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1. Drinking Water Storage Figure 4 Process flow diagram of design considered 3 This design was not selected because of the added cost associated with the increased number of filters in the process The benefit of increasing the lifetime of the RO membrane is not expected to outweigh the initial cost of the system low payback 3 3 4 Fall Term Selected Design Microfiltration and Reverse Osmosis System Feed Water Quality Low turbidity brackish water with pathogenic contaminants Primary Application Specifically for remote communities with limited access to modern resources Description The design that was selected at the end of the fall semester consisted of a system that would be able to purify brackish water with micro bacterial contamination It consisted of a mechanically driven shaft that powers a positive displacement pump The system utilized a microfiltration membrane in series with a reverse osmosis membrane The microfiltration membrane was selected to serve as the filter for pre treatment in order to mitigate fouling of the RO membrane It was expected to remove some of the particle and microbial contamination with sizes as small as 0 2 microns The Dalhousie Univ Page 15 of 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System reverse osmosis filter achieves filtration of dissolved i
2. M 51 7 ImplermentatiOfi rore tree rere re er O a Supe ehe voee a aea dee e Ra ee n ERE e ra e Re ee Ryu eS 55 7 1 ECONOMICA iaa 55 7 2 Environmental sustainability eese sees esee ener sten nn nnne nnns 56 7 3 Desigti compaLrlSOn corriere ener ee RF tee ree peer ete e ene eee rper ene een 56 8 Concl slori eater ertt PERO PO tane een leg n e te AAA 59 References and Bibliography ut tet de re eh sees texte ede ponet a foetu nae ata ous ide eda adum 61 Appendix A Raw Data eae t 63 AppendixB Design Calculations esesssesseseses seen eene ene eterne nn ncnnnn inest en nensis nan 68 AppendixC Matlab code for process flow simulation eese 78 AppendixD Product Specification Sheets enne enne nnne 80 Appendix E Supervisor Meeting Minutes oooooocccnncccconononancnoncnnnnnnnononnnnnnnnnnnnnononnnnnnannnnnno nnnnns stent entren nis 85 Appendix F Assemibly UserManu al t hmi ER ete TE e e a 90 Appendix G CAD DrawWingS ccccconoccccnnnonnconnnoncnonanonononononononnnnnnnc stern sse REENEN CEET ONTE nnn 102 Dalhousie Univ Page 3 of 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System List of Figures Figure 1 Particle size removal capabilities of different media and membrane filters 12 Figure 2 Design corisidered 41 roc UE e T VE 13 F
3. 15 3 3 5 The Final Desi ia rennes ee ane 16 4 Final Designs most te eom Ue abc eI Ee ei ene MINIME 18 4 1 Frame Design ice O 18 4 2 Drivetrai M rea Ma 19 42 1 Pedal erank Assembly tree PER ROI 22 4 2 2 Intermediate Sprocket Assembly sese ener nnne 24 4 2 3 Pump Drive Assembly ea etin EIN ee eR Vea a EVE e ER VERA ARR ERN EE ERE Pa RS 25 4 4 Hydraulic iCIreuitz eei 27 4 4 T PUMP Select di eme eet 27 4 4 2 Purification System nennen nnne nennen entera sanas sss essetis sanas sss sns ti gana nis 28 5 UID MEE 37 5 1 leere en ea A a A A eas oe eA a wees 37 5 2 Materials and EquIpMeNt oooocccncncnononoonnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnonnnnnnnnnnnnonnnnnnnnnnnnnonnnnnnnnnnnnnnnrnnennnnnnnnnannnenanoss 37 5 3 o A 37 53d a OAE EERE E E E A adn II 38 5 3 2 Human Power Testi E EERTE E E E E 40 5 3 3 Water Quality Testing cccccccccccscssssssssececececessesneaeseceessesseaeaeseeecesseeaaeaeeeeecesseseaaeaeeeeeees 40 5 4 A A NN 44 SAT Flow rate Results coi ia ic hee re rh IE e ii dd aliados 44 5 4 2 Human Power Results 3er ta ete dida dida 46 5 4 3 Water Quality Result RR RIEN ERSTE 48 Dalhousie Univ Page 2 of 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System 6 LUI EL
4. MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System Figure36 The Aquaduct The Pedal Powered Human Ultrafiltration Unit is capable of delivering microbiologically pure water from fresh water sources The treated water may contain a wide range of pathogens and is treated using an ultrafiltration membrane Figure37 The Pedal Powered Human Ultrafiltration Unit A comparison of the Human Powered Water Purification unit with the abovementioned designs is summarized in Table 16 below Dalhousie Univ Page 57 of 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System Table 16 Design comparison of different water purification systems Microbacterial Design O TDS removal Flow rate Lpm Price removal No No Yes No 14 Yes Yes 0 50 1100 Dalhousie Univ Page 58 of 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System 8 Conclusion The Human Powered Water Purification System succeeded in meeting the design requirements with the exception of marginally meeting the flow rate requirement The design requirements and achievements are summarized in the table below Table 17 Summary of achieved design requirements Category Requirement Achieved Power Essential Mechanically human powered Yes Optional Can be powered by only
5. Dalhousie Univ Dept of Mechanical Eng Page 54 of 102 MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System 7 Implementation This section will present analyses on the economics and sustainability of the Human Power Water Purification System as well as how it compares to similar designs 7 1 Economic Analysis Some research was done into the economics of the human powered water purification system This section includes financial viability and sustainability of the value of the project to the current economy The economic analysis compares the cost of the human powered water purification system to the cost of purchasing drinking water in 18 5 L jugs and cases of 500 ml water bottles Assumptions to Economic Analysis gt No discount rate is considered gt The water consumption rate is 10 liters per day family of 5 for 10 years The RO membranes have to be replaced once a year whereas cartridge filters have to be replaced twice a year Total replacement cost 225 year Thecostofrefilling 18 5 L water tank is 3 and the cost of a 500 ml water bottle is 1 50 Transportation costs were neglected Table15 Economic analysis summary Water Sourcing Option 10 Year Cost Present Day Dollars Human Powered Water Purification System 3300 18 5 L jugs 6000 500 ml bottles 13 000 Dalhousie Univ Page 55 of 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term
6. areas with limited access to resources Description This first design that was considered was developed around the concepts of sustainability and simplicity It is a design that uses slow sand filtration and solar disinfection as the main two components of water purification The influent contaminated water is poured into an intake container that provides a gravity feed into the system The Figure 2 Design considered 1 contaminated water flows through a perforated plate that disperses the water across the top layer of the sand filter This provides a uniform distribution of the flow and increases the effective surface area of the slow sand filter A sketch of the design is shown in Figure 2 The contaminated water flows through a layer of large grain sand a permeable sheet small grain sand and finally a gravel bed The first layer provides filtration of suspended solids in the water The second layer the permeable sheet provides a surface for the microbiologically active sand layer to form This layer produces a bio slime that is composed of microorganisms that kill and strain out influent streams containing pathogens The third layer containing the fine sand removes any smaller sized particles that were not filtered out in the initial stage of the system The effluent water is then collected in a series of containers made of type 1 plastic that allows sunlight to further disinfect the water Dalhousie Univ Page 13 o
