Home

Xerox GKLS Language Services (LS) is a Localisation (see

1. 55 Interview Summary Technical Staff Level of pre processing on files dependent on the file type some files will enter TRADOS with the correct data available for translation with no preparation Others require a change of file encoding tag names changed etc resx files pre processing time depends on whether we have been sent the coordinate property data as part of the file If so that needs blocking off Have looked to automate file preparation for some file types Any tools developed to automate preparation would be welcomed Would have to be quicker than doing the work manually and fit into the way we work TRADOS is largely good at handling different file types It s lack of Catalyst like functionality has been a topic of discussion but it s the best all round tool 56 Observation Summary 8 12 06 Translator viewed for an hour The translator was working on a software project approximately 4000 words as well as checking pre translated 100 matches to be translated using TRADOS The translator had been provided word count data in advance to help decide whether they had time to carry out the translation Used a variety of shortcut keys to speed up work eg Ctrl Alt PageDn for Open Next No 100 Often consulted reference pack provided by terminologist when they were having issues with a translation provided as a Word document but printed out by the translator Spent some time cycling through potential translat
2. EN D File Settings view Options Tools Help Created on Paa 8 Only translation units with attributes applied Created by PW NLFELGT4 Changed on Changed by ES Only translation units with attributes applied E Nur Ubersetzungseinheiten mit angewandten Eigenschaften EE Match 1 of 1 Figure 2 5 Translators workbench SDL TRADOS TagEditor 7400_v1_0_de_100ct05_v10_cms01 DE DE ttx File Edit View Workbench Tools Window Help d gt 44 BB Bun JE 9 El je zu xl mal so eo rm gt Microsoft Windows XP f r das Drucken ber die USB Schnittstelle mithilfe des Windows Plug amp Play Verfahrens oder des automatischen Installationsprogramms Walk Up von Xerox TU KAIDAH TIO d2 1463409549 rel Product 7400142218 Tag Tile gt gt TU How To Install the Printer on an Apple Macintosh With 10 1 or Higher Operating System OS via CPAP lt 100 Anleitung zum Einrichten des Druckers unter Mac OS 10 1 oder h her f r das Drucken ber TCP IP lt TU AMID3 TID id 336262994 tef Product 7400142219 Tag Tilem TU gt How To Install the Printer on an Apple Macintosh With 10 1 or Higher Operating System OS via USB T Anleitung zum Einrichten des Druckers unter Mac OS 10 1 oder h her f r das Drucken ber die USB Schnittstelle lt TU lt 2HT1D gt TU gt Howe To Install the Printer on an Apple Macintosh With 9 x Operating System OS to Print via CPAP LPR lt O gt Anleitung zum Einric
3. application add_OnAfterSaveBilingual saveHandler public void OnAfterSaveBilingual TagEditor Document document Figure 5 1 Code to implement an event reacting to a file being saved in TagEditor The application object the currently open TagEditor application has an onAfterSaveBilingual event added to it which has a method name as a parameter Whilst examining the SDK in detail it was established that it had some severe deficiencies that could adversely affect the solutions delivered by this project Some events that it was expected would be available as part of the TagEditor libraries were not most importantly ones relating to the opening and closing of translation segments This caused particular issues for the visualisation tool see section 5 4 5 2 1 Implementing TRADOS Plug ins COM Although it is not completely obvious from the TRADOS SDK documentation to enable software as a TagEditor plugin it first must be built as COM Component Object Model classes COM is Microsoft technology which enables software components to communicate COM is used by developers to create re usable software components link components together to build applications and take advantage of Windows services 15 Each class must be registered by inserting assembly information into the header of the classes By making these classes visible to COM TagEditor can access them 22 The code to implement a COM
4. Types of errors encountered in software translation Style translations not right for this software Improvements to TRADOS A verifier that will tell you if you have missed out translating a segment or accidentally copied the source across to the target Because there is an option to copy source it is easily done Would being able to annotate translations for future projects be of benefit Yes I would Would visualisation be a benefit Definitely it s the main problem we face Thoughts on other tools compared to TRADOS Catalyst is useful for context but it s an expensive add on when you already have TRADOS 54 Interview Summary Translator General Thoughts on TRADOS Generally very stable and easy to use Preview function for HTML is very useful Types of errors encountered in software translation Typos Down to translator expertise Truncations exceeded bounding boxes Messages incorrect in context what messages are the ones being translated related to Improvements to TRADOS Being able to preview all file types when translating Would being able to annotate translations for future projects be of benefit Potentially yes there have been occasions where I ve wondered what reasoning a translator used when using a certain translation Would visualisation be a benefit Absolutely Thoughts on other tools compared to TRADOS XGTS useful for bounding box checking but slow and bad TM Management
5. lt nTID id 1402156632 ref Product 7400 1d 961 T How To Empty the Punch Waste Box leitung zum Leeren der Locherbeh lter For Help press F1 Readiness XML Chrs 39 Pos 1 Figure 2 6 TRADOS TagEditor Analyse Files EN D English United States German Germany Add Analyse Files to analyse Close C Documents and Settings User My Docume Use TM from previous analysis Options Log File 1 File s processed Match types Segments Words Context TM Repetitions 0 100 12 95 99 0 85 94 0 0 0 4 Fa 75 84 50 74 No match lt j Total 16 CI G gj Analysis results View Log File Export Frequent Segments 5 or more occurrences Create Project TM Export Unknown Segments 195 or lower match value Mi Figure 2 7 Analyse files in workbench 2 1 3 Quality Issues in software localisation e Bounding boxes when software is designed developers with internationalization in mind allow space for text expansion since foreign languages tend to be longer than English Not taking this into account would increase the likelihood of text truncation Even with this provision there is still a possibility that translators will exceed the bounding box boundaries e Hotkeys are shortcut keys used in software These are often selected because the key letter is part of the word of the function eg Pressing X to use the Exit function It is l
6. no problems e Was it easy to pick up how to use the software Yes I didn t encounter any problems e Do you have any suggestions for improvements If it could tell you exactly where the segment you are translating was on the interface that would be useful e In its current state would you be happy to continue using it Pd prefer it if there was an option to turn off the hotkey checking as it is not always our job to deal with it But oh the whole it would benefit my work greatly 79 Interview Summary 05 04 07 e Does this software fit into your work well Yes I was very happy with it e Was it easy to pick up how to use the software Yes I didn t encounter any problems e Do you have any suggestions for improvements Maybe if you could put the text you are currently viewing in workbench into the visualisation to see how it would look in context That might be useful e Inits current state would you be happy to continue using it Yes I expect it would benefit by work in future if I continued to use it e From the demonstration did you think that the comment system would be of benefit It s a bit difficult to tell from a demonstration but I think it has potential 80
7. preserve gt lt value gt radioButton3 lt value gt lt data gt lt data name amp gt amp gt radioButton3 Name xml space preserve gt lt value gt radioButton3 lt value gt lt data gt lt data name amp gt amp gt radioButton3 Type xml space preserve gt lt value gt System Windows Forms RadioButton System Windows Forms Version 2 0 0 0 Culture neutral PublicKeyToken b77a5c561934e089 lt value gt lt data gt lt data name amp gt amp gt radioButton3 Parent xml space preserve gt lt value gt this lt value gt lt data gt lt data name amp gt amp gt radioButton3 ZOrder xml space preserve gt lt value gt 0 lt value gt lt data gt lt metadata name Sthis Localizable type System Boolean mscorlib Version 2 0 0 0 Culture neutral PublicKeyToken b77a5c561934e089 gt lt value gt True lt value gt lt metadata gt lt data name Sthis AutoScaleDimensions type System Drawing SizeF System Drawing gt lt value gt 6 13 lt value gt TabIndex type System Int32 mscorlib gt 74 lt data gt lt data name Sthis ClientSize type System Drawing Size System Drawing gt lt value gt 603 377 lt value gt lt data gt lt data name Sthis Text xml space preserve gt lt value gt Forml lt value gt lt data gt lt data name amp gt amp gt this Name xml space preserve gt lt value gt Forml lt value gt lt data gt lt data
8. B Software Localisation Tools ccssssssscssseccssesseesecseesessecsessecsasecsaeeeesecaeesecnevscenaeenesaecaseaeeneaes 49 Appendix C Field Research Notes 110 na NING ENT NG DA E NE PANINDA sansa neha Enns 52 Appendix D Requirements Specification provided to Xerox prior to meeting es0anenen een ann aana naneananen ano 58 Appendix E Documentations sisa AN Ba AGAR BIDANG A susan RI aa ap ap a gain 61 Appendix G End User EvaldatlO ccoo ona e Na aaa aga 76 1 Introduction Xerox GKLS Language Services LS is a Localisation see section 2 1 services provider with an annual turnover of 20 million LS localises software and documentation for both internal and external clients which include major automotive telecommunications and IT corporations This project examines the process used to translate software and looks to improve it 1 1 Aim The aim of this project was to improve the quality of natural language translation of software in all foreign languages 1 2 Objectives The objective of this project was to develop tools within the TRADOS translation environment that would benefit the work of translators when translating software 1 3 Minimum Requirements 1 A solution that would allow resx windows resource files to be viewed and translated as 1f they were built software into foreign languages in the Trados translation environment 1 4 Relevance to degree This project involved the understa
9. It would be difficult to put together a reasonable scenario to show the comments system working as it would in a production situation eg Looking at comments produced from a previous version of the project Therefore it was decided to simply demonstrate the comment report generation and comment 41 viewing functionality to translators and request their thoughts on whether they believed it would benefit their work and 1f they had any suggestions for improving it 6 3 2 Results The results of the translation improvements evaluation are represented in figure 6 2 Original time for translation approx 75 minutes NOTE the file translated did not contain any hotkeys Translator Time for actual translation Time for corrections 1 60 5 2 55 10 3 75 5 4 60 5 Figure 6 2 Translation quality evaluation results Notes on interviews and observation found in Appendix G On the whole the results of the translation quality evaluation would suggest that the tool had been of benefit to translators All but one of the translations took less time to translate the software than the original translator and the other carried it out in a similar time to them In a normal translation process the translator would not be expected to pay close attention to issues like bounding boxes and hotkeys as they would have little idea as to whether they had exceeded a box or duplicated a hotkey Having this information at there d
10. System Int32 mscorlib gt lt value gt 10 lt value gt lt data gt lt data name checkBox1 Text xml space preserve lt value gt Verleiben in Existierenerinnerung ein lt value gt lt data gt lt data name amp qgt amp gt checkBox1l Name xml space preserve gt lt value gt checkBox1 lt value gt lt data gt lt data name amp gt amp gt checkBoxl Type xml space preserve lt value gt System Windows Forms CheckBox System Windows Forms Version 2 0 0 0 Culture neutral PublicKeyToken b77a5c561934e089 lt value gt lt data gt Figure 2 3 Translated resx File EE Speichermanager Verleiben Sie ein Gestalten Sie um _ Verleibt in Existierenerinnerung ein C Schafft neue Erinnerung Brausen Sie Quelle Schaffen Sie Zia Exportieren Sie Format Verleiben Sie ein Figure 2 4 Translated software associated with resx file from figure 2 3 2 1 1 Translation Memory Translation Memory is described as an aligned parallel corpus 2 source and target segments of text generally up to the length of a sentence A translator can consult a database of previous translations usually on a sentence by sentence basis looking for anything similar enough to the current sentence to be translated and can then use the retrieved example as a model 3 The translation memory is often used to Pre translate fi
11. added to ArrayLists sourceControls or targetControls BoundingBoxChecker Supplied the ArrayLists of source and target controls CheckBoundingBox int controlNumber uses the TextRenderer library to measure the size of the text and compares it against the source controls size property If it has exceeded its bounding it is added to the exceededControls list generateHTMLReport String path creates an HTML file with details of all the exceeded controls HotKeyChecker Supplied the ArrayList of target ToolStripMenultems Creates a string array of hotkeys checkForDuplications compares each string in the hotkey array against each other If a match occurs the UI components they represent are added to an array of duplicated controls generateHTMLReport creates an HTML file with details of all the duplicated controls 66 ResXPrep Tool ResXPrep UI This class is mainly Visual Studio Form Generated code On pressing ok an event is fired calling the process or PostProcess files methods from ResxprepControl ResxPrepControl processFiles Reads each file creating a new file in the destination directory writes each line of the old file to the new one changing the value tag to xvalue if it finds that the name type data is referring to something that isnt Text postProcessFiles Reads each file creating a new file in the destination directory writes each line of the old file to the new one changing the value tag to xvalue
12. added to a list of duplicates and its text is set to blue in the visualisation window The HTML report generation is also similar The header information of the HTML file is written and then the list of UI components with duplicated hotkeys is looped through adding each ones text and hotkey to the file 5 4 7 The main visualisation program When the visualisation tool is activated the main visualisation class acts as a boundary calling the reading and checking classes It searches for an existing TagEditor object ie the open application and gets the currently active document A copy of that file is made and subsequently supplied to the 30 ResxReader object for reading Once completed the bounding box and hotkey checking classes are called The bounding box checker class is supplied with every target UI component to check This main class also has a number of event handlers Initially it was intended that the segment currently being translated would be highlighted in the visualisation window However due to the limitations of the TRADOS SDK this was not possible as there were no events available to identify what translation segment was open and when it was opened or closed As a result of this another means of refreshing the view had to be implemented When a file is saved in TagEditor the visualisation window refreshes to show any changes made by the linguist and re run the bounding box and hotkey checkers W
