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Piranha Reference Manual - English - 5.5C

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1. Intended Use of the Barracuda and Piranha Accessory to diagnostic X ray equipment to be used as an electrometer Together with external probes it is to be used for independent service and quality control as well as measurements of kerma kerma rate kVp tube current exposure time luminance and illuminance within limitations stated below If installed according to accompanying documents the product is intended to be used together with all diagnostic X ray equipment except for therapeutical X ray sources X ray equipment with tube potential below 18 kV X ray equipment on which the instrument cannot be mounted properly e g equipment where the beam field size is narrower than the active part of the detector specific types of X ray equipment listed in the instructions for use or in additional information from the manufacturer With the X ray installation in stand by conditions without patients present the product is intended to be used to provide the operator with information on radiation beam parameters that might influence further steps in an examination but not an ongoing exposure for assessing the performance of the X ray equipment for evaluation of examination techniques and procedures for service and maintenance measurements for quality control measurements for educational purposes authority supervision etc The product is intended to be used by hospital physicists X ray engineers manufactu
2. TL is normally set to 50 of the peak waveform SPEAK but can be set between 10 and 90 The irradiation time is then calculated as the end time minus the start time e The start time is the first time the signal goes above TLXSpeax e The end time is the last time the signal goes below TLxSp ax See example below Spear 100 Rel signal A 100 90 f 80 70 j 60 50 j 40 30 gt 20 tareo 2 0 S tharso 4 25 S 10 tirr10 7 25 S gt 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Time s Update This setting defines when Piranha shall send measured values to the QABrowser Four different alternatives are available e After exp the display software receives a new value when the exposure terminates e Continuous the Piranha is continuously sending data as long as radiation is detected Values to the display software are updated about every four seconds Typically used for Fluoroscopy e Timed the user sets a measurement time The user then starts the measurement and the Piranha will measure all radiation received during the measurement time without any trig levels When the time has passed a reading will be presented e Free run the Piranha will continuously measure the radiation without any trig levels Default value is set according to selected type of measurement and this parameter normally never needs to be manually changed unless really low level measurements are to be ac
3. The signal goes below 50 of its maximum This is the end point for the Irradiation time calculation The level is user adjustable The radiation ends i e it goes under the detector s lowest trig level If the signal has been below the trig level during all of Post delay the exposure is considered finished All exposure readings are calculated OJA N oN Integrated signal dose mAs etc Is the integration of all signal which means the area below the curve above from point 1 to 7 During the measurement exposure the accumulated signal dose etc is displayed where applicable Signal rate dose rate tube current etc During the measurement the mean signal for the last second is displayed When the measurement exposure is over point 8 above the mean signal for the whole measurement is displayed This signal rate is calculated as all integrated signal as described above divided by the irradiation time If no irradiation time is possible to calculate the radiation time is used instead This means that for long measurements you may see a change in the rate value dose rate etc when the measurement is finished if the signal level was changed during the measurement Piranha Reference Manual 2014 06 5 5C 3 Measurement Principles amp Theory Measurement Principle for the Piranha 45 3 5 Measurement Principle for the Piranha The following are the key features of the Piranha design e Small size Optimized fi
4. The special name for the SI unit of activity One becquerel is one reciprocal second or 1 s4 3 7 x 10 Bq 1 Ci Bootloader General a program that does the job of loading the OS kernel of a computer Piranha bootloader Miniature program stored in cabinet and modules which normally just starts the Firmware It is used more when the Firmware is updated See Firmware Centigray 0 01 gray 1 cGy equals one rad Cinefluorography The production of motion picture photographic records of the image formed on the output phosphor of an image intensifier by the action of X rays transmitted through the patient often called cineradiography Cineradiography Indirect radiography of moving objects usually in rapid series on cine film Collimator See beam limiting device Compensating filter Filter used in order to modify the distribution of absorbed dose rate over the radiation field Computed tomography CT An imaging procedure that uses multiple X ray transmission measurements and a computer program to generate tomographic images of the patient Continuous mode For an X ray generator mode of loading an X ray tube continuously as in radiotherapy or in radioscopy Conversion factor of an image intensifier The quotient of the luminance of the output phosphor of the image intensifier divided by the kerma rate at the input phosphor SI unit cd m Gy s cd s Gy m CT See Computed Tomography Piranha Reference Manual 2014 06
5. Dose equivalent H A quantity defined for radiation protection purposes which is the product of the absorbed dose to the tissue and a quality factor Q determined by the properties of the radiation that produced the absorbed dose For X rays gamma rays and electrons Q 1 and dose equivalent values are numerically equal to absorbed dose values when consistent units are used for both quantities The SI unit for dose equivalent is joule per kilogram The special name for the SI unit of dose equivalent is sievert Sv The previous special unit of dose equivalent was the rem One sievert equals 100 rem SI unit Sv J kg Dose rate meter Radiation meter intended to measure absorbed dose per unit time Dosemeter Radiation meter intended to measure absorbed dose Effective dose equivalent HE Quantity used to express the weighted DOSE EQUIVALENT to the whole body when it is irradiated non uniformly or partially 2014 06 5 5C Piranha Reference Manual 76 6 Glossary Exposure X A measure of the quantity of X ray or gamma radiation based upon its ability to ionize air through which it passes The SI unit of exposure is coulomb per kilogram The previously used special unit of exposure was r ntgen R 1 R 2 58 x 104 C kg exactly The physical quantity exposure is now replaced by the quantity kerma in air An exposure of 114 1 R is equal to an Air Kerma of 1 Gy That means that the value in R should be multiplied by 8 76 to
6. Index Holder Piranha 10 HotSync 68 Hounsfield units 77 How To Report a Problem 71 HVL Cine 49 Good geometry 55 Stand 10 af IEC 61267 19 Il dose rate 50 lluminance 66 Image intensifier 50 77 Image receptor 77 Indicator Battery charging 7 Bluetooth 7 Status 7 Inherent filtration 77 Initial X ray tube voltage 77 Input dose rate 50 Installation 77 Intended Use 29 Interlock 77 Internal detector settings 34 38 Introduction 4 lonization 77 lonization chamber 77 lonization constant 77 lonization detector 77 Irradiation time 14 15 17 44 77 ISO 4037 19 K Kerma 78 Kerma rate 78 Kilovolt kV 78 kV Sensitivity 38 kVp 14 15 17 78 i Lead equivalent 78 Leakage radiation 78 Light measurment 65 Light probe 66 Light Probe Specification 26 LowkVp 42 43 Low Signal 42 43 Luminance 65 lux 66 Piranha Reference Manual Ix 66 Magnification imaging 79 Maintenance 30 Mammography 51 Dose 53 Positioning Piranha 51 Quick HVL 54 Mammography specifications 15 Manufacturer s Declaration of Conformity 28 mAs 62 64 MAS 1 Probe Specifications 26 MAS 2 Current Probe 64 MAS 2 Probe Specifications 26 Mean Glandular Dose 53 57 Measured value 79 Measurement 48 50 Cine 48 Dose 48 Dose per pulse 48 50 Fluoroscopy 49 Image intensifier 50 Mammography 53 Number of pulses 48 Pulse rate 50 Pulsed fluoroscopy 50 Pulsed radiography 48 Radiography 47 Measurement Modes Overview 40 Measu
7. Wireless Bluetooth or cable connection 2 2 Setting Up the Piranha for the First Time Before you use your Piranha for the first time please do the following e Attach the external power supply e Charge the system for 16 hours Then continue according to the following section 2 3 Setting Up the Piranha To set up the Piranha 1 Power on the Piranha using the power switch Optionally you may connect the power supply 2 Place the Piranha under the tube or mount the holder and HVL stand for positioning of the Piranha in the X ray field The stand allows you to position the Piranha or the external Dose Probe and HVL filters in any angle including upside down Use the light field or other help to position the Piranha in the X ray field The Piranha detector is not sensitive for different field sizes as long as the entire sensitive detector area is irradiated but try to keep the field size down to minimize scattering It is also recommended to position the Piranha in such a way that the detector area is orientated perpendicular to the anode cathode axis to avoid the heel effect Recommended field size is 20x40 mm 3 Connect with Handheld via Bluetooth or with Ocean via included USB cable or via Bluetooth Piranha Reference Manual 2014 06 5 5C 2 Description of the Piranha Hardware and Specifications 2 4 Hardware and Specifications Specifications are valid after a warm up time of one minute and presuming referenc
8. 1 5 yA Pulse tube Lower limit 1 mA current otherwise same as tube current i 0 1ms 34000s 1 or 0 5 ms Resolution 1 65535 pulses 1 pulse 0 5 ms Note 1 When the Piranha internal detector is used simultaneously the default mode of operation is to use the internal detector for time measurement Note 2 The tube current is calculated as the tube charge divided by the time See also Waveforms and Triggers 44 Piranha MAS 2 Probe Non invasive mAs probe sensitivity 1 nC mAs Module type Range Inaccuracy Typ noise Tube charge 5 for time gt 0 1 ms Tube current 10 4000 mA 5 or 2 mA for time gt 20 ms 1mA 3 at 250 mA Pulse tube Lower limit 50 mA current otherwise same as tube current Time 0 1 ms 34000s 1 or 0 5 ms Resolution 1 65535 pulses 1 pulse 0 5 ms Note 1 See also note 1 and 2 for the Piranha MAS 1 Piranha Light Probe Light detector typical sensitivity 670 pA nit or 200 pA Ix Module type Range Inaccuracy Typ noise Luminance 0 003 72000 cd m 5 or 0 6 mcd m mcd m IIluminance 0 001 24000 Ix 5 or 0 2 mlx j Inaccuracy Typ noise Air kerma Dose 5 5 5 or 15 nGy s Darema T 6 8 uR s 125 R s 5 or 1 6 URIs 0 4 mR min 7500 R min 5 or 0 1 mMR min 24 mR h 450 kR h 5 or 6 mR h Piranha Reference Manual 2014 06 5 5C 2 Description of the Piranha Standards and Compliances 2 5 Standards and Compliances
9. Hereafter you can find declarations of conformity as well as documents describing the intended use of the Piranha system 2 5 1 Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment WEEE The European Union Directive 2002 96 EC on Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment WEEE places an obligation on manufacturers distributors and retailers to take back electronics products at the end of their useful life The WEEE directive covers all RTI products being sold into the European Union EU as of August 13 2005 Manufacturers distributors and retailers are obliged to finance the cost of recovery from municipal collection points reuse and recycling of specified percentages per the WEEE requirements Instructions for disposal of WEEE by Users in the European Union The symbol shown left is marked on the product which indicates that this product must not be disposed of with other waste Instead it is the user s responsibility to dispose of the user s waste equipment by handing it over to a designated collection point for the recycling of waste electrical and electronic equipment The separate collection and recycling of waste EE equipment at the time of disposal will help to conserve natural resources and ensure that it is recycled in a manner that protects human health and the environment For more information about where you can drop off your waste equipment for recycling please contact your local distributor from whom you purchased the prod
10. as shown above It is recommended to make the check at 28 kV After the check the Piranha automatically changes back to the previously selected kV range 4 Set kVp and mAs or mA time to the desired values 5 Make an exposure The RTI logo flashes to indicate that the Piranha has detected the exposure 6 Read the values There are some mammographic units that are bit peculiar when it comes to kV measurements for instance The Hologic Selenia and IMS Giotto In those cases RTI have updated Application Notes and there may be some even for other units Please check the RTI Electronics website www rti se for the latest info For Sectra MDM Fischer Senoscan and other scanning beam units please see the section Scanning Beam Mammography 58 4 5 4 Dose Measurements with the Piranha Dose Probe Tip It is often more convenient to use the Piranha to measure dose for a mammography tube since no manual energy compensation has to be done as is the case with the Piranha Dose Probe Measuring procedure 2014 06 5 5C Piranha Reference Manual 4 Measurements with the Piranha System Mammograph 1 Place the Piranha Dose Probe in the field and connect the cable to the Piranha input 2 Set up the Piranha according to the description in Setting Up the Piranha for Mammography 3 Follow the same step as for the measurements with Piranha but select Dose as parameter You will also need to select the External detector Se
11. keV HVL mm All Rel MAV28 D mavs O oo o ose foo o oas O noso Cuwa es oa o C mavo ee 056 e _ S E E 061 o 000a__ C mvo 1989 oa oe _ Note These values are typical values measured at PTB in Germany in 2009 Mammography Mo 25 um Rh measured using RTI RQ Code M3 ECLER UELS Air kerma measurement Mean energy ISO 4037 Factor kQ k keV PTB Ec 61267 i kerma keV HVL mm Al Rel MRV28 MRV25 f 1578 0 9945 C mva es os 7 e 1684 E 0 5080 waves _ _17o2 043 09011 C mvo ma os o Note These values are typical values measured at PTB in Germany in 2009 Piranha Reference Manual 2014 06 5 5C 2 Description of the Piranha Hardware and Specifications za Mammography Rh 25 um Rh measured using RTI RQ Code M4 Radiation quality Air kerma measurement Mean energy ISO 4037 Factor kQ k keV IEC 61267 i Kerma keV HVL mm AI Rel RRV28 1 0018 Note These values are typical values measured at PTB in Germany in 2009 Mammography W 0 5 mm Al measured using RTI RQ Code M7 Radiation quality Air kerma measurement Mean energy ISO 4037 Factor kQ PTB air kerma keV HVL mm Al Rel WAV28 IEC 61267 o was o o eos Oo o os T oeoa C wwa er oo i C wwo re os ooa waves 873 051 E C wwo 1970 os mo Note These values are typical values measured at PTB in Germany in 2009 Mam
12. trig level based on the maximum signal level 4 3 1 kVp Time Dose and Dose Rate Use the same procedure as for the normal radiography measurement Note that if it is difficult to get a good pulse rate reading you may use a manual pulse rate setting as described under Measurement Settings 34 to get a dose per pulse reading 4 3 2 Pulse Measurements with Piranha Dose Probe Use the same procedure as for the normal radiography measurement Note that if it is difficult to get a good pulse rate reading you may use a manual pulse rate setting as described under Settings to get a dose per pulse reading Piranha Reference Manual 2014 06 5 5C 4 Measurements with the Piranha System Cine Pulsed Radiograph 4 3 3 HVL Quick HVL and Total Filtration Use the same procedure as for the normal radiography measurement Note that if it is difficult to get a good pulse rate reading you may use a manual pulse rate setting as described under Settings to get a dose per pulse reading 4 4 Fluoroscopy and Pulsed Fluoroscopy For under table fluoro measurement turn the Piranha upside down Use the optional detector rod to be able to put the detector in the cassette holder or on the image intensifier without risk of hazardous X ray The Position Check should be used to confirm the position of the Piranha When you select fluoroscopy or pulsed fluoroscopy as type of measurement the Piranha system automatically changes to continuously updating th
13. 2 5 4 FCG Certification svt wii Aone ies wa nan aa ae an ieee 30 2 6 Maintenance s40 saute aa e eda einen 30 2 6 1 Updating the Piranha Firmware c ccccscceeeeeeeeeeneeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeenaeeeseneeeneaee 30 2 6 2 Managing Detector Calibrations ccccccecceeeeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseaeeeeeeeeeeeeneeeeeeaee 33 2 7 Measurement Settings cccccceccsecceceeeeeeeececeeeeeeeeseeaeaeeeeeseseeeeeeeeeeeeneee 34 2 7 1 Settings Conditions tus nce eae ewan a aca eee 34 2 7 2 DOUINGS Pian Naess acres castes cate coca estas e Beate ett dea an ame eee ty ude Seat Nae aha 36 2 7 3 Settings Internal detector 0 0 eee ceeceecceceeeeeeeeeeceneeeeeeeeeeeeaeeeseeaeeeseeeeseeneeeseeneeeees 38 2 7 4 Settings Other Detectors cccccececceceseeeceeneeeeeaeeeeseaeeeeeaeeeseeeeeeseneeeseeaeeeteeeeetes 38 3 Measurement Principles amp TheOry cccesseceseseeeesssneesesesneeneseeenens 40 3 1 Overview of Capability for Measurement Modes cceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 40 3 2 Update MOdeS ccs sacs anveace nti te bos sos loan A A 40 3 2 1 Using Timed Update Mode ccccscceeeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaeeeeeaeeeseaaeeeeeaeeeeenaeeeeeneeeeeaed 41 3 2 2 Using Free Run Update Mode c ccecccceceeeeceeeeeeeeeeaeeeeeeneeseaaeeeeeaaeeseeaeeeeeneeeeeeaed 41 3 3 Display Messages and Active Messages cccceesecceeeeeeeeeeneeeeeeeeeeeees 42 3 3 1 Active Messages rie ahi ie a ens es ee I eed aes 42
14. 5 5C 6 Glossary 75 CT number One of a set of numbers on a linear scale which are related to the linear attenuation coefficients calculated by a computed tomographic device One of the specific set of CT numbers on a scale from 1000 for air to 1000 for bone with water equal to zero which is called a Hounsfield unit Curie Ci The previously used special unit of activity equal to 3 7 x 1010 per second 1 Ci 3 7 x 10 Bq Dead man switch A switch so constructed that a circuit closing contact can be maintained only by continuous pressure on the switch Dental panoramic radiographic Direct radiography of a part of or the complete dentition by the use of an intra oral X ray tube See also Orthopantomography Diagnostic source assembly A diagnostic source housing X ray tube housing assembly with a beam limiting device attached This assembly shall be so constructed that the leakage radiation air kerma measured at a distance of one meter from the source does not exceed 1 mGy 0 1 rad in one hour when the source is operated at its leakage technique factors See definition Digital radiography A diagnostic procedure using an appropriate radiation source and an imaging system which collects processes stores recalls and presents image information in a digital rather than analogue fashion Digital subtraction An image processing procedure used to improve image contrast by subtracting one digitized image from another
