 2 A new Discrete Type for the attribute will be created in the database with discrete values corresponding to the data values listed in the table gr
103. erlink and Last updated date Click on New in the Suppliers Properties dialog to add a new field Enter the name of the new field eg Lead time in the left column and select the data type eg range and units where applicable eg weeks from thelist boxes near the bottom of the dialog box as shown in figure 7 13 For the Discrete property Quality of material set the property typeto Discrete Theunits list will changeto a list containing the available discrete properties Select the Discrete Type 3 value from the list box Add the remaining attributes as shown in figure 7 13 Notes ii iii Chapter 7 Constructor Quick StartGuide 101 Click on Apply when you have finished The attributes will be arranged alphabetically The new discrete type 3 value is available in the list of discretes as a result of the actions described in Section 7 4 1 and the new unit type tonne is available in the units list as a result of the actions described in Section 7 4 2 To delete a row from the table click once on the attribute name to highlight the row then click on the Delete button or press the Del key on your keyboard It is possible to include graphical information in database records using the picture data type An exampleis the process schematic in each process record see figure 5 12 The attribute is set to picture using the list box at the bottom of the Table Propert
104. ers tab in the dialog box and select the filters for the record ii When setting the filters for a folder record using the procedure in i there is an additional option Add all children of this record to the selected filter Check this box if you would like all records below this folder to be included in the filter For example a class specific filter like light alloys might include all materials on thetree below the M agnesiums folder iii To add remove a record from the current filter right click on the record name on thetabletree and select de select In Current Filter on the context menu 7 5 5 Picture Gallery Importinga picture into a data record utilisesthe Picture Gallery Select the Process table from the drop down list on the Tables tab of the Control window Open a record on the Process table tree for example Process C asting C eramic Mould Casting Scroll through the record until you see the attribute Process Schematic Click onceon the button This will open the Picture Gallery as shown in Fig 7 18 Chapter 7 Constructor Quick Start Guide 107 Select the name of a picturein theleft window pane A preview of this picture will appear in the middle of the Picture Gallery dialog box Clickon OK to insertthis picture into the Process data record Notes i For the pictures to be available in the picture gallery they must first be imported from an external file Do this using the Import
105. es dialog will appear left of figure5 9 Thisdialog box enables you to set various options for the display of the function i Select the No of Cycles parameter N to be plotted on the X axis and ii accept the Project Default parameters in this case R 1 at the bottom of the dialog box or change the parameter values Note that if the Project Defaults check box at the bottom of the dialog is ticked the graph will be plotted using the project default parameters If it is not ticked then the graph will be plotted using whatever parameter values you enter when you click on Edit See Section 3 3 9 for further details about default parameters Click on OK to plot the graph The graph on the right of figure 5 9 will appear It shows the fatigue strength calculated by the model as a function of N with R set to 1 urrien Geaph Prageies mJ FERME HU POEM Plot No of Cycles on x axis in Parana Babci He paman Fra e oor Range of Horan cae Vedea Sedi function at 6 aprites fr Lopini 1E7 cycles f Uma Uma Pueti ER Longe heed pua rand ode EF Pepi Dual m e Use the Edit the Project parameters Default used to plot parameters the function Parameter values used to plot the function Fig 5 9 Fatigue Strength M odel for 2014 T6 An example of functional data At a valueof N 107 1E7 cycles the Project Default the function ranges between values of 97 3 M Paand 159 M Pa These are the
106. ession Type 1 10 directly after the parameter name This states that the following function Value is valid for values of the parameter B1 between 1 and 10 Now set the line for the Value to Value Parameter B1 2 R1 Position the cursor after Value Chapter 8 Advanced Construction Features 125 Select the Parameter Name B1 and click Insert Clickthepower button Type the number 2 Click the multiplication button Click on the Attributes tab and select the Attribute named RT then click on the Insert button The completed expression should look like figure 8 23 In mathematical notation this expression means Fl B1 x R1 evaluated over the domain 1 B1 10 Functional Data Expression Builder x Description Domain 1 Type Expression Parameters Parameter B1 21 10 Value Parameter B1 2 R1 Fig 8 23 Thecompleted expression Click on OK to validatethefunction The Functional Data Expression Builder dialog closes and the user is returned to the open record containing the functional data that has just been input Click on i to view a graph of the function Try plotting it on both linear and logarithmic scales see Appendix D Fig D2 For more information about functional data See Appendix D and information in the on lineH elp 8 6 Importing Data CES Constructor has the ability to import tables from other databases This section discusses the data source
107. f Rupture Poisson s Ratio Shape Factor Shear M odulus Tensile Strength Young s M odulus Thermal M aximum Service Temperature M ating Point Minimum Service Temperature 0 K Specific H eat J kg K Thermal Conductivity W m Thermal Expansion i 6 ustrain K Electrical Breakdown Potential 10 6 V m Dielectric Constant 9 5 0 3 Resistivity 9 48E 21 uohm cm Power Factor 0 0014 Chapter 4 The Data Modules 31 Optical Transparency Opaque Environment Flammability Very Good Fresh W ater Very Good Organic Solvents Very Good Oxidation at 500 C Very Good Sea W ater Very Good Strong Acid Very Good Strong Alkalis Very Good UV Very Good W ear Very Good Weak Acid Very Good Weak Alkalis Very Good Typical U ses M etalising of M olymanganese Reference Sources Data compiled from multiple sources See links to the References table Links Application Areas p Structural Sections Process Supplier Uses No warranty is given for the accuracy of this data Values marked are estimates 4 2 Manufacturing Processes 4 2 1 Introduction The economics of manufacturing depend critically on the choice of processes The CES Process Data Table guidesthischoice It contains detailed information for 125 processes and allows systematic selection of the most appropriate process to make a given component The selection is based on design specifications the component size its shape the material in which it is to made the required precisio
108. for some materials where relevant e g Rockwell M and R for polymers Rockwell C for tool steels Transparency All materials are now ranked on four levels of transparency Opaque Translucent Transparent and Optical Quality Theold logical property opaque for ceramics has been deleted MIL HDBK data The materials module within the CES 3 2 standard database includes records for all of the MIL HDBK 5 materials These records do not carry any statistical traceability and 8 CES User s Manual Unit Systems include information from other sources Similarly records have also been included for generic unidirectional UD biaxial BI and quasi isotropic QI laminates fabricated from composite materials from M IL H DBK 17 These database updates allow materials contained within two major sources of aerospace specific information to be compared and contrasted with the widest range of possibilities The original datain MIL HDBK 5 and MIL H DBK 17 can be accessed via separate optional CES tables Direct access to the MIL HDBK 5 PDF files is provided for all of the appropriate materials via the CES W eblinks system The links allow the exact section of a PDF fileto located easily directly from a materials record in CES increasing the availability and value of this information source as well as providing traceability information for the MIL 5 material data Two new self consistent Imperial unit systems have been introduced for the FE export fac
109. from their names in the source database or the first row in a text file or spreadsheet All field names must be unique within their table There are a number of special field names which can be used also see next section Record Names Record names must be uniquefor their branch of thetabletree It is acceptable to have the same names on different branches eg M agnesium Cast and Aluminium Cast The attribute type name units and discrete types can be edited during the Attribute Selection stage of the Import Wizard See Section 8 6 11 8 6 5 Preparing for import Naming fields CES Constructor will import data asis but to get the most from your data it is best to prepare the data before importing If you are importing from another Granta database then no preparation is necessary NamingFields Unlike ordinary databases a Granta database distinguishes between record properties and attributes Properties identify records within the database which allows the records to be displayed on the screen usually in a hierarchical format on thetabletree All records in a Granta database contain properties Most records also contain attributes but some for example folder records do not The attributes are used for selection in CES Selector Since ordinary databases do not have this distinction importing data using CES Constructor relies on specially named fields in your database to distinguish between these two types of data prope
110. g etc would fail the selection by default because they would not possess data for those attributes 6 5 Two step Screening and Ranking Process This requirement of common attributes generally leads to the need for a two step screening and ranking process whereby in the first step a comprehensive database is used to select the main families and classes of entities in the kingdom based on the universal attribute set surface roughness tolerance etc in the process example When one or more suitable candidates has been found a family specific database can be used to narrow down the selection to oneor more particular entities The family specific database can contain attributes that are only relevant to the particular family of entities eg cutting rate in a machining processes database and these can be used in the second step of the screening and ranking process without eliminating any candidates by default Note however that even class specific databases should only contain attributes that are common to all of the entities they contain Otherwise members may be rejected because of an absence of data 6 6 Forms and Filters The first step of the two step screening and ranking process is achieved in CES by using the Generic form and All Bulk Materials filter see Section 3 2 6 and 3 2 7 The All Bulk M aterials filter includes all classes of materials used in engineering applications The Generic form presents only those a
111. g 19 74 75 Searching the Books 52 Selection Based on Links 63 110 Chart 28 57 Data Table 81 Database D esign 73 Line 60 M ethodology 27 Results 56 Stages 27 Table 21 23 27 40 55 Using Functional Attributes 66 Selector Quick Start Guide 39 Set Axis Dialog 64 Short N ame 136 137 Shortcut M enu 3 Significant Figures 24 Source Record 136 137 Source T able 138 Sources of Data 26 Spark Plug Insulator 55 Special Fields 129 CODE 129 COLOUR 129 HASDATA 129 IDENTITY 129 ISFOLDER 129 LONGNAME 129 NAM E 129 PARENT 129 Specific Record 23 Standard Toolbar 143 144 Start M enu Programs Group 85 Starter D atabase 86 Steelspec 51 Strength W eight Ratio 60 Structural Sections Data Table 35 Structural Sections Selection Filters 145 Supporting Data Tables 81 Supporting Information 20 76 Synchronise Attributes 140 Synchronise Records 140 T Tables 21 Properties 101 112 Size 6 Structure 100 Tree 44 Taxonomy 73 74 Materials Table 29 Process Table 32 Structural Sections Table 35 Text Data 25 Text Search 5 52 Tool Steels 6 Tool Tip 4 Toolbars 143 144 Trade N ames 7 Trademarks iv Transparency 7 Tree Codes 90 91 Name 136 137 Structure 112 Tutorial Navigation Line 42 Type 150 Typographical Conventions 3 U Unit Conversion Factors 98 Name and Symbol 116 Settings Dialog 119 Systems 8 116 Units 62 96 Changing 116 Combined 118 Equivalent 116 Units and Currency 115 Universal Attributes 74 75 82
112. g all known classes The data allows material properties to be retrieved quickly and efficiently and the sophisticated selection tools in the CES system enable optimised selection of materials to meet a given set of design requirements 4 1 2 Contents of the Materials Data Table Figure 4 1 shows the taxonomy of the M aterials Data Table2 The kingdom of Materials contains six broad families ceramics metals polymers composites foams and natural materials Each family is made up of classes aluminium alloys for example and sub classes 2000 series Al alloys consisting of many members 2024 T6 for instance Each member is characterised by a set of attributes its density its mechanical thermal and electrical properties its behaviour in various environments its ability to be formed joined and finished CLASS amp MATERIAL FAMILY Density CERAMICS 1000 Cost Modulus Steels 2000 Strength odios Cu alloys 3000 Max use temp METALS Al alloys 4000 SR MATERIALS Tial 5000 T conductivity POLYMERS lealloys 6000 Electrical resist Ni alloys 7000 ELASTOMERS i slve 3000 Forming props COMPOSITES Available forms Fig 41 Taxonomy of theM aterials Data Table The CES Materials Data T able presents this information for all its members Section 4 1 3 presents a typical record in this case for a ceramic a cold pressed and sintered alumina with a porosity of 3 Every attribute is described by a range spanning
113. he Edit menu The Copy down branch dialog appears Check the boxes for those attributes whose values are to be copied down the branch If you wish to Overwrite existing values enablethe appropriate box If you wish to Copy only to records in thecurrent filter enable the appropriate box Click OK to perform theoperation or Cancel 8 7 3 Copying and Merging Records Records can be copied and pasted between different locations on the sametable or from one table to another A specific record can be copied or a whole branch i e a folder or generic record and all its child records The record s are either copied or merged depending on the name of the record it is pasted to If the short name tree name of the record being copied source record matches a record under the destination branch then a dialog will give the options to i ii iii merge records and backup destination a copy is taken of the destination record before the merge operation is performed see below for information on how merge affects the destination record merge records without backup the records are merged together see below for details replace existing record s the existing record is deleted beforethe source record is copied over If theshort names of the records do not match then a straightforward copy takes place The effects of the merge operation on the destination records depend on the attributes being merged They ar