13. can be generated 18 This technique was chosen as it represented a means of testing against a number of typical user scenarios 5 7 1 resx Visualisation The tool was supplied with a variety of different resx TTX files all representing a different user interface some of which were supplied by Xerox These were used to determine if the GUIs were displayed as they had been originally intended Translations were added and modified to confirm that the window refreshed correctly le Correct dimensions text font Bounding box checking was tested using resx files containing a variety of different fonts and font sizes Each font has different pixel sizes which would affect the UI visualisation and whether or not it had exceeded bounding limitations The following questions were asked to confirm the bounding box checking was working successfully e Are errors displayed in red e After they are corrected do they appear in their normal colour e Are all errors included in the report 34 File Visualised Correct Bounding Correct Hotkey Correct Correctly Box Checking checking Refreshing Bf WI N Figure 5 15 Sample resx visualisation test table Also how it handles extreme cases will be tested ie what if the translation is extremely long or there is no translation at all 5 7 2 Results The first run through this test plan produced the following results File Visual
14. class is as follows import System Reflection import System EnterpriseServices attribute Transaction Transaction0ption Required attribute Progld resxReader resxRead 7 public class ResxRead extends ServicedComponent Figure 5 2 Code to implement a COM Class To complete the registering of a TagEditor plugin some windows registry editing must occur The class identifier CLSID a unique identifier must be set to implement a particular category A category is a group of classes that the application can take advantage of In this case the category is that of a TagEditor plug in so that TagEditor can view the make use of the plug ins created This area proved to be a great challenge as the project was embarked upon with no prior knowledge of COM and limited knowledge of Windows registry editing 5 3 Preparation tool for resx files For resx visualisation to take place all of the property information eg Coordinates must be included in the resx file However these properties are represented in the resx file in the same way as xml tags containing the text for translation figure 5 5 lt data name labell Size type System Drawing Size System Drawing gt lt value gt 41 13 lt value gt lt data gt lt data name labell TabIndex type System Int32 mscorlib gt lt value gt 13 lt value gt lt data gt lt data name label1 Text xml space preserve gt lt value gt Source l
15. evaluation approaches which have been developed in an attempt to deal with the large amount of human effort required for manual evaluation methods Automatic scoring of test points 10 this would involve developing a translation where each segment had a different translation issue The file is translated and compared against a set of acceptable translations in Chinese in the original study and scored based on the translation issue for that particular segment Evaluation using n gram co occurrence 11 These methods involve determining how close a translation is to a series of expert translations Of course the further the translation is from the expert translations the poorer quality 1t is seen to be Edit distances this involves measurement of the quantity of edits required to take a machine translation and make it human or in our case make it of higher quality This is where the number of insertions deletions and substitutions required to convert one string into another 5 is measured In the context of evaluating human translations these approaches may be less appropriate Automatic scoring of test points would involve a time consuming process of creating different translation segments with particular translation issues as well as obtaining translations possibly more than one for each segment Evaluation using n gram co occurrence appears to be most appropriate in situations where there is likely to be
16. i C Sitte Installieren Gewinn Bounding Box Checking If there were any bounding box errors detected a window like the one below will be displayed 63 Bounding box errors have been detected A Report has been generated at C Documents and Settings User My DocumentsiVisual Studio 2005 ProjectsiResXRendering2 Copy of Formi resx ttxReport html The text from these will be displayed in red in the target visualization widow An HTML report is also generated to show the source and target text as well as the size of the bounding box and how much it has been exceeded by If hotkeys are duplicated their text will be displayed in blue An HTML report will be generated User Guide Comment Report Generation Requirements Microsoft Windows 2000 XP Net Framework 2 0 J redistributable package TRADOS 6 5 or later with license Installation Double click the Resx Visualisation msi file Follow the on screen instructions the only particular issue you have to deal with here is deciding the path at which you want the software to be installed Running the software Right click on a TTX Comments file and select Generate comment report The TTX file it is associated must be in the same directory A report like the following will be generated User Guide Comment Viewer Requirements Microsoft Windows 2000 XP Net Framework 2 0 J redistributable package TRADOS 6 5 or later with license Installation Double click the
17. if it finds that the name type data is referring to something that isnt Text Also has methods to add or remove files from the filelist TTXCommentReader The constructor takes the filename supplied and uses the DirectoryInfo object to identify what directory the file in so it can create the HTML report file It then begins reading the comment file received using an XMLTextReader If it finds a Segment tag it calls the readComment method readComment Using the same XMLTextReader as the constructor looks Start Offset End Offset Start Paragraph End Paragraph and the comment for this segment Calls the getSourceText method and then the addCommentToReport method getSourceText Opens the TTX file the comment relates to reads to the line number from readComment then looks for a TU tag and takes its source and target text from the TUV tags TTXCommentViewer TTXCommentViewerUl This class is mainly Visual Studio form generated code displayCommentGrid searches through the ArrayList of Comments adding them to the dataGridView keyPress an event that refreshes the dataGridView if the user presses shift r TTXReaderControl identify CommentFiles searches the directory of the TTX file for HTML files readComments confirms whether the HTML file is a comment file then reads each line taking the source and target text along with the comment readTTXFile takes a comment reads the file comparing th
18. name amp gt amp gt this Type xml space preserve gt lt value gt System Windows Forms Form System Windows Forms Version 2 0 0 0 Culture neutral PublicKeyToken b77a5c561934e089 lt value gt lt data gt lt root gt This software looks like the following ES Form1 Test Text C checkBox1 O radioButton1 C checkBox2 tadioButton2 checkBox D et o RADIOBUTT 75 Appendix G End User Evaluation Interview Summary 05 04 07 e Does this software fit into your work well Yes I looked at the window on start up then maximised in whenever I was unsure on a translation for assistance Unobtrusive e Was it easy to pick up how to use the software Think so yes It just loads and off you go e Do you have any suggestions for improvements If the visualisation software could tell you what the segment currently open e In its current state would you be happy to continue using it Yes although it would be greatly improved with the improvement suggested e From the demonstration did you think that the comment system would be of benefit I believe so but it is difficult to tell without putting it into use over a number of projects Other Comments Queried whether it was only for RESX files Felt that the comment functionality would be useful when evaluating new translators They could make comments and pass the report onto a resourcing specialist 76 Interview Summary 06 04 07 e Does this soft
19. resheader gt name reader gt System Resources ResXResourceReader Forms lt resheader gt name writer gt System Resources ResXResourceWriter Forms lt resheader gt Namel gt lt value gt this is my long string lt value gt lt comment gt this comment gt lt data gt lt data name Color1 type System Drawing Color System Drawing lt data name gt Blue lt data gt Bitmapl mimetype application x microsoft net object binary base64 gt 68 lt value gt base64 mime encoded serialized NET Framework object lt value gt lt data gt lt data name Iconl type System Drawing Icon System Drawing mimetype application x microsoft net object bytearray base64 gt lt value gt base64 mime encoded string representing a byte array form of the NET Framework object lt value gt lt comment gt This is a comment lt comment gt lt data gt There are any number of resheader rows that contain simple name value pairs Each data row contains a name and value The row also contains a type or mimetype Type corresponds to a NET class that support text value conversion through the TypeConverter architecture Classes that don t support this are serialized and stored with the mimetype set The mimetype is used for serialized objects and tells the ResXResourceReader how to depersist the object This is currently not extensible For a given mimetyp
20. software files would be of great benefit The problems they most encountered were problems of having to shorten translations to deal with the size of bounding boxes and changing translations due to them being incorrect in context with the rest of the software Requests were made regarding a more sophisticated verification tool for TagEditor checking whether segments have been translated However this is part of an existing development by Xerox and it would be inappropriate to develop anything in this area The Software Localisation Engineer interviewed stressed that any means of cutting the time spent on validation would be beneficial as the engineer must support the validators work Also they spend a great deal of time making changes to hotkeys and fixing bounding boxes for truncated strings that the validator could not correct The TRADOS specialist interviewed expressed that any tool introduced would have to be such that it didn t significantly slow down pre and post processing resx files take a level of manual processing so a tool that automated that work would be helpful 13 Observation of a translator showed that with experience translators tend to look for ways to work quickly This particular translator made a great deal of use of shortcut keys They also refer often to information packs sent to them by terminologists explaining more about the project and common problems with it 14 4 Preparation of Solution 4 1
21. the TM so they could be linked to a Ul simulation Annotation is theoretically a good idea though not sure how practical if one had to annotate every change made Perhaps a report could be generated for future reference Would visualisation be a benefit Yes it would make life a lot easier Thoughts on other tools compared to TRADOS Havent used any 52 Interview Summary Translator General Thoughts on TRADOS Easy to use Overpriced Interface with MS Word doesn t work well Spell checker is very basic and only contains simple words little use for German as it uses many compound words Translate to Fuzzy option is not always reliable Types of errors encountered in software translation Basic errors like spelling mistakes Problems of terminology incorrect terminology for this particular software or screen Improvements to TRADOS A WYSWYG mode Improved spell checker Improved Word interface doesn t break down on segments in tables Would visualisation be a benefit Yes it would help to deal with terminology problems like those mentioned before Thoughts on other tools compared to TRADOS Has used Nero Across amp Catalyst both of these have a WYSWYG mode but far less user friendly and straight forward compared to TRADOS 53 Interview Summary Translator General Thoughts on TRADOS Generally fine Limited flexibility on how segments paragraphs can be moved around combined or deleted
22. word and those with fuzzy matches are fractions of a word E bleh log Notepad File Edit Format View Help 85 94 75 84 50 74 No Match Total Chars word Chars Total Analyse Total 1 file Match Types Segments words Placeables context TM 0 0 Repetitions 19 79 100 35 215 95 99 12 84 85 94 0 0 75 84 255 2125 50 74 0 0 No Match 594 8 922 Total 613 11 425 ODODODODO Chars word 5 03 chars Total 57 568 Analyse finished successfully without errors Thu mar 08 20 52 01 2007 Figure 6 1 Example Wordcount Data Examine the timesheet data for this project to identify the time spent on translation and validation of this project when initially carried out and who carried them out With the assistance of a resourcing specialist who deals with testing and hiring translators select translators of a similar level to those used in the initial translation Create the translation memory as it was at the time of translation and pre translate the files Perform the translation as in any normal project and measure the time taken Make any corrections highlighted by the checking functions Translators were asked to do this at the conclusion of the translation as it would not have been part of the work of the translator initially doing the work 39 A reduction in time for translation could suggest less ambiguity over possible translations Increases in time taken for either task could imply t
23. Appendix E The purpose of this is to enable developers at Xerox to update the software or fix bugs should they emerge at a later date The User guide documents the installation process how to activate the plug ins within TagEditor and how to use the software Although it is an expected accompaniment to software it enhances its usability by making the user more aware of its basic functionality and accelerating its use for example the use of shortcut keys In both cases clear documentation is necessary to limit the need for training Translators are often geographically distant and on site training is impractical 33 5 7 Testing A comprehensive test plan has been formulated to ensure that the software performs all of the tasks that were initially scoped for this project Section 4 2 Although elements of these tests were iteratively used during development it was necessary to have a more structured test towards the end of the implementation so that it could be checked that all functionality integrated together correctly and behaved as expected The form of testing applicable here Functional testing known as Black box testing is based upon the requirement specifications of the system and tries to map the input values to the output values The system may also be tested with some invalid inputs to judge its behaviour and find out its exception handling ability In order to test the functional correctness of the features test cases
