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1. Zr Ar Xr mr or nr 1r SF ur Br dc NF HF J xc IC H 9C 3c gr vr C 9 SC vC f Zr Ir or r 2 AI XI AL lI SI HI DI dI OI NI HI JI MI fI II HI SI JI 2I HI VI 51 ZI 9I SI FI I ZI II OL I ZH AH XH MPH H DH IH SH NH OH dH NH HH 4H IH HH 9H 3H 3H OH 2H HH VH H 8H ZH 9H SH vH ZH IH H Z9 A9 X9 m9 9 18 S9 Ng 09 d9 09 NO WO 19 NO I9 H9 99 39 39 8 29 49 98 69 89 9 98 S9 v9 9 19 O9 9 ZJ Ad fd 03 12 S4 NJ Dd 44 OF Wd 12 94 dd 34 43 24 94 V4 53 Sd d 94 53 td d Id 03 4 n3 13 S3 03 13 M3 H3 93 33 33 03 23 43 83 3 93 S3 v3 3 23 03 3 Z 10 54 Nd BT Jd OG IG Ad 24 yo d Z 94 Sq Og 0 29 2 12 SJ 42 00 12 10 92 42 22 H2 92 42 82 72 92 62 gt 9 22 12023 Za AH XH d lH SH NH 0H JH OH NH KH 14 NH CH IH HH 98 4H 3H UH JH HH VH 88 99 CH vH CH IH OH 79 AU XU MY V 19 SY 9 DU 49 09 NV HV 79 IV HV DU dV 39 29 HV 99 50 V 99 SV vU
2. TUBE Print Routine HESS FCAS START Print STOP Print HESL 35 36BG 3TEG F TF gt CALL 875 gt CALL 894 JSP USR 875 JEP USR 894 Type in one of above and then type RETURN to activate the command FS FATES 181519 15 from Apple Monitor from Integer BASIC from Applesoft BASIC HEEE Change 03B4 to 4D for 300 baud mE BE i Ht fO D td itd bri Listing and HEX Dump of Machine Language Print Routine 4 28 2219332 afd ke aci afd s r G e Cad i afd 7a gt Z hya Uh j L Ll u WERE THE APPLE EXPERTS TES Check our low prices and large selection of computers software and peripherals APPLE II PERIPHERAL INTERFACE CARDS 5 100 BUS INTERFACE 5160 Connect the Apple to an S 100 Bus Motherboard Will Run Almost All Memory I O and Special Purpose S 100 Boards All Interconnecting Cables and Plugs Supplied S 100 Motherboard and Power Supply Not Included PROGRAMMABLE PRINTER INTERFACE 80 Onboard EPROM Printer Driver Full Handshake Logic High Speed Parallel Output Port Capability Provision for 256 Byte Drive in EPROM Printer Driver Programs Available for Centronic SWTPC 40 and Other Printers PROTOTYPING BOARD 24 Sixteen Sq Inches of Development Surface EXTENDER BOARD 24 Comple
3. 22 FC58 FCTO FC9C FCBY FCBA FDOC FD35 FD6A FD8E FDDA FDED FF2D FF3A FF59 FF65 F689 APPLE II PROGRAMMER S GUIDE Steps MONITOR ROUTINES Function Plot a point COLOR contains color in both halves of byte 00 FF y coord Y x ooord Clear screen graphics mode Get screen color y coord Y x ooord Disassemble instruction at PCH PCL Print contents of Y and X as 4 hex digits Print blanks X is number to print Read paddle X paddle number 0 3 Set TEXT mode Set GRAPHIC mode GR VTAB to AC 0 317 Clear to end of page Home cursor and clear screen Scroll up one line Clear to end of line Increment 16 bits then do 1 Increment 1 16 bits Set carry if result gt A2 Get a key from the keyboard Get a key also handles ESCAPE functions Get a line of text from the keyboard up to the carriage return Normal mode for Monitor X returned with number of characters typed in Print a carriage return Print contents of AC as 2 hex digits Print character in AC also works for CR BS eto Print ERR and bell Print bell RESET entry to Monitor initialize Normal entry to top of Monitor when running SWEET16 a 16 bit machine language interpreter See SWEET16 The 6502 Dream Machine Steve Wozniak BYTE Vol 2 No 11 November 1977 pages 150 159 Table 2 IGRO
4. 07 02 09 00 54 EE 17 03 03 17 03 03 03 17 03 17 17 SKIP CAT FAT HOLD DOZE TIMSET IRQ LOAF LDAZ CMPZ BCC INX BCS ASLA CMPZ BCS LDAIM STA BCC LDAIM STA LDAIM STAZ LDA BPL JSR INCZ LDAZ CMPZ BCC JSR LDXIM LDA BPL JSR INCZ LDAZ CMPZ BCC JSR SEI JMP LDAIM STA RTS PHP PHA JSR LDA BPL LDA BPL LDAIM STAZ INCZ PLA PLP RTI MCNTZ IF MARK COUNTER EXCEEDS TWICE TWOT THE DOT LENGTH PUT ONE IN SKIP CHAR REGISTER OTHERWISE A ZERO FAT IF A DASH SKIP DISPLAY IF A DOT COMPARE WITH TIME TIME FOR SPEED INDICATOR CAT F 1 SHOW F IS DISPLAY SAD FAT ED SHOW S IN DISPLAY SAD 00 CLEAR MARK COUNTER MCNTZ TMER WAIT FOR TIMER HOLD TIMSET START TIMER AGAIN SCNTZ INCR SPACE COUNTER AGAIN SCNTZ TWOT DOES SPACE COUNTER EXCEED TWICE HOLD THE DOT LENGTH IF NOT HOLD CHAR IF YES PRINT CHARACTER 01 RESET CHAR REGISTER TMER WAIT FOR TIMER DOZE TIMSET START TIMER AGAIN SCNTZ INCR SPACE COUNTER SCNTZ FIVET DOES SPACE COUNTER EXCEED FIVE TIMES DOZE DOT LENGTH IF LESS DOZE AGAIN CHAR OTHERWISE PRINT SPACE PREVENT INTERRUPTS WHILE CRK CHECKING SPEED SETTING 20 LOAD TIMER FOR 2 048 MS TIM RETURN TO RCV PROGRAM SAVE REGISTERS TIMSET START TIMER TMER WAIT FOR TIMER LOAF PBD IS MARK SIGNAL PRESENT OVER YES GO TO OVER 00 NO MUST HAVE BEEN NOISE MCNTZ WHICH CAUSED INTERRUPT RETURN SCNTZ TO COUNT SPACE AFTER RESETTING MARK COUNTER TO ZERO
5. 10 Send for Listing of Our Games Color Graphics and Sound Programs BOOKS m 6502 Programming Manual 6502 Hardware Manual COMPONENTS ING oF orance co 4771 WESTMINSTER AVE WESTMINSTER GA 92483 714 898 8330 Prices subject to change without notice Mastercharge Visa B of A accepted No C O D Allow two weeks for personal check to clear Add 1 50 for handling and postage For computer system please add 10 00 for shipping handling and insurance California residents add 6 sales tax L ct MICRO STUFF Mailing Labels Barring unforseen difficulties last May we lost electricity for four days due to a snow storm the mailing label on your copy of MICRO will have been generated on a KIM 1 with a Diablo type printer and the HELP Mailing List Pack age Note near your name the two or three characters The first two digits indicate the last issue you are sched uled to receive under your current sub scription 06 issue number 6 The third character has particular meaning X your name will appear on any mailing lists we sell unless you notify us to remove it any other letter indicates you are getting MICRO free as an adver tiser exchange or something no letter indicates that your name will not be included in mailing lists we sell per your request 1 SPECIAL includes Power Supply 245 MEMORY PLUS 8K RAM for KIM 245 with 2716 EPROM socke
6. 7598 This assembled and tested de vice doesn t just produce audible out put under user control It also beeps automatically during program loading or saving to indicate file headers and completion of the operation look forward to being able to turn away from my PET and still keep track of what s happening PET compatible products from HUH sched uled for April and May delivery include an 8 bit digital to analog converter an adapter for a video monitor so you can have a larger screen facing a dif ferent direction and an S 100 bus interface While I m looking forward to adding the beeper to my PET the thing that will really enhance its value is a compat ible printer The big news this month is that you can now hook any RS 232 printer to your PET The necessary a dapter is sold by Connecticut microCom puter 150 Rd Brookfield CT 06804 Assembled and tested but without power supplies case or RS 232 connector it goes for 103 50 with shipping and handling The complete version is 174 The speed will be set at 300 baud unless another rate is re quested at the time of ordering This may be changed by the user later With the PET ADApter model 1200 you can pro duce not only program listings but 4 22 also mailing labels letters eto appearance will naturally depend on the printer used Lower case letters are substituted for the graphios character The third addition I plan to mak
7. DDJ 2 No 7 32 Aug 1977 The OS 65D is a complete operating system for all disc based OSI computer systems Includes DOS 8K Basic Assembler Editor Extended Debugger and a Disassembler Anon OSI offers Computer that thinks in Basic for 298 DDJ 2 No 7 p 39 Aug 1977 OSI s new Model 500 CPU board can be used as a stand alone computer or as the PCU in a larger system Moser Carl W 3239 Linda Dr Winston Salem NC 27106 DDJ 2 No 8 p 28 Sept 1977 Announcement of New Product 25 for 6502 Editor and Assembler Hex Listing and Manual Configured for TIM Systems Anon lK Corner OSI Small Systems Journal 1 No 4 3 Oct 1977 Hex address and offset calculator program resides at ODDE to OEE4 Anon Now You Can Play Star Wars OSI Small Systems Journal 1 No 11 13 Oct 1977 Star Wars program by Robert L Coppedge requires 8K Basic OSI 440 Video Board and at least of RAM Anon Conventional Typewriter OSI Small Systems Journal 1 No 4 pp 8 9 Oct 1977 Gary Smith s program for using the OSI 65V when interfaced to a printer to be used as a conventional typewriter and also modify the text for a data file Gordon H T OPLEGL Correction and a 6502 Scanning Debugger DDJ 2 No 9 pp 42 44 Oct 1977 Gordon offers a corrected version of his 650X subroutine OPLEGL and gives a new byte count subroutine NUMBYT new scanning debugger SIMBUG is submitted Swope J
8. 007D 0080 Fr 00 FF 17 17 17 17 17 17 TIME ZTB SPEED PNTR LO CNTR CHEK HALFT TWOT FIVET MCNTZ SCNTZ FIFO CULO CUHI DATA NMIL NMIH IRLO IRHI PAD PADD PBD PBDD SAD SADD SBD SBDD TIM TMER TAB INIT RTN 0000 MORSE CODE SEND PROGRAM 0000 0013 0015 001 001 0022 0024 0051 1 2 DOT TIME 0052 TWICE DOT TIME 0053 FIVE TIME DOT TIME 0054 00 0200 13F9 AUTHORS DISPLAY DEVICE 13FA REGISTERS 13FB 17FA NON MASKABLE INTERRUPT LOW 17FB NON MASKABLE INTERRUPT HIGH 17FE INTERRUPT REQUEST LOW 17FF INTERRUPT REQUEST HIGH 1700 PORT DATA 1701 PORT DATA DIRECTION 1702 PORT B DATA REGISTER 1703 PORT DATA DIRECTION REGISTER 1740 KIM DISPLAY 1741 KIM DISPLAY DIRECTION 1742 1743 1706 DIVIDE BY 64 TIMER 1707 DIVIDE BY 1024 TIMER 1FE7 KIM ROM CHARACTER TABLE ORG 0056 CLD INIT SEQUENCE CLEAR DECIMAL LDAIM FF STAZ TIME INITIAL CODE SPEED OF 18 WPM SEI PREVENT INTERRUPTS LDXIM FF FROM RECEIVER TXS SET STACK POINT TO TOP 01FF LDAIM VCTL SET NIM VECTORS FOR KEYBOARD STA NMIL LDAIM VCTL STA NMIH LDAIM 00 STA PADD PORT IS INPUT PORT STA PBD PORT B PIN PBO WILL BEGIN AT O LDAIM 01 PORT B PIN PBO IS OUTPUT PIN STA PBDD LDAIM 7F SET UP DISPLAY PORTS STA SADD PINS 0 6 ARE OUTPUT PINS LDAIM 1E STA SBDD PINS 1 4 ARE OUTPUT PINS LDAIM 08 INIT LEFTM
9. 3 His new article which includes eight pages of source listings should be of interest to all 6502 pro grammers even those with zero interest in ham radio There are a number of useful techniques in the program a bit pattern conversion a table lookup some interrupt handling use of the KIM timer just to mention a few The ham radio enthusiast will of course find a lot of other good stuff and will probably want to try it with their own equip ment The Apple II Chart page 4 was sub mitted by another MICRO regular C R Chuck Carpenter Chuck recommends that the chart be used to layout and keep track of strings for Applesoft BASIC He suggests making two copies of the page one for alphabetic and one for numeric variables placing them be tween two sheets of plastic and writ ing on the plastic with a felt tip pen so that the setup can be erased and used over again Cnuck has also written the Apple II Printing Update page 27 as a follow on to his article on Printing with the Apple II MICRO 3 Here he presents solutions to a couple of problems he encountered plus a short note on how to let BASIC do hex to decimal conver sions for you Charles Floto with a little help from his friends continues to provide info about the PET The PET Vet Examines some BASIC Idiosyncrasies page 5 has a discussion of some of the features of a Mailing List Program which was writ ten by Richard Rosner
10. C W Moser 3239 Linda Drive Winston Salem NC 27106 4 23 Publication of information about any software in this catalog does not imply anything about its worth capabilities documentation etc We depend on the information supplied to us We will not knowingly include any software that is not worthy and we reserve the right to publish additional information about these products be it good or bad that we receive from our readers or any other valid source It is easy to get your package listed Just write to the above address and provide the information required as shown in the listings below Please write your own description If we have to write the description from gen eral information you provide we may miss points which you think are import ant and emphasize things you think are trivial Also material which is pre sented in the proper form will normally get priority over other material COSMAC 1802 Simulator KIM 1 Less than 1K RAM Language Assembler Hardware Basic KIM 1 Description Permits the KIM 1 to sim ulate the COSMAC 1802 by executing its instruction set The simulator does this by interpretting the COSMAC in Structions in a normal program sequence and making all internal COSMAC regis ters available for examination at any time They may be viewed statically in a single step mode or dynamically in a trace mode All COSMAC software fea tures are supported with the exception of DMA Copies Just
11. OSEE 8 41 17 STA SADD 03 1 68 PLA 03 2 8D 40 17 STA SAD O3F5 A9 1E LDAIM 1E RESTORE SBDD AND SBD 03 7 8D 43 17 STA SBDD 03 9 08 LDAIM 08 O3FC 8D 42 17 STA SBD 03 60 RTS 4 20 ALTERNATIVE ASCII OUTPUT ORG 03CA THIS ROUTINE HAS NOT BEEN TESTED MNIGR PET SOFTWARE FROM COMMODORE Roy O Brien P O Box 187 Somerset NJ 08873 It appears that in response to specific questions Commodore is sending out se lected Application Notes The software consists of the following Machine Language Monitor 9 pages discussion of the program adapted to the PET Early PET owners are supposed to receive TIM on cassette and later PETs will have TIM in ROM PET Cassette Files 31 pages learn by doing mini course in file management with the PET IEEE 488 Devices 5 pages A listing of available equipment which directly interfaces to the PET Gives device model number manufacturer includes printers counters measurers ADCs DACs timers synthesizers ana lyzers plotters tapes discs etc BASIC Bugs 4 pages Kinks quirks and bugs in PET BASIC PET and ASCII 4 pages Definitions and symbol codes including a neat little program which shows graphics and codes on screen PET Uses Its Memory 1 page A reprint of PET memory usage from PCCs Nov Dec 1977 issue Animating Your PET 2 pages How to use the programmable trols to create