15. 5 kGy 5 for time gt 0 1 ms 12 nR 170 kR Air kerma rate valid for Irr time gt 20 ms Dose rate 5 or 1 nGy s 5 or 100 nR s 26 uR min 1000 R 5 or 6 uR min min 5 or 360 uR h 1 6 mR h 60 kR h 5 or 250 pGy s 100 pGy s 5 s moving average 1 nGy s 150 mGy s Irradiation time 0 1 ms 34000 s 1 or 0 5 ms Resolutio 1 65535 pulses 1 pulse 0 5 ms Note 1 The air kerma rate is calculated as the air kerma divided by the time See also Waveforms and Triggers 44 Note 2 The standard calibration for the Piranha External Dose Probe is W 23 mm Al This calibration was chosen since the main use of the detector is to measure the dose to the image intensifier after the phantom However you can just as well use this probe for measurements of skin dose The detector is very linear in its energy response and will not be affected by a different filtration Piranha Reference Manual 2014 06 5 5C 2 Description of the Piranha Hardware and Specifications Pulses Parameter Range Dose pulse 1 nGy pulse 3 kGy pulse Pulse dose rate Lower limit 10 uGy s 70 mR min otherwise same as for air kerma rate Min output peak doserate Doserate min pulse width High Sensitivity 0 23 uGy s 4 ms 1 8 uGy s 0 5 ms Low Sensitivity 10 uGy s 4 ms 73 uGy s 0 5 ms Pulse rate Normally 0 5 100 Hz resolution 0 5 Hz Puisewian fems 200s Duty cycle 5 95 pulse width mi
16. Irradiation time See also Waveforms and Triggers 44 Note 3 The M6 W 50 um Rh M10 W 50 um Ag and M15 W 0 70 mm Al calibrations are suitable for the Hologic Selenia Dimensions and Fuji Amulet Note 4 The M16 W 50 um Ag Sel and M17 W 50 um Rh Sel calibrations are suitable for Hologic Selenia with W anode Note 5 The M7 W 0 5 mmAI calibration is suitable for Philips MicroDose Mammography Sectra 2014 06 5 5C Piranha Reference Manual 2 Description of the Piranha Hardware and Specifications Resolution Quick HVL Mo 30 um Mo Mo 25 um Rh Rh 25 um Rh W 50 um Rh W 0 50 mm Al Mo 1 0 mm Al W 50 um Ag W 75 um Ag W 50 um Rh Gio W 0 70 mm Al W 50 um Ag Sel W 50 um Rh Sel 0 19 0 47 mm Al 0 31 0 52 mm Al 0 33 0 60 mm Al 0 37 0 75 mm Al 0 24 0 64 mm Al 31 0 68 mm Al 0 34 0 69 mm Al 0 79 mm Al 0 37 0 66 mm Al 0 27 0 81 mm Al 0 34 0 69 mm Al 0 37 0 66 mm Al Inaccuracy 10 Note 6 The Quick HVL for mammography is only available for Piranhas with product version 2 and higher Piranha Reference Manual 2014 06 5 5C 2 Description of the Piranha Hardware and Specifications Computed Tomography Parameter RQ Range Inaccuracy Resolution kVp standard W 3 0 mm Al 45 160 kV 41 5 4 digits 10 or 100 V W 3mmAl 1 2mmTi C32 75 145 kV Siemens Straton Siem1 2 GECT 7 2 3 C4275 145
17. QABrowser has a number of measurement algorithms and applications built in This section describes some about the principles how some values are calculated and the basic use of such measurements 3 1 Overview of Capability for Measurement Modes The following graph shows an overview of some common capabilities the different X ray measurement types have in the QABrowser HVL Modality Application Estimated TF Quick HVL Radiography Cine Pulsed exposure luoroscopy Mammography T OK OK OK Pulsed Fluoroscopy OK O ox ee a ee ee OK OK Panoramic Dental OPG 3 2 Update Modes The following four update modes are available e After exp the QABrowser receives a new value when the exposure terminates This means when the output goes under the trig level and stays there at least the time set by Post Delay under Settings Piranha Reset time is one second e Continuous the Piranha is continuously sending data as long as radiation is detected Displays in the QABrowser are updated about every four seconds Typically used for Fluoroscopy Reset time is one second e Timed the user sets a measurement time The user then starts the measurement and the Piranha will measure all radiation received during the measurement time without any trig levels or background compensation When the time has passed a reading will be presented It has a long reset time for increased accuracy which varies with the sensitivity as se
18. Quick Check you need to select the generator waveform type for each measurement session Default is HF Constant potential AMX 4 The difficulties when measuring tube voltage on a GE AMX 4 is a well known problem Due to high kV ripple at a frequency of 2 kHz it is hard for most non invasive kVp meters to follow the kV waveform correctly This waveform type has an agreement with measurements made with the Keithley Triad System 37946C mobile filter pack 50 135 kV which is the only filter package recommended by GE According to GE the use of the standard Keithley 37617C W R filter pack 50 150 kV is not good enough The results have further been verified with measurements with a traceable high voltage divider that has sufficient bandwidth to accurately follow the kV ripple from the AMX 4 Therefore it is important to select the AMX 4 waveform under Settings Conditions More about the AMX 4 correction can be found in the Application Note 1 AN 52020 1 from RTI Electronics AB Piranha Reference Manual 2014 06 5 5C 2 Description of the Piranha Measurement Settings Pulsed This waveform type should be used for pulsed fluoroscopy especially when the pulses do not have a good square waveform shape The exposure time must be longer than the selected recording time when using this waveform type Pulsed waveform type is selected under Settings Conditions in the same way as the AMX 4 waveform type Conditions TP factor If an io
19. RTI Current task Ready to update press start Total progress Start Cancel You normally also need to update the QABrowser and Ocean when you update the firmware See section Updating the QABrowser and the Ocean manual for details Piranha Reference Manual 2014 06 5 5C 2 Description of the Piranha Maintenance 2 6 2 Managing Detector Calibrations RTI Detector Manager is a special Windows software that gives an overview of all calibrations for the detectors and probes in your system You will find the RTI Detector Manager on your Product CD in the folder Software RTI Detector Manager Start the file RT Detector Manager exe by double clicking it C Select Meter Select the instrument of interest Piranha Meter Serial Communication Status and click OK Barracuda BC1 06121218 USB Ready Piranha CB2 06060052 USB Ready If no instrument appears check the communication cable and that the Piranha is powered on then click Rescan Found 2 meter s En Detector Maneet aaa Next the available detectors a f a are shown to the left The Internal detector is always Prone ete available but external probes will only show up if they are attached RTI Detector Manager isis When clicking a detector the Main Detector Calibration Help E A a available calibrations will D petero i i show up to the right In this RI Br Wama x x szamos case the Internal detector is B mo
20. Ra la ieee ee eed A a ee ee 50 45 Mammography iices0c Seven teal ee ect cine ie dneediva ee tees ean 51 4 5 1 General iia sel EA dh dels EEA lose ddl 51 4 5 2 Setting Up the Piranha for Mammography ccccceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeneeeeeeneeeseneeeetes 52 4 5 3 kVp Time and Dose Measurements with the Internal detector ceee 53 4 5 4 Dose Measurements with the Piranha Dose Probe ccccccessseeceeeesssteeeeeeees 53 4 5 5 QUIGK AV EAEE AAEN TEE E een EANET A EAEN EA atleast 54 4 5 6 Mammo Compensations and Corrections cccccccsceeeeeeeeeeeeeeseneeeeeeneeeseneeeeees 54 4 5 6 1 Corrections for the Compression Paddle cccccceceeeeeeeeeeeeteneeeteeeeeeteneeeeeee 55 4 5 6 2 Normalization ccccccccccesssseeeeeeeesteeeee 205 4 5 6 3 Beam Correction Factor 00 56 4 5 6 4 Corrections for Angular Sensitivity 56 4 5 7 Average Glandular Dose AGD MGD 07 4 5 8 Mammographic Pre pulses 4 7 4 5 9 Scanning Beam Mammography ccccceeeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaeeeseneeeseeeeeseneeeenes 58 46 Dental and Panoramic Dental 00 ccccccceceecceceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeecneeaeeeeeeneee 58 4 6 1 Waveforms af 47 GT EEE A E E EE E paella Las aseed testes Bien et 4 7 1 CTEK peann lal anita a ave his A ERA vis evn tania eal 4 8 Tube Current Probes c cccccccccscceeceeeeeeeeeeeaeceeeeeseeneaeeeseeeseeenaeeeeeeeeneees 61 4 8 1 MA
21. TF is within its specified range For high TF at high kV the HVL range may be limited by this Mammography Inaccuracy Resolution kVp standard Mo 30 um Mo 1 5 or 0 7 kV 4 digits Mo 25 um Rh 2 or 1 kV 10 V Rh 25 um Rh 2 or 1 kV W 50 um Rh 3 2 or 1 kV W 0 50 mm Al 5 2 or 1 kV Mo 1 0 mm Al 2 or 1 kV W 50 um Ag 2 or 1 kV W 75 um Ag 2 or 1 kV W 50 um Rh Gio 2 or 1 kV W 0 70 mm Al 1 5 or 0 7 kV W 50 um Ag Sel 4 2 or 1 kV W 50 um Rh Sel 4 M17 4 22 39 kV 2 or 1 kV kVp optional Mo 30 um Mo Mid 25 35 kV 2 or 1 kV 4 digits 2mmAl 10 V Mo 2 0 mm Al M2 18 49 kV 2 or 1 kV Irradiation time 0 1 ms 2000 s 1 or 0 5 ms 0 5 ms 1 65535 pulses 1 pulse 1 pulse Air kerma Dose 5 uGy 1500 Gy with wide range option 25 nGy 1500 Gy WR 3 UR 150 kR 10 uGy s 750 mGy s 2 5 or 12 nGy s 5 or 1 5 R s 25 nGy s 750 mGy s 2 5 or 0 1 mR min 30 uR s 86 R s for Irr time gt 20 ms 1 8 mR min 5100 R min Free run 25 nGy s 20 mGy s 5 or 12 nGy s Typ noise High Sensitivity 0 25 uGy s 20 mGy s 5 or 12 nGy s 6 nGy s Low Sensitivity 45 uGy s 750 mGy s 5 or 0 2 uGy s Note 1 All kerma and kerma rate ranges inaccuracy and resolution figures are valid for product version 2 and higher of the Piranha Note 2 The Kerma rate is calculated as the Kerma Dose divided by the
22. User s Manual to get information about how to do different type of measurements and how to use the different adapters To measure luminance cd m 1 Attach the monitor adapter to the Piranha Light Probe as described in the Piranha Light Probe User s Manual 2 Connect the Piranha Light Probe to the Piranha 3 Set up the Piranha and the handheld computer according to the description in Setting 2014 06 5 5C Up the Piranha 10 Make a Reset Place the Piranha Light Probe onto the surface where you want to measure the luminance Press and hold the shutter Read the value You can now move the Piranha Light Probe to other points and continue measure the light Piranha Reference Manual 4 Measurements with the Piranha System Light Measurement 4 9 2 IIluminance Ambient Light Ix Read the Piranha Light Probe User s Manual to get information about how to do different type of measurements and how to use the different adapters To measure illuminance Ix 1 Attach the lux adapter to the Piranha Light Probe as described in the Piranha Light Probe User s Manual 2 Connect the Piranha Light Probe to the Piranha 3 Set up the Piranha and the handheld computer according to the description in Setting Up the Piranhal 10 4 Cover the white light sensitive area of the Piranha Light Probe to shield off all light you may use the rubber part that comes with the Piranha Light Probe M if available It is very important t
23. a CT is many times difficult since with most meters it is required to stop the tube in the top position at the same time as the table is not moving This can normally not be obtained using an available standard clinical program Instead a service mode must be used Another problem is to find the beam especially when using a small slice width All these problems are minimized when using the Piranha since it can move with the table through the beam while the tube is in the top position This is can easily be obtained by measuring while a topogram scout pilot image is taken A topogram is obtained with a moving table and a stationary tube normally in the top position The topogram is normally used to provide information for the actual CT scan It is recommended to use a slice width of 3 mm or wider That is if selectable use as large slice width as possible You may also want to use the Timed mode to allow measurements on moving CT machines see section Update Modes 46 To measure CT kVp 1 Set up the Piranha and the handheld computer according to the description in Setting Up the Piranha 10 Piranha Reference Manual 2014 06 5 5C 4 Measurements with the Piranha System CT 64 2 Place the detector on the patient bed in a region that is irradiated during the topogram process Place the Piranha in the direction indicated by the figure below That is the Piranha detector surface rectangle should be placed perpendicular to the
24. a moving average function This lets you set a time for moving average this time acts as a averaging window moving through time Moving average This function is intended for low level dose rate measurements where increased sensitivity and stability is needed The function uses a moving average algorithm where the number of seconds is selected by the user 2014 06 5 5C Piranha Reference Manual 3 Measurement Principles amp Theory Update Modes During the reset process the user must make sure that the detector is not exposed to radiation After the reset procedure the Piranha will start to show a value calculated as the sum of the last X values divided by X X is the number of seconds chosen by the user For each new second that passes the last value in the stack will be discarded and a new value added This means of course that it will take X seconds before the Piranha starts to show a valid value when the detector attached is exposed to a steady radiation level In the same way it will take X seconds for the Piranha to show a zero value after the radiation has ended Great care must be taken into choosing a time constant fitted to the nature of the signal Example If you set the time to 8 seconds each reading will be the mean of the reading of the last 8 seconds This means that it will take 8 seconds until the reading reaches a started set radiation level 3 3 Display Messages and Active Messages Even though the range of the Pira
25. a typical mammographic ion chamber to the right Polar Sensitivity 28 kV FRONT Polar Sensitivity 28 kV Chamber FRONT o v1 gt v2 BACK BACK There are two different graphs depending on the product version of your Piranha The product version is the version number you can find on the label on the bottom of the Piranha If the version of your Piranha is 1 X use the graphs marked v1 For 2 X and higher use graphs marked v2 For v1 X it is however important that you place the detector surface perpendicular to the direction of the radiation source or that you make corrections according to the tables in section Corrections for Angular Sensitivity 56 For radiography this is generally no problem since most measurements are performed in the middle of the field perpendicular to the incident radiation Piranha Reference Manual 2014 06 5 5C oe oz a buy 0 OL ok oz oS 2 Description of the Piranha Hardware and Specifications Gey ANISOO uogoap A gt uogoaiip X 0 oe oz LA AX OZ a 6uy 0 OL 0l oz o or 0 0 xe zo 0 v0 S O 9 0 20 8 0 60 OL or V0 zo c o v 0 S0 9 0 2 0 8 0 a buy OL 0 asuodse saelay Gels SNISCO UONOOIIP A UORO JIP X se oe oz ZA AX OZ lt a6uy OL 0
26. connecting to a handheld computer The system is then powered from the PC via the USB cable The PC however have a limited USB power output so when fast charging is needed the power supply needs to be connected here This is also possible when using the Bluetooth link to communicate with the Palm or PC The port is marked USB 2014 06 5 5C Piranha Reference Manual 2 Description of the Piranha Indicators and Connectors The orange indicator for Charging of batteries is lit when charging is active Note that charging is possible even when the power switch is off The blue indicator for Bluetooth is lit when the Bluetooth interface is active and discoverable The multi coloured indicator for Status shows the status of the system e g battery level as described below Also works as Power indicator one of the colours will light when the Piranha is on Battery level The status indicator is used to show the battery level of the Piranha 1 Starting a system running on batteries the status indicates for 3 seconds Green if battery level over 25 4 h left Yellow if battery level between 10 and 25 12 4 h left Red if battery level below 10 lt 1 h left The idea is to get a quick indication when powering on the system if it will take me through today s work 2 When running on batteries the status indicator shows Status colour Running time left Red gt 1 minutes Flashing red You may also check
27. current 2014 06 5 5C Index 89 Tube current Invasive 62 Non invasive 64 Tube current measurements 61 Typical Response 19 Typographical Rules 4 U Unit Default 68 Gray 68 Prefixes 68 R ntgen 68 Units 68 Unknown device 68 Update Firmware 30 Update Mode 36 41 Update modes 40 Update of Piranha 30 USB connector 7 Usefulbeam 83 User 83 View Calibrations 33 Viewbox 65 Voxel 83 W Rh Anode Filter combination 51 Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment 27 Waveform 44 Dental 60 Waveform delay 36 Waveform recording time 36 40 Waveform recording time Specifications 18 25 Waveform type 34 47 WEEE 27 Weight 13 White screen 68 Whole body dose equivalent Hwb 83 Window 38 44 Window time 43 Workload W 83 Xeroradiography 83 X ray tube 83 2014 06 5 5C Piranha Reference Manual 90 Notice Notes Piranha Reference Manual 2014 06 5 5C
28. get the Air Kerma in mGy SI unit C kg Exposure rate X Exposure per unit time Exposure rate is determined as the quotient of dX by dt where dX is the increment of exposure in the time interval dt X dX dt A unit of exposure rate is any quotient of the unit of exposure or its multiples or submultiples by a suitable unit of time C kg s mC kg h etc SI unit C kg s Filter In radiological equipment material or device provided to effect filtration of the radiation beam SI unit mm Filter Inherent filter The filter permanently in the useful beam it includes the window of the X ray tube and any permanent enclosure for the tube or source Replaced by term Permanent filter Filter Added filter Filter in addition to the inherent filtration Filter Permanent filter The filter permanently in the useful beam it includes the window of the X ray tube and any permanent enclosure for the tube or source Filter Total filter The sum of the permanent and added filters Firmware General The operating system and software installed on a small device Sometimes called embedded software Piranha firmware Program stored in cabinet and modules which handles all control of measurement electronics Can be updated then a special part of the firmware called bootloader is used See Bootloader Fluorography The production of a photographic record of the image formed on the output phosphor of an image intensifier by the action
29. kV Acquillion 64 Toshiba 2 1 5 2175 145 kV GECT 10 5 2 3 C62 165 150 kV Irradiation time 0 1 ms 2000 s 1 or 0 5 ms 0 5 ms 1 65535 pulses 1 pulse 1 pulse sec Al a Estimated total 1 5 90 mm Al 10 or 0 3 mm 2 digits filtration 75 160 kV 15 gt 50 mm Al 0 1 or 1 mm 75 120 kV HF DC gt 10 uGy s Quick HVL C1 1 2 14mmAl 10 or 0 2 mm 3 digits 75 150 kV 75 120 kV HF DC 0 01 or 0 1 mm gt 10 pGy s Note 1 This is valid for a tube with 14 anode angle The HVL for a 22 anode is typically 0 5 mm lower 80 kV 3 mm TF Note 2 The C3 and higher numbered calibrations are only available for product versions 2 0 or higher Note 3 The C4 GECT 7 is suitable for all GE CT tubes which have a 7 anode angle as well as other manufacturers CT tubes and replacement tubes with a 7 anode angle The C6 GECT 10 5 is suitable for GE CT tubes with a 10 5 anode angle Pulses 2014 06 5 5C Piranha Reference Manual 2 Description of the Piranha Hardware and Specifications Parameter Range Dose pulse 2 5 uGy pulse 60 kGy pulse with wide range option WR 8 nGy pulse 60 kGy pulse Pulse dose rate Lower limit 10 uGy s 70 mR min otherwise same as for air kerma rate with wide range option WR Lower limit 10 uGy s 70 mR min otherwise same as for air kerma rate Min output peak dose rate dose rate min pulse width High Sensitivity 4 u