24. Choice of solution Based on the background and field research the following solutions were decided upon e A tool that integrates into TRADOS which visualises TTX files created from resx windows resource files As a feature of this bounding boxes will be checked to confirm whether the text has exceeded their bounding limits and hotkeys will be checked for duplications e The comments system of TRADOS will be extended so that translators notes from earlier projects can be referenced in subsequent translations The decision to create a visualisation tool was based on the very strong support for it from translators and it has been documented as an issue within software translation 2 1 3 It was established that it had to be available as a plug in to TRADOS after examining the other software localisation tools on the market 2 1 4 and hearing Xerox and translators preferences towards that software TRADOS supports the current Xerox business model which utilises a number of external translators The bounding box and hotkey checking functions are also known issues in the industry 2 1 3 Extending the comment functionality of TRADOS also received a positive response from technical staff but was seen as less important than the visualisation tool 4 2 Methodology The traditional waterfall model has the following stages Initiation Feasibility Analysis Design Build Implementation Changeover Maintenance and Review 13 Not all
25. Improving the quality of software translation Timothy O Hassall Computing with Management Industry Session 2006 2007 The candidate confirms that the work submitted is their own and the appropriate credit has been given where reference has been made to the work of others I understand that failure to attribute material which is obtained from another source may be considered as plagiarism Signature of student Summary This report looks to examine in detail the process of translating software into different foreign languages and attempts to improve on it It focused in particular on the process used by Xerox GKLS The various software translation localisation tools available on the market were examined and literature on the subject of translation was read to understand the various quality issues that affected the industry Field research was carried out to get the views of the translators and others working in localisation From this it was decided that an application to visualise software in the TRADOS translation environment as well as improving upon TRADOS comment system were appropriate means on improving the process The implementation of the project involved a great deal of interaction with TRADOS own software development kit regular expressions the Component Object Model COM and XML Evaluation of the finished product included usability aspects and an attempt to measure improvements in translation qualit
26. NG AKASA KA aan papas AK ah apaa a ANG 15 4 T ChoiCe a aaa sa td a Ng ea kaa LAN ga a ba ag a A Gah aga DAK aka naa a a PANG 15 4 2 Methodology O 15 4 3 Requirements Gathering nma nm Apan pa pa AA GINA a Na LEN ga a apa NA i RRE a gan in PN gaen EERE EENE Sa 16 WA Project Plan sadana aan a a NG pan AENG NG Aa pa NG a ag aga ANA NA a aa pr a A sehas aa a pa AA ah jana sa a PAG aba anaa a a NANG 17 4 5 Selection of Development Language seseooeseneennenoena naen anan nana nana an anan n anana anana nana na naen nne anana n ne nenen 18 5 Design Implementado aii peda 19 3 1 Affected file typesa ia a I HERE aspel 19 9 1 1 Tesk leia aros 19 512 O O area A aie adalah 19 3 1 3 TTX comment files oo 3118 aaah MAB Alaa ieh 20 5 2 Using the TRADOS SDR eea awa De Tapen a na ga aaa NEGAK id 21 5 2 1 Implementing TRADOS Plug ins COM 60a0eeanenen een ne wanen nanas nawan n nana n anna n anana anana n nenanem nane 22 5 3 Preparation tool for resx files selaalnssbobeie ob 23 5 4 Visualisation of tesx TIX files nes leitete Ren 25 NA Class desi gti si HEHE da 25 3 4 2 REBUlArEeXpTESSIONS cuina AN NIANG BIEN AUNG DL PA NEA LAN ia 25 5 4 3 Approach to reading resx TTX files aiseee erise ae ie aaia oe eE EE E nono ag aaa ai ana aan 26 5 4 4 Optimising the TTX reading Cod t iei onse iaeio hentoa sekai AKEE NENG ag NGINA EN GE nr nani a aan 27 5 4 5 Approach to measuring bounding DOXES cococccoccnonoconononncononnconononononn
27. ResxVisualisation msi file Follow the on screen instructions the only particular issue you have to deal with here is deciding the path at which you want the software to be installed Running the software Open TRADOS and the resx TTX file you would like to translate Run the comment viewer tool either from the TTXcommentviewer exe file in the program folder or from the TTX comment viewer start menu folder 64 TIK Comment Viewer UN 65 Developers Guide Visualisation Visualisation ResxResading BoundingBoxChecker HotkeyChecker Visualisations constructor gets the application and current document object and calls the ResxReading object to read the TTX file ResXReading All reading in this class is performed with a StreamReader locateContainer looks for the main form and gets its size and name using regular expressions Adds source and tabPages to a form of its size lookForSubContainers looks for TabControls and calls their creation method searchContents reads the file looking for the pattern Type If found it reads its value tag and calls the relevant creation method newX creates the relevant component in the correct array and makes a copy into the target component array eg sourceButtons buttonCount and targetButtons buttonCount Deals with any special properties newComponent called by the newX methods to deal with like properties eg Size location All controls are
28. a significant difference between the initial translation and the expert translation In a human translation context it is likely that the differences will be small and more related to style 2 3 Usability Jakob Nielsen defined usability by five quality components 12 e Learnability How easy is it for users to accomplish basic tasks the first time they encounter the design 11 e Efficiency Once users have learned the design how quickly can they perform tasks e Memorability When users return to the design after a period of not using it how easily can they reestablish proficiency e Errors How many errors do users make how severe are these errors and how easily can they recover from the errors e Satisfaction How pleasant is it to use the design All these factors will be important in designing a tool for the localisation industry Any tools developed must be easy to learn so they can be quickly used in a production environment have high efficiency to fit in with translators working patterns and methods of working quickly There is no guarantee that a translator will be translating software on a regular basis so memorability will be a factor Errors will be important as the translators are working in a high pressure time sensitive environment and any major problems the translator has with the software could endanger a project completion Satisfaction is of course a factor as a more pleasant tool to use will be taken u
29. able for use in a Windows Form application so it was necessary to add it as a reference dll This has been applied to the Hotkey 5 4 6 and comment reports 5 5 1 as well 29 Bounding Box Report Mozilla Firefox BER File Edit View History Bookmarks Tools Help Minimize r e Gt D file 7 C Documents 20and 20Settings User My 20Dacuments Visual 205tudio 202005 Projects Res Rendering2 Copy 200f 20Form1 resx t 7 gt Gly x INBOX INBOX _ Bounding Box Report G X Source Text Target Text Size of Bounding Box Size of Text Browse De Brausen Sie Width 75 Height 23 Width 81 Height 13 B asic Install Grundlegend Installiert Width 104 Height 17 Width 112 Height 13 Please specify the files you would like to install Bitte geben Sie die Akten an die Sie installieren m chten Width 264 Height 21 Width 276 Height 13 Done A gt Ide QD YN NI DIII Y El aaa AA 2a AAA a m Figure 5 12 HTML bounding box error report 5 4 6 Hotkey checking The HotkeyChecker class works in a similar manner to that of the BoundingBoxChecker It is supplied an ArrayList of UI components but in this case they are exclusively ToolStripMenultem as opposed to all of the UI components in the bounding box checking The hotkeys for all of these items are stored in a String array and these Strings are all compared to each other If a hotkey duplication is detected the UI component is
30. ably high standard so the initial translation should already be of good quality and changes made as a result of using the software will mainly relate to terminology and style Due to the fact that measuring translation quality is open to a great deal of subjectivity Section 2 2 1t would be difficult to have an evaluator decide whether translations carried out with the software were better than ones performed without it The selected evaluation approach was inspired by the operational evaluation method often used in machine translation evaluation Section 2 2 2 1 which looks to evaluate cost effectiveness The translation process used by Xerox makes a time measurement appropriate A shorter time spent translating software would lead to reduced costs Xerox GKLS maintain timesheet data on all translation projects with categories to help future planning eg X spent 5 hours on the translation and Y spent an hour validating their translation This will be used as a starting point to analyse improvements The process was planned as follows e By examining wordcount data from previously translated resx file projects identify a translation of approximately 1000 new words the time metric Xerox use for software translation suggests this should take around half a day to translate and an hour to validate 38 The new word figure is based on a weighted calculation where words with no match in the translation memory are valued as one new
31. ages To avoid code repetition separate methods have been developed to a create each component and to establish its unique properties in a method newX where X is the name of the component and b locate and set all common properties in a method newComponent However it was discovered that some components did not inherit their methods from the type Control which is the case for the majority These components needed to have the information for them searched for separately eg For ToolStripMenultem s all properties were set in its newMenultem method 27 GE Example Application Target Please specify the files pou would like to install AA Browse A C Full Install Basic Install I C Custom Install Figure 5 9 Example of source visualisation view Example Application Source Bitte geben Sie die Akten an die Sie installieren marhten De Brausen m C Full Install i C Grundlegend In i C Sitte Installieren Gewinn Figure 5 10 Example of target visualisation view 28 5 4 5 Approach to measuring bounding boxes The class BoundingBoxChecker class is passed a UI component and obtains its text font and size using the object s various get methods Using a NET library function TextRenderer the width and height of the text in pixels is measured taking the font type and size into account It then compares this figure against the Ul components specifi
32. asibility evaluation of the potential of a new MT approach e Requirements Elicitation Building prototypes to determine specific functions for possible implementations as part of an MT system e Internal Progress Evaluation Regular evaluations of MT components prior to system release e Diagnostic evaluation Evaluation of functionality characteristics of prototype by researchers developers e Declarative evaluation Evaluators judge MT output quality using selected metrics e Usability evaluation Evaluators representative of end users test how easy the application is to use e Operational evaluations Managers calculate the purchase and running costs of an MT system and compare these with its benefits e Comparison evaluation Declarative Usability and Operational evaluations combined to compare systems 10 Although a usability evaluation will be performed our main concern in this area of research will be the declarative and operational evaluation This evaluation aims to measure the quality of translation and its financial benefits The most relevant of the human evaluation types in this context would be evaluation by post editing effort Since there are already two stages of translation in the current process and in that although the initial translation is by a human less time spent on a validation would imply that quality at the first translation stage had improved There are also a number of automated MT
33. bles will be tested further in house to confirm that they are satisfied that they will be appropriate for use in a production situation when it occurs there are no resx translation projects in the near future They were pleased with the deliverables and were of the belief that they would be of benefit to the organisation 43 7 Future Developments There are a number of potential routes that could be taken to extend the work carried out during this project 7 1 Extending the visualization plug in Based on the comments of translators during evaluation being able to react to segment opening and closing events would have usability benefits This would involve highlighting the segment to be translated in the visualization window and refreshing the window on the adding of a translation and closing that segment Better integration with the translation memory could provide benefits as the translator cycles through the various fuzzy matches in memory these could be displayed in context in the visualization window The segment level interaction was considered for this project but investigation and discussion with Xerox developers suggested that this would be impossible in the timescale The TRADOS SDK does not provide events for segment opening and closing so it makes this interaction much more difficult It would involve work to backwards engineer TagEditor as well as some particularly complex work using lower level Windows APP s This p
34. blishing DTP of documentation e Functionality testing of localised software or web applications At Xerox GKLS for which this project took place the usual process for localising software is as follows 1 Software files received files requiring translation identified and separated by Software Localisation Engineer Software files can be in a number of different formats such as resource files like resx or rc or actual source code files eg java A section of an English resx file is shown in figure 2 1 and the software it is associated with in figure 2 2 lt data name checkBox1 Size type System Drawing Size System Drawing gt lt value gt 163 18 lt val lt data gt lt data nan lt value gt 10 lt value gt lt data gt lt data nan ne checkBox ue gt ne checkBox1 TabIndex type System Int32 mscorlib gt L Text xml space preserve gt lt value gt Merge into existing memory lt value gt lt data gt lt data nan lt value gt checkBox1 lt value gt lt data gt ne amp gt amp gt checkKBox1 Name xml space preserve gt lt data nan Version 2 0 0 0 ne amp gt amp gt checkBox1 Type xml space preserve gt lt value gt System Windows Forms CheckBox System Windows Forms Culture neutral PublicKeyToken b77a5c561934e089 lt value gt lt data gt Figure 2 1 Source English resx file EE Memory Manager Merge R
