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1. doe tu UN DM MU 21 3 5 1 GPS Dracker eSI lO ae ia ced re 21 352 Time Use Study of Rock climbers in Indian Creek enn 29 SOC COMME 32 44 JBespohsehate s idv ava et tante 32 42 JOuesuonlall e ReSUIES Saas bie Dd nn pt nl EN 32 4 2 1 Bye ein mn en a tata 32 4 22 Past DUse HISTO Vosa 36 4 2 3 AO spada Du Gv E ro e d 38 4 2 4 SEIT RED OL TSA SKIN LOW Sl 43 GPS Visitor Tracking Results DISCUSSION nee 4 3 1 Component 1 Time Use Study Results amp DISCUSSION UND 4 3 2 Component 2 Informal Trail Use Results amp DISCUSSION nn RES ina 459 46 Signage Recommendations for the Most Visited Climbing 5 4277 Interpretation of GPS Visitor Tracklnigaasesceeudsaentcuntaiind ttai 48 Recommendations for Future Research nn A9 s miran DU tut 2 REFERENCES a co da 53 Appendix A Manual GPS Tracking of Rock Climbers in Indian Creek Utah Appendix Map Indian Creek Climbing Walls amp Trails Appendix C Map GPS Visitor Tracking Appendix Map Signage Recom
2. 1 2 Canmore 740 1 Sport GPS Data Logger 1 2 1 Canmore Software CanW ay 1 CanWaviInStAlAtiOnEs s s na 1 2 1 2 Getting Started with CanWay 1 2 0 General Information on the GT 740FL nenne 1 2 2 1 LED Display amp Basic 2 2 2 2 Gonnecting to lt 2 2 2 3 How to Change Configurations 2 2 2 4 Configuration for Indian Creek Study 2 3 Data COMCCH OI 3 Prepa aU O 3 32 Interaction with Study Participants 3 3 21 Approaching 3 Su 1PAMICIDANE INSIMUCTIONS ip ADU 4 3 2 3 Participant Questionnaire 4 3 2 4 Collecting Data Loggers 5 4 DOWMOSdIN O DAS d 6 41 Using CanWay to Take Data off of Data Loggers 6 42 Exporting Data to CSV Format muda aca inr De ted 6 4 3 Wate SEtOL aUe 6 44 Clearing Data From Data Loggers enne 7 49 ManipulaloH or CSV FES 7 AST Initial ManipUlallQl s2 m E sers 7 4 5 2 Manipulation of Data after Combining CSV Files 8 46 When Mu
3. Cliffs of Insanity highway unable to find Appendix F Trail Quality and Access Overall Trail Twotrails to north and one south The trail to the north is extremely Two Trails steep and loose The trail to the south Is an easy walk down cow path then up a ridge with some loose sections Partially Critic s Choice Good Poor There are supposed to be two trails on North side and on South side of cliffs No Trail Cairns only Located widely spaced cairns on north side up steep scree slopes No trail found on the South side Twotrails are easily accessed However Donnelly Canyon Poor Extremely braided both are extremely braided with washed out sections Difficult to find but a faint trail can be Election Wall Poor Loose crumbly trail found in places by following sporadic cairns Disappointment Trail Cairns Cliffs only Loose in couple High clearance vehicle recommended to Fin Wall Good access Trail is easy and 15 mostly sections good quality Loose in several spots A pull off exists on the side of the highway Friction Slab No Trail No Trail An extremely faint trail can be found in sections A pull off exists on the side of the highway Fringe of Death with a trail down an old road for several Canyon hundred yards No Trail leads to climbing Erin GELT This relatively unvisited area has no trails a No Trail No Trail to w
4. 5 5 t o a E Years Indian Creek Table 4a Self reported past use history for the study participants Including today approximately how many days in the last year 117 8 73 8 have you been rock climbing in amp outside 50 Mode Including today approximately how many days in the last year 12 6 13 7 have you been rock climbing at Indian Creek How many total years have you been rock climbing at Indian 6 4 55 Creek 4 2 3 SPECIALIZATION Table 4b demonstrates that the majority of climbers in Indian Creek consider themselves to be highly specialized at rock climbing based on the mean scores for each narrative Specialization is a process that exists on a continuum and as an individual s specialization in an activity increases so Will a variety of behaviors and preferences linked to time dedicated to the activity money spent setting and technique Manning 2011 The highest ranked narrative with a mean of 7 34 describes the preferences and behaviors of a highly specialized individual who dedicates a high amount of time and money to their primary activity is highly skilled and dedicates timeto learning 38 more about their activity Regarding this sample 33 of the participants indicated that this narrative strongly describes them with another 46 also strongly identifying with this narrative The second highest ranked narrative ha
5. Column C will be the Point ID to number rows in numerical order 1 2 3 etc Clean data from each participant by deleting all data recorded before handingthe device to the participant this will occur because data loggers will be turned on in the parking lot or trailhead well before giving the unit to a participant At this point your data will look like this C D E F G H 1 1 1 1 1 19 2014 17 40 37 40 70257 111 6259 1410 8 1 1 1 2 1 19 2014 17 42 26 40 70278 111 6258 W 1397 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Save the edited file under the Subfolder Edited Daily Participant Files Combine the edited daily participant files from each day using Command Prompt and save the combined file under the Subfolder Combined Daily Samples MANIPULATION OF DATA AFTER COMBINING CSV FILES When all CSV files are edited and combined into the Combined Daily Samples open the spreadsheet Delete the and I columns those that say and W Insert column to the left of column the Longitude column it will be 109 xxx Put a negative symbol at thetop of the new column G in grid G1 and copy paste the negative symbol into the remaining rows Insert a column to the right of the Longitude column now column 1 Type concatenate in grid I1 then click on the grid with the negative symbol G1 then enter a comma then click on thelongitude H1 then end with a parenthesis It should now lo
6. All study participants were also asked to complete a questionnaire with items capturing demographics specialization self perceived skill level and past use history 11 Table 3a Study components and applicable instruments and areas of use Focus Area or Intercept Location GPS Mapping of Informal Trails GPS Visitor Tracking for Informal Trails Analysis GPS Visitor Tracking for Time use Analysis Questionnaire GPS Mapping of Climber Trails TrimbleJuno Fivesites determined by most popular areas Canmore Canmore Paper Questionnaire Trimble Juno Five sites determined by GVT most popular areas Creek Pasture Campground Superbowl Campground Bridger Jack Campground Cottonwood Creek Camp Area Primitive Camping Areas Creek Pasture Campground Superbowl Campground Bridger Jack Campground Cottonwood Creek Camp Area Primitive Camping Areas 1st Meat Wall 2nd Meat Wall 4 x 4 Wall Battle of the Bulge Buttress Bioturbation Wall Blue Gramma Cliff The Bridger Jacks Broken Tooth Cat Wall Church Rock Cliffs of Insanity Critic s Choice Disappointment Cliffs Donnelly Canyon Election Wall Fin Wall Forgotten Tower Friction Slab Fringe Walls The Gash The Happy Submarine Lavender Butte Left Rambo 12 North Six Shooter Peak The Optimator The Original M eat Wall Petrified Hornet Wall Pistol Whipped Power Wall Public Service Wall Reservoir Wall Sabbatical Wall Scarface
7. Appendix Map GPS Visitor Tracking Campground e a SACRED Superbowl y Campground 10 Parking Areas Campgrounds Whee LE CNE A X DISAPPOINTMENT Restrooms E Cairns No Trail e Climber s Trails Climbing Areas GPS Visitor Tracking 4 7 22222 SELFISH SHOCK WALL BROKEN T BRIDGER JACK MESA 4 p 4x4 WALELE PETRIFIED HORNET OPTIMATOR Legend eer Parking Areas Campgrounds TECHNICOLOR ES Hestrooms TA s FRINGE Cairns No Trail gt dd SCORPION Climber s Trails Ae Climbing Areas UT A j UM IL CET d IGN IGP SWissto the iT 38 TECHNICOLOR FRINGE DEATH AC SCORPION CORNER X SINBAD 1 Ja CRITICS CHOICE Parking Areas Campgrounds Restrooms Cairns No Trail Climber s Trails Climbing Areas C f GPS Visitor Tracking 2 1155 Appendix Map Signage Recommendations Legend Narrative Signage Parking Areas Campgrounds Restrooms Cairns No Trail
8. High Clearance Vehicle Required Narrative Sign 5 Narrative Sign 11 North Six Shooter South Six Shooter South Six Shooter to Southeast Trail North Trail to South Trail gt South Six Shooter South Trails Narrative Sign 6 Narrative Sign 12 North Six Shooter South Six Shooter South Six Shooter to North Trail 3 to Southwest Trail Legend Arrow Sign Narrative Sign Parking Areas Campgrounds Restrooms Cairns No Trail e HA D Climber s Trail GPS Visitor Tracking Climbing Wall ESri bic VEDA LEE CRT EN ICRA swisstopoyand therGls ec Communal Appendix E Narrative Sign Recommendations for Way Rambo Narrative Sign 1 Way Rambo Narrative Sign 2 Way Rambo Narrative Sign 3 Way Rambo 3 Appendix F Indian Creek Climbing Trail Quality and Access Appendix F Trail Quality and Access Overall Trail Trail start is difficult to find since the trail begins well away from either possible Sporadically good st 1 Meat Wall Partially Good but disapears in parking area Cairns help to find this sections i sporadictrail Good about halfway Long walk or high clearance vehicle 2 Meat Wall Partially Good up then extremely required Trail start is very easy to find crumbly Most of trail is easy to follow Easy access from Beef Basin Road It can 4 x 4 Wall Excellent Great rock stairs Denar at Du ex
9. Call Wall South Trail Irail Recomme Reservoir Wall Legend Arrow Sign Narrative Sign Parking Areas Campgrounds Restrooms Cairns No Trail Climber s Trail DigitalGlobe 10565 AES and te Uker Comp 4 Appendix E Narrative Sign Recommendations for the Reservoir Wall Narrative Sign 1 Reservoir Wall Cat Wall 4 4 vehide only Narrative Sign 2 Reservoir Wall Cat Wall South Trail gt Narrative Sign 3 Trail Gosed Narrative Sign 4 Trail Gosed E Pasture Campground Legend Arrow Sign Narrative Sign Parking Areas Campgrounds Restrooms Cairns No Trail Climber s Trail GPS Visitor Tracking Climbing Wall ATV Trail Wash Source Esti DigitalGlobe GeoEye USDA USGS AEX Getmapping Aerognid swisstopo and the GIS User Community Appendix E Narrative Sign Recommendations for the Six Shooters Narrative Sign 1 Narrative Sign 7 North Six Shooter North Six Shooter North Trail Narrative Sign 2 Narrative Sign 8 North Six Shooter South Six Shooter Southeast Trail Narrative Sign 3 Narrative Sign 9 North Six Shooter South Six Shooter South Six Shooter South Trail High Clearance Vehicle Required Narrative Sign 4 Narrative Sign 10 North Six Shooter South Six Shooter South Six Shooter to Southwest Trail
10. Clear Trip A window will open that says Erase the trip from GPS logger Click OK A window will open that says Erase successful Click OK Remove data logger from computer turn off unit and replace USB cover for storage 45 MANIPULATION OF CSV FILES 4 5 1 1 2 INITIAL MANIPULATION Combine multiple CSV files from a single participant if necessary See section 4 6 Reformat column E to military time from 00 00 00 to 24 00 00 by right clicking on the E at the top of the column click Format Cells under the Number tab click Time then use the format 00 00 00 as seen below A G H J K L M 1 2 3 Number Alignment Font Border Fill Protection 4 Category General Sample 6 eer 20 03 23 7 Currency Accounting Type 8 Date Se EZ ESEI 9 13 30 Percentage Fraction Scientific Text Special Custom Locale location English United States Time formats display date and time serial numbers as date values Time formats that begin with an asterisk respond to changes in regional date and time settings that are specified for the operating system Formats without an asterisk are not affected by operating system settings Delete columns and date and time columns these consist of an extra data column and an inaccurate time column Insert two columns A and B a Awill befor the Participant b Bwill bethe Unit ID
11. GPS data collection in this study had several components in order to address these primary investigative questions Initially the researcher hiked and took GPS readings from the majority of the climber access trails with a Trimble Juno GPS readings for the current recreation facilities toilets parking lots campgrounds were also taken This step provided data of the current resources available to rock climbers in Indian Creek Component 1 focused on analyzing temporal and spatial patterns of use by tracking rock climbers for a 24 hour period Climbers were intercepted at their campsite in order to allow for the natural dispersion of participants to their desired climbing area Component 2 focused on analyzing informal trail use at five climbing walls of interest Climbing walls of interest are areas with special management concerns including land degradation resource overuse informal trail proliferation and crow ding Originally climbers were to be intercepted at the trailhead or parking lot of each climbing wall of interest in order to focus on travel patterns at that particular climbing wall however since the BLM did not have a strong sense of the most popular climbing areas the GVT data from Component 1 was used to find the five most popular climbing areas The researcher defined the who in the research questions based on the questionnaire responses to degree of specialization self perceived skill level and past use history
12. Germany M exico Spain and Switzerland 0 696 each 32 Figure 4a Location of study participants zip codes in the United States Count of Number of Record 1 2 3 4 6 Figure 4b Number of study participants from different countries 33 Figure 4c Gender of study participants What is your gender E at 2 t Miu o di e di Figure 4d Age of study participants What is your age Mean 31 08 Std Dev 7 773 N 156 Percent of participants 34 Figure 4 Highest level of schooling completed by study participants What is the highest level of school you have completed 4 n t ri c m Some high High school grad Some college Two year Four year Graduate degree schoo college grad college grad Schooling Figure 4f Race ethnicity of study participants What is your race ethnicity Percent of participants American Indian Hispanic Latino Asian Pacific Islander Hawaiian White Did not want to answer Race 35 Figure 4g Income of study participants Which category best describes your total household income in U S dollars during 2013 before taxes 2 S t qi e a 24k 25 34K 35 49K 50 74 75 99 100 1498 150 199 gt 200 Did not wish to answer Income 4 2 2 PAST USE HISTORY For rock climbers in
13. sure Layer Coordinate System has been set to NAD 1983 UTM Zone 12N by right clicking on the Layer under Table of Contents clicking on Properties and then change the Coordinate System to the Projected Coordinate System of NAD 1983 UTM Zone 12N by clicking on Projected Coordinate System then UTM then NAD 1983 then NAD 1983 UTM Zone 12N Then click OK and then Feature Cache Annotation Groups Extent Indicators Frame Size and Position Genera Data Frame Coordinate System llumination Grids Type here to search 5f NAD 1983 C9 NAD 1983 UTM Zone 10N NAD 1983 UTM Zone NAD 1983 UTM Zone 12N C9 NAD 1983 UTM Zone 13N C9 NAD 1983 UTM Zone 14 NAD 1983 UTM Zone 15N C9 NAD 1983 UTM Zone 16N NAD 1983 UTM Zone 17N 10 MAN 1002 ITA 4 7an Current coordinate system 1983 Zone 12N WKID 26912 Authority EPSG Projection Transverse Mercator False Easting 500000 0 False Northing 0 0 Central Meridian 111 0 Scale Factor 0 9996 Latitude Of Origin 0 0 Linear Unit Meter 1 0 8 Then export the recently added XY data by right clicking on the file under the Layer click on Data then Export Data Click OK 9 All points will be added as one dataset 10 Remove the original file from the layer Appendix Map Indian Creek Climbing Walls Trails Parking Areas Campgrounds
14. 12 94 2013 Contacts 12 7 2015 12 64 2413 12 64 2413 12 65 2813 12 85 2413 Desktop Docurmsits Doon loads Zxport 2 13 11 28 8 H7P export 2 13 11 29 12 65 2013 2 export 2813 11 27 export 2 13 11 29 export 2 13 11 29 export 2 13 11 29 export 2013 11 29 export 2113 11 9 export 2 13 11 29 export 2 13 11 29 export 2H13 11 2 export 2413 11 27 Favorites Links Music Pictures Saved Games Searches lt DIR gt SkyDrive lt DIR gt Videos 3 913 454 bytes 838 538 133 5 4 bytes free 12 65 2813 12 65 2813 12 65 2813 12 65 2813 12 85 2813 12 65 2413 12 64 2813 12 64 2413 12 64 2813 1270472013 12 64 2813 12 64 2813 12 67 2813 12 64 2813 PM 12 Filets 14 Dirts gt lt DIR gt C Users Kathrun Type the command copy csv newfile csv to merge all CSV files in the folder into a new CSV file titled newfile csv any name can be used The new combined file will be located the Users Kathryn folder Transfer combined files to the appropriate folder 5 USINGARCMAP Data should be entered into ArcM ap at least once per week and cleaned 5 1 1 IMPORTING CSV FILESINTO ARCMAP Open ArcMap Insert the edited and combined data by right clicking on File then Add Data then Add X Y Data Choose the appropriate file in the browse menu Click OK The Add XY Data wind
15. Bulge E BR each Legend Arrow Sign Narrative Sign Parking Areas Campgrounds Restrooms Cairns No Trail Climber s Trail GPS Visitor Tracking Climbing Wall T Appendix E Narrative Sign Recommendations for Battle of the Bulge Supercrack Donnelly Canyon Narrative Sign 1 Battle of the Bulge Donnelly Canyon gt Narrative Sign 2 Battle of the Bulge Donnelly Canyon gt Narrative Sign 3 Donnelly Canyon Left Side of Wall Narrative Sign 4 Donnelly Canyon Right Side of Wall Supercrack Buttress gt Narrative Sign 5 To Donnelly Canyon amp Battle of the Bulge Narrative Sign 6 Supercrack Buttress Narrative Sign 7 Supercrack Buttress Donnelly Canyon Recomme Wall Legend Arrow Sign Narrative Sign Parking Areas Campgrounds Restrooms Cairns No Trail Climber s Trail GPS Visitor Tracking es Climbing Wall i cubed 0565 amp swisstopo and the GIS Useneommu nity Appendix E Narrative Sign Recommendations for the Cat Wall Narrative Sign 1 Cat Wall Narrative Sign 2 Cat Wall North Trail Cat Wall South Trail P Narrative Sign 3 Cat Wall North Trail Narrative Sign 4 Cat Wall South Trail Cat Wall North Narrative Sign 5