114. he attributes for importing Click on Next gt to complete the import process Your data will be imported see figure 8 27 Any errors that occur eg due to duplicate names will be reported before the process finishes 8 7 Copying and Updating Data Records 8 7 1 Simple and Advanced Copying of a Table A simple copy and paste of a table will create an exact duplicate of the table in the database that is the properties attributes tree structure and attribute data in the table will duplicated A more advanced copy and paste of a table can be performed by using the Paste Special command on the Edit menu This gives the option of copying the table through a form and filter selected by the user Only records in the selected filter will be included in the destination table Only attributes and the data for attributes in the selected form will be included in the destination table If there are no user defined filters then the table is copied through the default filter lt All Records gt and default form lt All Alphabetical gt This copies the entire table and is the equivalent of using the basic Paste command Procedure Chapter 8 Advanced Construction Features 135 Select the name of the table to be copied on the D atabasetab of the Control window Select Copy Table from theEdit menu Select Paste Special from the Edit menu The Paste Special dialog will appear enabling the user to specify the name of the new table
115. he expression isinvalid Constructor will display an error message Functional Rangeattribute F1 one Parameter B1 onefunction T ype Expression Description Domain Type Expression Parameters B1 1 10 Value Parameter B1 2 R1 The numerical data types available in CES 3 2 are range point functional range functional point and integer A numerical expression can consist of the following terms range point functional range functional point integer parameter and constant The logarithm function base 10 or base e can be applied to a valid component or numerical expression e g log Attribute or In numerical expression It is possible to use a range attribute in the expression for a functional point attribute It is possible to use a point attribute in the expression for a functional range attribute D3 Array Function A function stored as a set of points must specify Type Array It must list all parameters used in the array Parameters Parameter Name 1 Parameter Name 2 It is also optional to put lin or log after the list of parameters if it is omitted it defaults to log See below for explanation Parameters Parameter Name 1 Parameter Name 2 lin The Value is the set of points in the form of an array For each point the parameters are listed in the order defined above in Parameters followed by the result the value of the functional attribute If the attribute is a f
116. hen the software may be installed on one personal computer only Installation on more than one computer or installation on a network drive is forbidden under the terms of the Licence If the Licence is for M ultiple U sers multiple seats the software may be installed on the number of computers specified on the Licence Agreement Note that such installations may use a network drive to store a single common copy of the database 2 1 3 Configuration For a single seat licence the program must be installed on the hard disk drive of a PC With multiple seat licences eg teaching licence or office licence the program must be installed on each PC In network installations this can be done using the netsetup program which is supplied with the software Each networked PC must have access to some writeable file space either on a local hard disk or on a network file server Network installations are discussed in Section 2 5 All CES data modules are installed by the installation procedure described in the following sections Additional CES data modules can be purchased and installed in the same way 10 CES User s Manual 2 2 Running the Setup Program If you have installed a copy of CES Selector Evaluation it is recommended that you un install this before installing your licensed copy CES uses a Setup program similar to those of many other Windows applications You can proceed through the stages of installation by clicking once wi
117. ial can stretch before breaking has been changed from ductility to elongation Thetwo are identical except that elongation is expressed as percentage instead of a fraction e g ductility of 0 1 equates to an elongation of 1096 HideNon Applicable Properties When viewing data sheets in CES if thereisno datafor a particular property the message Not Applicable is displayed It is now possible to hide these properties so that only properties that have values are displayed The control for this option is in Tools O ptions on the menu All Bulk Materials Filter The default filter in Selector is now referred to as All Bulk Materials It contains all materials in CES with the exception of some that are considered not suitable for making engineered products Examples include commercially pure metals the less common woods reinforcement fibres particulates and some natural materials such as bone The filter All M aterials contains all the material records in the CES materials data module 1 8 2 CES Constructor The power of CES Constructor has been greatly enhanced with sophisticated software tools which enable database managers to copy and manipulate their in house data and merge it with reference data sources Model Based Selection It is now possible to store Functional data in CES Constructor either as a mathematical function or asan array of points New Data Types Five new data types are available in CES databases
118. ibutes representing their peers as shown in figure 6 1 As an example consider a new aluminium alloy that is being added to the database 5678 T6 Its attributes can be expected to lie within the envelope of attributes defined for all 5000 Series Aluminium Alloys which in turn can be expected to have attributes typical of Wrought Aluminium Alloys which will have attributes with the envelope of the record Light Alloys which will have attributes within the envelope defined by Metals Range checks usually based on experience or current practice can be devised for almost any attribute of almost any entity The use of the ranges for property checking is obvious any new datum should lie in its proper range if it does not it should be checked Why bother with such low level stuff Because in computations involving engineering entities the most common error is the use of an attribute value which is expressed in the wrong units or is for less obvious reasons in error by one or more orders of magnitude slipped decimal point for instance Class specific range checks catch errors of this sort 6 10 2 Correlations Between Attributes Materials which are stiff have high melting points Solids with low densities have high specific heats Metals with high thermal conductivities have high electrical conductivities These rules of thumb describe correlations between two or more material properties which can be expressed more quantita
119. ies Attributes dialog The Picture Gallery is used to import pictures into the database see section 7 5 5 The relationships links between tables can be changed using the Related Tables tab on the Table Supplier Properties dialog Icons represent X Lead time week s attribute t Name types Quality of material 3 value t TelNo new Suppliers Properties X General Attributes Related Tables Equations Details t Fax No Last updated Typical batch size tonne Hl Web address Set attribute Type type Unit tonne M Set units mu ie en Iz Create a New Delete Rename attribute Cancel Apply Help Fig 7 13 Defining the structure of the Suppliers table 102 CES User s Manual Add records to the Suppliers table using the methods described in Section 7 3 2 Build thetree structure shown in figure 7 14 tti Control IBI x Database Tables a Books Table Suppliers Suppliers gj Europe SE i France FR gg Germany GE gg UK UK NAFTA SN Canada CA 3 USA US BH Magnesium MG BB US Magnesium Supplier 1 001 BB US Magnesium Supplier 2 002 fgg Titanium TI Bl US Titani i l Fig 7 14 Suppliers table tree Now add some data to the record US Magnesium Supplier 1 as shown in figure 7 15 To enter the Last U pdated date click on the I button and select a
120. ifferent ways i Select the Contents option from the Help pull down menu at the top of the CES screen i Click on the Help button 9 on the standard toolbar iii Pressfunction key F1 at any time to obtain context sensitive H elp 1 5 Mouse Buttons One click of the left mouse button is used for selecting objects and menu options in Selector and Constructor Double clicks of the left mouse button normally invoke the default action for a particular object For example double clicking on the name of an entity in the Selection Results window of Selector presents a list of the entity s attributes Chapter 1 Introduction 3 The right mouse button can be used throughout CES to obtain shortcut or context menus for an object These menus shows the most frequently used commands for that object The first item on the context menu is often the default action see figure 1 1 below Click right mouse button while pointing cursor at this object Context menu of H Magnesium options appears ie Cast gt A Click left mouse button H Commercial Purity to select this option VWrou g ht amp amp Titanium Links Expand fsontract Highlight Fig 1 1 Shortcut or Context menu This one was obtained by clicking the right mouse button on the Magnesium Wrought branch of the CES M aterials tree 1 6 Typographical Conventions e Instructions that you should follow in the Installation M anual and Quick Star
121. ig A1 The Standard toolbar in Selector New stage tools Graphical selection tools Format tools l LI l New Graph Stage 2 point Box Delete Magnify Results Guide Near Stage Properties line Intersection Lines LL f f N New Limit Cursor Point slope Pick Text Normal Hide Failed Stage line View Records Fig A2 The Project toolbar in Selector A2 Selector and Constructor Filter and Form settings Filter lt User Defined Form Generic Fig A3 TheFilterstoolbar for the Selection Table in Selector and the Current tablein Constructor 144 CES User s Manual Locate Previous Search History Topic Page Book List sale al xml ai Next Back Search Home Page Results Page Fig A4 The Books toolbar in Selector and Constructor A3 Constructor Open Cut Paste Properties New Database Folder L oel Hae S e iau l New Copy Print New New Database Table Record Fig A5 First half of the Standard toolbar in Constructor View Picture Find Weblinks Control Gallery Record Supporting Window Information mle f al alal 2 Linked View Books Help Records Current Supporting Book Information Fig A6 Second half of the Standard toolbar in Constructor Appendix B Filter Settings for Selection The following combination of settings for the Selection Table and filter are recommended when performing a selection Other settings may give incorrect selection results
122. ility Thetwo systems are FPS Consistent and IPS Consistent For thesetwo unit systems all lengths are expressed in feet ft or inches in and masses in pounds Ibs 1 8 4 Process Data Module Cost Index A model based property called Cost Index has been added for each of the processes in the database This property contains a process cost model which provides an estimate of the relative cost of making a component by the process as a function of parameters such as batch size overhead rate and tooling cost The cost model is a mathematical function of resource consumption 1 8 5 Structural Sections Data Module The data on Structural Sections previously stored in the Shape table has been moved to its own table 1 8 6 MIL HDBK Data Module TheCES MIL HDBK Data module is available as a separate add on to existing CES 3 2 software installations This database contains data from the two Handbooks MIL HDBK 5 Metallic Materials and Elements for Aerospace Vehicle Structure and MIL HDBK 17 Composite M aterials The MIL HDBK 5 data is reproduced with the minimum of changes The A B and S basis statistical traceability is maintained All CES records are linked directly with the appropriate pages in the published MIL HDBK 5 PDF fileon Granta Design s web site This enablesthe relevant data sheets and sections of the handbook for each material to be located rapidly in CES using the Weblinks system The MIL HDBK 17 data is stored in
123. ill find the remaining features intuitive and easy to discover and use PAHI 3 CONSTRUCTION Chapter 6 Selection Database Design 6 1 Introduction In order to perform optimal selections from a database of entities it is necessary for the database to satisfy some important requirements CES Constructor has been designed specifically to help user s make such databases This part of the manual describes the reasons for these requirements and gives some general background into selection database design principles 6 2 Database Taxonomy and Attributes Systematic selection starts with a definition of the kingdom of entities from which the choice is to be made Figures 4 1 to 4 3 illustrate how the kingdoms of M aterials of M anufacturing Processes and of Structural Sections can be subdivided into families classes subclasses and members Other kingdoms of engineering entities have similar hierarchical structures eg standard components 1 7 Each member of the kingdom is characterised by a set of attributes which include identifying information numeric data text and graphical information Take materials as an example figure 4 1 Its kingdom contains the family M etals which in turn contains the class Aluminium alloys the sub class 5000 series and finally the particular member Alloy 5083 in the H 2 heat treatment condition This material and every other member of the materials kingdom is characterised by a set of attribu
124. in the header of the Attributes window Here the identifier for AM60 is shown as MMLAM GC AM 001 This can betranslated by viewing the codes on the branches of the materials tree above AM 60 Metal MM Light Alloys LA Magnesium MG Cast C AM Series AM Specific alloy AM 60 001 Closethe Checking window and closethe Attributes window for AM 60 7 3 2 Adding a Record Create a new material branch below Cast magnesium containing materials in the EQ alloy series Chapter 7 Constructor Quick Start Guide 91 Usetheright mouse button to click on the Cast C icon Select New gt from the context menu then Folder using the left mouse button figure 7 5 In theNew Folder Wizard Enter the Short N ame EQ Series Enter the Full Name EQ Series Cast Magnesium Alloy Enter the Short C ode tree code EQ Change the tree colour if you like Click on Next gt to moveto thenext page of the Wizard Check the boxes to add the material to the Generic and Metals filters Click on Finish Create a material record under the new EQ Series branch as follows Either Right mouse click on EQ Series then Select New gt and Record or Left mouse click on EQ Series and Click on the New Record button on thetoolbar j or Left mouse click on EQ Series and select the menu option Database N ew Record In the New Record Wizard Enter the Short and Full
125. ineering Selector v3 2 Granta Design Limited Cambridge UK 2001 Bibliographic References When referring to the CES software in publications the bibliographic referenceis Cambridge Engineering Selector v3 2 Granta Design Limited Cambridge UK 2001 When referring to this U ser s M anual in publications the bibliographic reference is Cebon D Ashby M F and Lee Shothaman L Cambridge Engineering Selector v3 2 User s M anual Release 1 Granta Design Limited Cambridge UK 2001 PART 1 INTRODUCTION INSTALLATION Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1 Read this First The Cambridge Engineering Selector CES is a powerful tool It has two main components Selector and Constructor Selector incorporates a set of eight data tables materials manufacturing processes shape structural sections suppliers references uses and industrial sectors Additional tables can be purchased separately These tables are linked together in a relational structure to provide a powerful engineering selection System They contain unique sets of high quality data developed by Granta s specialist database team in conjunction with Cambridge University Engineering Department Selector contains a powerful selection methodology for choosing entities to optimise performance based on design specifications It is possible to use the selection facilities of Selector without knowing the finer details of the selection methodology Howeve
