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The Not So Short Introduction to LaTeX

1. Within a tabular environment amp jumps to the next column NN starts a new line and hline inserts a horizontal line Add partial lines by using cline i 7 where i and j are the column numbers the line should extend over Nbeginftabularklrlll hline 7CO amp hexadecimal 7C0 hexadecimal 3700 amp octal cline 2 2 3700 octal 11111000000 amp binary 11111000000 binary hline hline mum dedu 1984 amp decimal NN hline end tabular begin tabular p 4 7cm hline Welcome to Boxy s paragraph We sincerely hope you 11 all enjoy the show hline end tabular Welcome to Boxy s paragraph We sincerely hope you ll all en joy the show The column separator can be specified with the construct This command kills the inter column space and replaces it with whatever is between the curly braces One common use for this command is explained below in the decimal alignment problem Another possible application is to suppress leading space in a table with begin tabular 1 hline no leading space hline no leading space end tabular 2 11 Environments begin tabular 1 hline leading space left and right leading space left and right hline end tabular Since there is no built in way to align numeric columns to a decimal point we can
2. 29 2 5 German Special Characters cles 30 2 6 Preamble for Greek documents 31 2 7 Greek Special Characters clle 32 2 8 Bulgarian Russian and Ukrainian 33 2 9 Float Placing Permissions 49 3 1 Math Mode Accents e 75 2 2 Greek LEVES so Geox a GRA SESE Be ed 75 3 3 Binary Relations 22e 76 34 Binary OperatOrB 33 093 be eee Sed ee uos 76 2 9 DIG ODGPSIOES o ook eke Hh Gwe dox REE A Xue eS d 77 SD GXPEDWB looo X999 xs RO PR Ewe ERD VOX Nu TT 24 JATPOWS AS ARE v coole ok ee eR e E RUE es TT 2 8 Delimiter sica da a ew 9 X 4 499 BA 3 Rows 78 3 9 LargeDelimiters llle 78 3 10 Miscellaneous Symbols lll 78 3 11 Non Mathematical Symbols 78 le AUS ee PIT 79 3 13 AMS Greek and Hebrew 79 3 14 Math Alphabets 22e 79 3 15 AMS Binary Operators i664 bee xo ooo 79 3 16 AMS Binary Relations oi de REGE od 80 PAS AS ATL S zoo A a et Re Bw Ment d 81 3 18 AMS Negated Binary Relations and Arrows 82 xiv LIST OF TABLES 3 19 AMS Miscellaneous sss ooo seo ROS 82 4 1 Key Names for graphicx Package 84 4 2 Index Key Syntax Examples 87 ok ONDES ea ecg ee og ae ee th ae A BSA e LP 124 6 2 Pont Sigs 26444 Soi ae ee ee EY EO ee 124 6 3 Absolute Point Sizes in Standard Classes 125 6
3. tnss ldots Ntnss This is The not so Short Introduction to TEX 2e The not so Short Introduc tion to IATEX 2e The next example illustrates how to define a new command that takes one argument The 1 tag gets replaced by the argument you specify If you wanted to use more than one argument use 2 and so on newcommand txsit 2 This is the emph 1 2 Introduction to LaTeXe in the document body begin itemize item txsit not so short item txsit very long end itemize e This is the not so short Introduction to IATEX 2e e This is the very long Introduction to IXTEX 2e IXTEX will not allow you to create a new command that would overwrite an existing one But there is a special command in case you explicitly want this renewcommand It uses the same syntax as the newcommand command 6 1 New Commands Environments and Packages 121 In certain cases you might also want to use the providecommand com mand It works like Nnewcommand but if the command is already defined IXTEX 2e will silently ignore it There are some points to note about whitespace following IATEX com mands See page 5 for more information 6 1 2 New Environments Just as with the newcommand command there is a command to create your own environments The newenvironment command uses the following syntax newenvironment name num before after Again n
4. begin proof This is a proof that ends with an equation array begin IEEEeqnarray rC1 x ak amp amp btc equation array Proof This is a proof that ends with an a b c amp d e amp Nqedhere end IEEEeqnarray pi ina end proof Note that the in rCl x denotes stretchable spaces one on the left of the equations which if not specified will be done automatically by IEEEeqnarray and one on the right of the equations But now on the right after the stretching column we add an empty column x This column will only be needed on the last line if the Nqedhere command is put there Finally we specify a This is a null space that prevents IEEEeqnarray from adding another unwanted space In the case of equation numbering there is a similar problem Comparing 7A Typesetting Mathematical Formulae begin proof This is a proof that ends with a numbered equation Nbeginfequation a btc end equation end proof Proof This is a proof that ends with a numbered equation a b e 3 41 with begin proof This is a proof that ends Proof This is a proof that ends with a with a numbered equation numbered equation beginfequation a b c qedhere a b4 c 3 42 end equation end proof you notice that in the correct second version the O is much closer to the equation than in the first versi
5. has 4 arguments the starting point the translation vector from one object 5 2 The picture Environment 111 to the next the number of objects and the object to be drawn The linethickness command applies to horizontal and vertical line segments but neither to oblique line segments nor to circles It does however apply to quadratic B zier curves 5 2 7 Ovals setlength unitlength 0 75cm begin picture 6 4 linethickness 0 075mm multiput 0 0 1 0 7 line 0 1 4 multiput 0 0 0 1 5 line 1 0 6 thicklines put 2 3 oval 3 1 8 thinlines put 3 2 oval 3 1 8 thicklines N y put 2 1 oval 3 1 8 t1 put 4 1 Nova1 3 1 8 b put 4 3 oval 3 1 8 r put 3 1 5 oval 1 8 0 4 end picture The command put x y oval Cw h or put Cz y oval w h position Y produces an oval centered at x y and having width w and height The optional position arguments b t 1 r refer to top bottom left right and can be combined as the example illustrates Line thickness can be controlled by two kinds of commands linethickness length on the one hand thinlines and thicklines on the other While linethickness length applies only to horizontal and vertical lines and quadratic B zier curves thinlines and thicklines
6. The book designer writes his instructions into the manuscript and then gives it to a typesetter who typesets the book according to these instructions A human book designer tries to find out what the author had in mind while writing the manuscript He decides on chapter headings citations examples formulae etc based on his professional knowledge and from the contents of the manuscript In a MITEX environment IATEX takes the role of the book designer and uses TEX as its typesetter But LIXTEX is only a program and therefore needs more guidance The author has to provide additional information to describe the logical structure of his work This information is written into the text as IATEX commands This is quite different from the WYSIWYG approach that most modern word processors such as MS Word or LibreOffice take With these applica tions authors specify the document layout interactively while typing text into the computer They can see on the screen how the final work will look when it is printed When using IATEX it is not normally possible to see the final output while typing the text but the final output can be previewed on the screen after processing the file with IXTEX Then corrections can be made before actually sending the document to the printer 1 2 2 Layout Design Typographical design is a craft Unskilled authors often commit serious formatting errors by assuming that book design is mostly a question of a
7. hyphen en dash em dash and minus sign 2 4 3 Tilde A character often seen in web addresses is the tilde To generate this in LTFX use but the result is not really what you want Try this instead http www rich edu bush NN http www rich edu bush http www clever edu Nsim demo http www clever edu demo 2 4 4 Slash In order to typeset a slash between two words one can simply type e g read write but this makes IATEX treat the two words as one Hyphenation is disabled for these two words so there may be overfull errors To over come this use slash For example type read slash write which allows hyphenation But normal character may be still used for ratios or units e g 5 MB s 2 4 5 Degree Symbol o Printing the degree symbol in pure IXTEX 2 4 Special Characters and Symbols 23 y zm o 4 p RT ere ee It s 30 C I will soon start to super It s 30 circ mathrm C super conduct conduct The textcomp package makes the degree symbol also available as textdegree or in combination with the C by using the textcelsius 30 textcelsius is eel ce 86 textdegree F 30 C is 86 F 2 4 6 The Euro Currency Symbol When writing about money these days you need the Euro symbol Many current fonts contain a Euro symbol After loading the textcomp package in the preamble of your document
8. overleftarrow 58 overline 57 overrightarrow 58 P package 7 10 119 packages amsbsy 71 amsfonts 70 79 amsmath 53 59 60 68 69 71 amssymb 56 70 75 154 INDEX amsthm 71 72 arabxetex 37 babel 20 25 32 35 116 beamer 100 102 105 bicig 34 bidi 37 bm 71 booktabs 48 calc 131 color 100 dcolumn 47 doc 12 eepic 109 eurosym 23 exscale 12 fancyhdr 87 89 fontenc 12 27 32 fontspec 35 99 frenchb 29 geometry 89 graphicx 83 93 100 pgfplot 118 polyglossia 35 37 ppower4 100 prosper 100 pstricks 109 pxfonts 93 showidx 87 syntonly 12 15 textcomp 23 tikz 105 115 116 txfonts 93 verbatim 6 89 xalx 33 xeCJK 38 xepersian 37 xgreek 36 page layout 131 page style 13 empty 13 headings 13 plain 13 hyperref 37 91 93 94 97 98 Npagebreak 19 100 hyphenat 89 IEEEtrantools 64 ifpdf 97 ifthen 12 indentfirst 129 inputenc 12 26 27 32 kotex 30 latexsym 12 layout 131 layouts 132 longtable 47 makeidx 12 86 mathrsfs 79 mathtext 32 memoir 30 mhchem 70 microtype 100 ntheorem 72 numprint 29 oblivoir 30 pgf 105 115 118 pageref 41 90 pagestyle 13 paper size 11 91 131 paperheight 132 paperwidth 132 par 124 paragraph 17 paragraph 39 parameter 5 parbox 134 parbox 134 parindent 128 parskip 128 part 39 partial 59 partial derivative 59 Pashto 37 PDF 90 98 pdfIAT
9. setminus cap sqcap wedge land ominus oslash Mbigcirc bigtriangledown rhd unrhd e o x AV A o e HE triangleleft triangleright star ast circ bullet diamond uplus amalg dagger ddagger wr 3 10 List of Mathematical Symbols 77 Table 3 5 BIG Operators Table 3 6 Arrows leftarrow or gets rightarrow or to leftrightarrow Leftarrow Rightarrow Leftrightarrow mapsto hookleftarrow leftharpoonup pp We aie Geel leftharpoondown rightleftharpoons uparrow updownarrow Downarrow nearrow swarrow leadsto a ae e Y sum U Xbigcup II prod f bigcap I coprod bigsqcup f Namt oint bigoplus bigotimes AgesefJsi tli ddatls V bigvee A bigwedge WJ biguplus bigodot longleftarrow longrightarrow longleftrightarrow Longleftarrow Longrightarrow Longleftrightarrow longmapsto hookrightarrow rightharpoonup rightharpoondown iff bigger spaces downarrow Uparrow Updownarrow searrow nwarrow Use the latexsym package to access this symbol Table 3 7 Arrows as Accents AB overrightarrow AB lt AB overleftarrow AB AB overleftrightarrow AB AB underrightarrow AB AB underleftarrow AB AB underleftrightarrow AB Typesetting Mathematical Formulae Table 3 8 Delimiters vt 9 T uparrow L orMbrack J or rbrack downarrow for lbrace or rbrace f
10. smallskip 130 156 INDEX smash 55 space 4 spacing math mode 55 special character 24 sqrt 57 square brackets 5 square root 57 stackrel 59 stretch 121 129 structure 7 strut 48 subparagraph 39 subscript 56 subsection 39 subsectionmark 89 substack 60 subsubsection 39 sum 60 sum operator 60 sup 58 superscript 56 syntonly 12 15 T T1 27 32 T2 32 T2A 27 32 T2B 27 toc 27 tabcolsep 47 table 45 table 49 50 table of contents 39 tableofcontents 39 tabular 45 134 tag 54 tan 58 tanh 58 TeX 21 TeXnicCenter 139 texorpdfstring 97 text style 53 55 textbackslash 5 textbf 124 textcelsius 23 textcomp 23 textdegree 23 texteuro 23 textheight 132 textit 124 textmd 124 textnormal 124 textrm 124 textsc 124 textsf 124 Mtextsl 124 textstyle 70 texttt 124 textup 124 textwidth 132 tfrac 59 thebibliography 85 theoremstyle 71 thicklines 108 111 113 thinlines 111 113 thispagestyle 13 tikz 105 115 116 tikzpicture 115 tilde 22 57 tilde 38 tiny 124 title 11 40 title 40 tnss 120 today 21 topmargin 132 totalheight 134 135 Turkish 37 two column 11 txfonts 93 U ud 69 Uighur 37 umlaut 25 underbrace 57 underfull hbox 20 INDEX 157 underline 42 57 XHTEX 98 unitlength 106 108 xgreek 36 units 129 130 Xpdf 91 upright 124 Urdu 3
11. 130 smash 55 sqrt 57 stackrel 59 stretch 121 129 subparagraph 39 subsection 39 subsectionmark 89 substack 60 subsubsection 39 sum 60 sup 58 tabcolsep 47 tableofcontents 39 tag 54 tan 58 tanh 58 TeX 21 texorpdfstring 97 textbackslash 5 textcelsius 23 textdegree 23 texteuro 23 textheight 132 textstyle 70 textwidth 132 tfrac 59 theoremstyle 71 thicklines 108 111 113 thinlines 111 113 thispagestyle 13 title 40 tnss 120 today 21 topmargin 132 totalheight 134 135 ud 69 underbrace 57 underline 42 57 unitlength 106 108 usebox 112 usepackage 10 13 23 25 27 33 123 usetikzlibrary 117 vdots 57 vec 58 vector 108 verb 45 verbatiminput 89 vspace 130 widehat 58 widetilde 58 width 134 135 comment 6 comments 6 cos 58 cosh 58 cot 58 coth 58 cp1251 26 34 cp850 26 cp866nav 26 cross references 41 csc 58 curly braces 5 124 Cyrillic 36 D dash 22 date 40 dcolumn 47 ddots 57 decimal alignment 47 DeclareMathOperator 58 INDEX 149 Mdeg 58 degree symbol 22 delimiters 60 depth 134 135 description 42 det 58 Deutsch 29 dfrac 59 diagonal dots 57 dim 58 dimensions 129 display style 53 55 displaymath 54 displaystyle 70 doc 12 document font size 11 document title 11 documentclass 9 14 20 dot 57 dotless 1 and j
12. 14 lof 14 log 14 lot 14 Sty 13 90 tex 8 13 toc 14 F fancyhdr 87 89 fbox 21 figure 49 50 file types 13 floating bodies 48 flq 30 flqq 30 flushleft 43 flushright 43 M oldera 113 Xfolderb 113 font 123 footnotesize 124 Huge 124 huge 124 LARGE 124 Large 124 large 124 mathbf 125 mathcal 125 mathit 125 mathnormal 125 mathrm 125 mathsf 125 mathtt 125 normalsize 124 scriptsize 124 small 124 textbf 124 textit 124 textmd 124 textnormal 124 textrm 124 textsc 124 textsf 124 textsl1 124 texttt 124 textup 124 tiny 124 font encoding 12 font encodings 27 INDEX 151 LGR 27 OT1 27 T1 27 32 T2 32 T2A 27 32 T2B 27 T2C 27 xa 27 font size 123 124 fontenc 12 27 32 fontspec 35 99 footer 13 footnote 41 51 footnotesize 124 footskip 132 frac 59 fraction 59 fragile commands 51 frame 102 framebox 134 French 28 frenchb 29 frenchspacing 32 38 frontmatter 40 frq 30 frqq 30 fussy 20 G gcd 58 geometry 89 German 26 29 GhostScript 9 83 139 Ghost View 139 Gimp 139 graphics 10 83 graphicx 83 93 100 grave 25 Greek 31 36 Greek letters 56 grouping 124 H hat 58 header 13 headheight 132 textttheadings 13 headsep 132 Hebrew 37 height 134 135 hline 46 hom 58 horizontal brace 57 dots 57 line 57 space 129
13. 4 7 Working with pdflAHTEX o a 90 4 0 1 PDF Documents for the Web 91 Ave The Fonts re s uu bb dae hee mex wee Siw E 92 Am Usinge Graphics ooo A PAR A RRA PAE 93 ATA Hypertext Links 2 22 54 22 Rz 93 415 Problems with Lake isa rea ek es 96 4 7 6 Problems with Bookmarks 96 4 7 7 Source Compatibility Between IXTEX and pdfIATEX 97 4 8 Working with XqETgX o o 98 AS The FONS cs sak mecs ok ek XO 9 dw sw Rp 98 4 8 2 Compatibility Between X 4I4TEX and pdfEATEX 100 4 9 Creating Presentations 2e 100 5 Producing Mathematical Graphics 105 DL VELIE uo go eB neu x ge gode oU MON 105 5 2 The picture Environment 106 5 2 1 Basic Commands c 222 see 106 22 Line DOEIDOHUS 6 4 sie eoe E Bate a ER e 107 B23 JUTYOW Caisse proa SER we eR ee a ao 108 x ME Gu d MM ICM Gah Gh Soe Se a he Be Gd 109 5 2 5 ext and Pormulas 2320 2 eo ete e a e a 110 5 2 6 multiput and linethickness 110 Oat OS zuo amie Rox o ee Ee HES a 111 5 2 8 Multiple Use of Predefined Picture Boxes 112 5 2 9 Quadratic B zier Curves 2 0085 113 H3 10 VORDeBAPy ss aca Fog om ee age Re x URS Bee 114 5 2 11 Rapidity in the Special Theory of Relativity 115 5 3 The PGF and TikZ Graphics Packages 115 CONTENTS 6 Customising ATRX 6 1 New Commands Environments and Packages New Commands 6 1 2 New Environments 6 1 3 Extra
14. A 3 TRX on Mac OS X A 3 1 T X Distribution Just download MacTeX It is a pre compiled IATEX distribution for OS X MacTeX provides a full IXTEX installation plus a number of additional tools Get MacT X from http www tug org mactex A 3 2 OSX TpX Editor If you are not happy with our crossplatform suggestion Texmaker section A 2 The most popular open source editor for IXTEX on the mac seems to be TEXshop Get a copy from http www uoregon edu koch texshop It is also contained in the MacTeX distribution Recent TEXLive distributions contain the TpEXworks editor http texworks org which is a multi platform editor based on the TpXShop design Since TEX works uses the Qt toolkit it is available on any platform supported by this toolkit MacOS X Windows Linux A 3 3 Treat yourself to PDFView Use PDF View for viewing PDF files generated by IATEX it integrates tightly with your IATEX text editor PDFView is an open source application avail able from the PDF View website on http pdfview sourceforge net After installing open PDF Views pref erences dialog and make sure that the automatically reload documents option is enabled and that PDFSync support is set appropriately A 4 TEX on Windows A 4 1 Getting TEX First get a copy of the excellent MiK TEX distribution from http www miktex org It contains all the basic programs and files A 5 TEX on Linux 139 required to compile ATEX documents The co
15. The name argument refers to a IATRX storage bin and therefore is of a command nature which accounts for the backslashes in the current example Boxed pictures can be nested In this example foldera is used within the definition of folderb The Noval command had to be used as the line command does not work if the segment length is less than about 3mm 5 2 9 Quadratic B zier Curves setlength unitlength 0 8cm begin picture 6 4 linethickness 0 075mm multiput 0 0 1 0 7 line 0 1 4 multiput 0 0 0 1 5 line 1 0 6 thicklines put 0 5 0 5 line 1 5 0 5 put 1 3 line 4 1 2 qbezier 0 5 0 5 1 3 3 3 5 thinlines put 2 5 2 line 2 1 3 put 5 5 0 5 line 1 5 0 5 linethickness imm qbezier 2 5 2 5 5 0 5 5 3 O lo thinlines qbezier 4 2 4 3 3 3 qbezier 3 3 2 3 2 2 qbezier 2 2 2 1 3 1 qbezier 3 1 4 1 4 2 end picture As this example illustrates splitting up a circle into 4 quadratic B zier curves is not satisfactory At least 8 are needed The figure again shows the effect of the linethickness command on horizontal or vertical lines and of the thinlines and the thicklines commands on oblique line segments It also shows that both kinds of commands affect quadratic B zier curves each command overriding all previous ones Let P x1 y1 P 22 ya denote the end poin
16. This is not true But then again what is these days This will save you from counting lots of curly braces 6 2 2 Danger Will Robinson Danger As noted at the beginning of this chapter it is dangerous to clutter your document with explicit commands like this because they work in opposition to the basic idea of ATEX which is to separate the logical and visual markup of your document This means that if you use the same font changing command in several places in order to typeset a special kind of information you should use newcommand to define a logical wrapper command for the font changing command newcommand oops 1 textbf 1 Do not Moopsfenter this room it s occupied by oops machines of unknown origin and purpose Do not enter this room it s occupied by machines of unknown origin and purpose This approach has the advantage that you can decide at some later stage that you want to use a visual representation of danger other than textbf without having to wade through your document identifying all the occurrences of textbf and then figuring out for each one whether it was used for pointing out danger or for some other reason Please note the difference between telling ATEX to emphasize something and telling it to use a different font The Nemph command is context aware while the font commands are absolute 6 3 Spacing 127 textit You can also emph emphasize text if it i
17. Typesetting Text biblicalfonts aspx Another font available under the Open Font License is Ezra SIL available at http www sil org computing catalog show_ software asp id 76 Remember to select the correct script newfontfamily hebrewf ont Script Hebrew SBL Hebrew newfontfamily hebrewf ont Script Hebrew Ezra SIL Chinese Japanese and Korean CJK The package xeCJK 25 takes care of font selection and punctuation for these languages 2 6 The Space Between Words To get a straight right margin in the output IXTEX inserts varying amounts of space between the words It inserts slightly more space at the end of a sentence as this makes the text more readable IATEX assumes that sentences end with periods question marks or exclamation marks If a period follows an uppercase letter this is not taken as a sentence ending since periods after uppercase letters normally occur in abbreviations Any exception from these assumptions has to be specified by the author A backslash in front of a space generates a space that will not be enlarged A tilde character generates a space that cannot be enlarged and additionally prohibits a line break The command in front of a period specifies that this period terminates a sentence even when it follows an uppercase letter Mr Smith was happy to see her Mr Smith was happy to see her cf Fig 5 cf Fig 5 I like BASIC What about you I like BASIC What about
18. array 67 68 arraystretch 47 arrow symbols 58 article class 10 Asbuk 33 asbuk 33 author 40 96 B B5 paper 11 babel 20 25 32 35 116 backmatter 40 INDEX 145 backslash 5 bar 58 base font size 11 beamer 100 102 105 begin 42 106 114 Beta 75 bibitem 85 bibliography 85 bicig 34 bidi 37 Big 60 big 60 Bigg 60 bigg 60 bigskip 130 binary relations 59 binom 59 binomial coefficient 59 blackboard bold 56 block 102 bm 71 Bmatrix 68 bmatrix 68 bmod 58 bold face 124 bold symbols 56 70 boldmath 70 boldsymbol 71 book class 10 booktabs 48 brace horizontal 57 bracketing 60 brazilian 28 C calc 131 Ncaption 50 51 cases 68 cdot 57 cdots 57 center 43 chapter 39 chaptermark 89 Chinese 38 ci 119 circle 109 circlex 109 cite 85 cleardoublepage 51 clearpage 51 cline 46 color 100 coloured text 10 comma 24 commands 5 68 X 55 68 V 21 66 68 M 68 X6 38 XL 54 55 XN 19 43 44 46 130 19 54 addtolength 131 Alph 33 alph 33 Alpha 75 and 40 appendix 39 40 arccos 58 arcsin 58 arctan 58 arg 58 arraystretch 47 Asbuk 33 asbuk 33 author 40 96 backmatter 40 bar 58 begin 42 106 114 Beta 75 bibitem 85 Big 60 big 60 Bigg 60 146 INDEX bigg 60 bigskip 130 binom 59 bmod 58 boldmath 70 boldsymbol
19. begin tikzpicture decoration bent aspect 3 B draw decorate fill lightgray 0 0 rectangle 5 5 4 node circle draw A at 5 5 A node circle draw B at 5 3 5 B draw gt decorate A B A draw gt decorate B A end tikzpicture 118 Producing Mathematical Graphics usetikzlibrary positioning begin tikzpicture xscale 6 yscale 8 stealth tikzstyle v circle minimum size 1mm draw thick node v a 1 node v b right of a 2 2 node v c below of a 2 node v d below of b 1 Mdraw thick a to node c 2 e draw thick gt a to node d draw thick gt b to node d end tikzpicture You can even draw syntax diagrams that look as if they came straight from a book on Pascal programming The code is a bit more daunting than the example above so I will just show you the result If you have a look at the pgf documentation you will find a detailed tutorial on drawing this exact diagram gt unsigned integer Che unsigned integer And there is more if you have to draw plots of numerical data or functions you should have a closer look at the pgfplot package It provides everything you need to draw plots It can even call the external gnuplot command to evaluate actual functions you wrote into the graph For more inspiration make sure to visit Kjell
20. in inch 25 4mm pt point 1 72 inch mm em approx width of an M in the current font L ex approx height of an x in the current font U Large big hspace lem y big y tiny tin hspace lem y TM 6 3 4 Vertical Space The space between paragraphs sections subsections is determined automatically by IXTEX If necessary additional vertical space between two paragraphs can be added with the command Xvspacet length This command should normally be used between two empty lines If the space should be preserved at the top or at the bottom of a page use the starred version of the command vspace instead of Nvspace The Nstretch command in connection with Npagebreak can be used to typeset text on the last line of a page or to centre text vertically on a page Some text ldots vspace stretch 1 This goes onto the last line of the page pagebreak Additional space between two lines of the same paragraph or within a table is specified with the NN length command With bigskip and smallskip you can skip a predefined amount of vertical space without having to worry about exact numbers 6 4 Page Layout 131 6 4 Page Layout IXTEX 2e allows you to specify the paper size in the documentclass com mand It then automatically picks the right text margins but sometimes you may not be happy with the predefined values Naturally you can change them
21. includegraphics command graphicx will go looking for a suitable file on its own depending on the setting of the driver option For pdftex this is formats png pdf jpg and mps METAPOST but not eps The simple way out of this problem is to just convert your EPS files into PDF format using the epstopdf utility found on many systems For vector graphics drawings this is a great solution For bitmaps photos scans this is not ideal because the PDF format natively supports the inclusion of PNG and JPEG images PNG is good for screenshots and other images with few colours JPEG is great for photos as it is very space efficient It may even be desirable not to draw certain geometric figures but rather describe the figure with a specialized command language such as METR POST which can be found in most TEX distributions and comes with its own extensive manual 4 7 4 Hypertext Links The hyperref package will take care of turning all internal references of your document into hyperlinks For this to work properly some magic is necessary 94 Specialities so you have to put Nusepackage pdftex hyperref as the last command into the preamble of your document Many options are available to customize the behaviour of the hyperref package e either as a comma separated list after the pdftex option Nusepackage pdftex hyperref e or on individual lines with the command hypersetup options The only required option is
22. listoffigures 50 Listoftables 50 Man 58 Mog 58 mainmatter 40 96 makebox 134 makeindex 86 maketitle 40 marginparpush 132 marginparsep 132 marginparwidth 132 mathbb 56 max 58 mbox 21 24 134 min 58 multicolumn 47 multicolumns 65 multiput 107 110 negmedspace 66 newcommand 69 120 121 newenvironment 121 newline 19 newpage 19 newsavebox 112 newtheorem 71 noindent 129 nolinebreak 19 nombre 29 nonumber 66 nopagebreak 19 not 76 oddsidemargin 132 oval 111 113 overbrace 57 overleftarrow 58 overline 57 overrightarrow 58 pagebreak 19 pageref 41 90 pagestyle 13 paperheight 132 paperwidth 132 par 124 paragraph 39 parbox 134 parindent 128 parskip 128 part 39 partial 59 phantom 51 69 pmod 58 Pr 58 printindex 87 prod 60 protect 51 providecommand 121 ProvidesPackage 123 put 107 112 qbezier 105 107 113 qedhere 72 73 qquad 55 68 quad 55 65 68 raisebox 135 ref 41 50 90 renewcommand 120 renewenvironment 121 Xright 60 67 Xright 60 rightmark 87 89 rule 48 121 135 136 savebox 112 scriptscriptstyle 70 148 INDEX scriptstyle 70 sec 58 section 39 51 sectionmark 89 selectlanguage 26 setlength 106 128 131 settodepth 133 settoheight 133 settowidth 133 shorthandoff 116 sin 58 sinh 58 slash 22 sloppy 20 smallskip
23. negmedspace l m n a 3 38 amp E amp p q r s pt q r s 3 39 end IEEEeqnarray Note the space difference between and l The construction 1 forces the sign to be a binary operator rather than just a sign and the unwanted ensuing space between and is compensated by a negative medium space negmedspace If a particular line should not have an equation number the number can be suppressed using nonumber or IEEEnonumber If on such a line a label label eq is defined then this label is passed on to the next equation number that is not suppressed Place the labels right before the line break or the next to the equation it belongs to Apart from improving the readability of the source code this prevents a compilation error when a IEEEmulticol command follows the label definition 3 6 Arrays and Matrices There also exists a version where all equation numbers are suppressed In this case an equation number can be made to appear using the command MIEEEyesnumber begin IEEEeqnarray rCl a amp amp bt cN b gt amp amp d e IEEEyesnumber ki k amp amp ftg d e 3 40 end IEEEeqnarray f 9 Sub numbers are also easily possible using NIEEEyessubnumber begin IEEEeqnarray rC1l a amp amp b c IEEEyessubnumber amp k k amp dte a b c 3 40a nonumber d e amp amp ftg ft 3 40b IEEEyessubnumber 159 end IEEEeqnarray 3 6 A
24. updownarrow langle rangle tt Uparrow or vert NL or Wert Downarrow Et V backslash Updownarrow Mfloor rfloor rceil Mceil Table 3 9 Large Delimiters Mgroup Xrgroup f lmoustache arrowvert Arrowvert bracevert 1 rmoustache Table 3 10 Miscellaneous Symbols sig ABO s Nedots vdots ddots h hbar 2 imath 3 jmath Nell R Re S Im N Naleph Q wp V forall J Vexists Y Wmho O partial 5 ou Nprime emptyset infty V nabla A triangle Box Diamond 1 bot T Ncop Z Nangle v surd lt gt diamondsuit Y Maeartsuit d clubsuit A spadesuit neg or Mnot b f lat g natural t Nsharp Use the latexsym package to access this symbol Table 3 11 Non Mathematical Symbols These symbols can also be used in text mode 1 dag AS copyright textregistered i ddag P pounds NA 3 10 List of Mathematical Symbols 79 Table 3 12 AMS Delimiters T Nulcorner urcorner llcorner 3 lrcorner Mvert rvert lVert rVert Table 3 13 AMS Greek and Hebrew digamma x varkappa 3 beth J gimel 71 daleth Table 3 14 Math Alphabets See Table 6 4 on 125 for other math fonts Example Command Required package ABCDEabcdel234 mathrm ABCDE abcde 1234 ABCDEabcde1284 mathit ABCDE abcde 1234 ABCDEabcde1234 mathnormal ABCDE abcde 1234 ABCDE mathcal ABCDE abcde 1234 A BEDE