30. measure pulse mA in addtion to the mA value The difference between the pulse mA and the traditional mA is explained in the picture below 2014 06 5 5C Piranha Reference Manual 4 Measurements with the Piranha System Tube Current Probes Pulse mA mA Note that for DC waveform pulse mA and mA gives the same value You can measure mAs as a single parameter or multi parameter together with the Piranha When using only the mAs probe the measurement always starts when the mAs probe detects a signal When using multi parameter you can choose to trig individually or to trig with the Piranha Individually The mAs probe starts to measure as soon as the tube current is detected The Piranha starts to measure as soon as it detects the radiation Normally will the mAs probe start to measure first since tube current first charges the HV cables before it reaches the tube and radiation is generated Piranha Both the mAs probe and the Piranha starts to measure at the same time when the Piranha detects radiation This is the easiest way to measure since there is almost no risk for false triggering It is important to be aware of that measured mAs values may differ depending on which trig method is used Especially when measuring low mAs values the difference may be significant when comparing the two methods or comparing to traditional mAs meters The value you get when triggering on the tube current Individual trig corresponds to the total
31. of 30pm x 6 294000e 005 kone ee highlighted The TV and TF wane imma columns show an x if there E m7 w 0 5mm a x 8 781100e 005 Bc Rm s eos are calibrations for Tube Voltage and or Total Filtration The factor column shows the calibration factor for dose in this case Dates Me abal Here is another example Seal gt Piranha Dose Probe This a m type of detector only contains Gm e204 pri a calibration factor for dose BRZ wi 23mm al 1 92928004 2014 06 5 5C Piranha Reference Manual 2 Description of the Piranha Measurement Settings 2 7 Measurement Settings 2 7 1 Settings Conditions Here general conditions for the measurements are shown Different values can be shown depending on selected measured parameter Conditions TF and Waveform Total Filtr Shows actual total filtration value Estimate means that a new estimation will be performed at next exposure and the values will be displayed on screen Waveform Shows the actual waveform type Determine means that a new analyse of the waveform will be performed for the next exposure The result will be displayed on screen The waveform types supported are DC HF Single Phase 3 Phase 6 Pulse 3 Phase 12 Pulse AMX 4 Pulsed The first four can be automatically determined when Estimate is chosen The selected or set waveform is also shown with a symbol on the Real Time Display see Indicators and Symbols In Ocean using
32. of X rays transmitted through the patient Fluoroscopy Technique of radioscopy by means of a fluorescent screen Focal spot effective The apparent size of the radiation source region in a source assembly when viewed from the central axis of the useful radiation beam SI unit dimensionless corresponding to a dimension in mm Piranha Reference Manual 2014 06 5 5C 6 Glossary 77 Framing In cinefluorography the registration of the circular image of the output phosphor on the rectangular film element or frame Gantry The moveable patient table used for CT Geometric unsharpness Unsharpness of the recorded image due to the combined optical effect of finite size of the radiation source and geometric separation of the anatomic area of interest from the image receptor and the collimator Gray Gy The special name for the SI unit of absorbed dose kerma and specific energy imparted equal to one joule per kilogram One gray equals one joule per kilogram The previous unit of absorbed dose rad has been replaced by the gray One gray equals 100 rad Half value layer HVL Thickness of a specified substance which when introduced into the path of a given beam of radiation reduces the kerma rate by one half SI unit mm Heel effect Non uniform intensity observed because a small fraction of the X ray beam emitted in a direction nearly parallel to the angled target surface must pass through more target material before escapin
33. of the source X ray focal spot or sealed radioactive source to the active surface of the detector Source to image distance SID The distance measured along the central ray from the centre of the front of the surface of the source X ray focal spot of sealed radioactive source to the surface of the image detector Source surface distance source skin distance SSD The distance measured along the central ray from the centre of the front surface of the source X ray focal spot or sealed radioactive source to the surface of the irradiated object or patient Spot film A radiograph taken during a fluoroscopic examination for the purpose of providing a permanent record of an area of interest of to verify the filling of a void with contrast media Stray radiation The sum of leakage and scattered radiation Survey See radiation protection survey Target The part of an X ray tube anode assembly impacted by the electron beam to produce the useful X ray beam Tenth value layer TVL Thickness of a specified substance which when introduced into the path of a given beam of radiation reduces the kerma rate to one tenth of its original rate Tomography A special technique to show in detail images of structures lying in a predetermined Piranha Reference Manual 2014 06 5 5C 6 Glossary 83 plane of tissue while blurring or eliminating detail in images of structures in other planes Topogram For CT prior to making the c
34. power solutions that uses a regular USB cable to connect to the Piranha will behave like USB in the table Communication juss Manx 12 Mbit s USB v1 1 Bluetooth 115 kbit s 2 4 1 3 Specifications Piranha The inaccuracy is here defined as the root of the square sum of systematic errors which has not been eliminated and random errors dispersion around a mean value The calculation of the inaccuracy is based on 15 different measurements and with a confidence level of 95 Of the total inaccuracy random error is 20 and general inaccuracy is 80 Note Irradiation time is often called exposure time in daily use General Operating temperature and 15 35 C relative humidity at lt 80 relative humidity Storage temperature 10 C to 50 C Operating air pressure Minimum 80 106 kPa Piranha Reference Manual 2014 06 5 5C 2 Description of the Piranha Hardware and Specifications Reference conditions Temperature He C to 23 C Ree pena I Relative humidity 0 OSES Air pressure Air pressure et sss 3 kPa X ray field size n a a a a a aaaeeeaeo the Piranha top panel Calibration is done with field size typically 5 mm less than the size of the top panel Radiation quality Radiography 70 kV 2 5 mm Al Mammography 28 kV 30 um Mo CT 120 kV 2 5 mm Al Note The reference conditions are given in reference to the IEC61674 standard Physical dimensions Detector area 3 x 21 1 mm Detector p
35. ray generator mAs socket The figure to the left shows the Piranha MAS 1 Probe Read the MAS 1User s Manual for a detailed description on how to connect it To measure tube charge mAs with the Piranha MAS 1 Probe 1 Connect the MAS 1 probe to the X ray generator as described in the MAS 1 User s Manual 2 Connect the MAS 1 probe to the external probe input 3 Place the Piaranha internal detector in the X ray field as for a normal exposure and continue measure as for a standard measurement If you get a message about Negative Signal the current is floating in the wrong direction in the mAs probe Switch the two connectors that are connected in the mAs measuring socket do a Reset and make a new exposure Since the MAS 1 probe is connected in the X ray generator false triggering may occur due to electrical noise when the pre heat is started and the anode starts to rotate If you get incorrect or inconsistent results try the following e First start anode rotation without firing the exposure e While the anode is rotating do a Reset or press the corresponding button Make the exposure when the reset procedure is finished The MAS 1 probe can also be used for measurement of tube current during fluoroscopy To measure fluoroscopy tube current with the Piranha MAS 1 Probe Do as for tube charge mAs as described above but please note that for low mA values the mAs and the exposure time may not be measured 2014 06 5 5C Piranha
36. scanning direction You may use the lasers to align the Piranha correctly 3 Select Tube voltage The following calibrations are available C1 W 3 0 mm Al C2 W 3 0 mm Al 0 25 mm Cu optional C3 W 3 0 mm Al 1 2 mm Ti optional C4 GECT C5 Toshiba Aquillion 4 Make a check of the position of the Piranha by using the Position Check function 5 Set up the CT to make a topogram 6 Start the topogram program If the procedure includes more than one topogram you may abort after the one taken with the tube in the top position If the Piranha is positioned in a correct way the position is accepted and the real time display is shown again If not check the position of the Piranha and or increase the slice width if possible 7 You are now ready to measure Repeat the topogram program to measure kVp The exposure time you measure is not related to the actual radiation time It is the time it takes for the detector to pass through the CT X ray field when the table moves when it is acquiring the topogram 4 8 Tube Current Probes The mAs probes are used to measure mAs current time product and mA tube current Tube current is normally measured only for fluoroscopy or when long exposure times are possible to allow read out during the exposure When tube current is presented for exposures it has been calculated from the measured mAs and from measured exposure time For pulsed fluoroscopy it is possible to
37. the problem and finding a solution to it 4 Click Send to send the auto generated email 2014 06 5 5C Piranha Reference Manual Chapter 6 Glossary 6 Glossary 73 6 Glossary Absorbed dose D The energy imparted per unit mass by ionizing radiation to matter at a specified point The SI unit of absorbed dose is joule per kilogram J kg The special name for this unit is gray Gy The previously used special unit of absorbed dose was the rad 1 rad 0 01 Gy 1 Gy 100 rad See Report No 82 NCRP 1985b SI unit Gy J kg Absorbed dose rate D absorbed dose per unit time Absorbed dose rate is determined as the quotient of dD by dt where dD is the increment of absorbed dose in the time interval dt D dD dt A unit of absorbed dose rate is any quotient of the gray or its multiples or submultiples by a suitable unit of time Gy s mGy h etc SI unit Gy s J kg s Absorption energy Phenomenon in which incident radiation transfers to the matter which it traverses some or all of its energy Activity The number of nuclear transitions occurring in a given quantity of radioactive material per unit time The SI unit of activity is s1 The special name for the unit of activity is becquerel Bq The previously used special unit of activity was the curie Ci 1 Bq 2 7 x 101 Ci 1 Ci 3 7 x 10 Bq See Report No 82 NCRP 1985b SI unit Bq s Additional filtration ADDED FILTERS and other removable materi
38. the fluoroscopy unit 2014 06 5 5C Piranha Reference Manual 4 Measurements with the Piranha System Fluoroscopy and Pulsed Fluorosco 4 4 1 Image Intensifier Input Dose Rate Use patient equivalent phantom to measure the image intensifier input dose rate according to manufacturer s specification 1 Place the Piranha Dose Probe in front of the image intensifier but outside the measuring field for the mA feedback loop You may use the optional detector rod that can be attached to Piranha Dose Probe to position the detector without risk for hazardous X ray exposure Observe the image on the monitor Since the external dose probe Piranha Dose Probe is not sensitive to back scatter a lower value compared to a transmission ion chamber is typically detected typically in the range of 5 20 You may use the beam correction factor to make automatic corrections The Ip beam correction factor may also be stored permanently in a Favourite for easy access N Start the fluoroscopy w The image intensifier input dose rate is measured and the display is updated approximately every four seconds Click Hold to freeze the currently shown value in the display The waveform is also acquired when Hold is activated Release Pause Hold the display will continue updating the display continuously 4 Stop the fluoroscopy 5 Read the values 4 4 2 Pulsed Fluoroscopy Select type of measurement in similar way as for normal co
39. to use for a specific patient The time elapsing between the pre pulse and the real exposure is usually about one second Therefore the default post delay of 250 ms will not cover both the pre pulse and the real exposure To get an overview of the signal output set the post delay to at least 1 s and the waveform recording time to a corresponding time It is important to cover both signals In this measurement setup the Piranha will add the dose from both pulses This is OK if the radiation quality is not changed between the signals If the Mammography unit changes the radiation quality after the pre pulse however the kV and dose is affected and the pulses should be treated separately To collect data from real exposure set the delay not the post delay to exclude the pre pulse When the data has been acquired change the radiation quality to the one chosen by the system and the measured data is automatically corrected For the time being this 2014 06 5 5C Piranha Reference Manual 4 Measurements with the Piranha System Mammograph feature is only present in the QABrowser software With Ocean a new exposure has to be made with the correct radiation quality using the same delay setting 4 5 9 Scanning Beam Mammography When measuring on scanning beam mammographic equipment like for instance Sectra MDM or Fischer Senoscan two factors are very important 1 You should place the Piranha flat on the image receptor Then Position it as des
40. 3 3 2 Display Messages sscescectiei died waried hia aon hea ar aie ened 43 3 4 Waveforms and Triggers ccccc seeceestesecsonedesceceeeesdeceeseoceeeneseteesedenteedenes 44 3 5 Measurement Principle for the Piranha ccccccceecceceeeeeseeeeceeeeeeeees 45 4 Measurements with the Piranha System cssccsssesseeseeereees 47 2014 06 5 5C Piranha Reference Manual BPA contents 4 1 IMPPODUCTION a E E E E 47 4 2 Rad og Ap e sd 47 4 2 1 kVp Time Dose and Dose Rate cccccceeececeeeeeeeeeeeeeeneeeeeeaeeeseneeeseeeeesenaeeete 47 4 2 2 Dose Measurements with Piranha Dose Probe ccccceccceeeessseeeeeeeesssteeeeeeees 48 4 2 3 Quick HVL and Total Filtration cccccccccessseeeeeeeessseeeeeeeecssseeeeeeeeeessseeeeeeeeeeeea 48 4 3 Cine Pulsed Radiography cccccececeeeeeceeceeceeeeeeeeeneaeeeeeeeseseeeeeeeeeeeneees 48 4 3 1 kVp Time Dose and Dose Rate cccccceeeececeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaeeeeeeaeeeseneeeseeeeeseneeetes 48 4 3 2 Pulse Measurements with Piranha Dose Probe ccccccccceeeessseeeeeeessssteeeeeeens 48 4 3 3 HVL Quick HVL and Total Filtration 0 0 0 0 cccccccccccccccsssseeeeeeeessssseeeeeeesssseeeeeeees 49 4 4 Fluoroscopy and Pulsed FIUOrOSCOPY eeeeceeeesseeeeeeneeeeeeeeeeeeenaeeeenenaees 49 4 4 1 Image Intensifier Input Dose Rate cccecceeeeceeeeeneeeeeeeeeeeeaeeeseaeeeseneeeeseneeeeeeaee 50 4 4 2 Puls d Fluoroscopy si4i ae ee
41. 5 105 kV Irradiation time 0 1 ms 2000 s 1 or 0 5 ms 0 5 ms 1 65535 pulses 1 pulse 1 pulse Air kerma Dose 2 0 7 uGy 1000 Gy 5 with wide range option 15 nGy 1000 Gy WR 2 uR 100 kR Air kerma rate 2 10 uGy s 450 mGy s 5 or 7 nGy s Dose rate 5 or 0 8 R s with wide range option 15 nGy s 450 mGy s 3 5 or 0 05 mR min WR 1 7 uR s 50 R s for Irr time gt 20 ms 0 1 mR min 3000 R min Free run 15 nGy s 12 mGy s 5 or 7 nGy s Typ noise High Sensitivity 150 nGy s 12 mGy s 2 5 or 7 nGy s 3 nGy s Low Sensitivity 25 uGy s 450 mGy s 2 5 or 0 1 uGy s Estimated total 1 0 90 mm AIl 10 or 0 3 mm 2 digits filtration full kV range 15 gt 50 mm Al 0 1 or 1 mm 60 120 kV HF DC gt 10 uGy s Quick HVL 1 2 14mmAl 10 or 0 2 mm 3 digits 50 150 kV 60 120 kV HF DC 0 01 or 0 1 mm gt 10 uGy s Piranha Reference Manual 2014 06 5 5C 2 Description of the Piranha Hardware and Specifications EH Note 1 This is valid for a tube with 14 anode angle The HVL for a 22 anode is typically 0 5 mm lower 80 kV 3 mm TF Note 2 All kerma and kerma rate ranges inaccuracy and resolution figures are valid for product version 2 and higher of the Piranha Note 3 The Kerma rate is calculated as the Kerma Dose divided by the Irradiation time See also Waveforms and Triggers 44 Note 4 The HVL range is valid if also the
42. 8 Shutter 81 Sievert Sv 81 Signal Extension Module 47 Signal to noise ratio 81 Simulator 81 Size 13 Slice 81 Source 81 Source detector distance SDD 81 Source surface distance source skin distance SSD 81 Source to image distance SID 81 Specifications Air kerma Dose 14 15 17 Air kerma rate Dose rate 14 15 17 Battery Charging 11 Bluetooth 11 Communication 11 CT 17 Dental 14 Dose Probe 24 Dose pulse 17 Estimated total filtration 14 15 Fluoroscopy 14 Irradiation time 14 15 17 kVp 14 15 17 Light Probe 26 Mammography 15 Piranha Reference Manual MAS 1 Probe 26 MAS 2 Probe 26 Min output peak dose rate 17 Minimum pulse width 17 Minimum ripple 17 Piranha 12 Power Source 11 Pulse rate 17 Radiography 14 Size 13 USB 11 Waveform recording time 18 25 Weight 13 Spot film 81 Stand 10 Standards and Compliances 27 Start 30 Start after delay 36 Status indicator 7 Storage temperature 12 Stray radiation 81 Support 68 Support Information 71 Survey 81 oT Target 82 Temperature 35 Tenth value layer TVL 82 TF Sensitivity 38 Theory Current reading 44 Delay 44 Dose rate reading 44 Irradiation time 44 Postdelay 44 Radiation time 44 Waveform 44 Window 44 Threshold 38 Timed 40 41 Timed update mode 36 Using 41 Tomography 82 Topogram 60 82 Total filtration 34 47 82 Cine 49 Radiography 48 TP factor 35 Trig level time 36 Trig source 36 Trigger 44 Troubleshooting 68 Tube
43. Diagnostic source assembly 75 Digital radiography 75 Digital subtraction 75 Direct radiography of a part of or the complete dentition by the use of an intra oral X ray tube See also Orthopantomography 75 Disable Bluetooth passkey 70 Display messages 42 Active 42 Passive 43 Dose 48 Mammography 53 Dose equivalent H 75 Dose Probe 7 Dose Probe Specifications 24 Dose rate meter 75 Dose Sensitivity 38 Dose Pulse 17 48 Dosemeter 75 Drawbacks of using a Passkey 69 2014 06 5 5C E Effective dose equivalent HE 75 Enable Bluetooth passkey 70 Entrance Skin Exposure 53 57 Entrance Surface Air Kerma 53 57 Equivalent thickness Compression paddle 34 55 Error 68 Errormessages 42 ESAK 53 57 ESE 53 57 Estimated total filtration EU Directive 27 28 Exp lt Delay 43 Exposure X 75 Exposure rate X 75 External probe connector 7 F FCC 30 Filter 76 Filter Added filter 76 Filter Inherent filter 76 Filter Permanent filter 76 Filter Total filter 76 Filtration Additional mammo 35 Firmware 4 30 76 Fluorography 76 Fluoroscopy 49 76 Fluoroscopy specifications 14 Focal spot effective 76 Framing 76 Freerun 40 41 Free run update mode 36 Using 41 G Gantry 77 Geometric unsharpness 77 Good geometry HVL 55 Gray Gy 77 H Half value layer HVL 77 Handheld Reset 68 Heel effect 10 77 Help 47 High kVp 42 43 High signal 42 43 Holder 14 15 17 Piranha Reference Manual 86
44. Gy s 4 ms 30 uGy s 0 5 ms Low Sensitivity 20 uGy s 4 ms 160 uGy s 0 5 ms Pulsewidth fems 200s SCSC CSCSCSCSCSCS Minimum pulse width pulse width min dose rate High Sensitivity 4 ms 4 uGy s 0 5 ms 30 uGy s Low Sensitivity 4 ms 20 uGy s 0 5 ms 160 uGy s Minimum ripple 50 pulse top to bottom Irradiation time 1 65535 pulses resolution 1 pulse Note 1 Max dose pulse depends on the pulse length Note 2 All kerma and kerma rate ranges inaccuracy and resolution figures are valid for product version 2 and higher of the Piranha Waveform recording time At max sampling rate 1024 ms 2 kSa s At min sampling rate 524 s 4 Sa s A total of 8 recording times are available all separated by a factor of 2 i e 1 2 4 8 16 33 66 131 262 and 524 seconds The setting for Waveform recording time may affect the Irradiation time calculation Make sure to set back the Waveform recording time to the lowest choice after temporarily modifying it Please also note that in QABrowser the waveforms are limited to between 0 32 and 4 seconds d Piranha Reference Manual 2014 06 5 5C 2 Description of the Piranha Hardware and Specifications 2 4 1 4 Typical Response Piranha The table below shows the typical response for the Piranha at standardised radiation qualities Radiography Fluoroscopy and Dental measured using RTI RQ Code R1 W AI SCTelt lacelame LTE LLLS Mean energy Air ker