126. ing the user defined property og p for Y Axis The selection chart will look like figure 5 26 The columns represent the various classes of materials metals polymers etc and each coloured bar represents the range of values of the property Strength Density oa p for one material The only selection option that works for bar charts is the box selection Select materials with og p gt 200 M Pa M g m3 as follows Click onceon the Box selection button q on the Project toolbar Select materials with Strength D ensity gt 200 by drawing a box around the area shown in figure 5 26 66 CES User s Manual End cdd 7 F b selection box here Begin j selection box here Mile a wile ME I E Miu iu la MEM d d MEM dolci eee A iah Fig 5 26 Bar chart of og p vs material Identifier 5 6 4 Selections using Functional Attributes Selections can be performed using functional attributes in almost the same way as for other numerical attributes The only difference is that it is necessary to specify the parameters to be used when interpolating the function For example if you wish to select a material based on its fatigue strength it is necessary to specify the number of loading cycles eg N 107 and the stress ratio eg R 1 See Section 5 3 4 for details of the Fatigue Strength M odel To perform a graphical selection proceed as follows Set the Filter to All Bulk Materials and the Form to
127. ing the integer attributetype Functional range Functional point Functional data describes properties that vary with one or more independent parameters see paragraph 3 3 9 The function can either be a mathematical formula or a set of discrete data points eg x y z Selector evaluates the function at user specified values of the parameters For example On a selection chart of Young s Moduluswith Temperature vs Density the software interpolates a value the modulus at a user specified temperature from an array of data points There are two versions of functional data functional range which evaluates to a range attributeand functional point which evaluates to a point 3 3 2 Discrete data Discrete attributes are those where the attribute takes one of a set of discrete values The values can be A B C D E or 1 2 3 or Red Green Blue etc For example the Environmental Resistance resistance to standard operating environments in the materials data module takes a value on the five point scale Very Poor Poor Average Good or Very Good Very Good means highly resistant to the environment and Very Poor means completely un resistant or unstable Chapter 3 CES Selector Concepts 25 The record Identifier branch of the table tree can also be considered conceptually as a discrete attribute for selection purposes 3 3 3 Logical data Logical or Boolean attributes are those that are either True
128. ining or to Fine M achining either of which would be a valid choice See Section 8 1 for a more detailed discussion of the linking process Linking to records in this table Setting links for this record EQ21 lel Es a S Linked Records Cast magnesium alloy EQ21 Link Process Casting PC 1G Deformation PD Deposition D OE Joining FJ Machining PM H O Grinding GR Machining MA m Fine Machining FI Li Rough Machining RO Check this Polishing PO box to link 8 Moulding PO EQ21 to Fine Powder methods PW Machining Lj Rapid Prototyping PR Fine Machining Cast magnesium alloy EQ21 gt Fine Machining This link has been created Fig 7 7 Creatingalink between EQ21 and the process Fine M achining 7 3 4 A Note about Properties and Attributes Data records in Granta databases contain two sorts of data record properties and record attributes Each record and each folder in a CES database has a set of properties just like a file or folder in Windows Explorer These properties contain information about the name of the record its location on the tree which record filters it belongs to etc The properties Chapter 7 Constructor Quick Start Guide 95 are set by theN ew Folder Record wizard with some input from the user when each new record is created See Section 7 3 2 Each re
129. it to the Pa is the Ibf in2 and morethan that that there are 0 000145 of them Chapter 8 Advanced Construction Features 119 WANE dere 2 lekt mBaaxcaliLPa Tm Fig 8 14 Part of the U nit Settings dialog for the combined units pascal and pound force per square inch and the Systen Equivalents dialog for the unit pascal showing the relationship between the two 8 4 5 Currency All currency data stored in the database is stored in the Default Currency which is set in the Database Properties dialog figure 8 15 If you alter the D efault Currency setting the data value stored in the database will remain the same For example you set the D efault Currency to US Dollar USD and enter the value 5 for the attribute Flat Fee which has units of currency The value of Flat Fee in that record would be 5 US Dollars If you subsequently change the Default Currency setting to Australian Dollar AUD the stored value in Flat Fee remains as 5 it is now 5 Australian Dollars The currency unit can be a component of a combined unit as shown in figure 8 16 Database Properties xi CES Database weis 0 0 0 0 0 0 5g United States Dolar USD BY United States Dollar USD Fig 8 15 Part of the Database Properties dialog showing the default Currency 120 CES User s Manual m Name Type a name and symbol for your unit Name curency ka
130. its spread All the records are complete Where data are not available sophisticated 2 The Materials data M odule consists of the Materials Table which contains the property data plus a number of other resources information in the on line books filters forms case studies and so on 30 CES User s Manual estimation methods are used to bracket them allowing design concepts to be explored even when data are sparse Each material record is linked to records in other CES data tables Application Areas Process Reference Shape Structural Sections Suppliers and Uses These links can be used as part of the selection process For example you could choose materials which could be formed by a particular process using the links to the Process table The use of the M aterials Data T able to select the best material for a particular application is best understood by looking at a casestudy Theon line documentation system CES InDepth contains 33 fully worked interactive case studies on materials selection for mechanical electro mechanical and thermo mechanical applications 4 1 3 A Typical Record in the Materials Data Table Name Alumina 97 cold pressed and sintered MCT AO013 General Designation 97AL203 Composition AL203 Density 3 76 Energy Content Price Recycle Fraction Mechanical Bulk M odulus Compressive Strength Elongation Elastic Limit Endurance Limit Fracture Toughness Hardness Loss Coefficient M odulus o
131. iu Alumina Fibre Reinforced Aluminium Polycarbonate PC 30 Glass Fibre a SERI T T T T T Density Mg m 3 Selection line Material labels Materials below passes through added by clicking the selection point 1 0 200 on bubbles line failed Fig 5 22 Selecting a subset of materials with og p 200 M Pa m3 M g Other formatting information added using buttons on the Project toolbar 5 5 7 Graph Format Options Next zoom in on part of the chart and add some extra formatting information so as to make it look likefigure 5 22 Click onceon point 1 0 10 on thechart hold the mouse button down then dragthe cursor to a point near 10 0 5000 on the chart Now add some material name labels Click onceon a material bubble to generate a label Changethe format of the label by clicking with theright mouseon the label and selecting the Format Label option from thecontext menu You can change the text in the label by selecting other options from the context menu Select thetype size and text format then click on OK to exit The label that appears on the selection chart can be moved by dragging and dropping it with the mouse Repeat these steps to label other materials Note that you can set the default format for labels from the Tools Options Labels menu 62 CES User s Manual You can also add text to the chart using the Text button Al on the Project toolbar and you can draw a set of parallel lines
132. k numeric fields are assumed to have no value and in Selector the value of Not Applicable Link Data Itis not possibleto import Link data even from a Granta Database PictureData It is not possible to import Picture data that is contained in another database The only exception to this is importing a table in a Granta Database where records in the table have a picture assigned to them Individual picture files can be imported using the Picture Gallery Dates Data values can be entered in a valid short or long date system format e g dd M M yyyy 22 09 00 d M yy 22 09 2000 yyyy MM dd 2000 09 22 M d yyyy 9 22 2000 dd mmmm yyyy 22 September 2000 Data values can range from January 1 100 to December 31 9999 132 CES User s Manual Hyperlinks Data values are valid URLs consisting of a protocol and location as Long T ext eg http www grantadesign com Functional data Functional attributes cannot be imported by CES 3 2 8 6 9 Importing Data Select the Data Source Importing is carried out using the Importing Wizard To start importing a table into an existing database Select Import from the File menu File Import The wizard will guide you through the importing process as outlined below Someof the steps may be omitted by the wizard depending on the contents of your source file Constructor can import data from a number of different database formats First select the file type from the list Then use the Browse butt
133. le and their layout in the Attributes Window4 In figure 5 7 the form used is the default form called Generic which displays attributes that are applicable to all classes of materials Other forms display the properties that are relevant to particular classes of materials e g polymers or some other subset of properties The Composition form shows only information 4 Thecurrent form also sets the attributes that are available during Selection stages Chapter 5 Selector Quick Start Guide 47 about the composition of the material For many materials this means the proportions of various elements in their chemistry Set the current form to Composition figure 5 8 The properties listed in the Attributes window are now the percentage by mass of the various elements that make up 2014 T6 figure 5 8 Set the Form to Composition Filter Jo Bulk Materials Form Composition z UETFIFEUERUIIEDMR Uper imi x BB wrought aluminium alloy 2014 TE Composition Compo mnn ANEI I Bol Bb rs g Base id canaria Elements pT TT La Cape Hg Misyar Hr Uargaraza EIE ei Fig 5 8 The Attributes window showing the properties of wrought aluminium 2014 T 6 with the Composition Form set It is often but not always desirable to set the Form and Filter to have the same name For example if you wish to view detailed data for metals set both the Filter and Form to Metal TheFilter will then li
134. lection Chapter 3 CES Concepts explains the basic concepts and definitions underlying the organisation of CES databases and the selection methodology Chapter 4 Data Modules describes the contents of the three core selection data tables in the CES system M aterial Process and Structural Sections Chapter 5 Selector Quick Start provides a brief overview of thefacilities of CES in tutorial format Part 3 Construction Chapter 6 Database D esign discusses the design of selection databases their structure and important features Chapter 7 Constructor Quick Start provides tutorials on the use of some of the key features of Constructor Chapter 8 Advanced Features discusses some of the more technical aspects of CES Constructor in particular links data checking and importing data from external files 1 3 Tutorials and Reference Information A comprehensive set of tutorials on use of Seector and Constructor as well as reference information about all aspect of the software can be found in the on line H dp system The on line book CES InDepth contains a wealth of information about the CES system including details of the selection methodology definitions of all attributes in the database 50 interactive case studies and supporting information including solutions to many standard engineering problems tables of equivalent material designations etc 1 4 Obtaining Help Help can be obtained in Selector and Constructor in three d
135. licencefor an extended time period or different number of users usethe LicenceKey option on the Tools menu of CES Selector or CES Constructor to open the LicenceKey dialog Simply enter the new key in theinput field provided PART 2 SELECTION Chapter 3 CES Selector Concepts 3 1 Architecture The CES system is a linked set of modules as shown in figure 3 1 The selection is design led meaning that the inputs are the design requirements These are translated into a prescription for selecting material and process properties CES Selector is the central module of the CES system It enables engineersto select from relational databases a small subset of entities which optimally satisfy the requirements of a design The selections may be performed using the CES materials manufacturing processes or structural sections data modules Alternatively they may be performed on user databases developed with CES Constructor Design Specification Other information sources CES database Selector r9 CD ROMs Selection databases CES Viewer l l l l l o User database Internet CES Weblinks Entity 123 Prop 1 Prop 2 Prop 3 Other Databases The Selection Fig 3 1 Architecture of the CES System 3 1 1 Screening and Ranking CES Selector treats all members of the databases as potential candidates until by screening they are shown to be unsuitable As a consequence viable candidates
136. lick onceon the Process link button TheLinkswindow shown in figure 7 7 will appear Notethat the list box at thetop of the window is set to the Process table but this can be changed if you want to generate links between EQ21 and other tables Open the Machining branch of the process links tree as shown in figure7 7 Check the box next to Fine Machining to createa link Notes i Prior to the creation of this new link a number of other process categories were already linked automatically For example the Casting and Deposition branches and the M achining Polishing branch of process tree were all linked This is because there are links in the Starter1 database between some parents or grand 94 CES User s Manual parents of EQ21 eg Cast Alloys Magnesium or Light Alloys and some manufacturing processes EQ21 inherited these indirect links from its parents So if every member of a material class can be processed in a particular way eg all Cast Magnesium alloys can be processed by Casting it is not necessary to link every material individually It is only necessary to link the parent record Cast Alloys to the process Casting and all the members of the Cast alloys family will inheritthis link ii When the direct link to Fine Machining was created the parent process Machining was linked automatically This enables selections to be made using the link to Mach
137. lter and form for each data table must also be specified The recommended filter and form combination for each type of selection is listed in Appendix B 3 7 2 Selection Stages Selecting records with Selector involves performing a series of independent selection stages On each stage the user selects a subset of records Every record in the current filter for the Selection Table is considered during each stage and the program automatically keeps track of all the results One way to perform a selection is to use a Selection Chart The two axes of a selection chart specify record attributes The user selects the area of the chart that fulfils the selection criteria Oneselection chart is used for each selection stage A second way to perform a selection is to use a Limit stage in which numerical limits for one or more attributes are entered in a table Limit stages can be combined with graphical stages using selection charts A single functional requirement eg the strength density ratio of a material can be represented by one stagein Selector In many design situations it is necessary to identify records that satisfy several functional requirements simultaneously for example high strength density high stiffness and low cost kg for a material In these cases Selector can perform several selection stages and the program will store the results of each stage automatically The selection stages can be modified at any time if necessary At