25. 1 2 hours 2 In text style 1j hours Here the partial command for partial derivatives is used Nbeginfequation sqrt frac x 2 k 1 qquad x frac 2 k 1 qquad q 2 0 f frac partial 2f k 1 EPI partial x72 end equation To typeset binomial coefficients or similar structures use the command binom from amsmath Pascal s rule is a ibegiutequat iom Pascal s rule is binom n k binom n 1 k n n 1 n 1 binom n 1 k 1 la k n end equation For binary relations it may be useful to stack symbols over each other stackrel 1 2 puts the symbol given in 1 in superscript like size over 2 which is set in its usual position begin fequation f_n x stackrel approx 1 end equation Q 60 Typesetting Mathematical Formulae The integral operator is generated with Nint the sum operator with sum and the product operator with prod The upper and lower limits are specified with and _ like subscripts and superscripts begin fequation sum_ i 1 7n qquad n z int_07 frac pi 2 qquad Y J II prod_ epsilon i 1 0 end equation To get more control over the placement of indices in complex expressions amsmath provides the substack command begin fequation sum7n_ substack 0 lt i lt n NN n 2 j subseteq i 25 P i j Qi j P i j QG j oci end equation IAT X provides all sorts of sym
26. 10 columns begin fequation begin matrix 1 amp 2 3 amp 4 end matrix qquad begin bmatrix p_ 11 amp p_ 12 amp ldots iis iar Pane cabe amp p hinr Ay P21 P22 P2n p_ 21 amp p_ 22 amp ldots f amp p 2n NN vdots Nvdots ddots Pmi Pm2 Pmn amp Nvdots NN p mi amp p m2 amp ldots amp p imn end bmatrix end equation 3 7 Spacing in Math Mode If the spacing within formulae chosen by IATEX is not satisfactory it can be adjusted by inserting special spacing commands for 5 quad 1 for quad U and for quad U The escaped space character u generates a medium sized space comparable to the interword spacing and quad L and Nqquad L__ produce large spaces The size of a Nquad corresponds to the width of the character M of the current font produces a negative space of amp quad 1 3 7 Spacing in Math Mode 69 Nbeginfequation Mint 172 Mn x mathrm d x 2 2 qquad In zdz n In z dz Mint 172 Mn x mathrm d x 1 1 end equation Note that d in the differential is conventionally set in roman In the next example we define a new command ud upright d which produces d notice the spacing U before the d so we don t have to write it every time The newcommand is placed in the preamble newcommand ud mathrm d b beginfequation f x de Mint a b f x ud x
27. 71 caption 50 51 cdot 57 cdots 57 chapter 39 chaptermark 89 ci 119 circle 109 circlex 109 cite 85 cleardoublepage 51 clearpage 51 cline 46 cos 58 cosh 58 cot 58 coth 58 csc 58 date 40 ddots 57 DeclareMathOperator 58 deg 58 depth 134 135 det 58 dfrac 59 dim 58 displaystyle 70 documentclass 9 14 20 dq 30 dum 119 emph 42 124 126 end 42 106 enumBul 33 enumEng 33 enumLat 33 eqref 54 exp 58 fbox 21 flq 30 flqq 30 foldera 113 folderb 113 footnote 41 51 footskip 132 frac 59 framebox 134 frenchspacing 32 38 frontmatter 40 frq 30 frqq 30 fussy 20 Ngcd 58 hat 58 headheight 132 headsep 132 height 134 135 hline 46 hom 58 href 95 96 98 hspace 121 129 hyphenation 20 idotsint 69 IEEEeqnarraymulticol 65 IEEEmulticol 66 IEEEnonumber 66 IEEEyesnumber 67 IEEEyessubnumber 67 ifpdf 97 ignorespaces 121 122 ignorespacesafterend 122 iiiint 69 iiint 69 iint 69 include 14 15 includegraphics 84 93 97 134 includeonly 15 indent 129 index 86 87 inf 58 input 15 int 60 item 42 INDEX 147 ker 58 Mabel 41 50 54 LaTeX 21 LaTeXe 21 ldots 24 57 left 60 lefteqn 63 65 leftmark 87 89 Mg 58 Mim 58 liminf 58 limsup 58 Mine 108 113 Xlinebreak 19 linespread 127 linethickness 110 111 113
28. Hyphenation and it prevents FORTRAN Fortran and fortran from being hyphenated at all No special characters or symbols are allowed in the argument Example hyphenation FORTRAN Hy phen a tion Although IATEX gives you a warning when that happens 0verfull hbox and displays the offending line such lines are not always easy to find If you use the option draft in the documentclass command these lines will be marked with a thick black line on the right margin 2 3 Ready Made Strings 21 The command inserts a discretionary hyphen into a word This also becomes the only point hyphenation is allowed in this word This command is especially useful for words containing special characters e g accented characters because IATEX does not automatically hyphenate words containing special characters I think this is su per cal i frag i lis tic ex pi al i do cious I think this is supercalifragilisticexpiali docious Several words can be kept together on one line with the command mbox text It causes its argument to be kept together under all circumstances My phone number will change soon It will be mbox 0116 291 2319 My phone number will change soon It will be 0116 291 2319 The parameter The parameter filename should contain the mbox emph filename should name of the file contain the name of the file fbox is similar to mbox b
29. Mathematical Graphics purposes A wide variety of these packages is described in detail in The ATEX Graphics Companion 4 Perhaps the most advanced graphical tool related with IXTEX is META POST It is a stand alone application based on Donald E Knuth s METR FONT METRPOST has the very powerful and mathematically sophisticated programming language of METRFONT but contrary to METRFONT it gener ates encapsulated POSTSCRIPT files which can be imported in ATEX and even pdfIATEX For an introduction see A User s Manual for METAPOST 15 or the tutorial on 17 A very thorough discussion of TFX and TEX strategies for graphics and fonts can be found in TEX Unbound 16 5 2 The picture Environment By Urs Oswald lt osurs bluewin ch gt As mentioned above the picture environment is part of standard IATEX and it is great for simple tasks and also if you want to control the exact positoning of individual elements on a page But if you are about to do any serious graphics work you should look at TikZ as presented in section 5 3 on page 115 5 2 1 Basic Commands A picture environment is created with one of the two commands begin picture z y end picture or begin picture x y xo yo end picture The numbers x y xo yo refer to Nunitlength which can be reset any time but not within a picture environment with a command such as setlength unitlength 1 2cm The de
30. TFX cannot find a suitable place to hyphenate a word Instruct IATEX to lower its standards a little by giving the sloppy command It prevents such over long lines by increasing the inter word spacing even if the final output is not optimal In this case a warning underfull hbox is given to the user In most such cases the result doesn t look very good The command fussy brings IATEX back to its default behaviour 2 2 2 Hyphenation IATEX hyphenates words whenever necessary If the hyphenation algorithm does not find the correct hyphenation points remedy the situation by using the following commands to tell TEX about the exception The command hyphenation word list causes the words listed in the argument to be hyphenated only at the points marked by The argument of the command should only contain words built from normal letters or rather signs that are considered to be normal letters by IXTEgX The hyphenation hints are stored for the language that is active when the hyphenation command occurs This means that if you place a hyphenation command into the preamble of your document it will influence the English language hyphenation If you place the command after the begin document and you are using some package for national language support like babel then the hyphenation hints will be active in the language activated through babel The example below will allow hyphenation to be hyphenated as well as
31. XP MacOS X Therefore it is recommended to use ut 8 for any new project The utf8 encoding used by inputenc only defines the characters that are actually provided by the fonts used If you need more non latin characters have a look at Xq TEX in section 4 8 a Unicode based TEX engine Font encoding is a different matter It defines at which position inside a TpX font each letter is stored Multiple input encodings could be mapped into one font encoding which reduces the number of required font sets Font encodings are handled through fontenc package usepackage encoding fontenc where encoding is font encoding It is possible to load several encodings simultaneously The default LXTEX font encoding is OT1 the encoding of the original Computer Modern T X font It contains only the 128 characters of the 7 bit ASCII character set When accented characters are required TEX creates them by combining a normal character with an accent While the resulting output looks perfect this approach stops the automatic hyphenation from working inside words containing accented characters Besides some Latin letters could not be created by combining a normal character with an accent to say nothing about letters of non Latin alphabets such as Greek or Cyrillic To overcome these shortcomings several 8 bit CM like font sets were created Extended Cork EC fonts in T1 encoding contains letters and punctuation characters for most of
32. a end equation If you want to typeset multiple integrals you ll discover that the spacing between the integrals is too wide You can correct it using but amsmath provides an easier way for fine tuning the spacing namely the iint iiint iiiint and idotsint commands newcommand ud mathrm d begin IEEEeqnarray c J J Pe int int f x g y f z g y dx dy ud x ud y int int f x g y dz dy f x g y Mud x Mud y Mist EEG Aud ud y J P x g y de dy end IEEEeqnarray See the electronic document testmath tex distributed with A 4S ETRX or Chapter 8 of The ATEX Companion 3 for further details 3 7 1 Phantoms When vertically aligning text using and _ ATFX is sometimes just a little too helpful Using the phantom command you can reserve space for characters that do not show up in the final output The easiest way to understand this is to look at an example begin equation 7 14 _ 6 text C qquad text versus qquad AG BEN 4c O 14 Nphantom 1 6 Ntext C end equation 70 Typesetting Mathematical Formulae If you want to typeset a lot of isotopes as in the example the mhchem package is very useful for typesetting isotopes and chemical formulae too 3 8 Fiddling with the Math Fonts Different math fonts are listed on Table 3 14 on page 79 Re qquad mathcal R qquad mathfrak R qquad mathbb R qquad The last
33. a standard paragraph The aspect ratio is 1 0 because no special height is specified The width and height parameters can also be specified in absolute dimensions Refer to Table 6 5 on page 130 for more information If you want to know more about this topic make sure to read 9 and 13 4 2 Bibliography Produce a bibliography with the thebibliography environment Each entry starts with bibitem label marker The marker is then used to cite the book article or paper within the document cite marker If you do not use the label option the entries will get enumerated auto matically The parameter after the begin thebibliography command defines how much space to reserve for the number of labels In the example below 99 tells IXTEX to expect that none of the bibliography item numbers will be wider than the number 99 Partl 1 has proposed that Partl cite pa has proposed that ldots begin thebibliography 99 bibitem pa H Partl emph German TeX B 1 bliograp hy TUGboat Volume 9 Issue 1 1988 end thebibliography Volume 9 Issue 1 1988 1 H Partl German TgX TUGboat 86 Specialities For larger projects you might want to check out the Bib TEX program BibTEX is included with most TEX distributions It allows you to maintain a bibliographic database and then extract the references relevant to things you cited in your paper The visual presentati
34. arraystretch 1 5 renewcommand tabcolsep 0 2cm less cramped begin tabular 1 hline table layout less cramped hline table layout hline end tabular If you just want to grow the height of a single row in your table add an invisible vertical bar Use a zero width rule to implement this trick begin tabular c hline rule ipt 4ex Pitprop ldots hline rule Opt 4ex Strut Strut hline Pitprop end tabular The pt and ex in the example above are TEX units Read more on units in table 6 5 on page 130 A number of extra commands enhancing the tabular environment are available in the booktabs package It makes the creation of professional looking tables with proper spacing quite a bit simpler 2 12 Floating Bodies Today most publications contain a lot of figures and tables These elements need special treatment because they cannot be broken across pages One method would be to start a new page every time a figure or a table is too large to fit on the present page This approach would leave pages partially empty which looks very bad The solution to this problem is to float any figure or table that does not fit on the current page to a later page while filling the current page with body text IATEX offers two environments for floating bodies one for tables and one for figures To take full advantage of these two environm
35. at your site in your Local Guide 5 The prime source for information about IXTEX packages is The TEX Companion 3 It contains descriptions on hundreds of packages along with information of how to write your own extensions to IATEX 2e Modern TEX distributions come with a large number of packages prein stalled If you are working on a Unix system use the command texdoc for accessing package documentation Table 1 1 Document Classes article for articles in scientific journals presentations short reports pro gram documentation invitations proc a class for proceedings based on the article class minimal is as small as it can get It only sets a page size and a base font It is mainly used for debugging purposes report for longer reports containing several chapters small books PhD theses book for real books slides for slides T he class uses big sans serif letters You might want to consider using the Beamer class instead 1 6 The Layout of the Document 11 Table 1 2 Document Class Options 10pt 11pt 12pt Sets the size of the main font in the document If no option is specified 10pt is assumed a4paper letterpaper Defines the paper size The default size is letterpaper Besides that abpaper bbpaper executivepaper and legalpaper can be specified fleqn Typesets displayed formulae left aligned instead of centred leqno Places the numbering of formulae on the left hand side ins
36. available in all the fonts If you enter them directly in your text they will normally not print but rather coerce IATEX to do things you did not intend e Ww lr oe AN As you will see these characters can be used in your documents all the same by using a prefix backslash MENS WM NO M ALM AF SO Ntextbackslash 975 amp j The other symbols and many more can be printed with special commands in mathematical formulae or as accents The backslash character V can not be entered by adding another backslash in front of it XX this sequence is used for line breaking Use the textbackslash command instead 1 3 8 BTEgX Commands IXTEX commands are case sensitive and take one of the following two formats e They start with a backslash and then have a name consisting of letters only Command names are terminated by a space a number or any other non letter e They consist of a backslash and exactly one non letter Many commands exist in a starred variant where a star is appended to the command name IXTEX ignores whitespace after commands If you want to get a space after a command you have to put either an empty parameter and a blank or a special spacing command after the command name The empty parameter stops IATEX from eating up all the white space after the command name New NTeX users may miss whitespaces after a command renders wrong Experienced TeX users are TeX perts and kn
37. drawing the box around the command and a new command named ci which typesets the command name and makes a corresponding entry in the index Check this out by looking up the dum command in the index at the back of this book where you ll find an entry for dum pointing to every page where I mentioned the Ndum command 120 Customising IATEX If I ever decide that I do not like having the commands typeset in a box any more I can simply change the definition of the 1scommand environment to create a new look This is much easier than going through the whole document to hunt down all the places where I have used some generic ATEX commands to draw a box around some word 6 1 1 New Commands To add your own commands use the newcommand name num definition command Basically the command requires two arguments the name of the command you want to create and the definition of the command The num argument in square brackets is optional and specifies the number of arguments the new command takes up to 9 are possible If missing it defaults to 0 i e no argument allowed The following two examples should help you to get the idea The first example defines a new command called tnss This is short for The Not So Short Introduction to ATEX 2e Such a command could come in handy if you had to write the title of this book over and over again newcommand tnss The not so Short Introduction to LaTeXe This is
38. dvips and is finally picked up by the pdf convertor when turning the PS file into PDF 4 7 Working with pdf IATEX 95 If you are happy with the defaults use Nusepackage pdftex hyperref To have the bookmark list open and links in colour the true values are optional usepackage pdftex bookmarks colorlinks hyperref When creating PDFs destined for printing coloured links are not a good thing as they end up in gray in the final output making it difficult to read Use colour frames which are not printed usepackaget hyperref hypersetup colorlinks false or make links black usepackaget hyperref hypersetup colorlinks citecolor black filecolor black H linkcolor black urlcolor black H pdftex When you just want to provide information for the Document Info section of the PDF file usepackage pdfauthor Pierre Desproges pdftitle Des femmes qui tombent pdftex hyperref In addition to the automatic hyperlinks for cross references it is possible to embed explicit links using hreffurl text The code The href http www ctan org CTAN website produces the output CTAN a click on the word CTAN will take you to the CTAN website If the destination of the link is not a URL but a local file use the href command without the http bit The complete document is href manual pdf here 96 Specialities which produces the text The comp
39. e g Vim and Emacs offer ways to enter these characters Read the manual for the tools you are using 4 8 2 Compatibility Between XqPTpX and pdfETEX There are a few things that are different between X35gIATEX and pdflATEX e A XqgI4TEX document has to be written in Unicode UTF 8 while pdfIATEX may use different input encodings e The microtype packages does not work with X LIATpEX yet support for character protrusion is already under development e Everything font related has to be reviewed Unless you want to stick to Latin Modern 4 9 Creating Presentations By Daniel Flipo lt Daniel Flipo univ lille1 fr gt You can present the results of your scientific work on a blackboard with transparencies or directly from your laptop using some presentation software pdfIA4TEX combined with the beamer class allows you to create presenta tions in PDF looking much like something you might be able to generate with LibreOffice or PowerPoint if you had a very good day but much more portable because PDF readers are available on many more systems The beamer class uses graphicx color and hyperref with options adapted to screen presentations When you compile the code presented in figure 4 2 with pdfIATEX you get a PDF file with a title page and a second page showing several items that will be revealed one at a time as you step though your presentation One of the advantages of the beamer class is that it produces a PDF file that is di
40. equation This is text style limpo 9 i 77 zt k 6 And this is display style i 2 T lim Y m 3 3 k 1 In text style enclose tall or deep math expressions or sub expressions in smash This makes IXTEX ignore the height of these expressions This keeps the line spacing even A d_ e_ e_p mathematical expression followed by a h fi ig h expression As opposed to a smashed smash d_ e_ e_p expression followed by a smash h i g h expression 3 2 1 Math Mode A dec mathematical expression followed BE by a h expression As opposed to a smashed de expression followed by a A expression There are also differences between math mode and text mode For example in math mode 1 Most spaces and line breaks do not have any significance as all spaces are either derived logically from the mathematical expressions or have to be specified with special commands such as quad or Nqquad we ll get back to that later see section 3 7 56 Typesetting Mathematical Formulae 2 Empty lines are not allowed Only one paragraph per formula 3 Each letter is considered to be the name of a variable and will be typeset as such If you want to typeset normal text within a formula normal upright font and normal spacing then you have to enter the text using the text command see also section 3 8 on page 70 forall x Min mathbf R qquad x 2 Ngeq 0 YrcR r g
41. handled by TFX as if it were a single letter In earlier chapters you encountered some boxes although I did not tell you The tabular environment and the Nincludegraphics for example both produce a box This means that you can easily arrange two tables or images side by side You just have to make sure that their combined width is not larger than the textwidth You can also pack a paragraph of your choice into a box with either the parbox pos width text command or the begin minipage pos width text end minipage environment The pos parameter can take one of the letters c t or b to control the vertical alignment of the box relative to the baseline of the surrounding text width takes a length argument specifying the width of the box The main difference between a minipage and a parbox is that you cannot use all commands and environments inside a parbox while almost anything is possible in a minipage While parbox packs up a whole paragraph doing line breaking and everything there is also a class of boxing commands that operates only on horizontally aligned material We already know one of them it s called mbox It simply packs up a series of boxes into another one and can be used to prevent IXTEX from breaking two words As boxes can be put inside boxes these horizontal box packers give you ultimate flexibility makebox width pos text width defines the width of the
42. have been created in order to overcome these restrictions In this section you will learn about a few of them 5 1 Overview Creating graphical output with IAXTEX has a long tradition It started out with the picture environment which allows you to create graphics by cleverly placing predefined elements onto the canvas A complete description can be found in the ZTEX Manual 1 The picture environment of IATEX 2e brings with it the qbezier command q meaning quadratic Many frequently used curves such as circles ellipses or catenaries can be satisfac torily approximated by quadratic B zier curves although this may require some mathematical toil If in addition a programming language is used to generate qbezier blocks of ATEX input files the picture environment becomes quite powerful Although programming pictures directly in IATEX is severely restricted and often rather tiresome there are still reasons for doing so The documents thus produced are small with respect to bytes and there are no additional graphics files to be dragged along This has been the state of things until a few years ago when Till Tantau of beamer fame came up with the Portable Graphics Format pgf and its companion package TikZ tikz This system lets you create high quality vector graphics with all current TEX systems including full support for pdf Building on these basics numerous packages have been written for specific 106 Producing
43. href 95 96 98 hspace 121 129 Huge 124 huge 124 hyperref 37 91 93 94 97 98 100 hypertext 90 hyphen 22 hyphenat 89 hyphenation 20 I idotsint 69 IEEEeqnarray 61 62 64 IEEEeqnarraymulticol 65 IEEEmulticol 66 IEEEnonumber 66 IEEEtrantools 64 IEEEyesnumber 67 IEEEyessubnumber 67 ifpdf 97 ifpdf 97 ifthen 12 ignorespaces 121 122 ignorespacesafterend 122 iiiint 69 iiint 69 iint 69 include 14 15 includegraphics 84 93 97 134 includeonly 15 indent 129 INDEX indentfirst 129 index 86 index 86 87 inf 58 input 15 input encodings ansinew 26 applemac 26 cp1251 26 34 cp850 26 cp866nav 26 koi8 ru 26 32 latini 26 macukr 26 mn 34 utf8 26 27 34 input file 7 inputenc 12 26 27 32 int 60 integral operator 60 international 25 italic 124 item 42 itemize 42 J Japanese 38 Jawi 37 K kashida 37 Kashmiri 37 ker 58 Knuth Donald E 1 koi8 ru 26 32 Korean 38 kotex 30 Kurdish 37 L label 41 50 54 Lamport Leslie 2 language 25 LARGE 124 Large 124 large 124 LaTeX 21 IATEX3 4 LaTeXe 21 latexsym 12 latini 26 layout 131 layouts 132 Mots 24 57 left 60 left aligned 43 lefteqn 63 65 leftmark 87 89 legal paper 11 letter paper 11 Mg 58 LGR 27 ligature 24 Mim 58 Xliminf 58 limsup 58 line horizontal 57 line 108 113 line break 19 li
44. in the standard document classes small The small and textbf bold Romans ruled The small and bold Romans ruled all of Large all of great big great big Italy textit Italy 124 Customising ATEX One important feature of IATEX 2e is that the font attributes are inde pendent This means that issuing size or even font changing commands and still keep bold or slant attributes set earlier In math mode use the font changing commands to temporarily exit math mode and enter some normal text If you want to switch to another font for math typesetting you need another special set of commands refer to Table 6 4 In connection with the font size commands curly braces play a significant role They are used to build groups Groups limit the scope of most ATEX commands He likes LARGE large and small small letters He likes large and small letters The font size commands also change the line spacing but only if the paragraph ends within the scope of the font size command The closing curly brace should therefore not come too early Note the position of the par command in the next two examples INpar is equivalent to a blank line Table 6 1 Fonts textrm roman textsf sans serif texttt typewriter textmd medium textbf bold face textup upright textit italic textsl slanted textsc SMALL CAPS emph emphasized textno
45. is defined in mathematically convenient coordinates and the lower left corner is assigned the mathematical coordinates 3 2 black disk 5 3 The PGF and TikZ Graphics Packages Today every IATEX output generation system can create nice vector graphics it s just the interfaces that are rather diverse The pgf package provides an abstraction layer over these interface The pgf package comes with a large manual tutorial of its own 15 So we are only going to scratch the surface of the package with this little section The pgf package comes with a high level access language provided by the tikz package TikZ provides highly efficient commands to draw graphics right from inside your document Use the tikzpicture environment to wrap your TikZ commands As mentioned above there is an excellent manual for pgf and friends So instead of actually explaining how it works I will just show you a few examples so that you can get a first impression of how this tool works First a simple nonsense diagram 116 Producing Mathematical Graphics begin tikzpicture scale 3 clip 0 1 0 2 rectangle 1 8 1 2 draw step 25cm gray very thin 1 4 1 4 grid 3 4 3 4 draw 1 5 0 2 5 0 draw 0 1 5 0 1 5 draw 0 0 circle 1cm filldraw fill green 20 white draw green 50 black 0 0 3mm Omm arc 0 30 3mm cycle end tikzpicture Note the semicolon character It separates the in
46. on the command line Will Robertson and Khaled Hosny The fontspec package Comes with the TEXLive distribution as fontspec pdf Type texdoc fontspec on the command line Apostolos Syropoulos The zgreek package Comes with the TEXLive distribution as xgreek pdf Type texdoc xgreek on the command line BIBLIOGRAPHY 143 23 Vafa Khalighi The bidi package Comes with the TEXLive distribution as bidi pdf Type texdoc bidi on the command line 24 Vafa Khalighi The XePersian package Comes with the TpEXLive distribution as xepersian doc pdf Type texdoc xepersian on the command line 25 Wenchang Sun The zeCJK package Comes with the TEXLive distribu tion as xeCJK pdf Type texdoc xecjk on the command line Index Symbols 68 21 We Oe dd 3 t lt 88 33 Ds WE 53 55 68 22 22 X 21 EA 98 Space after 38 24 66 68 X 68 38 XL 54 55 19 43 44 46 130 Mw 19 M 54 38 A A4 paper 11 A5 paper 11 a 25 abstract 44 accent 24 Acrobat Reader 91 acute 25 addtolength 131 advantages of JATRX 3 25 align 62 Alph 33 alph 33 Alpha 75 American Mathematical Society 53 amsbsy 71 amsfonts 70 79 amsmath 53 59 60 68 69 71 amssymb 56 70 75 amsthm 71 72 and 40 ansinew 26 apostrophe 58 appendix 39 40 applemac 26 Arabic 37 arabxetex 37 arccos 58 arcsin 58 arctan 58 arg 58