45. I Updater ea Settings Help Serial Status Firmware 1 C82 09110608 Updating Firmware 2 Will be updated Model 657 Information RTI Current task Programming firmware 16 Total progress 25 8 Note that storing the new firmware in the flash memory may take several minutes for each module The RTI Updater will indicate which modules have been updated 9 Power off the Piranha and disconnect the serial cable when the program indicates that everything is OK 2014 06 5 5C Piranha Reference Manual 2 Description of the Piranha Maintenance ia A Update Completed rx Settings Helo Serial Status Firmware 1 C82 09110608 Updated Firmware 2 Updated Model 657 Information RTI Current task Update Completed Total progress If you have any problem with your Piranha after updating re install the firmware again before contacting your local distributor or RTI Electronics To re install firmware repeat step 1 to 9 above but before performing step 6 go to the menu Settings and select Always Overwrite If you want to see more details of what is updated use the menu Settings Advanced and you will see more information as shown in the figure below A RTI Updater ea Settings Tools Help Versions Serial Product Firmware Bootloader Status Firmware 1 CB2 09110608 3 1 3 34 3 34 2 1F Will be updated Firmware 2 31 3 3B 3 3B 2 1F No update needed Model 657 Information
46. Piranha Reference Manual English Version 5 5C RTI article number 9629053 00 Welcome to the Piranha The Piranha is an X ray Analyser Multimeter for everybody working with Quality Assurance and Service of X ray systems Uy Rt Notice om NOTICE RTI Electronics AB reserves all rights to make changes in the Piranha and the information in this document without prior notice RTI Electronics AB assumes no responsibility for any errors or consequential damages that may result from the use or misinterpretation of any information contained in this document Copyright 2001 2014 by RTI Electronics AB All rights reserved Content of this document may not be reproduced for any other purpose than supporting the use of the product without prior permission from RTI Electronics AB Palm palmOne and TUNGSTEN are trademarks of PalmOne Inc Microsoft Windows Win32 Windows XP 2003 Vista 7 and 8 are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and or other countries BLUETOOTH is a trademark owned by Bluetooth SIG Inc USA Contact Information World Wide RTI Electronics AB Fl jelbergsgatan 8 C SE 431 37 M LNDAL Sweden Phone Int 46 31 7463600 Fax Int 46 31 270573 E mail Sales sales rti se Support support rti se Service service rti se Web site http www rti se 2014 06 5 5C Contact Information United States RTI Electronics Inc 33 Jacks
47. Quality but please make sure to do a Position Check every time the Piranha is repositioned The kV and radiation waveform is always stored together with the RTD values and can be displayed by tapping the Wave button The kVp calibration for Piranha is made without the compression paddle in place The purpose of dose measurement is often to determine the ESAK Entrance Surface Air Kerma or ESE Entrance Skin Exposure It is recommended to perform dose measurements according to a mammography protocol One is the European Protocol on dosimetry in mammography EUR 16263 EN from the European commission Chapter 3 in this protocol describes in detail the determination of AGD Average Glandular Dose or MGD Mean Glandular Dose The AGD is derived from measurements of the HVL and of the ESAK Make use of tabulated conversion factors from ESAK to AGD See Average Glandular Dose AGD MGD 57 2014 06 5 5C Piranha Reference Manual 4 Measurements with the Piranha System Mammograph 4 5 2 Setting Up the Piranha for Mammography gt To set up the Piranha 1 Power on the Piranha using the power switch Optionally you may connect the power supply from the power outlet to the USB port 2 Make sure that the image receptor is positioned at a clinically relevant distance typically 600 mm 3 You should place the Piranha flat on the image receptor with its long axis parallel to the chest wall making sure the centre of the detector sur
48. Reference Manual 4 Measurements with the Piranha System Tube Current Probes 4 8 2 MAS 2 Non invasive mAs Probe This section describes how to measure mAs using the Piranha in the x ray beam to trigger the measurement This means that the measurement starts when the Piranha detects the radiation The MAS 2 probe uses a current clamp probe to measure mAs and mA non invasively The MAS 2 probe is mostly used for mAs measurements since it is not sensitive enough to measure tube current on fluoroscopy The lowest tube current that can be measured with MAS 2 is 10 mA The figure to the left shows the MAS 2 probe without the cable The parameter mAs is available for most type of measurements but mAs is normally measured only for X ray exposures To measure tube charge mAs with the Piranha MAS 2 Probe 1 Connect the MAS 2 probe to the X ray generator Then power on the MAS 2 by turning the range switch to the 4 A range and make a Reset of the MAS 2 probe by pressing the yellow knob on the probe 2 Connect the MAS 2 adapter cable to the Piranha 3 Place the Piranha internal detector in the X ray field as for a normal exposure and continue measure as for a standard measurement 4 Make sure to use the Piranha internal detector as trig source This will make the system trigger on the radiation and thereby avoid self triggering by ground loops in the high tension cables 5 Do a Reset before the first exposure 6 Make an ex
49. S 1 Invasive MAS Probe cccccccccccceccececceeecececececeeeeeeceeeeceeeceeeceeeceeseeeeeeeeeeeees 62 4 8 2 MAS 2 Non invasive MAS Probe cccccccccccccceceeceecceeeceeecceecceeeeeeceeeeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeess 64 4 9 Light Meas rement kiirii viii aidian 65 4 9 1 Luminance Monitor Viewbox CO M ccccceceeeceeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeaeeeseneeeeeeeeeteneeeetes 65 4 9 2 Iluminance Ambient Light IX ceccceeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeaaeeeeeaeeeseneeeeseneeeteaes 66 5 Problems and Solutions ceccceeceseeseeeeeeeeeeeeeessneeeeeeeeseeeeeeenees 68 5 1 Troubleshooting isinen irii ra aawer a EE a cbee eh eeeee 68 5 2 IDEIO ia A AE EEE ea rane ats 69 5 2 1 Bluetooth e EE A AE EA E 69 5 2 2 Enable Bluetooth Passkey c cccceseceeeeeeeeeeeeneeeeeeaeeeseaeeeeeaaeeeeeaeeeeenaeeeeeaeeeteeaee 70 5 3 How To Report a Problem sss csessesaces ssuctentiatcetivaet capstone ceevarnstecuernessreeeneatiens 71 6 GIOSS ANY E E steed bes tae ete Neanee hac cdes ecdentee Oak edee Neaste lag ctveeeeentetl 73 WOOK E ed A ATAA A Seabee fa etee due cube speleten ceieetees es 84 Piranha Reference Manual 2014 06 5 5C Chapter 1 Introduction ra 1 Introduction About this Manual 1 Introduction 1 1 About this Manual This manual is divided into a few main parts 1 A general description of the Piranha 2 Some theoretical background and basic principles 3 4 Descriptions on performing measurements with the system for diff
50. able that came with your Piranha to connect your Piranha to one of the USB ports on the PC Power on the Piranha Use the power supply to ensure that no power failure occur during the update process If you do not have a power supply available make sure you have fresh batteries in the Piranha You will get a notice about that RTI Updater i tis recommended that you use the power supply for your meter when you update it If you do not have a power supply then please make sure that you have fresh batteries 4 Go to Start Menu RTI Electronics RTI Updater and select the RTI Updater Piranha Reference Manual 2014 06 5 5C 2 Description of the Piranha Maintenance 5 The RTI Updater starts and locates the Piranha automatically if it is connected to an USB port g RTI Updater lt u Settings Help Serial Status Firmware 1 CB2 09110608 Will be updated Firmware 2 Will be updated Model 657 Information RTI Current task Ready to update press start Total progress Start Cancel 6 If the Piranha is found the window in the figure above is shown The different modules are checked and after a while the start button is enabled Click Start If the Piranha cannot be found a message with suggested solutions is shown 7 The updating process starts The RTI Updater checks the current versions and compares with the update Modules with old firmware are automatically updated RT
51. als in the RADIATION BEAM which are between the RADIATION SOURCE and the PATIENT or a specified plane See also filter Air kerma See kerma Aluminium equivalent or Aluminium Attenuation Equivalent AAE The thickness of aluminum affording the same attenuation under specified conditions as the material in question Anode In a X ray tube electrode to which electrons forming a beam are accelerated and which usually contains the target Aperture e g for computed tomography the opening in the collimation that allows radiation to reach the detector Area exposure product Product of the area of a cross section of a radiation beam and the averaged exposure over that cross section SI unit Gy m Attenuation The reduction of radiation intensity upon passage of radiation through matter 2014 06 5 5C Piranha Reference Manual 74 6 Glossary Automatic exposure control AEC In an X ray generator mode of operation in which one or more loading factors are controlled automatically in order to obtain at a preselected location a desired quantity of radiation Automatic exposure rate control In an X ray generator mode of operation in which the rate of emitted radiation is controlled automatically by control of one or more loading factors in order to obtain at a preselected location and in a preselected loading time a desired quantity of radiation Beam limiting device Device to limit the radiation field Becquerel Bq
52. ant to make comparable measurements with known mechanical setup For instance if you want to emulate ion chamber measurements in a particular scattering situation Then you can set a Beam Correction factor to get that reading In this case the ion chamber measures an extra 25 from side and back scatter Using this factor makes the readings to be the same It is of course important that the mechanical setup in these cases are the same 2 7 2 Settings Piranha Here general measurement settings for the Piranha are shown Post Delay Trig source Trig level time The post delay time defines how long time the Piranha shall wait and look for more after detecting what can be considered to be the end of the exposure Default value is 250 ms The post delay is necessary when measuring on units with some kind of pre pulse or for pulsed exposures This setting makes it possible to define the trig source for the electrometer module Available settings are e Individually each detector starts to measure individually when it detects a signal e Internal detector the measurement of all parameters all modules start when the Internal detector starts to measure Default value is always Internal detector when it is used This is the recommended trig source Here you can set the level used for irradiation time measurements Piranha Reference Manual 2014 06 5 5C 2 Description of the Piranha 37 Measurement Settings Trig level time
53. ation receptor Receptor assembly A radiation receptor in the specialized container necessary for the proper operation of the receptor Rem The previously used special unit of dose equivalent One rem equals 107 sievert Sv Resolution In the context of an image system the output of which is finally viewed by the eye it refers to the smallest size or highest spatial frequency of an object of given contrast that is just perceptible The intrinsic resolution or resolving power of an imaging system is measured in mm or line pairs per millimeter lp mm ordinarily using a resolving power target The resolution actually achieved when imaging lower contrast objects is normally much less and depends upon many variables such as subject contrast levels and noise of the overall imaging system Roentgen R or Rontgen The previously used special unit of exposure 1 R 2 58 x 104 C kg Originally Stockholm 1928 defined as international R Symbol r and later Chicago 1937 modified to Roentgen or y ray that gives a charge of 1 esE from secondary emission in 0 001293 g of air This means that an exposure of one Roentgen will produce 2 58 x 10 coulomb of ions of either sign per kilogram in air Here the previously used physical quantity exposure has been replaced by kerma in air See kerma One R does not equal 1 cGy as the units C kg and J kg are different To do this conversion the ionization constant for air must be used whic
54. complished Waveform The Piranha can sample a maximum of 2048 samples rec time Ocean supports the full depth but the QABrowser is only able to show a total of 640 samples The sampling interval is normally 0 5 ms giving a total measurement window of 1024 ms in Ocean and 320 ms when using the QABrowser By increasing the sampling interval a much longer sampling window can however be selected This is 2014 06 5 5C Piranha Reference Manual 2 Description of the Piranha Measurement Settings very handy when longer exposure times are used and the waveforms need to be viewed Start after delay When this is selected the waveform recoding will start after the set delay This can be useful if you want to study a phenomenon that occurs after the normal waveform recording time When this is selected the electrometer waveform will not show simultaneously and you will get a warning that the irradiation time measurement is inaccurate The reason for this is that the Piranha needs the waveform from start to be able to accurately calculate the irradiation time 2 7 3 Settings Internal detector Here general measurement settings for the Internal detector are shown You can find information about the different parameters below Sensitivity Dose TF Sensitivity kV Delay Window This is used to set the dose and TF sensitivity for the Internal detector The sensitivity can be set to Low High and Very High This is used to set th
55. cribed in section Setting Up the Piranha for Mammography 52 2 Always perform a position check This makes sure than any field imbalances are corrected for 3 If you use the compression paddle make sure that you use the correct settings see section Corrections for the Compression Paddle 55 Please also see the CT section for measurement tips on scanning beams For Sectra L30 see special application note on the RTI Electronics website www rti se 4 6 Dental and Panoramic Dental This topic will describe how to measure kVp dose and time for a Dental and Panoramic Dental X ray units using the Piranha only Set up the Piranha and the handheld computer according to the description in Setting Up the Piranhal 10 To measure kVp for a dental unit is similar to measuring for a radiography units with the difference that the output level is much lower and the total filtration is normally around 2 mm Al The setup is straightforward and also to get the measured value Most dental units is still single phase self rectified and has 100 radiation and kV ripple In the case of one phase dental units it is common that only the exposure time can be changed In most cases the set tube voltage and current is fixed to about 65 kVp and 8 mA A challenge can exist how to find a definition what measured value should be used Furthermore the radiation output and the kV waveform are not stable for the first 200 ms or so because that the tube filam
56. d by an individual Peak tube voltage Uo kVp The peak value of the tube voltage corresponding to the highest available radiation 2014 06 5 5C Piranha Reference Manual 80 6 Glossary energy Phantom In medical radiology object behaving in essentially the same manner as tissue with respect to absorption or scattering of the ionizing radiation in question Phantom are used for example for simulating practical conditions of measurement for purposes of radiation protection for evaluating the performances to the diagnostic systems with respect to the radiation or to the object for dosimetry Pixel A two dimensional picture element in the presented image Practical Peak Voltage PPV The PPV is the constant potential producing the same image contrast as the waveform under test PPV is defined in the IEC 61676 standard as The PRACTICAL PEAK VOLTAGE is based on the concept that the radiation generated by a high voltage of any waveform produces the same AIR KERMA contrast behind a specified PHANTOM as a radiation generated by an equivalent constant potential The constant potential producing the same contrast as the waveform under test is defined as PRACTICAL PEAK VOLTAGE Primary protective barrier See protective barrier Protective apron An apron made of radiation absorbing materials used to reduce radiation exposure Protective barrier A barrier of radiation absorbing material s used to reduce radiation exp
57. e conditions All specifications are for use together with the Piranha unless otherwise stated All specifications can be changed without prior notice RT Electronics AB assumes no responsibility for any errors or consequential damages that may result from the misuse or misinterpretation of any information contained in these specifications 2 4 1 Piranha internal detector Internal detector 2 4 1 1 General With the Piranha internal detector you will manage most of your measurements Tube voltage exposure time dose and dose rate are measured for all kinds of modalities conventional radiography fluoroscopy pulsed fluoroscopy cine mammography dental panoramic dental and CT kVp only not dose and doserate In one exposure the detector provides tube voltage time dose dose rate quick HVL and estimated total filtration on radiographic fluoroscopic dental and CT exposures On pulsed radiation and cine also dose per pulse and pulse rate are measured The Piranha internal detector is very sensitive and can measure peak tube voltage for as low outputs as 50 kV 0 050 mA at 50 cm Typically the exposure time has to be at least 5 ms to get a kVp value but it depends on the waveform On modern X ray generators high frequency with fast rise and fall times the peak tube voltage can normally be measured with exposure time as short as 1 ms Dose and time values will be given for even shorter exposure times The estimations of total fil
58. e at least 20 of your total HD space free for virtual memory 1 4 Palm OS Computer Requirements To run the QABrowser the following is required Minimum requirements e PalmOS v5 0 or higher e 16 MB of memory e Colour screen with a resolution of 320x320 pixels e Palm connection Bluetooth wireless Recommended requirements e RTI Handheld Display or Palm Tungsten E2 TX e Bluetooth wireless 2014 06 5 5C Piranha Reference Manual Chapter 2 Description of the Piranha 2 Description of the Piranha Indicators and Connectors EA 2 Description of the Piranha 2 1 Indicators and Connectors The Piranha comes in a lot of different models the external design is basically the same for all models except for the External Probe port Edge External Probe port on some Piranha models Detector area The rectangular marking indicates where the active detector area is located The detector surface is located 10 mm below the surface see section Specifications Piranhal 1 Minimum X ray field is 3x21 mm The recommended field size is shown as red corners 20x40 mm Power switch on edge Turns the Piranha on and off Indicators for charging status and Bluetooth USB Palm charger port output not used The USB port is used when using RTI Updater to update the internal firmware It can also be used when the Piranha is used together with a PC running the QA software Ocean Note that the USB connector cannot be used when