138. m Service Temperature 77 M easurability 77 M egabytes on Coppers li 51 Merging Records 136 M etal Form 47 MIL HDBK 7 8 81 M odel Based Selection 4 5 Modulus of Rupture 80 M ouse Buttons 2 Naming Conventions 148 NASTRAN 4 68 Non Applicable Attributes 5 26 80 Non Existence 80 Numerical Data 24 Index 161 0 On Line Books 43 51 On Line Tutorial 42 Optimal Selection 73 83 Options 120 P Parameters 25 66 115 121 150 151 Default Value 115 Project D efaults 48 Scale 115 Paste Special 134 PATRAN 4 68 Performance Index 60 64 Permission to Reprint iv Picture Data 25 File Types 107 Gallery 101 106 107 Point Attribute 24 151 Poissons Ratio 76 Polymer Composites 6 Polymers Form 75 Precision 76 Preferred Currency and Units 120 149 Preparing for Import 127 Process Data Table 31 Process Selection Filters 145 Program M anager Group 39 Project Default Parameters 26 48 66 Files 28 63 Title 63 Toolbar in Selector 143 Window 43 44 52 Properties and Attributes 94 Property Correations 79 162 CES User s Manual Q R Quality of Data 76 Range Attribute 24 73 151 Checks 77 112 Raw Data Table 81 Re Registering 16 Record Identifiers 90 Record Paste Dialog 137 Records 22 Redundant Data 81 References iv Regional Settings 62 Related Tables 101 Relational Database 81 82 Reprinting iv S S N Curve 47 Saving Attributes 67 Results 67 Your Work 63 Scale 115 Screening 76 80 Screening and Rankin
139. materials selection chart abar chart We will plot a graph of a user defined numerical property as a function of the type of material ie its position on the material table tree This is sometimes called a table tree selection Start by clearing all previous selections and then set up the X axis to contain the five main material Identifiers Select File N ew Project Start a new graphical selection stage us Select the X Axis tab and then the Advanced button in the Graph Stage Wizard This will display the Se Axis dialog shown in figure 5 24 Click onceon Trees tab at the top of thelower window pane and select the Materials table from the drop down list This will display a copy of the materials table tree in the lower window pane Click onceon each of the material folders in the lower pane then click on Insert to send it to the expression field Ceramic Composite Foam Metal etc Click on OK to exit the dialog box Note that it is also possible to perform cross tabular selections based on the links between tables using the same procedure For example you could select all materials that can be formed by are linked to a particular process by selecting the Process table from the drop down list figure 5 24 The Process table tree will then appear in the lower window pane Simply select the processes or process classes of interest from the tree eg injection moulding 64 CES User s Manual
140. milies solid sections containing dasses of rods and cylinders closed hollow sections tubes and box sections and open sections I sections hollow rectangular sections angle sections channel sections and T sections All the categories are subdivided according to material aluminium alloy structural steel GFRP and wood Each member of a given material and shape class has a set of attributes its dimensions its section properties for axial bending and torsional loading moments of area section moduli fully plastic moduli its structural properties properties such as El where E is Young s modulus and isthe second moment of area of the cross section and properties such as cost and mass per unit length ETA Dimensions weer ie Height width SOLID Rectangular Complex Section properties Momeni of area j olar movement Hot rolled steel Section modulus Z E dod Cold rolled steel Polar s modulus Q PRISMATIC CLOSED Rectangular Extruded aluminium Structural properties SECTIONS HOLLOW NNS Complex Pultruded GFRP Bend stiffness Torsion stiffness GJ Sawn softwood Bend strength oy Z Torsion strength tQ l section 7 m sation General properties OPEN 2 7 i Weight length HOLLOW MERI Cost length Complex Environmental impact Fig 43 TheTaxonomy of the Structural Sections Data Table Section 4 3 3 shows a typical record A schematic shows the shape of the section Data describe the dimensions of the section the section
141. mit the materials available for viewing and selection to metals and the Attributes window will show just the properties relevant to metals as specified in the M etal Form Set the Filter and the Form to M etal View the first page of attributes for Aluminium 2014 T 6 again Notice that there are two new properties visible in the Attributes window compared to those available in the Generic form figure 5 7 They are the UNS Number A19201 and the Fatigue Strength M odel in the M echanical Properties Note that the Fatigue Strength M ode attribute has two buttons next to it il and Bl The presence of these two buttons indicates that Fatigue Strength M odel isa functional property see section 3 3 1 Further down the Attributes window are other properties that are only relevant for metals and henceare not available on the Generic form 5 3 4 Viewing Functional Data All metals in the materials table have a fatigue strength model or S N curve applied stress vs no of cycles to failure The fatigue strength depends on two parameters the stress ratio R ratio of minimum applied stress to maximum applied stress and the 48 CES User s Manual number of cycles to failure N These parameters have default values of R 1 and N 107 respectively Click on il to see the parameters used to evaluate the Fatigue Strength Model Click on i to seea graph of the function TheFunctional Graph Properti
142. n and finish and on economic criteria such as the planned production volume 4 2 2 Contents of the Process Data Table A process is a method for shaping finishing or joining a material The kingdom of processes Figure 4 2 contains broad families casting deformation moulding compaction of powders and such like Each family contains many classes casting contains sand casting die casting and investment casting for instance These in turn have many members there are many variants of sand casting some specialised to give greater precision others modified to allow size or adapted to deal with specific materials 32 CES User s Manual CLASS amp PROCESS FAMILY MEMBER ATTRIBUTES DEFORMATION MOULDING Investment Material Full Mould Size Range MACHINING Shall Sand 1 Shape POWDER Sand Sand 2 UR Section recision PROCESSES CASTING Die Sand 3 Finish COMPOSITE Squeeze Sand 4 Quality i Cost DEPOSITION Ceramic Mould Sand 5 Eco impad JOINING Permanent Mould ps RAPID PROTOTYPING Fig 4 2 Taxonomy of the Process Data Table Each member is characterised by a set of attributes It has material attributes the particular subset of materials to which it can be applied It has shape creating attributes the classes of shapes it can make It has physical attributes which relate to the size shape precision finish and quality of its product It has attributes which relate to the economics of its use its capital cost and running cost the
143. n this case you should follow the installation instructions described in the previous sections but install the software into a folder on a network drive that is read accessible to all PCson the network A full installation will be required on the network drive if the users are to have access to the on line books Thenetsetup program can then be run on each PC on the network to install the relevant client components of the software In both cases users will require somefile space with write access for saving CES output and project files 2 5 1 Example 1 You are a commercial user and have purchased an office licence The system administration decides to install the software individually for each user The softwareis to be used on five different machines For each machine a Full installation to the local hard disk drive must be carried out from the CD ROM 16 CES User s Manual 2 5 2 Example 2 You are an educational user and have purchased a teaching licence All of the 20 PCsin the lab are networked to a file server The hard disk drive of each PC isthe C drive The network drive F can be read by the networked PCs Only the system administrator has write access to this drive The system administrator runs the setup program and performs a full installation to the folder FACES Selector and also copies the netsetup exe program to the folder FACES Selector Then on each of the 20 PCs in the network the administrator runs
144. ndrel which is then removed the coating becoming the product Itis particularly useful for making parts which are difficult to make by other methods and also for forming parts which require intricate design on inside surfaces It is capable of making intricate shapes with undercuts re entrant angles and fine detail The process has some drawbacks it is expensive production rates are very slow and high skill levels are required and the materials are limited to nickel and copper On the other hand it can achieve extremely high dimensional accuracy excellent control over properties and there is practically no size limitation Physical Attributes M ass range extreme M ass range normal Section extreme Section normal Roughness extreme Roughness normal Tolerance extreme Tolerance normal Aspect ratio Adjacent section ratio Hole diameter Min corner radius Max dimension Quality factor 1 10 34 CES User s Manual Economic Attributes Economic batch size units 1 00E 3 Economic batch size mass 1 1 00E 3 Capital cost 8 00E 4 Tooling cost 500 4 00E 3 Lead time 3 M aterial utilisation fraction 0 1 0 9 Production rate units i 0 5 Production rate mass 5 Tool life units 1 00E 3 Tool life mass 1 00E 3 Environmental Information Hazardous air contamination from release of bath electrolyte from the formation of bubbles Exhaust systems hoods foams can be used effectively Process Information DI
145. nesses the environmental consequences of their use supplier data etc This supporting information can be used to narrow down the short list of candidates to a final choice 3 2 Database Concepts 3 2 1 Database In CES a database consists of one or more tables datasets which are linked together The complete CES database has eight linked tables as shown in figure 3 2 The main selection tables contain materials manufacturing processes and structural sections The supporting tables contain information about suppliers references the sources of information that were used to compile the main tables as well as shape used in process selection uses of materials and application areas The main selection tables are detailed in Chapter 4 of this User s manual STRUCTURAL SECTIONS Fig 3 2 CES database structure Thecircles represents tables The lines joining tables represent links Chapter 3 CES Selector Concepts 21 3 2 2 Tables A Tableis a compilation of information relevant to a single type of entities records For example it may contain materials and their properties or manufacturing processes A table can be thought of as one page of a spread sheet with records eg materials in each row and a set of attributes sometimes called properties or fields in the columns Each table in the current database is listed in the drop down list on the T ables tab in the Project window of CES figure3 3 The records in each
146. ng Light Alloys once on or Beryllium Magnesium This icon indicates that the folder Cast alloy also contains AM series B Cast magnesium alloy 4M20 E Cast magnesium alloy AM amp 0 a generic material Wrought of the same name Titanium Nonferrous Alloys Precious Metal Alloys Refractory Alloys Natural Polymer Double click on the icon to open the generic record Open AM 60 by double clicking Plain icon indicates a folder with no generic record Fig 7 2 TheMaterialstree in the Control window 7 2 4 Checking Material Attributes Examinethe operation of the automatic data checking as follows Changethe values of Elastic Limit yield strength to 330 to 340 MPa then click outside of the edit box The checking button beside Elastic Limit will become a red cross X which indicates that this attribute lies outsideits checking range For cast magnesium alloys including AM 60 the elastic limit should liein the range of 65to 210 MPa Click on thechecking button for Elastic Limit X The Checking window will appear Near thetop of the window are fields which show that the check record is called Cast magnesium and it is located in the table called Checking M aterials The check record contains the values that are being used to check the data in the AM 60 record The firs
147. nge your selection at any time by re sizing the selection box Click onceon the side of the box to reveal square handles Click on a handle and while holding the mouse button down move it to a new position Py gga TE nor NEM aca er ea el ef pe e E 1 Select this point 1 0 100 first d cursor to this point M aterials inside 10 3000 the box passed Current x and y position of cursor Fig 5 21 Materials selection chart of Elastic Limit vs Density Selecting materials within a box 60 CES User s Manual 5 5 6 Maximising a Performance Index In many cases it is desirable to select materials so as to maximise a combination of material properties a performance index One such combination is the specific strength or strength weight ratio M og p where og isthe elastic limit and p isthe density Taking logarithms of both sides of this equation gives 10910 og logiop logio M This equation can be plotted on a selection chart with logarithmic axes as a line of slope 1 0 with an intercept of logo M atp 1 0 All materials that lie along such a line have the same value of M Materials above the line have a higher value of M and will perform better if high strength and low weight is needed A list of performance indices for standard design cases can befound in CES InD epth To select a subset of materials with a high value of M do thefollowing Click onceon Al gradient linesel
148. njection M oulding Thereason isthat these are the only ones that can process ceramics W e could easily reach this conclusion by performing another stage to select only those processes that can form ceramics This requires the use of a slightly more advanced facility in CES table tree selections which will be discussed later in this chapter E Selection Results iof xi fan Stages B out of 125 records pass B BMC Moulding I Cold Closed Die Forging E Die Casting PCDIHPDI Bl Die Pressing and Sintering PwCODP E Injection Moulding Thermoplastics POINTP IB Injection Moulding Thermosets POINTS BB Powder Injection Moulding PwWCOPI E Stamping PDSHST BB Standard Machining Automated PMMASTAU Fig 5 19 Results of the process selection Limit stage 5 5 4 Plotting a Selection Chart The next example will investigate selection of materials So it will be necessary to change the Selection Table Follow theinstructionsin section 5 5 1 Change the Selection Tableto Materials Click on Yes in the warning message dialog box Suppose you wish to find materials with relatively low densities and high strengths The best way to use CES for this is to plot a selection chart of elastic limit against density and then select all materials in the area of interest Note The Elastic Limit is one measure of the strength of a material it is the stress at which it first suffers permanent inelastic deformation For metals the elas
149. ns and instructions about how to import data into Constructor 8 1 Links Links allow relationships between records in different tables to be defined Among other things this means that selection can take place across tables For records to be linked the tables that contain the records must be related Thisisa property of the tables The relation is valid in both directions i e if the M aterialstable is related linked to the Suppliers table then the Suppliers table is also related linked to the M aterials table see figure 8 1 An illustration might be that a particular aluminium alloy is available from ALCOA and the reverse ALCOA can supply the particular aluminium Alloy Materials Properties Supplier Properties General Attributes Related Tables General Attributes Related Tables DIEI Application Areas E Application Areas E Checking Materials LIE Checking Materials E Process Bikers E Reference E Process E Reference Ej Shape DIE uses Fig 8 1 Part of the Table Properties dialog showing two related tables When a link is created between two records in Constructor three things happen i Thenew link is shown in bold Thisisknow asa direc link and is illustrated in figure 8 2 Cast aluminium alloys a record in the Materials table can be supplied by ALCOA arecord in the Supplier table ii If either of the linked records are folders then any records below the linked records
