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TR-88-02

1. With int turned off REDUCE will generate no interactive requests and will stop algebraic execution when the first error occurs To avoid this you can use ON ERRCONT even in batch jobs 7 Customizing the REDUCE Environment Implementation deferred Datasets needed at startup time have to be processed explicitly 8 Implementation Dependent Messages A number of messages from the underlying PSL system and the CRAY machine interface may be seen from time to time These include error messages and informative messages Signal 8 invoked Floating point exception Probably means a division by zero has been attempted BPS will be automatically enlarged Information BPS size is increased because a load module was needed by your applica tion e g the PSL compiler Heap space will be automatically enlarged Warning Your problem is too large in its present form for the available workspace either change your problem formulation or enlarge your heap see above Non numeric argument in arithmetic This means that a LISP arithmetic routine has been called with an invalid argument Hint If you do not know what happened use TR CONTINUABLEERROR and run again Signal 11 invoked Operand range error This indicates an illegal memory reference It can arise from applying the LISP function CAR to an atom in compiled code Signal 26 invoked cpu time limit exceeded The time parameter was too small for your batch job Stack overf
2. s Manual should be consulted As an addendum to the User s Manual a number of mo dules first introduced by REDUCE 3 3 are described separately If features of the underlying LISP system are to be used the documents Utah Symbolic Computation Group The Portable Standard LISP Users Manual and H Melenk W Neun Portable Standard LISP Implementation for CRAY X MP computers may be needed All these documents are distributed by Konrad Zuse Zentrum f r Informationstechnik Berlin There is no on line documentation available 3 An Introduction to Reduce New users of REDUCE are advised to process the seven REDUCE Lessons which should be used via a REDUCE implementation on a timesharing computer or a workstation e g a VAX ora SUN They are not available on line with CRAY computers 4 Resource Requirements The minimum field length of a job running REDUCE is approximately 500 k words In this field length the basic REDUCE features can be loaded it includes a heap of total length 50000 words with about 40000 words available as free working memory If additional modules of REDUCE are loaded at runtime or if due to the problem size a larger heap is needed more memory can be allocated and the memory parameter has to be modified in case of a batch job The areas for heap data memory bps area for compiled code stack and binding stack BNDSTK can be enlarged up to the limit defined by the memory parameter The enlargemen
3. user has all possibilities to navigate in the file system For simple applications the following notes may be sufficient e Usage of files in the current working directory Most easy access is to files whose names that consist of lowercase letters and digits only Other filenames containing capital letters or special characters have to be included in quotation marks e g in myfile or IN MyFile will read myfile in current directory but in HUGO or in input dat will read files HUGO or input dat respectively Note that IN HUGO will read file hugo e Access to files in other directories or on a frontend system There are different ways to access files that are not in the current directory Absolute addressing via full path e g in tmp input red Relative addressing using environment variables e g in hugo input red or in SHOME data Changing pwd via the command LISP UNICOS CHDIR hugo before file is opened Staging a file from a frontend machine before opening it e g system rcp sn4711 kuno file red newinput red Note system is an alias for LISP SHELLCMD which invokes csh to handle the command given as parameter string e Usage of Libraries Libraries contain binary files which can be loaded into REDUCE at run time to provide features which are not included in the REDUCE main program e g the PSL compiler The REDUCE load module library is opened at start
4. Herbert Melenk Winfried Neun REDUCE User s Guide for CRAY Computers Running UNICOS Version 3 3 Technical Report TR 88 2 February 1988 Konrad Zuse Zentrum f r Informationstechnik Heilbronner Stra e 10 D 1000 Berlin 31 Herbert Melenk Wintried Neun REDUCE User s Guide for CRAY Computers Running UNICOS Version 3 3 Abstract This document describes operating procedures for running REDUCE specific to the CRAY 1 CRAY X MP CRAY Y MP and CRAY 2 computers running the Operating System UNICOS The document was derived from the corresponding document for Vax UNIX prepared by Dr A C Hearn and L R Seward The Rand Corporation Santa Monica CP85 Copyright 1988 by Konrad Zuse Zentrum fur Informationstechnik Berlin All rights reserved Registered system holders may reproduce all or any part of this publication for internal purposes provided that all source of the material is clearly acknow ledged and the copyright notice is retained Contents 1 Preliminary 2 Reduce Documentation 3 An Introduction to Reduce 4 Resource Requirements 5 File Handling 6 Internal Parameters 6 1 Object Sizes 6 2 Special Characters and Interrupts 6 3 Miscellaneous 7 Customizing the REDUCE Environment 8 Implementation Dependent Messages 9 Further Help 1 Preliminary This document describes operating procedures for running REDUCE specific to the CRAY 1 CRAY X MP CRAY Y MP and CRAY 2 computers with the U
5. NICOS operating system It supplements the REDUCE User s Manual de scribing features extensions and limitations specific to this implementation of REDUCE The character exclamation mark is used in this document to represent the REDUCE syntax escape character By using REDUCE on a CRAY computer via a station computer this character and others too may have a different representation due to local code conversions Please look at the special character table in the REDUCE User s Manual The modules that form the REDUCE system are stored in a number of files The main entry to REDUCE is the executable file named reduce Maybe you must adapt your environment s access path At runtime the system needs access to REDUCE and LISP libraries This access is achieved in an automatic and for the user invisible manner To start REDUCE simply use the command reduce in your batch job or interactive session after which REDUCE will respond with a banner line The system then expects its input via the standard input file and writes to standard output file Examples for batch REDUCE jobs reduce lt EOF reduce lt reducein gt reduceout p xz y 10 where reducein contains 2 lines bye p x y 10 EOF bye Note the lower characters are converted to capital characters on input auto matically by default raise is on 2 Reduce Documentation For proper usage of REDUCE the document A C Hearn REDUCE User