16. Climber s Trails Climbing Areas State Highway Class B Road Class D Road ATV Trail Wash Campground Superbowl Campground SACRED COW Ux FO DISAPPOINT ENT CLIFFS NIMEN Source Esri USDA 0565 SIX STAR wal SHOCK PANNE IGN oo Swissto Legend Narrative Signage Parking Areas Campgrounds Restrooms Cairns No Trail Climber s Trails Climbing Areas State Highway Class Road Class D Road ATV Trail Wash BRIDGER JACK MESA 4 ej _ Bridger Jack Campground p PETRIEIED HORNET OPTIMATOR ALTITUDE WALE TECHNICOLOR SHOCK 7 ANDIAWE BROKEN TOOTH CACTUS BUTTRESS FRINGE DEATH ie SCORPION CORNER SINBAD Narrative Signage Parking Areas Campgrounds Restrooms Cairns No Trail Climber s Trails Climbing Areas State Highway Class B Road Class D Road ATV Trail Wash CRITICS CHOICE PISTOL WHIPPED 3 RICKS WALL SCORPION CORNER Newspaper A 4 5 F lt Ceo Eye 0 5 Appendix Maps amp Recommendations for the Top 5 Visited Climbing Areas the e
17. FOR THE MOST VISITED CLIMBING AREAS After overlaying maps of Indian Creek with the current trail locations and GVT data the researchers were able to visually assess where study participants were deviating from trails Appendix E contains recommendations for descriptive signs and arrows at the top five visited climbing Supercrack Battle of the Bulge Donnelly Canyon Cat Wall Reservoir Wall The Six Shooters and Way Rambo Recommendations were not made for the Scarface Wall since the trail to Scarface is in good condition Recommendations for each climbing area consist of a map showing the current trail location from parking area to climbing wall the GPS Visitor tracks Numbers coincide with the document following the map with the recommended verbiage for the narrative signage 47 Supercrack Buttress Battle of the Bulge Buttress and Donnelly Canyon are all accessed from single large parking lot and all three walls are within a five minute hike from the parking lot with restroom facilities These areas make up one of the first cliffs seen as climbers and tourists drive down Highway 211 into Indian Creek Each wall also has many easier routes in the 5 10 range as well as many classic routes These reasons combined make this area heavy with traffic from rock climbers and tourists traveling to the Needles District of Canyonlands and want an up close view of rock climbers While it is obvious that much work has gone into this area and the
18. Indian Creek the average number of days climbing in the last year was almost 118 days with the most participants responding that they climb about twice a week Yet there was relatively large range on number of days reported S D 74 On average participants climbed approximately 13 days a season Indian Creek with 10 days being the most reported Again there was a large range on the number of days climbing in Indian Creek each year S D 14 The average amount of years spent climbing in Indian Creek was approximately 4 5 years S D 4 5 while the most common response was one year 36 Figure 4h Days of climbing per year Including today approximately how many days in the last year have you been rock climbing in amp outside Mean 111 21 Std Dev 74 421 152 e ri e qi 100 200 300 Number of Days Climbing per Year Figure 41 Days climbing in Indian Creek in the last year Including today approximately how many days in the last year have you been rock climbing at Indian Creek Mean 11 83 Std Bey 13 45 152 Number of Participants 0 20 40 B Number of Days in Indian Creek per Year 37 Figure 4 Years climbing Indian Creek How many total years have you been rock climbing at Indian Creek 4 44 E o 4833 ES
19. creek twice This area is popular due to a large number of moderate routes It is obvious that trail work has been done in this area in the past however the trail has degraded over time While the majority of this trail is easy to find it becomes more braided and confusing about halfway up the slope Directional signage and a little bit of trail maintenance should direct climbers easily 4 7 INTERPRETATION OF GPS VISITOR TRACKING Appendix C contains the maps of GPS Visitor Tracks in yellow that overlay the current climber trail locations in red By observing where the yellow lines deviate from red lines one can determine where climbers are getting confused on roads on trails Pairing this information 49 with notes on trail access and quality recommendations be made on possible trail closures subsequent restoration As stated earlier in this report the Reservoir Wall is a good candidate for trail closure to one of the two trails Another example is the Technicolor Wall Two trails were mapped one was very poor quality and the other was very good However the guidebook guides climbers to use the poor quality trail located on Beef Basin Road as seen in Figure 4p on the right Of the several study participants to climb at Technicolor Wall none of them used the good trail in the middle of the wall and the GVT just to the left was not a trail location at all Figure 4p Example of deviations of GVT in yellow fro
20. end of arope and climbing the wall while periodically attaching his rope to fixed protection along the route This does give potential for larger falls and presents a greater mental challenge Generally a climber will have climbed many times on top rope before he progresses to lead climbing All climbing in Indian Creek is very difficult since it is rare to find a climb rated 5 9 or below moderately difficult most routes are graded at 5 10 and 5 11 and climbing on the parallel cracks of Wingate sandstone requires a particular skill set That being said 90 percent of study participants reported to lead climbs in Indian Creek 5 8 only led climbs in Indian Creek that were the easiest option in the area 5 9 36 led climbs graded at 5 10 37 led 5 115 and 10 led 5 125 Table 4c Participant responses to questions on self reported skill level Beginner of Advanced 1 response 9 Mean S D Please indicate your rock climbing skill level 40 Figure 4k Participant responses to typical lead grade 10 equals a grade of 5 10 On average what grade of climb do you typically lead climb in Indian Creek 0 if you do not lead Mean 9 41 Std Dev 3 26 158 mi E 5 ri eo a il qi LL 5 Lead Grade Figure 4l Participant responses to typical lead grade only including data from climbers who lead climb On average what grade of climb do yo
21. general approaches estimates extensive field inventories or the extraction of georeferenced imagery like Satellite imagery Traditional methods of collecting spatial distributions of use have required study participants to track their travel routes on blank maps and record the time spent at certain locations Hallo et al 2012 This type of data collection only becomes unreasonable and complex when studying recreationists in complex trails systems or when trails are unmarked Since these traditional methods of collecting spatial and temporal data can be inaccurate and burdensome to both the researcher and the participant GPS tracking of recreationists provides more precise accurate and reliable data and is not as labor intensive Hallo et al 2012 In GPS tracking a device that uses the Global Positioning System is carried by a study participant in order to record the location of the participant at regular intervals 2 5 IMPLICATIONS FOR LAND MANAGERS Since studies have demonstrated the need for data compilation over time on ecological health effects of informal trail proliferation Leung et al 2011 managers should note how important it is to start collecting spatial data from recreationists and continue to collect this data A better view of the management area s needs or problem areas can be seen when looking at spatial distributions of recreationists over time Creating well thought out information and education techniques specific
22. identify if the missing data points were randomly distributed missing completely at random M CAR not achieved Lastly the researcher used the Expectation Maximization EM Algorithm to impute the missing data points if necessary Kline 2005 3 3 2 CLEANING GPS DATA GPS data must be cleaned as well but the process of cleaning GPS data is less standardized than social data sets As seen in Table 3b the errors in GPS data typically occur from one of three types of interferences 1 slow connectivity when there is a delay whilethe device attempts to connect to a satellite 2 physical structures when satellite communication is interfered by structures such as tree cover high buildings or canyon walls and 3 environments when atmospheric conditions are not ideal Kerr et al 2011 17 Table 3b Interference problems with GPS units Interference Description Slow When the device is first turned on is trying to get a fix after a prolonged Connectivity time without a connection as on exiting a building there is often a delay while the device attempts to gain a fix This process is known as a cold start The device may take a while to connect and if the participant is moving at high speeds 50 km hour in a vehicle for example the device may constantly attempt to update the fix point resulting in an inability to get a fix If the participant then enters a building with limited satellite view it can look like he or
23. lt 2 C SF MSE FE ES SS 2 C oo D Gm A lt 4 4 NON UU a d g lt AN e cg re lt N C D lt lt 2 PES 9 9 GN oU 4 QU AR S QS 9 4 os Since Supercrack Buttress Battle of the Bulge and Donnelly Canyon areas are all accessed within a five minute hike from the same parking lot these areas have been grouped as part of this report The North and South Six Shooters also exhibit similar qualities in that they are towers that requirea high clearance vehicle and long hike so these two areas were also grouped 46 Figure 40 Number of study participants to visit each climbing area combining Donnelly Canyon Battle of the Bulge and Supercrack areas and Six Shooter areas Climbing Areas Visited by Participants with grouped areas 2 S lt aA 5 lt S QS lt D 5 N 9 AS wr e Y 29 X 4 x ex SI 2 9 SS Q oo 42 ae SS lt After these areas were grouped the top six visited areas were Supercrack Battle of the Bulge Donnelly Canyon areas Cat Wall Scarface Wall no signage recommendations Reservoir Wall The Six Shooters Way Rambo m TIE After visually assessing maps that overlay the current trail locations and GVT signage recommendations w ere made 4 6 SIGNAGE RECOMMENDATIONS
24. must be noted however that historically these climbers trails were started and developed by the recreationists using the area Very few of thesetrails have been planned out and developed by trail crews over the years That being said several climbing areas have trails that over the years have been redesigned and developed by qualified personnel Appendix F contains a table with a brief description of each trail s quality and access 44 Trails to climbing areas listed below and categorized as follows Excellent Easy to find and follow Hardened and modified trail Clear of fallen debris or Bold green loose rock Good Green Partially Good Blue Poor Orange Relatively easy to find and follow Can have sections of modified trail Encountering fallen debris is possible Relatively easy to find and follow in some sections but difficult in others Some sections of this trail are steep and loose while others are well traveled and have been modified Encountering fallen debris is likely Difficult to find and follow Steep and loose trail with bushwhacking sometimes necessary No modification or hardening Encountering fallen debris 15 certain Cairns Only No trail could be found but widely spaced cairns were located and could be Red followed to the climbing area Extremely loose and full of fallen debris No Trail BOLD Red lst Meat Wall 2nd Meat Wall 4 x 4 Wall 75 Cairns Altitude Wall The Back Wall Batt
25. on vague directions and images of a rock face from guidebooks to make it to their desired location Climbers get accustomed to climbers trails which are steep crumbly trails put in by other climbers over time These climbers can be conditioned over time to follow the footprints which ultimately can lead to social trail development Cairns piles of rocks set as trail markers are often meant to guide a climber to the climbing wall however if a climber is ten feet 43 from the trail the actual trail is often difficult to find Cairns are a great way for the initial trail blazers to show the next group where the trail or best routeis However after many years of climbers placing cairns where they believe the best trail location is cairns tend to start littering the landscape which ultimately only confuses those attempting to find the best path Figure 4n Examples of trails in Indian Creek 4 4 TRAIL MAPPING RESULTS The trails to 54 climbing areas in Indian Creek were hiked by researchers carrying Trimble Juno GPS unit A map of these current trail locations can be found in Appendix B The quality of the trail access to these climbing areas ranged from hardened surfaces that were easy to find to absolutely no trail at all Many trails were found to be so braided from social trails near the climbing wall that it was difficult to find the real trail Many areas also have multiple trails to access the same wall It
26. reasons for using trails Manning 2011 The primary goal of backpacking is to hike for a long distance in order to get to a location of interest The backpacker then camps in that location of interest and continues on the trail the following day The primary goal of mountain biking is to ride a bike on trails The goal could possibly beto get to a scenic location but riding on thetrail may bethe primary objective as well For these two recreationist groups the trail is a driving factor of the recreation experience On the other hand the primary goal for recreationists is to climb rocks Whilethetrail is used to get from the car or the campsite to the rock the integrity of the trail is not the reason to recreate and is not the biggest part of the recreation experience 2 2 INFORMAL TRAILS Many low impact philosophies have become commonplace in the vocabulary of recreationists Leave No Trace minimum impacts leave only foot prints take only photographs This verbiage signifies that individuals and groups are capable of avoiding or minimizing impacts to natural areas with the proper equipment and knowledge Pigram 1983 Informal or social trails aretrails that exist that were not planned created by or officially recognized by the land managers Informal trails can occur as just onetrail segment or can be multiple linked In areas of high use they can often be made up of hundreds of intertwined trails that create a web of socially used path
27. she has not traveled at all or the data are registered as missing Devices with faster fix functions are less likely to encounter this problem Physical Satellite communication can be interfered with by surrounding high Structures buildings known as urban canyons by tree cover and by building materials such as tunnels or indoor locations Older GPS models simply lost signal under such conditions More advanced models are able to get satellite fixes even indoors depending on the building material and design The result of this random interference is either signal loss or signal scatter Environments GPS data can be spurious for other reasons but a substantial number of tracks can include speeds and distances that are not plausible Even the location of the satellites in the sky can impede signal transfer the higher the satellite in its orbit the better the signal Normal atmospheric conditions also interfere with signal accuracy even in ideal conditions on earth e g a clear open space Onetype of interference from physical structures is called multipath error Multipath error is the corruption of the direct GPS signal by one or more signals reflected from the local surroundings Irsigler 2001 Since rock climbers visit Indian Creek for its steep rock walls multipath error was the most concerning of the interferences while GPS tracking this type of recreationist The researchers considered what data were accurate and what da
28. trails it contains the heavy traffic has quickly run some of the trails down Looking at the map of this areain Appendix E the Battle of the Bulge Buttress and Supercrack Buttress both have easy to follow trails that lead to the climbing wall However the two trails to access Donnelly Canyon appear difficult for climbers to follow These GPS tracks from study participants match with the researcher s description of these trails in Appendix F The Cat Wall 15 accessed about a minute down a dirt road off of Highway 211 Since there 15 very little shade at this wall during the day the Cat Wall is an ideal location to climb at when it is cold and clear According to Indian Creek A Climbing Guide by David Bloom 2013 this wall also boasts the most climbs per square foot than any other climbing area in Indian Creek As seen in Appendix E the Cat Wall has two access trails one to the north and one to the south The trail to the south 15 easier to find more hardened and less loose than the trail to the north and while the guidebook maps say not to park at the base of the south trail there 15 no signage in the area that confirm no parking in this area The north trail to the Cat Wall gets more traffic and is mostly in good condition However as seen on the maps the trail is easily followed up to the wall but many GVT participants found the trail confusing in several key locations These confusing trail sections could be made more easily followed w
29. was then be recorded After the GPS data was downloaded GPS points recorded before the participant received the unit were omitted from the CSV file This method allowed the GPS units ample time to locate satellite signal and therefore eliminated the possibility of slow connectivity Points were deleted based the following criteria If jitter caused by multipath error was observed in the data the track was smoothed by deleting excess points If the distance from point to point appeared to be unreasonable points were considered for deletion When points appeared ina location that would not be physically feasible points were considered for deletion If the pattern of GPS point trail appeared to not be humanly possible e g the track jumps from one climbing wall to another points were deleted Integrating the Indian Creek data into GIS software also allowed for the use of tools in data cleaning Several tools in ArcMap were used to assist observing and eliminating erroneous data Using the point to line conversion tool helped identify points that are well outside of possible human behavior Looking at the attribute table and using the view selection option also allowed for an easy way to observe the chronology of the track and then select and delete tracks that were inaccurate Overall cleaning GPS data is not as streamlined as cleaning social data but methods are in development and testing For this research on track