12. The Data Mart 914 East Waverly Drive Arlington Heights IL 60004 New Product Announcement Real Time Clock On Line 2 No 18 p 11 Jan 18 1978 Real Time Clock and Calendar for 6502 Assembled 95 Optimal Technology Inc Blue Wood 127 Earlysville VA 22936 Hardware Announcement PROM Programmer On Line 2 No 18 p 11 Jan 18 1978 Programmer for KIM programs both the 2708 and 2716 EPROMS Runs on all 650X systems Trageser Jim TVT 6L Correction Kilobaud No 12 p 123 Dec 1977 Corrections for the June 1977 article by Lancaster Meyers Michael J Dedicated Controllers There is Money to be Made Kilobaud No 10 pp 84 92 Oct 1977 Hobbyists should take advantages of opportunities to make money with their KIM or other micro Burhams R W Consider a MITE Printer Kilobaud No 11 pp 38 42 Nov 1977 At 276 the Mite Expandor is an alternative to the ASR 33 TTY Penhollow Bert G H Binary to BCD Conversion for Microprocessors Electronic Design p 212 Oct 11 1977 Packs the units and tens into one byte Chamberlain Hal Computer Bits Computer Music Part II Popular Elec tronics 10 No 4 pp 88 91 Oct 1977 A description of music techniques which have been implemented on the KIM 1 DAC board Also discusses generation of Touch Tone codes Chamberlain Hal Computer Bits Computer Music Part I Popular Elec tronics 10 No 3 pp 116 119 Sept 1977 Timed loop techniques for computer m
13. V 29 I IV 09 9 SJTAYIYYA SNINIS S3 HVIMUVA JISVH 1405 31449 N0d S3 8VINV II 37449 4 4 THE PET VET 5 SOME BASIC IDIOSYNCRASIES Charles Floto 325 Pennsylvania Ave S E Washington DC 20003 Richard Rosner has supplied a program listing produced using his kS 232 printer interface for the PET As it s well commented I ll only point out ex amples of some of the unusual features of PET BASIC Line 1 is an example of the OPEN state ment The first number specifies that it applies to logical file number 5 This is the name by means of which other statements in the program will use this data file The second number Specifies that physical device number 5 is being used Which device is number 5 is determined by the wiring of the system The PET as sold is wired for device 0 the keyboard 1 the built in tape drive 2 the auxiliary drive connector on the back and 3 the screen Refer ring to a physical device that hasn t been electrically connected will result a DEVICE NOT PRESENT ERROR Rich ard s system does contain a physical device 5 his RS 232 output port If the third number in the OPEN state ment is O reading the file is enabled Writing is prepared for by 1 while a 2 here enables file writing with an end of tape character to be added when the file is CLOSEd Line 2 illustrates the use of CMD It allows program
14. as indicated by the fact that the Apple II works For other devices however such as the 6820 PIA this difference is critical to the extent that the device simply will not work A report in EDN scheduled for 20 May will cover this problem in detail and we will try to get more info for the next issue of MICRO Is the problem Serious Critical Fatal It is probably too early to judge the effect of this problem It may not have an adverse effect in many systems It may be possible to correct Or it may be a very serious system problem WRITING FOR MICRO One of the reasons I like the 6502 is that it seems to attract a lot of very interesting active enthusiastic users I spend several hours on the phone each week talking to people who are so excited about what they are do ing with their system that they just have to talk to someone Oh sometimes they pretend they have some burning question or want to order some small item but really they mostly want to tell someone about all of the fun they are having or the discoveries they are making While I enjoy these conversations and consider them one of the fringe bene fits of editing MICRO it disturbs me that many of these enthusiasts who are willing to spend five to ten dollars on information for publication in MICRO where thousands oan share it and they can earn a few dollars MICRO in order to serve its main pur pose of presenting information about all aspe
15. character register It begins with a 1 in the O bit It is shifted left for each mark element received and loaded with a 1 for a dash and a zero for a dot Later it is used to index a table in zero page which has the ASCII code the character MCNTZ 0054 If mark element dot or dash is being received and IRQ at logical 0 the mark counter is in cremented at a rate of 1 count every 2 048 ms SCNTZ OOEE Same as mark counter except the incrementing occurs when a space is being detected PB7 high and IRQ high Rate is also 1 count every 2 048 ms HALFT 0051 If the SPEED is set correctly the number of counts during a dot should be exactly 1 2 TIME This is the dot length If MCNTZ exceeds 1 2 the dot length the program decides that a valid mark character has been received is 1 2 the dot length A valid space element occurs when SCNTZ exceeds HALFT NIGRO Name Loeation Use TWOT 0052 TWOT is twice the dot length and is used to decide if a dot or a dash has been received If MCNTZ exceeds TWOT the element is a dash otherwise it is a dot FIVET 0053 FIVET is five times the dot length and is used to decide when word space has been received IV INTERFACE The keyboard strobe is connected to the NMI pin on the expansion connector on the KIM 1 and the 7 bit code from the keyboard goes to pins PAO PA6 the low order bit to PAO and the high order bit to PA6 should be pul
16. plus ship ping Special orders received dur ing April May June which in clude this ad with the order 10 00 discount Dealer amp group inquiries invited Micro Technology Unlimited P O Box 4596 Manchester N H 03103 4 21 20182 FINALLY 6502 ON THE lt 100 FRONT PANEL CONNEC TOR 6502 MPU CORS MICROTECH CGRS inrrcouces 6502 COMPUTER SYSTEM 6100 STANDARO BUS COMPATIBLE MPU CARO WITH 2KRAM 4K ROM ON BOARO T M 6530 SYSTEM I O CARD FRONT CONTROL PANEL KIT ASSEM 249 95 299 95 INTRODUCTORY SYSTEM MPU CARO 1K RAM FRONT PANEL HEX OISPLAY 4 STANDARO SYSTEM MPU CARO 1K RAM VO CARO S100 MOTHERBOARD 7 SLOT POWER SUPPLY BV 10A 18v 1A 349 95 5449 95 SEND CHECK OR MONEY OROER TD CGRS MICROTECH P O BOX 368 SDUTHAMPTON PA 18866 EARLY PET COMPATIBLE PRODUCTS Charles Floto 325 Pennsylvania Ave 5 Washington DC 20003 Throughout the five months I ve had my PET I ve felt the biggest design over sight was leaving out a speaker Com modore even went to the trouble of re moving one along with its amplifier from the tape drive The versatility of the Apple II s audio output is nice but I d be satisfied with a simple beeper like the one in the Heath Company s H8 That s why I m spending 19 95 for the PETsqueak from HUH Electronic Music Productions Box 259 Fairfax CA 94930 415 457
17. DIGIT 01 CHEK 1 SECOND DIGIT AHD FIRST DIGIT BRANCH GET DIGIT BACK I TIMES 2 SPEED SAVE TIMES 1 TIMES 8 PREPARE TO ADD SPEED SPEED 8 2 10 SPEED STORE CHEK SET FOR SECOND DIGIT BACK RETURN CHEK RE INIT CHEK SPEED ADD ONES DIGIT TO SPEED TENS DIGIT ANS STORE DIVIDE 494 HEX SPEED 00 CLEAR X FOR QUOTIENT 94 LOW ORDER BYTE OF DIVIDEND LO 04 HIGH ORDER BYTE OF DIVIDEND HI LO START SUB FROM DIVIDEND SPEED UNTIL BORROW LO FROM HIG BYTE IE CARRY IS SET HI IF BORROW OCCURS FROM LOW ORDER 00 BYTE SUB 1 FROM HIGH HI ORDER BYTE INCR X FOR EACH SUB UP BORROW FROM HI NO GO BACK TIME AND SUB OTHERWISE DONE VCTL RESET NMI VECTORS FOR VCTL NMIL 1 15 21920 0146 0148 01AB 01AD 01AF 01B2 01B4 01B6 01B9 01BB 01BC 0300 0302 0305 0307 030A 030C 030D 030F 0311 0313 0315 0317 0318 0319 031A 031C 031E 0320 0322 0324 0325 0327 032A 032D 032F 0331 0333 0335 0338 033A 033D 033E 90 FE 03 FF 00 51 51 52 52 53 53 53 00 54 EE 01 2T 8A EE EE 51 08 07 2 03 00 01 00 17 1T 03 03 17 03 ARND TREE BUF IDLE BRR MORSE CODE RECEIVE RCV CRK IDL AGN WAIT CHECK JMP CMPIM BNE JMP CMPIM BNE JMP CMPIM BEQ JMP LDXIM TXS JMP ORG LDAIM STA LDAIM STA LDAZ LSRA STAZ LSRZ STAZ ASLZ STAZ ASLA ASLA CLC ADCZ STAZ LDAIM S
18. Feb 8 1987 New Product Announcement Four full length games on cassette for PET or TRS 80 POKER ONE QUEEN KINGDOM MATADOR 9 95 for all four STIMULATING SIMULATIONS by Dr C W Engel and additional entertainment personal finance investment and other systems programs including a 6502 Assembler in BASIC 6502 Program Exchange 2920 Moana Reno NV 89509 Kilobaud p 7 Mar 1978 Announcement of new 6502 Software including an extended version of FOCAL called FCL 65E 6 5K Also a Mini Manual to get you started on TIM or KIM systems Eaton John Corrections Kilobaud No 15 p 12 March 1978 Note on tne availability of drilled PC boards for Eatons KIM expansion article in January 1978 Kilobaud Seogin Tom AppleSOFT Benehmarks Fast Kilobaud No 15 p 12 Mar 78 Gives times for seven benchmark programs using Apple II Integer and Apple II AppleSOFT versions of BASIC Blankenship John Expand Your KIM Part 4 Kilobaud No 15 pp 84 88 Mareh 1978 Part four of this series uses a 10 circuit board with a SWTP keyboard and a PR 40 printer as a miniature teletype Zaks Rodney Micro History Personal Computing 2 No 2 pp 31 35 Feb 1978 History of microprocessors Has a very small paragraph on the MOS Technology 650X family DeJong Marvin L Employing the KIM 1 Microcomputer as a Timer and Data Logging Module MICRO No 3 pp 3 7 Feb Mar 1978 System for logging the time of up to 75 events
19. RETURN FROM INTERRUPT 4 17 MISR 0348 03AB 03AF 03B1 03B3 03B5 03B7 03BA 03BC 03BF 03C1 03C2 03CH 03C5 03C6 03CT 03CC 03CF 03D1 03D 03D6 03D8 03DA 03DD 03DE 03E0 03E2 03E6 03E9 03EC 1780 1780 1781 1783 1785 1786 1788 1789 178B 178C 178E 1791 1792 1793 1794 1795 00 3F 08 06 35 88 03 17 13 13 17 OVER JSR INCZ LDAZ CMPZ BCC LDAIM STAZ LDA BPL LDA BPL TXA LDXIM TXS TAX CLI JMP KILTIM CHAR LDAZX STA LDAIM AND CMPIM BCC LDAIM AND CLC ADCIM CMPIM BCC LDAIM STA INC RTS UP AHD TIMSET MCNTZ MCNTZ HALFT LOAF 00 SCNTZ TMER KILTIM PBD OVER FF AGN ZTB DATA 3F CULO 3F AHD 1F CUHI 01 20 UP 10 CUHI CULO SEND SUBROUTINE ORG SEND TAX LDAZX BMI CLC LDXIM ROLA BCS DEX BEQ JMP DEX ROLA PHA TXA PHA RPT DWN BACK 1780 ZTB WDSP 08 DWN OUT RPT m START TIMER AGAIN INCR MARK COUNTER DOES MARK COUNTER EXCEED 1 2 THE DOT LENGTH NO GO LOAF AND CHECK MARK YES CLEAR SPACE COUNTER CHECK TIMER KILL TIME CHECK MARK SIGNAL ON PB7 LOOP AGAIN IF STILL ON SAVE S WHILE STACK POINTER IS SET RESET TO TOP OF STACK RESTORE X CLEAR INTERRUPT FLAG SET EARLIER RETURN TO COUNT SPACE LOOKUP ASCII SYMBOL DATA IS VIDEO PORT IN AUTHORS SYSTEM THE REMAINDER OF THIS SUBROUTINE INCREMENTS THE POSITION OF THE CURSOR TO PREPARE FOR THE NEXT CHARACT
20. STATUS SPNT AN APPLE II PROGRAMMER S GUIDE Rick Auricchio 59 Plymouth Avenue Maplewood NJ 07040 MONITOR Data Areas in Page Zero Loc 20 Function Serolling window left side 0 27 Sorolling window width 1 28 Scrolling window top line 0 16 Scrolling window bottom line 1 17 Cursor horizontal position 0 27 Cursor vertical position 0 17 Current COLOR for PLOT HLIN VLIN funotions Video Format Control Mask FFzNormal 7F Blinking 3FsInverse Prompt character printed on GETLN CALL Low PC for user exit on COUT routine High PC for user exit on COUT routine Low PC for user exit on KEYIN routine High PC for user exit on KEYIN routine Low User PC saved here on BRK to Monitor High User PC saved here on BRK to Monitor A1 to 5 are pairs of Monitor work bytes User AC saved here on BRK to Monitor User X saved here on BRK to Monitor User Y saved here on BRK to Monitor User P status saved here on BRK to Monitor User Stack Pointer saved here on BRK Page 2 0200 02FF is used as the KEYIN Buffer Pages 4 7 0400 07FF are used as the Screen Buffer Page 8 0800 08FF is the secondary Soreen Buffer Table 1 Name PLOT CLRSCR SCRN INSTDSP PRNTYX PRBL2 PREAD SETTXT SETGR VTAB CLREOP HOME SCROLL CLREOL NXTA4 NXTA1 RDKEY RDCHAR GETLN CROUT PRBYTE COUT PRERR BELL RESET MON SWEET16 Loc F800 F832 F8T1 F8DO F940 F94C FBIE FB39
21. With this program the user may record his own programs via the 430B Super I O Board in a format that is recognizable to the auto load function in the 65V Monitor PROM Anon Two New Software Packages OSI Small Systems Journal 1 No 5 pp 4 7 Nov 1977 OSI has released two major new Disc software packages Word Processor and 9 Digit BASIC which run under OS 65D version 2 0 Anon Two New Video Games OSI Small Systems Journal 1 No 5 pp 8 12 Nov 1977 SAM Surface to Air Missile and BOMBER require OSI 8K BASIC OSI 440 Video Board terminal and Keyboard and at least 4K of RAM Pfeiffer Erich A Seasons Greetings OSI Small Systems Journal 1 No 5 p 12 Nov 1977 Program using PEEK and POKE instruction to present a video message Anon ASCII Files under OS 65D OSI Small Systems Journal 1 No 5 pp 13 15 Nov 1977 Auxilliary assistance program for a file system Anon BASIC in ROMS New Product Announcement OSI Small Systems Journal 1 No 5 15 Nov 1977 The BASIC in ROM set No 65AB including 4 ROMS one EPROM for the 6502 system Another version 65VB for 440 Video system also available Either version is 99 4 37 MNIGR 222 223 224 225 226 221 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 Struve Bill A 19 Music Interface Byte 2 No 12 pp 48 69 170 171 Dec 1977 Some theory and a KIM 1 interface for computer music addicts Go
22. XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX 50 XX XX XX XX XX 2E XX A0 80 XX XX 2A 45 XX XX BO 2F 27 23 21 20 30 XX 05 18 1A OC 02 12 DO 16 1D OA 08 03 09 11 Special Morse Characters BT SK AR Space Word 4 11 53 55 52 57 44 HB 47 42 58 43 59 51 XX XX 32 XX XX XX XX XX XX XX 31 XX 37 XX XX XX 38 XX 39 30 XX XX XX XX XX 3F XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX 73 XX 55 32 38 3C XX XX XX 31 XX AC OE 10 04 17 OD 14 07 06 OF OB 19 1B 1C XX XX XX XX XX Keyboard Character Space 0410 9 239 gh PLUGS INTO KEM OR BURN YOUR OWN WITH OUR 2708 16 PROGRAMMER EPROM 35 tinatton L pf des ERITH OUP DISPLA PROGRAMMER 75 DIRECT FROM RIVERSIDE OR THROUGH YOUR DEALER ow address be KEM 155 4242 a 2 ao E 5 lt 5 LL 2 o c O 2 gt lt 3 0 2 MVM 1024 1235 nt 00 gt re requires p Th IM OT uM rub Y mase Be t UPPER f I zd Ton there MODULE AND MVM 1024 VIDEO DISPLAY DRIVER ELECTRONIC DESIGN INC Riverside 1700 NIAGARA ST BUFFALO NY 14207 Voisnvax3 gt WAY SACISHSAIY NYO I WIM 1 SI SIHL 0056 0056 0057 0059 005B 005C 005E 005F 0061 0064 0066 0069 006B 006 0071 0073 0076 0078 007B