150. nstead 5 3 1 Table Trees and Filters One way to find the properties of a record in the database is to use the identifier tree TableTree which can be accessed from the relevant page of the Project window figure 5 6 Click on theTables tab at thetop of the Project window and select the Materials Tablefrom the drop down list The top level of the materials table tree will be displayed A on any branch of the tree indicates that there are more branches below it Open the Metals branch by clicking onceon the to the left of Metals Open Light Alloys then Aluminium Wrought Aluminium Alloys M M LAALW isa generic record whose attributes span the range of attributes of a number of specific records below it in thetree in this case all wrought aluminium alloys This fact is indicated by the generic record icon on its branch of the tree zs see section 3 2 4 View the specific wrought aluminium alloys as follows see figure 5 6 Click on the new next to Wrought with the left mouse button to open the Wrought branch Chapter 5 Selector Quick Start Guide 45 Finally open the 2000 series branch and the 2014 branch The Table tree should now look something like figure 5 6 Double click with the left mouse button on the material 2014 T6 to view its attributes To seethecontents of the generic record wrought aluminium alloys double click with the left mouse button on
151. ntation Details The principles behind the automatic data checking in Constructor are described in Section 6 10 This section describes some of the implementation details 8 2 1 The Way Checking is Structured In CES 3 2 data for checking is kept in a separate data table which is independent of the data being checked A database can contain any number of checking tables although any particular table can only have one checking table Any table can be used by one or more other tables in the database as their checking table 112 CES User s Manual For example there might be a data table of Commercially Available M aterials and a table of Research Materials These could both share a single Checking M aterials table but neither could use another checking table as well The assignment of a checking table is one of the properties of a table It is enabled in the TableProperties dialog box as shown in figure 8 6 Once a checking table has been assigned a record is automatically matched to its checking record by tree name The record is matched down the checking tree as far as possible In the example shown in figure 8 7 Cast M agnesium Alloy AM 60 is checked against the checking record for all Cast M agnesium Alloys So it is necessary to use the same tree structure and names in the checking table as for the table s being checked Gimena iarsiuaes iela Taten Estos 7 s Cardiac Ti Fenced FP Estbie Checking
152. ntrol key and select both attributes from the left window pane Then select the attribute type range and specify the name and units in the edit boxes Edit the attribute types names and units as necessary Chapter 8 Advanced Construction Features 133 Import Wizard MIB Materials Reference OW Applications Select Tables for importing Fig 8 24 Selecting tables for importing in thelmport Wizard Import Wizard Selected C IDENTITY fields will be C PARENT T LongTet imported L HASDATA C ISFOLDER TENE De select the e risit special fields Dec sate to prevent them being imported as attributes Fig 8 25 Selecting attributes for importing in the Import Wizard 134 CES User s Manual Import Wizard x Attribute Selection Map database fields to attributes Fields in the imported table need to be converted to attributes used in CES Constructor Select attributes for each of the fields in the list box craft2 m Import field into database as v length v X maximum speed lower Attribute type x Range z vi X maximum speed higher Iw Select v attribute v D N m Attribute name maximum speed type n a me and units Units fims coe e Hold down control to select two attributes for converting to a range Fig 8 26 Importing range attributes in the Import W izard When you have finished selecting t
153. ntry to fail a selection based on that property Consider for example selecting a dielectric material for a capacitor on the basis of its dielectric constant The dielectric constant is an electrical property which is important to a generic materials database even though it is relevant and measurable only for insulators for conductors it is non applicable An engineer seeking a dielectric would not wish to consider a conductor so it is acceptable for all conductors in a generic database to have not applicable entries for dielectric constant and to fail selections based on it Chapter 6 Selection Database Design 81 6 12 Relational Structures A cardinal rule of data base structure is that there be no redundant data M any aspects of computerised selection can be performed adequately with the data stored in a flat file ieatable in which the columns of thetable contain the fields attributes and therows contain the records entities rather like a spreadsheet For some database functions however flat files are inadequate and a relational structure is considerably better Consider as an example the suppliers field in a class specific materials database of say aluminium alloys This database may contain some hundreds of different alloys most of which are manufactured by a small number of companies Alcan Alcoa AluSwiss Pechiney Norsk Hydro etc In aflat file it is necessary to store the name and address details of on
154. o view this process record 101 item s linked Materials Metal Light Alloys Aluminium wW 4 Fig 5 11 Process Links for aluminium 2014 T6 To view links to 2014 T6 from other tables eg Suppliers or References select the table name of interest from the list box at the top left of the Links window Alternatively return to the Attributes window and select one of the other links buttons To view the attributes of an item in the Links window simply double click on it Double click on Deep Drawing Details of the process will appear in a new Attributes window figure 5 12 Scroll down the record to see more information about the process At the bottom you will find Links buttons including onefor materials Clicking on this button will generate a list of all the materials that can be formed by deep drawing Among them of course will be 2014 T 6 Chapter 5 Selector Quick Start Guide 51 Bi Process ADeformationNSheet PB x ES Deep Drawing Process Schematic Pressure Description of Process In DEEP DRAWING a flat sheet metal blank is converted into a cylindrical or box shaped part by drawing it through a die with a tool steel punch The process relies on the plastic stretching of the blank which is limited by the limiting draw ratio LDR of the material of the blank The process is known for producing aluminium beverage cans Further drawing operations include redrawing to obtain greater
155. of materials contains Density but not Water Absorption The Polymers form contains both Density and Water Absorption A set of pre defined forms is available for each table in a list box wherever the form setting can be changed The current form for each table can be viewed and changed in the Table Properties dialog Theform for the Selection tableis also visible on the Filters toolbar figure 3 5 The record form for the Selection T able also determines the attributes that are available for selection purposes Following the example above it is only possible to use Water Absorption as a selection criterion if the current Form is set to Polymers Forms can only be designed or modified in CES Constructor not in CES Selector 3 3 Types of Data Each record has a number of attributes that are stored in fields in the database The attribute data can beone of thefollowingtypes See details in Appendix C2 3 3 1 Numerical data Numerical attributes can be stored as a range a pointor an integeror as functional data Range Point and Integer For attributes stored as a range a minimum and maximum value is specified For example in the materials data table Wrought Aluminium Alloy 2014 T 6 has an Elastic Limit in therange 350 440 M Pa figure 3 4 For attributes stored as point values only one value is specified All values are stored to a maximum of 6 significant figures Point data can also be stored as integer values us
156. on case studies are in section 5 4 3 Each case study has a description of the problem and a list of design requirements see figure 5 16 followed by a worked solution containing all of the relevant CES output It is also possible to get CES to run the case study automatically by clicking on the interactive case study button shown in figure 5 16 This button or a link to it can be found near the start of each case study Using it gives you the opportunity to edit the selection stages in the worked example add more of your own and explore the selection results in detail We suggest that you read the worked example before running the interactive version of the case study 54 CES User s Manual Keep Previous Next Display Search visible topic topic X topic Search Results Lx a t F s E m Topics Query process near case study Si Location 3 3 Process Case Studies 3 Process CES InDepth 1 3 3 5 Pressure Vessel 3 3 Process Case Studies 3 Pr 2 3 3 13 Car Bonnet 3 3 Process Case Studies 3 Pr 3 3 31 A Handle for Closing a Wind 3 3 Process Case Studies 3 Pr 4 3 3 2 Aluminium Cowling 3 3 Process Case Studies 3 Pr 5 3 3 3 Manifold Jacket 3 3 Process Case Studies 3 Pr 6 3 3 4 Elevator Control Quadrant 3 3 Process Case Studies 3 Pr 7 3 3 6 Connecting Rod 3 3 Process Case Studies 3 Pr 8 3 3 7 Hair Brush Handle 3 3 Process Case Studies 3 Pr 9 3 3 8 A Plastic Bottle 3 3 Process Case Studies 3
157. on purposes as explained later Ce gh Jaa E Wrought aluminium alloy 2014 TE Sing acid Ebor A ak ire mn eat ecd LU B Noles Typical ines Heraki iegewys pisi mul Sebaa do amend Wage ee nid numer pineal Cee a hee Landes ged pire ack Pane ani eee ee S ppiicacon beer heh eh amd hanes cioe athens d ides er eerie Othar Notas Deki aer uad TOUR Proar ol Acer allg Puctaaia pened ard aw depender on batch am uni 1 caring rahoi wc Hgfespnrn snumrcnpk uos cold Fc iles mni Pa ns mo D Fo pereo Lab Links Applicaton ea Ageonce Shape Click once on the Sucka dace L7 mes Link button to IH view the processes that can be used to Supper form this material Ure Hz reanank n pem char accuracy ol wr cle tee ceed aen erate Fig 5 10 Attributes window showing the Links buttons 50 CES User s Manual a 8 Wrought aluminium alloy 2014 16 Links 3 X Process is Closed Die Forging E Cold Closed Die Forging I Cold Heading And Upsetting Bl Cold Isostatic Pressing Cold Metal Extrusion Cold Powder Methods E Cold Shape Rolling B Drawin C Deposition Bll Die Pressing and Sintering B Diffusion Bonding Drawing I Electromagnetic Forming PDFGAA PDFGAACO PDFGHE i PwCOIP PDEXM_CM PwCO PDSHDD PD AA PwCODP PJWEDF PDDR PDSHHEEM x Links to 2014 T6 from other tables can be selected with this list box Double click on deep drawing t
158. on to locate the database or type directly into the input field eg Select the sample Excel Spreadsheet file C Program Files CES Selector 3 2 Samples D atabase company2 xls Note that some database types may require a connection string to be entered into the input field 8 6 10 Importing Data Select the Tables If your source database contains more than one table you will be asked which tables you wish to import as in figure 8 24 Select one or moretables by clicking on the check boxes 8 6 11 Importing Data Specify the Attributes for Each Table You will be asked which fields you wish to import as attributes Adding or removing a tick in the check box selects or de selects the field figure 8 25 If the source table contains special fields the program will automatically use this information to perform the control functions specified in section 8 6 6 If you select the field for import ie check its box in the wizard it will also appear as an attribute in the table eg NAME in figure 8 25 Select the fields you would like to appear in the new table For each field the Import Wizard attempts to determine the best settings for the attribute type attribute name and units or discretetype If you wish to alter these settings select the attribute name and enter the new settings in the Import field into database as section figure 8 26 To convert two numeric properties to a range attribute hold down the co
159. one Functional Range Unit lt None gt Parameters P in rose f ne Fig 8 19 Creating new attributes for the functional data Assign the parameter B1 to functional attribute F1 as follows Select Fl and click on the Browse button for Parameters In the Attribute Parameters dialog check the box for the parameter B1 Fig 8 20 and click OK This closes the Attribute Parameters dialog and returns to the Table Properties dialog The Functional Range attribute F1 now has the parameter B1 assigned to it This should be shown in the Parameters box at the bottom of the Table Properties dialog Pej Attribute Parameters x Select parameters which will be used by this attribute O No of Cycles O Temperature O Time Cancel Fig 8 20 Assigning parameter B1 to functional attribute FT Z Click on OK to exit the Table Properties dialog This has added the functional attribute F1 to the M aterials table Set the Form for the Materials table to lt All Alphabetical gt Open record Materials M etal Ferrous Alloys Carbon Steel Low Carbon Steel There should be a new empty attribute Fl Look under the heading Functional Range Data The Functional Graph button for the attribute is disabled as it does not contain any data 8 5 3 Adding Data to a Functional Attribute In the record M aterials M etal Ferrous Alloys C arbon Steel Low Carbon Ste
160. orm we wish to view the record It isfirst necessary to set the new form Standard to bethe current form ietheform currently in forcein the Constructor session You can have as many forms as you like displaying some or all of the attributes in different formats We will also set this form to be the Default ie theform which is used for the Suppliers table when the database is opened in Selector Headings Available Attributes Contact Details Name Quality of material Address Tel No Fax No Web address lt Add Last updated Product Information Remove gt Typical batch size Click on an attribute name then select Add to transfer it to the left pane Rename Create a new New heading have Sea up Move Davr Cancel Z Fig 7 16 Creating anew form for the Suppliers table Right click on the Standard form icon on the Suppliers branch in the control window Select the option Set Current figure 7 17 Note that Standard is now shown in bold face to indicate that it is the current form Right click on the Standard form icon again and select the option Set Default This time asmall red tick mark appears on the form icon indicating that it is the default form View the new form and then create some links Return to therecord US Magnesium Supplier 1 It should now be displayed with the improved format Scroll to the
161. ound air and water in Table 8 2 If no nameis specified for the Discrete Type when a new discrete attribute is imported its Discrete Type will be given the same name as the attribute Units and discrete types can only be imported into a database when they accompany an attribute They cannot be imported any other way To import a currency unit for a numeric attribute enclose the currency symbol in angled brackets inside curly braces For example flat fee U SD specifies an attribute of name flat fee and currency unit USD US Dollars Thecurrency must already exist in the database Look at a list of available currencies in Database Properties dialog or Options dialog to discover the correct three letter codeto specify 8 6 8 Preparing for Import Attribute Data Values Thenaming conventions and limits on data types listed in Appendix C2 and C3 hold for imported data Floating Point Data Integer D ata Data values must be numbers with a maximum of six significant figures Point data occupies one field eg Account No in Table 8 1 Range data occupies two fields eg max speed 1l and max speed 2 in Table 8 2 The two fields are identified as belonging to the same range attribute during the importing process Section 8 6 10 Numbers can be entered as integers 456 decimals 123 456 or formatted with an exponent 456e 010 or 123 456e 009 Numeric data values are stored as single pr