7. AMI Web the pressure drop can be estimated using the following equation AMI Web Op actual Cr B actual Q Prated Arated Allactuai pate Dalhousie Univ Page 31 of 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System Where P is the trans membrane pressure in psi required to produce permeate flow rate Q AII is the osmotic pressure across the membrane in psi and Cr is a temperature correction factor The osmotic pressure is a function of the concentration of salt in the feed water and the permeate water According to AMI Membranes a manufacturer of reverse osmosis membranes the osmotic pressure can be estimated using the following rule of thumb All Where AII is the osmotic pressure differential in psi and Cf is the total dissolved solids concentration of the feed water in parts per million ppm A more accurate calculation can be performed by taking into account the salt concentration of the product water Kucera 2010 however because of the high salt rejection rate of the membranes 98 salt rejection specified for the Black Max membrane the effect on osmotic pressure is neglected In the fall term the team presented a comparison of different reverse osmosis membranes in order to choose the best piece of equipment based on the system flow requirements and cost The comparison resulted in a choice of a 2 5x21 Low Energy Brackis
8. o o o Ww A al o 9 HM N o 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 TDS ppm 9 90 psi 8 100 psi Figure32 Flow rate VS TDS level for pressures of 90 and 100 psi and 95 rpm pedal speed As observed from Figure 32 a drop in flow rate is observed as the level of TDS increases Also as the pressure is increased from 90 psi to 100 psi more flow is observed for all TDS levels For a system pressure of 100 psi the flow rate was observed to drop below 0 5 Lpm at a TDS level of approximately 500 ppm To increase the level of TDS that can be pumped through the system while Dalhousie Univ Page 45 of 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System maintaining a flow rate of 0 5 Lpm the curve needs to be shifted upwards corresponding to increasing the system pressure to 110 or 120 psi The following subsection summarizes the results of the human power testing 5 4 2 Human Power Results Two 20 minute trials were performed to demonstrate that a human can sustainably power the Human Powered Water Purification System for 20 minutes time to produce 10 L of drinking water One team member pedaled the bike for 20 minutes The pedaling speed was measured every minute to maintain a constant pedaling speed of 90 RPM The results of both tests are shown in Table 8 below Table 8 Full 20 minute pedaling test results Average Peda
9. 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System Figure 18 Osmosis PASCO Web Reverse osmosis occurs when a pressure is applied to the solution of higher concentration causing the process to reverse and the water to flow from the higher concentration side of the membrane to the lower The pressure required to move water through the membrane is a function of the characteristics of the membrane as well as the salt concentration of the water Most commercially available reverse osmosis membranes are either spiral wound or hollow fine fibre type For small scale applications the team was only able to identify spiral wound membranes A spiral wound membrane is illustrated in the following figure FEED SPACER ES NS Seller RESIDUAL MEMBRANE ANY PERMEATE SPACER MEMBRANE FEED SPACER i ae RESIDUAL Figure 19 Spiral wound membrane element RPI Web The reverse osmosis membranes used in the Human Powered Water Purification System were selected to provide the required flow rate of 0 5 Lpm A significant portion of the project was spent selecting sourcing and evaluating the characteristics of the reverse osmosis membranes The pressure drop across an RO membrane is a complex relation between flow rate recovery rate salt concentration and water temperature Using the rated operating conditions of a membrane given by the manufacturer