47. paragraph breaks Many people do not even know what the meaning of Different At All Cost a translation of the Swiss German UVA Um s Verrecken Anders 18 Typesetting Text a paragraph break is or especially in IATEX introduce paragraph breaks without knowing it The latter mistake is especially easy to make if equations are used in the text Look at the following examples and figure out why sometimes empty lines paragraph breaks are used before and after the equation and sometimes not If you don t yet understand all commands well enough to understand these examples please read this and the following chapter and then read this section again Example 1 ldots when Einstein introduced his formula begin fequation e m cdot c 2 end equation which is at the same time the most widely known and the least well understood physical formula Example 2 ldots from which follows Kirchhoff s current law begin fequation sum_ k 1 n I_k 0 end equation Kirchhoff s voltage law can be derived ldots Example 3 ldots which has several advantages begin fequation I_D I_LF I_R end equation is the core of a very different transistor model ldots The next smaller text unit is a sentence In English texts there is a larger space after a period that ends a sentence than after one that ends an abbreviation IATFX tries to figure out which one you wanted to have If IXTIEX gets it wrong
48. the screen presentation depends on the theme you choose Pick one of the themes shipped with the beamer class or create your own See the beamer class documentation in beameruserguide pdf for more information on this Let s have a closer look at the code in figure 4 2 For the screen version of the presentation mode lt beamer gt we have chosen the Goettingen theme to show a navigation panel integrated into the table of contents The options allow us to choose the size of the panel 22 mm in this case and its position on the right side of the body text The option hideothersubsections shows the chapter titles but only the subsections of the present chapter There are no special settings for mode lt trans gt and mode lt handout gt They appear in their standard layout The commands title author institute and titlegraphic set the content of the title page The optional arguments of title and author let you specify a special version of the title and the author name to be displayed on the panel of the Goettingen theme The titles and subtitles in the panel are created with normal section and subsection commands that you place outside the frame environ ment The tiny navigation icons at the bottom of the screen also allow to navigate the document Their presence is not dependent on the theme you choose The contents of each slide or screen has to be placed inside a frame environment There is an optional ar
49. thickapprox approxeq backsim backsimeq vDash Vdash Vvdash backepsilon varpropto between pitchfork smallsmile sqsubset 3 10 List of Mathematical Symbols 81 i lt m Ut t o i tic5 Table 3 17 AMS Arrows dashleftarrow leftleftarrows leftrightarrows Lleftarrow twoheadleftarrow leftarrowtail leftrightharpoons Lsh looparrowleft curvearrowleft circlearrowleft multimap downdownarrows upharpoonright rightsquigarrow y A PP SN dashrightarrow rightrightarrows rightleftarrows Rrightarrow twoheadrightarrow rightarrowtail rightleftharpoons Rsh looparrowright curvearrowright circlearrowright upuparrows upharpoonleft downharpoonright leftrightsquigarrow 82 Typesetting Mathematical Formulae p T NATAL AD RARA HA DR A RARA HAHN NA A TATA A Wt Kod Do Table 3 18 AMS Negated Binary Relations and Arrows nless lneq nleq nleqslant lneqq lvertneqq nleqq lnsim lnapprox nprec npreceq precneqq precnsim precnapprox subsetneq varsubsetneq nsubseteq subsetneqq nleftarrow nLeftarrow Table 3 19 AMS Miscellaneous hbar square vartriangle triangledown lozenge angle diagup nexists eth NC P HUT TU IU RY RY HY KR X RV AV HM HV NV SCC TV hi A Y 4 N j 4 ngtr G gneq ngeq ngeqslant gneqq gvertneqq ngeqq gnsim gnapprox n
50. to figures tables and special segments of text IATEX provides the following commands for cross referencing label marker Nref marker and pageref marker where marker is an identifier chosen by the user IATEX replaces ref by the number of the section subsection figure table or theorem after which the corresponding Mabel command was issued Npageref prints the page number of the page where the label command occurred As with section titles and page numbers for the table of contents the numbers from the previous compile cycle are used A reference to this subsection label sec this looks like A reference to this subsection looks like see section ref sec this on see section 2 8 on page 41 page pageref sec this 2 9 Footnotes With the command footnotef footnote text a footnote is printed at the foot of the current page Footnotes should always be put after the word or sentence they refer to Footnotes referring to a sentence or part of it should therefore be put after the comma or period a e Footnot s footnotelThis is Footnotes are often used by people using A a footnote are often used IXTEX by people using LaTeX This is a footnote 20Note that these commands are not aware of what they refer to label just saves the last automatically generated number 21 put is one of the most common English words 22Note that foot
51. when used in moving arguments protect only affects the next command not even to its arguments In most cases a superfluous Nprotect won t hurt section I am considerate protect footnotefand protect my footnotes Chapter 3 Typesetting Mathematical Formulae Now you are ready In this chapter we will attack the main strength of TEX mathematical typesetting But be warned this chapter only scratches the surface While the things explained here are sufficient for many people don t despair if you can t find a solution to your mathematical typesetting needs here It is highly likely that your problem is addressed in A45 IATEX 3 1 The AmS ET X bundle If you want to typeset advanced mathematics you should use AmS IAT X The AMS AT X bundle is a collection of packages and classes for mathemat ical typesetting We will mostly deal with the amsmath package which is a part of the bundle AJ4S IATEX is produced by The American Mathematical Society and it is used extensively for mathematical typesetting IATFX itself does provide some basic features and environments for mathematics but they are limited or maybe it s the other way around A 4S EATRX is unlimited and in some cases inconsistent AMS ISTEX is a part of the required distribution and is provided with all recent IATEX distributions In this chapter we assume amsmath is loaded in the preamble usepackage amsmath 3 2 Single Equations A mathematical formula
52. you The additional space after periods can be disabled with the command frenchspacing which tells IXTEX not to insert more space after a period than after an ordinary character This is very common in non English languages except bibliographies If you use frenchspacing the command XQ is not necessary 2 7 Titles Chapters and Sections 2 7 Titles Chapters and Sections To help the reader find his or her way through your work you should divide it into chapters sections and subsections TFX supports this with special commands that take the section title as their argument It is up to you to use them in the correct order The following sectioning commands are available for the article class section subsection subsubsection paragraph subparagraph If you want to split your document into parts without influencing the section or chapter numbering use part When you work with the report or book class an additional top level sectioning command becomes available chapter As the article class does not know about chapters it is quite easy to add articles as chapters to a book The spacing between sections the numbering and the font size of the titles will be set automatically by IXTEX Two of the sectioning commands are a bit special e The part command does not influence the numbering sequence of chapters e The app
53. you must tell it what you want This is explained later in this chapter The structuring of text even extends to parts of sentences Most languages have very complicated punctuation rules but in many languages including German and English you will get almost every comma right if you remember what it represents a short stop in the flow of language If you are not sure about where to put a comma read the sentence aloud and take a short 2 2 Line Breaking and Page Breaking 19 breath at every comma If this feels awkward at some place delete that comma if you feel the urge to breathe or make a short stop at some other place insert a comma Finally the paragraphs of a text should also be structured logically at a higher level by putting them into chapters sections subsections and so on However the typographical effect of writing e g section The Structure of Text and Language is so obvious that it is almost self evident how these high level structures should be used 2 2 Line Breaking and Page Breaking 2 2 1 Justified Paragraphs Books are often typeset with each line having the same length IXIEX inserts the necessary line breaks and spaces between words by optimizing the contents of a whole paragraph If necessary it also hyphenates words that would not fit comfortably on a line How the paragraphs are typeset depends on the document class Normally the first line of a paragraph is indented and there is no additional
54. 1 lists the document classes explained in this introduction The IATEX 2e distribution provides additional classes for other documents including letters and slides The options parameter customises the behaviour of the document class The options have to be separated by commas The most common options for the standard document classes are listed in Table 1 2 Example An input file for a IXTEX document could start with the line documentclass 11pt twoside a4paper article which instructs ATEX to typeset the document as an article with a base font size of eleven points and to produce a layout suitable for double sided printing on A4 paper 10 Things You Need to Know 1 6 2 Packages While writing your document you will probably find that there are some areas where basic TFX cannot solve your problem If you want to include graphics coloured text or source code from a file into your document you need to enhance the capabilities of IATEX Such enhancements are called packages Packages are activated with the usepackage options package command where package is the name of the package and options is a list of keywords that trigger special features in the package The usepackage command goes into the preamble of the document See section 1 4 for details Some packages come with the IATEX 2 base distribution See Table 1 3 Others are provided separately You may find more information on the packages installed
55. 25 dots 57 three 57 double line spacing 127 double sided 11 dq 30 dum 119 E eepic 109 ellipsis 24 em dash 22 emph 42 124 126 empty 13 en dash 22 Encapsulated POSTSCRIPT 83 93 139 encodings font LGR 27 OT1 27 T1 27 32 T2 32 T2A 27 32 T2B 27 T2C 27 X2 27 input ansinew 26 applemac 26 cp1251 26 34 cp850 26 cp866nav 26 koi8 ru 26 32 latini 26 macukr 26 mn 34 utf8 26 27 34 Vend 42 106 enumBul 33 enumEng 33 enumerate 42 enumLat 33 environments Bmatrix 68 IEEEeqnarray 61 62 64 Vmatrix 68 abstract 44 align 62 array 67 68 block 102 bmatrix 68 cases 68 center 43 comment 6 description 42 displaymath 54 enumerate 42 eqnarray 62 equation 54 55 61 equation 54 55 61 63 figure 49 50 flushleft 43 flushright 43 frame 102 itemize 42 lscommand 119 matrix 68 minipage 134 150 INDEX multline 61 multline 61 63 parbox 134 picture 105 106 109 110 pmatrix 68 proof 72 quotation 44 quote 44 table 49 50 tabular 45 134 thebibliography 85 tikzpicture 115 verbatim 45 89 verse 44 vmatrix 68 eqnarray 62 eqref 54 equation 53 ATEX 54 amsmath 54 multiple 62 equation 54 55 61 63 equation 54 55 61 eurosym 23 executive paper 11 exp 58 exponent 56 exscale 12 extension 13 aux 14 cls 14 dtx 13 dvi 14 84 eps 84 fd 14 idx 14 86 ilg 14 ind 14 86 ins
56. 4 Math Fonts space so ok E exc e eo 125 5 0 TEX Umi le OL Xam up dem e eS 130 Chapter 1 Things You Need to Know The first part of this chapter presents a short overview of the philosophy and history of IATEX 2e The second part focuses on the basic structures of a IATEX document After reading this chapter you should have a rough knowledge of how IATEX works which you will need to understand the rest of this book 1 1 The Name of the Game 1 1 1 TgX TEX is a computer program created by Donald E Knuth 2 It is aimed at typesetting text and mathematical formulae Knuth started writing the TEX typesetting engine in 1977 to explore the potential of the digital printing equipment that was beginning to infiltrate the publishing industry at that time especially in the hope that he could reverse the trend of deteriorating typographical quality that he saw affecting his own books and articles TEX as we use it today was released in 1982 with some slight enhancements added in 1989 to better support 8 bit characters and multiple languages TpX is renowned for being extremely stable for running on many different kinds of computers and for being virtually bug free The version number of TEX is converging to 7 and is now at 3 141592653 TEX is pronounced Tech with a ch as in the German word Ach or in the Scottish Loch The ch originates from the Greek alphabet where X is the letter ch or chi TEX is
57. 5 2 The picture Environment 109 5 2 4 Circles setlength unitlength 1mm begin picture 60 40 put 20 30 circle 1 put 20 30 circle 2 put 20 30 circle 4 put 20 30 circle 8 put 20 30 circle 16 put 20 30 circle 32 put 40 30 circle 1 put 40 30 circle 2 put 40 30 circle 3 put 40 30 circle 4 put 40 30 circle 5 put 40 30 circle 6 put 40 30 circle 7 put 40 30 circle 8 put 40 30 circle 9 put 40 30 circle 10 put 40 30 circle 11 put 40 30 circle 12 put 40 30 circle 13 put 40 30 circle 14 put 15 10 circle 1 put 20 10 circle 2 put 25 10 circle 3 put 30 10 circle 4 put 35 10 circle 5 end picture The command put x y circle diameter draws a circle with center x y and diameter not radius diameter The picture environment only admits diameters up to approximately 14mm and even below this limit not all diameters are possible The circle command produces disks filled circles As in the case of line segments one may have to resort to additional packages such as eepic or pstricks For a thorough description of these packages see The ATRX Graphics Companion 4 There is also a possibility within the picture environment If one is not afraid of doing the necessary calculations or leaving them to a pro
58. 7 URL link 22 usebox 112 usepackage 10 13 23 25 27 33 123 usetikzlibrary 117 utf8 26 27 34 V vdots 57 vec 58 vector 108 vectors 58 verb 45 verbatim 6 89 verbatim 45 89 verbatiminput 89 verse 44 vertical dots 57 vertical space 130 Vmatrix 68 vmatrix 68 vspace 130 W whitespace 4 after commands 5 at the start of a line 4 widehat 58 widetilde 58 width 134 135 Word 87 WYSIWYG 2 3 X 30 04 xalx 33 xeCJK 38 X4BTEX 98 xepersian 37
59. EX 92 100 pdfIATEX 91 pdfTRX 91 PDFView 138 INDEX 155 period 24 Persian 37 pgf 105 115 118 pgfplot 118 phantom 51 69 picture 105 106 109 110 piecewise function 67 placement specifier 49 plain 13 pmatrix 68 pmod 58 polyglossia 35 37 Portugu s 27 Portuguese 27 POSTSCRIPT 3 9 51 83 84 92 97 100 106 137 140 Encapsulated 83 93 139 ppower4 100 Pr 58 preamble 7 prime 58 printindex 87 proc class 10 prod 60 product operator 60 proof 72 prosper 100 protect 51 providecommand 121 ProvidesPackage 123 pstricks 109 put 107 112 pxfonts 93 Q qbezier 105 107 113 gqedhere 72 73 qquad 55 68 quad 55 65 68 quotation 44 quotation marks 21 quote 44 R raisebox 135 ref 41 50 90 renewcommand 120 renewenvironment 121 report class 10 reserved characters 5 right 60 67 right aligned 43 Xright 60 rightmark 87 89 roman 124 rule 48 121 135 136 Russian 36 S sans serif 124 savebox 112 Scandinavian letters 25 scriptscriptstyle 70 scriptsize 124 scriptstyle 70 sec 58 section 39 51 sectionmark 89 selectlanguage 26 setlength 106 128 131 settodepth 133 settoheight 133 settowidth 133 shorthandoff 116 showidx 87 sin 58 Sindhi 37 single sided 11 sinh 58 slanted 124 Slash 22 slash 22 slides class 10 sloppy 20 small 124 Small Caps 124
60. FX 2 and should be sufficient for most applications of IATEX Refer to 1 3 for a complete description of the IXTEX system This introduction is split into 6 chapters Chapter 1 tells you about the basic structure of ATEX 2e documents You will also learn a bit about the history of IATEX After reading this chapter you should have a rough understanding how IATEX works Chapter 2 goes into the details of typesetting your documents It explains most of the essential IATEX commands and environments After reading this chapter you will be able to write your first documents Chapter 3 explains how to typeset formulae with IXTEX Many examples demonstrate how to use one of IATEX s main strengths At the end of the chapter are tables listing all mathematical symbols available in IMTEX Chapter 4 explains indexes bibliography generation and inclusion of EPS graphics It introduces creation of PDF documents with pdfIATEX and presents some handy extension packages Chapter 5 shows how to use IAXTEX for creating graphics Instead of drawing a picture with some graphics program saving it to a file and then including it into IXTEX you describe the picture and have IXTEX draw it for you Chapter 6 contains some potentially dangerous information about how to alter the standard document layout produced by IATEX It will tell you how to change things such that the beautiful output of ATEX turns ugly or stunning depending on your abilities
61. Figure 6 2 shows all the parameters that can be changed The figure was produced with the layout package from the tools bundle WAIT before you launch into a Let s make that narrow page a bit wider frenzy take a few seconds to think As with most things in IXTEX there is a good reason for the page layout to be as it is Sure compared to your off the shelf MS Word page it looks awfully narrow But take a look at your favourite book and count the number of characters on a standard text line You will find that there are no more than about 66 characters on each line Now do the same on your I4TEX page You will find that there are also about 66 characters per line Experience shows that the reading gets difficult as soon as there are more characters on a single line This is because it is difficult for the eyes to move from the end of one line to the start of the next one This is also why newspapers are typeset in multiple columns So if you increase the width of your body text keep in mind that you are making life difficult for the readers of your paper But enough of the cautioning I promised to tell you how you do it IAT X provides two commands to change these parameters They are usually used in the document preamble The first command assigns a fixed value to any of the parameters Nsetlength parameter length The second command adds a length to any of the parameters Naddtolengthiparameter leng
62. I or fancy buttons to press It is just a program that crunches away at your input file Some IATEX installations feature a graphical front end where there is a ATEX button to start compiling your input file On other systems there might be The area between documentclass and begin document is called the preamble documentclass article begin document Small is beautiful end document Figure 1 1 A Minimal ATEX File Things You Need to Know some typing involved so here is how to coax TEX into compiling your input file on a text based system Please note this description assumes that a working IATEX installation already sits on your computer 1 Edit Create your IATEX input file This file must be plain ASCII text On Unix all the editors will create just that On Windows you might want to make sure that you save the file in ASCII or Plain Tezt format When picking a name for your file make sure it bears the extension tex 2 Open a shell or cmd window cd to the directory where your input file is located and run IATEX on your input file If successful you will end up with a dvi file It may be necessary to run IATEX several times to get the table of contents and all internal references right When your input file has a bug TFX will tell you about it and stop processing your input file Type ctr1 D to get back to the command line latex foo tex 3 Now you may view the DVI file There are sever
63. If you want to customize your theorems down to the last dot the ntheorem package offers a plethora of options 3 9 1 Proofs and End of Proof Symbol The amsthm package also provides the proof environment begin proof Trivial use beginfequation E mc 2 end equation end proof Proof Trivial use E mc With the command qedhere you can move the end of proof symbol around for situations where it would end up alone on a line 3 9 Theorems Lemmas begin proof Trivial use begin equation E mc 2 qedhere end equation Proof Trivial use E me end proof Unfortunately this correction does not work for IEEEeqnarray begin proof This is a proof that ends with an equation array begin IEEEeqnarray rCl ak amp amp btc equation array Proof This is a proof that ends with an a b c amp d e qedhere E end IEEEeqnarray ee end proof The reason for this is the internal structure of IEEEeqnarray it always puts two invisible columns at both sides of the array that only contain a stretchable space By this IEEEeqnarray ensures that the equation array is horizontally centered The qedhere command should actually be put outside this stretchable space but this does not happen as these columns are invisible to the user There is a very simple remedy Define the stretching explicitly
64. M n M B M 3 9 Theorems Lemmas When writing mathematical documents you probably need a way to typeset Lemmas Definitions Axioms and similar structures newtheorem name counter text section The name argument is a short keyword used to identify the theorem With the text argument you define the actual name of the theorem which will be printed in the final document The arguments in square brackets are optional They are both used to specify the numbering used on the theorem Use the counter argument to specify the name of a previously declared theorem The new theorem will then be numbered in the same sequence The section argument allows you to specify the sectional unit within which the theorem should get its numbers After executing the newtheorem command in the preamble of your document you can use the following command within the document begin name text This is my interesting theorem end name The amsthm package part of A 4S ATRX provides the theoremstyle style command which lets you define what the theorem is all about by picking from three predefined styles definition fat title roman body plain fat title italic body or remark italic title roman body This should be enough theory The following examples should remove any remaining doubt and make it clear that the newtheorem environment is way too complex to understand Fir
65. Magne Fauske s excellent http www texample net tikz it contains an ever expanding store of beautiful graphs and other ATEX code On TEXample net you will also find a list of tools to work with PGF TikZ so that you do not have to write all that code by hand Chapter 6 Customising IATpEX Documents produced with the commands you have learned up to this point will look acceptable to a large audience While they are not fancy looking they obey all the established rules of good typesetting which will make them easy to read and pleasant to look at However there are situations where ATEX does not provide a command or environment that matches your needs or the output produced by some existing command may not meet your requirements In this chapter will try to give some hints on how to teach ATEX new tricks and how to make it produce output that looks different from what is provided by default 6 1 New Commands Environments and Packages You may have noticed that all the commands I introduce in this book are typeset in a box and that they show up in the index at the end of the book Instead of directly using the necessary ITEX commands to achieve this I have created a package in which I defined new commands and environments for this purpose Now I can simply write Nbeginflscommand ci dum end 1scommand dum In this example I am using both a new environment called lscommand which is responsible for
66. Space 6 1 4 Commandline 4TRX 6 1 5 Your Own Package 6 2 Fonts and Sizes Font Changing Commands 6 2 2 Danger Will Robinson Danger 6 2 3 Advice 6 3 Spacing 6 1 1 62 1 6 3 1 6 3 2 Paragraph Formatting 6 3 3 Horizontal Space 6 3 4 Vertical Space 6 4 Page Layout 6 5 More Fun With Lengths 6 6 Boxes 6 7 Rules A Installing ATEX A 1 What to Install A 2 Cross Platform Editor A 3 TEX on Mac OS X A 3 1 T X Distribution A 3 2 OSX T X Editor A 3 3 Treat yourself to PDFView A 4 TEX on Windows A 4 1 Getting TFX A 4 2 A IXTEX editor A 4 3 Document Preview A 4 4 Working with graphics A 5 TEX on Linux Bibliography Index List of Figures T 1 2 4 1 4 2 6 1 6 2 A Minimal BTEX File o 7 Example of a Realistic Journal Article 8 Example fancyhdr SetuP gt a 22e 88 Sample code for the beamer class o 101 Example Package 4 2 2222 o xk 39 eae ed 123 Layout parameters for this book 132 List of Tables 1 1 Document Classes 4 sa co 4 4644 B X ko xum OX Xo 10 1 2 Document Class Options llle 11 1 3 Some of the Packages Distributed with ATEX 12 1 4 The Predefined Page Styles of ATEX 13 2 1 A bag full of Euro symbols 23 2 2 Accents and Special Characters 25 2 3 Preamble for Portuguese documents 28 2 4 Special commands for French
67. The Not So Short Introduction to IATEX 2e Or BPTRX 2e in 157 minutes by Tobias Oetiker Hubert Partl Irene Hyna and Elisabeth Schlegl Version 5 05 July 18 2015 ii Copyright 1995 2011 Tobias Oetiker and Contributors All rights reserved This document is free you can redistribute it and or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation either version 2 of the License or at your option any later version This document is distributed in the hope that it will be useful but without any warranty without even the implied warranty of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose See the GNU General Public License for more details You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this document if not write to the Free Software Foundation Inc 675 Mass Ave Cambridge MA 02139 USA Thank you Much of the material used in this introduction comes from an Austrian introduction to ATEX 2 09 written in German by Hubert Partl lt partl mail boku ac at gt Zentraler Informatikdienst der Universitat fiir Bodenkultur Wien Irene Hyna lt Irene Hyna bmwf ac at gt Bundesministerium f r Wissenschaft und Forschung Wien Elisabeth Schlegl noemail in Graz If you are interested in the German document you can find a version updated for TFX 2e by J rg Knappen at CTAN info lshort german iv Thank you The following i
68. There is no uppercase Alpha Beta etc defined in IXTEX 2e because it looks the same as a normal roman A B 3 3 Building Blocks of a Mathematical Formula Table 3 3 on page 76 lists a lot of binary relations like C and L p 3 ij qquad m_ text Knuth qquad sum_ k 1 3 k 5pt 5 a xty neq a x y qquad a y z atv e Xe 3 3 Dij MkKnuth 2 k e x 2 neq e7x 72 The square root is entered as sqrt the nt root is generated with sqrt n The size of the root sign is determined automatically by ATEX If just the sign is needed use surd See various kinds of arrows like and on Table 3 6 on page 77 sqrt x Leftrightarrow x 1 2 quad sqrt 3 2 quad sqrt x 2 sqrt y y rez Y Va t yy VIz 4 y quad Nsurd x 2 y 21 While the dot sign to indicate the multiplication operation is normally left out it is sometimes written to help the eye in grouping a formula Use cdot to typeset a single centered dot cdots is three centered dots while ldots sets the dots low on the baseline Besides that there are vdots for vertical and Nddots for diagonal dots There are more examples in section 3 6 Psi v 1 Ncdot v 2 cdot ldots qquad zie d gut o V u U nl 1 2 n 1 n cdots n 1 cdot n The commands overline and underline create horizontal lines directly over or under an expression 0 overline 3 0 3 1 3 underline unde
69. aTeX is not trying to make each line the same length end flushright begin center At the centre of the earth end center This text is left aligned IATEX is not trying to make each line the same length This text is right aligned IATEX is not trying to make each line the same length At the centre of the earth 44 Typesetting Text 2 11 3 Quote Quotation and Verse The quote environment is useful for quotes important phrases and examples A typographical rule of thumb for the line length is begin quote On average no line should be longer than 66 characters end quote Een is ER eed dro d This is why I4TEX pages have such large v equ TEE borders by default and also why multicol and also why multicolumn print Lice umn print is used in newspapers is used in newspapers A typographical rule of thumb for the line length is On average no line should be longer than 66 characters There are two similar environments the quotation and the verse envi ronments The quotation environment is useful for longer quotes going over several paragraphs because it indents the first line of each paragraph The verse environment is useful for poems where the line breaks are important The lines are separated by issuing a NN at the end of a line and an empty line after each verse I know only one English poem by 4 I know only one English poem by heart It he