23. bit which in dicates that all lesser significant bits contain the code information namely 1 dash and O dot Thus is dash dot dash dot 1010 The program causes the 00011010 to be rotated left ROL until a 1 appears in the carry position The carry flag set causes the program to analyze the re maining bits for their code content It does this by successively rotating them ROL into the carry position If a 1 appears in the carry position PBO is held at logical 1 for the appropri ate time followed by a space while PBO is at logical 0 If a 0 appears in the carry position a dot is sent followed by a space When a total of 8 ROL com mands have been completed counting those needed to find the leading 1 then PBO is held at logical O for an additional time to give a character Space The space bar produces still more time at logical O to produce a word space CONTROL S ehanges the NMI interrupt vectors so that the next two characters hopefully decimal digits from the keyboard are read converted from base ten to hex 5 and converted to the basic time unit see below The in terrupt vectors are then restored so that further characters from the key board are read usual Control char acters are obtained by pressing the control key followed by the appropriate control character B Timing Considerations Before going much further the timing calculations will be described Morse code is a variable length cod
24. hand method of running a program For example when you re going back and forth between the Monitor and the Mini Assembler typing F666G is a bit tiresome By placing a JMP F666 in location 03F8 you can enter the Mini Assembler via a simple Control Y Upon being entered from the Monitor at 03F8 the registers are garbage Lo cations A1 and 2 contain converted values from the command if any and an RTS gets you neatly back into the Monitor Figure 1 shows this in more detail Figure 1 Control Y Interface Command typed 12354 F5AT7TYo Upon entry at 03F8 the following exists ATL 3C contains 34 A1H 3D contains 12 21 3E contains 7 A2H 3F contains F5 4 46 Hardware Features One of the best hardware facilities of the Apple II the screen display is also the darkest somewhat unknown Here s what I ve found out about it The screen buffer resides in memory pages 4 through 7 locations 0400 through about 07F8 The Secondary screen page although not accessed by the Monitor occupies locations 0800 through 0BF8 Screen lines are not in Sequential memory order rather they are addressed by a somewhat complex calculation carried out in the routine BASCALC What BASCALC does is to pute the base address for a particular line and save it whenever the cursor s vertical position changes BASCALC re computes the base address Characters are Stored into the soreen buffer by a
25. it to the serial TTL input pin A7 and it worked The voltage swing wasn t ex cessive clamped with some diodes so I left it hooked up Should have been a clue But at the time I didn t see it and anyway it worked During one of our infrequent snowed in days here in Texas I had time to think about it There wasn t any ap parent reason not to hook it up direct ly and I did It worked the way it should so I had a no interface required computer to printer system When I re ceived my new Apple Operator s Manual I noticed a new interface circuit not the one I used as originally provided All that is needed is to connect a sig nal lead and ground from the Apple to the printer The signal lead connects to Pin 15 of Apple s game paddle con neetor Also to Pin AT TTL serial data in on the printer I soldered the game paddle connector to the 16 pin header No other connections needed Now You Can Start and Stop Ted Spradley a programmer engineer at work helped me with the machine lang uage print program His analysis sug gested restoring the page zero regis ters to make the print routine stop you more experienced programmers would know it worked I rewrote the program to store and restore the page zero data and now the routine turns on and off under program control The program shown in Figure 1 was a re velation to me Again my thanks to Ted for his assistance The Blues Are Gone Most of my program
26. rim Mme mae k c 4 ki E D a T Ld Ls Gi 6 e nt a T cn Ip c m at emit Li n Lo alios mn 1n ne ta i H nn tf T FL 73 3 I me Lm ka IR Ket d a o oig ad b PLE T n III II RA 1 P I r SU 1 mi norm rn XI Thur E pin T OA og He sn T P D o TD un d m E OT a LY I rg THO re FI LIA ZTA LDR STR LDA STA LIF STF gt LIF STR LIA ZTA RTS ET FHF FLA EHE LIA LOA LIA LIN LI CLE FHR BC LIA ECE LIH LOA FHA LIF LF BCE FLA ZEC EHE FLA EHE HEX Dump HEB Soy n 2 I yt LA Lt EN tat He ep ise ct 6r Ti Oo CA msn mat ma Co Ti CE I C our apr i See c3 en yx EN Ln po c dO gi o OS o emn DICKE i Co CO PE CET m P Ti P Ca cT m mi otn eic a cs D cn e o TT 6G ml Mg imi T me LA i T tr 8a T m Lo sp TO C ra ms te T r D Ti 1
27. socket The first time I operated the system I answered a CQ on HO meters from WB2GMN 2218932 Hank who has Army Signal Corps exper ience Even though he rated his speed at 55 wpm he copied me at 60 wpm Hank reported that the code sounded like perfect code which it should be and that it was very crisp at 60 wpm It was a real coincidence to contact some one who had the capability to ate the keyboard system and to give an evaluation of its performance I hope that you enjoy working these programs If you do not want the re ceive program simply put in a JMP 0300 instruction HC 00 03 starting at 0300 If you have any questions feel free to write enclosing a SASE for a response I will try to answer any questions about interfacing the system to your station References 1 Steber R and Reyer The Morse A Letter tronics January 1977 2 Riley T P A Morse Code to Alphanumeric Converter and Display in three parts QST for October Novem ber and December 1975 3 Pollock James W 1000 WPM Morse Code Typer 73 Magazine January 1977 4 Pollock James W A Micro processor Controlled CW Keyboard Ham Radio January 1978 Manipulating ASCII 1978 S E Popular Elec 5 Ward Jack Data Kilobaud February ACSII to MORSE and MORSE to ASCII Lookup Tables in Page Zero XX 20 45 54 49 41 HE 10 48 56 46 XX 4C XX 50 20 35 34 XX 33 XX XX XX 3D 2F XX
28. tape in standard hex loader format Hex Dump may be substituted upon request for paper tape Ordering Info Specify version TB650K 0200 OAFF KIM TIM TB650J 1000 18ff Jolt TB650T 2000 28FF KIM with 4K RAM Author Tom Pittman Available from ITTY BITTY COMPUTERS Box 23189 San Jose CA 95153 Name System Memory HELP Mailing List Package Basic KIM 1 Basic KIM 1 Language Assembler HELP Hardware Terminal Cassettes Relays Description A complete package for creating maintaining and printing mailing list information A high speed cassette routine reads writes at 800 baud twelve times the KIM 1 rate and can store about 900 names on one side of a 60 minute tape Selective print ing of mailing list This package is used to maintain the MICRO mailing list This package is written in HELP a high level language which makes it easy to customize the package for your own requirements Copies Over 100 Price 15 00 Includes An extensive user manual a detailed discussion of the HELP language and complete source listings Object on Hypertape Ordering Info None Author Robert M Tripp Available from The COMPUTERIST P O Box 3 S Chelmsford MA 01824 4 25 Name ASM TED System KIM 1 may be modified for use with other 6502 based systems Memory 6K RAM Language Assembler Hardware TTY Description The text editor performs line editing in RAM and can dump load to paper tape or audio ca
29. to 99 words per minute 2 The operator oan type as many as 256 characters ahead of the character currently being sent One page of mem ory is devoted to a FIFO buffer 3 When there are less than 16 charac ters left in the buffer the KIM 1 dis play indicates how many characters are left F to O hex Backspace capability is provided CONTROL B erases the last character en tered into the buffer and the operator then enters the correct character 5 The buffer can be pre loaded with as many characters up to 256 as de Sired while the program is in the re ceive mode Pressing CONTROL G starts the program sending code as soon as the operator is ready 6 CONTROL R sends the program from the send mode to the receive mode T While in the receive mode the dis play on the KIM 1 informs the operator to either increase the code speed F for faster on the display or decrease S for slower the speed for proper reception The receive program actual ly tolerates a large range in code speeds with no adjustment 4 7 8 feature just mentioned be used to measure the other guy s code Speed 9 If the receive mode is not used any CONTROL key not mentioned above will put the program in an idle loop so the buffer can be loaded CONTROL G starts the message 10 The carriage return key restarts the send program or it can be returned from the receive mode to the send mode with CONTROL G The KI
30. 1 No 6 pp13 15 Dee 1977 Two practical programs CHECKBOOK ACCOUNT and SAVINGS ACCOUNT 4339 MBRO 256 25T 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 Fylstra Dan SWEETS for KIM Byte 3 No 2 pp 62 77 Feb 1978 SWEETS a Simple Way to Enter Edit and Test Software is a small text editor and assembler which operates on hexadecimal code and which is designed to fit in the KIM 1 s 1K byte small memory while leaving room for the user s programs Feagans John A Slightly Sour SWEET 16 Byte 3 No 2 p 93 Feb 1978 Correction of a slight bug in the Wozniak article in Byte Nov 1977 Leasia John D Random Errors Byte 3 No 2 p 93 Feb 1978 Correction of an error in the pseudorandom number generator shown earlier in Byte Nov 1977 p 218 Kathryn Atwood Enterprises 0 Box 5203 Orange CA 92667 Byte 3 No 2 p 187 Feb 1978 New Product Announcement 4K RAM board KIM interface and Mother Board Electronics Warehouse Inc 1603 Aviation Blvd Redondo Beach CA 90278 New Product Announcement Apple II I O Board Kit plugs into slot of Apple II Mother Board Pittelkau Clifton W KIM 1 Can Do It 73 Magazine No 209 pp 68 71 Feb 1978 Adapting a KIM 1 to function as a versatile RTTY terminal at nominal cost O Reilly Francis J Looking for a 73 Magazine No 209 pp 76 77 Feb 1978 Pro s and Con s of the 1
31. 3 6502 Bibliography Part III 35 by William Dial KIM Beeper 43 by Gerald C Jenkins An Apple II Programmer s Guide 45 by Rick Auricchio Advertisers Index The COMPUTERIST IFC The COMPUTERIST 26 The Computer Store 2 Computer Components 29 Riverside Electronics 12 A B Computers 30 CGRS 21 K L Power Supplies 33 Micro Technology Unlimited 21 the enclosures group MICRO is published bi monthly by The COMPUTERIST 8 Fourth Lane So Chelmsford MA 01824 Robert M Tripp Editor Publisher Controlled circulation postage paid at Chelmsford Massachusetts Single Copy 1 50 Annual Subscription 6 00 6 issues in USA Copyright 1978 by The COMPUTERIST All Rights Reserved qageo c the Computer Store 63 SOUTH MAIN STREET WINDSOR LOCKS CONNECTICUT 06096 203 627 0188 The Computer Store is pleased to announce off the shelf availa w Apple II the personal computer eere d re the Comp re 63 SOUTH MAIN STREET e WINDSOR LOCKS CONNECTICUT GIFT CERTIFICATE THIS COUPON GOOD FOR 2 OFF ANY PURCHASE OVER 5 IN THIS ISSUE The feature article ia this issue is A Complete Morse Code Send Receive Program for the KIM 1 by Marvin L De Jong page 7 Marvin has had two ex cellent articles in previous issues of MICRO Digital Analog and Analog Digi tal Conversion Using the KIM 1 MICRO 2 and Employing the KIM 1 Microcom puter a Timer and Data Logging Mod ule MICRO
32. 6502 Goodies DDJ 2 No 9 Issue 19 p 45 Oct 1977 Swope President of CGRS Microtech PO Box 368 Southampton PA 18966 announces that his company has finished a 6502 computer board for the S100 bus Wozniak Stephen Sweet 16 The 6502 Dream Machine Byte 2 No 11 pp 150 159 Nov 1977 Sweet 16 is a 16 bit metaprocessor in software intended as a 6502 enhancement package not a stand alone processor Shattuck Bob and Schmidt Bill Receive CW with a KIM 1 73 Magazine No 206 pp 100 104 Nov 1977 A program for receiving CW with optional TTY or KIM display Johnson Donald J KIM 1 Sidereal Solar Clock Correction Interface Age 2 No 12 p 9 Nov 1977 4 35 221836 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 A correction in the listing given in the August issue of Interface Age permits 24 hour operation KL Power Supplies PO Box 86 Montgomeryville PA 18936 Interface Age 2 N No 12 p 140 Nov 1977 The Model 512 4 5 amp power supply is designed for KIM 1 Micro Technology Unlimited Box 4596 Manchester NH 03108 Interface Age 2 No 12 p 140 Nov 1977 The MTU Model K 1000 power supply is designed to power the KIM 1 Wasson Philip A Trace KIM 1 6502 User Notes Issue 7 8 pp 2 3 Sept amp Nov 1977 With this program and about 2 00 worth of hardware you can see dis played on an oscilloscope screen all of the registe
33. Assembled Low Power RAM All ICs Socketted intel 2716 EPROMs 2K EPROMs Mounts Below KIM 50 each ENCLOSURE PLUS 30 Made by The Enclosures Group especially for the KIM 1 MEMORY PLUS combination The MEMORY PLUS is mounted directly below the KIM 1 providing a compact package about 2 5 high which affords your system a high degree of protection from damage dust curious fingers etc POWER PLUS 4009 Designed specifically for the KIM 1 It has regulated 5V and 12V for the KIM 1 and more than enough unregulated 8V to power the MEMORY PLUS It is completely enclosed in a black bakelite case measuring about 6 8 by 5 6 by 3 It is fully assembled and tested and weighs about 3 lbs ihe COMPUTERIST MEMORY PLUS is 245 with everything except EPROMs P O Box 3 KIM 1 MEMORY PLUS Cables are 10 00 S Chelmsford 01824 Includes 60 page manual cassette tape connectors 617 256 3649 APPLE II PRINTING UPDATE C R Chuck Carpenter W5USJ 2228 Montelair Place Carrollton TX 75006 Printing with the Apple II MICRO 3 included information that has been re vised Since the article was written I ve improved some things and I d like to pass them along The Adapter Didn t After using the adapter circuit for a couple of months I took a good look at what was happening The conclusion was nothing Initially it didn t work when I connected it to the 5 232 re ceiver on the PS 40 connected