10. 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System SRecovery Rate given by Rec Qp Qfeed P fluid Qfeed P 0 117 Fluid power 0 117 is conversion to Watts P human P fluid eff p eff dt SHuman Power W figure plot P human Qp 1 title Permeate Flow vs Human Power Input xlabel Power W ylabel Permeate Flowrate Lpm grid on hold on plot P human Qp 2 r plot P human Qp 3 g plot P human Op 4 k legend 100 ppm 1000 ppm 2000 ppm 4000 ppm Location NorthWest Dalhousie University Page 79 of 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System Appendix D Product Specification Sheets Dalhousie University Page 80 of 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System fA Fluid o Tech S S BOWER THE FLOW Brass rotary vane pumps PO 70 400 series E The rotary vane pumps manufactured by Fluid o Tech and sold worldwide under the trademark Rotofiow are volumetric pumps designed for pumping water and moderate aggressive liquids with low flow at high pressure Technical features and manufacturing characteristics The rotary vane pump is brass made with a stainless steel AISI 303 rotor while the pumping chamber and the vanes are in carbon graphite The inlet and outlet ports are 3 8 GAS o
11. 8 Tal 439 Q2 891707 1 Ta 1 860 276 9270 Tol 81 args d 86 1684050 Fax 20 02 89170790 Fax 1 850 620 0193 1 6 fo Bj ares ace rx soe D 61684651 uo prodr prot radar eens bebe bb PO B 70 400 en 05 12 Ed Dalhousie University Page 82 of 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System Waterite eee TESTS Meridian Drive Winnipeg Manitoba a eee ae ae Canada R2R 2V9 PHONE 204 786 1604 FAX 204 783 1599 Email waterite waterite com Website www waterite com WATERITE TECHNOLOGIES INC PRODUCT SPECIFICATION SHEET RO MEM 001 BLACK MAX RESIDENTIAL TFC REVERSE OSMOSIS MEMBRANE ELEMENTS A GENERAL SPECIFCATIONS TYPE Spiral wound TFC RO membranes tape wrapped FEED WATER PRESSURE 40 psi minimum 125 psi maximum FEED WATER TEMP 45 C 113 F maximum FEED FLOW RATE 2 0 gpm maximum COLOUR Black external tape with gray trim DIMENSIONS Model No SPEC RO MEM 001 May 2002 Dalhousie University Page 83 of 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System PACKAGING Elements are shipped in sealed bags and contain a preservative solution of 1 296 by weight of sodium metabisulphite food grade TRADE NAME BLACK MAXo B PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS Model No Permeate Flow Rate Minimum Salt Stabilized Salt Gals Day Liters Day Rejection R
12. Based on a maximum recommended single stage reduction of 7 1 Renold Jeffrey Web two stages were required to produce the 13 5 1 gear ratio The bearing housing shown in Figure 14 is an identical assembly of parts as the one shown in Figure 13 A summary of the main mechanical components of the intermediate sprocket assembly with their selected sizes is in Table 4 Table 4 Summary of components in intermediate sprocket assembly Component Quantity Size Steel shaft 1 5 8 dia Sprocket for 35 Chain 3 8 60 tooth sprocket 1 Pitch 60 Teeth 5 8 Bore Sprocket for 35 Chain 3 8 20 tooth sprocket 1 Pitch 20 Teeth 5 8 Bore Bearing Housing 1 114 SCH 80 Interior Snap Rings 2 1 3 8 bore diameter Exterior Snap Rings 2 5 8 shaft diameter Ball Bearings 2 5 8 shaft diameter Dalhousie Univ Page 24 of 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System 4 2 3 Pump Drive Assembly The pump drive assembly is composed of machine parts that transmit the power from the drive train to power the pump The chain size was selected to be an ANSI ISO 35 chain size This chain size was selected based on the rated load according to one supplier McMaster Carr Web A view ofthe general assembly is shown in Figure 15 Pump Flexible coupling Angle Bar F a Bearing Housing 10 tooth sprocket Shaft Figure 15 Pump drive assembly