70. aaa In the following sections all important environments are explained 2 11 1 Itemize Enumerate and Description The itemize environment is suitable for simple lists the enumerate environ ment for enumerated lists and the description environment for descriptions 2 11 Environments 43 flushleft begin enumerate item You can nest the list environments to your taste begin itemize item But it might start to look silly item With a dash end itemize item Therefore remember begin description item Stupid things will not become smart because they are ina list item Smart things though can be presented beautifully ina list end description end enumerate 1 You can nest the list environments to your taste e But it might start to look silly With a dash 2 Therefore remember Stupid things will not become smart because they are in a list Smart things though can be presented beautifully in a list 2 11 2 Flushleft Flushright and Center The environments flushleft and flushright generate paragraphs that are either left or right aligned The center environment generates centred text If you do not issue to specify line breaks IXTEX will automatically determine line breaks begin flushleft This text is left aligned LaTeX is not trying to make each line the same length end flushleft begin flushright This text is right aligned L
71. abets directly from the keyboard In order to handle a variety of input encodings used for different groups of languages and or on different computer platforms IATEX employs the inputenc package usepackage encoding inputenc When using this package you should consider that other people might not be able to display your input files on their computer because they use a different encoding For example the German umlaut 4 on OS 2 is encoded as 132 on Unix systems using ISO LATIN 1 it is encoded as 228 while in Cyrillic encoding cp1251 for Windows this letter does not exist at all therefore you should use this feature with care The following encodings may come in handy depending on the type of system you are working ont Operating encodings system western Latin Cyrillic Mac applemac macukr Unix latini koi8 ru Windows ansinew cp1251 DOS OS 2 cp850 cp866nav usepackage utf8 inputenc will enable you to create TFX input files in utf8 a multi byte encoding in which each character can be encoded in as little as one byte and as many as four bytes To learn more about supported input encodings for Latin based and Cyrillic based languages read the documentation for inputenc dtx and cyinpenc dtx respectively Section 4 6 tells how to produce package documentation 2 5 International Language Support 27 Since the turn of the Century most Operating Systems are based on Unicode Windows
72. ain proportional numerals the 1 takes less space than the 0 or monospaced numerals which are suitable for tables 4 8 Working with XqgIATEX 99 newf ontfamily LL1n Numbers Lining font newfontfamily LLos Numbers 01dStyle font newfontfamily LL1nm Numbers Lining Numbers Monospaced font newfontfamily LLosm Numbers 01dStyle Numbers Monospaced font Almost all OpenType fonts contain the standard ligatures fl fi fi but there are also some rare or historical ligatures like st ct and tz You may not want to use them in a technical report but they are fine for a novel To enable these ligatures use either of the following lines setmainfont Ligatures Rare font setmainfont Ligatures Historic font setmainfont Ligatures Historic Ligatures Rare font Not every font contains both sets of ligature consult the font documen tation or just try it out Sometimes these ligatures are language dependent for example a ligature used in Polish fk is not used in English You have to add setmainfont Language Polish font to enable the Polish ligatures Some fonts like the commercial Adobe Garamond Premier Pro contain alternative glyphs that are activated by default in XHqIATpX distributed with TEXLive 2010 The result is a stylish Q with a descender reaching below the following u To disable this feature you have to define the font with disabled contextual
73. al float page with floats from the queues If this is not possible the first float on each queue is treated as if it had just occurred in the text IXTEX tries again to place it according to its respective placement specifiers except h which is no longer possible Any new floats occurring in the text get placed into the appropriate queues IATEX strictly maintains the original order of appearance for each type of float That s why a figure that cannot be placed pushes all further figures to the end of the document Therefore 6These are FIFO first in first out queues Table 2 9 Float Placing Permissions Spec Permission to place the float h here at the very place in the text where it oc curred This is useful mainly for small floats at the top of a page at the bottom of a page on a special page containing only floats CU o ct without considering most of the internal parame ters which could otherwhise stop this float from being placed Such as the maximum number of floats allowed on one page 50 Typesetting Text If ATEX is not placing the floats as you expected it is often only one float jamming one of the two float queues While it is possible to give IATEX single location placement specifiers this causes problems If the float does not fit in the location specified it becomes stuck blocking subsequent floats In particular you should never ever use the h option it i
74. al ways to do that 5This is the case with most well groomed Unix Systems and Real Men use Unix so documentclass a4paper 11pt article define the title author H Partl title Minimalism begin document generates the title maketitle insert the table of contents tableofcontents section Some Interesting Words Well and here begins my lovely article section Good Bye World ldots and here it ends end document Figure 1 2 Example of a Realistic Journal Article Note that all the commands you see in this example will be explained later in the introduction 1 6 The Layout of the Document Look at the file on screen with xdvi foo dvi amp This only works on Unix with X11 If you are on Windows you might want to try yap yet another previewer Convert the dvi file to POSTSCRIPT for printing or viewing with GhostScript dvips Pcmz foo dvi o foo ps If you are lucky your ATEX system even comes with the dvipdf tool which allows you to convert your dvi files straight into pdf dvipdf foo dvi 1 6 The Layout of the Document 1 6 1 Document Classes The first information TFX needs to know when processing an input file is the type of document the author wants to create This is specified with the documentclass command Ndocument class options class Here class specifies the type of document to be created Table 1
75. also the first syllable of the Greek word teyvoc technique In an ASCII environment TEX becomes TeX In german there are actually two pronounciations for ch and one might assume that the soft ch sound from Pech would be a more appropriate Asked about this Knuth wrote in the German Wikipedia I do not get angry when people pronounce TRX in their favorite way and in Germany many use a soft ch because the X follows the vowel e not the harder ch that follows the vowel a In Russia tex is a very common word pronounced tyekh But I believe the most proper pronunciation is heard in Greece where you have the harsher ch of ach and Loch Things You Need to Know 1 1 2 BIFX IAT X enables authors to typeset and print their work at the highest typo graphical quality using a predefined professional layout LXTEX was originally written by Leslie Lamport 1 It uses the TEX formatter as its typesetting engine These days IATEX is maintained by Frank Mittelbach IATEX is pronounced Lay tech or Lah tech If you refer to IXTEX in an ASCII environment you type LaTeX IATEX 2e is pronounced Lay tech two e and typed LaTeX2e 1 2 Basics 1 2 1 Author Book Designer and Typesetter To publish something authors give their typed manuscript to a publishing company One of their book designers then decides the layout of the document column width fonts space before and after headings
76. apply to oblique line segments as well as to circles and ovals 112 Producing Mathematical Graphics 5 2 8 Multiple Use of Predefined Picture Boxes setlength unitlength 0 5mm begin picture 120 168 newsavebox foldera savebox foldera 40 32 b1 4 definition Wnultiput 0 0 0 28 2 line 1 0 40 multiput 0 0 40 0 2 line 0 1 28 put 1 28 Nova1 2 2 t1 put 1 29 line 1 0 5 put 9 29 oval 6 6 t1 put 9 32 line 1 0 8 put 17 29 oval 6 6 tr put 20 29 line 1 0 19 E put 39 28 oval 2 2 tr newsavebox folderb savebox folderb 40 32 114 definition put 0 14 N1ine 1 0 8 put 8 0 usebox foldera put 34 26 line 0 1 102 put 14 128 usebox foldera multiput 34 86 0 37 3 usebox folderb end picture A picture box can be declared by the command newsavebox name then defined by savebox name width height position content and finally arbitrarily often be drawn by put Cr y usebox name The optional position parameter has the effect of defining the anchor point of the savebox In the example it is set to bl which puts the anchor point into the bottom left corner of the savebox The other position specifiers are top and right 5 2 The picture Environment 113
77. art It is about Humpty Dumpty is about Humpty Dumpty begin flushleft begin verse Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall S E wall Humpty Dumpty had a great fall All the King s horses and all M M ELM all the King s men Couldnt put H npty together All the King s horses and all the King s men again end verse Couldn t put Humpty end flushleft together again 2 11 4 Abstract In scientific publications it is customary to start with an abstract which gives the reader a quick overview of what to expect IATEX provides the abstract environment for this purpose Normally abstract is used in documents typeset with the article document class beginf abstract The abstract abstract The abstract abstract end abstract 2 11 Environments 45 2 11 5 Printing Verbatim Text that is enclosed between begin verbatim and end verbatim will be directly printed as if typed on a typewriter with all line breaks and spaces without any IATEX command being executed Within a paragraph similar behavior can be accessed with verbttext The is just an example of a delimiter character Use any character except letters or space Many IATEX examples in this booklet are typeset with this command The verb ldots command ldots The ldots command begin verbatim 10 PRINT HELLO WORLD 10 PRINT HELLO WORLD 20 DIM D 20 GOTO 10 end verbat
78. ate versions of the graphics files IXTEX will look for eps and pdfIATEX will try to include a file with the extension png pdf jpg or mps in that order For the cases where you want to use different code for the PDF version of your document simply add the package ifpdf to your preamble Chances are that you already have it installed if not then you re probably using Mik TEX which will install it for you automatically the first time you try to use it This package defines the special command ifpdf that will allow you to write conditional code easily In this example we want the POSTSCRIPT version to be black and white due to the printing costs but we want the PDF version for online viewing to be colourful RequirePackage ifpdf are we producing PDF documentclass a4paper 12pt book usepackage latin1 inputenc Nusepackage T1 fontenc Nusepackageflmodern Nusepackage bookmarks tune hyperref colorlinks plainpages false hyperref usepackage graphicx If you want the whole story on why to use this package then go to the TEX FAQ under the item http www tex ac uk cgi bin texfaq2html label ifpdf 98 Specialities Mifpdf hypersetup linkscolor blue else hypersetup linkscolors black fi usepackage english babel In the example above I have included the hyperref package even in the non PDF version The effect of this is to make the href command work in all cases which saves me from wra
79. ations are usually less easy to read than not wrapped ones To improve the readability there are certain rules on how to do the wrapping 1 In general one should always wrap an equation before an equality sign or an operator 2 A wrap before an equality sign is preferable to a wrap before any operator 3 A wrap before a plus or minus operator is preferable to a wrap before a multiplication operator 4 Any other type of wrap should be avoided if at all possible The easiest way to achieve such a wrapping is the use of the multline environment begin multline a tb co d e f h i e dis atb c td e ftgthti j k 1 m n jtk l m n 3 4 end multline The difference from the equation environment is that an arbitrary line break or also multiple line breaks can be introduced This is done by putting a on those places where the equation needs to be wrapped Similarly to equation there also exists a multline version for preventing an equation number Often the IEEEeqnarray environment see section 3 5 will yield better results Consider the following situation begin equation a b c d e f g h a j k l m n to p a b c d e ftgth itj tk l m n o p label eq equation_too_long 3 5 end equation Here it is actually the RHS that is too long to fit on one line The multline environment creates the following output The multline environment is from amsmath 62 Typesetting Mathemat
80. bols for bracketing and other delim iters e g T Round and square brackets can be entered with the corresponding keys and curly braces with M but all other delimiters are generated with special commands e g updownarrow begin fequation a b c neq Ma b cM a b c a b c end equation If you put left in front of an opening delimiter and right in front of a closing delimiter IXTEX will automatically determine the correct size of the delimiter Note that you must close every left with a corresponding right If you don t want anything on the right use the invisible right begin fequation 1 left frac 1 1 x7 2 3 right 3 qquad pu t left ddagger frac right end equation In some cases it is necessary to specify the correct size of a mathematical delimiter by hand which can be done using the commands big Big bigg and Bigg as prefixes to most delimiter commands Big x 1 x 1 Big 2 big Big bigg Bigg quad it big Big bigg Bigg quad big Big bigg Bigg quad q il ull big Downarrow Big Downarrow bigg Downarrow Bigg Downarrow 3 4 Single Equations that are Too Long multline 61 For a list of all delimiters available see Table 3 8 on page 78 3 4 Single Equations that are Too Long multline If an equation is too long we have to wrap it somehow Unfortunately wrapped equ
81. can be typeset in line within a paragraph text style or the paragraph can be broken and the formula typeset separately display style Mathematical equations within a paragraph are entered between and If yours is missing it go to CTAN pkg amslatex 54 Typesetting Mathematical Formulae Add a squared and b squared to get c squared Or using a more mathematical approach a 2 b 2 c 2 Add a squared and b squared to get c squared Or using a more mathematical approach a b c TeX is pronounced as TEX is pronounced as Tey tau epsilon chi 5pt 100 m 133 of water 5pt This comes from my heartsuit This comes from my Y 100 m of water If you want your larger equations to be set apart from the rest of the paragraph it is preferable to display them rather than to break the para graph apart To do this you enclose them between begin equation and end equation You can then Mabel an equation number and refer to it somewhere else in the text by using the eqref command If you want to name the equation something specific you tag it instead Add a squared and b squared to get c squared Or using a more mathematical approach Nbeginfequation a2 b22c72 end equation Einstein says Einstein says beginfequation E mc 2 label clever E mc 3 2 end equation He didn t say beginfequation 1 1 3 tag dumb end equation This is a reference
82. cheat and do it by using two columns a right aligned integer and a left aligned fraction The command in the begin tabular line replaces the normal inter column spacing with just a giving the appearance of a single decimal point justified column Don t forget to replace the decimal point in your numbers with a column separator amp A column label can be placed above our numeric column by using the multicolumn command 6099 begin tabular c r 1 Pi expression amp nulticolumn 2 c Value NN Pi expression Value hline T 3 1416 pi amp 3 amp 1416 AN nT 36 46 pi pi amp 36846 NN rm 80662 7 Api Api pid amp 8066287 NN end tabular begin tabular clcl hline multicolumn 2 cl Ene NN ERE Aline Mene Muh Mene amp Muh NN hline end tabular Material typeset with the tabular environment always stays together on one page If you want to typeset long tables you might want to use the longtable environments Sometimes the default LXTEX tables do feel a bit cramped So you may want to give them a bit more breathing space by setting a higher arraystretch and tabcolsep value 241f the tools bundle is installed on your system have a look at the dcolumn package 48 Typesetting Text begin tabular 1 hline These lines hline are tight hline end tabular These lines are tight renewcommand
83. ckage make sure to read 10 4 6 Installing Extra Packages Most IATEX installations come with a large set of pre installed style packages but many more are available on the net The main place to look for style packages on the Internet is CTAN http www ctan org Packages such as geometry hyphenat and many others are typically made up of two files a file with the extension ins and another with the extension dtx There will often be a readme txt with a brief description of the package You should of course read this file first In any event once you have copied the package files onto your machine you still have to process them in a way that a tells your TEX distribution Specialities about the new style package and b gives you the documentation Here s how you do the first part 1 Run IATEX on the ins file T his will extract a sty file 2 Move the sty file to a place where your distribution can find it Usually this is in your localtezmf tex latex subdirectory Windows or OS 2 users should feel free to change the direction of the slashes 3 Refresh your distribution s filename database The command de pends on the TpXdistribution you use TpXlive texhash web2c maktexlsr MiK TEX initexmf update fndb or use the GUI Now extract the documentation from the dtx file 1 Run ATEX on the dtx file This will generate a dvi file Note that you may have to run IATEX several times before i
84. de Kievit Kjetil Kjernsmo Tobias Klauser J rg Knappen Michael Koundouros Matt Kraai Tobias Krewer Flori Lambrechts Mike Lee Maik Lehradt R mi Letot Axel Liljen crantz Jasper Loy Johan Lundberg Martin Maechler Alexander Mai Claus Malten Kevin Van Maren Pablo Markin I J Vera Martin Hendrik Maryns Chris McCor mack Aleksandar S Milosevic Henrik Mitsch Stefan M Moser Philipp Nagele Richard Nagy Manuel Oetiker Urs Oswald Hubert Partl Marcelo Pasin Mar tin Pfister Lan Thuy Pham Breno Pietracci Demerson Andre Polli Maksym Polyakov Nikos Pothitos John Refling Mike Ressler Brian Ripley Kurt Rosenfeld Bernd Rosen lecher Chris Rowley Young U Ryu Risto Saarelma Andr s Salamon Jos Car los Santos Christopher Sawtell Gilles Schintgen Craig Schlenter Hanspeter Schmid Baron Schwartz Jordi Serra i Solanich Miles Spielberg Susan Stewart Matthieu Stigler Geoffrey Swindale Laszlo Szathmary Boris Tobotras Josef T kadlec Scott Veirs Didier Verna Carl Gustav Werner Fabian Wernli Matthew Widmann David Wood house Chris York Rick Zaccone Fritz Zaucker and Mikhail Zotov Preface IATEX 1 is a typesetting system that is very suitable for producing scientific and mathematical documents of high typographical quality It is also suitable for producing all sorts of other documents from simple letters to complete books TAT X uses TEX 2 as its formatting engine This short introduction describes T
85. dividual commands A simple Venn diagram shorthandoff begin tikzpicture node circle draw minimum size 3cm label 120 economics at 0 0 node circle draw minimum size 3cm labe1 60 psychology at 1 0 node i at 0 5 1 node at 0 6 2 5 behavioral economics edge gt thick out 60 in 60 i end tikzpicture If you are using tikz in connection with babel some of the characters used in the TikZ language may get modified by babel leading to odd errors To economics behavioral economics counteract this add the shorthandoff command to your code Note the foreach loops in the next example psychology 5 3 The PGF and TikZ Graphics Packages 117 begin tikzpicture scale 0 8 tikzstyle v circle minimum size 2mm inner sep 0pt draw foreach M in 1 8 foreach j in 1 3 node v G i j at i j 43 foreach i in 1 8 foreach j o in 1 2 2 3 Ndraw gt G i j G i o foreach i n in 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 foreach j o in 1 2 2 3 draw gt G i j G n o draw gt G n j G i o end tikzpicture With the usetikzlibrary command in the preamble you can enable a wide variety of additional features for drawing special shapes like this box which is slightly bent usetikzlibrary 7 decorations pathmorphing
86. e contents of the title have to be defined by the commands title author and optionally datef before calling maketitle In the argument to author you can supply several names separated by and commands An example of some of the commands mentioned above can be found in Figure 1 2 on page 8 Apart from the sectioning commands explained above IATEX 2 intro duced three additional commands for use with the book class They are useful for dividing your publication The commands alter chapter headings and page numbering to work as you would expect in a book frontmatter should be the very first command after the start of the document body begin document It will switch page numbering to Roman numerals and sections will be non enumerated as if you were using the starred sectioning commands eg chapter Preface but the sections will still show up in the table of contents mainmatter comes right before the first chapter of the book It turns on Arabic page numbering and restarts the page counter appendix marks the start of additional material in your book After this command chapters will be numbered with letters backmatter should be inserted before the very last items in your book such as the bibliography and the index In the standard document classes this has no visual effect 2 8 Cross References 41 2 8 Cross References In books reports and articles there are often cross references
87. e empty It is possible to change the page style of the current page with the command thispagestyle style A description how to create your own headers and footers can be found in The BTEX Companion 3 and in section 4 4 on page 87 1 7 Files You Might Encounter When you work with LXTEX you will soon find yourself in a maze of files with various extensions and probably no clue The following list explains the various file types you might encounter when working with TEX Please note that this table does not claim to be a complete list of extensions but if you find one missing that you think is important please drop me a line tex IATEX or TEX input file Can be compiled with latex sty TeX Macro package Load this into your MITEX document using the Nusepackage command dtx Documented TeX This is the main distribution format for IATEX style files If you process a dtx file you get documented macro code of the IATEX package contained in the dtx file 14 Things You Need to Know ins The installer for the files contained in the matching dtx file If you download a IXTEX package from the net you will normally get a dtx and a ins file Run TEX on the ins file to unpack the dtx file cls Class files define what your document looks like They are selected with the Ndocumentclass command fd Font description file telling IXTEX about new fonts The following files are generated when you run IATEX on y
88. e some hints on what to install on Linux Mac OS X and Windows to get a working TEX setup A 1 What to Install To use IAXTEX on any computer system you need several programs 1 The TEX IATEX program for processing your TFX source files into typeset PDF or DVI documents 2 A text editor for editing your ATEX source files Some products even let you start the IXTEX program from within the editor 3 A PDF DVI viewer program for previewing and printing your docu ments 4 A program to handle POSTSCRIPT files and images for inclusion into your documents For every platforms there are several programs that fit the requirements above Here we just tell about the ones we know like and have some experience with A 2 Cross Platform Editor While TEX is available on many different computing platforms TEX editors have long been highly platform specific 138 Installing ATEX Over the past few years I have come to like Texmaker quite a lot Apart from being very a useful editor with integrated pdf preview and syntax high lighting it has the advantage of running on Windows Mac and Unix Linux equally well See http www xmimath net texmaker for further infor mation There is also a forked version of Texmaker called TeXstudio on http texstudio sourceforge net It also seems well maintained and is also available for all three major platforms You will find some platform specific editor suggestions in the OS sections below
89. endix command does not take an argument It just changes the chapter numbering to letters IATEX creates a table of contents by taking the section headings and page numbers from the last compile cycle of the document The command tableofcontents expands to a table of contents at the place it is issued A new document has to be compiled I4TpXed twice to get a correct table of contents Sometimes it might be necessary to compile the document a third time IXTEX will tell you when this is necessary 19For the article style it changes the section numbering 40 Typesetting Text All sectioning commands listed above also exist as starred versions A starred version of a command is built by adding a star after the command name This generates section headings that do not show up in the table of contents and are not numbered The command section Help for example would become section Help Normally the section headings show up in the table of contents exactly as they are entered in the text Sometimes this is not possible because the heading is too long to fit into the table of contents The entry for the table of contents can then be specified as an optional argument in front of the actual heading chapter Title for the table of contents A long and especially boring title shown in the text The title of the whole document is generated by issuing a maketitle command Th
90. ents it is important to understand approximately how IATEX handles floats internally Otherwise floats may become a major source of frustration because IXTEX never puts them where you want them to be In professional typesetting this is called a strut 2 12 Floating Bodies 49 Let s first have a look at the commands IAT EX supplies for floats Any material enclosed in a figure or table environment will be treated as floating matter Both float environments support an optional parameter begin figure placement specifier or begin table called the placement specifier This parameter is used to tell IXTEX about the locations to which the float is allowed to be moved A placement specifier is constructed by building a string of float placing permissions See Table 2 9 For example a table could be started with the following line begin table hbp The placement specifier hbp allows IXTEX to place the table right here h or at the bottom b of some page or on a special floats page p and all this even if it does not look that good If no placement specifier is given the standard classes assume tbp LATEX will place every float it encounters according to the placement specifier supplied by the author If a float cannot be placed on the current page it is deferred either to the figures queue or the tables queue 2 When a new page is started IATEX first checks if it is possible to fill a speci
91. ern systems might be using utf8 instead 2 5 2 Support for French By Daniel Flipo lt daniel flipo univ lille1 fr gt Some hints for those creating French documents with IXTEX load French language support with the following command usepackage francais babel This enables French hyphenation if you have configured your IATEX system accordingly It also changes all automatic text into French chapter prints Chapitre today prints the current date in French and so on A set of new commands also becomes available which allows you to write French input files more easily Check out table 2 4 for inspiration You will also notice that the layout of lists changes when switching to the French language For more information on what the francais option of babel does and how to customize its behaviour run IATEX on file frenchb dtx and read the produced file frenchb dvi 2 5 International Language Support 29 Table 2 4 Special commands for French og guillemets fg guillemets M up me D up r Mme Dt 1 ier 1 iere 1 ieres 1 17 17 2 ieme 4 iemes 2 4es No 1 no 2 N 1 n 2 20 degres C 45 degres 20 C 45 bsc M Durand M DURAND nombre 1234 56789 1 234 567 89 Recent versions of frenchb rely on numprint to implement the nombre command 2 5 3 Support for German Some hints for those creating German documents with TEX load German language support with the followin