30. 1 107151 313957 4 8 57 7 135 5217335702045 173357 174923 01526 1 48 23 190000 11037 7 23 181174303 0 19 35 114323175140 0 14 26 17 57 49 190000 1 02 11 15 27 12 Im N CO WIN 5 Im ES t Table 2 Total time spent in each activity per unit and combined averages in h m s Driving 0 33 29 0 22 36 0 27 12 0 29 25 0 42 34 0 30 14 0 27 28 1 19 22 0 36 32_ Hiking 1 13 03 0 42 50 0 56 53 0 35 24 2 38 43 0 50 01 0 44 32 1 14 29 1 06 59 At Wall 3 39 57 5 33 43 5 41 34 7 03 26 3 19 24 6 05 27 6 24 18 2 59 16 5 05 53 _ Table3 Percentage of time the average climber spends at locations during daylight and total day 31 4 CHAPTER 4 OUTCOMES 41 RESPONSE RATE amp SAMPLING From March 10 to April 11 2014 161 individuals were asked to participate in this study Two individuals declined resulting in 159 participants and yielding a 98 7596 response rate Of the 159 participants 14 either left the GPS unit at camp or did not climb that day An additional six of the GPS tracks were found to be invalid due to GPS malfunction This resulted in an 8796 success rate for the GPS tracking 4 2 QUESTIONNAIRE RESULTS 4 2 1 DEMOGRAPHICS The figures below summarize the demographic data collected from study participants and include age gender race ethnicity income education and location of residence On
31. 2 2 dum d 7 2 3 Motivations behind Informal Trail Development 8 24 SpatalArialysisorIntormal 9 25 Implications for Manager S429 10 3 CHAPTER 3 METHODS a 11 S Data collecto a 13 Jnteractton WIEN Study PAFLICIDANES stie itd n d aae 13 3 2 1 WAT OT EEO CAEL ONS 13 3 2 2 eae Rare Gh cee nce cia 14 3 2 3 CO eA Teale Ole ana 14 3 2 4 Visitor QuestiohihalPe acento 15 3 2 5 SONS EI Data LOTUS 16 33 ee eee ae 17 3 3 1 Cleaning social Data aiaiai iR 17 3 3 2 cleaning GPS 17 3 3 3 Cleaning GPS Data In Indian 19 34 Data AhalVSlS 19 34 1 Questionnaire ANalySiS anini erinan amande 19 3 4 2 Component 1 Time Use SEUG R 20 3 4 3 Component 2 Informal Trail Pao tn tr reta t c d b rq rnt 20 052 3PHOE SELLOS
32. 2592 H 2014 Motivation and emotion in sport Reversal theory Psychology Press Kerr J Duncan S amp Schipperjin J 2011 Using global positioning systems in health research a practical approach to data collection and processing American Journal of Preventive Medicine 41 5 532 540 Kline R B 2005 Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling 2005 New York NY Guilford Lai P C Li C L Chan K W 5 Kwong 2007 An assessment of GPS and GIS in recreational tracking Journal of Park and Recreation Administration 25 1 Leung Y F amp Marion J L 2000 Recreation impacts and management in wilderness A state of knowledge review Cole DN McCool SF Borrie WT O Loughlin J comps Proceedings Wilderness Science a Time of Change 5 Leung Y F Newburger 5 M Kuhn B amp Woideski 2011 Developing a monitoring protocol for visitor created informal trails in Yosemite National Park USA Environmental Management 47 93 106 Lindenmayer D B Fischer 2007 Habitat fragmentation and landscape change an ecological and conservation synthesis Island Press Washington DC Loomis B 2002 Integrated public lands management principles and applications to national forests parks wildlife refuges and BLM lands Columbia University Press Lucas R C 1978 The characteristics of visitors to wilderness and related areas in
33. Company holds grazing permits through much of Indian Creek SRMA on BLM land Because of the vertical fissures the Wingate sandstone walls that line this corridor Indian Creek has become an international rock climbing destination in recent years Rock climbers are drawn to the unique and difficult climbs but also the primitive Wild West The newfound popularity has brought higher frequencies of rock climbers along with new management concerns including land degradation impacts to natural resources and crowding at popular climbing routes As interest in rock climbing grows land managers of popular rock climbing areas are faced with the complicated task of protecting natural resources while facilitating access Since the land 15 complex with vast stretches of flat desert canyons separated by towering sandstone walls the topographical complexity makes the task of managing rock climbers difficult An overview of Indian Creek and the climbing areas can be seen in Figure 1 Figure la Map of Indian Creek Utah Friends of Indian Creek 2014 to Needles Outpost Creek Pasture Camping The Wall 5 Cairns Wall Indian The Back Wall of Insanity Creek Ranger Station and Hamburger Rock cow Main crags North Six meat Wal and access Shooter B e gt South Six Shooter Toliet 3 kiosk NW 3 p 4 Fringe designated zm camping n
34. Do notwish to answer 1 Four year college graduate Whatis your race ethnicity check all that apply American Indian Asian Black African American Other Hispanic Latino notwish to answer White Which category best describes your total household income in U S dollars during 2013 before taxes Lessthan 24 999 25 000 to 34 999 35 000 to 49 999 Researcher Use Only Date 50 000te 74 999 75 000te 99 999 100 000 to 149 999 150 000to 199 909 200 000 or more notwish to answer Partidpant The researcher reminded the participant that there were two sides to the questionnaire After the questionnaire was completed by the participant the researcher recorded the date participant number three digits starting with 001 the climbing area that the participant would be climbing at that day if known and the time that the GPS unit was provided to the participant 3 2 5 COLLECTING DATA LOGGERS Participants were asked to place the GPS loggers in a secured drop box at the campground kiosk If data loggers were not found to be the drop box the next morning the research collected them in person The drop box was locked to the campground kiosk and had a sign above it to remind participants to drop off the unit ker X to this box ot present for your help wi nportant study 16 Secondary measures for retrieval include e mailing and calling the particip
35. Global Change amp Sustainability Center gt THE UNIVERSITY OF UTAH THE 7 UNIVERSITY OF UTAH Outdoor Recreation Education amp Tourism Lab COLLEGE OF HEALTH THE UNIVERSITY OF UTAH CLIMBER ACCESS RAIL MAPPING amp GPS VISITOR TRACKING IN INDIAN CREEK UTAH Kathryn DeSirant White University of Utah Department of Parks Recreation and Tourism Natural Resource Recreation Planning amp Management Project Report University of Utah Matthew T J Brownlee Ph D University of Utah Department of Parks Recreation and Tourism Nate Furman Ph D University of Utah Department of Parks Recreation and Tourism J Adam Beeco Ph D Outdoor Recreation Planner Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Corresponding Author Matthew T J Brownlee Ph D Chair University of Utah Department of Parks Recreation and Tourism 1901 E South Campus Drive Annex C Rm 1085 Salt Lake City UT 84112 matthew brownlee hsc utah edu EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Project Conclusions Thesampled population of climbers in Indian Creek was found to be relatively homogenous in perceived skill level experience use history specialization and demographics Since the participants were found to be homogeneous finding a type of climber who may spend more time at any one location throughout the day was not possible Since the participants were found to be homogeneous finding type of climber who may be contributing
36. PS trackers real world functionality while being carried by rock climbers Time Use Study of Rock climbers in Indian Creek Utah Indian Creek is an international destination for rock climbers in Southwest Utah The management has reported that the number of rock climbers has only been increasing in recent years and expresses concern about the potential of overuse and resource degradation in Indian Creek It is important for land managers to understand the spatial and temporal distributions of recreationists to public lands in order to properly manage the resources Knowing where recreationists are going how they are getting there and how much time is spent in those locations allows for further understanding of what resources could be impacted whether crowding may exist and whether facilities are adequate In the past collecting temporal and spatial data involved having recreationists draw their paths and record times on blank maps which is time consuming and generally unwelcomed while recreating Now since Global Positioning System GPS data collection is available the task of monitoring Spatial and temporal use 15 easier for the individual in the study and the researcher and can allow for more accurate data collection Materials and Methods Time use distributions of rock climbers in Indian Creek were collected by distributing Canmore 740FL Sport Loggers at the Creek Pasture Campground during a 24 hour period The units were prog
37. Restrooms Cairns No Trail Climber s Trails Climbing Areas State Highway Class B Road Class D Road ATV Trail Wash CreekiPasture Superbowl Campground SAS COW af k iam 441 j Pa T to Ga SHOCK duc m UM AND AWE T P CURE gt kg r SERVICE wall A BROKEN Source ES D gt GeoEye 0563 CUM IGN ft Swisstopo endihelGIS User Community 1 SELFISH aget lt reg 2 a eo POINTMENT N S SS BROKEN TOOTH JACK MESA pground OPTIMATOR Legend Parking Areas Campgrounds Restrooms Cairns No Trail Ji ee L V Tel Climber s Trails T Climbing Areas E e a RE State Highway SAT E ERE Class B Road Class D Road Y Ey Trail Wash Parking Areas Campgrounds Restrooms Cairns No Trail Climber s Trails Climbing Areas State Highway Class B Road Class D Road ATV Trail Wash CRITICS CHOICE N TRICKS CORPION CORNER Newspaper Tii i ae F Sources Geceye SPAMU SCS 0 STO mU ty
38. Selfish Wall Shock and Awe Sinbad Wall Six Star Wall Slug Wall South Six Shooter Peak Sparks Wall Suburbia Supercrack Buttress Technicolor Wall Vitamin D Wall The Wall Way Rambo 3 1 DATA COLLECTION Please see the Manual of GPS Tracking Rock Climbers in Indian Creek Utah in Appendix A for specific information on the GPS tracker s initial set up uploading and data manipulation 3 2 INTERACTION WITH STUDY PARTICIPANTS 3 2 1 INTERCEPT LOCATIONS Thefirst study component focused on analyzing temporal and spatial patterns of use by tracking climbers for a 24 hour period This component provided the researcher with temporal and spatial distribution data to answer the question of where climbers spend their time in Indian Creek For Component 1 the four main intercept locations Creek Pasture Campground Bridger Jack Campground Super Bow camping area and the camping area along Cottonwood Creek on Beef Basin Road These areas can be seen below Figure 3a Intercept locations to Needles Outpost Ranger Stati and Hamburg Rock The Wall 5 Cairns Wall Indian The Back Wall Cliffs of Insanity Creek amp Creek Pasture A Camping KI Main crags North Six gie Meat W and access Shooter 5 M Tenderloins N South Six Shooter Toliet 3 kiosk designated camping camping zone climbing area
39. Wimpey amp Marion J L 2011 A spatial exploration of informal trail networks within Great Falls Park VA Journal of Environmental Management 92 1012 1022 West P C amp Merriam Jr L C 2009 Outdoor recreation and family cohesiveness a research approach Journal of Leisure Research 41 3 351 359 White S A Duda J L Sullivan M amp Liemohn W 1991 The relationships of gender level of sport involvement and participation motivation to goal orientation In Abstracts of research papers presented at the San Francisco California Convention of American Alliance for Health Physical Education Recreation and Dance in the Research Consortium Meetings 1991 American Alliance for Health Physical Education Recreation and Dance Wu 2012 Advances in K means Clustering A Data Mining Thinking Springer 55 Appendix Manual GPS Tracking of Rock Climbers in Indian Creek Utah University of Utah Parks Recreation amp Tourism Department Manual GPS Tracking of Rock Climbers Indian Creek Utah Kathryn DeSirant White 2 27 2014 UNIVERSITY UTAH PARKS RECREATION amp TOURISM MANUAL GPS TRACKING OF ROCK CLIMBERSIN INDIAN CREEK UTAH The Department of Parks Recreation and Tourism The University of Utah College of Health 1901 East South Campus Drive Annex Room 1085 Salt Lake City Utah 84112 Phone 801 581 8542 Fax 801 581 4930 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1
40. a good day am conducting a study of the spatial distribution of rock climbers in IF Yes OK Thank you for agreeing to participate Here is the GPS Indian Creek I am asking that you carry this small GPS unit with unit and questionnaire you for the next 24 hours Comp 1 for your time at this climbing Once the Survey is Completed Thank you very much for supporting area Comp 2 as well as fill out a very short survey Participation this study I will return to this campsite tomorrow night to retrieve is voluntary and your survey responses are confidential Results the GPS unit Study 1 Please drop this GPS unit off in this drop box from this study will be reported in broad statistical terms Would when you are leaving this climbing area Study 2 you be willing to participate today Group Type F Family Agree to Already Participate participated 3 2 4 VISITOR QUESTIONNAIRE After agreeing to participate in the study participants filled out a short questionnaire on 5 x 7 card stock as seen below Figure 3c Questionnaire Front E mail address Campsite Area Campsite Phone Please tellus about your past experience as a rock climber Including today approximately how many days the last year have you been rock climbing in amp outside Including today approximately how many days in the last year have you been rock climbing at Indian Creek How many total years have you been rock climbing at Indian Cree
41. a road to the south of Cairns only steep Technicolor Wall Trail start is hard to Over the Hill Poor and extremely loose find Very few cairns guide the climber up an extremely steep loose slope a Long walk or high clearance vehicle required There is no trail until the slope is steeper then the trail is loose and steep Two Trails one to the north and one south The trail to the south is brand new Two Trails and just planned out great condition The trail to the north 1 very braided but good in several sections Accessed by walking across fields either Pods Wall No Trail No Trail from Scarface or Reservoir and then tallus Mostly good loose in Easy to find Follows old road to the north Power Wall Good side of the wall Then up partially loose sections talus trail Long walk or high clearance vehicle required to access Extremely steep loose Public Service Wall Cairnsonly Very steep faint trail marked oy eNe tiere may a second trail farther down the canyon but unable to find Most may access from The Fin Twotrails 15 Easy to access Two trails The one to the good quality and easy north is great quality but seems less direct to find the other is the other trail The trail to the south extremely steep and is located in a gully and Is terrible quality The Original Meat Wall Partially Good Excellent Parti Pistol Wh
42. accurate for altitude in the geodetic marker part of the study The Canmore s closest point was also closest to the actual 22 latitude and longitude of the marker while DG 100 had the smallest spread between its furthest points see Figures 1 amp 2 and Table 2 Table 2 Data from Geodetic Marker Analysis Spread between Points Distance from Actual Average Altitude Figure 1 Geodetic Survey Marker Results Close up Geodetic Survey Marker Test 13 5 18 Cartographer Kathryn White Date December 10 2013 23 Figure 2 Geodetic Survey Marker Results Zoomed out 24 Upon observation of the GPS tracks from hiking trails out and back all units provided similar results see Figures 4 5 and 6 While they behave well on the flat portions of canyons when the units get closer to steep rock wall the instance of multipath error increases Multipath error also appears to increase when several walls are within close range several hundred meters of each other Figure 3 below provides an example of an unedited GVT where the study participant hiked to Scarface Wall on the right side of the figure but the GPS signal bounced to the left in the figure due to multipath error However when the units are used next to walls that are located on the prow of the rock buttress the units have been found to collect data with little or no problems with the Satellite signal bouncing from wall to wall Figure 3 Example
43. alls An old road exists at the base of anyon the canyon Accessed by a road tothe south of The Gash Poor Steep faint and loose Technicolor Wall Trail start is hard to find Marked with cairns Love Wall No Trail No Trail Accessed by walking across fields from Scarface and then up tallus Access is sensitive to this area since New Wave Wall No Trail No Trail walking across private land is required Can be accessed across from Donnolly Canyon parking lot No trails Long walk or high clearance vehicle required Two access points One from a class D road just past Creek Pasture turn Twotrails oneis off Not really a trail but means to access North Six Shooter good quality and easy since no trail really exists cairns Peak y tofind theother is occassionally The other trail is accessed not really a trail down Davis Canyon Road and down a wash in between 6 shooters This trail is well marked and easy to follow but somewhat crumbly in sections Appendix F Trail Quality and Access Overall Trail Long walk or high clearance vehicle Very loose amp hard to required to access Easy to locate in find in short sections sections but also has loose confusing sections of trail The Optimator Partially Good Good until about 50 fast Long walk high clearance vehicle enam required Trail very easy to follow once at ons 9 the trailhead until close to the wall Accessed by