34. BOARD PHA SAVE ON STACK ANDIM 60 MASK ALL BUT TOP BITS BEQ CNTRL CONTROL CHARACTER PLA NO RECALL A AND INCR Y INY STAY FIFO STORE CHAR IN FIFO JSR DISP DISPLAY CNTR IF LESS THAN 10 DECZ CNTR UPDATE CNTR PLP RESTORE REGISTER PLA TAX PLA RTI RETURN FROM INTERRUPT PLA RECALL A FROM STACK ANDIM 7F MAKS OFF HIGHEST BIT CMPIM 02 BACKSPACE 4 14 41095 0140 0142 0143 0145 0148 O14A 014C 014E 0151 0153 0155 0158 0159 015A 015B 015C 015F 0161 0162 0164 0166 0168 0169 016A 016C 016D 016E 016F 0171 0173 0175 0178 017A 017B 017C 017E 0180 0181 0183 0185 0187 0189 018B 018D 018F 0191 0193 0195 0197 0198 019A 019C 019E 06 22 36 01 13 58 58 FA 17 00 24 36 01 00 17 0 24 01 10 13 13 13 24 36 01 24 CNTX FIX AHD UP BNE DEY INCZ JMP CMPIM BNE LDAIM STA LDAIM STAZ JMP PHA TXA PHA PHP LDA ANDIM TAX LDAZ CMPIM BEQ ASLA STAZ ASLA ASLA CLC ADCZ STAZ INCZ JMP DECZ CLC ADCZ STAZ SEC LDXIM LDAIM STAZ LDAIM STAZ LDAZ SBCZ STAZ LDAZ SBCIM STAZ INX BCS STXZ LDAIM STA CNTX TEST OTHER CHARACTER YES DECR Y TO DELETE CHARACTER CNTR FIX COUNTER BACK RETURN 13 CONTROL S SPEED ARND NO TEST OTHERS FIX CHANGE INTERRUPT SO NEXT NMIL INTERRUPTS GO TO FIX 00 INIT CHEK TO OO CHEK BACK RETURN SAVE REGISTERS PAD READ FIRST DIGIT 0F MASK TO DIGIT MOVE TO X CHEK CHEK 0 FIRST
35. Charles also discusses some Early PET compatible Products page 22 Roy O Brien assembled a short list of PET Software from Commodore page 21 which covers 4 3 software and documentation which you may be able to get directly from Com modore if you ask for it nicely The extensive 6502 Bibliography being compiled by William Dial is continued Part I MICRO 1 covered references 1 through 128 Part II MICRO 3 covered 129 through 179 and Part III continues through reference 300 Suddenly there seems to be a lot of material being written on the 6502 It looks like the secret of what a great little processor it is has gotten out of the bag If you know of any source of regular info on 6502s that Bill is not covering how about letting him know about it and perhaps he can get on the subscription or distribution list and include the material in future 6502 Bibliography parts Since a beeper for the PET is men tioned in one of this issues articles and since the Apple II already has a built in beeper it only seemed fair to give the KIM 1 a voice too Gerald C Jenkins presents A Kim Beeper page 43 that is easy to build and provides the software to run it The MICRO Software Catalog page 23 begins in this issue and will probably become a regular department A number of items were received too late for in clusion in this issue and will be held over for the next issue Certain items were considered to b
36. ER A CONTAINS CHAR FROM FIFO USE THIS TO LOOKUP MORSE SPACE BAR CHAR HAS 1 IN BIT 7 IF NOT MINUS CLEAR CARRY FLAG AND SET UP X FOR 8 ROL INSTRUCTIONS ROTATE LEFT UNTIL 1 APPEARS IN CARRY BRANCH IF 1 IN CARRY ELSE DECREMENT X IF X 0 THEN DONE ELSE CONTINUE KEEP TRACK OF BITS TESTED ROTATE A LEFT AND SAVE ON STACK SAVE X ON STACK ALSO 18 MICRO 1796 1798 179A 179D 17A0 17A1 17A3 17A6 1747 1749 1 17AD 17890 17B2 17B5 17B6 1787 1788 1789 17BB 17BD 17 0 1761 1703 17C4 17C6 17C9 17CB 17CE 17D1 1703 D7 02 C9 FA 17 17 17 17 17 DAH SPA DASH DONE AGAIN OUT WDSP TIMER CHK BCS LDXIM INC JSR DEX BNE LDA LSRA BCC DEC INX JMP LDXIM JMP PLA TAX PLA DEX BNE LDXIM JSR DEX BNE RTS LDXIM JMP LDAZ STA BIT BPL RTS DASH DID ROTATE SET CARRY IF YES 01 SEND DASH ELSE SEND DOT PBD PBO WILL BE LOGICAL 1 FO 1 T TIMER TIME GIVES DELAY OF TIME 1 024MS ONE TIME UNIT IS UP SPA IS X 0 DELAY ANOTHER UNIT PBD YES NOW CHECK PBO IF A 1 A SHIFT WILL SET CARRY FLAG DONE IF CARRY CLEAR THEN DONE PBD OTHERWISE SET PBO O FOR ELEMENT SPACE FOR A DELAY OF 1 UNIT BY SPA RESETTING X AND LOADING TIMER 03 DASH TAKES 3 TIME UNITS DAH SEND 3 UNITS FOLLOWED BY SPACE THEN ELEMENT IS DONE SO RESTORE A AND X AND GO BACK IF X IS NOT ZERO OTHERWISE ADD CHARACTER SPACE BACK BY RUNNING TIMER FOR 02 2 MORE TIME UNITS TIMER AGAI
37. GHTING THE KIM 1 DISPLAY Back cover There is no need to add Hex 80 to the sum of the individual LED segments to control PAT It does hurt but it is not required STAEDARD 6502 ASSEMBLY SYETAI Hal Chamberlin 29 Mead Street Manchester NH 03104 I could not help noticing the comment about MOS Technology s assembler syntax for the 6502 in MICRO 2 Judging from the force of that comment and the fact that every 6502 program I have seen uses a different assembler and systax there must be a great deal of discon tent with MOS Technology s syntax Consideration of the history of 6502 development is all that is necessary to explain most of the features of its assembler syntax The designers init ially worked at Motorola with the goal of incorporating leading features of the PDP 11 instruction set into the 6800 Later after leaving Motorola and designing the 6502 for MOS Technol ogy their PDP 11 experience served as a model for an assembler syntax to ad equately handle the 13 addressing modes and other features of their oreation The result is the syntax described in about 10 square inches on the 6502 card and illustrated by the KIM assembly listings we all practically know by heart The PDP 11 is one of the most used minicomputers ever and I have not heard of any significant group of 111 users abandoning DEC s syntax even though it can become a little cryptic So let us take a close look at the MOS Technology syntax
38. M 1 was first programmed to send code by Pollock 3 and some of the features of his program are found here Pollock 4 has also described a micro processor controlled keyboard using the 6504 It has more features than his original program written for the KIM 1 but the program described here has some additional features which are very at tractive especially the receive pro gram II BACKGROUND A Sending Morse Code ASCII to Morse A negative going 10 microsecond strobe pulse from the keyboard is connected to the NMI pin on the KIM 1 Whenever a key is pressed an NMI interrupt occurs and the ASCII code from the keyboard is read at the lowest 7 pins of port A PAD The eighth bit is held high so the number read is actually the ASCII code plus 80 hex This number is stored in the FIFO buffer which is page 2 of memory on the KIM 1 The send routine uses the numbers in the FIFO memory to index a location in page zero which contains the information to con struct the Morse character An illustration will make this clear The ASCII hex representation of the letter C is 83 The strobe pulse causes port to be read which results in the number C3 C3 43 80 being stored in the FIFO When the send rou tine gets to the location in the FIFO where C3 is stored it uses it to 2229236 locate the contents of address 0063 In location C3 in zero page is found 1A which is 00011010 in binary The most significant 1 is simply
39. M itself can be used as a very low cost controller with the addition of a PROM a power on reset modification and some additional circuitry to transfer control to the added PROM upon power up MOS Technology Inc 950 Rittenhouse Road Norristown PA 19401 KIM Application Note 117701 Digital Analog and Analog Digital Conversion Using the 1 This is essentially the same as Reference 172 DeJong s article in MICRO No 2 Uses 1408 D A converter with KIM together with hardware and software for D A and A D as well as software to store the A D con verter output and recall converted data emulating a storage oscilloscope 4 40 MISR 271 272 213 27 215 216 277 218 219 280 281 28 283 284 MOS Technology Inc 950 Rittenhouse Road Norristown 19401 KIM Application Note 771121 Software Routines for Machine Language program to use with external keyboard Optimal Technology Inc Blue Wood 127 Earlysville VA 22936 On Line 3 No 1 p 1 Feb 8 1978 New Product Announcement 2708 16 EPROM PROGRAMMER for KIM 1 Requires 1 1 2 1 0 Ports Assembled and tested 59 95 Kit 49 95 Purser POB 466 El Dorado CA 95623 On Line 3 No 1 p 3 Feb 8 1978 Free Guidelines for writing programs for the TRS 80 and PET and then selling them to Radio Shack and Commodore Send SASE Personal Software Box 136 03 Cambridge MA 02138 On Line 3 No 1 pg 4
40. MBER OF RECORDS PRINT 8 LN FOR TO LN PRINT 8 NAS N PRINT 8 ADS N 8 5 s 8 5 5 PRINT 8 Z N FOR Nl 0 TO 10 PRINT 8 KC NI N NEXT NI NEXT N CLOSE 8 END REM ENTER AT 4000 TO KEAD IN FROM TAPE REM DRIVE NO AND THEM PRINT ON SCREEN OPEN 8 1 0 ADDRESS FILE INPUT 8 LN PRINTLN PRINT RECORD COUNT FOR TO LN INPUT 8 NAS N REM IF STI AND 64 GOTO 4300 INPUT 8 ADS N INPUT48 CIS CN INPUT 8 STS N INPUT 8 Z N FOR NI20 TO 10 INPUT 8 KC NIN NEXTNI PRINTN KEM PRINT RECORD NO AS kEAD NEXT N ux CLOSE 8 D 3 60TO 2000 4 6 222936 A COMPLETE MORSE CODE SEND RECEIVE PROGRAM FOR THE KIM 1 Marvin L De Jong KOEI Dept of Math Physies The School of the Ozarks Point Lookout MO 65726 I INTRODUCTION The program described below will con vert ASCII from a keyboard to a Morse code digital signal which can be used to key a transmitter It will also convert a Morse code digital signal to ASCII for display on the user s video system Suitable references for cir cuits to convert the audio signal from a communications receiver to a digital Morse signal are also given 1 2 The entire program resides in the mem ory on the KIM 1 and has the following features 1 The precise code speed in words minute can be entered at any time from the keyboard Key in CONTROL S follow ed by any two digit decimal number from 05
41. MK THE 6502 JOURNAL A COMPLETE MORSE CODE SEND RECEIVE PROGRAM FOR THE KIM 1 INCLUDING COMPLETE SOURCE LISTINGS MIGR IF YOU LIKE OUR MISR YOU WILL LOVE OUR PLEASE MICROCHESS EDITOR INFORMATION RETRIEVAL MAILING LIST MICRO ADE HELP RELAY POWER PLUS MEMORY PLUS ENCLOSURE PLUS MUST OF THE ABOVE PRODU IE A RE AIMED AT THE IM 1 MANY OF THEM CAN BE EASILY ADAPTED TO WORK WITH 6502 BASED SYSTEMS IF YOUR LOCAL Trl DEALER DOES NOT CARRY THESE PRODUCTS TELL HIM TO CONTACT US FOR OUR DEALER INFORMATION PACKAGE FOR A COPY OF OUR CURRENT CATALOG WHICH COVERS ALL OF OUR PRODUCTS IN re PLEASE SEND A LABEL WITH YOUR NAME AND ADDRESS the label from the MICRO envelope will be fine AND A 13 CENT STAMP or 4 International Response Coupons TO The COMPUTERIST P 0 Box 5 Chelmsford MA 01824 GRO ISSUE NUMBER FOUR Apple II Variables Chart 4 by C R Carpenter The PET Vet Examines Some BASIC Idiosyncrasies 5 by Charles Floto A Complete Morse Code Send Receive Program for the KIM 1 T by Marvin L De Jong Early PET Compatible Products 22 by Charles Floto PET Software From Commodore 21 by Roy O Brien The MICRO Software Catalog 23 by Mike Rowe Apple II Printing Update 27 by C R Carpenter MICRO STUFF and MICROBES 30 Standard 6502 Assembly Syntax 31 by Hal Chamberlin Worm in the Apple 32 by Mike Rowe Writing for MICRO and MICRO Manuscript Cover Sheet 3
42. N IF X 0 THEN DONE OR ELSE DELAY MORE 05 WORDSPACE REQUIRES 4 MORE TIME UNITS AGAIN SO USE TIMER FOR THIS TIME GET TIME FROM ZERO PAGE TMER LOAD DIVIDE BY 1024 TIMER TMER IS TIMER FINISHED CHK NO WAIT FOR IT YES RETURN 4 19 MBRO APPENDIX Using the KIM 1 Ports to Output the ASCII Most readers will not have the same addressable video system used by the author To use the receive portion of the program some provision must be made to output the ASCII along with a strobe pulse suggested program to do this It makes use of ports SAD and SBD addresses 1740 Below you will find a and 1742 respectively These are available on the application connector The ASCII code appears at the KB COL A G pins while the strobe should ap pear at the TTY PTR pin NOTE While this program should work it has not been tested ZTB 0000 03 SAD 1740 SADD a 1741 03 SBD 1742 03 SBDD 1743 03CA A9 20 CHAR LDAIM 20 ENABLE OUTPUT PULSE PINS 03CC 8D 42 17 STA SBD O3CF AQ 21 LDAIM 21 03D1 8D 43 17 STA SBDD 03D AD 10 17 LDA SAD SAVE CONTENTS OF CURRENT 03D7 18 PHA DISPLAY ON KIM 1 03D8 AD 41 17 LDA SADD 03DB 48 PHA 03DC B5 00 LDAZX ZTB GET ASCII CODE 03DE 8D 40 17 STA SAD OUTPUT ASCII 03 1 9 FF LDAIM FF 03bE3 8D 41 17 STA SADD ENABLE OUTPUT PORT 03 6 EE H2 17 INC SBD STROBE PULSE WILL BE 9 EA NOP LENGTHEN PULSE 03EA CE H2 17 DEC SBD NEGATIVE 68 PLA RESTORE SADD AND SAD
43. OST DIGIT 4 13 2019336 0082 0085 0087 008A 008C 008 0090 0092 0094 0096 0098 009B 0100 0100 0102 0104 0106 0108 010B 010E 0111 0114 0115 0118 011A 011D 0120 0121 0122 0123 0124 0127 0128 012A 012C 012D 012E 0131 0134 0136 0137 0138 0139 013A 013B 013C 013E A6 90 A9 8D BD 8D 60 20 E6 20 4c 48 8A 48 08 AD 48 29 FO c8 99 20 C6 28 68 AA 68 C9 22 10 08 80 1 40 02 02 01 17 1F 17 17 01 00 17 02 01 LOOP STA SBD LDAIM 80 STA SAD LDYIM FF STYZ PNTR STYZ CNTR CPYZ PNTR BEQ LOOP INCZ PNTR LDXZ PNTR LDAX FIFO JMP LOOPX DISPLAY SUBROUTINE DISP OVER THER LOOPX ORG 0100 LDXZ CNTR CPXIM 10 BCC OVER LDAIM 80 STA SAD JMP THER LDAX TAB STA SAD RTS JSR SEND INCZ CNTR JSR DISP JMP LOOP INTERRUPT ROUTINES VCTL BACK CNTRL ON KIM 1 DISPLAY BLANK DISPLAY BY PUTTING 80 IN PORT SAD INIT Y POINTER INIT SEND POINTER INIT BUFFER COUNTER IS Y PNTR YES IDLE UNTIL DIFFERENT NO INCR PNTR TO LOOKUP CHARACTER PNTR X INDEX GET CHARACTER FROM FIFO CONTINUE AT LOOPX TRANSFER CNTR TO X IS CNTR LESS THAN 10 HEX YES DISPLAY CNTR NO BLANK DISPLAY FIND VALUE FROM KIM ROM TO DISPLAY CNTR RETURN GO TO SEND TO OUTPUT CODE INCR CNTR DISPLAY IF LESS THAN 10 CONTINUE LOOP PHA SAVE X AND STATUS ON STACK PHA PHP LDA PAD READ KEY
44. TAZ STAZ CLI LDXIM JMP JSR INCZ LDAZ CMPZ BCS LDA BPL JMP ASLA TAX BACK 12 TREE RCV 0D BUF RTN 07 BRR IDLE FF LOOP 0300 IRQ IRLO IRQ IRHI TIME HALFT HALFT TWOT TWOT FIVET FIVET FIVET 00 MCNTZ SCNTZ 01 IDL TIMSET SCNTZ SCNTZ HALFT CHECK TMER WAIT AGN 4 16 221930 RETURN TO MAIN PROGRAM REMAINDER OF VCTL CONTROL R YES GO TO RECEIVE PROGRAM CARRAIGE RETURN BRANCH IF NOT YES START MAIN PROGRAM CONTROL G YES RESET STACK POINTER AND GO TO LOOP OR IDLE HERE WHILE BUFFER IS LOADED RESET STACK TOP AND CONTINUE PROGRAM SET IRQ VECTORS PAGE ADDRESS SET DOT LENGTH BY GETTING TIME AND DIVIDING BY 2 HALFT HALFT IS 1 2 DOT LENGTH TWOT IS TWICE DOT LENGTH MULTIPLY BY AND ADD 1 TIMES TO GET 5 TIMES DOT LENGTH CLEAR MARK AND SPACE COUNTERS ALLOW INTERRUPTS TO START INIT CHARACTER REGISTER IDLE HER UNTIL MARK OCCURS START TIMER FOR SPACE COUNT INCR SPACE COUNTER DOES IT EXCEED 1 2 DOT LENGTH YES JUMP TO SET CHAR REGS OTHERWISE WAIT FOR TIMER AND COUNT SPACES SHIFT CHAR REGISTER LEFT 0340 0342 03414 0346 0347 0349 034A 034C 034E 0350 0353 0355 0357 035A 035C 035E 0361 0363 0366 0368 036A 036C 036E 0371 0373 0376 0378 037B 037D 037 0381 0383 0386 0387 038A 038C 038F 0390 0391 0392 0395 0398 039A 039D 039F 0341 0343 0345 0346 54 52 03 11 8A