92. es will change Generally these other fonts will use more space than the CM fonts which are very space efficient Also the overall visual coherence of your document will suffer because Times Helvetica and Courier the primary candidates for such a replacement job have not been designed to work in harmony in a single document 4 7 Working with pdf IATEX Two ready made font sets are available for this purpose pxfonts which is based on Palatino as its main text body font and the txfonts package which is based on Times To use them it is sufficient to put the following lines into the preamble of your document Nusepackage T1 fontenc usepackage pxfonts You may find lines like Warning pdftex file eurmo10 Font eur not found in the 1og file after compiling your input file They mean that some font used in the document has not been found Make sure you identify and fix the offending parts of your document as the resulting PDF document may not display the pages with the missing characters at all 4 7 3 Using Graphics Including graphics into a document works best with the graphicx package see page 83 usepackage xcolor graphicx In the sample above I have included the color package as using color in documents displayed on the web comes quite naturally So much for the good news The bad news is that graphics in Encapsulated POSTSCRIPT format do not work with pdfIATEX If you don t define a file extension in the
93. esk tpl This paragraph is typeset with the base Note the par command at the end of the This paragraph has a clear purpose it shows that after the curly brace has been closed everything is back to normal everything is back to normal 6 3 2 Paragraph Formatting In IATEX there are two parameters influencing paragraph layout By placing a definition like setlength parindent 0pt setlength parskip lex plus 0 5ex minus 0 2ex in the preamble of the input file you can change the layout of paragraphs These two commands increase the space between two paragraphs while setting the paragraph indent to zero The plus and minus parts of the length above tell TEX that it can compress and expand the inter paragraph skip by the amount specified if this is necessary to properly fit the paragraphs onto the page In continental Europe paragraphs are often separated by some space and not indented But beware this also has its effect on the table of contents Its lines get spaced more loosely now as well To avoid this you might want to move the two commands from the preamble into your document to some place below the command Ntableofcontents or to not use them at all because you ll find that most professional books use indenting and not spacing to separate paragraphs 6 3 Spacing 129 If you want to indent a paragraph that is not indented use indent at the beginni
94. esthetics If a document looks good artistically it is well designed But 2What you see is what you get 1 2 Basics as a document has to be read and not hung up in a picture gallery the readability and understandability is much more important than the beautiful look of it Examples e The font size and the numbering of headings have to be chosen to make the structure of chapters and sections clear to the reader e The line length has to be short enough not to strain the eyes of the reader while long enough to fill the page beautifully With WYSIWYG systems authors often generate aesthetically pleasing documents with very little or inconsistent structure TEX prevents such formatting errors by forcing the author to declare the logical structure of his document IATEX then chooses the most suitable layout 1 2 8 Advantages and Disadvantages When people from the WYSIWYG world meet people who use IATEX they often discuss the advantages of IATEX over a normal word processor or the opposite The best thing to do when such a discussion starts is to keep a low profile since such discussions often get out of hand But sometimes there is no escaping So here is some ammunition The main advantages of IXTEX over normal word processors are the following e Professionally crafted layouts are available which make a document really look as if printed e The typesetting of mathematical formulae is supported in a c
95. etermine the width height and depth of a text string settoheight variable tert settodepth variable text settowidth variable text The example below shows a possible application of these commands flushleft newenvironment vardesc 1 settowidth parindent 1 makebox Opt r 1 begin displaymath tee a 2 b 22c 2 end displaymath Where a b are adjacent to the right angle of a right angled triangle begin vardesc Where a b are adjacent to the right angle of a right angled triangle c is the hypotenuse of the triangle and feels lonely c is the hypotenuse of at all Isn t that puzzling d finally does not show up here the triangle and feels lonely d finally does not show up here at all Isn t that puzzling end vardesc 6 6 Boxes TEX builds up its pages by pushing around boxes At first each letter is a little box which is then glued to other letters to form words These are again glued to other words but with special glue which is elastic so that a series of words can be squeezed or stretched as to exactly fill a line on the page I admit this is a very simplistic version of what really happens but the point is that TEX operates on glue and boxes Letters are not the only things that can be boxes You can put virtually everything into a box including 134 Customising ATEX other boxes Each box will then be
96. even after hyperref which is usually the last package Since polyglossia loads bidi this means that polyglossia should be the last package loaded The package xepersian 24 offers support for the Persian language It supplies Persian IXTEX commands that allows you to enter commands like section in Persian which makes this really attractive to native speakers xepersian is the only package that supports kashida with X4 TFX A package for Syriac which uses a similar algorithm is under development The IranNastaliq font provided by the SCICT is available at their website http www scict ir Portal Home Default aspx The arabxetex 20 package supports several languages with an Arabic script e arab Arabic e persian e urdu e sindhi e pashto e ottoman turk e kurdish e kashmiri e malay jawi e uighur It offers a font mapping that enables XqlTpX to process input using the ArabT X ASCII transcription Fonts that support several Arabic laguages are offered by the IRMUG at http wiki irmug org index php X Series 2 There is no package available for Hebrew because none is needed The Hebrew support in polyglossia should be sufficient But you do need a suitable font with real Unicode Hebrew SBL Hebrew is free for non commercial use and available at http www sbl site org educational 6bidi does not support LuaT X Supreme Council of Information and Communication Technology 18Tranian Mac User Group 38
97. ewenvironment can have an optional argument The material specified in the before argument is processed before the text in the environ ment gets processed The material in the after argument gets processed when the end name command is encountered The example below illustrates the usage of the newenvironment com mand newenvironment king rule tex lex hspace stretch 1 hspace stretch 1 rule lex 1ex My humble subjects begin king My humble subjects ldots end king The num argument is used the same way as in the newcommand command IATEX makes sure that you do not define an environment that already exists If you ever want to change an existing command use the renewenvironment command It uses the same syntax as the Nnewenvironment command The commands used in this example will be explained later For the rule command see page 135 for Nstretch go to page 129 and more information on hspace can be found on page 129 6 1 3 Extra Space When creating a new environment you may easily get bitten by extra spaces creeping in which can potentially have fatal effects for example when you want to create a title environment which supresses its own indentation as well as the one on the following paragraph The Nignorespaces command in the begin block of the environment will make it ignore any space after executing 122 Customising IATEX the begin block The end block is a bit more tricky as special
98. fault value of unitlength is ipt The first pair x y effects the reservation within the document of rectangular space for the picture The optional second pair ro yo assigns arbitrary coordinates to the bottom left corner of the reserved rectangle Believe it or not the picture environment works out of the box with standard IATEX 2e no package loading necessary 5 2 The picture Environment 107 Most drawing commands have one of the two forms put Cz y Cobject Or nultiput 2 y Az Ay n object B zier curves are an exception They are drawn with the command qbezier 21 yi 22 y2 3 Y3 5 2 2 Line Segments setlength unitlength 5cm begin picture 1 1 put 0 0 line 0 1 1 put 0 0 line 1 0 1 put 0 0 line 1 1 1 put 0 0 line 1 2 5 put 0 0 N1ine 1 3 1 3333 put 0 0 line 1 4 25 put 0 0 line 1 5 2 put 0 0 line 1 6 1667 put 0 0 line 2 1 1 put 0 0 line 2 3 6667 put 0 0 line 2 5 4 put 0 0 line 3 1 1 put 0 0 line 3 2 1 put 0 0 line 3 4 75 put 0 0 line 3 5 6 put 0 0 line 4 1 1 put 0 0 line 4 3 1 put 0 0 line 4 5 8 put 0 0 line 5 1 1 put 0 0 line 5 2 1 put 0 0 line 5 3 1 put 0 0 line 5 4 1 put 0 0 line 5 6 8333 put 0 0 line 6 1 1
99. g Text traditional Mongolian script you have to choose bicig for the language option The document language option bicig enables the Simplified Transliteration input method Enable and disable Latin Transliteration Mode with SetDocumentEncodingLMC and SetDocumentEncodingNeutral More information about Mon TEX is available from CTAN language mongolian montex doc Mongolian Cyrillic script is supported by babel Activate Mongolian language support with the following commands usepackage T2A fontenc usepackage mn inputenc usepackage mongolian babel where mn is the cp1251 input encoding For a more modern approach invoke utf8 instead 2 5 8 The Unicode option By Axel Kielhorn lt A Kielhorn web de gt Unicode is the way to go if you want to include several languages in one document especially when these languages are not using the latin script There are two TEX engines that are capable of processing Unicode input X IEpX was developed for MacOS X but is now available for all architectures It was first included into TexLive 2007 LuaTpxX is the successor of pdf TEX It was first included into TexLive 2008 The following describes X4IATEX as distributed with TexLive 2010 Quickstart To convert an existing IATEX file to X4IATEX the following needs to be done 1 Save the file as UTF 8 2 5 International Language Support 35 2 Remove use
100. g command usepackage german babel This enables German hyphenation if you have configured your ATEX system accordingly It also changes all automatic text into German Eg Chapter becomes Kapitel A set of new commands also becomes available which allows you to write German input files more quickly even when you don t use the inputenc package Check out table 2 5 for inspiration With inputenc all this becomes moot but your text also is locked in a particular encoding world In German books you often find French quotation marks guillemets German typesetters however use them differently A quote in a German book would look like this In the German speaking part of Switzerland typesetters use guillemets the same way the French do A major problem arises from the use of commands like flq If you use the OTI font which is the default font the guillemets will look like the math symbol which turns a typesetter s stomach T1 encoded fonts on the other hand do contain the required symbols So if you are using this type of quote make sure you use the T1 encoding Nusepackage T1 fontenc 30 Typesetting Text Table 2 5 German Special Characters a sg f lt or flqq gt or frqq_ flq lt frq dq 2 5 4 Support for Korean To process Hangul characters or prepare a document written in Korean using TFX put the following code in the preamb
101. ght here h If this is not possible it tries to place the figure at the bottom b of the page Failing to place the figure on the current page it determines T assuming the figure queue is empty 2 13 Protecting Fragile Commands 51 whether it is possible to create a float page containing this figure and maybe some tables from the tables queue If there is not enough material for a special float page IXIEX starts a new page and once more treats the figure as if it had just occurred in the text Under certain circumstances it might be necessary to use the clearpage or even the cleardoublepage command It orders IATEX to immediately place all floats remaining in the queues and then start a new page Ncleardoublepage even goes to a new right hand page You will learn how to include POSTSCRIPT drawings in your I4TEX 2e documents later in this introduction 2 13 Protecting Fragile Commands Text given as arguments of commands like caption or Nsection may show up more than once in the document e g in the table of contents as well as in the body of the document Some commands will break when used in the argument of section like commands Compilation of your document will fail These commands are called fragile commands for example footnote or phantom These fragile commands need protection don t we all Protect them by putting the protect command in front of them Now they will work properly even
102. gram arbitrary circles and ellipses can be patched together from quadratic B zier curves See Graphics in MT X 2s 17 for examples and Java source files 110 Producing Mathematical Graphics 5 2 5 Text and Formulas setlength unitlength 0 8cm begin picture 6 5 thicklines put 1 0 5 line 2 1 333 put 4 2 line 2 1 2 put 2 3 line 2 5 1 put 0 7 0 3 A put 4 05 1 9 B put 1 7 2 95 C put 3 1 2 5 a put 1 3 1 7 b put 2 5 1 05 c put 0 3 4 F sqrt s s a s b s c put 3 5 0 4 displaystyle s frac atbt c 2 end picture As this example shows text and formulas can be written into a picture F s s a s b s c environment with the Nput command in the usual way 5 2 6 multiput and linethickness setlength unitlength 2mm begin picture 30 20 linethickness 0 075mm multiput 0 0 1 0 26 line 0 1 20 multiput 0 0 0 1 21 line 1 0 25 linethickness 0 15mm multiput 0 0 5 0 6 line 0 1 20 multiput 0 0 0 5 5 line 1 0 25 linethickness 0 3mm multiput 5 0 10 0 2 line 0 1 20 multiput 0 5 0 10 2 line 1 0 25 end picture The command multiput x y Ax Ay n object
103. gument in angular brackets and gt it allows us to suppress a particular frame in one of the versions of the presentation In the example the first page would not be shown in the handout version due to the lt handout 0 gt argument It is highly recommended to set a title for each slide apart from the title slide This is done with the command frametitle If a subtitle is necessary use the block environment as shown in the example Note that the sectioning commands section and subsection do not produce output on the slide proper 4 9 Creating Presentations 103 The command pause in the itemize environment lets you reveal the items one by one For other presentation effects check out the commands only uncover alt and temporal In many place it is possible to use angular brackets to further customize the presentation In any case make sure to read through the beamer class documentation beameruserguide pdf to get a complete picture of what is in store for you This package is being actively developed check out their website to get the latest information http latex beamer sourceforge net Chapter 5 Producing Mathematical Graphics Most people use ATEX for typesetting their text And since the structure oriented approach to authoring is so convenient lAT X also offers a if somewhat restricted means for producing graphical output from textual descriptions Furthermore quite a number of IATEX extensions
104. h Michel Goossens Johannes Braams David Carlisle Chris Rowley The BTEX Companion 2nd Edition Addison Wesley Reading Massachusetts 2004 ISBN 0 201 36299 6 Michel Goossens Sebastian Rahtz and Frank Mittelbach The ATRX Graphics Companion Addison Wesley Reading Massachusetts 1997 ISBN 0 201 85469 4 Each IATEX installation should provide a so called ATRX Local Guide which explains the things that are special to the local system It should be contained in a file called 1ocal tex Unfortunately some lazy sysops do not provide such a document In this case go and ask your local IATEX guru for help IATEX3 Project Team ATEX 2e for authors Comes with the IATEX 2 distribution as usrguide tex IATRX83 Project Team ATRX 22 for Class and Package writers Comes with the IATEX 2 distribution as clsguide tex IATEX3 Project Team ATEX 2e Font selection Comes with the ATEX 2e distribution as fntguide tex D P Carlisle Packages in the graphics bundle Comes with the graphics bundle as grfguide tex available from the same source your IATEX distribution came from Rainer Sch pf Bernd Raichle Chris Rowley A New Implementation of ATEX s verbatim Environments Comes with the tools bundle as 142 BIBLIOGRAPHY 11 12 14 15 16 17 19 20 21 22 verbatim dtx available from the same source your IATEX distribution came from Vladimir Volovich Werner Lemberg a
105. henabol 2 46 4 26 64 be ba 8 RRO xs Ready Made Strings 2l lle Special Characters and Symbols iii ee pa viii CONTENTS 2 4 1 Quotation Marks s s s lt lt RE 21 2 4 2 Dashes and Hyphens occ coreo 22 248 THIS cocos ida 22 JAA Plash eet ope ek eR BI oe eo hoe eh E 22 245 Degree Symbol o gt gt 22444 oo RR 22 246 The Euro Curreney Symbol E ose ea o es 23 CAT Wipe tice coe ea ei ke hee ee S UR CERES 24 2458 WipAires ooo 99 Ve Ion xor eS 24 2 4 9 Accents and Special Characters 24 2 5 International Language Support 25 2 5 1 Support for Portuguese lll 27 2 0 2 Support for French zoo o onn 28 2 5 9 Support for Germa o s e ba Sk Aes DP RAS 29 2 5 4 Support for Korean osos cs scsi 30 2 5 5 Writing in Greek 31 206 Support for Cyrillic 2125 m bk GR a 32 2 4 mupporforMonsolaH uo ok emo Rma 33 2 5 8 The Unicode option 22 9 ome 34 2 6 The Space Between Words lll 38 2 7 Titles Chapters and Sections lll 39 2 8 Cross Reterences uo di sa 8568 bea n n ko a g p eX 41 20 Joo BDOS c a rd A ROG x Re a eden 41 2 10 Emphasized Words llle 42 211 Environments csse o3 09 nce Rec koe ke y om m Es 42 2 11 1 Itemize Enumerate and Description 42 2 11 2 Flushleft Flushright and Center 43 2 11 3 Quote Quotation and Verse 44 23014 Abe
106. hich bits of this intro are easy to understand and which could be explained better Tobias Oetiker lt tobi oetiker ch gt OETIKER PARTNER AG Aarweg 15 4600 Olten Switzerland The current version of this document is available on CTAN info lshort Contents Thank you Preface 1 Things You Need to Know UN 1 2 1 3 14 1 5 16 Lar 1 8 The Name of the Game o o LLL TEE sa a ea peii a RE LI A enm ee eta eO EUR Duy DISCS us gos sl veg X m Bre a Y ue dodo S RE uo 3 1 2 1 Author Book Designer and Typesetter 12 2 Layout Design s s at pa saa 93 9 a 1 2 3 Advantages and Disadvantages BTEX Input Files 5 2295 x o xx m s L3 DICES o a we ore e Ke eRe ko Pe Pe eS 1 3 2 Special Characters 2 2 6 2 4 6582 eu eas Loe BIPA Commands sos s e i edos Ae e ee ees 1 23 4 Comments 2522088 4 5 99 3 2 4 3 3 i ok e a Input File Structure o A Typical Command Line Session The Layout of the Document 1 6 1 Document Classes lll 15 29 Packages soc icr ca Pe be eh RO Uk sg hee xe ed 16 3 Page Styles es sce a e 9 a m RD Files You Might Encounter lll BIEOPPOIOOUE pq nh bdo xe Room R xb pod Ede Rr Rhen p 2 Typesetting Text 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 The Structure of Text and Language Line Breaking and Page Breaking 2 3 1 Justified Paragraphs 222 2248 oz 22 2 liyp
107. his might be necessary with words built from two words Large Not shelfful Not shelfful but shelf mbox ful but shelfful H otel na i ve el eve sm o rrebr o d Se norita Sch onbrunner Schlo ss Stra ss e 2 4 9 Accents and Special Characters IXTEX supports the use of accents and special characters from many languages Table 2 2 shows all sorts of accents being applied to the letter o Naturally other letters work too To place an accent on top of an i or a j its dots have to be removed This is accomplished by typing i and Vj Hotel naive l ve sm rrebr d Se orita Sch nbrunner Schlof Strafe 2 5 International Language Support 25 2 5 International Language Support When you write documents in languages other than English there are three areas where IATEX has to be configured appropriately 1 All automatically generated text strings have to be adapted to the new language For many languages these changes can be accomplished by using the babel package by Johannes Braams 2 IXTEX needs to know the hyphenation rules for the new language Getting hyphenation rules into IATEX is a bit more tricky It means rebuilding the format file with different hyphenation patterns enabled Your Local Guide 5 should give more information on this 3 Language specific typographic rules In French for example there is a mandatory space before each colon character If
108. i lingual documents using Cyrillic and Latin based languages it makes sense to include Latin font encoding explicitly babel will take care of switching to the appropriate font encoding when a different language is selected within the document In addition to enabling hyphenations translating automatically gener ated text strings and activating some language specific typographic rules like frenchspacing babel provides some commands allowing typesetting according to the standards of Bulgarian Russian or Ukrainian languages For all three languages language specific punctuation is provided The Cyrillic dash for the text it is little narrower than Latin dash and surrounded 121f you use AAAS IATEX packages load them before fontenc and babel as well 2 5 International Language Support 33 by tiny spaces a dash for direct speech quotes and commands to facilitate hyphenation see Table 2 8 Table 2 8 The extra definitions made by Bulgarian Russian and Ukrainian options of babel disable ligature at this position ix an explicit hyphen sign allowing hyphenation in the rest of the word Cyrillic emdash in plain text Cyrillic emdash in compound names surnames Cyrillic emdash for denoting direct speech t like but producing no hyphen sign for compound words with hyphen e g x y or some other signs as disable enable i for a compound word mark without a breakpoint for a comp
109. ical Formulae begin multline a b c d e f ge brit WM a b c dt e ft gtht itj k 1l m n o p k l 4m n o p 3 6 end multline This is better than 3 5 but it has the disadvantage that the equality sign loses its natural greater importance with respect to the plus operator in front of k The better solution is provided by the IEEEeqnarray environment that will be discussed in detail in Section 3 5 3 5 Multiple Equations In the most general situation we have a sequence of several equalities that do not fit onto one line Here we need to work with vertical alignment in order to keep the array of equations in a nice and readable structure Before we offer our suggestions on how to do this we start with a few bad examples that show the biggest drawbacks of some common solutions 3 5 1 Problems with Traditional Commands To group multiple equations the align environment could be used begin align a amp b t cN b amp dte j TE end align d e this approach fails once a single line is too long begin align a amp b t cN amp d e f g h i a b c 3 9 j k 1 nonumber NN e ft gth i tj k4l amp m nto m n o 3 10 amp k pt tqtrts XS 11 end align Pee ert Here m should be below d and not below the equality sign Of course one could add some space hspace but this will never yield a precise arrangement and is bad style A better solution is offered by the eqnarray environment The alig
110. ight text mode entries Additional space can be added with and and in increasing order Note the spaces around the equality signs in contrast to the space produced by the eqnarray environment 3 5 3 Common Usage In the following we will describe how we use IEEEeqnarray to solve the most common problems If a line overlaps with the equation number as in 3 17 the command The official manual is called CTAN macros latex contrib IEEEtran IEEEtran HOWTO pdf The part about IEEEeqnarray can be found in Appendix F The IEEEtrantools package may not be included in your setup it can be found on CTAN For more spacing types refer to Section 3 9 1 3 5 Multiple Equations 65 MIEEEeqnarraynumspace can be used it has to be added in the corresponding line and makes sure that the whole equation array is shifted by the size of the equation numbers the shift depends on the size of the number instead of begin IEEEeqnarray rCl ak amp btec amp k amp dtet ftgth a b ec 3 24 i tj k d e f g h i j 8 25 l m n 3 26 amp amp l m n end IEEEeqnarray we get begin IEEEeqnarray rCl1 agv b c NN amp amp d e f g h a b c 3 27 t itjtk d e ft gtht tit tjgt hk 3 28 IEEEeqnarraynumspace 1 m mn end IEEEeqnarray l m n 3 29 If the LHS is too long as a replacement for the faulty lefteqn command IEEEeqnarray offers the IEEEeqnarraymulticol c
111. im begin verbatim the starred version of the starred version of the verbatim the uuu verbatim environment emphasizes environment emphasizes the spaces in the text the spaces in the text end verbatim The verb command can be used in a similar fashion with a star verb like this likeuuuthisu u The verbatim environment and the verb command may not be used within parameters of other commands 2 11 6 Tabular The tabular environment can be used to typeset beautiful tables with optional horizontal and vertical lines IATEX determines the width of the columns automatically The table spec argument of the begin tabular pos table spec command defines the format of the table Use an 1 for a column of left aligned text r for right aligned text and c for centred text p width 46 Typesetting Text for a vertical for a column containing justified text with line breaks and line If the text in a column is too wide for the page IXTEX won t automatically wrap it Using p width you can define a special type of column which will wrap around the text as in a normal paragraph The pos argument specifies the vertical position of the table relative to the baseline of the surrounding text Use one of the letters t b and c to specify table alignment at the top bottom or centre
112. index program generates a sorted index with the same base file name but this time with the extension ind If now the IATEX input file is On systems not necessarily supporting filenames longer than 8 characters the program may be called makeidx 4 4 Fancy Headers 87 Table 4 2 Index Key Syntax Examples Example Index Entry Comment indexfhello hello 1 Plain entry index hello Peter Peter 3 Subentry under hello index Sam textsl Sam Sam 2 Formatted entry index Lin textbf Lin Lin 7 Formatted entry index Kaese K ase Kase 33 Formatted entry index ecole ecole cole 4 Formatted entry index Jenny textbf Jenny 3 Formatted page number index Joe textit Joe 5 Formatted page number processed again this sorted index gets included into the document at the point where IATEX finds Xprintindex The showidx package that comes with ATEX 2e prints out all index entries in the left margin of the text This is quite useful for proofreading a document and verifying the index Note that the Nindex command can affect your layout if not used carefully My Word index Word As opposed to Word index Word Note the position of the full stop position of thetull stop My Word As opposed to Word Note the makeindex has no clue about characters outside the ASCII range To get the sorting correct use the character as shown in the K se and cole examples above 4 4 Fanc
113. is to generate them with a specialised software package and then include the finished graphics in the document Here again ATEX packages offer many ways to do this but this introduction will only discuss the use of Encapsulated PosTSCRIPT EPS graphics because it is quite easy to do and widely used In order to use pictures in the EPS format you must have a POSTSCRIPT printer available for output A good set of commands for inclusion of graphics is provided in the graphicx package by D P Carlisle It is part of a whole family of packages called the graphics bundle When working on a system with a POSTSCRIPT printer available for output and with the graphicx package installed use the following step by Such as XFig Gnuplot Gimp Xara X Another possibility to output POSTSCRIPT is the GHOSTSCRIPT program available from CTAN support ghostscript Windows and OS 2 users might want to look for GSVIEW 3CTAN pkg graphics 84 Specialities step guide to include a picture into your document 1 Export the picture from your graphics program in EPS format 2 Load the graphicx package in the preamble of the input file with usepackage driver graphicx where driver is the name of your dvi to POSTSCRIPT converter program The most widely used program is called dvips The name of the driver is required because there is no standard on how graphics are included in TEX Knowing the name of the drive
114. l Markup 1 3 BTpX Input Files The input for IATEX is a plain text file On Unix Linux text files are pretty common On windows one would use Notepad to create a text file It contains the text of the document as well as the commands that tell IXTEX how to typeset the text If you are working with a IATEX IDE it will contain a program for creating IATEX input files in text format 1 3 1 Spaces Whitespace characters such as blank or tab are treated uniformly as space by IATEX Several consecutive whitespace characters are treated as one space Whitespace at the start of a line is generally ignored and a single line break is treated as whitespace An empty line between two lines of text defines the end of a paragraph Several empty lines are treated the same as one empty line The text below is an example On the left hand side is the text from the input file and on the right hand side is the formatted output It does not matter whether you enter one or several spaces after a word An empty line starts a new paragraph It does not matter whether you enter one or several spaces after a word An empty line starts a new paragraph 3Rumour says that this is one of the key elements that will be addressed in the upcoming IATEX3 system 1 3 ATEX Input Files 1 3 2 Special Characters The following symbols are reserved characters that either have a special meaning under IATEX or are not