44. ally targeting the management area s recreationist groups can assist the on the ground effort in informing recreationists about the issues related to informal trails Creating school education programs is another proven way to educate early and prevent informal trail creation in the first place Browning et al 2012 The most important implication for land managers is to understand the types of recreationists spending time in their management zone Oftentimes the motivations of recreationist groups are varied by the recreation sport age or gender Afthinos et al 2005 White et al 1991 By recognizing what specific recreationist groups are using an area managers can begin to understand what the recreationists are motivated by and eventually why the recreationists may be creating informal trail systems Since many informal trails are developed because a need is not being taken care of management must allow for an open line of communication and on the ground visibility to their recreationists When land managers understand how and why informal trails develop they are ableto consider for future trail construction or modifications and improvements of existing trails 10 3 CHAPTER 3 METHODS This research aimed to answer three primary investigative questions 1 Do different rock climber types travel in different ways 2 Which rock climbers contribute to informal trails and 3 Spatially how do rock climbers spend their time in Indian Creek
45. ant at a later date and having the participant mail the unit to either the Monticello BLM office or the Parks Recreation and Tourism Department at the University of Utah 3 3 CLEANING DATA 3 3 1 CLEANING SOCIAL DATA Before analyzing any type of data the data was first examined for errors It is easy to make mistakes when entering social data and these errors pose a threat to the analysis For example if a number is typed twice instead of once when entering data e g 55 instead of 5 the analysis would be distorted So for this type of social data where questionnaires are coded and entered by hand it is important to 1 check for errors and 2 find and correct the error the data file Pallant 2010 For example for a questionnaire question on gender there would be two options male or female If male was coded as 1 and female as 2 but there was an 8 in the column for gender then that would be an obvious mistake to fix For this study the researcher used standard calculations for leverage kurtosis and skewness to identify statistical outliers and to verify univariate and multivariate normality of the data Tabachnick amp Fidell 2001 Theresearcher excluded cases from subsequent analysis due to extreme violations of multivariate normality and omitted cases for large amounts of missing data gt 50 of the questionnaire Kline 2005 The researcher then applied a standard missing data analysis using EQS 6 1 to
46. average 72 896 percent of the participants reported being male and 28 296 female A large majority of participants reported being white 91 1 followed by Hispanic Latino 3 296 Asian 1 396 American Indian 1 396 and African American Pacific Islander and multi racial 0 696 each Theleading household income bracket among participants was less than 24 999 44 996 follow ed by 35 000 to 49 999 15 296 25 000 to 34 999 and 50 000 to 74 999 11 4 each 75 000 to 99 999 8 296 100 000 to 149 999 3 896 and over 150 000 1 996 Participants reported having a high level of education with 5096 being four year college graduates 25 996 had graduate degrees 15 296 had completed some college 6 3 completed a 2 year degree and 2 596 had either a full or partial high school education The average age of study participants was 30 1 years old with 60 years being the maximum and 20 years the minimum Fifty percent of participants were younger than 29 years old 75 of participants were younger than 35 years old and almost 9096 of participants were younger than 40 years old Twenty six states and nine countries were represented in this sample population Of those participants located in the United States a large majority reported living in Colorado 2896 followed by California 11 5 Montana 7 696 and Utah 6 496 The countries represented include the United States 8696 Canada 8 996 Norway 1 396 and Australia Denmark
47. cations of these units be seen in Table 1 Units were tested for accuracy and precision by operating all four units at the same time at a geodetic questionnaire marker near Indian Creek Utah GPS units were set next to the marker and recorded at 5 second intervals for nine minutes The functionality of the units were evaluated qualitatively in open desert canyons and next to climbing walls by walking single track trails out and back with the units The tracks from each unit were then inspected for deviations between the out track and the back track If the units functioned perfectly these tracks would be one on top of the other Table 1 Manufacturer Specifications Garmin GlobalSat DG GlobalSat DG Canmore GT Oregon 600 100 200 740FL 3 Waterproof 010 Size HxWxD 24x45x13 32x22x07 27x15x04 275 12 06 7 74ouncs 21ounces 1260uncs 0 53 ounces 55 5 100r 15 1 to 10 meters 2 5 meters 2 5 meters Battery type Max Built in 20 Built in at least 2 16 hours 2AA 20 hours Max of data points 200 000 60 000 190 000 256 000 GPSchipset N A SIRF Star Ill SiRF Star III SiRF Star Results When looking at the data from all four units next to the geodetic marker all points were located to the west south or southwest of the marker The actual altitude of the marker was 1 853 47 meters above sea level The average altitude of the Canmore was the most
48. d a mean score of 3 85 and describes an individual witha moderate level of specialization Almost 20 of participants indicated that this narrative did not describe them at all with another 29 listing a low level of identification with this narrative The lowest ranked narrative had a mean score of 1 77 and describes an individual with low specialization The mean score for this narrative suggests that most participants did not identify with this narrative and this is supported by the 59 of respondents who replied that this narrative does not describe them at all Taken together the results from these narratives characterize Indian Creek rock climbers as being highly specialized in rock climbing Table 4b Participant responses to questions on specialization Not at all of Alot likeme response likeme Vt 1 9 Low Specialization Narrative Rock climbing is an enjoyable but infrequent activity that 15 secondary to other travel and outdoor interests I am not highly skilled rarely read articles about climbing and do not own much equipment beyond the basic necessities Moderate Specialization Narrative Rock climbing for me is important but I do other outdoor activities too I occasionally read articles about climbing amp purchase equipment for climbing My participation in rock climbing 15 inconsistent and I am moderately skilled High Specialization Narrative Rock climbing is my primary outd
49. d then following washes that lead just to the south of the North Six Shooter In the past this may have been the most common way to access the North Six Shooter however all participants who climbed at the North Six Shooter used the northern access point Accessing the North Six Shooter from the north 15 not easy since there are no trails from this direction only extremely widely spaced cairns and very short sections of footprints to follow Using this northern access may be appealing since it is easier to access without a high clearance vehicle As seen in Appendix E the South Six Shooter has many trails that lead to it but access from the south is the most common and has the best trails However many choose to access the South Six Shooter from the north of it via the same washes one would access the trails to the North Six Shooter The trail from this direction is not very good and is difficult to follow The shortest trail to access the South Six Shooter is also the longest drive one must drive all the way around to the east of this tower in order to access this very good trail The remaining two marked trails are relatively easy to follow but require a longer hike In general the entire slope leading to this tower is riddled with cairns While cairns were built to help those trying to find their way too many cause confusion this area Access to Way Rambo requires climbers to drive down Beef Basin Road off of Highway 211 and cross a
50. data involved having recreationists draw their paths and record times on blank maps which is time consuming and generally unwelcomed by recreationists Since Global Positioning System GPS data collection has become accessible the task of monitoring Spatial and temporal use 15 easier for the study participant and the researcher and can allow for more accurate data collection Since units can differ by GPS chipset manufacturer and model and GPS tracking is an emerging technology testing of these units by unbiased sources 15 essential This study took several of the newest GPS tracking units and tested them for ease of use functionality accuracy and precision in complex recreation setting GPS units can function poorly in environments with dense vegetation and canyon settings This study aimed to find which unit worked the best in the rugged setting of Indian Creek a popular rock climbing area Southern Utah where vast desert landscape 15 broken by steep sandstone walls 21 Materials and Methods The tracking units used this study were the GlobalSat DG 100 GlobalSat DG 200 and Canmore GT 740FL Sport The Garmin Oregon 600 was also used as part of the study since it is a more user friendly unit and has an interactive screen The DG 200 and Canmore are newer GPS receivers these units were compared to the DG 100 which was found to outperform other units in a similar comparison study Hallo 2012 specifi
51. dation impacts to natural resources and crow ding at popular climbing areas The landscape of Indian Creek consists of vast stretches of flat desert canyons separated by towering sandstone walls This topographical complexity makes the task of protecting natural resources while facilitating access difficult Consequently the management groups of Indian Creek are beginning to realize that this increase in popularity is quickly causing natural and social impacts and that gathering information is a necessary step to understand the full scope of the issues The purpose of this study was to inform future land management decisions by analyzing current trail systems and comparing rock climbers characteristics to their temporal and spatial patterns of use The primary investigative questions for this study were 1 Do different types of rock climbers travel in different ways 2 Which rock climbers contribute to informal trails and 3 Spatially how do climbers spend their time in Indian Creek This research was important and necessary because it informs land management decisions for future trail modifications and improvements climber education programs and land exchanges In Indian Creek This research contributes to future research by developing GPS tracking methods provides new literature that incorporates geography recreation and natural resource management and offers a foundation for GPS use in future investigations for various recreation and leis
52. dian Creek project there 15 no need to categorize the files by activity type within the CanWay program Click Next then OK to finish and exit the wizard 4 2 EXPORTING DATA TO CSV FORMAT gt pere Click the File tab at the top of the main screen then Export then CSV Browse to the appropriate folder location then click save A window will open that says Export Successful Click OK Files names should look like this at this point export 001 2014 01 19 17 50 Save all files twice once an Original Data folder for data back up and once an Active Data folder for data manipulation All data should be backed up onto an external drive once per day 43 DATA STORAGE Data will be stored in the following folders and subfolders and backed up onto an external drive once per day Folder Original Data Subfolder Original Files will be saved in subfolders by Date Folder Active Data o Subfolder Original Files will be saved in subfolders by Date Subfolder Combined Single Participant Files if necessary Subfolder Edited Single Participant Files Subfolder Combined Daily Samples Files Subfolder Combined All Participant File O 4 4 CLEARING DATA FROM DATA LOGGERS i a iS Clear data from the units only after files have been exported and saved csv format Click the Logger tab at the top of the main screen then click
53. e accessed from Davis Canyon Road and washes to Climbing Area Selfish Wall Shock and Awe No Trail Sinbad Wall Good Six Star Wall No Trail Slug Wall At least four trails South Six Shooter Partiallv Good all difficult to find if Peak y you ve never been there the east amp south Start of trail hard to find from a pulloff Sparks Wall Good W ell marked after from Beef Basin Road but once on it the trailhead trail is of good but steep quality A second trail to the north leadsto ruins The main trail is very easy access and easy See to follow but gets braided about 15 yards Good Mostly well marked from the wall A second very faded trail Buttress 4 be found in between Donnelly Canyon and Supercrack areas Three trails The east trail is extremely steep and loose this isthe one the guidebook recommends The central one 1 excellent quality with only a couple loose sections not easy to know where is unless previously been there Scattered cairns also mark trails on the west side Long walk or high clearance vehicle Great in sections but Tenderloins Good required Trail very easy to follow once at mostly crumbly trail the trailhead Three ranging from good to poor Technicolor Wall Good Poor Appendix F Trail Quality and Access Overall Trail The guidebook recommends walking across fields to access this wall however Tricks Wall No Trail No Trail this
54. e and life satisfaction pp 3 29 Brown amp Benchmark Forman 1995 Land mosaics Cambridge University Press New York Friends of Indian Creek 2014 Map Friends of Indian Creek Preserving Its Future Retrieved February 10 2014 from http friendsofindiancreek files w ordpress com Hallo J C Beeco A Goetcheus C McGee J McGehee N amp Norman W C 2012 GPS asa method for assessing spatial and temporal use distributions of nature based tourists Journal of Travel Research 51 5 591 606 Hammit W amp Cole D 1998 Wildland recreation Ecology and management New York City John Wiley amp Sons Inc 53 Hammitt W E and Cole D N 1998 Wildland Recreation Ecology and Management 2nd edition New York NY John Wiley amp Sons J C Stankey G H amp Lucas 1978 Wilderness management No 1365 Forest Service US Department of Agriculture Holmquist J G 2004 Trails and Meadow Fragmentation in Yosemite National Park Effects on Invertebrate Fauna and Patterns of Abundance and Biodiversity El Portal CA USDI National Park Service Yosemite National Park Irsigler M 5 Eissfeller B 2001 March Comparison of multipath mitigation techniques with consideration of future signal structures In Proceedings of the 16th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation ION GPS GNSS 2003 2584
55. e studies prove that GPS units are capable of Questionnaires providing the information necessary in understanding how social trails develop Merging GPS tracking along with questionnaires and social construct data in this study allowed for a deeper knowledge of how social trails develop what types of rock climbers contribute to social trails and where social trails are likely to form GPS Visitor Tracking 2 CHAPTER 2 SYNTHESIS OF LITERATURE 2 1 TRAILS A trail is a path or track through rough country such as forest that is made of a dirt or stone surface for the passage of people or animals Trails are the foremost system for recreationists to access desirable locations Past studies have shown that only about 15 to 20 percent of recreationists travel off trails in most areas and if they do travel off trail these distances are usually minimal Lucas 1978 Trails are used by people as a means to travel from one location to another In recreation trails allow recreationists access to nodes which are destination areas or locations of interest Hammitt amp Cole 1998 Nodes could include campsites a scenic overlook or a water source Recreationists depend on trail systems for safety and direction This dependence can bea powerful tool for directing use patterns and even influencing the experiences of the recreationists Hendee et al 1978 Recreationists vary by activity and therefore different recreationist groups have varying
56. e was higher than hiking time Table 4c GVT Results Percent time in 24 hour period Men Mmmm Maximum 9 At Camp 65 2 52 0 938 Table 4 Results Percent time during daylight hours Mamm SD 42 Figure 4m Percent time spent in Indian Creek Average Time Average Time in 24 Hours during Daylight 2 5 1 6 4 5 2 8 3 1 5 1 At Camp Climbing Wall Driving Hiking Parking Lot 4 3 2 COMPONENT 2 INFORMAL TRAIL USE RESULTS amp DISCUSSION This component was meant to compare trail locations and questionnaire data in order to characterize the type of climber that may be contributing to informal trails as well as provide answers to the questions Which rock climbers contribute to informal trails and Do different rock climber types travel in different ways However the sampled population of climbers was found to be homogenous in perceived skill level experience use history specialization and demographics Therefore finding a type of climber who may be contributing most to informal trails was not possible Nevertheless the GPS Visitor Tracking did shed light on user confusion on what roads to take to get to climbing areas where climbing walls were located and where the trail is located This should be no surprise since the Indian Creek landscape 15 a sea of red rock and sand Figure 4n and climbers are often faced with relying