35. bold tag in html would likely be an internal tag as it has a direct effect on the context understanding of the text Whilst tags to create a table would be external as it has no bearing on the linguistics of a phrase sentence External tags can be moved but internal tags cannot Once a translation has been entered either automatically by translation memory or by a linguist that segment is placed within a lt TU gt tag This tag contains attributes such as languages of that translation unit and it s percentage match from translation memory cut Typez start Style external RightEdgez angle DisplayText data gt amp lt data name amp quot button7 TabIndex amp quot type amp quot System Int32 mscorlib amp quot amp gt lt ut gt cut Type start RightEdge angle DisplayText value gt amp lt value amp gt lt ut gt 16 lt ut Type end LeftEdge angle DisplayText value gt amp lt value amp gt lt ut gt lt ut Type end Style external LeftEdge angle DisplayText data gt amp lt data amp gt lt ut gt cut Type start Style external RightEdge angle DisplayText data gt amp lt data name amp quot button7 Text amp quot xml space amp quot preserve amp quot amp gt lt ut gt cut Type start RightEdge angle DisplayText value gt amp lt value amp gt lt ut gt Browse lt ut Type end LeftEdge angle DisplayText value gt amp lt value amp gt lt ut gt cut Type end Style external LeftEdge angle DisplayText
36. data gt amp lt data amp gt lt ut gt cut Type start Style external RightEdge angle DisplayText data gt amp lt data name amp quot amp amp gt amp amp gt button7 Name amp quot xml space amp quot preserve amp quot amp gt lt ut gt cut Type start RightEdge angle DisplayText value gt amp lt value amp gt lt ut gt button7 lt ut Type end LeftEdge angle DisplayText value gt amp lt value amp gt lt ut gt cut Type end Style external LeftEdge angle DisplayText data gt amp lt data amp gt lt ut gt Figure 5 3 a sample TTX file as it would be seen as plain text 5 1 3 TTX comment file When a comment is added to a TTX file in TagEditor a Comments file is generated This file contains line number and offset information as well as comments made about particular translation segment s To make this of value to future versions of a project it would be necessary to link together the comment with the source and target translations in a single file Currently the comments are only of 20 use to someone looking at the same TTX file and would probably mainly be of use for validation purposes lt xml version 1 0 encoding utf 16 gt lt File gt lt Comments gt lt Segments gt lt Segment gt lt Location gt lt StartParagraph gt 229 lt StartParagraph gt lt StartOffset gt 1 1 lt StartOffset gt lt EndParagraph gt 229 lt EndParagraph gt lt EndOffset gt 1 1 lt EndOffse
37. e coding phase examining the TRADOS SDK and attempting to deal with its shortcomings the coding overran by a week Some contingency had been built into the project plan so this was not a catastrophic issue The methodology used was appropriate Although an iterative model may have identified the issues with the TRADOS SDK earlier because of an earlier development stage the accessibility of Xerox staff meant that a version of the waterfall model was the most sensible option The requirements were identified in full early in the process 37 The selection of J as the development language posed a number of problems The implementation of COM classes is automated in VB Net and CF but not in J which led to further coding time However the benefits of not having to learn and understand a language with new syntax outweigh this 6 3 End User Evaluation There are two components to the evaluation of the software produced First is to evaluate the effect of the tool on the quality of software translation primarily in terms of time taken to translate and validate it Secondly the usability of the software will be evaluated 6 3 1 Planning 6 3 1 1 Evaluating translation quality improvements The automatic evaluation methods used in machine translation described in 2 2 have been ruled out as they appeared to be inappropriate in a purely human translation context All translation in this environment is carried out by translators of a reason
38. e source and target text supplied against each translation unit If found A new comment object is created with this information in it which is then added to the commentList ArrayList Comment An object that contains source text translated text and the comment Also contains the get methods required Was created so that the comments could easily be added to the dataGridView 67 Appendix F Testing Results and Sample Files First Run Through File Visualised Correct Bounding Correct Hotkey Correct Correctly Box Checking checking Refreshing 1 Y Y Y Y 2 N Y Y Y 3 N Y Y Y 4 Y Y Y Y Second Run Through File Visualised Correct Bounding Correct Hotkey Correct Correctly Box Checking checking Refreshing 1 Y Y Y Y 2 Y Y Y Y 3 Y Y Y Y 4 Y Y Y Y Example File Used lt xml version 1 0 encoding utf 8 gt root gt c Microsoft ResX Schema Version 2 0 The primary goals of this format is to allow a simple XML format that is mostly human readable The generation and parsing of the various data types are done through the TypeConverter classes associated with the data types Example ado net XML headers schema name resmimetype gt text microsoft resx lt resheader gt lt resheader lt resheader lt resheader System Windows lt resheader System Windows lt data name is a comment lt name version gt 2 0 lt
39. e the value must be set accordingly Note application x microsoft net object binary base64 is the format that the ResXResourceWriter will generate however the reader can read any of the formats listed below mimetype application x microsoft net object binary base64 value The object must be serialized with System Runtime Serialization Formatters Binary BinaryFormatter and then encoded with base64 encoding mimetype application x microsoft net object soap base64 value The object must be serialized with System Runtime Serialization Formatters Soap SoapFormatter and then encoded with base64 encoding mimetype application x microsoft net object bytearray base64 value The object must be serialized into a byte array using a System ComponentModel TypeConverter and then encoded with base64 encoding gt lt xsd schema id root xmlns xmlns xsd http www w3 org 2001 XMLSchema xmlns msdata urn schemas microsoft com xml msdata gt f gt i gt lt xsd import namespace http www w3 org XML 1998 namespace gt lt xsd element name root msdata IsDataSet true gt lt xsd complexType gt lt xsd choice maxOccurs unbounded gt lt xsd element name metadata gt lt xsd complexType gt lt xsd sequence gt lt xsd element name value type xsd string minOccurs 0 lt xsd sequence lt xsd attribute name name use required type xsd string lt xsd attribute name type type xsd stri
40. ed size and if this is exceeded the Ul component will be returned with its text marked in Red It is also added to a list of components that have exceeded their boundings In practice this is called from the main program class which will take the ArrayList of source UI components and loop through all of them checking whether they have exceeded their bounding box Bounding box errors have been detected A Report has been generated at C Documents and Settings User My Documents Yisual Studio 2005 ProjectsiResXRendering2 Copy of Figure 5 11 Example bounding box error message Formi resx ttxReport html On completion an HTML report is generated which displays the source and target text the size of the current translated text in pixels and the bounding box size Figure 5 12 It does this by looping through the list of exceeded controls getting the source and target text as well as size information using the components get methods Since this is an HTML file rather than the Unicode encoded TTX or resx file the text supplied to the report must be HTML encoded eg replaced with amp auml but will be displayed as the character This is especially important in a translation environment as there will be far more special characters being used After some searching it was established that a library method called HTMLEncode could be used for this This method appears to have been designed for use with ASP NET and is not normally avail
41. ed to find any lt data gt values which fit the pattern type where is a text string Its lt value gt data found on the next line is read to identify the component type eg Button TextBox Two components are created in two separate arrays of the identified component type For example if a Button is located Buttons will be added to a source array of buttons and the other to a target array One will be set to appear on the source tab and the other will appear on the target tab Regular expression searches are used to establish the location height width text and parent of the component These properties are set within the previously created control 26 e Ifa translation unit exists the text for the source control will be taken from the source tag and the translated control from the target tag If not both components will have the original source text e The control is set to visible e The whole form is made visible All UI components are then stored in an ArrayList Those UI components which could potentially have hotkeys associated with them are also stored in another list for use by the HotKeyChecker class 5 4 6 5 4 4 Optimising the TTX reading code All components of a GUI have largely similar properties that must be read into the visualisation eg Size or location but some have their own particular characteristics For example a TabPage will have a value indicating its position relative to other TabP
42. eorganise C Merge into existing memory C Create new memory Browse v Sauce Target Export Format a Figure 2 2 Source English software associated with resx file from figure 2 1 2 Files prepared for translation by TRADOS Specialist converted into TRADOS intermediary bilingual format TTX and pre translated against translation memory TM if any exists see sections 2 1 1 and 2 1 2 3 Translators are commissioned by a project coordinator if freelance translators are used and TRADOS TTX files and TM are sent to them for translation Figure 2 6 shows the files in the Translation environment TagEditor section 2 1 2 4 Translators return files and these files are Cleaned up converted to their original file format but now with translated target strings 5 Software localisation engineer builds the software using the newly translated files 6 Experienced translators are employed to validate translation using the built translated software as reference 7 Validated Trados files are cleaned up 8 Final localised software is built 9 Ifrequested the software is tested and then returned to the customer Figures 2 3 and 2 4 show translated resx sample and software lt data name checkBox1 Size type System Drawing Size System Drawing gt lt value gt 163 18 lt value gt lt data gt lt data name checkBox1 TabIndex type
43. esx lt value gt lt resheader gt lt resheader name version gt lt value gt 2 0 lt value gt lt resheader gt lt resheader name reader gt lt value gt System Resources ResXResourceReader System Windows Forms Version 2 0 0 0 Culture neutral PublicKeyToken b77a5c561934e089 lt value gt lt resheader gt lt resheader name writer gt lt value gt System Resources ResXResourceWriter System Windows Forms Version 2 0 0 0 Culture neutral PublicKeyToken b77a5c561934e089 lt value gt lt resheader gt lt assembly alias mscorlib name mscorlib Version 2 0 0 0 Culture neutral PublicKeyToken b77a5c561934e089 gt lt data name labell AutoSize type System Boolean mscorlib gt lt value gt True lt value gt lt data gt lt assembly alias System Drawing name System Drawing Version 2 0 0 0 Culture neutral PublicKeyToken b03f5f7f11d50a3a gt lt data name labell Font type System Drawing Font System Drawing gt 70 lt value gt Tempus Sans ITC 15 75pt lt value gt lt data gt lt data name labell Location type System Drawing Point System Drawing gt lt value gt 331 39 lt value gt lt data gt lt data name labell Size type System Drawing Size System Drawing gt lt value gt 90 27 lt value gt lt data gt lt data name labell TabIndex type System Int32 msco
44. f hotkeys are duplicated the text is marked in blue e Highlighting of the segment of text that is currently open for translation e HTML reports generated for both bounding box and hotkey checking Extending TRADOS comments functionality e The ability to generate an HTML report from the TTX comment file displaying the source and target text as well as the comment made 16 e A plug in in TagEditor which pops up showing any comments related to the TTX file currently being translated 4 4 Project Plan Start End Background Research 19 01 07 Field Research 1 12 06 22 12 06 Analysis Design 28 12 06 19 01 07 Coding Part 1 Visualisation 22 01 07 16 02 07 Coding Part 2 Comment Functionality 19 02 07 02 03 07 Testing 05 03 07 16 03 07 Evaluation 19 03 07 30 03 07 13 04 07 Report 31 03 07 Figure 4 1 Project Plan With the selection of methodology and the requirements gathering in mind the remainder of the project plan was developed in greater detail It had been understood from the interviews and requirements gathering process that the visualisation software was of greater importance so more time is dedicated to this in the plan Background research was planned to be ongoing until January in order to establish potential means of evaluation The timescale for the coding was decided based on experience of developi
45. hange the properties of UI components as well as their text This software appears to be more appropriate for use after the resx file has been translated and would more commonly be used by localisation engineers before and after translation Prior to translation 1f allowed by the customer they would make changes to bounding boxes or UI component locations if they believe they will be particularly problematic eg a button s bounding box being large enough for the source English text but too small for many other languages This software has no support for translation memory any translations from the past would be lost or at least more difficult to obtain Also the editor allows the translator to edit properties that they normally would not be allowed to It may be appropriate for very small translation jobs where the translator would benefit from the visual context and it offers the advantage of being free it is available as part of the downloadable NET framework but on the whole is more useful as an engineering tool Screenshots of all these tools can be found in Appendix B 2 2 Machine Translation and evaluating translation quality There has been a great deal of research into different means of evaluating machine translation and some of these could perhaps be applied to evaluating the improvements in quality of translation of natural language in this project The types of Machine Translation MT evaluation are as follows 9 e Fe
46. hat the tool is adversely affecting the translators ability to carry out their task There are a number of potential constraints on the accuracy of the results of this evaluation and the plan attempts to take these into account Using a similar quality of translators is important The translators used at the time of the initial translation may not be appropriate because they could recall the issues they had with the translation and how to deal with them They may have also improved their translation skills since All of these issues could affect the time they take to translate the task The translation memory must be held at the same state it was at the time of the initial translation If 1t is not the pre translated version of the TTX file will contain a different amount of material to that originally held and the translator would have a different amount of material to refer to in the TM Assuming that standard procedures have been followed this should not be a major issue TTX files for each version of a product are held usually to check for issues with translations but in this case the translation memory can be re prepared to where it was at the time of the initial translation although it will be somewhat time consuming Due to the need for the translators to fulfil production demands it was necessary to make this evaluation quite short compared to the average size of a software translation that they normally carry out It will contain ap