13. Dalhousie Univ Page 63 of 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System Concentrat Concentra e Permeate te Permeate Concentrate Permeate Pressure Initial Initial Current Voltage Final Mass Final Mass time interval Flow rate Flow rate Recovery TDS TDS Batch RPM psi Mass kg Mass g Amp V kg kg sec L min L min Rate Initial Final Temp C 1008 70 8 6 860 2 7 29 41 9 8 1100 34 8 2 07 0 41 0 17 71 80 5 50 25 00 1008 80 12 6 750 2 82 28 96 13 7 1000 31 4 2 10 0 48 0 19 71 80 3 70 25 00 1008 90 17 580 3 18 29 73 2 8 860 32 1 2 06 0 52 0 20 71 80 4 30 25 00 1008 100 9 6 812 3 45 30 10 6 1140 32 4 1 85 0 61 0 25 71 80 4 70 25 00 1008 110 12 4 660 3 8 30 38 13 7 1150 44 6 1 75 0 66 0 27 71 80 3 30 25 00 1134 70 9 1 490 2 72 32 47 10 5 705 31 5 2 67 0 41 0 13 71 80 5 60 24 00 1134 80 13 4 660 29 32 74 14 7 920 33 1 2 36 0 47 0 17 71 80 2 70 24 00 1134 90 17 9 800 3 14 33 01 19 2 1100 33 2 2 35 0 54 0 19 71 80 2 50 24 00 1134 100 3 850 3 38 33 04 4 2 1150 31 2 2 31 0 58 0 20 71 80 2 90 24 00 1134 110 6 4 750 3 63 33 32 7 6 1102 33 2 2 17 0 64 0 23 71 80 2 60 24 00 1260 70 5 6 560 2 85 36 3 7 2 753 32 2 2 98 0 36 0 11 71 80 5 60 22 00 1260 80 9 8 580 3 02 36 49 11 4 804 32 3 2 97 0 42 0 12 71 80 3 80 22 00 1260 90 13 94 594 3 24 36 5 15 4 853 33 2 2 64 0 47 0 15 71 80 2 40 22 00 1260 100 17 5 1048 3 41 36 8 19 1326 31 2 2 88 0 53 0 16 71 80 2 90 22 00 1260 11
14. Division of the Ministry of Environment of British Columbia the water quality criteria for total organic carbon are 2 mg L for treated water and 4 mg L for source water In this test the system was proven to be capable of reducing TOC DOC levels below the 2 mg L guideline Dalhousie Univ Page 50 of 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System 6 Budget The allocated budget provided to Team 15 by the Mechanical Engineering Department was 1200 The total cost of this project was 1112 30 A general breakdown of the budget is summarized in Table 13 categorized by major components of the system A detailed itemized budget is provided in Table 14 Table 13 Summarized budget categorized by major components Major Components Price Drive train 185 Sprockets hubs chain etc Frame 230 Metal fasteners etc Hydraulic Components iud 285 Compression fittings tubes valves etc Membranes and Filters 285 Pump 135 Total 1110 Dalhousie Univ Page 51 of 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System Table 14 Detailed budget Qty Item Price Subtotal Supplier Drive Train 1 Pedals 15 00 15 00 Ideal Bikes 1 45 Tooth Sprocket 10 49 10 49 Mcmast
15. Full drivetrain shown without chain Step 5 With the sprockets installed the two drive chains can be installed The master links that connect the two ends of the chain require the spring clip be inserted into the groves on the master link with a flat head type screw driver Step 6 Align all chain sprockets such the chain runs smoothly when the pedals are rotated slowly With chain and sprockets aligned tighten all of the set screws Step 7 Install the lovejoy coupler to both pump shafts and bolt the pump to the pump mount using the three 1 4 X1 bolts Note that the set screw on the pump side of the coupler MUST be tightened on the flat surface of the shaft else the shaft may become damaged upon operation Step 8 RECHECK all bolted connections to ensure everything is tight without deforming material and will not loosen because of drivetrain vibration With everything tightened the hydraulic system is now ready to be installed WARNING Do NOT run pump at this stage Dry running the pump at high speed will cause damage Hydraulic Assembly Before the assembly of the hydraulic system all male pipe threads should be wound thrice clockwise using Teflon tape with the thread end facing the user This will help speed assembly and ensure that all fittings seal properly when being threaded into place Dalhousie University Page 96 of 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purif
16. Hydraulic circuit ei ett ertet t aee iii iba 97 Figure44 Procon pump connection Down IN Up OUT occonocccnnnnoccconononcnonononnnonononcnnononnnnnnonnnnnnons 97 Figure45 Filter mount assembly Left to right Sediment Carbon Ultra 98 Figure 46 Pressure valve not shown is the PSV cscccsssecssssesssecesseecsseeecseesesaeessseecseesecseesssaeesesseeeaes 98 Figure 47 Left Reverse osmosis membrane housings essen enne nennen 99 Figure 48 System recovery valve cccccnonocoonnnnononononononnnnnnnncnnnnnnnonnnnnonnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnonornnnnnnnnnnnnrnnnnnnnnanens 100 Dalhousie Univ Page 5 of 