162. page of the N ew T able Wizard then Finish the Wizard 100 CES User s Manual A new table Suppliers will appear in thelist in the Control window You will open this table later to add suppliers trei Control IB x Database E Tables QQ Books starterl E Application Areas E Checking Materials E Materials E Process Suppliers Right click on Suppliers then select Table Properties from the context menu Delete Table N ow Rename Table Suppliers table Copy Table Table Properties Fig 7 12 TheControl window showing the new Suppliers Table 7 5 1 Defining the Structure of a Table Wenow need to create the structure of the Supplierstable ie defineitsfields Do this as follows Click on theDatabasetab in the Control window Either Right click on the Suppliers table entry on the Database tree and select the TableProperties option from the context menu figure 7 12 or Left click on theSupplierstableentry on the D atabasetree and select the menu option Database Table Properties Click on theAttributes Tab on theSuppliers Properties dialog box figure 7 13 We wish to add the following fields Name which will be of type short text Address long text Tel No short text Fax No short text Quality of material 3 value discrete Typical batch size range in tonnes Lead time range in weeks W eb address hyp
163. perties of a composite from the properties of its constituent parts the local buckling of structural sections which can be used to estimate or check the maximum shape factor of a structural section 6 the buckling load of a shaft which can be used to check the maximum force of a linear actuator ethe burst limit of bearings which can be used to check their maximum rated speeds the torque of a permanent magnet motor which is limited by its size and the remnance of the material of its magnet the economic batch size of a manufacturing process which is related to the capital cost of the processing equipment the CO emissions associated with making a material which is closely related to its energy content 6 10 3 Automated Checking Procedures The hierarchical structure of entities Section 6 2 and relationships between the properties can be used profitably to automate aspects of data checking The scheme that is implemented in Constructor and used in the development of the CES databases involves two independent checking stages as shown in figure 6 2 In the first stage the range of every property of each member of the database is checked against the ranges stored for the generic sub class above it in the database hierarchy see figure 6 1 Similarly the sub class entities can be checked against the ranges stored for the classes above them and so on In the second stage of checking the property correlations described abov
164. properties and the structural properties such as the stiffness failure moments and torques Each property is presented as a range spanning the values which lie within the accepted specification on the dimensions and material properties Links to Material Process and Supplier tables can be used to find further information The use of the Structural Sections Data Table to select the structural section is best understood by looking at a case study Theon line documentation system CES InDepth included with the evaluation copy of CES contains a fully worked interactive case study on selection of structural sections 36 CES User s Manual 4 3 3 A Typical Record in the Structural Sections Data Table Name Extruded Aluminium I section Y S 255MPa 55x25x0 6 Designation 55x 25x 0 6 General Energy Content 335 MJ kg Price C m 2 756 GBP kg Recycle fraction 8 0 9 Safety Factor 15 1 25 Schematic Dimensions M aximum Depth D 0 0546 0 056 M aximum Width B 0 02483 0 02547 Inner Thickness t 0 00184 0 00236 Outer Thickness T 0 00184 0 00236 Depth between flanges h 0 04988 0 05232 Section Section Area A Second M oment of Area major max Second M oment of Area minor min Section M odulus major Z max Section M odulus minor Z min Full Plas Modulus bend maj S max Full Plas Modulus bend min min Torsion Constant K Section M odulus Torsion Q mt mm m m m m TI oe 1 1 1 1 1 1
165. r you will only benefit from the full power of the package to optimise selections if you take alittle time to read about itin Chapter 3 of this manual CES Concepts and in the Background Reading section of the on line book CES InDepth We also recommend that you read the Selector Quick Start Guide Chapter 5 of this manual and that you work through some of the Tutorials on how to usethe package in the on lineH elp system CES Constructor is a tool for making and editing selection databases for use in Selector In order to work well for optimal selection databases need to have a number of special characteristics Some of the background to database design is provided in Chapter 6 The Constructor Quick Start Guide in Chapter 7 illustrates a number of the important features of Constructor and Chapter 8 expands upon some of the moretechnical aspects of the package To learn about the remaining facilities we recommend that you work through the comprehensive set of Tutorials in the on line H ep system 1 2 Organisation of the Manual This manual contains eight Chapters Part 1 Introduction Installation Chapter 1 Introduction provides some general information about obtaining help using the mouse typographical conventions in this manual and the docking toolbars in Selector and Constructor Chapter 2 Installation gives step by step instructions on how to install single user and multi user copies of CES 2 CES User s Manual Part2 Se
166. records for each combination of materials The original data is available unchanged Additional derived data records have been generated by manipulating the original raw laminae data using standard composite mechanics These records easily identifiable and stored in a separate data table have been compiled from the detailed ones by experts at Granta Design in order to allow greater value to be extracted from M IL H DBK 17 by CES users Chapter 2 Installation 2 1 Introduction This part of the User s M anual provides instructions for registering and installing your copy of CES 3 2 2 1 1 System Requirements In order to run CES 3 2 your personal computer PC must have the Windows operating system Windows 95 98 2000 or Windows NT4 service pack 3 or later and should have at least a Pentium II processor or equivalent with 32M B of RAM and SVGA graphics 256 colour 800x600 mouse or compatible pointing device A compact installation of a single user licensed copy will need at least 300M B free hard disk space and 4X CD ROM drive A full installation will require around 400M B free hard disk space An Internet connection is required for running CES Weblinks You may need Administrator Rights to install the software 2 1 2 Licence Options The CES Licence Agreement specifies the number of users or seats This is the number of computers on which the software may be installed If the Licence is for a Single User t
167. roperty 3 value Rename Discrete values High Click on New to create the values New Medium x ee Delete Rename Name the values Low M edium amp Move Lp High Move Down Cancel Apply Help Fig 7 8 Creating anew discrete property in the Database Properties dialog box 7 4 2 Creating Units Now create a new unit called tonnes M eric tons as shown in figure 7 9 Note that starter1 9db already contains many different unit types and their conversion factors Click on the Units tab at the top of the Database Properties dialog box Click on the New button to createa new unit TheUnit Settings dialog box will appear figure 7 9 Enter thenameof the new unit Metric ton and its symbol tonne Click on the Settings button under Conversions to set conversion factors Select the option This unit is derived from another unit figure 7 10 then enter the conversion factor of 1000 and select the base unit kilogram kg from the drop down list box Click on OK to exit the U nit Conversions dialog Chapter 7 Constructor Quick Start Guide 97 Unit Settings Enter the new unit name M etric ton and the unit symbol tonne Click on Conversions Settings to set conversion factors Click on System Equivalents Settings to define equiv alent units in various unit Systems Fig 7 9 Creating anew unit type 98 CES User s Manual Unit Conversions Fa Unit N
168. rties and attributes The special fields are as follows see Table 8 3 128 CES User s Manual IDENTITY PARENT HASDATA ISFOLDER NAME CODE COLOUR LONGNAME The imported records can be arranged into a tree structure using the special fields PARENT ISFOLDER and CODE COLOUR specifies the colour of the record icon on the tree and on selection charts NAME LONGNAME and IDENTITY are used for various forms of identification HASDATA specifies whether the record has attribute values or not See the example in Table 8 1 If your data contains any information that you would liketo use in a special field then you should name that field in your database accordingly For example in a database of manufacturers you may have a field Company Name If you rename this file NAM E then the manufacturer s company name will be displayed on the CES table tree Similarly if you have information with a field name corresponding to one of the special fields but which should not be used as a special field by Constructor then these fields should be renamed For example in a database of parts you might havea field COLOUR that is used to hold the colour of a certain part This might need to be renamed 8 6 6 Preparing for Import Special Fields Theoperation and specifications of the special fields are summarised in Table 8 3 Chapter 8 Advanced Construction Features 129 IDENTITY Used to uniquely identify each record use thi
169. s They are known as bubble charts because the range of attributes on each axis is represented by a bubble an ellipse Bar Charts arise from plotting one Numerical against one Discrete Logical Link attribute or one Numerical axis on its own Count Charts or tables are charts with two Discrete Logical Link axes or one Discrete Logical Link axis on its own Each record fits into oneor more cells of the table On all selection charts it is possible to select a subset of records using a box tool to define the selection area On bubble charts it is also possible to usea line tool to define a subset all records to one side of the line pass the selection 3 7 4 Project Files The operation of CES3 2 is based on Project files These files contain the CES user s work They are conceptually equivalent to documents in a word processor When a Project file is saved it stores the current status of the CES session including the selection stages in use selection criteria graph formats graph labels and so on A project file can beread into CES later to re set the program to its state when the Project file was saved Only one Project file can be open at a time in CES3 21 1 CM S2 project files cannot be read by CES3 4 1 Materials 4 1 1 Introduction Chapter 4 Data Modules The CES Materials Data M odule contains data for approximately 3660 engineering materials characterisin
170. s field together with the parent field to allow a hierarchical structure to be imported For example when importing a database of parts the PART NO field could be renamed to IDENTITY to enable the part number to uniquely identify the part record during importing PARENT Used when importing a hierarchical structure Number this field refers to the identity IDENTITY of or Text the record that is the parent of this record in the hierarchical structure For example if you were _ Sameas to import a table of animals then the parent IDENTITY record of the apes record might be the mammals record This field should bethe same typeasthel DENTITY field If this field is empty then Constructor places the record at the root level of the table tree HASDATA Used to distinguish between records with Number 0 1 attribute data and records without attribute data or Boolean If this value is not set then no attribute data is FALSE TRUE imported for this record Records with attribute data should have this value set to TRUE or 1 ISFOLDER Used when importing a hierarchical structure Number 0 1 Records used as folders should havethis valueset or Boolean to TRUE or 1 FALSE TRUE NAME The name of the record as shown in the table tree Also referred to asthe short name or tree name in the documentation CODE A tree codefor the record Text max 3 chars COLOUR The colour of a record is used to shade record Numb
171. s restrictions on importing and the importing process 8 6 1 Data sources Importing is currently supported for thefollowing database formats Granta Database gdb Microsoft Access 97 Database mdb DBaselll IV and V Database dbf Microsoft Excel Spreadsheet xls Text File Comma separated and tab delimited formats txt csv tab 126 CES User s Manual If your existing database format is not supported you may still beableto import data by first exporting from your existing database to a text format eg tab delimited and then importing the resulting file into CES Constructor 8 6 2 Restrictions There are a some restrictions on importing data from external files using CES Constructor 3 2 i Data can only beimported into a new table not into an existing table ii It is not possible to import link information from any database iii Pictures can be imported from Granta databases but not from any other kind of database For other databases it is necessary to use the Picture Gallery to import each picture separately from a file see Section 7 5 5 8 6 3 Importing Procedure i Before importing it is recommended that you take backups of both the source and target CES files ii It is useful to prepare the source data file before importing Sample prepared data files are shown in Tables 8 1 and 8 2 Their contents are described in the Sections 8 6 4 8 6 8 iii
172. search Chapter 5 Selector Quick Start Guide 53 This will search through the books for any instances of the string process near the string case study The definition of near can beset on the Tools Options General menu The default distance is 8 words The search results will appear in the Search Results window figure 5 15 There are fourteen instances in CES InDepth which satisfy the search criteria We will examine the case study on process selection for a Spark Plug Insulator Double click on 3 3 10 Spark Plug Insulator figure 5 15 The Books window will reappear showing information about the case study figure 5 16 Scroll down to see more Keyword Query 1 Type the word or phrase you want to find The operators AND OR NOT and NEAR refine your search AND finds both terms in the same topic DR finds either term in a topic NOT finds topics that do not contain the term NEAR finds both terms in the same topic close together 2 Where would you like to search Entire contents a C Current Topic C Search results 3 Click find to start search Fig 5 14 Books Search dialog box 5 4 3 On line Case Studies The on line case studies can also be found simply by opening the Books contents page to the relevant sections as per figure 5 13 Materials selection case studies are in section 2 3 of CES InDepth Process selection case studies are in section 3 3 and structural sections selecti