47. he files for processing Figure 5 6 GUI for resx Preparation tool 24 5 4 Visualisation of resx TTX files 5 4 1 Class design The classes designed in this deliverable each have their own particular purpose rather than representing an entity The resxReader class reads and displays the contents of the TTX file The BoundingBoxChecker class takes a UI component and checks whether the text has exceeded it s bounding box restrictions The HotKeychecker class takes a list of UI components and checks whether the hotkeys specified for each component have been duplicated These are all called from the Visualisation class that establishes a connection to TRADOS and reacts to TRADOS events The functionality was separated into these classes because in the event of a change in structure of the other classes the others would require little or no changes Visualisation ResxResading BoundingBoxChecker HotkeyChecker Figure 5 7 Class Diagram for resx visualisation tool 5 4 2 Regular expressions Although regular expressions are used in some way in each of the deliverables they have greatest impact in the Visualisation tool To obtain the required information from the TTX file it is necessary to create a number of regular expressions patterns of text used for searching It was necessary to learn the format of the Microsoft NET style regular expressions which are used in the libraries of JH 25 and the othe
48. hen TagEditor is closed the visualisation window will also close With Nielsens efficiency usability principle in mind 17 a shortcut key command was built in so that the visualisation window would refresh if the user pressed Shift r This was to help the translator use the software quicker if they chose to 5 5 Extending TRADOS Comments functionality The design of this functionality is in two distinct parts one to generate a comment report and another to act as a Trados plug in to display relevant comments to the currently open TTX file 5 5 1 Generating a comment report The comment report is generated by selecting it from the context menu for a TTX comments file in Windows explorer This is achieved by editing the registry the selected filename is supplied to the program as an argument Comments are generated by using the source English and TTX file and the comment files in the following process e Identify a comment in the comment file e Take the line and offset information from it and identify the correct line in the TTX file e Hold this text in a variable e Search for line and offset in the TTX file to locate the source and translated text the comment relates to e Add the source and translated text along with its comment to a report 31 In identifying the most appropriate way of gathering information from the comment file some time was spent searching the Microsoft Developers Network MSDN libra
49. hten des Druckers unter Mac OS 9 x f r das Drucken ber TCP IP LPR lt TU lt TD ETD d2 1943114219 ef Product 7400 1d 2221 Tag Tile gt TU gt How To Install the Printer on an Apple Macintosh With 9 x Operating System OS to Print via USB O gt Anleitung zum Einrichten des Druckers unter Mac OS 9 x f r das Drucken ber die USB Schnittstelle lt TU ID KT1Did 1145422781ef Product 7400142222 Tag Tile gt gt TU How To Install the Printer on an Apple Macintosh With 9 x Operating System OS via AppleTalk 1007Anleitung zum Einrichten des Druckers unter Mac OS 9 x f r das Drucken ber AppleTalk TU mD QTD d 1394651588 1ef Product 7400191636 Tag Tiles TU Where To Download Drivers T Bezugsquelle zum Herunterladen von Treibem lt TU lt lt 2HT1D gt GD d2 1616940103 Tee 10960 Tag Tie 5 gt TU Machine Maintenance T GeratewartungTU AmID3 CT d2 1069407227 ref Product 7400 1d 362 Tag Te 5 TU How To Add Staples lt O gt Anleitung zum Nachf llen von Heftklammem TU lt md KrTIDid 5202026701ef2 Product 7400 1d 385 Tag Tile gt TU How To Clean the LEDs lt D gt Anleitung zum Reinigen der LEDs lt TU lt G2HTID gt KuTIDid 1658453278 1efe Product 7400 10967 Tag Tile 5 TU gt How To Clean the Outside of the Printer lt O gt Anweisungen zum Reinigen der Au enfl chen des Druckers lt TU lt lt ATID gt TU How To Clean the Paper Feed Rollers for Trays 2 60 Anleitung zum Reinigen der Papierzuf hrrollen f r die F cher 2 6 lt TU Cmd
50. iRSC About MultiRSC MultiRSC Version 1 0 4 strings 3 to translate 1 for review About MultiR5C MURIRSC Version 1 0 12 E Copyright C 2000 EDEMA 143 El MultiRS 44 1 0 C Dialog 30721 New Bl Fe Ok Bl Fe New ok 5 strings 5 for review Nouveau 46 Fo amp New amp Nouveau 48 149 50 El MultiRSi 169 57670 126 El fc ok Be fe Cancel El fe Help MultiR5C OK Annuler 8 C String Table 108 strings 106 to translate 2 for review Multirsc For Help press F1 In Co 13 CS User 51 Appendix C Field Research Notes Interview Summary Translator General Thoughts on TRADOS Generally useful Generally good for terminology consistency provided memories are well maintained For software translation Limited information in memory about where a term appears in a UI Types of errors encountered in software translation e Mainly problems of context e Space issues seeing the screen can benefit here also as seeing the context can show how best to drop some superfluous information i e one has already selected Paper Tray in the previous screen therefore the next screen s heading can drop this bit of information and instead of saying Paper Tray Attributes just Attributes will suffice mistranslations that arise from unclear or misleading source text Improvements to TRADOS Attaching an ID to terms in
51. ikely that menu option names will change during any translation process thus hotkey assignment must be checked to ensure duplications have not been made e Clarity Within TRADOS and many other translation tools the translator will not be presented with a visual representation of the software they are required to translate They will see a view similar to that shown in Figure 2 Deconstructing the context represents one of the greatest challenges for translators working today 5 The translator must understand the Topography of the software from where does the specific content emanate how are the various application data sources related to one another 5 Software files often contain variables eg d representing a decimal integer so 1f the rest of the segment to be translated does not clarify what the variable will be the likelihood is that the translator will have to seek assistance from a terminologist or localisation engineer e Subject Matter A translator with a greater understanding of the product they are translating will produce higher quality work 2 1 4 Alternative Software Localisation tools There are a number of tools on the market designed specifically for dealing with the localisation of software The most prominent of these are Alchemy CATALYST 6 and Pass Engineering s PASSOLO 7 Both of these tools allow the user to view the software screens as if it were built and add their translations
52. ions in translators workbench Took some fuzzy translation matches from memory and adapted them for this translation Made some changes to 100 matches they weren t appropriate for this particular part of the software Translated approximately 300 words in the time spent observing 57 Appendix D Requirements Specification provided to Xerox prior to meeting Requirements resx Visualisation e Tool to prepare resx files for visualisation plugin and to return the file to it s original state post translation e Visualisation of resx files e Visualise source and target versions of software whilst viewing the appropriate TTX file in TRADOS TagEditor e The open segment being translated will be highlighted e Refreshes the view after changes e Reacting to Trados commands opening new segments translate to fuzzy etc e Bounding Box checking e Alert the user that a text bounding box has been exceeded when they close a segment and when exiting the program The duplicated hotkey will be displayed in red e Hotkey checking e Alert the user that a hotkey has been duplicated when they close a segment and when exiting the program The duplicated hotkey will be displayed in red e Documentation e User manual e Programmers reference A guide to the structure of the code Figure Processing Tool C8 resx Processing Specify the location where processed resx files should be located Es i Stage of Translation Pre Tran
53. ised Correct Bounding Correct Hotkey Correct Correctly Box Checking checking Refreshing 1 Y Y Y Y 2 N Y Y Y 3 N Y Y Y 4 Y Y Y Y Figure 5 16 First run through resx visualisation testing As it shows some files were not visualised correctly In each of these cases it was because a UI component did not display In one case it was because the code to display it had not been implemented and on another it was due to incorrect code These issues were corrected further tests were carried out successfully Results found in appendix E 5 7 3 Comment Functionality To test the extended Trados comment functionality the following tests occur e Adda series of comments to a file generate the report and confirm that all comments are included in the report e Prepare a new file which should return some of the comments from the report and confirm that all relevant comments in the report files are displayed 35 TTX File All comments included in report Comments are displayed correctly 1 Y Y 2 Y Y 3 Y Y Figure 5 17 Comment Testing table 36 6 Evaluation This section looks to evaluate all aspects of the process evaluation against the minimum requirements the full requirements specification the project management and end user evaluation to determine whether the project has achieved its overall goal of improving the software translation 6 1 Evaluation against requirement
54. isposal could have led them spending more time correcting their translations This would normally be dealt with at validation where an experienced translator could see the built software Even though they had this information available to them the translators performed the entire process translation and fixes in a similar or shorter time The translators were broadly positive about the software when interviewed They felt that it benefited their work being able to see the built software and being aware of the length restrictions that were placed upon them They felt it fitted into their working environment well and was easy to learn satisfying the Learnability and Satisfaction components of Nielsens usabilty principles 12 They felt as was expected that if the visualisation screen could highlight the segment currently being translated and refresh on the closing of a segment then the tool would be improved Regarding the comments system a translator suggested that a severity value would be useful as well as being able to classify different types of comment eg those relating to terminology or to do 42 with grammatical errors They felt it was difficult to evaluate it s effectiveness in such a short time they felt the tool would only really show benefits on large projects with a long time gap between updates Some feedback was received from technical staff regarding the developers documentation They asked 1f m
55. lation Memory Systems In Somers H ed Computers and Translation A Translators Guide Amsterdam Philadelphia John Benjamins 3 Glossary of terms related to eContent Localisation online Accessed 1 December 2006 Available from the World Wide Web http ecolore leeds ac uk xml materials overview glossary xml lang en 4 SDL TRADOS 2007 Overview online Accessed 10 November 2006 Available from the world wide web http www Ispzone com en products sdltrados2007 5 Bass J 2006 Quality in the real world In Dunne K J ed Perspectives on Localisation Amsterdam Philadelphia John Benjamins 6 Alchemy Catalyst 7 online Accessed 4 November 2006 Available from the world wide web http www alchemysoftware ie products catalyst html 7 Passolo Software Localisation Tool Feature Overview online Accessed 4 November 2006 Available from the world wide web http www passolo com en features htm 8 Windows Forms Resource Editor Winres exe online Accessed 13 December 2006 Available from the world wide web http msdn2 microsoft com en us library 8bxdx003 VS 80 aspx 9 Elliot D 2006 Unpublished PHD Thesis 10 Shiwen Y 1993 Automatic evaluation of output quality for Machine Translation systems In Machine Translation Volume 8 11 Papineni K Roukos S Ward T Wei Jing Z 2001 Bleu a method for automatic evaluation of machine translation In IBM Research Re
56. les Pre translation refers to the process of comparing a complete source text to a Translation Memory TM database and automatically inserting the translations of all exact matches found in the database The result is a hybrid text containing pre translated and untranslated segments 3 In Trados TM system the user is given an indication of how close a translation in memory is to what is currently being translated The translation will be marked with a percentage match For example if the source text in the new file is The printer engine is on and there is a translation in memory for the printer engine is off a fuzzy match will be displayed with a percentage match of around 85 TM s have become increasingly important in the industry as a mechanism for reducing the overall project costs for customers If a piece of software has been previously localised and has only experienced a small update of perhaps 100 words out of 5000 then the customer will not be happy to pay for the whole piece of software to be translated again 2 1 2 Trados Trados 4 is a suite of Computer Aided Translation tools currently on version 7 5 also known as TRADOS 2006 The key tools are Translators Workbench a translation memory interface and TagEditor an editing environment As figure 2 6 shows TagEditor displays the bilingual TTX format created by TRADOS Workbench figure 2 5 allows the translator to access a particular translati
57. mponent Property Error The data name localesDataSetLocalesT ableAdapter is invalid Valid data names must be of the form Component Property Text The text associated with the control 49 Alchemy Catalyst Mir MireiDislogMansgemert UredRightsFoen M s Vinci Diologs RepotRiequest MaVeraManFom Ma Vinci ViewMansgemenk Investiionen Ma Vinci Viewtanagemert lervestiion ee OLD Maz Viera View anger Kontorteuche StiingT able aho Reseunces ansouaces E user defined grouping 50 PASSOLO PASSOLO Translator Edition 6 0 MultiRSC tbulic600 Eile Edit view StringList Translation Tools Window Help Dap Project French France ag7y Y Dialog Y String Table a Version 13 Accelerator Table Num ID E Multirsc Menu 128 File 5 English United States fe E8oxit French France 12 strings 1 to translate 11 for review BQuitter 57643 57625 57634 97637 fe amp Edit EI fe Bundoltctri Z fo Cust tctrl EI fc exCopyitctri c E fe Bpasteltctri v eCopier tCtrl c 8Edition amp Annuler tCtri Z ChouperitCtri x Co ller tCtrirv 10 ha 1 59392 159393 1 157664 El fe amp Toolbar El Fc amp Status Bar Bl Fe amp Help About MultiRSC amp Affichage 8Barre d outils B amp arre d tat se amp About MultiRSC 38 8 E MultiRSi lo a C Dialog 100 About Mult