6. al total heap size can be seen as value of the LISP variable heapsize via the REDUCE command LISP heapsize The PSL parameters set by REDUCE normally condemn the garbage collector to do his work in total silence This is necessary because asynchronous messages can destroy a handsome output image In order to learn the amount of occupied heap space or in order to see at which points of execution the garbage collector is involved simply turn on the switch ON GC 3 With GC on the garbage collector will be verbose If you only want to know the number of garbage collections during your calculation you ask for the value of the LISP variable LISP GCKNT number of garbage collections since start It would be a good strategy to inspect this variable after a large computation has been done the first time and to adjust the heap size so that this value remains in a reasonable range For memory estimates the underlying PSL uses two words to store one list element two pointers In case of stack overflow the stack size can be modified in a corresponding manner by calling the function SET STACK SIZE The actual size of the stack is the value of the LISP variable StackSize A similar function SET BNDSTK SIZE is supplied for BNDSTK There is no way to resume a calculation that lead to an overflow of stack or bndstk after enlarging the memory areas 5 File Handling REDUCE file handling is adapted to the UNICOS environment such that the
7. low The PSL stack has overflown If your application needs a larger stack please enlarge it via a LISP Set Stack size lt Size gt call Binding stack overflow The PSL stack for special variables has overflown If your application needs a larger BNDSTK please use a LISP Set Bndstk size lt size gt call A hint if you want a backtrace in case of an signal zz type SYMBOLIC PROCEDURE USER ERROR FUNCTION x INTERPBACKTRACE and run again 9 Further Help For further help with the CRAY implementation of REDUCE please contact Konrad Zuse Zentrum ftir Informationstechnik Berlin email zb6260 db0zib21 bitnet
8. mand There is no means to continue the interrupted calculation The LISP function USER ERROR FUNCTION is called in recovery procedure It may be redefined for own diagnostics The signal number is the only parameter e g 2 for terminal interrupt is used to terminate strings in the REDUCE interactive editor because ESC as in other implementations will not be handled via all stations 6 3 Miscellaneous Several UNICOS funtion can be invoked from REDUCE to alter the REDUCE environment in contrary to a shell invocation via SYSTEM command which does not alter the REDUCE environment These functions are Unicos pwd Unicos getenv var Unicos putenv var value and Unicos chdir directory There is no link currently to an external editor The internal ordering on alpha betic characters is from A through Z followed by a through z Times as reported by ON TIME or SHOWTIME are given in milliseconds and measure execution time including garbage collection time They do not include operating system overhead To exit REDUCE use bye Per default there is echoing of input in batch jobs only Echoing is controlled by the switch on echo With echo turned on the input is echoed to the output and a mixed protocol of incoming commands and outgoing results of their execution is produced In batch jobs the switch int is set to off by default This switch indicates the batch interactive state to the REDUCE system
9. t of binary program space while loading additional modules or compiling user programs is done automatically the action is protocoled via stan dard output At the end of a REDUCE run you will get a statistic from the underlying PSL which looks like PSL 3 4 22 08 88 12 50 51 Total cpu time 9710 ms heapsize 200000 Garbage collections 8 bpssize 150000 Time for gc 1224 ms stacksize 5000 Ratio gc total 12 bndstksize 500 The block on the left side summarizes the cpu time needed to run the REDUCE application the time for garbage collection which is included in this total cpu time the number of garbage collections and the percentage of cpu time spend for garbage collection are printed below A greater heapsize will normally result in a better cpu gc time percentage The block on the left contains the memory requirements for the LISP memory areas that can be adjusted at runtime If a larger heap is needed because the number of garbage collections is too high the LISP function SET HEAP SIZE has to be called This function expects the desired TOTAL heap length as parameter It is called from REDUCE e g by LISP SET HEAP SIZE 100000 Note the exclamation marks in front of special characters inside the name The heap size is adjusted in case of a lack of data area too but this will happen if the heap is almost full after many garbage collections So we recommend to adjust heapsize when big data areas are needed The actu
10. up time automatically Additional libraries can be accessed using the commands LISP set libpath dirstring Libopen lib Where dirstring is the name of the directory containing lib Default for dirstring is i e the current working directory is assumed to contain the library 6 Internal Parameters 6 1 Object Sizes The maximum string and identifier lengths are limited only by the underlying PSL base The current implementation allows several hundred characters in both identifiers and strings However we recommend that such names be limited to 24 characters or less for compatibility with other versions of REDUCE All fixed precision floating point numbers are printed in FORTRAN s G23 3E4 format by default This format may be changed as described in the PSL docu mentation Arbitrary precision integer and real arithmetic is supported 6 2 Special Characters and Interrupts Lower case input is permitted but converted to upper case unless the switch RAISE is off A may be used as an alternative to in expressions This character is represented by the character not with some front end computers The end of file is supplied by the control D character hez 04 in interactive mode If an interrupt occurs e g by entering control C hez 03 the current calcula tion is cancelled and a little diagnosis of the problem is printed by the underlying PSL system REDUCE immediately prompts for the next com

TR-88-02

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