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System List of Tables Table 1 Summary of design requirements esses nennen nennen nennen nini an nisse ennt inna n nnn nnn 9 Table 2 Summary of existing water purification systems ooooccconccnncnonoannnnnnnnnncnananononnnnnnnnnnnnnnncnnnnass 11 Table 3 Summary of components in pedal crank assembly sese 23 Table 4 Summary of components in intermediate sprocket assembly seseessssss 24 Table 5 Summary of components in pump drive assembly sees 26 Table 6 Comparison of membrane configurations esses enne enhn nter nn nnnns 32 Table 7 Materials and equipment required for testing essen 37 T
17. The bearing housing shown in Figure 15 is an identical assembly of parts as the one shown in Figure 13 The steel shaft was originally sized to match the bore size of the bearings sprocket and flexible coupling that could all be purchased Stress calculations were performed on the shaft shaft key and bearings to ensure that the stresses induced in the system were well below the allowable limits of these components Supporting calculations may found in Appendix B A summary of the main mechanical components with their selected sizes is in Table 5 Dalhousie Univ Page 25 of 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System Table 5 Summary of components in pump drive assembly Component Quantity Size Steel shaft 1 5 8 dia TR A Sprocket for 35 Chain 3 8 Pitch 10 Teeth 5 8 Bore Bearing Housing 1 114 SCH 80 Interior Snap Rings 2 1 3 8 bore diameter Exterior Snap Rings 2 5 8 shaft diameter Ball Bearings 2 5 8 shaft diameter Flexible Coupling 1 7 16 and 5 8 coupling hubs Angle bar 1 4 KEKA Pump 1 70 gph 1 Pump specification sheet attached in Appendix D Dalhousie Univ Page 26 of 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System 4 4 Hydraulic Circuit The physical layout of the hydraulic circuit is shown in Figure 16 below 5 micron sediment filte
18. Water Purification System The Fluid o Tech pump is manufactured as a replacement for a near identical product manufactured by Procon Pumps In Procon s literature the minimum pump rotation speed for the similar pump was specified as 800 RPM The drivetrain was chosen to drive the pump at about 1200 RPM at normal pedaling speeds in order to stay well above the 800 RPM lower limit without going so fast as to cause increased inefficiency in the drivetrain associated with friction caused by driving the pump shaft at high speeds A Fluid o Tech rotary vane pump rated at 70 gph 4 4 Lpm at 1750 RPM was selected in order to provide the required flow rate at the design pump shaft speed of 1200 RPM The specification sheet for this pump can be found in Appendix D Since for a rotary vane pump the flow rate is proportional to the speed the actual output of the pump at design conditions is 1200 RPM 44 Lpm o RPM 3 Lpm The 3 Lpm is slightly below the desired 3 3 Lpm The original design specified an 80 gph pump to provide the desired flow rate however the team was unable to procure an 80 gph pump and purchased the next best available pump In the future the team could adjust the sprocket system to achieve the specified 3 3 Lpm For the purposes of this project the desired permeate flow rate was achieved by adjusting the recovery rate of the system increasing it above 15 4 4 2 Purification System The final design selected for the
19. html gt McMaster Carr McMaster Carr N p n d Web 01 Dec 2012 lt http www mcmaster com gt Microbiological Quality of Drinking Water Appl Environ Microbiol 41 3 1981 646 51 Web lt http aem asm org content 70 5 2848 full pdf gt PASCO N p n d Web lt http www pascocanada com ProductTab php p ME 6942 gt Pedal Powered Water Bike World Wide Water N p n d Web lt http www worldwidewater biz pedal powered water bike gt Solar Water Disinfection Wikipedia Wikimedia Foundation 11 Feb 2012 Web 05 Nov 2012 lt http en wikipedia org wiki Solar_water_disinfection gt The CO2 List 2012 July Co2 released when making amp using products Web http www co2list org files carbon htm Tobin R S D K Smith and J A Lindsay Effects of Activated Carbon and Bacteriostatic Filters on Microbiological Quality of Drinking Water Appl Environ Microbiol 41 3 1981 646 51 Web lt http aem asm org content 70 5 2848 full pdf gt Water Quality Environmental Protection Division Government of British Columbia n d Web lt http www env gov bc ca wat wq BCguidelines orgcarbon drinking html gt Wilson David Gordon and Jim Papadopoulos Bicycling Science Cambridge MIT 2004 Print Dalhousie Univ Page 62 of 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System Appendix A Raw Data