115. le of the document usepackage kotex A document containing the declaration above will have to be processed by pdfIATEgX X4I4TEX or Lual TEX Make sure that the input file written in Hangul is encoded in Unicode UTF 8 The package called ko TEX is under continuous development by the Korean TEX Users Group and the Korean TEX Society Many people use this package to create Korean documents for their everyday needs ko TEX has been available on CTAN since 2014 It is included TEX Live Mik TEX and other modern TEX distributions So in all likelyhood you can start working right away without installing any extra packages ko TEX does not use the babel package Many functions related to Korean can be activated using the options and configuration commands provided by the kotex package If you want to compose a real world Korean document you are advised to consult the package documentation These documents are written in Korean With ko TEX you also get oblivoir a memoir based document class tailored for Korean document preparation So your Korean document would Written by Karnes Kim lt karnes ktug org gt and Kihwang Lee lt leekh ktug org gt on behalf of the Korean TEX Users Group and the Korean TEX Society Hangul is the name of the Korean writing system Refer to http en wikipedia org wiki Hangul for more information 5Reads Korean TFX ko TEX is the name of a collection of packages including cjk ko kote
116. lete document is here A click on the word here will open the file manual pdf The filename is relative to the location of the current document The author of an article might want her readers to easily send email messages by using the hnref command inside the author command on the title page of the document author Mary Oetiker lt href mailto mary oetiker ch mary oetiker ch gt Note that I have put the link so that my email address appears not only in the link but also on the page itself I did this because the link href mailto mary oetiker ch Mary Oetiker would work well within Acrobat but once the page is printed the email address would not be visible anymore 4 7 5 Problems with Links Messages like the following pdfTeX warning ext4 destination with the same identifier name page 1 has been already used duplicate ignored appear when a counter gets reinitialized for example by using the command mainmatter provided by the book document class It resets the page number counter to 1 prior to the first chapter of the book But as the preface of the book also has a page number 1 all links to page 1 would not be unique anymore hence the notice that duplicate has been ignored The counter measure consists of putting plainpages false into the hyperref options This unfortunately only helps with the page counter An even more radical solution is to use the option hypertexnames false but this wi
117. ll cause the page links in the index to stop working 4 7 6 Problems with Bookmarks The text displayed by bookmarks does not always look like you expect it to look Because bookmarks are just text fewer characters are available for bookmarks than for normal TFX text Hyperref will normally notice such problems and put up a warning Package hyperref Warning Token not allowed in a PDFDocEncoded string 4 7 Working with pdf IATEX 97 Work around this problem by providing a text string for the bookmarks which replaces the offending text texorpdfstring TFX tert Bookmark Text Math expressions are a prime candidate for this kind of problem Nsection Ntexorpdfstringi E mc 2 7 E mc 2 which turns Nsection E mc 2 to E mc 2 in the bookmark area If you write your document in Unicode and use the unicode option for the hyperref package to use Unicode characters in bookmarks this will give you a much larger selection of characters to pick from when when using texorpdfstring 4 7 7 Source Compatibility Between ATX and pdf BT X Ideally your document would compile equally well with IXTEX and pdfIATEX The main problem in this respect is the inclusion of graphics The simple solution is to systematically drop the file extension from includegraphics commands They will then automatically look for a file of a suitable format in the current directory All you have to do is create appropri
118. mathscr ABCDE abcde 1234 mathrsfs ABECDEabcde1234 mathfrak ABCDE abcde 1234 amsfonts or amssymb ABCDEDIFAKE mathbb ABCDE abcde 1234 amsfonts or amssymb Table 3 15 AMS Binary Operators dotplus centerdot x Mtimes X rtimes x divideontimes UU doublecup Mm doublecap smallsetminus V Nveebar barwedge doublebarwedge FH boxplus A boxminus circleddash X boxtimes boxdot Ncircledcirc T intercal Ncircledast X rightthreetimes Y Ncurlyvee A Ncurlywedge A Meftthreetimes 80 Typesetting Mathematical Formulae WA QA CA A A VIIAVIA VA QA RA A IA AN AA IA AIV VY VA Table 3 16 AMS Binary Relations lessdot leqslant eqslantless leqq 111 or llless lesssim lessapprox lessgtr lesseqgtr lesseqqgtr preccurlyeq curlyeqprec precsim precapprox subseteqq shortparallel blacktriangleleft vartriangleright blacktriangleright trianglerighteq vartriangleleft trianglelefteq U U lJU QY Y Yr Y AIIVAIV Av QV V M IV VN V m gtrdot geqslant eqslantgtr Ngeqq ggg gtrsim gtrapprox gtrless gtreqless gtreqqless succcurlyeq curlyeqsucc succsim succapprox supseteqq Supset sqsupset because Subset smallfrown shortmid therefore l gt lle HOI Ml 2 2 0 p cT cr od CAR v doteqdot risingdotseq fallingdotseq eqcirc circeq triangleq bumpeq Bumpeq thicksim
119. n environment can also be used to group several blocks of equations beside each other Another excellent use case for the IEEEeqnarray environment Try an argument like rC1 rC1 3 5 Multiple Equations 63 beginfeqnarray a amp amp bt cN amp amp dtet ftg_gthri a b c 3 12 Paley ae Seer Nene S d e f g h i j k l amp amp mtnt o Seed acane 3 13 amp amp amp ptqtrits Du MM p q r s 3 14 This is still not optimal The spaces around the equality signs are too big Particularly they are not the same as in the multline and equation environments begin feqnarray a amp amp a a end eqnarray a a a 3 15 and the expression sometimes overlaps with the equation number even though there would be enough room on the left beginfeqnarray ag 4 b c 4 d e f g h2 a b c 3 16 PAR dtetftgth 43 17 label eq faultyeqnarray end eqnarray While the environment offers a command lefteqn that can be used when the LHS is too long beginfeqnarray Meftegnta b c d e f g h nonumber amp amp i j k 1l m a b c d e f g h i j k i m 348 amp amp n to p q r s n o pt qt rt s 3 19 end eqnarray This is not optimal either as the RHS is too short and the array is not properly centered begin feqnarray Mefteqn a b c d e f g h nonumber a b c d e f g h amp amp i j itj 3 20 end eqna
120. nd IATEX3 Project Team Cyrillic languages support in ATRX Comes with the IATEX 2e distribution as cyrguide tex Graham Williams The TeX Catalogue is a very complete listing of many TEX and TFX related packages Available online from CTAN help Catalogue catalogue html Keith Reckdahl Using EPS Graphics in ATEX 22 Documents which explains everything and much more than you ever wanted to know about EPS files and their use in ATX documents Available online from CTAN info epslatex ps Kristoffer H Rose Xyzpic User s Guide Downloadable from CTAN with Xy pic distribution John D Hobby A User s Manual for METAPOST Downloadable from http cm bell labs com who hobby Alan Hoenig TgX Unbound Oxford University Press 1998 ISBN 0 19 509685 1 0 19 509686 X pbk Urs Oswald Graphics in ATRX 22 containing some Java source files for generating arbitrary circles and ellipses within the picture environment and METAPOST A Tutorial Both downloadable from http www ursoswald ch Till Tantau TikZ amp PGF Manual Download from CTAN graphics pgf base doc generic pgf pgfmanual pdf Francois Charette Polyglossia A Babel Replacement for Xa ATRX Comes with the TpXLive distribution as polyglossia pdf Type texdoc polyglossia on the command line Francois Charette An Arab TEX like interface for typesetting languages in Arabic script with Xx ATEX Comes with the TEXLive distribution as arabxetex pdf Type texdoc arabxetex
121. nd can be used in the preamble It allows you to instruct IATEX to only input some of the included files Nincludeonly filename filename After this command is executed in the preamble of the document only include commands for the filenames that are listed in the argument of the includeonly command will be executed The Ninclude command starts typesetting the included text on a new page This is helpful when you use includeonly because the page breaks will not move even when some include files are omitted Sometimes this might not be desirable In this case use the input filename command It simply includes the file specified No flashy suits no strings attached To make IXTEX quickly check your document use the syntonly package This makes ATEX skim through your document only checking for proper syntax and usage of the commands but doesn t produce any DVI output As ATEX runs faster in this mode you may save yourself valuable time Usage is very simple usepackage syntonly syntaxonly When you want to produce pages just comment out the second line by adding a percent sign Chapter 2 Typesetting Text After reading the previous chapter you should know about the basic stuff of which a ATEX 22 document is made In this chapter will fill in the remaining structure you will need to know in order to produce real world material 2 1 The Structure of Text and Language By Han
122. ndividuals helped with corrections suggestions and material to improve this paper They put in a big effort to help me get this document into its present shape I would like to sincerely thank all of them Naturally all the mistakes you ll find in this book are mine If you ever find a word that is spelled correctly it must have been one of the people below dropping me a line Eric Abrahamsen Lenimar Nunes de Andrade Eilinger August Rosemary Bailey Barbara Beeton Marc Bevand Connor Blakey Salvatore Bonaccorso Pietro Braione Friedemann Brauer Markus Br hwiler Jan Busa David Carlisle Neil Carter Carl Cerecke Mike Chapman Pierre Chardaire Xingyou Chen Christopher Chin Diego Clavadetscher Wim van Dam Benjamin Deschwanden Jan Dittberner Michael John Downes Matthias Dreier David Dureisseix Hans Ehrbar Elliot Rock rush Engch William Faulk Robin Fairbairns Johan Falk J rg Fischer Frank Fis chli Daniel Flipo Frank Mic Milic Frederickx David Frey Erik Frisk Hans Fugal Robert Funnell Greg Gamble Andy Goth Cyril Goutte Kasper B Graversen Arlo Griffiths Alexandre Guimond Neil Hammond Christoph Hamburger Ras mus Borup Hansen Joseph Hilferty Daniel Hirsbrunner Martien Hulsen Bj rn Hvittfeldt Morten Hggholm Werner Icking Eric Jacoboni Jakob Alan Jeffrey Mar tin Jenkins Byron Jones David Jones Johannes Maria Kaltenbach Nils Kanning Andrzej Kawalec Christian Kern Alain Kessi Axel Kielhorn Sander
123. ne spacing 127 linebreak 19 linespread 127 Linethickness 110 111 113 listoffigures 50 Mistoftables 50 Man 58 Mog 58 long equations 61 longtable 47 lscommand 119 M MacTeX 138 macukr 26 mainmatter 40 96 makebox 134 makeidx 12 86 makeidx package 86 INDEX 153 makeindex 86 makeindex program 86 maketitle 40 Malay 37 marginparpush 132 marginparsep 132 marginparwidth 132 margins 131 math mode 55 math spacing 68 mathbb 56 mathbf 125 mathcal 125 mathematical accents 57 delimiter 60 functions 58 minus 22 mathematics 53 mathit 125 mathnormal 125 mathrm 125 mathrsfs 79 mathsf 125 mathtext 32 mathtt 125 matrix 68 matrix 68 max 58 mbox 21 24 134 memoir 30 METAPOST 93 mhchem 70 microtype 100 Mik TRX 138 min 58 minimal class 10 minipage 134 minus sign 22 Mittelbach Frank 2 mn 34 modulo function 58 multicolumn 47 multicolumns 65 multiput 107 110 multiline 61 63 multline 61 N negmedspace 66 newcommand 69 120 121 newenvironment 121 newline 19 newpage 19 newsavebox 112 newtheoren 71 noindent 129 nolinebreak 19 nombre 29 nonumber 66 nopagebreak 19 normalsize 124 not 76 ntheorem 72 numprint 29 O oblivoir 30 oddsidemargin 132 oe 25 one column 11 option 9 optional parameters 5 OT1 27 Ottoman 37 oval 111 113 overbrace 57 overfull hbox 20
124. ng of the paragraph Obviously this will only have an effect when parindent is not set to zero To create a non indented paragraph use noindent as the first command of the paragraph This might come in handy when you start a document with body text and not with a sectioning command 6 3 3 Horizontal Space ATEX determines the spaces between words and sentences automatically To add horizontal space use hspaceflength If such a space should be kept even if it falls at the end or the start of a line use Nhspace instead of Mhspace The length in the simplest case is just a number plus a unit The most important units are listed in Table 6 5 This hspace 1 5cm is a space This is a space of 1 5 em of 1 5 cm The command stretch n generates a special rubber space It stretches until all the remaining space on a line is filled up If multiple nspace stretch n commands are issued on the same line they occupy all available space in proportion of their respective stretch factors x hspace stretch 1 x x x x hspace stretch 3 x When using horizontal space together with text it may make sense to make the space adjust its size relative to the size of the current font This can be done by using the text relative units em and ex To indent the first paragraph after each section head use the indentfirst package in the tools bundle Table 6 5 TEX Units mm millimetre 1 25 inch ul cm centimetre 10 mm 1
125. nks to the pdf TEX program developed by H n Th Th nh pdflTEgX produces PDF output where normal TEX produces DVI There is also a pdfIATEX which produces PDF output from IATEX sources Both pdf TEX and pdfIATEX are installed automatically by most modern TEX distributions such as teTEX fpTEX MikTpEX TpXLive and CMacTRX To produce a PDF instead of DVI it is sufficient to replace the command latex file tex by pdflatex file tex On systems where IATEX is not called from the command line you may find a special button in the TEX GUI Set the paper size with an optional documentclass argument such as a4paper or letterpaper This works in pdfIATEX too but on top of this pdfTEX also needs to know the physical size of the paper to determine the physical size of the pages in the pdf file If you use the hyperref package see page 93 the papersize will be adjusted automatically Otherwise you have http pdfreaders org 92 Specialities to do this manually by putting the following lines into the preamble of the document pdfpagewidth paperwidth pdf pageheight paperheight The following section will go into more detail regarding the differences between normal IATEX and pdfl4TEgX The main differences concern three areas the fonts to use the format of images to include and the manual configuration of hyperlinks 4 7 2 The Fonts pdfIATEX can deal with all sorts of fonts PK bitmaps TrueType POSTSCRIPT type 1 bu
126. notes distract the reader from the main body of your document After all everybody reads the footnotes we are a curious species so why not just integrate everything you want to say into the body of the document 23 A guidepost doesn t necessarily go where it s pointing to 42 Typesetting Text 2 10 Emphasized Words If a text is typed using a typewriter important words are emphasized by underlining them underline text In printed books however words are emphasized by typesetting them in an italic font As an author you shouldn t care either way The important bit is to tell IXTEX that a particular bit of text is important and should be emphasized Hence the command emph tezt to emphasize text What the command actually does with its argument depends on the context emph If you use emphasizing inside a piece of emphasized text then LaTeX uses the emph normal font for If you use emphasizing inside a piece of emphasized text then TEX uses the nor mal font for emphasizing emphasizing If you want control over font and font size section 6 2 on page 123 might provide some inspiration 2 11 Environments beginfenvironment text end environment Where environment is the name of the environment Environments can be nested within each other as long as the correct nesting order is maintained begin aaa begin bbb end bbb end
127. ntages when writing scientific documents 1 Including mathematical formulae into HTML documents is not gener ally supported While there is a standard for it most browsers used today do not support it or lack the required fonts 2 Printing HTML documents is possible but the results vary widely between platforms and browsers T he results are miles removed from the quality we have come to expect in the TFX world There have been many attempts to create translators from IATEX to HTML Some were even quite successful in the sense that they are able to produce legible web pages from a standard XIX input file But all of them cut corners left and right to get the job done As soon as you start using more complex IATEX features and external packages things tend to fall apart Authors wishing to preserve the unique typographic quality of their documents even when publishing on the web turn to PDF Portable Document Format which preserves the layout of the document and permits hypertext navigation Most modern browsers come with plugins that allow the direct display of PDF documents Even though there are DVI and PS viewers for almost every platform you will find that Acrobat Reader and Xpdf for viewing PDF documents are more widely deployed So providing PDF versions of your documents will make them much more accessible to your potential readers 4 7 1 PDF Documents for the Web The creation of a PDF file from TFX source is very simple tha
128. nvironment English text begin german Deutscher Text end german More English text If you just need a word in a foreign language you can use the text language command Englisch text textgerman Gesundheit is actually a German word This may look unnecessary since the only advantage is a correct hyphen ation but when the second language is a little bit more exotic it will be worth the effort Sometimes the font used in the main document does not contain glyphs that are required in the second language The solution is to define a font that will be used for that language Whenever a new language is activated polyglossia will first check whether a font has been defined for that language newfontfamily russianfont Script Cyrillic font Now you can write textrussian Pravda is a russian newspaper Since this document is written in Latinl encoding I cannot show the actual Cyrillic letters The package xgreek 22 offers support for writing either ancient or modern monotonic or polytonic greek 14For small values of simple Latin Modern does not contain Cyrillic letters 2 5 International Language Support 37 Right to Left RTL languages Some languages are written left to right others are written right to left RTL polyglossia needs the bidi 23 package in order to support RTL languages The bidi package should be the last package you load
129. o Described in ifthen dtx and The ATEX Companion 3 latexsym To access the TEX symbol font you should use the latexsym package Described in latexsym dtx and in The ATEX Companion 3 makeidx Provides commands for producing indexes Described in section 4 3 and in The ATRX Companion 3 syntonly Processes a document without typesetting it inputenc Allows the specification of an input encoding such as ASCII ISO Latin 1 ISO Latin 2 437 850 IBM code pages Apple Macintosh Next ANSI Windows or user defined one Described in inputenc dtx This file should be installed on your system and you should be able to get a dvi file by typing latex doc dtx in any directory where you have write permission The same is true for all the other files mentioned in this table 1 7 Files You Might Encounter 13 1 6 3 Page Styles IATEX supports three predefined header footer combinations so called page styles The style parameter of the pagestyle style command defines which one to use Table 1 4 lists the predefined page styles Table 1 4 The Predefined Page Styles of ATEX plain prints the page numbers on the bottom of the page in the middle of the footer This is the default page style headings prints the current chapter heading and the page number in the header on each page while the footer remains empty This is the style used in this document empty sets both the header and the footer to b
130. o act upon the size of the box inside the text argument raisebox Opt Opt Opt Large textbf Aaaa raisebox 0 3ex a raisebox 0 7ex aa raisebox 1 2ex r Aaaaaaa she shouted but not raisebox 2 2ex g even the next dig in line noticed that some raisebox 4 5ex h thing terrible hadpappened to her she shouted but not even the next one in line noticed that something terrible had happened to her 6 7 Rules A few pages back you may have noticed the command rule lift width height In normal use it produces a simple black box rule 3mm 1ipt rule 1mm 5mm 1cm rule 3mm 1pt A aM rule 1mm 1cm 5mm 7 rule 3mm 1pt Total control is only to be obtained by controlling both the horizontal and the vertical 136 Customising ATEX This is useful for drawing vertical and horizontal lines The line on the title page for example has been created with a rule command The End Appendix A Installing IATEX Knuth published the source to TEX back in a time when nobody knew about OpenSource and or Free Software The License that comes with TEX lets you do whatever you want with the source but you can only call the result of your work TEX if the program passes a set of tests Knuth has also provided This has lead to a situation where we have free TEX implementations for almost every Operating System under the sun This chapter will giv
131. olest feature in my eyes is that MiK TEX will download missing TFX packages on the fly and install them magically while compiling a document Alternatively you can also use the TeXlive distribution which exists for Windows Unix and Mac OS to get your base setup going http www tug org texlive A 4 2 A BTFX editor If you are not happy with our crossplatform suggestion Texmaker section A3 TeXnicCenter uses many concepts from the programming world to pro vide a nice and efficient IATEX writing environment in Windows Get your copy from http www texniccenter org leXnicCenter integrates nicely with MiK TeX Recent TEXLive distributions contain the TEgXworks Editor http texworks org It supports Unicode and requires at least Windows XP A 4 3 Document Preview You will most likely be using Yap for DVI preview as it gets installed with MikTeX For PDF you may want to look at Sumatra PDF http blog kowalczyk info software sumatrapdf I mention Sumatra PDF because it lets you jump from any position in the pdf document back into corresponding position in your source document A 4 4 Working with graphics Working with high quality graphics in IXTEgX means that you have to use Encapsulated POSTSCRIPT eps or PDF as your picture format The program that helps you deal with this is called GhostScript You can get it together with its own front end Ghost View from http www cs wisc edu ghost If you deal with bitmap gra
132. ommand which works in all situations begin IEEEeqnarray rCl IEEEeqnarraymulticol 3 1 atbtct dtetf ui M a b c d et ftgth nonumber quad mE amp amp ic j 1 J 3 30 k l m 3 31 k 1 0m end IEEEeqnarray The usage is identical to the multicolumns command in the tabular environment The first argument 3 specifies that three columns shall be combined into one which will be left justified 1 Note that by inserting quad commands one can easily adapt the depth of the equation signs e g HT think that one quad is the distance that looks good for most cases 66 Typesetting Mathematical Formulae begin IEEEeqnarray rC1 IEEEeqnarraymulticol 3 1 a tb c d es f tgth nonumber qquad qquad BEE Pee ae amp amp it j i j 3 32 k l m 3 33 amp amp ktlt m end IEEEeqnarray If an equation is split into two or more lines IATEX interprets the first or as a sign instead of operator Therefore it is necessary to add an additional space between the operator and the term instead of begin IEEEeqnarray rC1 a amp amp bt c 0d e f g h a b c 3 34 i j k nonumber d e f g h i j k ee l m tn o 3 35 amp amp p q r s p qg r s 3 36 end IEEEeqnarray we should write begin IEEEeqnarray rC1 a amp amp b c amp amp dtet ftgeth a b c 3 37 i j k nonumber d e f g h i j k
133. on Similarly the correct way of putting the QED symbol at the end of an equation array is as follows begin proof This is a proof that ends with an equation array begin IEEEeqnarray rCl x a amp amp b A a b c 3 43 d e amp amp amp qedhere nonumber Sa 3 44 end IEEEeqnarray end proof Proof This is a proof that ends with an equation array which contrasts with begin proof This is a proof that ends with an equation array begin IEEEeqnarray rCl eee i AE 540 amp k amp dte d4 e 3 46 end IEEEeqnarray end proof Proof This is a proof that ends with an equation array 3 10 List of Mathematical Symbols 75 3 10 List of Mathematical Symbols The following tables demonstrate all the symbols normally accessible from math mode Note that some tables show symbols only accessible after loading the amssymb package in the preamble of your document If the AMS pack age and fonts are not installed on your system have a look at CTAN pkg amslatex An even more comprehensive list of symbols can be found at CTAN info symbols comprehensive Table 3 1 Math Mode Accents hat a check a a tildefa a gravefa dot a a ddotf a a bar a a vec a AAA widehat AAA acutefa a brevefta AAA widetilde AAA a mathring a Table 3 2 Greek Letters There is no uppercase of some of the letters like Al
134. on of BibTEX generated bibliographies is based on a style sheets concept that allows you to create bibliographies following a wide range of established designs 4 3 Indexing A very useful feature of many books is their index With IATEX and the support program makeindex an index can be generated quite easily This introduction will only explain the basic index generation commands For a more in depth view please refer to The ATEX Companion 3 To enable their indexing feature of I3TEX the makeidx package must be loaded in the preamble with usepackage makeidx and the special indexing commands must be enabled by putting the makeindex command in the preamble The content of the index is specified with index key formatted_entry commands where formatted_entry will appear in the index and key will be used for sorting The formatted_entry is optional If it is missing the key will be used You enter the index commands at the points in the text that you want the final index entries to point to Table 4 2 explains the syntax with several examples When the input file is processed with IATEX each index command writes an appropriate index entry together with the current page number to a special file The file has the same name as the I4TEX input file but a different extension idx This idx file can then be processed with the makeindex program makeindex filename The make
135. onvenient way e Users only need to learn a few easy to understand commands that specify the logical structure of a document They almost never need to tinker with the actual layout of the document e Even complex structures such as footnotes references table of contents and bibliographies can be generated easily e Free add on packages exist for many typographical tasks not directly supported by basic LATEX For example packages are available to include POSTSCRIPT graphics or to typeset bibliographies conforming to exact standards Many of these add on packages are described in The TEX Companion 3 e XTEX encourages authors to write well structured texts because this is how TFX works by specifying structure Things You Need to Know e TEX the formatting engine of ATEX 2e is highly portable and free Therefore the system runs on almost any hardware platform available IATEX also has some disadvantages and I guess it s a bit difficult for me to find any sensible ones though I am sure other people can tell you hundreds 37 e TEX does not work well for people who have sold their souls e Although some parameters can be adjusted within a predefined docu ment layout the design of a whole new layout is difficult and takes a lot of time e It is very hard to write unstructured and disorganized documents e Your hamster might despite some encouraging first steps never be able to fully grasp the concept of Logica
136. ou select the ut 8x option for the package inputenc IATEX will understand Greek and polytonic Greek Unicode characters 32 Typesetting Text A set of new commands also becomes available which allows you to write Greek input files more easily In order to temporarily switch to English and vice versa one can use the commands Ntextlatinienglish tert and textgreek greek text that both take one argument which is then typeset using the requested font encoding Otherwise use the command selectlanguage described in a previous section Check out table 2 7 for some Greek punctuation characters Use Neuro for the Euro symbol Table 2 7 Greek Special Characters 2 5 6 Support for Cyrillic By Maksym Polyakov lt polyama myrealbox com gt Version 3 7 h of babel includes support for the T2 encodings and for typeset ting Bulgarian Russian and Ukrainian texts using Cyrillic letters Support for Cyrillic is based on standard IATEX mechanisms plus the fontenc and inputenc packages But if you are going to use Cyrillics in math mode you need to load mathtext package before fontenc usepackage mathtext usepackage T1 T2A fontenc usepackage koi8 ru inputenc usepackage Lenglish bulgarian russian ukranian babel Generally babel will authomatically choose the default font encoding for the above three languages this is T2A However documents are not restricted to a single font encoding For mult