58. mscorlib gt lt value gt True lt value gt lt data gt lt data name checkBox3 Location type System Drawing Point System Drawing gt lt value gt 97 182 lt value gt lt data gt lt data name checkBox3 Size type System Drawing Size System Drawing gt TabIndex type System Int32 mscorlib gt T2 lt value gt 80 17 lt value gt lt data gt lt data name checkBox3 lt value gt 4 lt value gt lt data gt lt data name checkBox3 Text xml space preserve gt lt value gt checkBox3 lt value gt lt data gt lt data name amp gt amp gt checkBox3 Name xml space preserve gt lt value gt checkBox3 lt value gt lt data gt lt data name amp gt amp gt checkBox3 Type xml space preserve gt lt value gt System Windows Forms CheckBox System Windows Forms Version 2 0 0 0 Culture neutral PublicKeyToken b77a5c561934e089 lt value gt lt data gt lt data name amp gt amp gt checkBox3 Parent xml space preserve gt lt value gt this lt value gt lt data gt lt data name amp gt amp gt checkBox3 ZOrder xml space preserve gt lt value gt 3 lt value gt lt data gt lt data name radioButtonl AutoSize type System Boolean mscorlib gt lt value gt True lt value gt lt data gt lt data name radioButtonl Location type System Drawing Point System Drawing gt lt value gt 292 111 lt value gt lt data gt lt data
59. name radioButtonl Size type System Drawing Size System Drawing gt lt value gt 85 17 lt value gt lt data gt lt data name radioButtonl TabIndex type System Int32 mscorlib gt lt value gt 5 lt value gt lt data gt lt data name radioButtonl Text xml space preserve gt lt value gt radioButtonl lt value gt lt data gt lt data name amp gt amp gt radioButtonl Name xml space preserve gt lt value gt radioButtonl lt value gt lt data gt lt data name amp gt amp gt radioButtonl Type xml space preserve gt lt value gt System Windows Forms RadioButton System Windows Forms Version 2 0 0 0 Culture neutral PublicKeyToken b77a5c561934e089 lt value gt lt data gt lt data name amp gt amp gt radioButtonl Parent xml space preserve gt lt value gt this lt value gt lt data gt lt data name amp gt amp gt radioButtonl1 Z20Order xml space preserve gt lt value gt 2 lt value gt lt data gt lt data name radioButton2 AutoSize type System Boolean mscorlib gt lt value gt True lt value gt lt data gt lt data name radioButton2 Location type System Drawing Point System Drawing gt lt value gt 292 134 lt value gt lt data gt lt data name radioButton2 Size type System Drawing Size System Drawing gt lt value gt 85 17 lt value gt TabIndex type System Int32 mscorlib gt 73 lt data gt lt data name
60. nce the developers in the organisation are skilled in a number of languages and would be comfortable adding editing the software 1f necessary regardless of language The author has a greater knowledge of Java so J with its identical syntax and similar libraries appeared to be the correct choice 18 5 Design amp Implementation This chapter discusses the challenges faced when implementing the solutions and the process by which they have been achieved This includes a discussion of the TRADOS SDK the means of connecting to and utilising TRADOS the file types involved in the implementation as well as the design and coding of the visualisation and comment functionality This chapter also documents the functional testing carried out on the software prior to its evaluation 5 1 Affected file types 3 different file formats are affected by the 2 different tools produced by the solution and a major challenge of this project was to understand the structure of these files to obtain the correct information 5 1 1 resx files resx are a Windows NET resource file It can store if requested all coordinate information for UI components images icons and locale specific text strings within a user interface This data is stored in an XML format figure 5 5 and from this it was discovered it would be possible to generate a version of the user interface without having the actual source code files Within resx files each UI compone
61. nding of software engineering concepts gained from the SE15 20 and 24 modules as well as considerations of usability GI11 in looking at existing systems and developing new ones 2 Background Research At Xerox GKLS there is a need to provide good quality products to ensure customer satisfaction To ensure the quality of software translation two rounds of translation take place The second round of translation is carried out by an experienced translator who quality checks the first cycle with the benefit of the re compiled built software This stage can be costly since experienced translators are expensive and engineers have to build the software and support the validation in the event that the translator encounters problems with the software The costs of validation will vary dependent on total word count and the quality of translator used at the translation stage but it often accounts for as much as 40 of total project cost 2 1 Localisation Localisation or Localization is defined by the Localisation Industry Standards Association LISA as follows Localisation involves taking a product and making it linguistically and culturally appropriate to the target locale country region and language where it will be used and sold 1 The major process involved in localisation is the translation of the product but there are a number of other processes involved e Project Management e Engineering of software e Desk Top Pu
62. ng gt lt xsd attribute name mimetype type xsd string gt lt xsd attribute ref xml space gt 69 lt xsd complexType gt lt xsd element gt lt xsd element name assembly gt lt xsd complexType gt lt xsd attribute name alias type xsd string gt lt xsd attribute name name type xsd string gt lt xsd complexType gt lt xsd element gt lt xsd element name data gt lt xsd complexType gt lt xsd sequence gt lt xsd element name value type xsd string minOccurs 0 msdata Ordinal 1 gt lt xsd element name comment type xsd string minOccurs 0 msdata Ordinal 2 gt lt xsd sequence gt lt xsd attribute name name type xsd string use required msdata Ordinal 1 gt lt xsd attribute name type type xsd string msdata Ordinal 3 gt lt xsd attribute name mimetype type xsd string msdata Ordinal 4 gt lt xsd attribute ref xml space gt lt xsd complexType gt lt xsd element gt lt xsd element name resheader gt lt xsd complexType gt lt xsd sequence gt lt xsd element name value type xsd string minOccurs 0 msdata Ordinal 1 gt lt xsd sequence gt lt xsd attribute name name type xsd string use required f gt lt xsd complexType gt lt xsd element gt lt xsd choice gt lt xsd complexType gt lt xsd element gt lt xsd schema gt lt resheader name resmimetype gt lt value gt text microsoft r
63. ng other software with consideration for the requirements specification 4 3 The coding of the preparation tool was included in the Visualisation portion of the coding as it is linked to that deliverable Testing occurs in a less structured manner throughout the coding phase but a formal testing phase was planned for after its completion This was planned to be functional testing and two weeks was assigned to it as an estimate Evaluation involving end users was planned for a 2 week window as some flexibility was required to fit into Xerox operations where production work may occur at short notice Although the report writing was an ongoing process all project time in the plan was dedicated to it once the evaluation had been carried out This plan meant that the project would have reached completion 2 weeks prior to the final deadline 17 4 5 Selection of Development Language Since the solution takes advantage of TRADOS SDK which consists of NET dll files it is necessary to code the solution using one of the NET languages C J or VB NET These languages share libraries execution speeds and the editing environment Visual Studio although J does not have the advantage of automatically created unit tests which the others do J though does have the advantage of the availability of the Java libraries up to version 1 1 4 Much of this decision is down to individual tastes Xerox developers expressed no particular preference si
64. nono anan cnn ono none nn cnn nana rnn cn nora cine ranas 29 34 6 Hotkey checkin ciao ii abbsfin 30 5 4 7 The main visualisation program ssie ie netni i on aiene i a a i iae he E eeik 30 5 5 Extending TRADOS Comments functionality 0 es eeeesecssececesecseeecseeeecsaeeeeesecseesecsesseesaeeeseeesaseneeaees 31 3 3 1 Generating a comment Leport scsi arenes 22 2202 li GAIN RG do Ba aia ad aa 31 5 5 2 Displaying comment information to translators on future projectS uueesessesnensesnersessesnnnennenen nennen 32 ANA n eesse NON 33 ITESM ie id a Ei 34 9 7 1 168X Visualisation o ti id iia 34 IERDRESUNS NON 35 5 73 C mment Functionality kasi NIKA KANAN MA GL AD NA NALNG 35 G SH valuatiOn Ai an Ga naaa BANA An AnG be haaa isa 37 6 1 Evaluation against requirements io is li 37 6 2 Evaluation of Project Management asas nih ran banah aan p k GENE dawa mah Ah a Aa KG aee naa NGA bag AN a ni e eh na aran 37 6 3 End User Evaluation in 38 IL PA A a isa 38 GA NA o A DEE NGA a Ta NGGE a GAN KAKAK A KG as 42 6 4 Plan for future Evaluation it tt ds 43 GS CONCLUSIONS A RER DNA NAAN GN NAG 43 7 P ture Devel pmentsa 24 scheu ar ie GG NAIA 44 7 1 Extending the visualization plug in cceecescesseescecseeesceeseeseceseceseceseeeeecaecnaecseceaecnaecaeecaeecaeeeneeneeeeees 44 7 2 Extendine the comments SYSTEM nin ag E GA nio 44 SABIDO SAPO A A A A A 46 Appendix A Personal Reflections nnie a ia teen ine BILAN 48 Appendix
65. nt has a separate lt data gt tag for its properties which include its type eg Button textbox its text size Each of these data tags has an associated lt value gt tag to assign that value These exist as long as the properties are assigned to a value which differs from the default For instance if no font has been set the default is Microsoft Sans Serif size 8 25pt and this will not be found in the resx file If changes are made to a resx file within a Microsoft Visual Studio project the user interface it refers to will automatically update to reflect those changes To visualise this content it is necessary to understand this structure Once each attribute value has been obtained it is then possible to visually draw a component 5 1 2 TTX files TTX is the bilingual file format used for editing in the TRADOS TagEditor environment It is xml like and builds on the format of the source file that requires translation eg if a resx file is to be 19 translated it will contain all of that file s content plus the TTX file s tagging This TTX tagging dictates how the file will be displayed in TagEditor Non translatable text eg reserved words XML tags etc is blocked This is determined by a Settings file where users can decide whether the contents of a particular tag is translatable Also it will either be set as an external of an internal tag This determines whether it should be included in a translation unit eg a
66. ntify the correct tone and style for their report Organising the structure of the report and writing the appendices of the report is a particularly dull process and therefore will no doubt take a long time It is best not to underestimate the time necessary for this 48 Appendix B Software Localisation Tools Windows Resource Localisation Editor C8 Windows Resource Localization Editor Form1 BAE Ej Fie Edit Format Window Help a Hae A tabControll 5ystem Windows Forms TabContr Aue E8 Speichermanager El Accessibility AccessibleDescriptio I Merge into existing memory AccessibleName El Appearance listBox Backgroundlmage none BackgroundlmageLa Tile I Create new memory Font Microsoft Sans Serif 8 25pt n RightT oLeft No Browse RightToLeftLayout False Text v El Behavior Sous Cee Alignment Top Target bed Appearance Normal Enabled True ImeMode NoControl ItemSize 42 18 Export Format X Padding 6 3 ShowT oolTips False Tablndex 0 Visible True E Layout Anchor Top Left AutoSize False Dock None Location 2 4 34 localesBindingSource E openFileDialog1 Margin 3 3 3 3 Size 727 424 Waning Failed to load the type for component localesDataSet Add Tab Remove Tab Warning Failed to load the type for component localesD ata5etLocalesT ableAdapter Error The data name localesDataSet is invalid Valid data names must be of the form Co
67. of these steps will be applicable in this project A Changeover will not occur in the course of the project itself because the tool will not be permitted for use on production projects until a thorough evaluation and testing has taken place and the timescale involved will not allow for that Since it won t be put into production use during this timescale maintenance will not be involved An advantage of the waterfall model is the fact that all requirements are identified at the outset of the process However the waterfall model is considered to be rigid and if any problems occur or requirements change it is thought to be difficult to return to earlier stages Rapid applications development RAD 14 is a methodology that suggests a much quicker movement through the process from initiation to completion but will pass through several iterations of this to guarantee quality RAD projects are believed to work best where the tasks involved are 15 small and defined the number of team members is also small and where each member is versatile enough to work on different parts of the process eg the analysis as well as the coding These factors seem to be in line with this project RAD is often used in conjunction with time boxing where implementation decisions are based on how much time is available An iterative model where several rounds of requirements gathering coding and evaluation would be carried out for developing the tools was
68. on memory searching its contents or being given options for a translation if used in combination with TagEditor if there are a number of translations with potential relevance Within workbench there are also functions to analyse the source text to gain a word count This will measure the total word count and show the relevance of the TM s contents to the source text How many 100 matches there are etc Also part of TRADOS suite of tools is terminology management environment called MultiTerm and tools for pre processing Adobe FrameMaker documents A particularly important tool is Xtranslate This takes an existing TTX file from an earlier project matches it against a new file for an update of that project inserting segments where the source text and surrounding segments are identical This ensures that the context remains unchanged At Xerox these segments are not checked by translators and therefore the customer is not charged TRADOS TagEditor has some features to speed up translation an example of which is Open Next No 100 This looks for the next segment which doesn t have a 10096 match from the TM associated with it and opens it This is especially useful in long files where much of the content has been previously translated It also has a comment system in place where the translator can make notes on their translations These comments are only accessible from within the TTX file 21 SDL TRADOS Translator s Workbench