59. e display and using the highest possible sensitivity If dose rate or image intensifier dose rate is selected the Piranha or external Dose Probe can be used Normally the external Dose Probe is used to be able to measure the lowest possible dose rate levels down to 0 1 uGy s Another reason to use the external Dose Probe is that the detector is much smaller than the Piranha making it easier to position in front of the image intensifier without affecting the measuring field for the mA feedback loop If the image intensifier manually can control the mA and kV then you can use the Piranha for measurements down to about 0 7 uGy s For pulsed fluoroscopy even lower levels can be measured As a secondary parameter the total dose is accumulated After you have turned off the fluoroscopy unit this value is used to calculate the average dose rate as total dose divided by the exposure time Note that for very low dose rate values the exposure time cannot be measured accurately and the last dose rate value cannot be stored automatically in the display Then tap Hold to freeze the current value in the display The waveform is also acquired when you tap Hold Waveform is also automatically acquired when the selected delay time expires Select I I input dose rate as measuring parameter to be able to measure lowest possible dose rate and tap Hold to freeze current value in the display The total accumulated dose is shoved after you have switched off
60. e is the time between individual data point of the waveform Waveform recording time is the range of user selectable recording times the Piranha allows Note that in Timed and Free run you may get negative readings for instance if you press reset when a signal is present on the detector 3 2 1 Using Timed Update Mode The Timed mode can be very useful both for very low dose rate measurements as well as for long duration measurements e For extreme low level dose measurements you can improve your reading by subtracting the background level First do a Timed measurement without exposing the detector to radiation and then do the same with radiation The timed mode will use the same measuring time and the first reading can be subtracted from the first Just make sure not to do a Reset between these measurements as the Reset will also make an offset adjustment Note also that low level readings may give inaccurate kV readings e For long duration measurements cases with slowly rising and falling output or cases with very low pulse rate timed mode may also be useful For instance on CT machines where the rotation cannot be stopped 3 2 2 Using Free Run Update Mode Free run update mode works almost exactly as the ordinary Continuous update mode There are however two differences 1 Since there is no trig level you will be able to measure lower but there will be no time reading unless the signal goes over the trig level 2 You can select
61. e kV sensitivity for the Internal detector The sensitivity can be set to Low and High The delay time defines how long time the Piranha shall wait before starting to measure kVp after that radiation has been detected This gives the possibility to define a fixed time that Piranha measures kVp after that the delay time has expired Default value is always Infinite 2 7 4 Settings Other Detectors Sensitivity Threshold Normalize to distance This is used to set the sensitivity for the electrometer module The sensitivity can be set to Low and High This is used to set the trig level It can be set to Low 72x Normal 2x 4x and 8x The default value is Normal The setting Low can be used if low signals are measured and a lower trig level is required However the risk for false triggering increases when Low is used To avoid false triggering in a noisy environment use one of the higher threshold levels Note Only for dose detectors If Normalize to distance is checked you have the option to normalize the dose reading to any given distance Here you can enter your Source to Detector Distance SDD and a normalizing distance SDD Norm that you want the dose normalized to When this is activated an N symbol will show on the RTD screen Piranha Reference Manual 2014 06 5 5C Chapter 3 Measurement Principles amp Theory re Measurement Principles amp Theory 3 Measurement Principles amp Theory The
62. electrically charged selenium by the action of X rays transmitted through the patient xeromammography Mammography carried out by the xeroradiographic process X ray tube Evacuated vessel for the production of x radiation by the bombardment of a target usually contained in an anode with electrons accelerated from a cathode by an electric field Thus Rotating anode X ray tube Double focus X ray tube 2014 06 5 5C Piranha Reference Manual TE index Index Note Page references in this Index points to the first page of the section it is mentioned not the exact page 2 2002 96 EC 27 A About 4 Absorbed dose 73 Absorption 73 Active display messages 42 Active Messages 42 Activity 73 Additional filtration 73 Additional filtration mammo 35 Advantages of using a Passkey 70 AEC 73 After exposure 40 After exposure update mode 36 AGD 53 57 Air kerma 73 Air kerma Dose Air kerma rate Dose rate Aluminium equivalent 73 Ambient light 66 AMX 4 34 Analogue Out 47 Anode 73 Anode Filter combination 51 Mo Mo 51 Mo Rh 51 Rh Rh 51 W Rh 51 Aperture 73 Atmospheric pressure 35 Authentication Bluetooth 69 Auto reset 40 Automatic exposure control 73 Auto power off 68 Autoscaling 68 Average Glandular Dose B 14 15 17 14 15 17 53 57 Battery charging times 11 level 8 11 running time 8 11 Piranha Reference Manual status 8 Battery charging indicator 8 Beam Correction Factor 36 56 Beam l
63. en in the table below e Free run the Piranha will continuously measure the radiation without any trig levels or background compensations No applications are available when using this mode The mode has a feature called moving average which calculates the average of the measured values during a defined time to increase accuracy by lowering the time resolution This function gives a larger stability to the measurements Free run also has a long reset time for increased accuracy see the table below In Ocean the Normal Mode automatically handles After exp and Continuous modes Default value is set according to selected type of measurement and this parameter normally never needs to be manually changed unless really low level measurements are to be accomplished Piranha Reference Manual 2014 06 5 5C 3 Measurement Principles amp Theory Update Modes However to measure on real low level signals the Timed or Free run update mode may be used Reset Sample Min WF Max WF Auto A reset time time rec time rec time Update mode E C E Timed Low High sens f 4 0 5 64 032 ZE Yes Free run Low figh sens 4 0504 0 Free run Very High sens Note The Sample time is the resolution of the waveform i e time between two samples Auto reset means that a reset is performed after each trig off Reset time is the time it takes to perform a reset each time you hit Reset Sample tim
64. ent current in most cases is not regulated The definition of both what is the true kVp and exposure time cannot be as easily determined without study the waveform and select appropriate measurement parameters as delay and window Introducing small CCD detectors instead of film also demands carefully calibration of single phase dental systems The tube voltage waveform is collected from 200 ms after start trig and the kVp is calculated based on the measuring window equal the remaining part of the exposure time The dose value is collected for the whole exposure time If you need to change the sensitivity delay or and measuring window tapto show the settings and make your choices In the case of dental panoramic system the situation is somewhat different Here the kV and radiation waveform often is very well regulated The challenges instead arise for the mechanical setup needed to position the detector in right position The small and narrow field is only a few millimetres The Piranha detector has very narrow detector area and is very thin and a special holder optional can be used to position the Piranha without any problem Panoramic units that use digital detectors have much smaller detector area and magnets cannot and should not be used Piranha Reference Manual 2014 06 5 5C 4 Measurements with the Piranha System Dental and Panoramic Dental close to the detector area Special fixation rods for the head should be placed so that t
65. erent modalities 5 Description of different accessories for the Piranha 6 Troubleshooting tips an FAQ and a glossary Users who use the Piranha with only a PC and Ocean are recommended to read at least the following topics e Introduction e Description of the Piranha e Measurements with the Piranha System For the Piranha system calibration data is stored inside the system See section Managing Detector Calibrations 33 for more information Typographical Rules Terms in bold face are references to texts on screenshots like buttons and texts and menu items Other terms are italicized 1 2 Introduction to the Piranha Congratulations to your purchase of a Piranha You have now in your hand the most powerful tool for X ray analysis It has been carefully designed to meet the needs of both standard QA applications as well as advanced service repair calibration of modern X ray systems while still being very simple and intuitive to use It can measure all the required parameters such as kVp exposure time dose HVL Total Filtration dose pulse dose rate tube current mAs waveforms and much more The Piranha can be used in two different ways e Asa meter with a handheld computer and the QABrowser or a PC with Ocean Quick Check e As a complete QA system with a PC and the Ocean software This manual describes the Piranha The QABrowser and the PC software Ocean are described in detail in separate manuals The Piran
66. etected lonization Formation of ions by the division of molecules or by the addition or removal of electrons from atoms or molecules SI unit C Coloumb lonization chamber lonization detector consisting of a chamber filled with a suitable gas in which an electric field insufficient to induce gas multiplication is provide for the collection at the electrodes of charges associated with ions and the electrons produced in the sensitive volume of the detector by ionizing radiation lonization constant For air the ionization constant W e 33 97 J C The ionization constant is used to get the correspondence between exposure and air kerma See Roentgen and Gray for more information lonization detector Radiation detector based on the use of ionization in the sensitive volume of the detector Irradiation time Irradiation time is usually the time a rate of a RADIATION QUANTITY exceeds a specified level Irradiation time is sometimes called Exposure time SI unit s second Kerma K The sum of the initial kinetic energies of all the charged ionizing particles liberated by uncharged ionizing particles per unit mass of a specified material Kerma is measured in the same unit as absorbed dose The SI unit of kerma is joule per kilogram and its special name is gray Gy Kerma can be quoted for any specified material at a point in free space or in an absorbing medium Typically the kerma is specified in air SI unit Gy J kg Kerma ra
67. face is placed in the centre of the light field as shown in the pictures above 40 mm distance shown This placement of the Piranha makes the detector surface perpendicular to the cathode anode axis to avoid influence from the heel effect l ee For general mammography it is important that the USB port points in the patients left direction as shown in picture Tip To be able to get comparable results please consider the position of the Piranha The Piranha should be placed at a clinically relevant distance from the chest wall Recommendations for this varies typically between 40 and 60 mm For Europe 60 mm is the recommended distance Ref ECR 16263 EU Piranha Reference Manual 2014 06 5 5C 4 Measurements with the Piranha System Mammograph 4 Connect the devices Handheld For Bluetooth wireless nothing is needed PC connect the USB cable For Bluetooth wireless attach the Bluetooth adapter to the PC if not built in 5 Power on the handheld computer or the PC Now everything is set up with the hardware Please continue in one of the following sections depending on what you want to measure 4 5 3 kVp Time and Dose Measurements with the Internal detector Set up the Piranha and the handheld computer according to the description in Setting Up the Piranha for Mammography 52 1 Select Type of Measurement and Parameter as shown below 2 Select the correct radiation beam quality 3 Make a Position Check
68. g from the target than does the major portion of the beam which is emitted more perpendicularly Note In addition to the non uniform intensity the angled target also produces non uniform image resolution due to variations in apparent focal spot size as viewed from various positions on the film Hounsfield units See CT number Image intensifier An X ray image receptor which increases the brightness of a fluoroscopic image by electronic amplification and image minification Image receptor A system for deriving a diagnostically usable image from the X rays transmitted by the patient Examples screen film system stimulable phosphor solid state detector Inherent filtration Filter between the radiation source and the output window of the X ray equipment See filter Initial X ray tube voltage In a capacitor discharge X ray generator X ray tube voltage at the beginning of the loading of the X ray tube Installation A radiation source with associated equipment and the space in which it is located Interlock A device used to assure proper and safe use of a radiation installation by monitoring usually by electrical devices the status presence or position of various associated 2014 06 5 5C Piranha Reference Manual 78 6 Glossary devices such as source position collimator opening beam direction door closure filter presence and preventing the production or emission of radiation if the potential for an unsafe condition is d
69. h is 33 97 J C This is how its calculated 1 Gy 1 J kg U 1 J kg 2 58 x 104 C kgR x 33 97 J C 114 1 R An exposure of 114 1 R thus equals an Air Kerma of 1 Gy That also means that the value in R should be multiplied by 8 76 to get the Air Kerma in mGy See also Exposure Scattered radiation Radiation that during passage through matter is changed in direction It is usually accompanied by a decrease in energy Serial radiography A radiographic procedure in which a sequence of radiographs is made rapidly by using an automatic cassette changer image intensifier TV chain etc Shutter In beam therapy equipment a device attached to the X ray or gamma ray source 2014 06 5 5C Piranha Reference Manual 82 6 Glossary housing to control the ON or OFF condition of the useful beam Sievert Sv The special name for the SI unit of dose equivalent One sievert equals one joule per kilogram The previously used unit was the rem One sievert is equal to 100 rem Signal to noise ratio For video cameras the ratio of input signal to background interference The greater the ratio the clearer the image Simulator Diagnostic energy X ray equipment used to simulate a therapy treatment plan outside the treatment room Slice The single body section imaged in a tomography procedure Source See radiation source Source detector distance SDD The distance measured along the central ray from the centre of the front surface
70. ha system s main features are Very easy and intuitive to use Accurate Active Compensation No manual corrections are needed Measures on all modalities with one detector Specially designed measuring modes for pulsed waveforms Compact QABrowser or Ocean is used for control and data processing Waveform analyser Piranha Reference Manual 2014 06 5 5C 1 Introduction Introduction to the Piranha e USB and Bluetooth interface e Free upgrade of firmware e New and unique design Free upgrades of the firmware the software resident in the cabinet and measuring modules are available on RTI Electronics Web site at http www rti se If you have questions comments or feel that some functionality is missing you are welcome to contact us at RTI Electronics at sales rti se You can of course also call or send a fax see notice section for details 1 3 PC Requirements To run the RTI Updater the QABrowser Updater and Ocean the following is required Minimum requirements Windows XP 2003 Vista 7 8 32 bit or 7 8 64 bit Pentium class 300 MHz 64 MB RAM 24 MB free 60 MB of HD 1 USB port Display and graphics card with at least 800x600 resolution Recommended requirements Windows 7 8 32 bit or 8 64 bit Pentium class 500 MHz 128 MB RAM 32 MB free 100 MB HD USB port CD DVD ROM for installation Internet connection for updates Recommended 1 Virtual memory and available hard drive space Microsoft recommends that you hav
71. hat you shield off all light Then make a Reset After that you can remove the shield and place the light detector where you want to measure the ambient light 5 Read the value You can now move the Piranha Light Probe L to other points and measure the ambient light Piranha Reference Manual 2014 06 5 5C Chapter 5 Problems and Solutions Zh Problems and Solutions 5 Problems and Solutions 5 1 Troubleshooting Before contacting your distributor or RTI Electronics please check the following tips A Check the RTI web page for updates http www rti se B Run through the checklist below The Piranha does not work Check 1 Check that the motor moves properly or can beep QABrowser Setup System Test The Piranha filter seem to have stuck 1 Start the QABrowser and run the filter test QABrowser Setup System Test 2 Hold the Piranha in you right hand by the cable edge 3 When the motor is trying to move tap the Piranha s left long edge in the palm of your left hand until it comes free The electrometer does not give a reading Check 1 That the correct input connector is used and connected 2 That probe cables look healthy The electrometer gives numerous trig indications If you get the trig indicator play symbol when there is no signal 1 Press reset 2 If it comes over and over you may need to increase the trig level by raising the threshold see topic Settings The electrometer or Piranha gi
72. he beam and type of waveform are made This features use the kVp filter R1 4 that also is the default kV range 55 105 kV when the instrument is turned on The displayed dose value has very little energy dependence since it is automatically compensated for each exposure since the kV estimated filtration and the waveform are measured 2014 06 5 5C Piranha Reference Manual 4 Measurements with the Piranha System Dental and Panoramic Dental 4 6 1 Waveforms The example below explains why a change of delay change the value of measured kVp and the kV and radiation waveform on a one phase dental unit Delay 0 ms Delay 200 ms Delay 500 ms From the study of the above three screens several conclusions can be made 1 A stable output level is not reached until after approximately 200 to 300 ms 20 to 30 pulses for a 50 Hz main based dental unit 2 The exposure time is depending on the definition of the trig level 3 The kVp value in the RTD is related to selected delay and window and is several kV higher in the beginning of the exposure at the same time as the radiation level is relative low here Therefore a delay of 200 ms is default for the Piranha If the signal to the detector is too low to give a correct kV value this part of the waveform will be blank This is the reason why only the upper parts of the kV waveform is displayed To see more of the waveform change the kV range 4 7 CT 4 7 1 CT kVp To measure kVp on