137. ound word mark with a breakpoint allowing hyphenation in the composing words un thinspace for initials with a breakpoint in following surname for German left double quotes looks like uis for German right double quotes looks like lt for French left double quotes looks like lt lt gt for French right double quotes looks like gt gt The Russian and Ukrainian options of babel define the commands Asbuk and asbuk which act like Alph and alph but produce capital and small letters of Russian or Ukrainian alphabets whichever is the active language of the document The Bulgarian option of babel provides the commands enumBul and enumLat enumEng which make Alph and alph produce letters of either Bulgarian or Latin English alphabets The default behaviour of Alph and alph for the Bulgarian language option is to produce letters from the Bulgarian alphabet 2 5 7 Support for Mongolian To use IATEX for typesetting Mongolian you have a choice between two packages Multilingual Babel and Mon TEX by Oliver Corff Mon TEX includes support for both Cyrillic and traditional Mongolian Script In order to access the commands of Mon TEX add usepackage language encoding mls to the preamble Choose the language option xalx to generate captions and dates in Modern Mongolian To write a complete document in the the commands for turning counters into a b c 34 Typesettin
138. our input file dvi Device Independent File This is the main result of a I3TEX compile run Look at its content with a DVI previewer program or send it toa printer with dvips or a similar application log Gives a detailed account of what happened during the last compiler run toc Stores all your section headers It gets read in for the next compiler run and is used to produce the table of contents lof This is like toc but for the list of figures lot And again the same for the list of tables aux Another file that transports information from one compiler run to the next Among other things the aux file is used to store information associated with cross references idx If your document contains an index TFX stores all the words that go into the index in this file Process this file with makeindex Refer to section 4 3 on page 86 for more information on indexing ind The processed idx file ready for inclusion into your document on the next compile cycle ilg Logfile telling what makeindex did 1 8 Big Projects When working on big documents you might want to split the input file into several parts IXTEX has two commands that help you to do that Mincludet filename Use this command in the document body to insert the contents of another file named filename tex Note that TEX will start a new page before processing the material input from filename tez 1 8 Big Projects 15 The second comma
139. ow how to use i Spaces whitespaces renders correct b New TpEXusers may miss whitespaces af ter a command Experienced TEX users are TEXperts and know how to use white Some commands require a parameter which has to be given between curly braces after the command name Some commands take optional parameters which are inserted after the command name in square brack ets Things You Need to Know Xcommand Loptional parameter parameter The next examples use some ATEX commands Don t worry about them they will be explained later You can Ntextsl lean on me Please start a new line right here Nnewline Thank you 1 3 4 Comments You can lean on me Please start a new line right here Thank you When ATEX encounters a character while processing an input file it ignores the rest of the present line the line break and all whitespace at the beginning of the next line This can be used to write notes into the input file which will not show up in the printed version This is an stupid Better instructive example Supercal ifragilist icexpialidocious This is an example Supercalifragilisticex pialidocious The character can also be used to split long input lines where no whitespace or line breaks are allowed For longer comments you could use the comment environment provided by the verbatim package Add the line usepackage
140. package inputenc usepackage fontenc usepackage textcomp from the preamble 3 Change usepackage languageA babel to usepackage polyglossia setdefaultlanguage babelshorthands language A 4 Add usepackage Ligatures TeX fontspec to the preamble The package polyglossia 19 is a replacement for babel It takes care of the hyphenation patterns and automatically generated text strings The option babelshorthands enables babel compatible shorthands for german and catalan The package fontspec 1 handles font loading for XzjpIATgX and LuaTEX The default font is Latin Modern Roman It is a little known fact that some TEX command are ligatures defined in the Computer Modern fonts If you want to use them with a non TEX font you have to fake them The option Ligatures TeX defines the following ligatures 36 Typesetting Text It s all peer to me So far there has been no advantage to using a Unicode TEX engine This changes when we leave the Latin script and move to a more interesting language like Greek or Russian With a Unicode based system you can simply enter the characters in your editor and TEX will understand them Writing in different languages is easy just specify the languages in the preamble setdefaultlanguage english setotherlanguage babelshorthands german To write a paragraph in German you can use the German e
141. pdftex the others are optional and allow you to change the default behaviour of hyperref In the following list the default values are written in an upright font bookmarks true false show or hide the bookmarks bar when displaying the document unicode false true allows the use of characters of non latin based languages in Acrobat s bookmarks pdftoolbar true false show or hide Acrobat s toolbar pdfmenubar true false show or hide Acrobat s menu pdffitwindow false true adjust the initial magnification of the PDF when displayed pdftitle text define the title that gets displayed in the Document Info window of Acrobat pdfauthor text the name of the PDF s author pdfnewwindow false true define whether a new window should be opened when a link leads out of the current document colorlinks false true surround the links by colour frames false or colour the text of the links true The colour of these links can be configured using the following options default colours are shown linkcolor red colour of internal links sections pages etc citecolor green colour of citation links bibliography filecolor magenta colour of file links urlcolor cyan colour of URL links mail web SIt is worth noting that the hyperref package is not limited to work with pdfTpx It can also be configured to embed PDF specific information into the DVI output of normal BTEX which then gets put into the PS file by
142. pha Beta and so on because they look the same as normal roman letters A B a alpha 0 theta o o vU upsilon B Nbeta vartheta m pi o phi gamma t iota w varpi p Nvarphi delta k kappa p Nrho x Nchi Nepsilon A lambda o NXvarrho Y Npsi varepsilon pu mu o sigma w omega C zeta y Nnu Warsigma n Neta E Mxi T tau T Gamma A NLambda 39 Sigma Y Psi A Delta S Md Y Upsilon Q Omega Theta II Pi Pd Phi The tables were derived from symbols tex by David Carlisle and subsequently changed extensively as suggested by Josef Tkadlec 76 Typesetting Mathematical Formulae Table 3 3 Binary Relations You can negate the following symbols by prefixing them with a not com mand AV ADYQOB lt EC gt lt Meg or Me M prec preceq subset subseteq sqsubset sqsubseteq m IF F1 10 CQ 1X X AIA A Vin Nvdash Wnid smile gt geq or ge Neg succ succeq supset supseteq sqsupset sqsupseteq v uulu Y Y lv V Mni owns 4 dashv parallel frown notin K FTR X X le 2 X BS equiv doteq sim simeq approx cong Moin bowtie propto models perp asymp neq or ne Use the latexsym package to access this symbol Table 3 4 Binary Operators pm cdot times cup sqcup vee lor oplus odot otimes bigtriangleup lhd unlhd H VYV lt XOSO gt IDA mp div
143. phics photos and scanned material you may want to have a look at the open source Photoshop alternative Gimp available from http gimp win sourceforge net A 5 TRX on Linux If you work with Linux chances are high that IATEX is already installed on your system or at least available on the installation source you used to setup Use your package manager to install the following packages e texlive the base TEX IATEX setup 140 Installing ATEX e emacs with AUCTeX an editor that integrates tightly with IXTEX through the add on AUCTeX package e ghostscript a POSTSCRIPT preview program e xpdf and acrobat a PDF preview program e imagemagick a free program for converting bitmap images e gimp a free Photoshop look a like e inkscape a free illustrator corel draw look a like If you are looking for a more windows like graphical editing environment check out Texmaker See section A 2 Most Linux distros insist on splitting up their TEX environments into a large number of optional packages so if something is missing after your first install go check again Bibliography 1 Leslie Lamport ATEX A Document Preparation System Addison 10 Wesley Reading Massachusetts second edition 1994 ISBN 0 201 52983 1 Donald E Knuth The TgXbook Volume A of Computers and Type setting Addison Wesley Reading Massachusetts second edition 1984 ISBN 0 201 13448 9 Frank Mittelbac
144. pping every occurrence into a conditional statement Note that in recent TpEX distributions like TEXLive MacTpX and MiK TEX the normal TEX program is actually pdfTEX and it will au tomatically switch between producing pdf and dvi according to the name it is called with use the pdflatex command to get pdf output and latex for normal dvi output 4 8 Working with XqPTpx By Axel Kielhorn lt A Kielhorn web de gt Most of the things said about pdfIATEX are valid for Xq4TRX as well There is a Wiki at http wiki xelatex org doku php that collects information relevant to X qTEX and Xq4I2TEX 4 8 1 The Fonts In addition to the normal tfm based fonts X4 IATEX is able to use any font known to the operating system If you have the Linux Libertine fonts installed you can simply say usepackage fontspec setmainfont Ligatures TeX Linux Libertine in the preamble This will normally detect the italic and bold versions as well so textit and textbf will work as usual When the font is using OpenType technology you have access to many features which required switching to a separate font or using virtual fonts in the past The main feature is the extended character set a font may contain Latin Greek and Cyrillic characters and the corresponding ligatures Many fonts contain at least two kinds of numerals the normal lining numerals and so called old style or lower case numerals which partly extend below the baseline They may cont
145. processing occurs at the end of an environment With the Nignorespacesafterend IATEX will issue an ignorespaces after the special end processing has occured newenvironment simple noindent par noindent begin simple See the space to the left end simple Same here newenvironment correct noindent ignorespaces par noindent ignorespacesafterend begin correct No space to the left end correct Same here 6 1 4 Commandline PTRX See the space to the left Same here No space to the left Same here If you work on a Unix like OS you might be using Makefiles to build your IATEX projects In that connection it might be interesting to produce different versions of the same document by calling I3TEX with commandline parameters If you add the following structure to your document usepackage ifthen ifthenelse equal blackandwhite true black and white mode do something FE color mode do something different Now call IXTEX like this latex newcommand blackandwhite true input test tex First the command blackandwhite gets defined and then the actual file is read with input By setting blackandwhite to false the color version of the document would be produced 6 2 Fonts and Sizes 123 6 1 5 Your Own Package If you define a lot of new environments and commands the preamble of your document will get qui
146. put 0 0 line 6 5 1 end picture 108 Producing Mathematical Graphics Line segments are drawn with the command put a y line x1 y1 length The line command has two arguments 1 a direction vector 2 a length The components of the direction vector are restricted to the integers 6 5 5 6 and they have to be coprime no common divisor except 1 The figure illustrates all 25 possible slope values in the first quadrant The length is relative to unitlength The length argument is the vertical coordinate in the case of a vertical line segment the horizontal coordinate in all other cases 5 2 3 Arrows setlength unitlength 0 75mm begin picture 60 40 put 30 20 vector 1 0 30 put 30 20 vector 4 1 20 put 30 20 vector 3 1 25 put 30 20 vector 2 1 30 put 30 20 vector 1 2 10 thicklines put 30 20 vector 4 1 30 put 30 20 vector 1 4 5 thinlines put 30 20 vector 1 1 5 put 30 20 vector 1 4 5 end picture Arrows are drawn with the command put Cz y vector 21 y1 length For arrows the components of the direction vector are even more narrowly restricted than for line segments namely to the integers cdi coo Components also have to be coprime no common divisor except 1 Notice the effect of the thicklines command on the two arrows pointing to the upper left
147. r the graphicx package can choose the correct method to insert information about the graphics into the dvi file so that the printer understands it and can correctly include the eps file 3 Use the command includegraphics key value file to include file into your document The optional parameter accepts a comma separated list of keys and associated values The keys can be used to alter the width height and rotation of the included graphic Table 4 1 lists the most important keys Table 4 1 Key Names for graphicx Package width scale graphic to the specified width height scale graphic to the specified height angle rotate graphic counterclockwise scale scale graphic If your software cannot export into EPS format you can try to install a POSTSCRIPT printer driver such as an Apple LaserWriter for example and then print to a file with this driver With some luck this file will be in EPS format Note that an EPS must not contain more than one page Some printer drivers can be explicitly configured to produce EPS format 4 2 Bibliography 85 The following example code may help to clarify things begin figure centering includegraphics angle 90 width 0 5 textwidth test caption This is a test end figure It includes the graphic stored in the file test eps The graphic is first rotated by an angle of 90 degrees and then scaled to the final width of 0 5 times the width of
148. r or section command is processed For ultimate flexibility the Nchapter command and its friends do not redefine Nrightmark and leftmark themselves They call yet another command Nchaptermark Nsectionmark or Nsubsectionmark that is re sponsible for redefining rightmark and leftmark If you want to change the look of the chapter name in the header line you need only renew the chaptermark command Figure 4 1 shows a possible setup for the fancyhdr package that makes the headers look about the same as they look in this booklet In any case I suggest you fetch the documentation for the package at the address mentioned in the footnote 4 5 The Verbatim Package Earlier in this book you got to know the verbatim environment In this section you are going to learn about the verbatim package The verbatim package is basically a re implementation of the verbatim environment that works around some of the limitations of the original verbatim environment This by itself is not spectacular but the implementation of the verbatim package added new functionality which is why I am mentioning the package here The verbatim package provides the verbatiminput filename command which allows you to include raw ASCII text into your document as if it were inside a verbatim environment As the verbatim package is part of the tools bundle you should find it pre installed on most systems If you want to know more about this pa
149. rectly usable without first going through a POSTSCRIPT stage like prosper or requiring additional post processing like presentations created with the ppower4 package 4 9 Creating Presentations 101 documentclass 10pt beamer mode lt beamer gt usetheme hideothersubsections right width 22mm Goettingen title Simple Presentation author D Flipo Daniel Flipo institute U S T L amp GUTenberg titlegraphic includegraphics width 20mm USTL date 2005 begin document begin frame lt handout 0 gt titlepage end frame section An Example begin frame frametitle Things to do on a Sunday Afternoon begin block One could ldots begin itemize item walk the dog dots pause item read a book pause item confuse a cat pause end itemize end block and many other things end frame end document Figure 4 2 Sample code for the beamer class 102 Specialities With the beamer class you can produce several versions modes of your document from the same input file The input file may contain special instructions for the different modes in angular brackets The following modes are available beamer for the presentation PDF discussed above trans for transparencies handout for the printed version The default mode is beamer change it by setting a different mode as a global option like documentclass 10pt handout beamer to print the handouts for example The look of
150. resulting box as seen from the outside Besides the length expressions you can also use Width height depth and totalheight in the width parameter They are set from values obtained by measuring the typeset tert The pos parameter takes a one letter value center flushleft flushright or spread the text to fill the box The command framebox works exactly the same as makebox but it draws a box around the text The following example shows you some things you could do with the makebox and framebox commands This means it can be smaller than the material inside the box You can even set the width to Opt so that the text inside the box will be typeset without influencing the surrounding boxes 6 7 Rules 135 makebox textwidth centra 1 par makebox textwidth s CA central S prea d par S p r e a d framebox 1 1 width Guess I m framed now par framebox 0 8 width r Bummer Bumuher I am too wide I am too wide par framebox 1cm 1 never never Card yeu anad this mind so am I Can you read this Guess I m framed now Now that we control the horizontal the obvious next step is to go for the vertical No problem for ATEX The raisebox lift extend above baseline Lextend below baseline text command lets you define the vertical properties of a box You can use width height depth and totalheight in the first three parameters in order t
151. rline 1 3 The commands overbrace and underbrace create long horizontal braces over or under an expression underbrace overbrace a b c 6 5 a AA AA cdot overbrace d e f 7 a b c d e f 42 _ text meaning of life 42 meaning of life To add mathematical accents such as small arrows or tilde signs to variables the commands given in Table 3 1 on page 75 might be useful Wide 58 Typesetting Mathematical Formulae hats and tildes covering several characters are generated with Nwidetilde and widehat Notice the difference between Nhat and widehat and the placement of bar for a variable with subscript The apostrophe mark gives a prime f x x72 qquad f x 2x Nqquad f x 2 5pt hat XY quad NwidehatiXY quad bar x_0 quad bar x _0 Vectors are often specified f z a fa 2 XY XY do Zo f z 2 by adding small arrow symbols on the tops of variables This is done with the vec command The two commands overrightarrow and Noverleftarrow are useful to denote the vector from A to B vec a Nqquad vec AB Nqquad overrightarrow AB gt AB AB a Names of functions are often typeset in an upright font and not in italics as variables are so ATEX supplies the following commands to typeset the most common function names Narccos cos csc arcsin cosh deg arctan cot det arg coth dim sinh sup
152. rmal document font Table 6 2 Font Sizes tiny tiny font Large larger font Neer apte tae very small font LARGE Very large font footnotesize quite small font small small font huge hu ge normalsize normal font large large font Huge largest 6 2 Fonts and Sizes 125 Table 6 3 Absolute Point Sizes in Standard Classes size tiny scriptsize footnotesize small normalsize large Large LARGE huge Huge Spt 6pt 7pt 8pt spt 9pt 9pt 10pt 10pt 11pt 12pt 12pt 14pt 14pt 17pt 17pt 20pt 20pt 25pt 25pt 10pt default 11pt option 12pt option 6pt 8pt 10pt 11pt 12pt 14pt 17pt 20pt 25pt 25pt Table 6 4 Math Fonts mathrm mathbf mathsf mathtt mathit mathcal We YY w Roman Font Boldface Font Sans Serif Font Typewriter Font Italic Font CALLIGRAPHIC FONT mathnormal Normal Font 126 Customising ATEX gt is Per e Don t read this It is not true It is not true You can believe me par You can believe me Large This is not true either This is not true either But But remember I am a liar par remember I am a liar If you want to activate a size changing command for a whole paragraph of text or even more you might want to use the environment syntax for font changing commands begin Large This is not true But then again what is these days ldots end Large
153. rray 64 Typesetting Mathematical Formulae Having badmouthed the competition sufficiently I can now steer you gently towards the glorious 3 5 2 IEEEeqnarray Environment The IEEEeqnarray environment is a very powerful command with many options Here we will only introduce its basic functionalities For more information please refer to the manual First of all in order to be able to use the IEEEeqnarray environment one needs to load the package IEEEtrantools Include the following line in the header of your document usepackage retainorgcmds IEEEtrantools The strength of IEEEeqnarray is the ability to specify the number of columns in the equation array Usually this specification will be rC1 i e three columns the first column right justified the middle one centered with a little more space around it therefore we specify capital C instead of lower case c and the third column left justified begin IEEEeqnarray rCl ak amp amp bte amp k amp d e f g h a b e 3 21 i j k nonumber d e ft gtht i jt k amp amp Nnegmedspace 1 m n o l m n o 3 22 ERES p qt rt s 3 23 end IEEEeqnarray Any number of columns can be specified c will give only one column with all entries centered or rC11 would add a fourth left justified column to use for comments Moreover beside 1 c r L C R for math mode entries there are also s t u for left centered and r
154. rrays and Matrices To typeset arrays use the array environment It works in a similar way to the tabular environment The command is used to break the lines begin fequation mathbf X left beginfarray ccc 31 Za x 1 amp x 2 amp ldots NN X za me x 3 amp x 4 Mdots NN vdots amp Nvdots amp ddots end array right endfequation The array environment can also be used to typeset piecewise functions er by using a as an invisible right delimiter begin fequation x left beginfarray r1 x amp text if x lt 0 O text if x 0 x text if x gt 0 x ifr 0 x 0 ifx 0 x ifx gt 0 end array right end equation 68 Typesetting Mathematical Formulae The cases environment from amsmath simplifies the syntax so it is worth a look Nbeginfequation Ix begin cases cx 3d x amp text if x lt 0 NN f O amp text if x 0 40 ifx 0 x text if x gt 0 x ifa gt 0 end cases end equation Matrices can be typeset by array but amsmath provides a better solution using the different matrix environments There are six versions with different delimiters matrix none pmatrix bmatrix Bmatrix vmatrix and Vmatrix You don t have to specify the number of columns as with array The maximum number is 10 but it is customisable though it is not very often you need
155. s setmainfont Contextuals NoAlternate font To learn about fonts in XqI4TEX read the fontspec manual Where do I get OpenType fonts If you have TeXLive installed you already have some at texmf dist fonts opentype just install them in your operating system This collection does not include DejaVu which is available at http dejavu fonts org Make sure that each font is only installed once otherwise interesting results may happen You can use every font installed on your computer but remember that other users may not have these fonts The Zapfino font used in the fontspec manual is included in Mac OSX but is not available on Windows computers 10The behavior has changed with this version it was off by default in earlier releases 11 A commercial version of the font called Zapfino Extra is available 100 Specialities Entering Unicode Characters The number of characters in a font has grown but the number of keys on a regular keyboard has not So how do I enter non ASCII characters If you write a large amount of text in a foreign language you can install a keyboard for that language and print out the character positions Most operatings system have some sort of virtual keyboard just make a screenshot If you rarely need an exotic character you can simply pick it in the character palette Some environments e g the X Window System offer many methods to enter non ASCII characters Some editors
156. s set in italics textsf in a emph sans serif font texttt or in emph typewriter style 6 2 3 Advice You can also emphasize text if it is set in italics in a sans serif font or in typewriter style To conclude this journey into the land of fonts and font sizes here is a little word of advice a The MO RE fonts you use in a document the more READABLE and beautiful it becomes 6 3 Spacing 6 3 1 Line Spacing If you want to use larger inter line spacing in a document change its value by putting the linespread factor command into the preamble of your document Use linespread 1 3 for one and a half line spacing and linespread 1 6 for double line spacing Normally the lines are not spread so the default line spread factor is 1 Note that the effect of the linespread command is rather drastic and not appropriate for published work So if you have a good reason for changing 128 Customising ATEX the line spacing you might want to use the command setlength baselineskip 1 5 baselineskip setlength baselineskip This paragraph is typeset with the baseline skip set to 1 5 of line skip set to 1 5 of what it was before what it was before Note the par command at the end of the paragraph par paragraph This paragraph has a clear purpose it shows that after the curly brace has been closed 1 5 b li ki Ale ONpasetin
157. s so bad that in more recent versions of ATRX it is automatically replaced by ht Having explained the difficult bit there are some more things to mention about the table and figure environments Use the Ncaptionicaption tert command to define a caption for the float A running number and the string Figure or Table will be added by ETEX The two commands listoffigures and listoftables operate analogously to the tableofcontents command printing a list of figures or tables respectively These lists will display the whole caption so if you tend to use long captions you must have a shorter version of the caption for the lists This is accomplished by entering the short version in brackets after the caption command caption Short LLLLLoooooonnnnnggggg Use label and ref to create a reference to a float within your text Note that the label command must come after the caption command since you want it to reference the number of the caption The following example draws a square and inserts it into the document You could use this if you wanted to reserve space for images you are going to paste into the finished document Figure ref white is an example of Pop Art begin figure hbtp makebox textwidth framebox 5cm rule Opt 5cm caption Five by Five in Centimetres label white end figure In the example above IATEX will try really hard to place the figure ri
158. space between two paragraphs Refer to section 6 3 2 for more information In special cases it might be necessary to order TFX to break a line or newline starts a new line without starting a new paragraph NE additionally prohibits a page break after the forced line break newpage starts a new page linebreak n nolinebreak n pagebreak n nopagebreak n suggest places where a break may or may not happen They enable the author to influence their actions with the optional argument n which can be set to a number between zero and four By setting n to a value below 4 you leave TEX the option of ignoring your command if the result would look very bad Do not confuse these break commands with the new commands Even when you give a break command IATEX still tries to even out the right border of the line and the total length of the page as described in the next section this can lead to unpleasant gaps in your text If you 2 20 Typesetting Text really want to start a new line or a new page then use the corresponding command Guess their names IXTEX always tries to produce the best line breaks possible If it cannot find a way to break the lines in a manner that meets its high standards it lets one line stick out on the right of the paragraph IATEX then complains overfull hbox while processing the input file This happens most often when