45. TIMER FOR 1 4 SECOND TONE USING INTERVAL TIMER SET OUTPUT TONE OFF TOGGLE OUTPUT SET TO COUNT FOR NOTE LENGTH C8 500 HZ CYCLE IN DOWN COUNTER TEST 1 4 SECOND UP CONTINUE TONE IF NOT DONE TURN TONE OFF START WAIT BETWEEN BEEPS WAIT FOR TIME OUT DECREMENT NUMBER OF BEEPS COUNTER ANOTHER BEEP OR DONE RETURN TO CALLING ROUTINE led at 0100 it is relocatable and f beeps into the X register FF X 00 and Y 00 4 43 2019329 KEYBOARD WIZARDRY ENGINEERED SPECIFICALLY FOR THE CHERRY PRO KEYBOARD Space Provided for Power Supply and Additional Boards e Easy Access to Connectors Keyboard Positioned for Ease of Operation EASILY ASSEMBLED Requires Absolutely No Altera tion of the PRO Keyboard e All Fasteners Provided Goes Together in Minutes with a Small Screwdriver ATTRACTIVE FUNCTIONAL PACKAGE Professional Appearance e Four Color Combinations Improves Man Machine Interface MADE OF HIGH IMPACT STRENGTH THERMOFORMED PLASTIC e Kydex 100 Durable Molded In Color Non Conductive AVAILABLE FROM STOCK Allow Two to Three Weeks for Processing and Delivery No COD s Please Dealer Inquiries Invited TO ORDER 1 Fill this Coupon Print or Type Please 2 Attach Check or Money Order and Mail to NAME STREET CITY STATE Please Ship Prepaid SKB 1 1 s 33 75 Each California Residents please pay 35 94 Includes Sales Tax TM Rohm amp Haa
46. ame uses the KIM display to good advantage in this program Strandtoft B KIM 1 Resident Programs and Subroutines User Notes Issue 7 8 14 Sept amp Nov 1977 A list of KIM Monitor routines with brief explanations Goenner Markus P TTY Rapid Load User Notes Issue 7 8 p 15 Sept amp Nov 1977 Program starts at 0000 and is fully relocatable Parson Charles H Read Temperature Once per Minute User Notes Issue 7 8 pp 16 18 Sept amp Nov 1977 Program for temperature control systems Oliver John and Hall Williamson A KIM 1 Binary Dump and Load Routine User Notes Issue 7 8 pp 19 20 Sept amp Nov 1977 SUPERDUMP SUPERLOAD allows the use of the KIM 1 Cassette tape interface to read and write data blocks under program control 1K bytes are dumped or loaded in less than 12 seconds 4 36 MNISR 208 209 210 e11 212 213 214 215 216 211 218 219 220 221 COMPUTERIST Box 3 S Chelmsford MA 01824 MEMORY PLUS for KIM 1 New Product Announcement MICRO No 2 p 2 Dee 1977 Jan 1978 New board for fitting directly beneath the KIM 1 has 8K RAM 8K EPROM MOS Technology Versatile Interface Adapter EPROM programmer On Board Voltage Regulators fully assembled and tested 245 Intel 2716 2K EPROMS extra 50 each Cole Phyllis PET Update Peoples Computers 6 No 3 pp 6 7 Nov Dec1977 Several rumors on the PET are answered Col
47. as a micro Bridge Theodore E A KIM 1 Disassembler DDJ 2 No 10 Issue 20 pp 12 13 Nov Dec 1977 A modification of Wozniak s earlier 6502 disassembler Eaton John MATHPAC A Kimath Supplement DDJ 2 No 10 Issue 20 15 21 Nov Dec 1977 MATHPAC is designed to increase the power of a 6502 system It takes the power of KIMATH and gives it to the user user s I O ASCII device turns the system into a scientific calculator Osborne Adam War of the Processors SCCS Interface 1 No 6 pp 14 17 May 1976 Traces evolution of major microprocessors including 6502 and compares their computing power Anon KIM 1 A complete Microcomputer System for 245 SCCS Interface 1 No 6 pp 44 45 May 1976 new products announcement for KIM 1 Teener Mike Bits and Byters SCCS Interface 1 No 6 p 58 May 1976 Historical note recaps Motorola s suit against MOS Technology over the 6502 s predecessor MOS Technology Inc 950 Rittenhouse Road Norristown 19401 KIM Application Note 107702 S 100 to KIM 4 Bus Adapter Mechanical details of a simple adapter that will plug into the KIM 4 Mother Board and which will accept certain compatible S 100 boards such as the Kent Moore No 60083 video display board or the Kent Moore No 60082 4K static RAM board MOS Technology Inc 950 Rittenhouse Road Norristown PA 19401 KIM Application Note 111477 Using KIM as a Dedicated Controller The KI
48. ay create compatibility problems in exchanging programs between the early PETs and the later ones OPEN 5 5 1 Mailing List Program Incomplete 2 CMD5 PRINT IST END 5 REM THE ABOVE LINES LIST THE PROGRAM ON THE HARD COPY UNIT 10 REM 11 REM WRITTEN BY RICHARD ROSNER 12 REM BROOKFIELD CONN 13 REM FOR THE COMMODORE PET 14 REM PRINTED ON GE PRINTER 15 REM USING ADA AVAILABLE FROM THE AUTHOR 49 REM D DEVICE CODE 4 5 MBRO 50 D 1tREM TAPE DRIVE 1 29 0 50 21 REM CO MAX NO OF RECORDS IN LIST 100 DIM 101 REM 102 REM 103 REM 119 DIM 997 HEM 998 KEM NAS CO ADS n NAS NAME ADS ADDRESS CI S CITY STS STATE Z ZIP CODE CODE UP TO 10 FOR EACH ADDRESS Z C0O KC 10 C0O ENTER RECORDS FOR MAILING LIST EXIT ON FOR NAME 1000 1010 1020 1025 1030 1040 1050 1060 1070 1080 1100 1189 1998 2000 2009 2010 2100 2119 2111 2112 2113 2115 2129 2130 2150 2200 2300 3900 3997 3998 4000 4010 4011 4100 4110 4120 4130 4131 4132 4135 4140 4150 4160 4190 4200 4300 4500 READY FOR TO CO INPUT NAME 5 5 IF NAS N GOTO 2000 LN N INPUT ADDRESS 3 ADSCN INPUT CITY STATE CIS N STS N INPUT ZIP CODE Z N FOR TO 10 PRINT KEY4 3NI 31NPUT IF KCXCGNI N220 GOTO 1180 NEXTNI NEXT N PRINT ON TAPE DRIVE D 1 OR SCREEN 0 3 OPEN 8 D 1 ADDRE amp SS FILE REM LN NU
49. be automatically dumped to cassette and for short programs may be dumped to and executed from memory Includes many useful commands for handling cassettes moving data in memory and so forth Copies Hundreds Price 25 00 without source listings 25 00 for source listings Ineludes Extensive user manual which includes source listings for the I O to permit user modification Object on Hypertape cassette Ordering Info Specify with or without the optional source listings Author Peter Jennings Available from Micro Ware Ltd 27 Firstbrooke Road Toronto Ontario Canada MAE 212 The COMPUTERIST P O Box 3 S Chelmsford MA 01824 4 24 Name System Memory The 6502 Program Exchange TIM and KIM 1 Depends on Program Language Assmebler BASIC FOCAL Hardware Depends on Program Description A large collection of programs for 6502 based systems These include utilities games subroutines an assembler editor and a high level language FOCAL Copies Few to Many depending on the particular program Price Depends on program Many are based purely on number of pages of code Major packages are priced separately Includes Normally includes source listings documentation sheets of sample run and paper tape KIM 1 cassettes at no additional charge if user supplies cassettes Ordering Info Write for catalog Author Many different authors Available from The 6502 Program Exchange 2920 Moana Reno NV 89509 Nam
50. commands to be applied to a device specified by the logical file connected with it not by the physical device number Note that RUN will merely cause a listing to be pro duced RUN 5 calls the rest of the program into action Line 2000 demonstrates use of the OPEN statement with a variable Lines 2000 2300 print data either on the tape drive or on the sereen depending on which device number is the current val ue of variable D In each case logical file 8 is used Another idiosynerasy comes up here while PRINT may be entered as PRINT cannot be entered as it must be spelled out Otherwise a SYNTAX ERROR will result when the program is run even though the listing will look al right But you ean still save a good deal of typing entering these lines Once 2110 is in simply move the cursor up to change the line number to 2111 and NA to AD Then hit RETURN and you ll have both 2110 and 2111 in memory I suggest you make a few changes in Richard s program Add 105 DIM ST CO Consider storing the zip code as a string rather than an integer Re peat lines 2000 2300 as 5000 5300 by changing the first digit in each line number and change line 4500 according ly Then you ean alter the display format without messing up the tape for mat And remember that you can slow screen printing by holding the RVS key down A final note I understand Commodore is now using a different tape drive and recording system This m
51. counts legal dairy and trust accounts Lufkin C R 315 Dominion Dr Newport News V 23602 On Line 3 No 2 p 5 Mareh 1 1978 FITABP is Federal Income Tax Program for PET owners with 8K Prints out form 1040 Schedule A and B 4 42 08 3309 A KIM Gerald C 774 Twin Bra Birmingham A short blast or two errors end of line have This routine audio amplifier such KIM 1 User Manual shown below of audio for load is nice to requires a simple as the one in the page 57 or the one Also needed is a latched P output port again such as those on the A KIM 1 and a programmable timer P Enter the routine with the number of blasts in the X register Change the tone to suit by changing contents of NOTE 0115 0100 A9 FF BEEP LDAIM TIME 0102 8D 07 17 STA TIMER 0105 A9 01 LDAIM 01 0107 8D 02 17 STA PBD 010A 8D 03 17 STA PBDD 010D 4D O2 17 TONE EOR PBD 0110 8D 02 17 STA PBD 0113 AO C8 LDYIM NOTE 0115 88 TONEX DEY 0116 DO FD BNE TONEX 0118 24 FF BIT TIME 011A 10 F1 BPL TONE 011C A9 01 LDAIM 01 011E 8D O2 17 STA PBD 0121 A9 FF LDAIM TIME 0123 8D 07 17 STA TIMER 0126 2C OT 17 NOTONE BIT TIMER 0129 10 FB BPL NOTONE 012B CA DEX 012C DO BNE BEEP 012E 60 RTS A Few Notes 1 Although the above version is assemb can be placed anywhere in memory 2 The calling sequence for BEEPER is put number o JSR BEEPER on return A BEEPER Jenkins neh Drive AL 35226 MPS A70 INA148 START
52. cts of the 6502 world needs to receive information from a wide variety of sources To achieve a more balanced content we desperately need articles on industrial educational business home and other real applications of systems non KIM Apple PET systems homebrew and commercial techniques for programming interfacing and expanding systems and many other topios Look to your own experience If you have anything to share then take the time to write it down The Manuscript Cover Sheet on the next page should a phone call to me are not willing to serve as a guide and make it a little spend a little time writing down their easier to submit your article 4 33 MIGR MICRO SUBSCRIPTIONS Power Supply for 937 KL Model 512 Total Capacity 4 3 amps 5 volts regulated to 1 4 amp 12 volts regulated to 1 0 amp 8 volts to 4 3 amp MICRO is published bi monthly six issues per year Single copy price is 1 50 Subscriptions are available at the following rates 16 volts to 1 0 amp Surface Mail All Countries 6 00 Air Mail COMPLETELY ASSEMBLED j Central America 12 00 Power for KIM 1 and 8K memory tes Fused primary Current limit and thermal overload protection for regulated outputs Enclosed in case with rubber feet Includes line cord and connector cable All subscriptions start with the NEXT issue after receipt of your order Back issues are available whi
53. dding the base address to the cursor s horizontal position I haven t made too much use of directly storing characters into the sereen buf fer usually just storing new cursor coordinates will do the trick via the Monitor routines Be careful though only change vertical position via the VTAB routine since the base address must get recomputed Characters themselves are internally stored in 6 bit format in the screen buffer Bit 7 80 when set forces normal white on black video display for the character If Bit 7 is reset the character appears inverse black on white video Bit 6 840 when set enables blinking for the charac ter this occurs only if Bit 7 is off Thus an ASCII A in normal mode 81 in inverse mode 01 in blinking mode 41 Reading the keyboard via location 000 is easy if Bit 7 80 is set a key has been pressed Bits 0 6 are the ASCII In order to enable the keyboard again its strobe must be cleared by accessing location 010 Since the keyboard is directly access ible there no reason you can t do Special things in a user program based on some keyboard input if you get keys directly from the keyboard you ean bypass ALL of the Control and Escape functions WISRO Name WNDLEFT WNDWDTH WNDTOP WNDBTM CH COLOR INVFLG PROMPT CSWL CSWH KSWL KSWH PCL PCH ATL ATH A2L A2H A3L A3H AXL ANH 51 5 ACC XREG YREG
54. e Personal Savings Investment Loan Repayment Direct Reduction Loan Info System APPLE II Memory At least 16K Language APPLESOFT BASIC Hardware Standard APPLE II Description Three separate programs PSI compute future value of your in vestments monthly amount needed to get to a certain goal at a certain time LP determine monthly payments for a house or other type of load DRLI find the total interest paid and remaining balance is for a loan Copies Over 25 combined Price 3 75 including handling each of the three programs Includes Object on cassette tape A listing of the program and examples of program useage Ordering Info Specify which program Author Les Stubbs Available from Les Stubbs 23125 Oakheath Place Harbor City CA 90710 MBRO Name TINY BASIC System Jolt Apple I Memory Minimum of Language Assembler Hardware User defines 1 0 Description TINY BASIC is a subset of regular BASIC limited to 16 bit inte ger arithmetic There are 26 variables A Z no stirngs and no arrays The following commands are functional LET PRINT INPUT IF THEN GOTO GOSUB RUN LIST CLEAR RETURN REM END TINY BASIC does not contain any I O instructions three JMPs link TINY to the user s I O routines These are well documented in the manual Copies Several hundred 6502 version Price 5 00 Includes 26 page User Manual and a paper