69. ore detail could be provided There was no time available to implement these changes during the project but they will be added after completion 6 4 Plan for future evaluation The evaluation carried out here will only give an indication of whether the software produced has improved the software translation process To gain a full picture the time taken for translation projects will have to be measured over a longer period Times taken for resx projects should be recorded and averaged against the new words for translation in that project This should show whether the time taken on projects is falling beneath the time metric in place at Xerox A fall would suggest an improvement in the ways suggested in 5 1 1 6 5 Conclusions Based on the various evaluations of the project 1t could broadly be considered to be successful The project has achieved its minimum requirements and the vast majority of its requirement specification and this occurred in a fashion reasonably close to that initially planned The deliverables were well received by translators although they had some suggestions for improvements and the evaluation of improvements in translation quality produced positive results Based on these factors it could be reasonable to suggest that this project has achieved its aim of improving the software translation process Discussions in meetings with translators technical staff and management led to a decision that the software delivera
70. otentially could take six weeks of work alone resx files are not the only type of resource file used in software development Other formats such as tc for Visual C and properties for Java are common and encounter the same issues when translated using TRADOS The visualization plug in could be extended to handle these different file formats These files have less standardized structures than resx so greater work to interpret them would likely be necessary 7 2 Extending the comments system There are two areas of possible improvement extension of the comment functionality The first is being able to apply more detail or meaning to the comments provided This could be accomplished by allowing the user to classify the types of comment they are making eg Terminological translation errors The comments could also be classified by their severity The system could allow the user to select which type of comments they are interested in seeing Also some investigation could be put into integrating the comments system into translation memory so that when a segment is viewed in Translators Workbench the comments related to 1t are made 44 visible Like the segment level issues with the visualization tool this could be particularly challenging due to the limitations of the TRADOS SDK 45 8 Bibliography 1 Esselink B 2000 A Practical Guide to Localization Amsterdam Philadelphia John Benjamins 2 Somers H 2003 Trans
71. p more willingly by translators The tools will have to be designed with these factors in mind and usability evaluation will be designed to examine them 12 3 Field Research The research methods chosen were semi structured interviews and some observation of working practices A mass distributed questionnaire was ruled out because the purpose of the research was to gain rich descriptive information about the problems of software translation and this would be difficult to obtain in a list of questions sent out to a translator I have a great deal of access to a small group of translators and felt it would be more useful to interview them personally A focus group style meeting was a possibility also but the translators I have access to have wide ranging personalities and there was a possibility that individuals could dominate proceedings A skilful facilitator would be required Face to face semi structured interviews were carried out with 5 translators a TRADOS Specialist and a Software Localisation engineer with the aim being to identify problems they had with the current software localisation process and if they had any suggestions for improvement to the process and TRADOS Discussions with the TRADOS specialist also involved discussing how introduction of new tools would affect processing The results see Appendix C for notes of this research confirmed that translators would be supportive of any system that allowed the visualisation of
72. port RC22176 12 Nielsen J 1993 Usability Engineering Boston London Academic Press 46 13 Bocij P Chaffey D Greasley A Hickie S 2003 Business Information Systems Technology Development and Management for the e business Harlow Pearson Education 14 Martin J 1991 Rapid Application Development Macmillan Coll Div 15 COM Component Object Model Technologies online Accessed 15 February 2007 Available from the world wide web http www microsoft com com default mspx 16 MSDN Library online Available from the World Wide Web http msdn2 microsoft com en us library default aspx 17 Bennett S McRobb S Farmer R 2002 Object Oriented Systems Analysis and Design Using UML Berkshire McGraw Hill 18 Bader A 1997 Functional Testing Online Accessed 15th February 2007 1st ed Australia Monash University available from the world wide web http yoyo cc monash edu au adnan thesis paperl html 19 Focus Groups Usability Methods Usability gov Online Accessed 24 February 2007 Available from the World Wide Web http www usability gov methods focusgroup html 20 Preece J Rogers Y Sharp H 2002 Interaction Design Beyond Human Computer Interaction New York Chichester Wiley The Document Company Xerox 2006 Internal Communications 47 Appendix A Personal Reflections On the whole I have been very satisfied with how this project has been carried out I
73. proximately 300 new words Projects of this size are at the bottom end in terms of size of what a normal project would normally be The translation was to be located by examining earlier wordcount data which is held centrally by Xerox The evaluation is also reliant on the timesheet data provided by the translator being accurate 6 3 1 2 Usability evaluation If the software created fulfils all of the relevant usability criteria it will have a knock on effect on translation quality There are a number of potential methods for evaluating usability which could be used Focus groups would involve gathering together those who had used the software created to discuss their feelings on it However it is thought that focus groups will not provide quality feedback on 40 problems or how the users actually work with the software 19 Also a skilful facilitator is required to organise a focus group out successfully Think Aloud evaluation involves the user articulating what they are doing with the software as they use it The process is videotaped This would be inappropriate for this particular evaluation because the software performs small defined tasks with limited ambiguity so there should be very little thought process for the user Also this process can feel unnatural and perhaps embarrassing for the user 20 Expert evaluation involves employing a usability expert to use the system and run through scenarios to examine whether this s
74. r NET languages For instance figure 5 8 below shows an expression which finds the width and height of a Ul control Sanz size new Size int width System Convert ToInt32 Regex Match line2 valuesgt lt ut gt lt ut Style external DisplayText gt lt x gt lt y gt lt ut gt lt ut get_Groups get_Item x get_Value int height System Convert ToInt32 Regex Match line2 valuesgt lt ut gt lt ut Style external DisplayText gt lt x gt lt y gt lt ut gt lt ut get_Groups get_Item y get_Value size set_Height height size set_Width width buttons count set Size size targetButtons count set Size size Figure 5 8 Example Regular expression code used to obtain UI characteristics from TTX files It sets up 2 wildcards as variables width and height so that they can be extracted converted from a String to an integer and used with the UI controls set size method 5 4 3 Approach to reading resx TTX files The process used for reading the UI data from the TTX file is as follows The class is supplied with a TTX file which is opened for reading The characteristics of the main form are located to determine the size of the visualisation window A TabControl and two TabPages are added to the form These are entitled Source and Target Regular expressions are us
75. radioButton2 lt value gt 6 lt value gt lt data gt lt data name radioButton2 Text xml space preserve gt lt value gt radioButton2 lt value gt lt data gt lt data name amp gt amp gt radioButton2 Name xml space preserve gt lt value gt radioButton2 lt value gt lt data gt lt data name amp gt amp gt radioButton2 Type xml space preserve gt lt value gt System Windows Forms RadioButton System Windows Forms Version 2 0 0 0 Culture neutral PublicKeyToken b77a5c561934e089 lt value gt lt data gt lt data name amp gt amp gt radioButton2 Parent xml space preserve gt lt value gt this lt value gt lt data gt lt data name amp gt amp gt radioButton2 ZOrder xml space preserve gt lt value gt 1 lt value gt lt data gt lt data name radioButton3 AutoSize type System Boolean mscorlib gt lt value gt True lt value gt lt data gt lt data name radioButton3 Font type System Drawing Font System Drawing gt lt value gt Stencil 36pt lt value gt lt data gt lt data name radioButton3 Location type System Drawing Point System Drawing gt lt value gt 292 157 lt value gt lt data gt lt data name radioButton3 Size type System Drawing Size System Drawing gt lt value gt 399 61 lt value gt lt data gt lt data name radioButton3 TabIndex type System Int32 mscorlib gt lt value gt 7 lt value gt lt data gt lt data name radioButton3 Text xml space
76. ries 16 to find out whether libraries existed specifically for looking through XML files The XMLTextReader class allows the user to identify particular tags in XML without using more cumbersome regular expressions which are appropriate in the visualisation portion of this project where the input is more complicated but in the case of the comment file and looking for translation units in a TTX file these can be found more simply Figure 5 13 shows how the report is formatted gt Comment Report Mozilla Firefox File Edit wew History Bookmarks Tools Help E C Hessnc Documents 20and 205ettingsiuser My 20DocumentsfTest html Ip we x File Name Date Time Source Text Target Text Comment Forml resx tix 11 04 07 To close the window press exit Um das Fenster zu schlie en dr cken Sie Incorrect tense 11 26 05 Ausgang Forml resx ttx 11 04 07 Select from the following options W hlen Sie von den Folgenden Optionen Not appropriate for the Add user screen 13 15 45 aus Forml resx ttx 11 04 07 Error 12034 DLL not found Please install Fehler 12034 DLL hat nicht gefunden Please check at validation Unsure 13 25 08 Bitte installieren Sie Done D gt FoxyTunes CPE Figure 5 13 Comment Report 5 5 2 Displaying comment information to translators on future projects This deliverable was designed in a manner consistent with that encouraged by proponents of UML 17 It has a boundary class
77. rlib gt lt value gt 0 lt value gt lt data gt lt data name labell Text xml space preserve gt lt value gt Test Text lt value gt lt data gt lt data name amp gt amp gt labell Name xml space preserve gt lt value gt labell lt value gt lt data gt lt data name amp gt amp gt labell Type xml space preserve gt lt value gt System Windows Forms Label System Windows Forms Version 2 0 0 0 Culture neutral PublicKeyToken b77a5c561934e089 lt value gt lt data gt lt data name amp gt amp gt labell Parent xml space preserve gt lt value gt this lt value gt lt data gt lt data name amp gt amp gt labell ZOrder xml space preserve gt lt value gt 7 lt value gt lt data gt lt data name buttonl Font type System Drawing Font System Drawing gt lt value gt Snap ITC 12pt lt value gt lt data gt lt data name buttonl Location type System Drawing Point System Drawing gt lt value gt 364 234 lt value gt lt data gt lt data name buttonl Size type System Drawing Size System Drawing gt lt value gt 129 42 lt value gt lt data gt data name buttonl TabIndex type System Int32 mscorlib gt lt value gt 1 lt value gt lt data gt lt data name buttonl Text xml space preserve gt lt value gt Test Button lt value gt lt data gt lt data name amp gt amp gt buttonl Name xml space preserve gt lt value gt button1 lt val
78. ruled out due to time constraints It would be difficult to obtain enough time to involve translators TRADOS specialists and localisation engineers perhaps 3 or 4 times in the process of gathering requirements and evaluating the tool All of these people work on production projects for 90 of their working time and it is difficult to predict when there will be a significant enough down period to allow for research and testing A waterfall style approach was adopted because it will be simpler to obtain the relevant people for one period of requirements gathering and one period of evaluation Evaluation after initial testing of the software will consider both usability and potential improvements in quality 4 3 Requirements Gathering The field research performed helped to establish what the requirements of these solutions would be Staff at Xerox were sent a requirements specification based on what had been understood from the research together with sample GUI s Appendix D A meeting was conducted involving translators technical staff and management to discuss this specification The following was decided upon resx Visualisation e A preparation tool that ensures that non text properties of the resx file are not available for translation e A visualisation of the resx file in TRADOS TagEditor e A view of both source and target text e Bounding Box checking If a bounding box is exceeded its text is displayed in red e Hotkey checking i
79. s As a tool to visualise the contents of a resx file in TRADOS was created the initial minimum requirement was achieved and the other functionality developed meant that it was exceeded The visualisation tool correctly presents all of the most commonly used Ul components However it is unable to handle some lesser known used components or custom ones created by a user From the requirements specification discussed with Xerox Section 4 3 all but one of the requirements was achieved The ability to highlight the currently translated segment in the visualisation window was not completed due to the limitations of the TRADOS SDK which meant that it was not possible in the timescale This had a knock on effect that the visualisation could not react to certain options in TRADOS such as Translate to Fuzzy Compared to the other software localisation tools discussed in this report the visualisation tool may have less functionality you cannot make changes to the design of the GUI for instance but this is not part of the role of a translator and was not considered important to the project The aim was to integrate some of this software localisation functionality into TRADOS which is not easily possible with Catalyst and other tools and this has been achieved 6 2 Evaluation of Project Management Largely the project management was effective The plan Section 4 4 was adhered to on the whole but due to the problems encountered in th
80. slation Select the files for processing s Figure 2 Visualisation source view fei resx Visualisation Source Target Please specify the file location Browse Figure 3 Visualisation target view resx Visualisation Especifique por favor la ubicaci n del 59 Requirements Spec Comment Report and Viewer e Generate an HTML report from the TTX Comments file containing the source text translated text and the comment e Viewer a pop up window which presents the user of a future project with relevant comments to their translation if the text appears in their TTX file 60 Appendix E Documentation User Guide Resx Preparation Tool This software makes changes to the tag information in the source resx file so that property information other than text is unavailable for translation Requirements Microsoft Windows 2000 XP Net Framework 2 0 J redistributable package TRADOS 6 5 or later with license Installation Double click the ResxVisualisation msi file Follow the instructions click next Specify the path you would like the software installed to Running the software Run the visualization tool either from the resxpreparation exe file in the program folder or from the Resx Preparation start menu folder The following screen will appear 61 EE resx Processing Specify the location where processed res