57. eation and natural resource management and offers a foundation for GPS use in future investigations for various recreation and leisure activities While researchers have performed GPS tracking on recreationists in the past Hallo et al 2012 D Antonio et al 2010 Lai et al 2007 few have coupled GPS data with social data from questionnaires Performing GPS tracking and collecting questionnaire data at the same time allows for better understanding of spatial distribution use intensity and travel patterns in relation to recreationist characteristics like motivations desires and ability level Beeco amp Brown 2013 Since the human and natural worlds are deeply intertwined integrating social and ecological research is necessary for a better understanding of recreation impacts Leisure recreation are important to our society for variety of reasons including physical and mental health satisfaction with life social interaction and family cohesiveness van Baak et al 2003 Edington et al 1995 Crandall 1979 West amp Merriam 2009 In recent years rock climbing has only increased in popularity both as a recreation activity and as a competitive sport Sheel 2004 Although outdoor recreation is often considered to be nonconsumptive use over time it inevitably alters the environment Cole 2004 Because of the popularity of rock climbing places likeIndian Creek are becoming impacted in various ways including land degradation im
58. eation Trails The Bureau of Land Management BLM manages over 6 000 miles of public use trails that are classified within the National Trails System BLM 2009 However the majority of trails on BLM land do not fall into the National Trails System Acts designations More than 16 000 miles of multiple use trails are distributed over approximately 258 million acres of BLM land The BLM manages trails in accordance with the BLM Land Use Planning Handbook as well as other BLM Directives Systems documents Each Field Office also has its own goals and objectives for managing their land in their current Resource Management Plan RMP Two internal databases are used as management tools for the extensive BLM trail system the Facilities Assets Management System FAMS and the Recreation Management Information System RMIS Since many trails in Indian Creek have not been accurately recorded and included these databases the researcher recorded accurate GPS readings on the location of climbers trails in order to provide a foundation for the future management of Indian Creek 1 4 RATIONALE In any research the researcher not only wants the reader to understand what he plans to do but also why the research is being doneat all Maxwell 2012 Therationale of a study is meant to convince the audience that the study is worth doing Sirakaya Turk 2011 A rationale must be meaningful well developed defensible clear and accurate in order to be conv
59. ector into USB port on computer Open CanWay Once connected configurations and preferences can be updated ai sd 2 2 3 HOW TO CHANGE CONFIGURATIONS 1 Fromthe main screen click on the Logger tab at the top of screen then click Configuration 2 In the Configuration menu the logging interval can be changed by time or distance and the minimum logging speed can be set 3 Fromthe main screen click on the Tool tab at thetop of the screen then click Options 4 n the Options menu many options can be changed however the Unit tab is the most applicable because the measures of altitude and latitude longitude can be changed here 2 2 4 CONFIGURATION FOR INDIAN CREEK STUDY Logatab5 second time interval e Minimum logging speed 15 0 km hour GPS location is measured in decimal degrees e Elevation is measured in meters 3 DATA COLLECTION GPS data collection in this study has two components Component 1 will focus on analyzing user density and temporal patterns of use by tracking rock climbers for a 24 hour period Rock climbers will be intercepted at their campsite in order to allow for the natural dispersion of participants to their desired climbing area Component 2 will focus on analyzing informal trail use at several climbing walls of interest Climbing walls of interest are areas with special management concerns including land degradation resource overuse informal trail proliferation and user crowding Rock cl
60. ellent trail for the most part be confusing closer to the wall 75 Cairns Good Loose ina couple Accessed by The Wan trail or Election sections Wall trail While there is a pull off with a no camping Altitude Wall No Trail No Trail sign in front of the wall there is notrail Can be accessed by 4x4 Wall The Back Wall Long walk or high clearance vehicle required to access Notrail Excellent Well marked Short easy trail with great access Buttress Bioturbation Wall NoTrail Blue Gramma Cliff Excellent Well marked Short easy trail with great access Long walk or high clearance vehicle required to access through Bridger Jacks The Bridger Jacks Good we Primitive Camping Area Well marked with cairns until about 30 feet from the wall Easy to find and well High clearance vehicle recommended to Broken Tooth Excellent access Trail easy to find and 15 mostly marked great quality Cactus Flower Several pulloffs on the highway could be Twotrails onetothe north and one south Although the trail to the south is better quality parking is not allowed Cat Wall Partially Good Well traveled trails fhe trailhead Thenor th trail seas 15 find and most accessed but several sections can be confusing and loose Long walk or high clearance vehicle required to access Easy to find once at the Excellent Well marked trailhead There were reports of another trail access down a wash closer to the
61. er Favorites 2 4 2013 12 50PM File folder f amp SkyDrive AR Links 2 4 2013 12 50PM File folder 2 Music 12 4 2013 12 50PM File folder el Homegroup Pictures 12 4 2013 12 50 PM File folder Kathryn White Bb Saved Games 2 4 2013 12 50PM File folder Searches PEERS This PC SkyDrive m Desktop File folder E Documents export 2013 11 28 19 25 12 5 2013 6 43 Microsoft Excel C Downloads export 2013 11 29 04 49 12 5 2013 6 44 PM Microsoft Excel C 47 KB Music LB export 2013 11 29 07 22 12 5 2013 6 44 PM Microsoft Excel C 23 KB Pictures export 2013 11 29 07 44 12 5 2013 6 44 PM Microsoft Excel C 981 KB Videos LB export 2013 11 29 11 22 12 5 2013 6 44 Microsoft Excel 216 KB Local D export 2013 11 29 12 18 12 5 2013 6 44 PM Microsoft Excel C 995 KB Microsoft Excel C export 2013 11 29 17 04 2 12 5 2013 6 44 PM Microsoft Excel 25 export 2013 11 29 17 23 export 2013 11 29 18 40 export 2013 11 29 21 35 export 2013 11 29 22 32 5 In Command Prompt type the command dir Microsoft Windows Version 6 3 9608 2613 Microsoft Corporation All rights reserved Users Kathrunkdir Press Enter to ensure the correct files in the folder C Users Kathrun gt dir Unlume in drive has no label Unlume Serial Number is 9258 8068 Directory of C Users Kathryn 12 67 2413 12 67 2413
62. f experimental trampling on tall alpine herbfields and subalpine grasslands in the Australian Alps Journal of Environmental Management 91 532 540 Pigram 1983 Outdoor recreation and resource management Croom Helm Ltd Schuster R M Thompson J G amp Hammitt W E 2001 Recreationists attitudes toward management of climbing and the use of bolts Environmental Management 28 3 403 412 Self D R de Vries Henry E Findley C S amp Reilly E 2007 Thrill seeking the type T personality and extreme sports International journal of sport management and marketing 2 1 175 190 Sheel A W 2004 Physiology of sport rock climbing British journal of sports medicine 38 3 355 359 Sirakaya Turk E 2011 Research methods for leisure recreation and tourism Slanger E amp Rudestam 1997 Motivation and disinhibition in high risk sports Sensation seeking and self efficacy Journal of Research in Personality 31 3 355 374 Tabachnick B G amp Fidell L S 2001 Multivariate statistics Needham Heights Allyn 6 van Baak M A van Mil E Astrup A V Finer N Van Gaal L F Hilsted J amp Saris W 2003 Leisure time activity is an important determinant of long term weight maintenance after weight loss in the Sibutramine Trial on Obesity Reduction and Maintenance STORM trial The American journal of clinical nutrition 78 2 209 214
63. help identify and evaluate resource impacts facilitate the understanding of causes and effects and provide insight into the prevention mitigation and management of problems Marion 1998 Leung amp Marion 2000 Since spatial and temporal distributions of use contribute to the extent of recreation related resource impacts Hammitt and Cole 1998 information gleaned from GPS tracking rock climbers in Indian Creek Utah will provide management of Indian Creek and other natural areas with typical climber distribution at climbing areas as well as insight into the causes of natural resource impacts Since traditional methods of collecting spatial and temporal data can be inaccurate and burdensome to both the researcher and the participant GPS tracking of recreationists provides more precise accurate and reliable data that 15 not as labor intensive as traditional methods Hallo et al 2012 In GPS visitor tracking GVT a device that uses the Global Positioning System is carried by a study participant in order to record the location of the participant at regular intervals GVT has been a proven method for understanding the temporal and spatial distribution of recreationists in complex recreation environments 13 BLM s TRAIL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM In the National Trails System Act of 1968 Section 3 a Congress designated three classifications of trails for public use 1 National Historic Trails 2 National Scenic Trails and 3 National Recr
64. hin the countries climbing population could lead to the development of collective management strategies at multiple climbing areas 51 4 9 IMPLICATIONS It is important for land managers to understand the spatial and temporal distributions of visitors because knowing where visitors are going how they getting there and how much time is spent in those locations allows for further understanding of what resources could be impacted whether crowding may exist and whether facilities are adequate Beeco and Brown 2013 Especially in complex recreation settings the use of GPS trackers is an ideal way to obtain accurate and precise data with units that are easy to use and easy for participants to carry 52 5 REFERENCES Afthinos Y Theodorakis N D amp Nassis P 2005 Customers expectations of service in Greek fitness centers Gender age type of sport center and motivation differences Managing Service Quality 15 3 245 258 Alasuutari P Bickman L amp Brannen J Eds 2008 The SAGE handbook of social research methods Sage Beeco jJ A amp Brown 2013 Integrating space spatial tools and spatial analysis into the human dimensions of parks and outdoor recreation Applied Geography 38 76 85 BLM 2009 National Trails System amp the BLM U S Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management Retrieved February 11 2014 from http www blm gov co st en BLM Programs recreati
65. iking straight up a hillsideto the rock wall Sincethe motivation behind recreationists is to climb making the approach hike the shortest amount of time and distance allows for more time spent climbing Sincetrails that occur on the fall line of a hillside are susceptible to erosion most climbers trails are not desirable and are in need of management and added switchbacks The strong personality traits and motivations of climbers could also contribute to informal trail proliferation Kerr 2014 Since the end goal is to climb the distraction of seeing a rock wall but not quickly and easily seeing a formal trail could force a recreationist to forge his own path 24 SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF INFORMAL TRAILS Since informal trails are often widespread throughout a landscape and are quite variable in structure the development of monitoring protocols for informal trails and their associated indicators has been difficult Manning 2011 The extensive nature of these trail systems has made assessing and monitoring inefficient Marion and others 2006 Spatially these trails can widely differ in the amount of space they take up some cover a large amount of space within a facility and are obvious while others are small and may be difficult to spot These differences in informal trails have made them difficult to monitor and create solutions for management strategies that fit across the board Over the years informal trails have been monitored using one of three
66. imbers will be intercepted at the trailhead or parking lot of each climbing wall of interest in order to focus on user travel patterns at that particular climbing wall 3 1 PREPARATION 1 Data loggers should be fully charged and have the proper configurations preset 2 Arriveat the parking lot or entrance to the climbing area at daybreak 3 Upon arrival turn all of the units on 3 2 INTERACTION WITH STUDY PARTICIPANTS All participants will be given a three digit number starting at 001 3 2 1 APPROACHING PARTICIPANTS Participants will be approached in either their campsite or the parking lot or trailhead of the climbing areas of interest depending on the study They will be informed about the studies purpose and objectives and expectations as participants Hi my 15 I m from the University of Utah conducting a study of the spatial distribution of rock climbers in Indian Creek asking that you carry this small GPS unit with you for the next 24 hours Component 1 for your time at this climbing area Component 2 as well as fill out a very short questionnaire Participation is voluntary and your questionnaire responses are confidential Results from this study will be reported in broad statistical terms Would you be willing to participate today If No OK Thank you for your time Have a good day IF Yes OK Thank you for agreeing to participate Hereisthe GPS unit and questionnaire Once the Questionnaire is Com
67. important to understand motivations to recreate Maslow 1954 theorized that everyone possesses only five basic needs physiological needs safety security needs belongingness love needs and self actualization needs This theory was simply the needs that pertained to all aspects of life but it is important in understanding deeper recreation motivations While many words can be used to describe why people are driven to recreate motivations for leisure and recreation can be pared down to include the following 1 escape 2 enhancing relationships 3 personal mastery and 4 winning Dillard amp Bates 2011 1974 hypothesized that leisure had two dimensions 1 perceived freedom i e the activity had to be undertaken freely without constraint or compulsion and 2 intrinsic motivation the concept that satisfaction arises from engaging in the leisure activity itself instead of having an external reward These natural motivations give humans reason and incentive to do something or behave a certain way Recreationists can also be placed into the categories of casual and serious in terms of their leisure choices Serious recreation captivates its participants with complexities and challenges while casual recreation requires little or no training Rock climbing is considered a serious high risk extreme sport Self et al 2007 Studies that have researched motivation in high risk sports have found that these peo
68. incing to readers Alasuutari et al 2008 The rationale for the significance of a study can be achieved if 1 it will fill a in the body of knowledge and literature 2 it will answer an unanswered question or solvea problem that has not been solved and or 3 the outcome of the study will result in a findingthat is important to the field Sirakaya Turk 2011 This research provides the management of Indian Creek with an understanding of the temporal and spatial distribution of climbers maps of the locations of climber access trails and several informal trails and insight into types of climbers who may be contributing to informal trails With the fragility of the desert landscape and increasing interest from rock climbers Indian Creek is facing the pressures of overuse including land degradation impacts to natural resources and crow ding This research provides managers of Indian Creek with strategies to help prevent land degradation and impacts to natural resources while maintaining access to an area that is beloved by climbers This research is important and necessary because it informs land management decisions for future trail modifications and improvements rock climber education programs and land exchanges in Indian Creek while providing valuable information for other recreation areas as well This research contributes to future research by developing GPS tracking methods provides new literature that incorporates geography recr
69. ing climbers in Indian Creek several methods and ideas on cleaning data from previous GPS research were taken into account and contributed to a more accurate representation of travel patterns 3 4 DATA ANALYSIS 3 4 1 QUESTIONNAIRE ANALYSIS After standard data cleaning and ensuring adequate validation of the measurements the researcher calculated descriptive statistics The researchers used a K means cluster analysis in SPSS 18 0 to divide climbers based on their skill level specialization experience use history and demographics 19 The purpose of a cluster analysis 15 to divide the participants into groups clusters so that those participants in a cluster are more alike than participants in another cluster Wu 2012 In a K means cluster analysis an algorithm is used that assigns data objects to the closest clusters by computing the distances between the data objects and the centroids of the clusters Wu 2012 p 178 Theresults from the K cluster analysis were then used to compare GPS tracks from participants to the locations of current trails and informal trails Tracks across different clusters were analyzed visually for differences The comparisons betw een the different clusters and GPS tracks from participants provided the researcher with insight into the questions 1 Do different types of rock climbers travel in different ways 2 Which rock climbers contribute to informal trails and 3 Spatially how do climbers spend thei