73. he breast support This assuming that the focal point is situated at the chest wall which normally is the case You can find the product version on the label on the back side of your Piranha Distance from Correction for Piranha Correction for Piranha chest wall v1 X v2 X and higher cm 679 A Rule of thumb for v1 X add 2 per centimeter from the chest wall at 60 cm SDD i e for 4 cm use 8 correction As seen for product version 2 X no correction is necessary You may use the Beam Correction Factor together with Favourites in Ocean J or QABrowser to automatically do a specific correction See Beam Correction Factor 56 k See also Angular Sensitivity Piranhal 22 Piranha Reference Manual 2014 06 5 5C 4 Measurements with the Piranha System Mammograph 4 5 7 Average Glandular Dose AGD MGD The AGD average glandular dose is derived from measurements of the HVL and of the ESAK entrance surface kerma or ESE making use of tabulated conversion factors from ESAK or ESE to AGD or MGD The tabulated data has been derived from Monte Carlo calculations and has been verified experimentally To determine the AGD a standard phantom should also be used when the ESAK or ESE value is measured with the Piranha Correct measurement of the Average Glandular Dose AGD with the Piranha In most situations you can perform measurements for a mammographic unit with the Piranha instead of a dedicated ion chambe
74. hen data is collected for AGD For an ion chamber it is not quite as easy because of the scatter contribution that is not allowed during HVL measurement The ion chamber and or the compression paddle must be moved to support good geometry More info about the correction and normalization function can be found in Application Note 1 AN 52020 2 from RTI Electronics AB 2014 06 5 5C Piranha Reference Manual 4 Measurements with the Piranha System Mammograph 4 5 6 3 Beam Correction Factor Sometimes you may want to make comparable measurements with a known mechanical setup Assume that you want to emulate ion chamber measurements in a particular scattering situation Then you can set a Beam Correction factor to get that reading like you used to In this case the ion chamber measures an extra 3 from side and back scatter Using this factor makes the readings to be the same It is of course important that the mechanical setup in these cases are the same You may use the Beam Correction factor to make compensations and corrections of various nature Examples might be energy corrections angular corrections field inhomogeneity corrections etc If you save this setting as a Favourite you can have a quick way of repeatedly making a special measurement without any manual corrections 4 5 6 4 Corrections for Angular Sensitivity For mammography the following correction table may be used at a SDD of 60 cm if the Piranha is placed flat on t
75. hey are not in the beam during the scan or can hit the detector In most cases the control panel have a special scan mode without X ray so the mechanical set up can be tested Another important issue to be aware of is that a dental panoramic system normally compensates the for the thicker penetrating neck region in the patient when it makes its scan This means that some units actually increase its tube voltage a short moment during the scan other use different mA or scan speeds when the scanning beam passes the neck region Newer digital system can actually measure patients X ray beam attenuation dynamically and change the output level automatically during the scan The Piranha has addressed these challenges Since the panoramic scan has an exposure time of about 10 to 20 seconds the Piranha is set up to continuously update the display during the scan It is preferable to select a single parameter display and angle the Palm holder making it easy to read the values during the scan from a distance You can always trust the kV reading of a dental measurement This is true since Piranha can automatically detect whether the detector area is not fully uniformly radiated or not by means of the Position Check and also compensates for the beam filtration during the scan You can either select the tube voltage as single parameter or together with dose dose rate and exposure time As complementary information an estimation of the total filtration in t
76. imiting device 74 Beam quality 47 51 Becquerel 74 Blank screen 68 Bluetooth 68 69 Indicator 7 Passkey 69 Passkey advantages 70 Passkey disadvantages 69 PIN code advantages 70 PIN code disadvantages 69 Security code 69 Bootloader 30 74 C Calibrations View 33 Camera thread 7 CAS 6 10 CAS 7 10 cd m 65 CE Declaration 28 Intended Use 29 CE Mark 28 Centigray 74 Charging Times 11 Chest wall distance 51 Cine 48 49 HVL 49 Quick HVL 49 Total filtration 49 Cinefluorography 74 Cineradiography 74 Collimator 74 Communication Bluetooth 11 USB 11 Compensating filter 74 Compensation 47 Compliances 27 Compression paddle 35 Equivalent thickness 34 55 Computed tomography 60 Computed tomography CT 74 Conditions 34 47 TP factor 35 Conformity Declaration 28 Connector External probe 7 Palm charging 7 USB 7 2014 06 5 5C Index 85 Connectors 7 Continuous 40 Continuous mode 74 Continuous update mode 36 Conversion factor of an image intensifier 74 CT 60 74 kVp 60 CT Dose Profiler 26 CT number 74 CT specifications 17 CT topogram 60 CT DP 26 Curie Ci 74 gt D Dead man switch 75 Declaration of Conformity 28 Default Unit 68 Delay 36 38 44 60 Start efter 36 Waveform 36 Delay time 43 Dental 58 Dental panoramic radiographic 75 Dental specifications 14 Dental waveforms 60 Detector area 12 Detector Manager 33 Detector settings 38 Detector surface 7 Detectors Managing 33 Viewing 33
77. inputs as a function of varying spatial frequency which is often expressed in linepairs per millimetre lp mm the correct unit is however m or often mm The reference value most commonly used is that for zero frequency The MTF can be thought of as a measure of spatial resolution of the detector system SI unit m Monitor personnel See personnel monitor Occupancy factor T The factor by which the workload should be multiplied to correct for the degree of occupancy by any one person of the area in question while the source is in the ON condition and emitting radiation This multiplication is carried out for radiation protection purposes to determine compliance with the dose equivalent limits Operator Any individual who personally utilizes or manipulates a source of radiation Orthopantomography Orthopantomography also called OPG or Panorama is a radiographic procedure that produces a single image of facial structures including the upper and lower dentition jaws and their supporting structures and bones Mostly used in dental applications An OPG orthopantomogram gives a panoramic view of the mouth giving information on the teeth and the bones of the upper and lower jaw Particle fluence Number of particles incident on a sphere divided by the cross sectional area of the sphere SI unit m2 Personnel monitor Also known as personal monitor An appropriately sensitive device used to estimate the absorbed dose receive
78. ive barrier 79 2014 06 5 5C Protective glove 79 Pulse Measurements 48 Pulse Rate 17 35 48 Pulsed fluoroscopy 49 50 Pulsed radiography 48 Q Quick HVL Cine 49 Mammography 54 Radiography 48 R Rad 80 Radiation ionizing 80 Radiation protection survey 80 Radiation quality 19 Radiation receptor 80 Radiation source 80 Radiation time 44 Radiogram 80 Radiography 47 48 80 Quick HVL 48 Total filtration 48 Radiography specifications 14 Receptor 80 Receptor assembly 80 Recording time 40 Reference conditions 12 Rem 80 Report a Problem 71 Reposition Detector 43 Requirements Palm computer 5 Requirements PC 5 Reset Bluetooth 68 Handheld 68 Reset time 40 Resolution 80 Rh Rh Anode Filter combination 51 Ripple factor 80 Roentgen R or R ntgen 80 R ntgen Unit 68 RTI Detector Manager 33 RTI Updater 30 Running time 8 11 Gua Safety strap 7 Scanning Beam Mammography 58 Scatter factor 34 55 Scattered radiation 81 SDD Piranha Reference Manual sts Index SDD Normalization 34 55 Send Support Information 71 Sensitivity 38 Dose TF 38 kV 38 Serial radiography 81 Settings 34 36 38 47 Beam correction factor 36 Compression paddle 35 Conditions 34 Delay 38 Detector 38 Internal detector 34 38 Piranha 34 36 Post delay 36 Pulse rate 35 Sensitivity 38 Threshold 38 Total Filtration 34 Trig level time 36 Trig source 36 Update mode 36 Waveform recording time 36 Waveform type 34 Window 3
79. lect radiation quality from the detector list 4 5 Set kVp and mAs or mA time to desired values 6 Make an exposure 7 Read the dose value The dose reading has to be corrected manually according to the Piranha Dose Probe DETECTOR DATA manual unless set values for kV is used in Ocean ip You may store the correction as a Beam Correction Factor in a Favourite for a specific kV to do the correction automatically To get a good HVL value using the Piranha Dose Probe you must correct it according to the tables in the Piranha Dose Probe DETECTOR DATA manual It is often more convenient to measure HVL with the Piranha using the built in HVL application 4 5 5 Quick HVL Quick HVL The Piranha is able to measure HVL for mammography in one shot Quick HVL is available for measurements with or without compression paddle 4 5 6 Mammo Compensations and Corrections Here various corrections and compensations are described that are of special importance for mammography Piranha Reference Manual 2014 06 5 5C 4 Measurements with the Piranha System Mammograph 4 5 6 1 Corrections for the Compression Paddle The Piranha is well collimated above its small detector area and will measure the same whether the compression paddle is placed directly on top of the Piranha or high above This is NOT true for an ion chamber A factor has been introduced which enables the Piranha to take the scattered radiation into consideration and prod
80. lter packages for five different kV ranges Very sensitive and wide dynamic range Check filter for measurement geometry verification Single exposure estimation of total filtration and Quick HVL Single exposure estimation of generator waveform type The design of the detector package is very important to be able to measure kV and dose correctly in the whole range of 20 to 155 kV The Piranha design makes it possible to measure small field sizes less than 3 mm width and low output levels down to approximately 1 uGy s Basically the detector packages consist of four separate electrometer channels connected to detectors D1 D2 D3 and D4 and a moveable filter package that can change to one of six positions each a combination of different filters for the detectors One of these positions is used as a check filter It has the same filter thicknesses for both D1 and D2 When the detector is perfectly positioned and both detectors have the same radiation the ratio between the two signals should thus be exactly 1 000 This is very useful information and testing this makes sure that your measurement geometry is fine giving reproducible readings The other 5 filter pairs have different thicknesses all optimized for different ranges of the tube voltage two 1 and 2 are used for the low mammography energy range 20 to 45 kV and three filters 3 5 are used for the radiography range 35 to 155 kV 35 75 55 105 and 80 155 kV Using these four sig
81. mAs supplied from the generator A part of that has been used to charge the cables and the rest has reached the tube and contributed to the exposure and the image When you use Piranha trig you measure only the mAs that actually contributes to the exposure and the generation of the image The discussion above is generally true for the invasive MAS 1 probe since it is connected in the transformer and measures all current The non invasive probes MAS 2 and MAS 3 can be placed anywhere on the HV cable If they are placed close to the tube they will measure only the current that floats through the tube and contributes to the radiation and the choice of trig source will have limited influence on the measured values When measuring on fluoroscopy the trig source has no influence and it is recommended to trig on the Piranha 4 8 1 MAS 1 Invasive mAs Probe This section describes how to measure the tube current and charge as a single parameter This means that the measurement starts when the mAs probe detects the tube current The measurement is performed in the same way if you use a multi parameter display In that case the default trig is the Piranha and what is said below about false triggering can be ignored Piranha Reference Manual 2014 06 5 5C 4 Measurements with the Piranha System Tube Current Probes 63 The MAS 1 probe provides an invasive way to measure mA and mAs on X ray generators The MAS 1 probe should be connected to the X
82. ma measurement Total ISO 4037 air kerma HVL Factor kQ PTB keV Filtration IEC 61267 mm Al mm Al Rel RQR 5 Dv40 ROR 2 26 38 1 0186 DV50 ROR 3 29 14 0 9794 DVO ROR 4 32 14 0 9949 DV70 i D80 2o78 Dv90 0 9920 DV100 0 9920 DV120 0 9988 DV150 1 0199 Note These values are typical values measured at PTB in Germany in 2007 Radiation quality Air kerma measurement Mean energy Total ISO 4037 air kerma Factor kQ Filtration IEC 61267 keV mman VAMMA Rel RAR 5 DHS50 RQA 3 38 02 0 9997 DH60 RQA 4 45 02 1 0021 DH7O DHO 10328 DHOO 70309 DH100 10296 DH120 10191 DH150 1 0072 Note These values are typical values measured at PTB in Germany in 2009 2014 06 5 5C Piranha Reference Manual 2 Description of the Piranha Hardware and Specifications Mammography Mo 30 um Mo and 30 um Mo 2 mm Al measured using RTI RQ Code M1 ECLER UELS ISO 4037 Mean energy PTB IEC 61267 i kerma keV HVL mm Al Air kerma measurement Factor kQ Rel RQR M2 MMV25 RQR M1 14 89 0 9781 MMV28 ROR M2 15 44 MMV30 RQR M3 1 0073 MMV35 RQR M4 16 28 1 0060 MMH25 RQA M1 18 61 0 9840 MMH28 RQA M2 19 27 0 9818 MMH30 RQA M3 19 75 0 9744 MMH35 RQA M4 20 96 0 9804 Note These values are typical values measured at PTB in Germany in 2007 Mammography Mo 1 mm Al measured using RTI RQ Code M8 ECLER UELS Air kerma measurement Mean energy ISO 4037 Factor kQ k keV RIB IEC 61267 i kerma
83. mography W 50 um Rh measured using RTI RQ Code M6 Radiation quality Air kerma measurement Mean energy ISO 4037 i Factor kQ k keV PTB air kerma keV HVL mm Al Rel WRV28 IEC 61267 Powevs ef o os T ooe A 799 id TS C wv J ee 052 mo e 1878 0 56 E C wv ra 061 0 Note These values are typical values measured at PTB in Germany in 2009 Mammography W 50 um Ag measured using RTI RQ Code M10 SCNelt lavelame LEE LLLS Air kerma measurement Mean energy ISO 4037 Factor kQ PTB air kerma keV HVL mm Al Rel WSV28 IEC 61267 WSV25 17 87 1 0108 18 66 1 aes wsv28 wsv30o 18 92 0 9983 ae WSV35 19 57 0 9963 WSV40 20 22 0 9969 Note These values are typical values measured at PTB in Germany in 2009 2014 06 5 5C Piranha Reference Manual 2 Description of the Piranha Hardware and Specifications 2 4 1 5 Angular Sensitivity Piranha In this section you can see graphs of the typical angular sensitivity for dose measured with the Piranha at 28 and 70 kV The setup is shown in figures below Ld x0 This directional behaviour makes it excellent for reproducible measurements with less influence by nearby spreading matter This makes it possible to make accurate HVL measurements even when measuring with bad geometry which is especially interesting for mammography To understand please see the polar plot shown below The Piranha is shown to the left and
84. n peak doserate 4 ms 0 23 uGy s 0 5 ms 1 8 uGy s pulse top to bottom Note 1 Max dose pulse depends on the pulse length Waveform recording time At max sampling rate 1024 ms 2 kSa s At min sampling rate 524 s 4 Sa s A total of 8 recording times are available all separated by a factor of 2 i e 1 2 4 8 16 33 66 131 262 and 524 seconds The setting for Waveform recording time may affect the Irradiation time calculation Make sure to set back the Waveform recording time to the lowest choice after temporarily modifying it Please also note that in QABrowser the waveforms are limited to between 0 32 and 4 seconds The table below shows the typical response for the Piranha External Dose Probe at standardised radiation qualities Air kerma measurement REC IELO LE LEE LLLA M ean energy Total ISO 4037 air ae Filtration HVL Factor kQ IEC 61267 keV mm Al mmAI Rel RQR 5 DV40 1 087 DV50 T044 Dve0 1013 DV70 i Dved 0 09 Dved 0 988 DV100 0 986 DV120 0 986 DV160 1 002 2014 06 5 5C Piranha Reference Manual uv 4 w 2 Description of the Piranha Hardware and Specifications Note Note These values are typical values measured at PTB in Germany in 2009 Piranha MAS 1 Probe Invasive mAs probe sensitivity 1 nC mAs Module type Range Inaccuracy Typ noise Tube charge 0 001 mAs 1 for time gt 0 1 ms as Tube current 0 1 3000 mA 1 or 10 pA for time gt 100 ms
85. n chamber is used temperature and pressure can be specified to get correct dose measurements The Internal detector and other semiconductor detectors are virtually not affected by temperature and pressure The TP Factor is calculated as follows TP P P x TIT where P and T are the reference air pressure and absolute air temperature normally P gt 101 3 kPa and T 293 K 20 C T and P are the actual absolute air temperature and pressure in the same units kPa and K Temperature This value is used to calculate the TP factor when ion chambers are used Temperature can be specified in Kelvin degrees Celsius or degrees Fahrenheit Unit is chosen in the QABrowser Setup under Units Pressure This value is used to calculate the TP factor when ion chambers are used Air pressure can be specified in several different units Unit is chosen in the QABrowser Setup under Units Please note that the pressure easily changes by 10 For the same effect from temperature it must change 30 C or 54 F Pulse rate If a pulsed mode is used like pulsed fluoroscopy or pulsed radiography cine the pulse rate can be specified in pulses per second same as Hz This allows you to get a dose pulse reading even if the detector used e g ion chamber is too slow for the Piranha electrometer to detect the pulses A solid state detector like the Piranha Dose Probe is however fast enough to detect the frequency even for very low level signal
86. nals S1 S4 from detectors D1 to D4 the Piranha can accurately calculate the corresponding tube voltage The signal S3 is not affected by the moveable filters and is designed to measure the dose This detector is marked by a square inside the rectangular detector area on the top panel The reference depth for the sensitive area of the dose detector is 10 mm under the Piranha top panel surface The detector D4 is placed directly under D3 with additional filter in between The ratio between S3 and S4 is used to estimate the total filtration for the radiography range Using these signals together more accurate dose and tube voltage readings can be obtained Since all signals is measured simultaneously and with a relative high speed the Piranha can thus automatically compensate the kV and dose for the dependence of the waveform and inherent added tube filtration 2014 06 5 5C Piranha Reference Manual Chapter 4 Measurements with the Piranha System 4 Measurements with the Piranha System Introduction 4 Measurements with the Piranha System 4 1 Introduction The Piranha system can depending on model measure up to eight parameters simultaneously plus three waveforms from a single exposure kVp Dose and dose rate Exposure time HVL Estimated total filtration and determined waveform type mAs and mA pulses kV waveform Dose rate waveform mA waveform various pulsed fluoroscopy parameters 4 2 Radiography Measuring the kVp
87. ng Bluetooth and PC usually requires some work If it is possible for you to use a USB cable with your PC and meter then this is recommended 5 2 1 Bluetooth Passkey There are two different ways to use Bluetooth with you meter without a passkey and with a passkey also called PIN code authentication and Bluetooth security code All meters and accessories that are delivered from RTI Electronics from the first quarter of 2010 are configured to use a passkey 0000 Drawbacks of using a Passkey If you enable a passkey you might experience some drawbacks e f you use your meter with Bluetooth communication with more than one PC or with a PC and a Palm OS handheld you might need depending on your hardware to add the meter also called to pair a device or to add as a trusted device with the PC handheld every time you have used another PC or handheld with the meter 2014 06 5 5C Piranha Reference Manual 5 Problems and Solutions Bluetooth e With a Palm OS handheld you cannot just simply start the QABrowser with Bluetooth You need to first add the meter as a trusted device And if you have used the meter with another handheld or PC using Bluetooth you will need to add the meter as a trusted device again New hardware which supports multiple devices Piranha with product version 3 0 which started shipping around spring 2009 and higher and product version 2 5 4 supports multiple Bluetooth devices which means that you can use i