81. t checkBox1 Parent xml space preserve gt lt value gt this lt value gt lt data gt lt data name amp gt amp gt checkBox1 ZOrder xml space preserve gt lt value gt 5 lt value gt lt data gt lt data name checkBox2 AutoSize type System Boolean mscorlib gt lt value gt True lt value gt lt data gt lt data name checkBox2 Location type System Drawing Point System Drawing gt lt value gt 97 147 lt value gt lt data gt lt data name checkBox2 Size type System Drawing Size System Drawing gt lt value gt 80 17 lt value gt lt data gt lt data name checkBox2 TabIndex type System Int32 mscorlib gt lt value gt 3 lt value gt lt data gt lt data name checkBox2 Text xml space preserve gt lt value gt checkBox2 lt value gt lt data gt lt data name amp gt amp gt checkBox2 Name xml space preserve gt lt value gt checkBox2 lt value gt lt data gt lt data name amp gt amp gt checkBox2 Type xml space preserve gt lt value gt System Windows Forms CheckBox System Windows Forms Version 2 0 0 0 Culture neutral PublicKeyToken b77a5c561934e089 lt value gt lt data gt lt data name amp gt amp gt checkBox2 Parent xml space preserve gt lt value gt this lt value gt lt data gt lt data name amp gt amp gt checkBox2 ZOrder xml space preserve gt lt value gt 4 lt value gt lt data gt lt data name checkBox3 AutoSize type System Boolean
82. t value gt lt data gt Figure 5 5 resx File Translatable text within resx files is determined by TRADOS as any text that exists within lt VALUE gt tags This could be a major pitfall as any manipulation of this text by linguists could result in rebuild compilation problems when these files are used to construct the completed software 23 To handle this issue a preparation tool was developed This work would normally be carried out by technical staff prior to translation but this application automates the process Figure 5 6 shows the user interface for the preparation tool The user supplies a list of resx files and the location the prepared files should be copied to The program takes a copy of each file and reads through its contents checking each line with a regular expression The expression searches for data tags with a pattern name If it locates this pattern it checks whether the second wildcard is the word Text If not the next line is read and the value tag associated with it has its name changed This means that this property information can be made unavailable before translation as it now has a different structure to that of the text sections After translation the process can be reversed by selecting the Post Translation option EE resx Processing Specify the location where processed resx files should be located _ Stage of Translation j x Select t
83. t gt lt SegmentReference gt teSegmentReferenceSource lt SegmentReference gt lt LocationType gt teLoc ationTypeSource lt LocationType gt lt FileName gt C Documents and Settings User My Documents Visual Studio 2005 Projects Form1 resx TT X lt FileName gt lt Location gt lt Comments gt lt Comment severity Medium user User date 2007 03 01T10 50 37 version 1 0 gt This isnt the right product terminology lt Comment gt lt Comments gt lt Segment gt lt Segments gt lt File gt Figure 5 4 TTX Comment file 5 2 Using the TRADOS SDK The Trados software development kit is a collection of code libraries Windows dll files which can be used to manipulate and automate TRADOS functionality There are separate libraries for Translators Workbench TagEditor as well as all the other Trados tools In the past at Xerox it has been used to automate the creation of memories and to create verification plug ins in TagEditor to check whether segments have been translated For TagEditor in particular there are a number of events for which event handlers can be added so that any plug in can react to them For instance 1f you wished for some code to execute when the user saved a document you would add an OnSaveEventHandler to your code which calls a method passed to it 21 application new ApplicationClass saveHandler new _IApplicationEvents_OnAfterSaveBilingualEventHandler this OnAfterSaveBil ingual
84. t has been a very challenging piece of work I believe more thorough examination of the tools I needed to work with at the beginning of the project would have shown up problems earlier than they were encountered If I had been aware of the limitations of the TRADOS SDK in the research phase of the project the segment interaction requirements in the requirements specification would not have been included The knowledge I have gained about the NET framework Visual Studio and XML has been great and T hope to use these skills in my future endeavours I was pleased with the way I interacted with Xerox employees The communication process was eased due to the fact I d worked with most of the people involved during my industrial placement Regardless of my prior relationship with them it is important to maintain a respectful business like tone in all contact with outside companies Ideally I would have preferred to spend more time interacting with translators and technical staff but due to the production demands placed on the staff as well as geography I couldn t feasibly travel from Leeds to Welwyn Garden City on a regular basis this was not possible I would have preferred to use an iterative development methodology so that I could get regular feedback on the development The report writing process is quite arduous and should not be undertaken lightly I would encourage future students to read some earlier project reports to try and ide
85. the TTXCommentViewerUT class which deals with interaction 32 between the system and its user a control class TTXCommentViewerControl which handles the reading of comment an TTX files and an entity class Comment which holds the information about a particular comment This is done so that any changes to the interface or communication aspects of the system can be isolated from those parts of the system that provide the information storage or business logic 17 When there are comments related to translations that could be used in the current TTX file a pop up window will appear alongside TagEditor to show these comments On the opening of a file in TagEditor the program will obtain a Document Object the TTX file The existing comment report s are read through the TTX file is read using the XMLTextReader library class used for the report generation checking whether the commented segment is found in it If so a window is initialised containing the source text its translation and the comment about it screenshot in figure 5 14 EE TTX Comment Viewer Source Text Target Text Comment JE Browse Brausen Heres a comment Figure 5 14 TTX Comment Viewer 5 6 Documentation To accompany the software deliverables there are two documentation deliverables a User guide and a Developers guide The Developers guide documents the class structure of both tools and explains the purpose of each method
86. to it in addition to handling bounding boxes hotkeys etc Catalyst can handle a number of different file types but PASSOLO is limited to dll files PASSOLO at one point was used on some Xerox projects but only by engineering staff as part of a time consuming workaround importing translations from TRADOS via a word table Catalyst also has some flaws It has no means of preventing bounding box manipulation by translators It also lacks many of the features contained in TagEditor to speed up translation and it also doesn t have the sophisticated TM options that TRADOS possesses Very few translators own such tools as after spending 2500 or more on TRADOS which can be used for documentation and web based projects spending more Catalyst Translator edition costs over 300 on a tool only to be used occasionally is unattractive The Localisation Service Provider largely dictates the choice of tool and they tend to favour the all encompassing solutions like TRADOS even with their shortcomings when translating software due to its superior TM technology and coverage of file formats Purchasing applications like Alchemy CATALYST is also expensive for Localisation Service Providers Each Professional License costs 5000 The Windows Resource Localisation Editor 8 allows the user to perform many of the functions of User Interface design that are available in Visual Studio but only requires the availability of the resx file The user can c
87. ue gt lt data gt lt data name amp gt amp gt buttonl Type xml space preserve gt lt value gt System Windows Forms Button System Windows Forms Version 2 0 0 0 lt data gt Culture neutral PublicKeyToken b77a5c561934e089 lt value gt lt data name amp gt amp gt buttonl Parent xml space preserve gt lt value gt this lt value gt lt data gt lt data name amp gt amp gt buttonl ZOrder xml space preserve gt lt value gt 6 lt value gt lt data gt lt data name checkBox1 AutoSize type System Boolean mscorlib gt lt value gt True lt value gt lt data gt lt data name checkBox1 Location type System Drawing Point System Drawing gt 71 lt value gt 97 106 lt value gt lt data gt lt data name checkBox1 Size type System Drawing Size System Drawing gt lt value gt 80 17 lt value gt lt data gt lt data name checkBoxl lt value gt 2 lt value gt lt data gt lt data name checkBox1 Text xml space preserve gt lt value gt checkBox1 lt value gt lt data gt lt data name amp gt amp gt checkBox1 Name xml space preserve gt lt value gt checkBox1 lt value gt lt data gt lt data name amp gt amp gt checkBox1 Type xml space preserve gt lt value gt System Windows Forms CheckBox System Windows Forms Version 2 0 0 0 Culture neutral PublicKeyToken b77a5c561934e089 lt value gt lt data gt lt data name amp gt amp g
88. ware fit into your work well Think so was certainly useful to have e Was it easy to pick up how to use the software Yes Not a lot to learn really e Do you have any suggestions for improvements Being able to switch off the hotkey and bounding box checking e In its current state would you be happy to continue using it Pd prefer it if there was an option to turn off the hotkey checking as it is not always our job to deal with it But oh the whole it would benefit my work greatly e From the demonstration did you think that the comment system would be of benefit Yes although would like to work with it some more The comment system could benefit from being able to categorise the types of comments being made eg Ones regarding terminology 77 Observation Summary 8 12 06 Translator observed for the duration of the test translation 65 minutes Started the visualisation tool with no problems Had a few minutes looking at the software and how the pre translated 100 matches looked in context The translator had the visualisation window minimised for the majority occasionally referring back to it after a few translations Used the Shift R refresh button Didn t make any new bounding box errors only had to correct the ones introduced by pre translation Less use of the terminology reference material than in previous observation 78 Interview Summary 05 04 07 e Does this software fit into your work well Yes
89. x files should be located Stage of Translation Select the files for processing To prepare some RESX files specifiy where you would like the prepared files to be placed Select the files you wish to prepare and select the Pre Translation option from the Stage of Translation drop down box Press Ok The return RESX files to their original structural state after translation specify where you would like the files to be placed Select the files you wish to convert and select the Post Translation option from the Stage of Translation drop down box Press Ok 62 User Guide Resx Visualisation Requirements Microsoft Windows 2000 XP Net Framework 2 0 J redistributable package TRADOS 6 5 or later with license Installation Double click the ResxVisualisation msi file Follow the on screen instructions the only particular issue you have to deal with here is deciding the path at which you want the software to be installed Running the software Open TRADOS and the resx TTX file you would like to translate Run the visualization tool either from the resxvisualisation exe file in the program folder or from the Resx visualization start menu folder You should see a window with 2 tabs source and target similar to the one below GE Example Application Bitte geben Sie die Akten an die Sie installieren moachton De Brausen C Full Install C Grundlegend In
90. y decided upon based on research of machine translation evaluation techniques Acknowledgements I would like to thank all those people who have been involved in the project from Xerox GKLS for their input and time in their already busy schedules Thank you to my supervisor Dr Clive Souter for his invaluable input and support throughout the project Thank you to my assessor Eric Atwell for his feedback on my mid project report and progress meeting I would also like to thank my family who have supported me greatly with this project and far beyond it Table of contents 1 Introduction los 1 MAMMA A DAA DANGAL BIND eaters 1 1 2 ODJECHVES A AA A BALE BANANA 1 1 3 Minimum Requirements ta tirita 1 1 4 Relevance to deberia ii 1 2 Background RESCATA iii 2 DA Locas ati td n 2 2 1 1 Translation Memory a A ds 5 A AA AA 6 2 1 3 Quality Issues in software localisation oononncnnnncnocononocnnnnnononncnnnonononononn cnn on nana nono nauuna cnasusenasnasnsonasnsonno 8 2 1 4 Alternative Software Localisation to0lS oooiononncnnonncnocnncconocononanononnonncnn corona cnc nono nono snasnsenasncsnsonasusonno 9 2 2 Machine Translation and evaluating translation quality uu22uesesnensesnensesnensennnesennennenenennensennannennen 10 2 3 O NN 11 3 Field Research E e ee a re aa a a E athe svacsbehopeotad suas Na EOR a gaga pa E a ah Na a Aah a a apang a Sai Sha 13 4 Preparation Of Sol tico talent AGE ANAA a NG EKA NANA SE
91. ystem fulfils usability criteria This does not seem appropriate to this case because the purpose of the tools is very much focused on localization and having knowledge of this area would be important to understanding their benefits Also there is no real cash budget for this evaluation so 1t would be difficult to obtain a usability expert It would seem appropriate to perform a further observation of one or more users as was performed when understanding the problem section 3 1 This gives an opportunity to see whether the software fits into the translators working practices After the translators have been involved in the evaluation as discussed in 6 1 1 brief interviews are performed to assess the usability of the software The questions asked focus on if they have found that it benefits their work and whether it integrates into their working practices The questions asked look to see whether the software has adequately satisfied Nielsens usability criteria 12 in this case it will be difficult to evaluate memorability in such a brief evaluation and lack of errors is mainly covered in the testing phase Although these are semi structured interviews and could have veered onto other questions the base questions are as follows e Does this software fit into your work well e Inits current state would you be happy to continue using it e Was it easy to pick up how to use the software e Do you have any suggestions for improvements

Xerox GKLS Language Services (LS) is a Localisation (see

Contents

Download Pdf Manuals

Related Search

Related Contents