70. ipped ally Good Reservoir Wall Partially Good loose but most direct Sacred Cow Partially Good Notrail in sections ney ame CO find rom the parking area but easy to find afterwards Sabbatical Wall Door Very faint trail in the flat sections Easier to follow once trail starts sloping Scarface Good Easy to follow way ae sections but overall good trail An extremely faint section of trail can be Scorpion Corner No Trail No Trail found for about 50 feet but it isin terrible condition Appendix F Trail Quality and Access p Good until steep Long walk or high clearance vehicle Good required to access Easy to find trail but a couple sections are loose Long walk or high clearance vehicle No Trail required to access Accessed by walking down a very long wash and then scrambling up talus Easy access trail on north side of the wall Mostly well marked with well marked cairns There is with oneor two supposed to bea trail to the south but confusingturns unableto find it may be accessed from the wash tothe south Long walk or high clearance vehicle No Trail required to access Accessed by walking down a wash and then scrambling up the talus No Trail Long walk required up a wash Notrail Long walk or high clearance vehicle required Four trails Cairns litter the slopes One is accessed from in between N amp S six shooters in poor condition does not exist The other three ar
71. ith a little trail maintenance and arrow signs Reservoir Wall is easily accessed by parking on the side of Highway 211 This climbing area wraps around a buttress which gives climbers access to both sun and shade throughout the day Two trails exist that access this wall As seen in Appendix E the trail to the south crosses private land This steep trail winds its way up a gully full of talus that is very loose The researcher gave up on trying to follow this trail because so many rock sloughs covered it in so many sections The trail to the north is in great condition with only a couple loose sections It is recommended that trail closure signage be placed at both ends of the south trail to mitigate conflict between private land owners and for the safety of those accessing this wall 48 North and South Six Shooters are the two classic desert towers in Indian Creek While both of these towers require route finding skills either a very long walk or a high clearance vehicle a hefty uphill hike and the knowledge to climb routes with multiple pitches the icon status of these towers draws a larger number of visitors than one would expect Since the towers are located on crumbling talus slopes even the best trails get covered debris and can be hard to find spots As seen in Appendix the North Six Shooter is either accessed from the north or south The south is the well marked trail and is accessed by taking Davis Canyon Road an
72. k On average what grade of climb do you typically lead climb in Indian Creek N A if you do not lead Please indicate your rock climbing skill level Novice Intermediate Advanced 1 2 3 4 5 8 9 Please indicate how much each description of a rock climber describes you Mot at all A lot Rock climbingis an enjoyable butinfrequent activity that is secondary to other travel and outdoor interests am not highly skilled rarely read articles about 1 2 3 4 567 B 9 climbing and do not own much equipment beyond the basic necessities Rock climbing for me is important but do other outdoor activities too occasionally read articles about climbing amp purchase equipment for climbing 1 2 3 4 567 B 9 participation in rock climbing is inconsistent and am moderately skilled Rock climbingis my primary outdoor activity purchase increasing amounts of equipmentfor rock climbing participate in rock climbing every chance get 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 B 9 consider myself highly skilled in climbing and frequently read about climbing 15 Figure 3d Questionnaire Back Demographic Information Whatis your zip code or country if outside the 5 In what year were you born Whatis your gender check one 1 Male 1 Female Whatis the highestlevel of school you have completed check one Less than high school Some high school High school graduate 1 Some college Graduate degree 1 Two year college graduate 1
73. le of the Bulge Buttress Bioturbation Wall Blue Gramma Cliff The Bridger Jacks Broken Tooth Cactus Flower Buttress Cat Wall Cliffs of Insanity Critic s Choice Disappointment Cliffs Donnelly Canyon Election Wall Fin Wall Friction Slab Fringe of Death Canyon Fringe of Life Canyon The Gash Love Wall New Wave Wall North Six Shooter Peak The Optimator The Original Meat Wall Over the Petrified Hornet Wall Pistol Whipped Pods Wall Power Wall Public Service Wall Reservoir Wall Sacred Cow 45 No trail could be found Sabbatical Wall Scarface Scorpion Corner Selfish Wall Shock and Awe Sinbad Wall Six Star Wall Slug Wall South Six Shooter Peak Sparks Wall Suburbia Supercrack Buttress Technicolor Wall Tenderloins Tricks Wall Vitamin D Wall The Wall Way Rambo 45 PARTICIPANT TRAIL USE Of the 54 climbing areas listed study participants were found to have traveled to 22 Figures 4n and 40 represent the number of study participants who visited each climbing area The GPS tracks of participants be seen in Appendix The top ten climbing areas visited by study participants were Cat Wall Supercrack Buttress Donnelly Canyon Scarface Wall Battle of the Bulge Reservoir Wall Way Rambo South Six Shooter Pistol Whipped 0 Broken Tooth ITI Figure 4n Number of study participants to visit each climbing area Climbing Areas Visited by Participants 9
74. left blank Make sure the Unit of Measurement is set to Metric Make sure the Show latitude longitude is set to Decimal Degrees this will allow for easier manipulation in ArcM aps Height weight and Activity Groups do not need to be filled out Finish and exit the setup wizard 2 2 GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE GT 740FL The user manual for the GT 740FL logger can be found on the Canmore Logger CD in the GT 740FL Sport LogBook folder to access Before connecting the GT 740FL download the USB driver that is specific to the GT 740FL It is located on the CD in the folder marked GPS USB Dongle Driver and named VCP V1 3 1 Setup x64 e Charging the battery remove the USB cover plug into a USB port on a computer or an AC adapter When charging the Yellow LED will be lit When fully charged the Yellow LED will be of The battery takes about 2 hours to fully re charge 2 2 1 LED DISPLAY amp BASIC OPERATIONS Yellow LED battery is charging Red LED flashing 1 sec ON 1 sec OFF low battery power Blue LED on Is on but position 15 not fixed Blue LED flashing 1 sec ON 2 sec OFF position is fixed Blue LED flashing fast Data tag to set point is successful GPS Data Tag Setting Status push for 1 2 second Power Switch ON OFF need to press 3 Data Tag mn Charger Power Status 2 9 2 2 2 CONNECTINGTO A COMPUTER 1 Turn on GPS logger Plug USB conn
75. ling Indian Creek the shortest day of the year December 20 15 about 9 hours and 30 minutes long The longest day of the year is June 21 which is about 14 hours and 49 minutes long Performing this study when daylight hours are longer would likely increase the amount of time spent climbing and decrease the amount of time spent at camp The most popular seasons to climb in Indian Creek are early spring and late fall because of the more moderate temperatures If data were collected during different seasons temperatures and day lengths a more accurate view of how rock climbers were spending their time could be gleaned from 30 the data Participants were also all selected from a single campground Indian Creek Since climbers camp at three developed campgrounds as well as primitive dispersed campsites monitoring the temporal and spatial distributions of rock climbers from other camp sites is valuable as well This study shows the value of GVT in complex recreation settings Since rock climbers spend the majority of their time at camp and at the base of the climbing wall managers should focus most of their oversight at camping areas and the base of the cliffs Tables Table 1 Start amp Stop for locations throughout the day start stop in military time total in h m s Stat Stop Total Start Stop Total Start Stop Total Start Stop Total 3 18004102422 1471 10421 104501 0 20 40 024541 0 56 06 1
76. ll Broken Tooth Donnelly Canyon The Wall and Battle of the Bulge The total amount of time that each participant spent at camp driving hiking to the climbing wall and at the climbing wall was determined from the attribute tables in ArcMaps These times were then averaged and compared to the length of daylight hours as well as the entire 24 hour period On the day of the sampling the total length of daylight was 9 hours and 45 minutes Of the daylight hours on average climbers spent 52 3 at the climbing wall 30 of their time at camp 6 2 driving and 11 5 hiking Table 3 Of the total 24 hour sampling period climbers spent almost 72 of their time at camp 21 2 at the climbing wall almost 5 hiking and 2 5 driving For managers of Indian Creek Knowing how much time rock climbers spend in areas throughout the area can provide an understanding of what areas may need the most oversight Discussion Based on the results the majority of daylight hours are spent at the climbing wall Since this study took place on a day where the high temperature was 42 F skies were overcast and fog had set in it 15 probable that a higher percentage of time may have been spent at the climbing wall and less time at camp if more favorable weather conditions had been present the day of the sampling The amount of daylight may have also contributed to less time spent at the climbing walls The length of day was 9 hours and 45 minutes on the day of the samp
77. ltiple Tracks Need to Combined 9 5 WAN gle M E 11 51 Importing CSV Files into ArcMap ascia e tee tta 11 0 P 5S TRACKING X ok dob 1 INTRODUCTION This manual is meant to inform personnel involved in the GPS tracking of rock climbers in Indian Creek on the GPS units and the data collection downloading and data manipulation processes 2 CANMORE GT A40FL SPORT GPS DATA LOGGER Each of the twenty data loggers 15 labeled by number 1 20 2 1 CANMORE SOFTWARE CANWAY The Canmore Logger comes with a mini CD that contains instructions and software necessary to downloading data from the GPS logger The CanWay software allows for the modification of the GPS logger settings 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 ee d CAN WAY INSTALLATION Download the Canmore Logger CD and save all files to computer In the GPS Logger software folder you will find the installation software CanWay Installer 1 1 03 and the instructions for the Canmore Logger CanWay user manual EN 1 0 Double Click on and install the CanWay Installer 1 1 03 installation software When the Select Additional Tasks tab appears check the box next to Install USB driver A desktop icon can also be created at this time If any problems occur the user manual contains more detailed steps for installing CanWay GETTING STARTED WITH CANWAY Open CanWay The program will ask for personal information about the user this may be
78. ly opens to this example is C Users Kathryn Microsoft Windows Version 6 3 9698 2613 Microsoft Corporation All rights reserved qc Users Kathryn 3 Open the folder used by Command Prompt File Home Share View Cut FE New item b 4 Open HH Select all Copy path v Easy access EY A Edit Select none Paste a Move Copy Delete Rename Mew Properties short to to folder Histon pa Invert selection gt ThisPC Local Disk Users Kathryn jr Favorites Mame Date modified Type ize Desktop 10 26 2013 1 23 PM File folder Je Downloads Contacts 12 4 2013 12 50PM File folder Forant nlarer 11 77 1112 26 Lil 4 and paste csv files to be combined into this folder Home View Cut L x p gt item Open Select all Copy path y Easy access sf 4 Select none Copy Paste _ Move Copy Delete Rename New Properties z Paste shortcut toy tor folder Invert selection 1 ThisPC Local Disk Users gt Kathryn gt Date modified Type Size Desktop amp 3 Contacts 2 4 2013 12 50PM File folder Dowloads Desktop 2 7 2013 6 36PM File Recent places Documents 2 4 2013 12 50PM File folder f amp SkyDrive Downloads 12 4 2013 12 50PM File fold
79. m actual trail locations in red As seen below GVT shows that participants who traveled on trails listed in excellent condition such as to The Cliffs of Insanity tended to stay on the correct trail more often than those on trails in poor condition such as the Sabbatical Wall INSANITY 50 Appendix D contains recommendations for narrative signage placements on roadways to direct climbers to climbing areas Signage with names of the climbing walls is recommended at every turn off from the main highway and road This will lessen confusion of drivers and lead to less traffic on these roads 48 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH This study took place over four and a half weeks A larger study group and longer sampling period could possibly yield statistically significant differences within the study population This study also coincided with college spring break which may have influenced the resulting study population The entire sampling period did not have much variability in weather data such as temperature daylight hours cloud cover and precipitation By repeatingthis study during different times of the year future researchers may expose the importance of weather to climbing area preference Since several trails were recommended for closure and subsequent restoration repeating GVT in areas with trail closures would give management an idea if closure signage did actually force climbers to the alternate trail Fur
80. mendations Appendix Maps amp Recommendations for 5 Visited Climbing Areas Appendix Indian Creek Climbing Trail Quality and Access 1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Indian Creek Corridor is located 15 miles north of Monticello Utah along Highway 211 which leads to the Needles District of Canyonlands National Park This corridor contains archaeological and cultural resources such as the petroglyphs at Newspaper Rock and recreation opportunities such as hiking and rock climbing The Bureau of Land Management BLM manages the majority of this 26 mile section as a Special Recreation Management Area SRMA but this area also consists of land that is state and privately owned The BLM issues permits for cattle grazing and recreation guiding and also cares for several facilities in Indian Creek SRMA including roadways three camping areas and five areas with pit toilets The main private landowner is the Nature Conservancy which in 1997 bought the Dugout Ranch where Heidi Redd has run the Indian Creek Cattle Company for over forty years Heidi was given a life lease of 25 acres so the ranch continues to operate The Nature Conservancy manages this land to fulfill three stewardship goals 1 to preserve the property s ecological and open space features 2 to use the property as a resource for ecological research and natural history interpretation and 3 to continue a historic ranching operation with the least impact The Indian Creek Cattle
81. most to informal trails was not possible was found that most participants were confused at key locations on roads and trails n order to lessen confusion about the locations of climbing walls and trails both narrative and arrow signage should be placed at key locations throughout Indian Creek to direct climbers ABSTRACT Corporations follow employee driving habits biologists track wildlife and parents confirm the location of children The Global Positioning System GPS has become such an integral part of modern life that it is no surprise that researchers can now monitor where recreationists travel and how much time they spend at certain locations In GPS Visitor Tracking GVT a device that uses GPS is carried by a participant and records the location of the participant at regular intervals Researchers can then use GPS data to view the temporal and spatial distribution of recreationists in complex recreation environments One such complex recreation environment that has increased in popularity in recent years is Indian Creek Utah Because of the perfectly parallel vertical fissures in Wingate sandstone walls this area has become an international rock climbing destination Rock climbers are drawn to the unique and difficult climbs as well as the open space and primitive feeling that Indian Creek provides This newfound popularity has brought higher frequencies of climbers along with new management concerns including land degra
82. o camping zone a Inge of Death climbing area a S corpion pel paved road ee New 5 I mr boten dirt road yor f parking d res IM trail Ex S Dugout Ranch HQ 3 ay Hog Cyn private BUX lt gt reservoir i Friction mesa tower cliff Slab private lands approx boundaries 1 2 0 miles Shay Mesa Monticello 26 mig 11 PURPOSE OBJECTIVES amp PRIMARY INVESTIGATIVE QUESTIONS The purpose of this study was to inform future land management decisions by analyzing current trail systems and comparing rock climber characteristics to their temporal and spatial patterns of The project objectives included 1 provide the BLM with GPS data from climber access trails in Indian Creek 2 Todevelop amap of recreation resources and access trails 3 Toidentify the temporal and spatial distribution of rock climbers 4 Toidentify informal trails at five climbing areas and characterize the type of rock climbers that may be contributing to these trails The primary investigative questions for this study were 1 Do different rock climber types travel in different ways 2 Which rock climbers contribute to informal trails 3 Spatially how do climbers spend their time in Indian Creek In order to address the research purpose objectives and primary investigative questi