55. e Phyllis Our PET s First Steps Peoples Computers 6 No 3 pp 8 10 Nov Deo 1977 An account of bringing a PET on stream in spite of a few initial bugs and limited documentation at the time Inman Don The Data Handler Users Manual Part 6 Peoples Computers 6 No 3 pp 11 15 HH Nov Dec1977 The latest contribution in this series covers multiplication and division programs The 6502 Program Exchange 2920 Moana Reno NV 89509 Software Announce ment On Line 2 No 15 p 7 Nov 16 1977 Recent software includes an extended version of FOCAL a 4K resident assembler and an efficient Mini Editor MSS 65XX Programs Available New product announcement On Line 2 No 17 p 2 Dec 30 1977 Programs available include Disassembler Loader Punch Dump Memory Editor Life Game File Commands Assembler Text Editor ete MSS Inc 3201 East Pioneer Parkway Suite 40 Arlington Texas 76010 Rychlewski Walter J III PET Demonstration Tape On Line 2 No 17 p 7 Dec 30 1977 New Product Announcement Ten BASIC programs demonstrate most of the features of the PET includes graphics and real time clock 10 cassette 603 Spruce St Liberty MO 64068 Purser Robert Elliott PO Box 446 El Dorado CA 95623 On Line 2 No 17 p 9 Dec 30 1977 New Product Announcement PET layout sheet with SASE free Anon 1K Corner Cassette Loader and Memory Block Transfer OSI Small Systems Journal 1 No 5 p 3 Nov 1977
56. e That is the number of bits is variable as contrasted to a fixed bit length code such as ASCII Its structure is based on the time duration of the various components as follows Mark Elements Dot 1t Dash 3t 4 8 Space Elements Element space it time between dots and dashes Character space 3t time between letters Word space time between words The time t depends on the code speed According to The Radio Amateur s Hand book a code speed of 24 words per min ute wpm corresponds to 10 dots per second Since there are 10 element spaces included in the 10 dots per sec ond there are a total of 20 t in one second that is t 1 20 second at 24 wpm At any other speed then t 1 20 25 5 50 24 5 1200 5 in milliseconds ms where S is the code speed in wpm If the divide by 1024 timer on the KIM is used 1 count corresponds to 1 024 ms The number T called TIME in the gram to be loaded into the timer is then T 1172 5 base ten or 494 5 hex The speed S in wpm is entered in deci mal from the keyboard converted to base 16 hex sent to a divide routine to find T and T is stored at 0000 in memory 99 wpm gives OC hex in TIME while 05 wpm gives EB hex Care was taken in developing the above calcula tions because of a discrepancy between it and the results given by Pollock 4 The system timing was tested by compar ing it with code sent by W1AW The Speeds ar
57. e 2 No 2 pp 18 23 June 1977 Hardware and software for an 8 channel analog I O Fylstra Dan Interfacing the IBM Selectric Keyboard Printer Teaching KIM to Type Byte 2 No 6 pp 46 52 133 139 June 1977 Hardware and software for hooking KIM up to a Selectric Jobs Steven Interfacing the Apple Computer Interface Age 1 No 11 pp 65 66 Oct 1976 Interfacing with a printer Wozniak Steve and Baum Allen A 6502 Disassembler from Apple DDJ 1 No 8 pp 22 25 Sept 1976 Displays single or sequential 6502 instructions in mnemonic form Grater Robert A Teletype Alternative Kilobaud No 1 pp 114 116 Jan77 Convert parallel input TVT to serial operation for KIM Anon Errata to Zieglers 6502 Bug Program DDJ 1 No 8 p 33 Sept 1976 Corrections for the listing given earlier in DDJ 1 No 3 Parks Don Adding PLOP to your System Kilobaud No 5 p 98 May 1977 6502 noisemaker for computer games Rankin Roy Errata for Rankin s 6502 Floating Point Routines DDJ 1 No 10 57 Nov Dec 1976 Correction of a bug found in his earlier routine published in DDJ 1 No T Lancaster Don Build the TVT 6 Part II Popular Electronics 12 No 2 49 55 August 1977 mu 7 System debugging software how to interface to KIM and other systems 4 38 038 339 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255
58. e the same to better than one word per minute from 5 wpm to 35 wpm In the receiving program a word space is detected when a space counter ex ceeds 5T At moderate code speeds 5T is greater than 255 resulting in an overflow Consequently in the receive program 1 2T is used as the basic time unit In this case speeds as low as 12 wpm can be received At slower speeds the system still works but word spaces occur between each letter 0038 209 Cx Receiving Morse Code Morse to ASCII To receive Morse code and convert it to ASCII the inverse of the above process is carried out It is assumed that a suitable audio detection circuit 1 2 produces a logical 1 for a space ele ment and a logical 0 for a mark ele ment This digital Morse signal is ap plied to PB7 and the IRQ pin on the KIM 1 A character register begins with a 1 in the zero bit position Each time a dot is received the charac ter register is shifted left and a zero is loaded into the character register Each time a dash is received the char acter register is shifted left and a one is loaded into the zero bit posi tion Thus when a character space is detected and a C for example has been received the character register will contain 1A just as in sending a C However the 1A is used to index zero page location which contains the ASCII eode for C namely 43 The vari ous components are identified by timing their duration III THE PROGRAMS A detail
59. e to my PET is a 6502 assembler written in BASIC I ordered this for 24 95 from Personal Software 0 Box 136 M3 Cambridge MA 02138 617 783 0694 While I m content with the PET keyboard anyone who wants to hook up another one may be interested in the ASCII keyboard interface sold by Excel Co 2241 Tam alpais Ave El Cerrito 94530 415 237 8114 Prices start at 65 The makers of the KIMSI have announced the PETSI In kit form with one S 100 connector it s 105 Assembled with the maximum of four S 100 slots it s 165 Neither version includes a power supply Forethought Products P O Box 386 D Coburg OR 97401 503 485 8575 is the manufacturer May delivery is scheduled for an RS 232 interface from The Net Works 5014 Narragansett 6 San Diego CA 92107 714 223 1176 Single port version is 240 dual port 280 The PET Vet will have more to say about these and other PET oriented products in future issues of MICRO If you have information about PET products as a manufacturer dealer or user please send materials to The PET Vet MICRO P O Box 3 S Chelmsford MA 01824 MBRO THE MICRO SOFTWARE CATALOG Mike Rowe P O Box 3 S Chelmsford 01824 As a service to the 6502 community MICRO will publish a continuing cata log of software available for 6502 based systems The source of this in formation will normally be the authors distributors of the software Since there is only a limi
60. e too small or of limited interest to be included We will return these to the senders so that they will know the status of their submission While MICRO likes to accentuate the positive we would be remiss if we would totally eliminate the negative A potentially serious problem with the Apple II has been raised and a brief discussion is presented in A Worm in the Apple page 32 We will follow up on this item and present more info next issue Rick Auricchio presents An Apple II Programmer s Guide page 45 which contains a lot of information he has discovered which the manual did not cover Ineluded in the article are a pair of tables which Apple programmers will find useful MISRO ZZ AZ XZ MZ AZ nZ 17 SZ MZ 02 47 OZ NZ MZ 12 CZ IZ HZ 02 32 32 OZ 22 82 VZ 62 82 ZZ 92 52 rZ FZ ZZ IZ 022 ZA AA MA D SA MA D dA NA H SA H 6A BA ZA ZA TA OA A ZX AX XX MX LX SX NX OX dX OX NX HX IX NX CX IX HX OX 3X OX AX YX amp X BX ZX 9X SX VX X ZX IX OX X zm Am xm mm am nm sm DM dm Om Nm WM dm xm rm Im Hm 9m 4m nm om sm ym m sn zm FM cn em zm IM om F _ Zh An XA n LA SA N d W J N I H 9 U SA BA ZA 96 SA F EA Z on A zn An xn mn an nn 1n sn 40 8n on Nn 4n IN
61. ed listing of the programs is given below The detailed comments Should allow the reader to understand modify and trouble shoot the program A The Send Program Some important variables their mean ings and their locations in zero page are given Name Location Use TIME 0000 TIME is the quantity T mentioned in the section on timing con siderations It is the time in units of 1 024 ms of the dot or element space components SPEED 0013 SPEED is the hex equi valent of the number entered for the speed by the operator PNTR 0015 PNTR is a number which points to the location in the FIFO mem ory which contains the character cur rently being sent The program idles as long as Y PNTR but begins to send when Y exceeds PNTR 4 9 Name Location Use LO 001E Scratchpad location for division of 494 by SPEED to give TIME HI 001 Same use as LO CNTR 0022 CNTR keeps track of how many characters are left in the FIFO memory A character entered de crements CNTR a character sent incre ments CNTR CHEK 0024 Scratchpad location to count the number of numbers which have been entered after the control S has been entered YREG OOF4 The Y register is used to point to the location in the FIFO memory where the last character entered from the keyboard is namely 0200 Y B The Receive Program Some important variables their mean ings and their locations are given Name Location Use XREG 00 5 The X register is the
62. have several entry points each of which does something slightly different 3 Useful routines are not documented in a concise form for user access I will concede that while using a shoehorn to squeeze as much function as possible into those tiny ROM s some shortcuts are to be expected However those valuable Comment Cards don t use up any memory space in the finished product nuff said 1 45 Good Stuff The best way to present the Apple s software interface details is to des cribe them in tabular form with fur ther explanation about the more complex ones The following tables will be found on the back cover of this issue Table 1 outlines the important data areas used by the Monitor These fields are used both internally by the Monitor and in user communication with many Monitor routines Not all of the data fields are listed in Table 1 Table 2 gives a quick deseription of most of the useful Monitor routines it contains Name Location Function Input Output parameters and Volatile clobbered Registers Don t hesitate to experiment with these routines since all the important software is in ROM you can t clobber anything by trying them out except what you might have in RAM so beware Using the User Exits The Monitor provides a few nice User Exits for us to get our hands into the Monitor With these it is a simple matter to hook in special I O and command processing routines to exte
63. he problem being that the digi tal signal tends to drop out for very short periods of time which clears the mark counter instructions 039 03 2 Substituting NOP s for these instruc tions seems to improve the performance but receiver tuning and volume control adjustments are sensitive Some users may wish to experiment with deleting the aforementioned instructions in whatever interface circuit they may use V MISCELLANEOUS REMARKS To get the entire Send Receive program in the KIM 1 memory extensive use was made of page 1 This is also used as the stack Care was taken to leave enough room for the stack operations and for insurance there are several points in the program where the stack pointer is initialized to FF No prob lems should be encountered once the program is up and running If you have any debugging to do I suggest using the single step mode be sure to set the NMI vectors to check the jumps and branches My experience has been that errors in branches generally result in about half the program being wiped out especially if it is in page 1 of memory wouldn t it be nice if some outfit like The COMPUTERIST would offer an inter face board which would provide an audio to digital Morse circuit a relay driver and relay reed type for trans mit a DIP socket for a ribbon cable from the keyboard and a DIP socket for the ASCII out see appendix all ona single board which would mate with the KIM 1 application
64. ing on 6502 System MICRO No 3 pp 19 24 Feb Mar 1978 program for justification of copy to be printed Tater Gary L TIM Meets the S100 Bus MICRO No 3 pp 25 26 Feb Mar 1978 bare bones S100 board to use with a terminal such as the CT 64 from SWTP Holt Rod The Apple II Power Supply Revisited MICRO No 3 p 28 Feb Mar 1978 It is pointed out that the Apple II power suppIy although small in physical size is a switching type which runs cool and sufficient to run an Apple II with several extra cards plugged into the system Anon Microbes Tiny Bugs in Previous Micros MICRO No 3 p 28 Feb Mar Corrections for Ultratape MICRO No 1 13 Making Music with the KIM MICRO No 2 p 7 and Important Addresses of KIM 1 MICRO No 2 p 30 Husbands Charles R A Simple Frequency Counter Using the KIM 1 MICRO No 3 pp 29 32 Feb Mar 1978 The use of KIM 1 as a counter operating over the range of 500 Hz to above 15KHz Dial William 6502 Bibliography Part II MICRO No 3 pp 33 36 Feb Mar The second segment of this bibliography covers references 129 to 179 of the rapidly growing 6502 literature DeJong Marvin L Lighting the KIM 1 Display MICRO No 3 Back Cover Information on how to use the KIM 1 seven segment display Anon Software Sources 6502 Executive for KIM 1 Popular Electronics 13 No 3 p 98 March 1978 Adaptable to any 6502 system this Executive is de
65. iterate what is right about it and see how we can live with those features that are less than ideal Note that I am not at all against extensions of what they have defined but I think it is important that an assembler be able to correctly assemble the KIM source as printed First we have the assembler directives and other statements that have nothing to do with the instruction set For the most part these have been lifted directly from the PDP 11 assembler man ual The distinguishing feature about these statements is that they are pre ceeded by a period see nothing par ticularly wrong with these except per haps that some of them are longer than three characters meaning that an scanner might have to be a little more Sophisticated than it would otherwise be One definite problem though is the 4 31 method that must be used to reserve areas of memory for data storage I prefer the DS 5 form rather than the 5 form for reserving five bytes probably because of an IBM background But the real problem is that unless the assembler is carefully written the lo cation counter value printed to the left of such a statement gives the ad dress of the first byte of memory used in the next statement rather than the address of the first byte of memory re served in this one However I think that the latter form can be lived with if one realizes that the expression is really the same as DS and provided the asse