88. nha measurement system is quite wide sometimes the signal may get too low or too high To inform you of this there are display messages These are mainly of two types Active or Passive Active messages are shown when the hardware settings can be adjusted to adapt the measurement ranges The active message will just inform you that it is making an automatic adjustment and you can simply do another exposure measurement The active messages can be disabled see the following section The passive display messages indicate what the problem is and possible remedies for them These will show if there are no active messages the active messages are disabled or when no more automatic adjustment can be done 3 3 1 Active Messages In some rare occasions it might be helpful to disable the active messages for instance if the detector signal is very noisy or there are pre pulses that makes the system auto adjust erroneously Below the various active messages are shown Make sure to follow the text shown since reset may be performed automatically Otherwise do a Reset again High signal One or several detectors have too high signal Low signal The Piranha detects a signal but it is too low to present a reliable result High kVp Measured tube voltage is higher than that of the selected kV range Low kVp Measured tube voltage is lower than that of the selected kV range Piranha Reference Manual 2014 06 5 5C 3 Measurement Principles amp Theor
89. ntinuously fluoroscopy to setup the system Piranha is set up for this application to calculate the number of pulses per second Hz or pps the dose pulse and pulse dose rate The picture below explain the difference between the pulse dose rate and the traditional dose rate Pulse dose rate Dose rate Note that for DC waveform pulse dose rate and dose rate gives the same value When measuring tube voltage on pulsed fluoroscopy there is an additional waveform type available This waveform type is called pulsed and is recommended for pulsed fluoroscopy measurements especially if the pulses are not square wave shaped since this can result in low tube voltage readings Piranha Reference Manual 2014 06 5 5C 4 Measurements with the Piranha System Mammograph 4 5 Mammography This topic will describe how to measure kVp dose HVL AGD MGD and time on a mammography unit using the Piranha 4 5 1 General To measure kVp on a mammography unit is straightforward This is true since the Piranha automatically can detect whether the detector area is not fully uniformly irradiated by means of the Position Check The mammography kV calibrations available for the Piranha is ranging from 18 to 49 kV To be able to trust the kVp reading it is always very important to make the Position Check to verify that the whole detector area is uniformly irradiated The Position Check is normally started automatically every time you change Radiation
90. ok GeL ANISOD uogoaup A uonoasip X D LA AX 8Z 6 0 OL asuodsad aanejay Q214 SNISOO UORDOIP A mpm UONOOID X wae ZA AX 82 v0 90 8 0 OL Piranha Reference Manual esuodsas ane oy asuodsa annelay 2014 06 5 5C 2 Description of the Piranha Hardware and Specifications 2 4 2 Piranha External Probes The inaccuracy is here defined as the root of the square sum of systematic errors which has not been eliminated and random errors dispersion around a mean value The calculation of the inaccuracy is based on 15 different measurements and with a confidence level of 95 Of the total inaccuracy random error is 20 and general inaccuracy is 80 Note Irradiation time is often called exposure time in daily use Reference conditions Temperature 18 C to 23 C Relative humidity 101 3 kPa Radiation quality Radiography 70 kV 2 5 mm Al Mammography 28 kV 30 um Mo CT 120 kV 2 5 mm Al Note The reference conditions are given in reference to the IEC61674 standard General Connector type Hirose ST40X 10S with built in detector identification Measuring range and inaccuracy The detector noise given is typical values at room temperature Piranha External Dose Probe typical sensitivity 55 uC Gy Parameter Range Inaccuracy Typ noise Air kerma Dose 100 pGy 1
91. omputer Requirements ccceececeeeeeeeeceeeeeeeeeeseeeaeeeeeeeeetees 5 2 Description of the Piranha c c iii iieeeeeeeneeeeeeeees 7 2 1 Indicators and Connectors 00 0 2 cece cece cece ee eeeeee eect eeeeeeeecaaeeeeeeeseseenaeeeeeeeenees 7 2 2 Setting Up the Piranha for the First Time 0 cecceececeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 2 3 Setting Up the Piranha 00 0 2 2 eee ce cee cceecee cece ee ceee eases cess seeeceaeeeeeeeeneeeenees 2 4 Hardware and Specifications c cccccceeeeeeecceceeeeeseeeeeaeeeeeeesecnenaeeeeeeeeess 2 4 1 Piranha internal detector Internal detector 2 4 1 1 General fia cnn senate Ave aa oen A ERSA Oa ese vidi Aa aN Aa TE vie Eda 2 4 1 2 Power amp Communication Specifications wa 2 4 1 3 Specifications Piranha ey sse iderien addaa aS kee 2 4 1 4 Typical Response Piranha cccccccceeeeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeneeeeeeaeeeseaeeeseeaeeeeeneeeeeeaee 2 4 1 5 Angular Sensitivity Piranha cccccceecceeeeeeeeeeneeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseaeeeseeeeeeseneeeeneaee 2 4 2 Piranha External Probes cccceccceeeeeeeeeeeeeeneeeeecaeeeeeeeeeseaeeeeeeeeseneeeeeeieeeeseaee 2 5 Standards and Compliance cccccceeceeceeeeeeeeeeaeeeeeeeseseenaeeeeeeeseeeeneees 2 5 1 Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment WEEE cccceeeesseeeeeeeeeeeteees 27 2 5 2 Manufacturer s Declaration of Conformity 05 2 28 2 5 3 Intended Use 129
92. on a radiographic units is straightforward since the Piranha can automatically detect and compensate for variation in the radiation quality It is also easy to check that the detector area is fully and uniformly irradiated Practically this means that the kVp value can be measured in the range 1 0 to 50 mm of total filtration Therefore the Piranha can be placed in the beam wherever you want as long as it passes the Position Check It also has a very wide dynamic range so it very rarely happens that the signal level is not enough to get a correct kVp value The radiography kV range is 35 to 155 kV The displayed dose value has no energy dependence since it is automatically compensated for each exposure since both the kV estimated filtration and the waveform are measured 4 2 1 kVp Time Dose and Dose Rate To measure on radiographic units 1 Set up the Piranha and the handheld computer according to the description in Setting Up the Piranhal 10 2 Place the detector on the table at the distance that is clinically relevant Place the Piranha in the direction indicated in the figure below Adjust the collimator so the radiation clearly covers the detector rectangle marked on the Piranha top panel but try to keep the field size inside the top panel size to minimize scatter Recommended field size is 20x40 mm Furthermore the Piranhasurface should optimally be placed perpendicular to the focal spot see also Angular Sensitivity Piranha 2 3 I
93. onville Road Bldg 1 Towaco NJ 07082 USA Phone 800 222 7537 Toll free Int 1 973 439 0242 Fax Int 1 973 439 0248 E mail Sales sales rtielectronics com Support support rtielectronics com Service service rtielectronics com Web site http www rti se Piranha Reference Manual iv Intended Use Intended Use of the Piranha System Accessory to diagnostic X ray equipment to be used as an electrometer Together with external probes it is to be used for independent service and quality control as well as measurements of kerma kerma rate kVp tube current exposure time luminance and illuminance within limitations stated below If installed according to accompanying documents the product is intended to be used together with all diagnostic X ray equipment except for therapeutical X ray sources X ray equipment with tube potential below 18 kV X ray equipment on which the instrument cannot be mounted properly e g equipment where the beam field size is narrower than the active part of the detector specific types of X ray equipment listed in the instructions for use or in additional information from the manufacturer With the X ray installation in stand by conditions without patients present the product is intended to be used to provide the operator with information on radiation beam parameters that might influence further steps in an examination but not an ongoing exposure for assessing the perf
94. ormance of the X ray equipment for evaluation of examination techniques and procedures for service and maintenance measurements for quality control measurements for educational purposes authority supervision etc The product is intended to be used by hospital physicists X ray engineers manufacturer s service teams and other professionals with similar tasks and competencies The operator needs a short training to be able to use the product as intended This training can be achieved either by careful study of the manual studies of the built in help function in measurement software or on request in a short course ordered from the manufacturer The product is intended to be used inside X ray rooms ready for clinical use and can safely be left switched on and in any measuring mode in the vicinity of patients The product is NOT intended to be used for direct control of diagnostic X ray equipment performance during irradiation of a patient so that patients or other unqualified persons can change settings of operating parameters during and immediately before and after measurements Piranha Reference Manual 2014 06 5 5C Contents EA Table of Contents De MINTO MUCHO N acini aanraai aaaea einai ta karana de ninipun 1 1 About this Manual szeken eet raare en e a ere Ee e aaaea e aeiae niade 1 2 Introduction to the Piranha 1 3 PC Requirements aeaea paee en aeea Sae aeaaea a a Eaa aaa areara aaa iiis 1 4 Palm OS C
95. osition 10 mm below top panel as indicated in figure below and by a 3 mm rim on 3 edges 133 x 75 x 26 mm 5 2 x 2 9 x 1 02 Weight Approximately 405 g 2014 06 5 5C Piranha Reference Manual 2 Description of the Piranha Hardware and Specifications Parameters Tube voltage kVp The average of all samples with compensation for the ripple default method Irradiation time Exposure time Air kerma Dose Measured air kerma may be called dose or air kerma in this manual Air kerma rate Dose rate Average air kerma rate may be called dose rate or air kerma rate in this manual Total Filtration Estimation of total filtration for conventional radiography fluoroscopy dental and CT Quick HVL Estimation of Half Value Layer for conventional radiography fluoroscopy dental mammography and CT Half Value Layer Standard HVL using filters for evaluation on radiography fluoroscopy dental and mammography all for both pulsed and conventional kV waveform Waveform is calculated based on detector signals measured after different thickness of filtration Signal measured from radiation detector solid state detector Measuring range and inaccuracy Radiography Fluoroscopy and Dental Parameter RQ Rage Inaccuracy Resolution kVp standard 4 digits W 3mmaAl R1 35 160 kV 41 5 10 or 100 V kVp dental 41 5 As above W 3mmAl R1 3
96. osure Protective glove A glove made of radiation absorbing materials used to reduce radiation exposure Rad The previously used special unit of absorbed dose It is equal to 100 ergs per gram 1 rad 0 01 Gy 102 gray Radiation ionizing Any electromagnetic or particulate radiation capable of producing ions directly or indirectly by interaction with matter Examples are X ray photons charged atomic particles and other ions and neutrons Ripple factor The variation in the high voltage expressed as the percentage of the maximum high voltage across the X ray tube during X ray production Ripple factor 100 x Vmax Vmin Vmax Radiation protection survey An evaluation of the radiation safety in and around an installation that includes radiation measurements inspections evaluations and recommendations Radiation receptor Any device that absorbs a portion of the incident radiation energy and converts this portion into another form of energy which can be more easily used to produce desired Piranha Reference Manual 2014 06 5 5C 6 Glossary 84 results e g production of an image See image receptor Radiation source The region and or material from which the radiation emanates Radiogram A film or other record produced by the action of X rays on a sensitized surface Radiography The production of images on film image detector by the action of X rays transmitted through the patient Receptor See radi
97. posure If you get a message Negative Signal the mAs probe is probably connected in the wrong direction Change the direction of the mAs probe press the Reset button on the mAs probe do a Reset and make a new exposure If using Individual trig Since the MAS 2 probe is based on measurement of magnetic flux false triggering may occur due to electrical noise when the pre heat is started and the anode starts to rotate If you get incorrect or inconsistent results try the following e First start anode rotation without firing the exposure Piranha Reference Manual 2014 06 5 5C 4 Measurements with the Piranha System Tube Current Probes e While the anode is rotating tap Reset or press corresponding button Make the exposure when the reset procedure is finished 4 9 Light Measurement The Piranha Light Probe is a highly sensitive light detector It has two different adapters to measure the quantities luminance and illuminance The most common applications for the Piranha Light Probe are luminance cd m measurements on CRTs monitors and viewing boxes and illuminance Ix measurements of ambient light in a room or in front of a CRT Read the Piranha Light Probe User s Manual for a detailed description of practical use and explanation of the theory behind the units and quantities of light The monitor adapter is shown to the left and the lux adapter to the right 4 9 1 Luminance Monitor Viewbox cd m Read the Piranha Light Probe
98. r Since the Piranha compensates for energy dependence the readings are in direct comparison with readings from a reference class ion chamber When measuring the AGD you should always have the compression paddle in place Important quantities to measure The most common measurements for a mammographic system are conducted to determine the average glandular dose AGD The AGD values are based on measurements of ESAK entrance surface air kerma and HVL To do the measurements correctly and according to standards the radiation detectors should be placed directly below the compression paddle This introduces extra scattered radiation due to the compression paddle which is important to include when determining ESAK On the other hand the HVL measurement should be done without any scatter contribution and with good geometry HVL The Piranha is well collimated above its small detector area Due to this fact it registers a narrower angle of the X ray field and thus much less scattered radiation compared to an ion chamber It has built in good geometry and is therefore ideal for HVL measurements Hence the HVL filter can be placed on top of the compression paddle without any extra collimation even at close distance to the Piranha The Piranha has a built in HVL application which should be used to get accurate HVL readings 4 5 8 Mammographic Pre pulses Some mammography systems e g GE DMR system use a pre pulse to determine what radiation quality
99. rement settings 34 Measuring principle Piranha 45 Medical diagnostic radiology 79 MGD _ 53 57 Min output peak dose rate 17 Minimum pulse width 17 Minimum ripple 17 Mo Mo Anode Filter combination 51 Mo Rh Anode Filter combination 51 Modes Of Measurement 40 Modulation transfer function MTF 79 Monitor 65 Monitor personnel 79 Moving average 41 Negative Signal 43 Normalization distance 34 55 2014 06 5 5C Index ma 0 Occupancy factor T 79 Operating air pressure 12 Operating temperature 12 Operator 79 OPG 58 Orthopantomography 79 Oscilloscope 47 Overview of Measurement Modes 40 P Palm computer requirements 5 Panoramic dental 58 Particle fluence 79 Passive display messages 43 Passkey advantages 70 Passkey drawbacks Bluetooth 69 PC requirements 5 Peak tube voltage Uo kVp 79 Personnel monitor 79 Phantom 79 Physical dimensions Piranha 13 PIN code advantages 70 PIN code drawbacks Bluetooth 69 PIN code Bluetooth 69 Piranha 10 45 Cable 10 Holder 10 Mammography positioning 51 Physical dimensions 13 Specifications 12 Piranha internal detector 45 Piranha Light Probe 65 66 Piranha MAS 1 Probe 62 Piranha settings 34 36 Pixel 79 Position check 48 53 58 Post delay 36 44 Power switch 7 Practical Peak Voltage PPV 79 Prefixes Unit 68 Pre pulse mammography 57 Pressure Atmospheric 35 Primary protective barrier 79 Probes Managing 33 Viewing 33 Problem Report 68 71 Protective apron 79 Protect
100. rer s service teams and other professionals with similar tasks and competencies The operator needs a short training to be able to use the product as intended This training can be achieved either by careful study of the manual studies of the built in help function in measurement software or in a short course ordered from the manufacturer The product is intended to be used inside X ray rooms ready for clinical use and can safely be left switched on and in any measuring mode in the vicinity of patients The product is NOT intended to be used for direct control of diagnostic X ray equipment performance during irradiation of a patient so that patients or other unqualified persons can change settings of operating parameters during and immediately before and after measurements Address RTI Electronics AB e G teborgsv gen 97 50 e SE 43137 M LNDAL Sweden Phone 46 0 31 746 36 00 e Fax 46 0 31 270573 e E mail info rtise e Web www rtise 2 CE 9820000 0 Avsedd anv ndning Barracuda odt version 1 3 2006 06 2014 06 5 5C Piranha Reference Manual 2 Description of the Piranha Standards and Compliances 2 5 4 FCC Certification Piranhas of product version 3 1 and newer contains FCC certified transmitter module Bluetooth FCC ID R47F2M03GX This device has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device pursuant to part 15 of the FCC rules These limits are designed to provide reasonable protec
101. ross sectional scans the CT scanner is normally used to obtain one or more radiograph like reference images as a way of identifying and documenting where the scans are to be made These so called topograms are prepared by keeping the X ray source and the detectors stationary and dragging the specimen through the fan beam by moving the table Also called scout scans pilot scans or scanograms Total filtration The total of inherent filtration and additional filtration Useful beam The radiation which passes through the opening in the beam limiting device and which is used for imaging or treatment User Physicians and other responsible for the radiation exposure of patients Voxel A volume element in the object being imaged The mean attenuation coefficient of the voxel determines the CT Hounsfield number of the pixel Whole body dose equivalent Hwb The dose equivalent associated with the uniform irradiation of the whole body Workload W The degree of use of a radiation source For X ray machines operating at tube potentials below 500 kV the workload is usually expressed in milliampere minutes per week For gammabeam therapy sources and for photon emitting equipment operation at 500 kV or above the workload is usually stated in terms of the weekly kerma of the useful beam at one meter from the source and is expressed in grays per week at one meter Xeroradiography The production of an image on a xerographic plate e g