20. one person Yes Capacity Essential 10 L of water after 20 minutes of 9 6 Lin 20 min operation Water Quality Essential Reduce bacteria viruses to potable Coliform and E Coli level completely removed Optional Reduce dissolved solids to potable 9496 TDS rejection rate level Physical Essential Weight less than 40 kg 31 4 kg Not to exceed 1 m envelope volume 0 99 m Cost Essential Prototype cost 1200 1110 Optional Projected product fabrication cost in Unexamined quantity should not exceed 200 With regards to the capacity requirement of 10L the system was capable of producing 9 6 L of water 496 under the desired quantity of 10 L The team believes that they were not able to surpass the 10 L requirement because at an earlier testing session one test was performed using water from Halifax harbour The team suspects that the reverse osmosis membranes were slightly fouled because of the high salt concentration of the seawater 35 000 ppm Furthermore earlier testing sessions confirmed that the system can produce flow rates higher than 0 5 Lpm Dalhousie Univ Page 59 of 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System Future iterations of the design could improve in several areas e The residential reverse osmosis membranes should be replaced with membranes specifically designed for brackish water applications in order to reduc
21. ppm E 0 8 e LL o v 0 6 o E o a e I 0 2 80 100 120 140 Power W Figure 21 Permeate flow rate vs human power for two Black Max 100 gpd membranes in parallel In order to calculate the human power requirement the efficiency of the rotary vane pump was taken into account Although Fluid o Tech does not cite pump efficiencies the team found documentation citing pump brake horsepower for a near identical Procon pump The efficiency of the pump was found to be in the range of 35 Also the efficiency of the sprocket drivetrain was assumed to be 8596 Note in the graphs that as the salt concentration of the feed water increases the pressure and power requirements also increase Based on the simulation the membranes are expected to produce the 0 5 Lpm of flow desired to meet the design requirements The 0 5 Lpm is also achievable within human power capabilities In order to understand how much power a human can produce the team examined a study on the maximum power a healthy adult can produce over a period of time The results of the study are summarized in the following figure Dalhousie Univ Page 34 of 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System Maximum Sustainable Human Power Output for a Healthy Adult 600 500 400 i 300 Power W 200 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 Duration min Figure 22 Maximum sustainable human pow
22. tachometer was used to measure the rpm of the shaft driving the pump Two multi meters measured voltage and amperage being drawn by the motor The recovery rate valve was manually adjusted to modify the system back pressure which was read by the analog pressure gages The accumulated mass of concentrate and permeate water exiting the reverse osmosis membranes were measured separately by two digital scales Using a stop watch the flow rate was calculated based on the difference in mass measured over a measured time interval The test set up detailing the specific measurements is shown in the schematic in Figure 24 below LA Concentrate Pump Pressure Pre RO Pressure Flow Rate RO Membrane Permeate Flow Rate RO Membrane Sum Activated 0 35 pm Filter Carbon Filter Filter Contaminated