159. speter Schmid lt hanspi schmid werren ch gt The main point of writing a text some modern DAAC literature excluded is to convey ideas information or knowledge to the reader The reader will understand the text better if these ideas are well structured and will see and feel this structure much better if the typographical form reflects the logical and semantical structure of the content IXTEX is different from other typesetting systems in that you just have to tell it the logical and semantical structure of a text It then derives the typographical form of the text according to the rules given in the document class file and in various style files The most important text unit in IATEX and in typography is the paragraph We call it text unit because a paragraph is the typographical form that should reflect one coherent thought or one idea You will learn in the following sections how to force line breaks with e g and paragraph breaks with e g leaving an empty line in the source code Therefore if a new thought begins a new paragraph should begin and if not only line breaks should be used If in doubt about paragraph breaks think about your text as a conveyor of ideas and thoughts If you have a paragraph break but the old thought continues it should be removed If some totally new line of thought occurs in the same paragraph then it should be broken Most people completely underestimate the importance of well placed
160. st define the theorems theoremstyle definition newtheorem law Law theoremstyle plain newtheorem jury law Jury theoremstyle remark newtheorem marg Margaret 72 Typesetting Mathematical Formulae begin law label law box Don t hide in the witness box end law begin jury The Twelve It could be you So beware and see law ref law box end jury begin jury You will disregard the last statement end jury begin marg No No No end marg begin marg Denis end marg Law 1 Don t hide in the witness box Jury 2 The Twelve It could be you So beware and see law 1 Jury 3 You will disregard the last state ment Margaret No No No Margaret Denis The Jury theorem uses the same counter as the Law theorem so it gets a number that is in sequence with the other Laws The argument in square brackets is used to specify a title or something similar for the theorem newtheorem mur Murphy section begin mur If there are two or more ways to do something and one of those ways can result in a catastrophe then someone Murphy 3 9 1 If there are two or more ways to do something and one of those ways can result in a catastrophe then someone will do it will do it end mur The Murphy theorem gets a number that is linked to the number of the current section You could also use another unit for example chapter or subsection
161. succ nsucceq succneqq succnsim succnapprox supsetneq varsupsetneq nsupseteq supsetneqq nrightarrow MARA RE KR OR o3 c A WITH nRightarrow hslash blacksquare blacktriangle blacktriangledown blacklozenge measuredangle diagdown Finv sphericalangle varsubsetneqq varsupsetneqq nsubseteqq nsupseteqq nmid nparallel nshortmid nshortparallel nsim ncong nvdash nvDash nVdash nVDash ntriangleleft ntriangleright ntrianglelefteq ntrianglerighteq nleftrightarrow nLeftrightarrow Bbbk circleds complement Game 0006 xm bigstar backprime Q varnothing U mho Chapter 4 Specialities When putting together a large document ATEX will help with some special features like index generation bibliography management and other things A much more complete description of specialities and enhancements possible with ATEX can be found in the ATEX Manual 1 and The ATEX Companion 3 4 1 Including Encapsulated PostScript IATEX provides the basic facilities to work with floating bodies such as images or graphics with the figure and table environments There are several ways to generate the actual graphics with basic IATEX or a IATEX extension package a few of them are described in chapter 5 Please refer to The BTEX Companion 3 and the TEX Manual 1 for more information on that subject A much easier way to get graphics into a document
162. t 0 x7 2 geq ONqquad 2 text for all x in mathbf R sep for all z R Mathematicians can be very fussy about which symbols are used it would be conventional here to use the blackboard bold font which is obtained using mathbb from the package amssymb The last example becomes x 12 geq O qquad text for all x r gt 0 for all x R in mathbb R See Table 3 14 on page 79 and Table 6 4 on page 125 for more math fonts 3 3 Building Blocks of a Mathematical Formula In this section we describe the most important commands used in mathe matical typesetting Most of the commands in this section will not require amsmath if they do it will be stated clearly but load it anyway Lowercase Greek letters are entered as alpha beta gamma uppercase letters are entered as NGamma Delta Take a look at Table 3 2 on page 75 for a list of Greek letters lambda xi pi theta mu Phi Omega Delta A 8579 11 D 0 A Exponents Superscripts and Subscripts can be specified using the and the _ characters Most math mode commands act only on the next character so if you want a command to affect several characters you have to group them together using curly braces amssymb is not a part of the AMS ISTEX bundle but it is perhaps still a part of your TEX distribution Check your distribution or go to CTAN fonts amsfonts latex to obtain it
163. t gets the cross references right 2 Check to see if ATEX has produced a idx file among the various files you now have If you do not see this file then the documentation has no index Continue with step 5 3 In order to generate the index type the following makeindex s gind ist name where name stands for the main file name without any extension 4 Run IATEX on the dtx file once again 5 Last but not least make a ps or pdf file to increase your reading pleasure Sometimes you will see that a glo glossary file has been produced Run the following command between step 4 and 5 makeindex s gglo ist o name gls name glo Be sure to run IATEX on the dtx one last time before moving on to step 5 4 7 Working with pdfIATEX By Daniel Flipo lt Daniel Flipo univ lille1 fr gt PDF is portable hypertext document format Much as in web page some words in the document are marked as hyperlinks They link to other places in the document or even to other documents If you click on such a hyperlink you get transported to the destination of the link In the context of ATFX this means that all occurrences of ref and pageref become hyperlinks Additionally the table of contents the index and all the other similar structures become collections of hyperlinks 4 7 Working with pdf IATEX 91 Most web pages you find today are written in HTML HyperText Markup Language This format has two significant disadva
164. t the normal IATEX font format the bitmap PK fonts produce very ugly results when the document is displayed with Acrobat Reader It is best to use POSTSCRIPT Type 1 fonts exclusively to produce documents that display well Modern TeX installations will be set up so that this happens automatically Best is to try If it works for you just skip this whole section The Type 1 font set most widely used today is called Latin Modern LM If you have a recent TFX installation chances are that you already have a copy of them installed all you need to do is to add usepackage 1lmodern Nusepackage T1 fontenc usepackage textcomp to the preamble of your document and you are all set for creating excellent PDF output with full support for the full Latin character set If you are working with a stripped down setup you may have to add the Im fonts explicitly For the Russian language you may want to use C1 virtual fonts available at ftp ftp vsu ru pub tex font packs cifonts These fonts com bine the standard CM type 1 fonts from Bluesky collection and CMCYR type 1 fonts from the Paradissa and BaKoMa collection all available on CTAN Because Paradissa fonts contain only Russian letters C1 fonts are missing other Cyrillic glyphs Another solution is to switch to other POSTSCRIPT type 1 fonts Actually some of them are even included with every copy of Acrobat Reader Because these fonts have different character sizes the text layout on your pag
165. tan sec sin begin fequation lim_ x rightarrow 0 frac sin x x 1 end equation Nexp ker limsup gcd Mg Mn hom Mim Mog inf liminf max tanh Amin Pr li sin x 24 x30 mx For functions missing from the list use the NDeclareMath perator command There is even a starred version for functions with limits This command works only in the preamble so the commented lines in the example below must be put into the preamble 4 DeclareMathOperator argh argh 4 DeclareMathOperator nut Nut begin fequation 3 argh 2 nut_ x 1 end equation 3argh 2 Nut For the modulo function there are two commands bmod for the binary operator a mod b and pmod for expressions such as x a mod b 3 3 Building Blocks of a Mathematical Formula 59 a bmod b NN x equiv a pmod b a mod b x a mod b A built up fraction is typeset with the frac command In in line equations the fraction is shrunk to fit the line This style is obtainable in display style with tfrac The reverse i e display style fraction in text is made with dfrac Often the slashed form 1 2 is preferable because it looks better for small amounts of fraction material In display style Nbeginfequation 3 8 Nqquad frac 3 8 3 qquad tfrac 3 8 3 8 3 end equation In display style olw In text style 1 frac 1 2 hours qquad 12 hours 1 dfrac
166. te long In this situation it is a good idea to create a IATEX package containing all your command and environment definitions Use the usepackage command to make the package available in your document Demo Package by Tobias Oetiker ProvidesPackage demopack newcommand tnss The not so Short Introduction to LaTeXe newcommand txsit 1 The emph 1 Short Introduction to LaTeXe newenvironment king begin quote end quote Figure 6 1 Example Package Writing a package basically consists of copying the contents of your document preamble into a separate file with a name ending in sty There is one special command ProvidesPackage package name for use at the very beginning of your package file ProvidesPackage tells IATEX the name of the package and will allow it to issue a sensible error message when you try to include a package twice Figure 6 1 shows a small example package that contains the commands defined in the examples above 6 2 Fonts and Sizes 6 2 1 Font Changing Commands IXTEX chooses the appropriate font and font size based on the logical structure of the document sections footnotes In some cases one might like to change fonts and sizes by hand To do this use the commands listed in Tables 6 1 and 6 2 The actual size of each font is a design issue and depends on the document class and its options Table 6 3 shows the absolute point size for these commands as implemented
167. tead of the right titlepage notitlepage Specifies whether a new page should be started after the document title or not The article class does not start a new page by default while report and book do onecolumn twocolumn Instructs IATEX to typeset the document in one column or two columns twoside oneside Specifies whether double or single sided output should be generated The classes article and report are single sided and the book class is double sided by default Note that this option concerns the style of the document only The option twoside does not tell the printer you use that it should actually make a two sided printout landscape Changes the layout of the document to print in landscape mode openright openany Makes chapters begin either only on right hand pages or on the next page available This does not work with the article class as it does not know about chapters The report class by default starts chapters on the next page available and the book class starts them on right hand pages Things You Need to Know Table 1 3 Some of the Packages Distributed with IXTEX doc Allows the documentation of ATEX programs Described in doc dtx and in The ATEX Companion 3 exscale Provides scaled versions of the math extension font Described in 1texscale dtx fontenc Specifies which font encoding IATEX should use Described in 1toutenc dtx ifthen Provides commands of the form if then do otherwise d
168. th This second command is actually more useful than the setlength command because it works relative to the existing settings To add one centimetre to the overall text width I put the following commands into the document preamble addtolength hoffset 0 5cm addtolength textwidth 1cm In this context you might want to look at the calc package It allows you to use arithmetic operations in the argument of setlength and other places where numeric values are entered into function arguments 3okg tools mean a real printed book produced by a reputable publisher 132 Customising ATEX 1 one inch hoffset 2 3 Noddsidemargin 22pt 4 or evensidemargin 5 headheight 12pt 6 7 textheight 595pt 8 9 marginparsep 7pt 10 11 footskip 27pt hoffset Opt paperwidth 597pt one inch voffset topmargin 22pt headsep 19pt textwidth 360pt marginparwidth 106pt marginparpush 5pt not shown voffset Opt paperheight 845pt Figure 6 2 Layout parameters for this book Try the layouts package to print the layout of your own document 6 5 More Fun With Lengths 133 6 5 More Fun With Lengths Whenever possible I avoid using absolute lengths in IXTEX documents I rather try to base things on the width or height of other page elements For the width of a figure this could be textwidth in order to make it fill the page The following 3 commands allow you to d
169. the European languages using Latin script The LH font set contains letters necessary to typeset documents in languages using Cyrillic script Because of the large number of Cyrillic glyphs they are arranged into four font encodings T2A T2B T2C and X2 The CB bundle contains fonts in LGR encoding for the composition of Greek text Improve enable hyphenation in non English documents by using these fonts Another advantage of using new CM like fonts is that they provide fonts of CM families in all weights shapes and optically scaled font sizes 2 5 1 Support for Portuguese By Demerson Andre Polli lt polli linux ime usp br gt To enable hyphenation and change all automatic text to Portuguese use the Find a list of languages supported by each of these encodings in 11 28 Typesetting Text Table 2 3 Preamble for Portuguese documents usepackage portuguese babel usepackage latin1 inputenc usepackage T1 fontenc command usepackage portuguese babel Or if you are in Brazil substitute brazilian as the language As there are a lot of accents in Portuguese you might want to use usepackage latin1 inputenc to be able to input them correctly as well as usepackage T1 fontenc to get the hyphenation right See table 2 3 for the preamble you need to write in the Portuguese language Note that the example is for the latinl input encoding Mod
170. to uuo Rok sem ev xx R ee EDU a 44 2 11 5 Prmtine Verbal s a vce ge eo ee Po ee OR 45 AA 23k oto ee OO eb EUER ee A 45 2 12 Floating Bodies gt s s sosa 44 acea o o RR 9 9 3 ox 48 2 13 Protecting Fragile Commands 51 Typesetting Mathematical Formulae 53 1 The AMS BTEX bundle soc o Rn 53 2 2 Single Equations ss cosa n sa bee Be a 53 22 1 Math Mode i oos w oe ae g E RR 55 3 3 Building Blocks of a Mathematical Formula 56 3 4 Single Equations that are Too Long multline 61 2 0 Multiple Equations sa es 06 ree Rm oto 62 3 5 1 Problems with Traditional Commands 62 3 5 2 IEEEeqnarray Environment 64 2 0 0 Common Usage oho dor Pad RS 64 36 Araysand Matrices uou nee aus p Reb R eee 67 CONTENTS 3 7 Spacing in Math Mode llle 68 Aul PHADDONERE oep paa koe a Rege Rok ge a dodk 69 3 8 Fiddling with the Math Fonts 70 38 1 Bold Symboale 2 44 nostia beh bbe Re xd 70 3 9 Theorems Lemmas llle 71 3 9 1 Proofs and End of Proof Symbol 72 3 10 List of Mathematical Symbols 75 4 Specialities 83 4 1 Including Encapsulated POSTSCRIPT 83 22 la i sos aop ete eon eh RUE BAe ed ee es 85 Ao o 2 i cach eS 29k Qa amp fk OR Segoe ah ee ee dene e 86 AA Famey Headers o co occiso 87 4 5 The Verbatim Package so sesa so eo Ro Rom c en 89 4 6 Installing Extra Packages llle 89
171. to eqref clever Add a squared and b squared to get c squared Or using a more mathematical approach al bh 3 1 He didn t say 14 123 dumb This is a reference to 3 2 If you don t want IATEX to number the equations use the starred version of equation using an asterisk equation or even easier enclose the equation in NE and M2 2This is an amsmath command If you don t have access to the package for some obscure reason you can use IXTEX s own displaymath environment instead 3 This is again from amsmath Standard IATEX s has only the equation environment without the star 3 2 Single Equations 55 Add a squared and b squared to get c squared Or using a more mathematical approach beginfequation a 2 b 2 c 2 end equation or you can type less for the same effect MN a 2 b 2 c 2 N Add a squared and b squared to get c squared Or using a more mathematical approach e e or you can type less for the same effect a b e While is short and sweet it does not allow switching between numbered and not numbered style as easily as equation and equation Note the difference in typesetting style between text style and display style equations This is text style lim_ n to infty sum_ k 1 n frac i k72 frac pi 2 6 And this is display style begin equation lim_ n to infty sum_ k 1 n frac 1 k 2 frac pi 2 6 end
172. ts and m1 ma the respective slopes of a quadratic B zier curve The intermediate control point S x y is then given by the equations m mar mizi ya y1 relr ma m 5 1 y yid mlx a i1 2 See Graphics in ATEX 2e 17 for a Java program which generates the neces sary Nqbezier command line 114 Producing Mathematical Graphics 5 2 10 Catenary setlength unitlength 1cm begin picture 4 3 3 6 2 5 0 25 put 2 0 vector 1 0 4 4 put 2 45 05 x put 0 0 vector 0 1 3 2 put 0 3 35 makebox 0 0 y Nqbezier 0 0 0 0 1 2384 0 0 2 0 2 7622 qbezier 0 0 0 0 1 2384 0 0 2 0 2 7622 linethickness 075mm multiput 2 0 1 0 5 line 0 1 3 multiput 2 0 0 1 4 line 1 0 4 linethickness 2mm put 3 12763 line 1 0 4 put 5 07237 line 0 1 4 K v put 7 12763 line 1 0 4 x put 5 07237 line 0 1 4 put 8 54308 line 1 0 4 put 1 34308 line 0 1 4 put 1 2 54308 line 1 0 4 put 1 34308 line 0 1 4 put 1 3 1 35241 line 1 0 4t put 1 5 1 15241 line 0 1 4 put 1 7 1 35241 line 1 0 4 put 1 5 1 15241 line 0 1 4 put 2 5 0 25 circle 0 2 end picture In this figure each symmetric half of the catenary y coshz 1 is approximated by a quadratic B zier cur
173. two require amssymb or amsfonts Sometimes you need to tell ATEX the correct font size In math mode this is set with the following four commands displaystyle 123 textstyle 123 Nscriptstyle 123 and scriptscriptstyle 123 If Y is placed in a fraction it ll be typeset in text style unless you tell IXTEX otherwise begin equation P frac displaystylef sum_ i 1 n x i x n y_i Ny X 2 a y y displaystyle left P i 1 Xsum_fi 1 n x_i x 72 n n Vsun i 1 n y i y 2 Y ui z y yy right 1 2 i 1 i l end equation Changing styles generally affects the way big operators and limits are displayed 3 8 1 Bold Symbols It is quite difficult to get bold symbols in IATEX this is probably intentional as amateur typesetters tend to overuse them The font change command mathbf gives bold letters but these are roman upright whereas math ematical symbols are normally italic and furthermore it doesn t work on lower case Greek letters There is a boldmath command but this can only be used outside math mode It works for symbols too though mu M qquad mathbf mu mathbf M pL M I M u M qquad boldmath mu M 3 9 Theorems Lemmas 71 The package amsbsy included by amsmath as well as the package bm from the tools bundle make this much easier as they include a boldsymbol command mu M qquad boldsymbol mu boldsymbol1
174. usepackage textcomp use the command texteuro to access it If your font does not provide its own Euro symbol or if you do not like the font s Euro symbol you have two more choices First the eurosym package It provides the official Euro symbol usepackage official eurosym If you prefer a Euro symbol that matches your font use the option gen in place of the official option Table 2 1 A bag full of Euro symbols LM textcomp texteuro eurosym euro genjeurosym Neuro 24 Typesetting Text 2 4 7 Ellipsis On a typewriter a comma or a period takes the same amount of space as any other letter In book printing these characters occupy only a little space and are set very close to the preceding letter Therefore entering ellipsis by just typing three dots would produce the wrong result Instead there is a special command for these dots It is called ldots low dots Not like this but like this Not like this but like this New York Tokyo Budapest ldots New York Tokyo Budapest 2 4 8 Ligatures Some letter combinations are typeset not just by setting the different letters one after the other but by actually using special symbols ffiflffi instead of ff fi fl ffi These so called ligatures can be prohibited by inserting an mbox between the two letters in question T
175. ut in addition there will be a visible box drawn around the content 2 3 Ready Made Strings In some of the examples on the previous pages you have seen some very simple IATEX commands for typesetting special text strings Command Example Description today July 18 2015 Current date XTeX TEX Your favorite typesetter LaTeX IXTEX The Name of the Game LaTeXe IXTEX 2e The current incarnation 2 4 Special Characters and Symbols 2 4 1 Quotation Marks You should not use the for quotation marks as you would on a typewriter In publishing there are special opening and closing quotation marks In ATEX use two grave accent for opening quotation marks and two vertical quote for closing quotation marks For single quotes you use just one of each 22 Typesetting Text Please press the x key Please press the x key Yes I know the rendering is not ideal it s really a back tick or grave accent for opening quotes and vertical quote for closing despite what the font chosen might suggest 2 4 2 Dashes and Hyphens IXTEX knows four kinds of dashes Access three of them with different number of consecutive dashes The fourth sign is actually not a dash at all it is the mathematical minus sign daughter in law X rated daughter in law X rated pages 13 67 pages 13 67 yes or no NN yes or no 0 1 and 1 0 1 and 1 The names for these dashes are
176. ve The right half of the curve ends in the point 2 2 7622 the slope there having the value m 3 6269 Using again equation 5 1 we can calculate the intermediate control points They turn out to be 1 2384 0 and 1 2384 0 The crosses indicate points of the real catenary The error is barely noticeable being less than one percent This example points out the use of the optional argument of the begin picture command The picture is defined in convenient mathe matical coordinates whereas by the command begin picture 4 3 3 6 2 5 0 25 its lower left corner marked by the black disk is assigned the coordinates 2 5 0 25 5 3 The PGF and TikZ Graphics Packages 115 5 2 11 Rapidity in the Special Theory of Relativity setlength unitlength 0 8cm begin picture 6 4 3 2 put 2 5 0 vector 1 0 5 put 2 7 0 1 chi put 0 1 5 vector 0 1 3 multiput 2 5 1 0 4 0 13 48 v c tanh x line 1 0 0 2 multiput 2 5 1 0 4 0 13 line 1 0 0 2 X put 0 2 1 4 beta v c tanh chi qbezier 0 0 0 8853 0 8853 2 0 9640 A qbezier 0 0 0 8853 0 8853 2 0 9640 put 3 2 circle 0 2 end picture The control points of the two B zier curves were calculated with formulas 5 1 The positive branch is determined by P 0 0 m 1 and P5 2 tanh 2 m3 1 cosh 2 Again the picture
177. verbatim to the preamble of your document as explained below to use this command This is another begin comment rather stupid but helpful end comment example for embedding comments in your document This is another example for embedding comments in your document Note that this won t work inside complex environments like math for example 1 4 Input File Structure 1 4 Input File Structure When IATEX2e processes an input file it expects it to follow a certain structure Thus every input file must start with the command documentclass This specifies what sort of document you intend to write After that add commands to influence the style of the whole document or load packages that add new features to the IXTEX system To load such a package you use the command usepackage When all the setup work is done you start the body of the text with the command begin document Now you enter the text mixed with some useful IATEX commands At the end of the document you add the end document command which tells IATEX to call it a day Anything that follows this command will be ignored by TFX Figure 1 1 shows the contents of a minimal IATEX 2 file A slightly more complicated input file is given in Figure 1 2 1 5 A Typical Command Line Session I bet you must be dying to try out the neat small IATEX input file shown on page 7 Here is some help IATEX itself comes without a GU
178. vi Preface It is important to read the chapters in order the book is not that big after all Be sure to carefully read the examples because a lot of the information is in the examples placed throughout the book IATEX is available for most computers from the PC and Mac to large UNIX and VMS systems On many university computer clusters you will find that a IXTEX installation is available ready to use Information on how to access the local IATEX installation should be provided in the Local Guide 5 If you have problems getting started ask the person who gave you this booklet The scope of this document is not to tell you how to install and set up a IATEX system but to teach you how to write your documents so that they can be processed by IATEX If you need to get hold of any TX related material have a look at one of the Comprehensive TEX Archive Network CTAN sites The homepage is at http www ctan org You will find other references to CTAN throughout the book especially pointers to software and documents you might want to download Instead of writing down complete urls I just wrote CTAN followed by whatever location within the CTAN tree you should go to If you want to run IATEX on your own computer take a look at what is available from CTAN systems If you have ideas for something to be added removed or altered in this document please let me know I am especially interested in feedback from IXTEX novices about w
179. x utf xetexko and luatexko http ktug org Mnttp ktug kr 2 5 International Language Support 31 Table 2 6 Preamble for Greek documents Nusepackage english greek babel usepackage iso 8859 7 inputenc start like this documentclass oblivoir To generate an index for a Korean document execute komkindex instead of makeindex It is a version of the makeindex utility modified for Korean processing For lexicographical sorting of the Korean index items you can use index style kotex ist provided by ko TX as follows komkindex s kotex foo idx You can also use xindy for index generation as the Korean module for xindy is included in TEX Live There is another Korean Hangul typesetting package called CJK As the name of the package suggests it has facilities for typesetting Chinese Japanese and Korean characters It supports multiple encodings of the CJK characters The following is a simple example of typesetting UTF 8 encoded Hangul using CJK package It is useful when you submit a manuscript to some academic journals that allow typesetting author names in native languages usepackage CJK begin CJK UTF8 CJKfamily nanummj end CJK 2 5 5 Writing in Greek By Nikolaos Pothitos lt pothitos di uoa gr gt See table 2 6 for the preamble you need to write in the Greek language This preamble enables hyphenation and changes all automatic text to Greek Tf y
180. y Headers The fancyhdr package written by Piet van Oostrum provides a few simple commands that allow you to customize the header and footer lines of your document Look at the top of this page for an application of this package The tricky problem when customising headers and footers is to get things like running section and chapter names in there XIX accomplishes this with a two stage approach In the header and footer definition you use the commands rightmark and leftmark to represent the current section 6 Available from CTAN macros latex contrib supported fancyhdr 88 Specialities documentclass book usepackage fancyhdr pagestyle fancy with this we ensure that the chapter and section headings are in lowercase renewcommand chaptermark 1 markboth 1 renewcommand sectionmark 1 7 markright thesection 1 fancyhf delete current header and footer fancyhead LE RO bfseries thepage fancyhead L0 bfseries rightmark fancyhead RE bfseries leftmark renewcommand headrulewidth 0 5pt renewcommand footrulewidth Opt addtolength headheight 0 5pt space for the rule fancypagestyle plain fancyhead get rid of headers on plain pages renewcommand headrulewidth Opt and the line Figure 4 1 Example fancyhdr Setup 4 5 The Verbatim Package 89 and chapter heading respectively The values of these two commands are overwritten whenever a chapte
181. your system is already configured appropriately activate the babel package by adding the command usepackage language babel after the Ndocumentclass command A list of the languages built into your IATEX system will be displayed every time the compiler is started Babel will automatically activate the appropriate hyphenation rules for the language you choose If your LXTEX format does not support hyphenation in the language of your choice babel will still work but will disable hyphenation which has quite a negative effect on the appearance of the typeset document Table of Contents List of Figures Table 2 2 Accents and Special Characters o M o No Wo o o o o o o o Q Ncc 6 wo 6 Wo 6 Wo Q co Md o o bo o Nt oo ce Noe E MOE Nae E MAE aa NAA No NO Al L AL DOM p UM po p E 26 Typesetting Text Babel also specifies new commands for some languages which simplify the input of special characters The German language for example contains a lot of umlauts With babel loaded enter an 6 by typing o instead of o If you call babel with multiple languages usepackage languageA languageB babel then the last language in the option list will be active i e languageB Use the command selectlanguage languageA to change the active language Most modern computer systems allow you to input letters of national alph

The Not So Short Introduction to LaTeX

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