66. l computer surely an assembler with automatic address mode selection and conformance to our own manufacturer s assembly language is not too difficult a task to handle Editor s Note While I do not want to use too much space in MICRO for debates en matters of personal preference I will make space available in the next issue of MICRO for a rebuttal by a pro ponent of an alternative syntax If no one writes such a rebuttal I will do it myself but I would much prefer to hear from one of you THE APPLE Mike Rowe P O Box 3 S Chelmsford MA 01824 There may be a serious problem hidden deep within the Apple II according to John Conway and Jack Hemenway of EDN magazine part of their system de sign project based on a bare board Apple Project Indecomp they tried to interface a 6820 PIA to the Apple and uneovered a potentially serious problem The normal way to operate a 6502 based system is to provide an ex ternal clock phase 0 to the 6502 which then generates two non overlap ping clock signal phase 1 and phase 2 which are used to control all system timing For some reason the design of the Apple II violated this basic clock scheme and uses the phase 0 external clock instead of the 6502 generated phase 2 clock While these two clocks 4 32 are very similar they are not identi cal Phase 1 and phase 0 have an over lap of about 50 nanoseconds For many parts of the system this is not import ant
67. le they last at 1 50 per copy plus 1 25 for air mail postage overseas or 50 for DEALER AND QUANTITY PRICES AVAILABLE surface postage overseas The COMPUTERIST KL POWER SUPPLIES G quo add P O Box 86 Montgomeryville PA 18936 MANUSCRIPT COVER SHEET Please complete all information requested on this cover sheet Date Submitted ee eee Proposed Titler 1110 u Author s 8 5 ele Lr ee Mailing Address Ql Ln This will be published Area Code Phone This will NOT be published AUTHOR S DECLARATION OF OWNERSHIP OF MANUSCRIPT RIGHTS This manuscript is my our original work and is not currently owned or being considered for publication by lt another publisher and has not been previously published in whole or in part in any other publication I we have written permission from the legal owner s to use any illustrations photographs or other source material appearing in this manuscript which is not my our property If required the manuscript has been cleared for publication by my our employer s Note any exceptions to the above such as material has been published in club newsletter but you still retain ownership here Signatune N E uu cud a cm er Any material which you are paid for by The COMPUTERIST whether or not it is published in MICRO becomes the exclusive property of The COMPUTERIST with all rights reserved Few Suggestion
68. led up with a 10K resistor The author s transmitter is a solid State Triton IV and ean be keyed with TTL IC s The circuit diagram below indicates how it was connected to the KIM 1 Transmitters using grid block keying or cathode keying cannot use this circuit A relay driven by a Dar lington pair connected to pin PBO should work The KIM 1 manuals give the appropriate details 5V GND The audio from the receiver must pro duce a logical 0 at pin and the IRQ pin when a tone is detected and a log ical 1 at the same pins when a space is detected The reader is urged to try either of the circuits found in refer ences 1 and 2 I used a half baked scheme in which the audio from the re ceiver was fed to a half wave recti fier diode filtered slightly and connected to the inverting input of a CA3140 op amp The voltage at the non inverting input was adjustable The op 4 10 was operated as an open loop com parator with the output connected to pin PB7 and IRQ An oscilloscope was necessary to monitor the output and make the necessary adjustments for var ious signal levels I am not recom mending this circuit for general use I have also tried using the tape input PLL system on the KIM 1 to convert the receiver audio to a digital signal To lower the free running frequency of the VCO a shunt capacitor must be added The digital signal appears at address 1742 bit 7 had only marginal suc cess t
69. mbler prints the right address Now what about the machine instructions themselves A tendency noted in sever al homebrew assemblers is to give every addressing mode variation of every in struction a different mnemonic Al though this is a good advertising ploy to swell the 57 listed op codes into 151 variations it does not make good sense The operation code should mere ly specify the operation and the operand column should specify the operands In my way of thinking the addressing mode is part of the operand it tells where the operand is and not the operation Of course MOS Technol ogy violated this somewhat by putting the register designation in the op code but that is not nearly as bad as put ting everything in the op code One particularly nice feature of the existing syntax is the specification of the two indirect addressing modes The designation SYMB X olearly in dicates that the value of SYMB is added to X before looking in the base page for the effective address and the de signation SYMB Y says that the in direct cycle occurs before the contents of Y are added in to form the effective address There should never be any problem with the use of parentheses for indieating indirect and the use of par entheses in arithmetic expressions It is unfortunate however that indexed ad dressing is of the form SYMB X rather than SYMB X as on most other systems but it can certainly be lived with UGRO Wi
70. moving graphics Some Questions and Answers 11 pps Things you always wanted to know and weren t afraid to ask summarized A must for PET owners HIGH RESOLUTION GRAPHICS In response to your requests we now offer the K 1008 a Dot Matrix display board 320H x 200V for the KIM 1 But we didn t stop there We also call it an 8K memory board directly connected to your KIM 1 Full read write with no wait states or snow ever And we made it low power to reduce system costs In fact our 18 watt K 1000 power supply can typically power your KIM 1 plus 32K of K 1008 memory How to use it The K 1008 visible memory only needs a power supply and a 1 to function as memory Add a stan dard monitor and you have high resolution graphics for diagrams graphs even variable font text up to 22 lines of 53 characters K 1008 Assembled Tested 289 00 board 40 00 Graphic Software Listing 20 00 K 1000 power supply 40 00 K 1005 5 slot card file 69 00 Micro Technology Unlimited P O Box 4596 Manchester N H 03103 K 1000 POWER SUPPLY FOR 1 The original power supply designed for home or office use 5V 1 2A 12 regulated 8V 75A 16V 25A unregulated Enclosed in a black Bakelite box with terminal strip output line cord and fused primary This unit is standard industrial quality design ed to run at its rated outputs con tinuously at even low line voltage Price 40 00 prepay
71. nd the Apple s capabilities Two of the most useful exits are the KEYIN and COUT exits These routines central to the function of the Monitor are called to read the keyboard and output characters to the screen By placing the address of a user routine in CSWH L or KSWH L we will get con trol from the Monitor whenever it at tempts to read the keys or output to the screen As an example of this exit s action try this with no 1 0 board in I O Slot 5 key in Kc5 control K fol lowed by 5 then Return You ll have to hit Reset to stop the system v9 Here s what happened setting the key board to device 5 causes the Monitor to install C500 as the user exit ad dress in KSWH L This of course is the address assigned to I O Slot 5 Since no board is present a BRK opcode eventually occurs the Monitor prints the break and the registers then reads for another command Since we still exit to C500 the process repeats it self endlessly Reset removes both user exits you must re hook them after every Reset These two exits can enable user editing of keyboard input printer driver pro grams and many other ideas Their use is limited to your ingenuity Another useful exit is the Control Y command exit Upon recognition of Con trol Y the Monitor issues a JSR to location 03F8 Here the user can pro cess commands by scanning the original typed line or reading another This exit is often very useful as a short
72. rdon H T The and X7 Instructions of the MOS Technology 6502 Byte Magazine 2 No 12 p 72 Dec 1977 look at some of the unlisted instructions available in the 6502 Forethought Products PO Box 386 Coburg OR 97401 Kilobaud No 12 p 15 Dec 1977 New Product Announcement A new board that makes S 100 Altair Imsai type boards compatible with KIM Motherboard has 8 slots and does not alter the operation of KIM in any way Laneaster Don Hardware Design Kilobaud No 12 pp 30 34 Dec1977 Part 1 instruction decoder and sean Taken from Lancaster s new book The Cheap Video Cookbook on the TVT 6L Blankenship John Expand Your KIM Kilobaud No 12 36 42 Dee 1977 Part 2 discusses cabinet nuts and bolts in this series Byrd David A TVT 6 Display Uncrowding Popular Electronics 12 No 6 p 6 1977 Gives a technique for correction of a crowding of the display in Lan TVT 6 Video Display Pittelkau Clifton W The Bionic Clock 73 Magazine No 208 pp 102 105 Jan 1978 Software to add a real time clock to your KIM Eaton John Growing with KIM Kilobaud No 13 pp 36 39 Jan 1978 Expansion PC Board provides compatibility with S 100 bus Chamberlin Hal Software Keyboard Interface Kilobaud No 13 pp 98 105 Jan 1978 Shows how with a minimum of hardware and minimum cost Kraul Douglas R Designing Multichannel Analog Interfaces Byt
73. released Will be dis cussed an article in Kilobaud Price 10 00 Includes KIM 1 cassette tape user manual and complete source listing Ordering Info None required Author Dann McCreary Available from Dann McCreary 4758 Mansfield St 2M San Diego CA 92116 Name System Memory IMIICIRIO PLEASE Basic KIM 1 Basic KIM 1 memory Language Assembler PLEASE Hardware Basic KIM 1 Description A collection of games and demos Includes a 24 hour clock HiLo game Mastermind Shooting Stars Drunk Test Reaction Time Tester Adding Ma chine and more Written in a high level language PLEASE Permits the user to modify and create his own pro grams Let s you show off your KIM 1 and teaches you how to use it Name System Memory Copies Over 800 have been sold Price 15 00 Ineludes Operators manual complete source listings PLEASE language de scription with object code on Hyper tape Ordering Info None Author Robert M Tripp Available from The COMPUTERIST 0 Box 3 S Chelmsford MA 01824 Name Micro ADE System KIM 1 easily modified for use with other 6502 based systems Memory 8K RAM or 4K EPROM 4K RAM Language Assembler Hardware Terminal CRT or TTY cas sette units optional Description A combination Assembler Editor and Disassembler Uses MICRO 6502 syntax With automatic cassette controls any length file may be edited and assembled Object files may
74. rn In Hn 9n an an sn vn Bh Zn 9n sn en zn In on n 21 AL l 11 Si MI 81 dli nn NL NL CL IL Hi 91 31 31 01218191 P 81 141 91 SL vl l Zl Ol ZS AS XS MS S DS 15 SS 48 OS 45 OS NS WS 16 NS lS IS HS 9S 25 3S 05 25 5 VS 45 85 ZS 95 SS tS S 25 IS OS S _ ZM AM XM MM DM 1 SM MM OM dM ON NM WY TH NY CH IM HY 9H 2M HM VM BM LY ENZY ONY 20 A XD 20 no LO 50 ND DO 40 00 ND IO 90 36 30 20 80 0 90 SD WD O ID OD B 24 Ad Xd MM Ad nd 14 Sd Md Od dd Od Nd 14 Nd Id Hd 94 34 3d 24 Hd Vd 6d Bd 24 94 Sd vd d ed 13 Od d 20 0 0 00 nO 10 SO 90 DO 40 OO NO HD 10 IO HO 90 30 30 dO 20 40 90 40 80 Z0 90 SO tO 0 ZO IO O0 D ZN AN XN MN AN IN SN MN ON JN ON NN HN JN MN CN IN HN UN HN UN N BN ZN 9N SN N CN IN ON N _ ZH AM XH MH OW DH LW SH NW DH dH OW NH JH CW IW HH OW SW OW JH HH VH BH ZH 9H SH tH CH IM OH Z1A1 X1 fl A110 11 1 31 81 43 01 monu Fl 982 30 31 92 82 21 pl 01 1 _ 2725 AN XN AX SN NN DM dN NX HN TM MM CN IN HM ON ON VM amp M BY ZY 9X SN M FM ZM IN ON X
75. rs in the 6502 and three consecutive memory locations Ohsiek Charles C ID on Audio Cassette for SUPERTAPE User Notes Issue 7 8 p 4 Sept amp Nov 1977 Program allows writing an ID on the audio cassette tape prefixing the data SUPERTAPE writes out Hawkins George W 2 Task Alternating Scheduler Routine User Notes Issue 7 8 p 5 Sept amp Nov 1977 Program allows two programs to be run together in the KIM 1 Gordon Hal A Catalog of KIM 1 ROM Bytes User Notes Issue 7 8 p 5 Sept amp Nov 1977 A table of the location of ROM bytes Anway Allen Program BRANCH User Notes Issue 7 8 p 6 Sept amp Nov 1977 With this program you ean go through your program find the Branch in structions and force the branch to see where you will end up Pollock Jim KIM 1 to S 100 Bus Adapter User Notes Issue 7 8 p 7 Sept amp Nov 1977 This adapter allows KIM 1 to be used with S 100 boards such as the 125 ER 8K RAM board of Ithaca Audio Heinz Harvey A Simple Music Program for KIM User Notes Issue 7 8 pp 8 9 Sept amp Nov 1977 This is an excellent tutorial program with basic level explanations Hapgood Will An A D Converter User Notes Issue 7 8 pp 10 11 Sept amp Nov 1977 A circuit for making very accurate A D conversions using a Motorola dual slope conversion chip MC 1405 or 1505 Butterfield Jim KIM Blackjack User Notes Issue 7 8 pp 11 13 Sept amp Nov 1977 G