173. set of attributes For a material record these attributes include its composition strength density etc For a manufacturing process record the attributes include the surface finish tolerance economic batch size etc For a supplier the attributes are the Company name address telephone number etc The attributes of a record can be viewed in the Attributes window see figure 3 4 B Materials Metal Light Alloys Aluminium rought 2000 Series 2014 Wrought aluminium alloy 2014 T6 General Designation A alloy 2014 T6 wrought Composition A 4 5Cu 85i 8Mn 5Mg Density Mg m 3 Energy Content MJ kg Price GBP kg Recycle Fraction Mechanical Bulk Modulus GPa Compressive Strength MPa Elongation Elastic Limit MPa Endurance Limit MPa Fracture Toughness MPa m 1 2 Hardness Vickers HV Loss Coefficient Modulus of Rupture MPa Poisson s Ratio Shape Factor Shear Modulus GPa Tensile Strength MPa Young s Modulus GPa Fig 3 4 TheAttributes window showing some properties of the record Aluminium Alloy 2014 T 6 3 2 4 Folders Every record in the database has a unique Identifier ID which is used to distinguish it from all other records The records are organised into a hierarchical tree structure known as an identifier tree or table tree Individual records are the leaves of the tabletree Part of the M aterials Table tree can be seen in figure 3 3
174. stent with the values of Elastic Limit The ratio of these two attributes should be near to one for a ductile metal ie the strengths in tension and compression should be quite similar 90 CES User s Manual Record and attribute that is being checked B Checking Cast magnesium alloy AM60 Compressive Strength Cast magnesium alloy AM60 Checking T able Checking Materials Check Record Cast Magnesium Property Checking Range X Compressive Strength 70 210 sigma c sigma y 0 4383 2 161 Compressive Strengt 70 210 Elastic Limit 65 210 Y Y a Compressive strength passed the range check Its geometric mean Compressive strength failed this value lies within the range 70 210M Pa correlation check The ratio of compressive stength to elastic limit sigma_c sigma_y is 0 4099 which is outside of the range 0 4983 to 2 161 Fig 7 4 Checking window showing that Compressive Strength passed its range check but failed its correlation check with Elastic Limit 7 3 Adding Records 7 3 1 Tree Codes The CES tree codes or record identifiers provide a consistent designation system which applies to all entities in the database The designations consist of a set of letters and numbers as explained in Section 3 2 5 Open theT ools O ptions menu Click once in the Show Tree Codes box then click on OK to exit The tree codes will appear on the material tree in the Control window and
175. t Guides are denoted by indented text in boldface such as the following line Thisis the format of an instruction Thenames of menu options and buttons in this manual appear in boldface e Sub menus are written with forward slashes separating items View Results means the Results option on the View menu The names of windows and dialog boxes appear in italics eg Project window tems of text contained in list boxes appear in quotation marks Words and numbers that you type as you follow the instructions are underlined means press ENTER 1 7 The Toolbars There are several docking toolbars available in both Selector and Constructor They can be switched on and off using the Toolbars option on theView menu View Toolbars Docking means they can be moved around the screen and placed at convenient locations by dragging them with the mouse When a toolbar is placed against an edge of 4 CES User s Manual the program viewing area the frame it will merge into the frame Another toolbar placed alongside will merge into the first If you place the cursor over a button a tool tip will appear This will give one or two words of explanation about the function of the button Explanations of the various buttons on thetoolbars are provided in Appendix A 1 8 What s New in CES3 2 This section is only relevant if you have upgraded from CES3 1 to 3 2 For information about the differences between
176. t line in the body of the record states that the value of the Elastic Limit in the AM 60 record lies out of the range 65 to 210 M Pa Return to the Attributes window 8 The checking process compares the geometric mean of the range of properties 4 330 x 340 335 MPa with therange in the checking record 65 to 210M Pa Chapter 7 Constructor Quick Start Guide 89 B Materials AMetalVL ight Alloys Magnesium Cast AM series OF Xx Cast magnesium alloy AM60 Atomic Volume average 0 014 0 015 m 3 kmol Density fig ie Ma m 3 Energy Content MJ kg Price GBP kg Recycle Fraction Is Is Is Is Is Mechanical Compressive Strength Ductility Elastic Limit MPa Fracture Toughness MPa m 1 2 Hardness MPa Poisson s Ratio Shape Factor 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 Young s Modulus Editable attribute fields indicates Checking status low and high values estimated buttons Click to attribute display details Fig 7 3 TheAttributes window In theAttributes window the green tick next to Compressive Strength for AM 60 has also changed into a tick and cross symbol SJ Thisindicatesthat Compressive Strength has passed its range check but failed one or more consistency or correlation checks with other attributes Click on the checking button for Compressive Strength 4 As shown in figure 7 4 even though the values of Compressive strength are within a suitable range they are no longer consi
177. t of the Options dialog showing preferred currency and units viewing settings Changing the Preferred settings does not affect the way that the numbers are stored in the database only the way they are displayed As well as enabling attribute data to be viewed in different units to those in which they are stored the Preferred Database Options settings allow data to be entered as values in the preferred setting even though they are stored in the default setting For example Chapter 8 Advanced Construction Features 121 consider the attribute length which is stored in the database with units of m Suppose you obtained data for further records but the attribute data values were in ft Changing the Preferred Unit System to a system which used ft eg US Imperial would allow you to enter the data in ft However the data values would be stored in m in the database The advantage of the Preferred Units and Currency options is that they allow the user to view or enter data from various sources in different units but store data in one consistent unit set When a new database is created the Preferred settings are used to create a currency unit and unit system in the new database See below for details ThePreferred settings can be changed in the Options General dialog see figure 8 17 Various options for the preferred currency and unit systems for the current database and for new databases are provided in Appendix C
178. table and this third party table then one will be created Any existing relationships will not be affected Chapter 8 Advanced Construction Features 139 If you choose not to create the relationships then link information i e linked records will belost in the destination table Notes Pre existing empty forms and filters will be copied However if a form becomes empty during the copying process as a result of the Attributes resolutions then it will not be copied Procedure Select the record of interest on the source table if the record is a generic or folder record all its child records will include beincluded Select Copy Record from the Edit menu Switch to the destination table Select the record under which the copied records areto appear i e select the parent record for the destination record s Select Paste from the Edit menu If the short name of the selected record matches an existing record on the destination branch the option to merge records will be offered The Copying records between tables dialog will appear Enableor disablethe resolutions as required Click OK to paste the records or Cancel 8 7 5 Updating an Edited CES 3 1 Database The U pdate Database W izard is designed to take a user edited CES 3 1 database and update it to match the CES 3 2 database so that the Granta created records are updated and the user created records are unchanged The current database should be backed up before the
179. table are arranged into a hierarchical classification tree structure Select the name of a table from the list to view its tree A Project Untitled g Project C Tables a Books Table Materials z im Ma Materials Online books Process Bill Reference ij F Shape Structural Sections Supplier Uses Select the M aterials Table from the list au AIO S Light Alloys 3 58 Aluminium 3 5 Cast wee Generic record 4 Wrought 1000 Series 2000 Series 5 amp 3 2014 3000 Series 5000 Series gg 6000 Series gg 7000 Series 8000 Series rylliurn agnesium itanium on ferrous Alloys zl 0 HAAA nm 2 f MEER Fig 3 3 The Project Window showing the M aterials table and part of the materials classification tree CES Selector v3 2 can only perform selections on one table at a time for example materials or processes This table is called the Selection Table The Selection Table is set for the current CES Project If you change selection table you must start a new project 22 CES User s Manual 3 2 3 Records and Attributes Each record in the database represents an entity a material a process a supplier etc Each record has a
180. te ranges 6 3 Comprehensiveness By comprehensive we mean that the database contains all general families of entities in the kingdom of interest Databases need to be comprehensive if they are to yield an opti mal selection for every application A materials database should therefore contain all families of materials in the materials kingdom metals polymers ceramics natural materials and composites 2 A database of bearings should contain all families of bearings H ydrodynamic Rubbing Plain Porous metal Rolling element and so on If it fails to do this one or more important families of entities may be overlooked completely ruling them out of the selection by default It is often tempting for engineers to assume that the best solution will be the oneimplied by previous experience and therefore to use a non comprehensive data source for example a catalogue containing say rolling element bearings H owever this can inhibit innovation by inviting a non optimal selection due to lack of familiarity experience with alternative solutions In this example a plain bearing or a hydrostatic or magnetic bearing may be better suited to the particular application Thus a non comprehensive database with only a limited set of families is poorly suited to the screening and ranking selection step Section 3 1 1 6 4 Universal Attributes For effective screening the database must be tightly structured Itis essential to store th
181. tes its density moduli strength thermal electrical and chemical properties Attributes are a key part of selection They are discussed morefully below An important feature of a well ordered hierarchical classification is that the properties of its members lie within ranges defined by their sub class the properties of all sub classes lie within ranges defined by their class and so on up the tree as shown schematically in figure 6 1 In this way it is possible to create a generic record at any level of the tree which has properties that span the range of all entities below it in the hierarchy This facilitates development of a comprehensive top level screening database in which a limited number of classes or sub classes of entities can be used to represent all members of the kingdom This feature also facilitates data validation and checking as explained later Quantitative engineering attributes are normally best stored as a range of values see Section 3 3 sincethere is always sometolerance associated with theinformation In the record for a specific material the ranges describe the permitted or expected spread or the experimentally found latitude in the value of each attribute 7Numbersin parentheses refer to references listed in Appendix E 74 CES User s Manual Property 2 Checking limits Members Checking limits Property 1 Fig 6 1 Schematic relationship between database hierarchy and property attribu
182. th attributes in any table Open the database database starter5 gdb in Constructor Select the D atabase Properties command from the Database menu Click onceon the Parameters tab to view the Parameters page figure 8 18 Click on the New button to createa new parameter 122 CES User s Manual Namethe parameter B1 Ensurethat the parameter B1 is selected Enter the Default Value of 10 for the parameter Do not assign any Units to the parameter leave it set to lt None gt Leave the Scale set to Log Click OK to exit the Database Properties dialog Database Properties x General Units Discretes Constants Parameters Name Default Value No of Cycles 1e 007 Nf Log Temperature 298 K Lin Time 60 Log Default Value fi Unit lt None gt z Scale Log C Linear Cancel Apply Help Fig 8 18 Adding a parameter to the database 8 5 2 Adding a Functional Attribute Now create two new attributes View the Materialstabletreein the Control window Open theT able Properties dialog for the Materials table View the Attributes page of the T able Properties dialog Create a new attribute and nameit RT Set the attribute Type of R1 to Range and let the Unit be None Create a new attribute and nameit F1 Fig 8 19 Set the attribute Type of F1 to Functional Range and let the Unit be None Chapter 8 Advanced Construction Features 123 N
183. th the left mouse button on the Next or Yes buttons You can stop the installation process whenever a Cancel or Exit Setup button is displayed A Back button will take you back to the previous stage Insertthe disk in your CD ROM drive TheSetup program should run by itself If it doesnot try oneof thefollowing actions Open Windows Explorer and double click on thefile Setup exe on your CD ROM drive or usethe Windows Run command asfollows From the Windows Start menu select the Run command This will open the Windows Run dialog box as shown in figure 2 1 Run L2 x1 Type the name of a program folder or document and Windows will open it for you Open JE Setup M Bonin Seperate Meron Space Cancel Browse Fig 2 1 TheWindows Run dialog box Click in the Open field in the Run dialog box then type EASetup where EA is the location of the Setup exe file your CD ROM drive Click onceon OK If one of the above procedures has been successful after a few seconds you should see the Welcome dialog box figure 2 2 Click on the Next gt button 2 3 Registering Your Copy of CES Selector To register your copy of CES Selector enter the relevant details for your Name Company and registration Key see figure 2 3 A Name is required Your registration key is provided on the Licence Agreement card that accompanied the software Chapter 2 Installation 11 22 Welcome Fig 22 Th
184. the Selection Table before you do this depending on the setting you chose on the W elcome screen figure 5 1 Select the Project Project Settings option from the drop down menu at thetop of the screen Setthe Selection Tableto Process in thetop list box Click onceon OK Project Settings x Database Summary Parameter Values Database CES Database Path D DCebon Work CES Databases 3 2 data gdb Selection T able Process Application Areas Materials p Structural Sections Supplier Uses Cancel Apply Help Fig 5 17 Projed Settings dialog 5 5 2 Performing Limit Selections The design requirements for the spark plug insulator can be seen in figure 5 16 It must be made from a ceramic Alumina AI20 3 using a discrete primary process one which can make individual components from a raw material The mass of the component will be approximately 50 grams its minimum section will be 1 2 mm the surface finish must have an RM S roughness less than 10 um the batch size will be at least 100 000 and so 56 CES User s Manual on Most of these requirements can simply be entered as upper and or lower limits in the Limit Selection form Click on theLimit Selection button 8 on the Project toolbar Enter thedesign requirements as shown in figure 5 18 Attribute Mass range normal Roughness normal Section normal Tolerance normal Economic batch size units Primary Discrete