102. s Compression paddle For mammography it is sometimes easier to do measurements with the compression paddle in the field The compression paddle will however affect the Piranha kV and dose reading With this setting all the measured values kV dose and HVL will be corrected 2014 06 5 5C Piranha Reference Manual 2 Description of the Piranha Measurement Settings according to what the user has selected When selected you will see the settings for Scatter factor and Equivalent thickness The thickness is given in mm Al If you do not know ask the manufacturer or make a comparison with Aluminium filters Scatter factor Equiv thickness Beam Correction If an ion chamber is positioned just below the compression paddle the measured dose will rise because of side scattering from the compression paddle material The effect of this is depending on the ion chambers angular dependence Since the Piranha is almost insensitive to this you can put a number here to compare readings from the Piranha with readings from an ion chamber See also section Average Glandular Dose AGD MGD 5 The given equivalent compression paddle thickness is used to increase the accuracy of dose measurements when dose is measured below the compression paddle It is given in equivalent thickness of aluminium This feature can also be used if you have additional filtration in the beam Add the equivalent thickness of aluminium Sometimes you may w
103. t button will be enabled Select Settings Advanced from the menu Now select the Tools menu If you want to enable the use of a passkey select Enable Bluetooth Passkey If you experience problems with this then you probably need to update you meter firmware before you can enable the Bluetooth passkey Please run the available updates by pressing Start and then restart the application again to enable the Bluetooth passkey 8 Follow the onscreen instructions NOOO If you want to disable the Bluetooth passkey do the same thing but select Disable Bluetooth Passkey instead If you are asked for a PIN code during the startup do not enter a PIN code just cancel instead Because if you do you will have activated your Bluetooth and RTI Updater cannot reconfigure the Bluetooth module when it is active Piranha Reference Manual 2014 06 5 5C 5 Problems and Solutions Bluetooth 5 3 How To Report a Problem There is a way of automatically sending technical support information to RTI Electronics AB when you are experiencing problems with the QABrowser This is how you use that functionality 1 HotSync the Palm handheld that you are experiencing the problem with 2 On your PC go to Start Menu All Programs RTI Electronics QABrowser Updater and click Send Support Information 3 A dialogue window will be shown Please enter a description of the problem The more information you give we will have better chances of reproducing
104. t is recommended to make a check measurement at 70 kV to confirm that the detector area is uniformly radiated The Piranha automatically changes back to the previous selected kV range 2014 06 5 5C Piranha Reference Manual 4 Measurements with the Piranha System Radiograph 4 Set kVp and mAs or mA time to the desired values 5 Make an exposure 6 Read the values 4 2 2 Dose Measurements with Piranha Dose Probe 1 Place the Piranha Dose Probe in the field and connect the cable to the Piranha input 2 Set kVp and mAs or mA time to the desired values 3 Make an exposure 4 Read the values 4 2 3 Quick HVL and Total Filtration Total filtration The estimated Total filtration is measured with the Piranha internal detector in one exposure simultaneously with all other parameters The estimated Total filtration is also in use for internal compensation of kV and dose values Quick HVL The Quick HVL is measured with the Piranha internal detector in one exposure simultaneously with all other parameters 4 3 Cine Pulsed Radiography For under table cine measurement turn the Piranha upside down The Position Check should be used to confirm the position To be able to protect the image intensifier from the relative high output cine pulses a lead apron can be placed over the image intensifier input screen The Piranha automatically measures the number of pulses based on information from the radiation waveform It uses a 50
105. t with both a PC and handheld without additional steps Advantages of using a Passkey e Works with Windows Vista and Windows 7 8 e Increased security The main reason to change so that you use a passkey is if you are going to use Bluetooth communication and Windows 7 8 Vista or Windows XP and a Bluetooth adapter where you cannot disable authentication But we recommend that you use a USB cable if you can If you want to use a passkey and have previously not been using one you need to reconfigure your Piranha Barracuda Serial Bluetooth module Detailed instructions are available later on in this manual 5 2 2 Enable Bluetooth Passkey Before you enable the use of a Bluetooth passkey please read the section about Bluetooth passkeys and the drawbacks of using a passkey You enable and disable passkeys by using the RTI Updater application requires version 2008 6A or later which is available on your RTI Software amp Documentation CD and the RTI website www rti se 1 Connect your meter using the USB cable If you are using a Barracuda then also connect the Barracuda Serial Bluetooth Module 2 Launch RTI Updater from the RTI Electronics folder in the Windows start menu 3 Select the USB connection You cannot use a Bluetooth connection when you want to change the Bluetooth configuration A Bluetooth connection is shown as COMxx 4 Wait for RTI Updater to finish with the startup procedure After a while when it is ready the Star
106. te K Kerma per unit time Kerma rate is determined as the quotient of dK by dt where dk is the increment of kerma in the time interval dt K dK dt A unit of kerma rate is any quotient of the Gray or its multiples or submultiples by a suitable unit of time Gy s mGy h etc SI unit Gy s J kg s Kilovolt kV A unit of electrical potential difference equal to 1000 volts kVp See Peak tube voltage Lead equivalent The thickness of lead affording the same attenuation under specified conditions as the material in question Piranha Reference Manual 2014 06 5 5C 6 Glossary 79 Leakage radiation All radiation coming from within the source assembly except for the useful beam Note Leakage radiation includes the portion of the radiation coming directly from the source and not absorbed by the source assembly as well as the scattered radiation produced within the source assembly Magnification imaging An imaging procedure carried out with magnification usually produced by purposeful introduction of distance between the subject and the image receptor Measured value Estimate of the true value of a quantity derived from the indicated value of a meter after applying all relevant correction factors Medical diagnostic radiology Medical diagnosis using ionizing radiation Modulation transfer function MTF A mathematical entity that expresses the relative response of an imaging system or system component to sinusoidal
107. tector into the central beam Negative Signal The electrometer module detects a negative signal e Most common is that the mAs probe have been connected in the opposite direction on the HV cable Change the polarity of the current probe e Also small negative drift created from the detector source typically initially after reset can give this message Special care should be taken when using ionization chambers since it may take a few minutes before the initial drift of the electrometer and detector has stabilized e Do a Reset to clear the message e This message does not appear in the Timed and Free run update modes 2014 06 5 5C Piranha Reference Manual 3 Measurement Principles amp Theory Waveforms and Triggers 3 4 Waveforms and Triggers To get an understanding of how triggers delays and windows work take a look at the waveform below This is what happens during a standard exposure Speak 100 Rel signal A 100 50 i Irradiation time adj Delay Window Post delay Radiation time The radiation starts i e it goes over the detector s lowest trig level The signal reaches 50 of its maximum This is the starting point for the irradiation time calculation The level is user adjustable The signal reaches its maximum The Delay time is reached User adjustable kV integration window starts The Delay Window time is reached User adjustable kV integration window stops
108. the battery level in the QABrowser or in Ocean See section Power amp Communication Specifications 14 for more information about battery charging and discharging times External Probe port and Opening for filter position viewing Here you attach the external probes that come with some models of the Piranha The port is marked EXT Not all models have this port Piranha Reference Manual 2014 06 5 5C 2 Description of the Piranha Indicators and Connectors The small square opening above may be used for monitoring the filter position inside the Piranha Product marking Indicates the model of you Piranha as well as the version serial number and applicable conformity markings Power switch Turns the Piranha on and off Marked 1 0 Camera thread for mounting t the Piranha to a holder Attachment for Safety strap The Power switch is used to turn the Piranha on and off Piranha has several ways of saving power when it is inactive but must be powered off manually since there is no auto power off function Below a block diagram of a typical Piranha system is shown 2014 06 5 5C Piranha Reference Manual 2 Description of the Piranha Indicators and Connectors Palm Computer QABrowser mee Cable connection External probe I 3 1 1 1 L 1 1 1 J p i Dose Probe 1 1 Li I L I I r aannshgannmncannn Electrometer MAS Probe Personal Computer Ocean ft
109. tion against harmful interference when the equipment is operated in commercial environment This equipment generates uses and can radiate radio frequency energy and if not installed and used according with the instruction manual may cause harmful interference to radio communication Operation of this equipment in a residential area is likely to cause harmful interference in which case the user will be required to correct the interference at his own expense 2 6 Maintenance 2 6 1 Updating the Piranha Firmware All firmware that is controlling the function of the Piranha is stored in flash memory to allow quick and easy update The RTI Updater with the latest firmware is always available free of charge on the RTI Electronics Web site at http www rti se To update your Piranha you must first download the latest version and install iton a PC The PC needs to have an USB port You will need to have access to an administrative account to install the software To update the Piranha firmware or bootloader 1 First download the latest version of the RTI Updater Setup from RTI Electronics Web site 2 Unzip the file and run the file RTI Updater Setup exe to install it on your PC In the end of the installation process you will get the question if you want to run that updater immediately If you have your Piranha available you can connect it as described in step 3 Answer Yes and continue with step 6 3 Connect the Piranha Use the USB c
110. tration and Quick HVL are done from one single exposure using a combination of detector and filters in the Piranha In situations when the total filtration cannot be automatically estimated a standard HVL measurement may be required All measured kVp and dose values measured with the Piranha are automatically compensated for the actual beam radiation quality This means that no manual corrections of measured data is needed The range indicator can be viewed behind a little lid that can be pushed to the side Make sure to close it afterwards to avoid light leaking into the detector 2 4 1 2 Power amp Communication Specifications Power Source 2014 06 5 5C Piranha Reference Manual 2 Description of the Piranha Hardware and Specifications Power supply 5 V AC DC adapter with Mini USB connector internal battery or USB cable supply from PC Battery operated One 2000 mAh Li lon battery Operation time typically 15 hours Typical charging times are listed below External power 100 240 V AC 50 60 Hz with external adapter Power output On connector marked 5V OUT for supply charging of Palm Only functional when AC DC adapter is connected to USB port Typical Battery Charging and Running Times Capacity Running _ _ Chargingtime W sid time Using Power supply USB Piranha ON USB Piranha OFF Wah 90 min 2n 160 min Tyn 37n 195 min 100 5h 800 min Note that other mains
111. uce measurement results as if it was an ion chamber which senses the scattered radiation directly When an ion chamber is placed directly below the compression paddle a relatively constant scatter factor of 6 is found The factor is typical for ion chambers such as Radcal 6M PTW N23344 and Standard Imaging Magna cc Typically for a Mo Mo beam energy a 0 10 mm Al equivalent compression paddle is used That is equal to approximately 3 mm of plexiglass PMMA For W Al beam energy an equivalent compression paddle of 0 18 mm Al is typically used instead When comparing with typical mammographic ion chambers listed above you should multiply the Piranha dose value with a scatter factor of 1 06 to make it measure as an ion chamber directly below the compression paddle More info about the correction for compression paddle can be found in Application Note 1 AN 52020 2 from RTI Electronics AB Please also see section Angular Sensitivity Piranha 22 for details on sensitivity in different directions 4 5 6 2 Normalization A normalization function is available which enables all measurements to be virtually performed at the same distance increasing productivity According to European protocol ECR 16263 EU 1996 ESAK should be measured 45 mm above the breast support A practical consequence of usage of the normalizing function and scatter factor is that the Piranha can be kept at the same position on the breast support all the time w
112. uct 2014 06 5 5C Piranha Reference Manual 2 Description of the Piranha Standards and Compliances 2 5 2 Manufacturer s Declaration of Conformity Uy RTI Declaration of Conformity We RTI Electronics AB G teborgsv gen 97 50 SE 431 37 M LNDAL Sweden declare under our sole responsibility that the product Product name Piranha Model name 140 to 657 Type of equipment kV amp Electrometer Intended use of this product See separate document no 2 CE 9620000 0 Intended use of the Barracuda is in conformity with the provisions of the following EC Directive s e 89 336 EEC Electromagnetic Compatibility Directive EMC and amending directives 92 31 EEC 93 68 EEC 98 13 EEC e 73 23 EEC Low Voltage Directive LVD and amending directive 93 68 EEC and that the following standards and or technical specifications referenced below have been applied EN 55022 B EN 55014 EN 60950 part 5 2 2 and 5 2 3 EN 60601 1 2 part 19 EN 61000 3 2 EN 61000 4 2 EN 61000 4 3 EN 61000 4 4 EN 61000 4 5 EN 61000 4 6 EN 61000 4 11 ETS 300 342 1 M lndal 2006 07 12 Address RTI Electronics AB e G teborgsv gen 97 50 e SE 43137 M LNDAL e Sweden Phone 46 0 31 7463600 e Fax 46 0 31 270573 E mail info rtise e Web www rtise 2 CE 9629001 0 Tillverkardeklaration Piranha odt Revision A Piranha Reference Manual 2014 06 5 5C 2 Description of the Piranha Standards and Compliances 2 5 3 Intended Use Uy RTI
113. up Preferences see Preferences Setup How do I reset the Handheld computer There is a small reset hole on the back of the Handheld computer use the stylus pointer to reset C Contact your local representative or see Notice for contact information to RTI Electronics AB The more information you supply will help us to get a quick solution to your problem Examples of useful information is screen dump pictures exact error message texts log files etc You may also use the auto report function described in the section How To Report a Problem 7 5 2 Bluetooth Bluetooth is a wireless way of communication between your PC handheld and your meter The Piranha has built in support for this but with the Barracuda you need the Barracuda Serial Bluetooth Module accessory A Palm OS handheld also has built in support for Bluetooth but a PC may or may not have built in support for Bluetooth If the PC does not have built in Bluetooth support you will need a Bluetooth adapter that you connect to the USB port for instance the D Link DBT 120 or DBT 122 The range of Bluetooth is about 10 meters 32 feet in free air for a class 2 Bluetooth adapter like the D Link DBT 122 for a class 1 Bluetooth adapter like the Targus ACB20EU the theoretical range is up to 100 metres This can be significantly shorter if there are walls and other objects obstructing the signal Bluetooth and a Palm OS handheld works out of right out of the box while usi
114. ves too low dose rate If you get to low dose rate readings or too short irradiation times for short exposures 1 Check that you are measuring with a good geometry where the incoming radiation is perpendicular to the detector surface See Specifications Piranha 12 for details Installation or upgrade of RTI Updater failed Make sure you are not having a restricted user account on Windows XP 2000 or newer You will need to have access to an administrative account to install the software see section Windows Restricted User Accounts for details My Piranha cycles its status indicator quickly between colours and does not measure Your system is in Bootloader mode Please run RTI Updater to correct this My Piranha beeps twice quickly when starting The Piranha normally beeps once when starting If it beeps twice quickly when powering on run RTI Updater to correct this Piranha Reference Manual 2014 06 5 5C 5 Problems and Solutions Troubleshootin Bluetooth unable to reconnect using Retry Tap Exit and restart the Piranha and then re start the QABrowser again Bluetooth only shows Unknown device when trying to connect Depending on Palm model it may take a little while for the serial number to appear the Piranha will appear as Unknown device Normally it will show the serial number if you wait a while Can set the time before the Handheld powers off automatically Yes there is a preference setting for this pull down menu Set
115. y Display Messages and Active Messages 3 3 2 Display Messages High signal One or several detectors have too high signal e Lower the set sensitivity under settings e Reduce the mA and or increase the distance from tube to detector Exp lt Delay The exposure time is too short compared to the delay time e Increase the exposure time and or reduce the values of delay and or window time Keep in mind that the type of measurement sets the delay time value The standard value for radiography use is 5 ms but for dental it is 200 ms See Measurement Type Settings High kVp Measured tube voltage is higher than that of the selected kV range e Change to a higher kV range Low kVp Measured tube voltage is lower than that of the selected kV range e Change to a lower kV range Low Signal The Piranha detects a signal but it is too low to present a reliable result e Increase the mA and or decrease the distance from X ray tube to detector or change the sensitivity for the dose parameter to High sensitivity or even Very High sensitivity Also the kV sensitivity can be changed You find these settings if you tap the e symbol Reposition Detector The radiation signal on D2 and D1 is not within 5 quota not between 0 95 to 1 05 The most common reason for this is that the detector area is only partially irradiated the detector is tilted or the filtration differs between D2 and D1 e g heel effect e Change the field size or move the de

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