83. of multipath error at Scarface climbing wall Cm V 8 ted GVT to Scarface Wall b Unedi Source JEsn Digital Globe Georyesr cubed USDA USGSTAEXTGefmapping Aerogrid 4 n E 5 swisstopo and thelol Sq sergio 25 Figure 4 GPS Tracker comparison at the Battle of the Bulge Buttress of the e Buttress Legend Canmore 1 G 100 06 200 Source GeoEyet cubed USD n 05657 935 erog Community 26 Figure 6 GPS Tracker comparison on the trail to Selfish Wall selfish Wall Access lt t4 a Canmore DG 100 006 200 Since altitude was collected along with latitude and longitude each unit s altitude data were compared from hiking to and from the Selfish Wall Since the exact altitude of this hike is unknown a comparison of each unit s data to the actual altitude range of the hike Is not possible However comparing the units against each other can be seen visually in Figure 7 Since the graph should appear about equal on both sides if the hike up to the wall took the same amount of time as the hike 27 down the Garmin appears to be the most accurate Each of the GPS trackers appears to have its own issues whether that be too high or low readings or jagged points indicating inaccuracy Figure 7 Altitude Comparis
84. ok likethis concatenate G1 H1 Click enter This will combine the negative symbol and the parenthesis into your new column Format the new negative longitude as a number value by Right clicking on thetop of column right click Format Cells select Number as the category then click OK Exit the program by clicking the X in thetop right hand corner A window will appear that says jb Want to save your changes to export 2014 01 19 rj 17 A0 csv Save Dont Save Cancel Click Save The Save As window will appear Click Save at the bottom of the window A window will appear that says Some features in your workbook might be lost if you save it as CSV Comma delimited Do you want to keep using that format Click Yes Re open the same file Delete the old columns with the negative symbol column and old longitude column The file should now look like this D F G H 1 1 1 1 1 19 2014 17 40 37 40 70257 109 826 1410 5 1 2 1 1 2 1 19 2014 17 42 25 40 70278 109 826 1397 9 0 17 Make sure participant A unit 4 B point C latitude longitude altitude and speed 1 columns are formatted as numbers 4 6 WHEN MULTIPLE TRACKS NEED TO BE COMBINED If multiple csv files exist for a single unit combine using Windows Command Prompt 1 Search for Command Prompt in the Search menu then open Command Prompt 2 Open the folder that Command Prompt automatical
85. on Altitude Comparison of Units at Selfish Wall e anmore 5 100 200 Discussion While all of the units behaved similarly in the desert environment the Canmore unit appeared to overall perform the best in this study Of the GPS trackers the Canmore was the easiest to use during set in the field and during the downloading process The built in USB port is helpful in reducing cords in the field The internal battery of the Canmore allows for less battery waste Recharging the internal battery in the field could be challenging however it was found that if the DG 100 was impacted during climbing the unit s AA batteries can be jostled causing the unit to shut down Since solar power options have become less expensive and more available in the past few years recharging units with internal batteries is simple The Canmore also has a motion detector built in that puts the unit in stand by mode when it is not moving this feature ultimately saves battery life in the field Ongoing testing of GPS tracking units Is essential for the development of this new technology It 15 important for researchers to understand both the capabilities and downfalls of these units and testing is the best way to find what they are capable of 28 3 5 2 TIME USE STUDY OF ROCK CLIMBERS IN INDIAN CREEK In the fall of 2013 a preliminary time use study of rock climbers in Indian Creek was performed for preliminary testing of the G
86. on national recreation blm trails system national trails system html Browning M H E M 2012 Environmental impacts along informal trails and recreation sites at well established Swedish nature play areas Outdoor Recreation in Change Current Knowledge and Future Challenges Proceedings of the 6 International Conference on Monitoring and Management of Visitors in Recreational and Protected Areas 366 367 Buckley Ed 2004 Environmental impacts of ecotourism Vol 2 1 Cole D N 2004 Environmental impacts of outdoor recreation in wildlands Society and resource management A summary of knowledge 107 116 Cole D N Peterson M E Lucas 1987 Managing wilderness recreation use General Technical Report INT 230 Ogden UT U S Department of Agriculture Forest Service Intermountain Research Station Crandall R 1979 Social interaction affect and leisure Journal of Leisure Research 11 3 165 181 D Antonio A Monz C Lawson S Newman P Pettebone D amp Courtemanch 2010 GPS based measurements of backcountry visitors in parks and protected areas Examples of methods and applications from three case studies Journal of Park and Recreation Administration 28 3 Dillard J E amp Bates D L 2011 Leisure motivation revisited why people recreate Managing Leisure 16 4 253 268 Edginton C Jordan D J DeGraaf D G amp Edginton 5 1995 Leisur
87. ons this research involved several methods First the researcher used GPS to map over fifty formal and informal access trails to climbing walls in order to inventory current formal and informal trail locations This step satisfied the objectives of providing the BLM with GPS data from climber access trails and supplied the necessary data to create a map of recreation resources Second the researcher performed a two component climber use study by coupling GPS tracking of participants with a questionnaire The first study component focused on analyzing the temporal and spatial patterns of use by tracking climbers for a 24 hour period This component provided the researcher with temporal and spatial distribution data to answer the question of where rock climbers spend their time in Indian Creek The second study component focused on analyzing informal trail use at five climbing walls of interest This component allow ed the researcher to compare trail locations and questionnaire data and provided insight to the questions Which rock climbers contributes to informal trails and Do different rock climber types travel in different ways 1 2 THE PROBLEM Although outdoor recreation is often considered to be nonconsumptive use over time it inevitably alters the environment Cole 2004 Since the human and natural worlds are deeply intertwined integrating social and ecological research is necessary for a better understanding of recreation impacts This
88. oor activity I purchase increasing amounts of equipment for rock climbing participate in rock climbing every chance I get consider myself highly skilled in climbing and frequently read about climbing 39 4 2 4 SELF REPORTED SKILL LEVEL Table 4c suggests that rock climbers in Indian Creek have an intermediate to moderately high level of skill based on the mean score of 6 2 Twenty six percent of the participants indicated a relatively high level of skill with another 48 specifying an intermediate to moderately high level of skill These results coincide with the reported high level of specialization found in Table 4b and provide some validity for the findings in Table 4b These results also correspond with participant responses to what grade they lead climb or if they only top rope climb Top rope climbing occurs when a climber attaches himself to one end of a rope which then passes up through an anchor at the top of the wall and then down to a partner who belays the climber As the climber ascends the wall the belayer pulls in the slack rope so that if a climber were to let go he would be held in place on the wall Top roping is psychologically easier and less physically demanding than lead climbing The climbing grade for routes is aranking system for how difficult a climb is with 5 0 being extremely easy and 5 14 being extremely difficult On the other hand a climber will lead climb by attaching himself to one
89. ormal trail proliferation and crowding These five walls were chosen based on the highest use areas from Component 1 The researcher defined the who based on the questionnaire responses to degree of specialization self perceived skill level and past use history To analyze GPS data from Component 2 only participant tracks that included sections of informal trails were to be compared to the questionnaire data Study participants were to be split into four groups based on the amount of time spent on informal trails and an ANOVA test using four groups was going to allow the researcher to determine who demographically and recreation characterizations contributes most to informal trails The results however did not allow this analysis Results The study population was found to be relatively homogeneous demographics specialization self perceived skill level and past use history Therefore finding a type of climber who contributes most to informal trail proliferation or soends the most time hiking was not possible Component 1 it was found that most climbers spend the majority of their daylight hours at the climbing walls and they spend more time driving than hiking Originally in Component 2 series of K Means Cluster and ANOVA tests were performed to compare groups of climbers who spent differing amounts of time on informal trails however the homogeneous results did not allow the researcher to divide participants into g
90. ow will open In the Add XY Data window X Field Longitude Y Field Latitude Z Field Altitude In the Add XY Data window click the Edit button to change the Coordinate System of Input Coordinates to the Geographic Coordinate System of WGS 1983 by clicking on Geographic Coordinate System then World then WGS 1983 Then click OK and then OK Add XY Data table containing X and Y coordinate data can be added to the map as a layer XY Coordinate System Z Coordinate System Z Domain Choose a table from the map or browse for another table Type here to search XU G 2014 01 19 17 40 csv e ITRF 1997 Specify the fields for the X Y and 2 coordinates e ITRF 2000 ITRF 2005 X Field Longitude v 2008 NSWC 97 2 Field Latitud v mar wes 1966 Z Field Altitude y was 1972 C9 WGS 1972 TBE Coordinate System of Input Coordinates WGS 1984 Current coordinate system Geographic Coordinate System GCS_WGS_1984 Name GCS_WGS_1984 4326 Authority EPSG Angular Unit Degree 0 0174532925 199433 Prime Meridian Greenwich 0 0 Datum D_WGS_1984 Spheroid WGS_1984 Semimajor Axis 6378137 0 Semiminor Axis 6356752 314245179 Inverse Flattening 298 257223563 _ Show Details Edit Warn me if the resulting layer will have restricted functionality About adding XY data OK Cancel 7
91. pacts to natural resources and crow ding By providing information on rock climber characteristics informal trail use and time use at Indian Creek this research hopesto contribute to continued access for rock climbers and other recreationists while maintaining an acceptable impact to natural resources in many climbing and recreation areas 15 KEY COMPONENTS As seen in Table 1 the researcher used GPS GIS GPS Visitor Tracking and a questionnaire to address the project goals and objectives Table 1a Key Components of the study In the past collecting temporal and spatial data involved having participants draw their paths and record times on blank maps which is time consuming and generally unwelcomed by recreationists Since Global Positioning System GPS data collection has become accessible the task of monitoring spatial and temporal use is easier for the study participant and the researcher and can allow for more accurate data collection GIS Geographic Information Systems GIS assisted with data analysis map creation and time use analysis Small GPS data loggers were used to track rock climbers during their daily activities in Indian Creek This technology allowed for an accurate view of the temporal and spatial use of the study area Most studies that have used GPS tracking of recreationists have focused on monitoring the spatial and temporal distributions Hallo et al 2012 D Antonio et al 2010 Meijles et al 2013 Thes
92. pate today If No OK Thank you for your time Have a good day IF Yes OK Thank you for agreeing to participate Here 15 the GPS unit and questionnaire Once the questionnaire was completed Thank you very much for supporting this study Please drop this GPS unit off in this drop box attached to the campground kiosk at the end of today when you return to camp Participants were asked to carry the GPS Logger on their person for the entire day They had to be willing to participate in the questionnaire as well as carry the GPS unit The participant had to be camping in the same location the following night in order to return the GPS tracker to the drop box The researcher collected personal information on the questionnaire including name e mail address phone number and campsite location in order to ensure the retrieval of the Canmore GPS units 3 2 3 CONTACT FORM The Contact Form was used to record all interaction between the researcher and climbers After approaching and receiving a response from a climber the researcher recorded whether the climber 14 agreed or refused to participate or has already participated the participant number if he or she agreed to participate the group size and group type Figure 3b Contact Form CONTACT FORM Indian Creek March 2014 Date Location Componenti Comp 1 24 hour Comp 2 Day use Hi my name is I m from the University of Utah I IF No OK Thank you for your time Have
93. paved road dirt road 2 parking 7 trail Dugout Ranch HQ private lt gt reservoir creek 5 Friction mesa tower cliff W amp private lands approx boundaries og Cyn Mme 0 miles 1 2 Shay Mesa Monticello 26 13 The second study component focused on analyzing informal trail use at five climbing walls of interest This component allowed the researcher to compare trail locations and questionnaire data in order to characterize the type of climber that may be contributing to informal trails as well as provide answers to the questions Which rock climbers contribute to informal trails and Do different rock climber types travel in different ways Intercept locations were the same as Component 1 3 2 2 INTERCEPT SCRIPT Participants were approached at their campsite They were informed about the study s purpose and objectives and expectations as participants Hi my name 15 l m from the University of Utah am conducting a study of the spatial distribution of climbers in Indian Creek Jam asking that you carry this small GPS unit with you for the next 24 hours Component 1 for your time at this climbing area Component 2 as well as fill out a very short questionnaire Participation is voluntary and your questionnaire responses are confidential Results from this study will be reported in broad statistical terms Would you be willing to partici
94. ple tend to have high self efficacy high risk taking behaviors and a desire for mastery They also have the ability to inhibit the influences of anxiety fear and the recognition of danger Slanger amp Rudestam 1997 While there may be an awareness of the damages that informal trails can do to our natural resources the proliferation of informal trails appears to only continue So why do people make social trails and what are the primary drivers for doing so Social trails begin with just one person leaving the main trail in order to accomplish something This can be to find solitude find firewood get somewhere faster than the current trail or go somewhere that a trail does not already go Once one person leaves the existing trail system the grass 15 compressed or the dirt 15 scuffled which can trigger the next person who uses the trail to question whether or not to use the same newer informal trail Manning 2011 Since the trail is not the main source of recreation for recreationists it is possible that less thought goes into the journey to the climb than the journey itself A trail is simply a means to an end for a rock climber so the importance of the trail integrity and structure does not matter as much as the importance of a climb Many trails to climbing areas are categorized as climbers trails When rock climbing started becoming popular most climbers trails were informal trails that were developed over time by climbers h
95. pleted Thank you very much for supporting this study 7 will return to this campsite tomorrow night to retrieve the GPS unit Component 1 Please drop this GPS unit off in this drop box when you are leaving this climbing area Component 2 3 2 2 PARTICIPANT INSTRUCTIONS Participants will be asked to carry the GPS Logger on their person for the entire time specified 24 hours or timein the climbing area They must be willing to participate in the questionnaire as well as carry the GPS unit 3 2 3 PARTICIPANT QUESTIONNAIRE After agreeing to participate in the study participants will fill out a short questionnaire as seen below E mail address Campsite Area Campsite Please tellus about st experience as a rock climber Including today approximately how many days in the last year have you been rock climbing in amp outside Including today approximately how many days in the last year have you been rock climbing at Indian Creek How many total years have you been rock climbing at Indian Creek On average what grade of climb do you typically lead climb in Indian Creek N A if you do not lead Please indicate your rock climbing skill level Intermediate Advanced Please indicate how much each description of a rock climber describes you Mot at all A lot Like me like me Rock climbingis an enjoyable butinfrequentactivity thatis secondary to other travel and outdoor interests am not highly skilled rarely read a