185. the Suppliers branch of thetree Open the Forms sub branch of Suppliers Right click on Forms and select the N ew Form option from the context menu 104 CES User s Manual B Suppliers NAFTA USA Magnesium femal 1 305 123 4567 Magnesium Company Number 1 1 800 387 6543 123 Magnesium Lane ity State 12345 6789 USA http www magnesiumcol com E m Fig 7 15 A record in the Suppliers table using the default form lt All Alphabetical Figure 7 16 shows the Edit New Form dialog Create the headings Contact Details and Product Information and position the attributes under these headings as follows Click on the New button to create a new heading then change the heading name in the left window pane to Contact D etails Transfer the attributes Name Address Tel No Fax No Web Address and Last Updated from theright window pane to the left usingthe Add button Use Remove gt to do the reverse Note that you can change the order of attributes in the left window pane using the M ove Up and M ove Down buttons Add the Product Information heading and transfer the remaining attributes under it Click on OK to exitthedialog box Rename New Form to Standard on theD atabasetab of the Control window 7 54 Filters Chapter 7 Constructor Quick Start Guide 105 Having created the new properties f
186. the domain Type defines the type of function Expression or Array and indicates an estimated value Parameters lists those parameters in the function and for Expression functions the domain of the parameter for which the function is valid Thereisno limit on the number of parameters with which a functional attribute is allowed to vary but 10 is a practical limit Value defines how the attribute varies dependent on the parameters Expression value functions take the form of a numerical expression Array value functions specify of a set of points and thetype of interpolation between points A functional attribute may have a parameter assigned to it that is not listed in Parameters However if a parameter is listed in Parameters it must be assigned to the attribute D2 Expression Function A function stored as an expression must specify Type Expression Then it must list all parameters used in the expression and the range over which that parameter is valid The units are assumed to be the parameters current units Parameters Parameter Name lower limit upper limit The Value is the instruction on how to calculate the attribute data value in the form of an expression The format for the expression is the normal format used for CES expressions e g Value parameter rangeattribute Example Notes Appendix D Functional Data Syntax 151 If a parameter is not valid or not assigned to theattribute or if t
187. the netsetup exe program FACES Selector netsetup exe This will install program files and dll s to the local machine but the database and the on line books will be accessed from the server location A user of CES Sdector at one of the networked PCs must have read permission for the F drive and write permission to a folder on the network or on PC they are currently using for output of CES files eg CAU sers Notes i None of the exe files other than the netsetup exe or dll files are required in the server installation directory unless CES is going to be run by a local user on the server machine ii CES requires certain system dll s to run If a compatible version of these files is not found on the user s machine and the machineis running Windows NT then user will need to have Administrator rights to install the software or the installation may fail 2 6 Purchasing Additional Data Modules U pon purchase of additional data modules Granta D esign Limited or their accredited agent will provide a new registration key To install and register an additional data module follow the instructions which come with the new module If you have a multi user licence and have installed to a network drive which is accessed by all the networked PCsfor which you are licensed you will only need to run the Setup program once 2 7 Re Registering your Software If you need to re register your software for example if you obtain a new
188. theSupplier Properties dialog as shown in figure 7 13 Open theSupplierstableon theT abletab in the Control window then select Database T able Properties Click on the Typical batch size property Then change the Type near the bottom of the dialog from Rangeto Point Click on Yes to Continue then select the method of conversion Geometric Mean or Arithmetic Mean If you choose the Arithmetic mean the Point value will be the arithmetic average of the minimum and maximum of the range ie Point Rangemin Rangemax 2 eg 0 05 2 2 1 025 If you choosethe Geometric mean the Point value will bethe geometric mean ie Point N Rangemin x Rangemay eg V 0 05 x 2 0 316 Conversions that are allowed are shown in the following table Long Text Short Text LongText Short Text Point Integert Table7 1 Allowable conversions between data types t Conversion can use an arithmetic or geometric average For all other conversions eg from Range to Text the data will be lost See Section 3 3 for further information on attribute types 7 5 3 Creating a Form The format of the information about the supplier shown in figure 7 15 could be improved This can be achieved by creating a form which specifies the order in which the fields are displayed and the format of headings We will create a form for the Suppliers database called Standard Proceed as follows Open the Database tab on the Control window Open
189. theend of the selection or at any other time the user can find out which records passed all or some of the selection stages It is important to realise that in this strategy all records contained in the selection table with applicable data entries are considered in every selection stage and are plotted on the charts Therefore each stage is independent of the others This means that records are never discarded from the selection process even though they may fail a particular selection stage So it is possible to find out how every entity performed on each of the stages Theonesthat pass all stages will probably bethe best choices 28 CES User s Manual Selector can also generate plots of user defined attributes which are mathematical combinations of the attributes in the database Examples are the specific strength og p og is the elastic limit and p is the density and the performance index for a light stiff beam E1 2 p E is the Young s Modulus This facility greatly expands the versatility of the selection process and enables two complex performance requirements to be compared on one selection chart 3 7 3 Types of Selection Chart Any combination of numerical discrete logical and link attributes can be plotted on selection charts This leads to three different types of charts according to the combination of attributes used for the graph axes i ii iii Bubble Charts are charts with two Numerical axe
190. tic limit is the yield strength for polymers it is the stress at which the uniaxial stress strain curve becomes markedly non linear typically at 1 strain There are other definitions for 58 CES User s Manual other classes of materials See CES InDepth for definitions of material attributes See also figure 5 13 Plot a selection chart as follows Click once on the New Graphical Stage button us on the Standard toolbar Alternatively select the menu option Project N ew Graphical Stage The Graph Stage Wizard dialog box will appear figure 5 20 Select density for the x axis of the chart then select elastic limit for the y axis of the chart Click once on the X Axis tab top left of the dialog box Select Density from the Attributes list box as shown Repeat the process to select Elastic Limit for the Y Axis Finally click onceon OK to exit the Graph Stage Wizard Graph Stage Wizard x sis Y Axis Attributes Select the attribute that you wish to plot or click the advanced button lt None gt Advanced None Breakdown Potential Bulk Modulus Compressive Strength Endurance Limit Energy Content Flammability Fig 5 20 Choosing properties for the X axis of a selection chart A selection chart will appear on the screen figure 5 21 The colours of the material bubbles indicate their main classes as indicated on the M aterials table
191. tively as limitsfor the values of dimensionless property groups They take the form CL Pi pj P3 lt Cy 6 1 or larger groupings where Pj P2 P3 are material properties n and m are simple powers usually 1 1 2 1 2 or 1 and C and Cy are dimensionless constants the lower and upper limits between which the values of the property group lies One example is the relationship between expansion coefficient units K 1 and the melting point Tm units K CL lt aTh lt Cy 6 2 Where they exist such correlations permit checks and estimates which are much more discriminating and precise than are the simple range checks For another example consider the ratio of tensile strength to compressive strength For most although not all metals this value is close to unity but for ceramics the value is somewhere between 0 1 and 0 3 So whilst the entire kingdom of ceramics from Plaster of Paris up to Diamond has a wide range of values for tensile strength and compressive strength the ratio of the one to the other falls within a much smaller range There are other useful relationships between attributes which arise from the mechanics thermodynamics or economics of a particular application These can also be used profitably for data checking A few examples follow Chapter 6 Selection Database Design 79 the upper and lower bounds on the properties of composites which can be used to estimate or check the pro
192. ttempt to open it when it is next started 5 2 3 Help Chapter 5 Selector Quick Start Guide Notes i If you did a Compact installation figure 2 6 you will need to have the CES disk in your CD ROM driveto view the on line books ii To re open the Welcome screen from within the program at any time click once on the Welcome xj button on the Standard toolbar Obtain H ep as follows Click onceon the Get Help button on theW elcome screen TheH dp Introduction screen will appear figure 5 2 Every H elp screen has the same set of buttons along the top see figure 5 2 The pull down menus along the top of the help screen are standard Windows H elp functions See your Windows manual for details Contents Search Go back to Print of Help the Help previous current system system Help page Help page amp CES Selector Help Ble teh Sook Dir deb 7 Een a Back B T gt Introduction The Cambridge Engineering Selector is a Windows based PC toolkit for the evaluation of information for engineering design developed by Granta Design Ltd in conjunction with Cambridge University Engineering Dept Information about the CES system Tutorials amp CES Selector Help ioj x File Edi Bookmark Options Help Reference Guide Software and Copyright Tutorials Part 1 Before You Begin Part 2 Getting Started Part 3 Graphical Selection Part 4 Further
193. ttributes that are universal for all classes of materials During the second step of the process once the general class of entities has been selected a class specific form and filter can be used eg polymers for materials selection The filter restricts the materials under consideration to one class all polymers and the form presents all the properties that are relevant for that class For example the polymers form contains water absorption and heat deflection temperature a measure of creep performance etc in addition to the generic universal attribute set When the polymers form is in use selections can be made using these class specific properties 76 CES User s Manual 6 7 Completeness All of the records in the screening database must be complete ie have no holes or gaps with missing data Otherwise the inevitable consequence is that some entities will fail selections because they have no data for a particular field Therearetwo main reasons why data may not be availablefor a particular property The first is that the property may not strictly apply for the particular entity The second is that it may never have been measured or the information may not be in the public domain A partial resolution of this problem lies in technology for estimating attributes There are some powerful ways of doing this for materials data using relationships between properties 4 For example the Young s Modulus
194. unctional range attribute a colon is used to specify the limits of the range Value point 1 point 2 where point 1 value of parameter 1 value of parameter 2 result lower limit result upper limit for a functional range attribute where point 1 value of parameter 1 value of parameter 2 result for a functional point attribute A multi dimensional linear interpolator will interpolate a result for any parameter values within the domain limits 152 CES User s Manual Example If theinterpolator for a parameter is set to lin it will perform a linear interpolation on a linear scale between data points for the parameter If the interpolator for a parameter is set to log it will perform a linear interpolation on a logarithmic scale This is set on the Parameters page of the D atabase Properties dialog in Constructor If the parameter list in the Array function is suffixed with lin it will perform a linear interpolation on a linear scale between data points for the result otherwise the interpolation will take the default setting of linear on alogarithmic scale When interpolation is carried out it is necessary to provide enough data points for the attribute to make the interpolation accurate If the parameter is not valid if there is the wrong number of values in a point or if a range value is specified Constructor will display an error message Functional Range attribute F2 one Parameter BT
195. ute may not have been measured or may not be in the public domain Then it is necessary for completeness to estimate a value Some material properties fall into this category The estimation of attributes is an activity in which much is done but little is written For material properties usefully accurate estimation techniques exist These are based on physical relationships between properties 4 As discussed in Section 6 10 2 they are of primary help both for estimating and checking attributes Process attributes and attributes of components are harder to estimate When the entity is part of a group with which it has much in common its siblings weighted interpolation can be used to estimate the missing attributes of one entity when those of its siblings are known 7 It is essential that approximations and estimates in the database are flagged in some way so that if the material is selected on the basis of one of these properties the engineer knows to seek further information to check the estimated data Such flags are easily set in Constructor 6 11 3 Non existence of Data There are some rare attributes which need to be stored in a screening database but are not common to all entities in that database They are therefore exceptions to the universality rule These are best designated as not applicable in the database They can be recognised by the fact that it would be acceptable for entities which have a not applicable e
196. y system equivalents M any units however belong to some unit systems but not others For this reason it is possible to specify equivalent units in Constructor Consider some arbitrary attribute Length that is stored in the database in foot ft Assume the chosen unit system for the database is M etric which does not contain ft It is necessary to tell CES that when it encounters an attribute stored in ft it should use some equivalent unit in the M etric system eg metre m and what the relative size of thesetwo units is Chapter 8 Advanced Construction Features 117 So assuming that metre m is already stored in the database all that is needed is to set the relative conversion factor from thefoot to the metre foot ft 0 3048 x metre m The procedure is shown in figure 8 12 The equivalence which is shown in figure 8 13 can represented linguistically as follows When using the M etric unit system display attributes that are stored in units of ft using units of metre instead Unit Settings Fig 8 12 Part of the Unit Settings and Unit Conversions dialog for the unit foot 118 CES User s Manual System Equivalents Your unit can be displayed differently in each i unit system fe System Equivalents x Your unit can be displayed differently in each unit system Unit Name foot ft Unit Systems Equivalent Unit CGS Consistent

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