76. s the enclosures group 55 stevenson san francisco 94105 Color Desired blue O beige D black O red D Patent Applied For AN APPLE II PROGRAMMER S GUIDE You Can Get There From Here Rick Auricchio 59 Plymouth Avenue Maplewood NJ 07040 Most of the power of the APPLE II comes in a secret form almost undocument ed software After several months of coding experimenting digging and writing to APPLE most of the APPLE s pertinent software details have come to light Although most of the ROM software has been printed in the APPLE Reference Manual its Integer Basic has not been listed as a result this article will be limited to Monitor software Per haps when a source listing of Integer Basic becomes available we ll be able to interface with some of its many rou tines First Things First When I took delivery of my Apple July 1977 all I had was a preliminary manual no goodies like listings or programming examples My first letter to Apple brought a listing of the Moni tor Seeing what appeared to be a big jumble of instructions I set out div iding the listing into logical routines while deciphering their input and out put parameters Once this was done I could look at portions of the code without becoming dizzy The Monitor s code suffers from a few ills 1 Subroutines lack a descriptive pre amble stating function calling seq quences and interface details 2 Many subroutines
77. s All text material will be retyped Therefore your format does not matter as long as it is read ble Double spaced typed is preferable but not required Any figures should be neatly drawn to scale as they will appear in MICRO If we have to redraw the figures and diagrams then we normally will pay less for that page Photographs should be glossy prints either the same size as the final will be or twice the final size We will re assemble all programs to obtain clean listings using the syntax we have addpted see inside back cover MICRO 1 Since others will be copying your code please try to thoroughly test it and make sure it is as error free as possible Submit your articles early We will try to get a proof back to you for final correction but with our tight schedule this may not always be possible Send your manuscripts to Robert M Tripp Editor MICRO P O 3 So Chelmsford 01824 U S A 1219942 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 6502 BIBLIOGRAPHY PART III William Dial 438 Roslyn Avenue Akron OH 44320 Gordon H T Decoding 650X Dr Dobbs Journal 2 No 7 pp 20 22 Aug 1977 Subroutines that can be used with KIM Butterfield Jim F A High Speed Memory Test Program for the 6502 DDJ 2 No 7 23 Aug 1977 memory test program written for the KIM system Anon Ohio Scientific s New Disc Operating System
78. s are printed on the paper that turns blue and fades Telpar has a black on off white paper now This new paper makes a much copy too The blue paper was also susceptible to smearing This did not help the copy quality either photographically Xerographically There Now that the problems are re solved what s holding you back Let s get printing Author s Note Even if you don t have a printer the print routine is useful Use it to slow the screen speed down This way you can read a listing during a slow scroll I Getting Decimal Values From Hex Data For some other program POKE was used to enter machine language from BASIC I did this for the print routine All the HEX values have to be converted to decimal At first I did this with the TI Programmer Then I discovered what PEEK is all about A BASIC pro gram to print the decimal values simp lifies the job Convert the first and last addresses to do a range of ad dresses to their decimal values These values are 875 and 967 for the print program Then use them in a FOR NEXT routine like this 100 FOR 1 875 TO 967 PRINT PEEK I PRINT NEXT I END This reduced a two hour job to about ten minutes Hooray for progress 4 27 1 34 Listing A b rr ar E ma DAR G6 orn ms or HL Ml DER ux me E ds Kn 341 cn I P r6 kn T EDI t dd U mon 2 L a P a
79. signed for KIM 1 with or more and TTY or TVT interface 25 for listing From Innovative Software Inc 3007 Casa Bonita Dr Bonita 92002 Pollock James W Microprocessors A Microprocessor controlled CW Keyboard Ham Radio 11 No 1 pp 81 87 Jan 1978 A preprogrammed microcomputer is designed to function as a Morse Code keyboard Uses a MOS Technology MCS6504 which is a software compatible cousin to the 6502 Connecticut Microcomputer 150 Pocono Rd Brookfield CT 06804 New Product Announcement RS 232 Adapter for KIM DDJ 3 No 21 p 3 Jan 78 The ADApter converts KIM s 20 ma current loop port to an RS 232 port without affecting the baud rate 24 50 Schick Paul Unsupported OPCODE Pitfalls DDJ 3 No 21 p 3 Jan 1978 Comments on the earlier article on 650X Opeodes DDJ Aug 1977 Moser Carl Memory Test for 6502 DDJ 3 No 21 pp 4 5 Jan 1978 A program which tests RAM memory in a 6502 based system I 0 is arranged for 6502 TIM based system but can be easily changed Snith Stephen P Challenging Challenger s ROMS DDJ 3 No 21 p 6 Jan Using the PREK function of the OSI Microsoft BASIC a disassembler to convert stored bytes in the PROMs or ROMs has been devised Computers One PO Box 7148 Honolulu HI 96821 New Product Announcement On Line 3 No 2 4 March 1 1978 Pre recorded programs for PET HUSTLERS includes a number of business oriented programs for checking accounts rent ac
80. ssette The resident assembler is single pass using the standard MOS Technology syntax Source code may be paper tape or memory resident and object code is always to memory Copies Information not provided Price 70 00 Includes 50 page manual source list ings and object on KIM cassette or paper tape Ordering Info Send 2 00 for current catalog of available software Author Not specified Available from ARESCO 450 Forest Ave Q 203 Norristown PA 19401 MicroChess Basic KIM 1 Basic KIM 1 Language Assembler Hardware Basic KIM 1 Description Plays a reasonably good game of chess on a basic KIM 1 Has programmed openings User enters his move via the KIM keypad and the KIM Display shows the move The computer then makes its move and displays it Program may be set to play at different Name System Memory speeds 3 10 or 100 seconds per move average A great way to demo your Copies Hundreds Price 10 00 without cassette 15 00 with cassette Includes Operator s manual source listings and a detailed discussion of the operation of the program Object on eassette tape optional Ordering Info Specify tape or not Author Peter Jennings Available from Micro Ware Ltd 27 Firstbrooke Road Toronto Ontario Canada 212 The COMPUTERIST P O Box 3 S Chelmsford MA 01824 IMIIICIRIO Three PLUSes for the KIM 1 MEMORY PLUS S Im to 24590 Sk
81. ted amount of space which ean be devoted to this effort there will be some restrictions placed on what is published To qualify for inclusion in the catalog the software must be currently available should have been sold or given to at least twenty five customers must be of gen eral interest and must be significant Significant means that the program is not just a short utility which could be presented as a one page article in a magazine or a simple game etc The intent of the catalog is not to promote everyone selling everything but rather to highlight the important software packages which do exist Name ASSM TED System Preconfigured for TIM Can be modified for other systems Memory 4K RAM Language Assembler Hardware and Keyboard tapes and printer optional Description A resident Assembler Text Editor Syntax very similar to MOS Technology Produces relocatable ob ject code on tape and can store direct ly executable code in memory during as sembly Programs can be assembled from memory of tape Includes 17 operating commands and 16 pseudo ops Editor has auto line numbering file formating and a manuscript feature Copies Information not provided Price 25 00 Includes Hex Dump of ASSM TED and Re locating Loader and Operators Man ual No tape provided Ordering Info Specify memory limits 0200 1200 0400 1400 1000 2000 or 2000 3000 Select one Author W Moser Available from
82. tely Contained Inside Apple II Compatible With Prototyping Board T Delivery March 1978 SOFTWARE FOR APPLE m Home Financial Record Program Req 16K Sys m Business Inventory Req 20K Sys m Bob Bishop s High Resolution Games Req 16K Sys Star Wars Rocket Lander Saucer Invasion Apple Music Three Octaves Data Save to Cassette ADD ON MEMORY FOR APPLE Il Set of Eight m Set of Eight 4K RAM CHIPS 16K RAM CHIPS COMPUTER 32 320 FLOPPY DISC SYSTEM 2100 Programs Saved and Loaded by Name Powerful Firmware DOS File Handling Capability 252K Bytes Storage Capacity 8 Inch Dia Disc Capable of Utilizing Up to 4 Drives One Million Bytes File Handling as Easy as Inputing or Printing Access Methods Stream Punctuated Relative Direct APPLE POWER CONTROL INTERFACE Up to Sixteen Control Channels Control Room Lights Stereo Equipment Security Systems Electrical Appliances Handle Up to 1000 Watts per Channel Directly From Program Control Complete Isolation of the Computer From the AC Line PRICE Apple Power Interface Board and One Power Control Module 85 Additional Power Control Modules Controls Four AC Circuits 25 Appliance Control Module Controls One Circuit 7 50 m Word Processor Req 20K System 50 High Res Graphics for F P Basic Req 24K System 5 30 High Res Paddle Drawing Routine 20 Othello Game
83. th respect to the other addressing modes the assembler should take care of determining whether the zero page form or the absolute form is to be used Essentially the assembler would look at the value of the address and if it is less than 0100 hex use the ap propriate zero page addressing form of the instruction Besides always insur ing the shortest possible program both space and time it frees the program mer from learning many of the address ing mode restrictions of certain in structions The assembler will flag an error only when it is physically impos sible to perform the requested oper ation One last minor gripe is the field sep arators colon after symbols and semi colon before comments required which adds slightly to typing effort and uses three valuable print column posi tions Of course this is also straight out of the PDP 11 assembler I know a powerful assembler can be written with out this requirement and still have free format IBM 360 assembler but my programmer friends say that explicit A WORM IN delimiters can have important advant ages Anyway I live with it I can hear the cries now of Sure it makes sense but it is so complicated to write a syntax analyzer for it of course our cross town rivals 8080 Z 80 are already well into macro assemblers and linking relocating load ers and we are still working out the assembler syntax for our baby If we believe that ours is a more powerfu
84. to the nearest 100 micro seconds or to other time increments and later displaying these times on the KIM 1 display Carpenter C R Machine Language used in Ludwig von Apple II MICRO No 3 p 8 Feb Mar 1978 Notes on an assembled version of the machine language used by Sehwartz MICRO No 2 p 19 in his program Carpenter C R Printing with the Apple II MICRO No 3 13 16 Feb Mar 1978 output from the Apple II using a TELPAR thermal printer a simple one transistor adapter circuit and a machine language printing routine Foreman Evan H P O Drawer F Mobile AL 36601 The PET Shop MICRO No 3 p 10 Feb Mar 1978 Foreman offers to trade five game programs for the PET on a one for one basis Floto Charles The PET VET Tackles Data Files MICRO No 3 pp 9 10 Feb Mar 1978 Discusses problems some have encountered in recording data files on tape and reading the information back in Floto his capacity as the PET VET offers his services on problems met with specific applications of PET 4 41 MBRO 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 Tater Gary L Hold That Data MICRO No 3 p 11 Feb Mar 1978 Program to stop data on the video terminal by pressing a key Handy for examining data during a disassembly or a long directory program Tripp Robert M Typesett
85. ts and programmer 6522 VIA includes 2 8 bit ports and 2 timers SPECIAL includes edge connectors and cable for direct KIM connection PROBLEM SOLVER SYSTEMS KM8B 219 8K low power static RAM completely socketed factory assembled and tested completely compatible with KIM 4 motherboard 119 34 KIM 4 MOTHERBOARD Power Supply for KIM KL512 5V 12V regulated 8V 16V unregulated plenty of power for KIM 1 and 8K memory First Book of KIM 9 PLEASE games and demo package on cassette 1 5 MICROCHESS runs in IK RAM 15 AB Computers P O Box 104 Perkasie PA 18944 Qur New Printer This issue of MICRO is being printed by a new printing company We anticipate that the quality will be as good as the previous work Deadlines With our new printer he s cheaper but takes longer deadlines are even more important than before All ADs must be received by May 14 for the June July issue Articles should be received as soon as possible Calendar Directory If enough information is provided to make it worthwhile we can publish a regular Calendar of 6502 related events and a Directory of 6502 Clubs Since MICRO is only published every other month remember to give information for several months at a time MICROBES Tiny Bugs in Previous MICROs EMPLOYING THE KIM 1 AS A TIMER 2 5 020E should be 9 99 LDAIM 99 since the processor is in decimal mode not binary 02 6 should be E4 03 not EO 03 LI
86. usic programs Anon 74 Megabyte Disc Review OSI Small Systems Journal 1 No 6 pp pp 2 6 Dec 1977 OSI offers the 74 megabyte CD 74 disc drive for small computers Has four aluminum disc platters about 12 diameter 6000 6502 Related Anon Article Sponsorship Program OSI Small Systems Journal 1 No 6 p 7 Dec 1977 OSI will pay for and provide technical assistance for articles on OSI equipment or programs to be published in computer magazines 6502 Related Anon 1K Corner OSI Small Systems Journal 1 No 6 p 7 Dec 1977 Short Program for PRIME NUMBER GENERATOR Owens Gerald Shoot the Gluck OSI Small Systems Journal 1 No 6 pp 8 10 Dec 1977 A game for the 12K Challenger with video Anon Floppy Disk Users Group OSI Small Systems Journal 1 No 6 p 10 Dec 1977 OSI has formed a users group to redistribute user contributed software on diskettes The first group of 6502 machine code programs 12 listings is now available Anon Terminal Cassette DOS Input Routine OSI Small Systems Journal 1 No 6 pp 11 12 Dec 1977 Program for reloading or transferring program source code Anon New Diskette Software packages OSI Small Systems Journal 1 No 6 p 12 Dec 1977 Work Processor WP 1 and WP 1A is a complete word processor OS 65D Ver sion 2 0 with Nine digit BASIC Disk Test provides a quick functional check of the 6502 computer system Anon Bank Accounts OSI Small Systems Journal

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