96. r time in Indian Creek 3 4 2 COMPONENT 1 TIME USE STUDY This component provided the researcher with temporal and spatial distribution data to answer the question Where do climbers spend their time Indian In order to analyze GPS tracker data the data was downloaded to a computer with the use of the Canmore software exported to CSV and mapped and analyzed using ArcMaps 10 2 software In order to determine the amount of time spent during different activities in Indian Creek the times that each participant started and ended their time at camp driving in parking lots hiking and climbing were recorded from the attribute tables in ArcMaps This method provided the times at each of these locations so that the total amount of time spent at camp driving at parking lots hiking to the climbing wall and at the climbing wall could be calculated These times were then averaged and compared to the length of daylight hours as well as the entire 24 hour period Daylight hours were determined from noaa com 3 4 3 COMPONENT 2 INFORMAL TRAIL USE This component allowed the researcher to compare trail locations and questionnaire data in order to characterize the type of climber that may be contributing to informal trails as well as provide answers to the questions Which rock climbers contribute to informal trails and Do different rock climber types travel in different ways In order to identify the type of rock climber
97. rammed to collect data at one second intervals with a minimum logging speed of 0 km hour Sampling was conducted from about 7 November 28 to 7 November 29 2013 Participants were selected on the basis that they were rock climbers who would be climbing in Indian Creek the next day and camping in the same place the next evening Study participants were asked to carry the unit with them at all times for the next 24 hours They were also informed that the units would be picked up at approximately 7 P M the following day Names and contact information from each participant were collected in order to ensure the return of the unit Once GPS units were collected the data were downloaded to a computer with the use of the Canmore software exported to CSV and mapped and analyzed using ArcMaps 10 2 software Tracks from each participant were clipped coming to and from the campground to and from the 29 parking area near the climbing wall and to and from the climbing wall This method provided the times at each of these locations in order to analyze the time used at each location Results Ten rock climbers were asked to carry a GPS unit and all ten agreed to carry the units for the next 24 hours 100 Of these participants 9 climbed the next day 90 Of the 9 usable tracks 8 of the GPS units functioned correctly for the entire 24 hour period 89 The participants were found to have climbed at the following walls the Second Meat Wa
98. research falls into the category of recreation ecology which aims to understand examine assess and monitor recreationist impacts Marion 1998 This knowledge can help identify and evaluate resource impacts facilitate the understanding of causes and effects and provide insight into the prevention mitigation and management of problems Leung and Marion 2000 Currently the Monticello Field Office of the Bureau of Land Management Monticello BLM is realizing the popularity of this area to the rock climbing community The Monticello BLM is also realizing how this newfound popularity is quickly causing various impacts natural and social and that gathering information is a necessary step to understand the full scope of the issues This research provides the BLM with a solid base of information on rock climber time use and potential areas of overuse With severe overuse historical cultural and natural resources become threatened which can lead to direct management strategies These types of management strategies can lead to recreationist dissatisfaction By informing management decisions with valuable data such as accurate recreationist time use information management can make appropriate decisions while allowing for continued access and sense of freedom for recreationists Studies such as this one that examine assess and monitor recreationist impacts to protected natural areas and their relationships to influential factors can
99. roups Therefore Component 2 still focused on analyzing informal trail use at the five most used climbing walls and recommendations were make for signage based on the GPS Visitor Tracking Conclusion Studies such as this one that examine assess and monitor recreationists impacts to protected natural areas and their relationships to influential factors can help identify and evaluate resource impacts facilitate the understanding of causes and effects and provide insight into the prevention mitigation and management of problems Marion 1998 Leung amp Marion 2000 Since spatial and temporal distributions of use contribute to the extent of recreation related resource impacts Hammitt and Cole 1998 information gleaned from GPS Visitor Tracking in Indian Creek Utah provides the management of Indian Creek and other natural areas with climber distribution at climbing areas as well as insight into the causes of natural resource impacts TABLE CONTENTS 1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION sn 1 11 Purpose Objectives amp Primary Investigative Questions nn 2 L2 IVC IPO enced 3 1 3 5 Trail Management dit eR tendit ode acuti unen a 4 eee ren SR un NN EA 5 15 MGI ES me Mean dede de nono 2 CHAPTER 2 SYNTHESIS OF LITERATURE nn 7 21 TEAS 7
100. rticles about 1 2 3 4 5 7 9 climbing and do not own much equipment beyond the basic necessities Rock climbing for me is important but do other outdoor activities too occasionally read articles about climbing amp purchase equipmentfor climbing 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 participation in rock climbingisinconsistentand am moderately skilled Rock climbing is my primary outdoor activity purchase increasing amounts of equipmentfor rock climbing participate in rock climbing every chance get 1 2 4 4 5 6 7 consider myself highly skilled in climbing and frequently read about climbing Demographic Information Whatis your zip code or country if outside the 5 In what year were you born Whatis your gender check one Male Female Whatis the highestlevel of school you have completed check one Lessthan high school Some college Some high school 1 Two year college graduate High school graduate Four year college graduate Whatis your race ethnicity check all thatapply Hawaiian Pacific Islander Hispanic Latino White American Indian Asian Black African American Graduate degree Do notwish to answer Other Do not wish to answer Which category best describes your total household income in U S dollars during 2013 before taxes Lessthan 524 999 525 000 to 534 999 35 000 to 549 999 O S50 000to 574 999 575 000to 599 999 100 000 to 5149 999 Researcher Use Only Date Par
101. s Informal trails are often created near already managed trails in meadows in muddy stretches of trail and on switchback to create more direct route Cole et al 1987 These types of trails can also occur near nodes such as campsites viewpoints and water sources Buckley 2004 These trails inevitably cause harm to the natural environment Even well planned trails can cause impacts such as soil compaction and vegetation loss and can fragment habitat and disrupt wildlife movement to the natural environment but for informal trail development these impacts are amplified Pickering amp Growcock 2009 Informal trails dissect large landscapes into smaller sections which can result in altered hydrology and soil moisture reduced habitat and the invasion of invasive species using informal trails as channels for travel and dispersion Forman 1995 Informal trails can also create barriers for certain species which reduces the ability of animals to disperse seeds and reduces the rate of animal movement on the ground Holmquist 2004 The severe nature of informal trail impacts were brought to the U S National Park Service s attention when the VERP management framework selected the proliferation of informal trails as in impact indicator due to the apparent ecological and social significance NPS 2004 2 3 MOTIVATIONS BEHIND INFORMAL TRAIL DEVELOPMENT In order to begin understanding the motivations behind informal trail development it is
102. ta were erroneous and what constitutes as implausible movement for their environment and population Only then can they make omissions when needed Unlike SPSS programs that can help clean social data GPS data must be cleaned visually which is very time consuming Beeco Hallo English and Giumetti 2013 examined four considerations before deleting data points 1 distance from former and next point 2 physical feasibility e g could humans actually be in that location 3 acceptable level of error and 4 pattern of GPS point trail are the points consistent with human behavior If the GPS unit is logging every 5 seconds and there is a mile between points an obvious error needs to be deleted If a point is located in the middle of a lake it is most likely that the unit was not actually in that location Small or repeated back and forth movements are typical of interferences from large structures These would not 18 represent normal human movement and should be deleted Kerr et al 2011 On the other hand data that is inaccurate because of acceptable GPS error should not be deleted Beeco et al 2013 3 3 3 CLEANING GPS DATA IN INDIAN CREEK Methods of data collection were in placeto attempt to negate one of the typical GPS data errors For the data collected in Indian Creek on rock climbers GPS units were turned on as soon asthe study coordinator arrived at the campground The time that the GPS unit was transferred to a participant
103. the Northern Rockies and California Sierras USDS For Serv Res Pap Intermt For And Range Exp Stn In press Manning R E 2010 Studies in Outdoor Recreation Search and Research for Satisfaction Cor vallis OR Oregon State University Press Marion J 1 1998 Recreation ecology research findings Implications for wilderness and park managers In Kirchner H ed Proceedings of the National Outdoor Ethics Conference St Louis MO Gaithersburg MD Izaak Walton League of America 188 196 Marion J L amp Leung Y 2004 Environmentally sustainable trail management Environmental Impact of Tourism 229 244 Marion J L Leung Y F Nepal 5 2006 Monitoring trail conditions new methodical considerations George Wright Forum 23 2 36 49 Maslow A H 1954 Motivation and Personality second edition New York Harper and Row 54 Maxwell J A 2012 Qualitative research design An interactive approach Vol 41 Sage National Geodetic Questionnaire 2012 PID JM 0255 Retrieved from http www ngs noaa gov cgi bin ds pid prl 1 National Park Service 2004 User capacity management program for the Merced Wild and Scenic River Corridor USDI National Park Service Yosemite National Park Yosemite CA Neulinger 1974 Psychology of Leisure Research Approaches to the Study of Leisure Springfield IL Charles C Thomas Publisher Pickering CM amp Growcock 2009 Impacts o
104. thermore since signage recommendations for trails were only made for 5 of the 54 climbing areas signage recommendations could subsequently be made for trails to the remaining 49 climbing walls With the data that was collected during this study however there is certainly more information to be gleaned The ArcMaps software is rich with options to pull apart GIS data Density analyses can berun to see which areas are used morethan others TheZ axis from the GVT tracks can be input in order to see vertical data in 3D The Standard Distance tool can be used to calculate distance of each participant s travel from their campsite Weighted spatial statistics in ArcMaps can also be used to find out if features having similar values occur together for example climbing areas with similarly high or low climber access form clusters In this study these weighted spatial statistics can be used to show visual representation of how popular a climbing area was by representing it with a larger circle on the map In addition the same research could be performed at other large climbing areas such as Joshua Tree in California Red Rocks in Nevada the Wind River Range in Wyoming and Yosemite National Park in California If studies in different climbing areas were performed with the same methods the results from different locations could be compared to each other in order to find common variables within the climbing population Uncovering common variables wit
105. ticipant Climbing Area 3 2 4 COLLECTING DATA LOGGERS Data loggers will either be collected in person by the study coordinator or participants will be asked to place the GPS loggers in drop box at the same location the units were given to participants The drop box will be secured to a sturdy object and have a sign above it to remind participants to drop off the unit ker X Please retu if study ad for your help wi to this box ot present 150 000 to 199 999 5200 000 or more Do notwish to answer 4 DOWNLOADING DATA 41 USING CANWAY TO DATA OFF OF DATA LOGGERS Pa Jh Turn on unit Plug USB into computer Open CanWay program Click the Logger tab at the top of the main screen then click Download Trip The Add Activities Wizard will open with the Select Activities to Import section Select the appropriate files to download by checking the date then click next at the bottom of the wizard The Add Activities Wizard will open with the Review Activity Detail section Here the file can be renamed the type of activity can be recorded or the time zone can be changed if needed a For the purpose of the Indian Creek project the Participant will be added to the beginning of the file name at this point b Filenames should look likethis originally 2014 01 19 17 50 File names should look like this after Participant is added 001 2014 01 19 17 50 d For the purpose of the In
106. u typically lead climb in Indian Creek only results from climbers who lead climb 10 49 Std Dev 749 N 139 Percent of participants 10 11 Lead Grade 41 4 3 GPSVISITOR TRACKING RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4 3 1 COMPONENT 1 TIME USE STUDY RESULTS amp DISCUSSION The sampled population of climbers in Indian Creek was found to be homogenous in perceived skill level experience use history specialization and demographics Therefore finding a type of climber who may spend more time at any one location throughout the day was not possible Results indicate that although climbers spend time at each location camp driving parking lot trails and wall all climbers sampled spent over half of their time at camp and averaged about a quarter of their time at a climbing wall during a 24 hour period The average climber left camp at 10 41 AM and spent half of their daylight hours at a climbing wall Lastly the average climber spends more time driving than they do hiking or in parking lots The sampled population of climbers in Indian Creek was found to be homogenous in perceived skill level experience use history specialization and demographics Therefore finding a type of climber who may spend more time at any one location throughout the day was not possible While seems obvious that most time would be spent at camp and at the climbing wall in Indian Creek it was less expected to find the driving tim
107. ure activities Methods All study participants were asked to complete a questionnaire with items capturing demographics specialization self perceived skill level and past use history To analyze social data from the questionnaire the researcher used descriptive statistics after standard data cleaning and ensuring adequate validation of the measurements A K means cluster analysis was used to attempt to divide climbers based on their skill level specialization experience use history and demographics Component 1 focused on analyzing climbers temporal and spatial patterns of use by tracking climbers for a 24 hour period Climbers were intercepted at their campsites in order to allow for the natural dispersion of participants to their desired climbing area To analyze GPS data from Component 1 tracks from each participant were clipped coming to and from the campground to and from the parking area near the climbing wall and to and from the climbing wall This method provided the times at each of these locations so that the total amount of time spent at camp driving at parking areas hiking to the climbing wall and at the climbing wall could be averaged and compared to the length of daylight hours as well as the entire 24 hour period Component 2 focused on analyzing informal trail use at five climbing walls of interest Climbing walls of interest are areas with special management concerns including land degradation resource overuse inf
108. who contributes most to informal trails the participants answers to questionnaires were compared to participant informal trail use Originally 20 for this study component study participants were to be divided into four groups based on the amount of hiking time spent on informal trails An ANOVA test using four groups would have allowed the researcher to determine who demographically and recreation characterizations contributes most to informal trails However study results did not allow for this analysis 35 PILOT STUDIES In the fall of 2013 several studies were performed in order to prepare for the Climber Access Trail Mapping amp GPS Visitor Tracking in March 2014 These studies consisted of 1 a GPS Tracker Comparison Study to compare accuracy precision functionality and ease of use and ultimately choose a primary GPS tracking unit that worked well in Indian Creek and 2 a Time Use Study of Rock Climbers in Indian Creek for preliminary testing of the GPS trackers real world functionality of the unit while being carried by rock climbers 3 5 1 GPS TRACKER TESTING In the fall of 2013 GPS tracking units were compared for functionality precision accuracy and ease of use Below 15 the report from this study which concludes why the Canmore GT 740FL was chosen as the primary GPS tracking unit for research on rock climbers Indian Creek in March 2014 GPS Tracker Comparison Study In the past collecting temporal and spatial
109. would require walking across private land It could also be accessed by walking past Way Rambo down an old road scrambling up talus slopes Long walk or high clearance vehicle The Wall Good Crumbling in sections required to access Beginning ofthe trail is tough to spot since it starts down gully but after that it is easy Easy to find for most of the trail but gets Way Rambo Partially Good Braided trails braided and confusing about halfway up the slope

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