Source Tank Motor Voltage and Current Speed Controller Figure 24 System performance testing set up Measurement points designated by arrows For the system flow rate tests the voltage and current drawn by the motor were measured in order to quantify the power consumption of the system under different operating conditions The power measurements will be discussed in further detail in the following subsection For the different tests a sample of the influent water quality and permeate was collected in the 250 ml Nalgene bottles These bottles were then taken to the Water Center for Resources Studies to be measured for total dissolved solid
23. 0 2 7 718 3 74 37 4 1 1010 32 3 2 60 0 54 0 17 71 80 4 20 19 00 1386 70 7 587 2 79 39 2 8 7 750 31 3 3 26 0 31 0 09 71 80 2 30 19 00 1386 80 11 7 560 3 03 39 6 13 4 760 32 2 3 17 0 37 0 11 71 80 1 80 19 00 1386 90 16 5 569 3 23 39 8 18 2 820 32 2 3 17 0 47 0 13 71 80 5 20 22 00 1386 100 3 680 3 5 39 9 4 5 960 31 3 2 88 0 54 0 16 71 80 2 60 22 00 1386 110 7 7 807 3 7 40 1 9 4 1123 32 2 3 17 0 59 0 16 71 80 1 80 22 00 1008 70 2 9 609 2 72 29 16 4 1 768 34 2 12 0 28 0 12 1731 17 1 22 00 1008 80 6 6 524 2 88 29 36 7 7 679 31 2 2 12 0 30 0 12 1731 79 22 00 1008 90 10 4 522 3 11 29 75 11 5 702 31 4 2 10 0 34 0 14 1731 1292 22 00 1008 100 13 5 575 3 4 29 86 14 6 779 31 3 2 11 0 39 0 16 1731 60 00 22 00 1008 110 8 5 584 3 64 30 17 9 6 824 31 2 2 12 0 46 0 18 1589 83 70 23 00 Dalhousie Univ Page 64 of 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System 1134 70 11 6 1138 2 65 33 48 13 1 1303 34 1 2 64 0 29 0 10 1589 83 70 23 00 1134 80 2 5 442 2 92 32 87 3 8 621 32 4 241 0 33 0 12 1637 69 50 24 00 1134 90 5 4 841 3 13 32 94 6 6 1034 31 3 2 30 0 37 0 14 1637 69 50 24 00 1134 100 8 1268 3 36 32 94 9 3 1519 33 4 2 34 0 45 0 16 1637 69 50 24 00 1134 110 10 8 1833 3 66 33 35 12 2091 31 3 2 30 0 49 0 18 1637 69 50 24 00 1260 70 8 4 789 2 67 35 67 10 1 920 32 8 3 11 0 24 0 07 1617 64 60 22 00 1260 80 11 5 1060 2 84 35 6 13 1 1215 32 1 2 99 0 29 0 09 1617 64 60 22 00 1260 90 14 5 1368 3 03 36 1
24. 4 1197 23 00 1386 100 6 5 614 3 34 39 3 8 2 788 32 2 3 17 0 32 0 09 3374 1197 23 00 Dalhousie Univ Page 65 of 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System 1386 110 10 3 1045 3 57 39 5 11 9 1253 32 3 2 97 0 39 0 12 3374 119 7 23 00 1134 70 2 4 157 2 7 32 24 3 8 218 32 39 2 59 0 11 0 04 82 00 84 00 8 00 1134 80 5 9 388 2 93 32 41 7 3 504 32 05 2 62 0 22 0 08 82 00 84 00 8 00 1134 90 8 8 641 3 18 32 7 10 1 770 30 56 2 55 0 25 0 09 82 00 84 00 8 00 1134 100 11 5 914 3 41 33 04 12 9 1060 31 44 2 67 0 28 0 09 82 00 84 00 8 00 1134 110 14 1 1195 3 72 33 46 15 4 1350 30 14 2 59 0 31 0 11 82 00 84 00 8 00 1260 70 5 9 763 2 74 35 6 7 6 856 32 13 3 17 0 17 0 05 73 00 4 60 8 00 1260 80 9 3 965 2 94 35 9 10 9 1077 32 06 2 99 0 21 0 07 73 00 4 60 8 00 1260 90 13 1225 3 18 35 93 14 5 1345 30 76 2 93 0 23 0 07 73 00 4 60 8 00 1260 100 4 5 460 3 36 36 6 1 608 31 13 3 08 0 29 0 08 89 70 2 60 10 00 1260 110 7 7 765 3 6 36 53 9 3 920 32 01 3 00 0 29 0 09 89 70 2 60 10 00 1260 120 11 5 1198 3 84 36 47 13 1385 32 58 2 76 0 34 0 11 89 70 2 60 10 00 1386 70 1 8 206 2 69 38 59 3 6 307 31 35 3 44 0 19 0 05 88 30 3 00 10 00 1386 80 5 3 425 2 88 38 76 7 543 30 56 3 34 0 23 0 06 88 30 3 00 10 00 Dalhousie Univ Page 66 of 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System 1386 90 1386 100 1386 110 1386 120 Da
25. 50 to 1500 psi depending on system performance and dissolved salt concentration Lingireddy 2002 Vacuum Boiling Reduces the boiling point of water in order to distill at lower temperatures Energy intensive process Not all the contaminants in the water are separated from the vapor Ceramic Filtration Bacteria protozoa and microbial cysts are removed Brown 2011 Viruses are generally small enough to pass through the filter Must be replaced periodically Brittle in nature hairline cracks form in the filter allowing contaminants to pass through Brown 2011 Solar Disinfection Has been shown to deactivate pathogenic organisms Wikipedia Web Relatively cheap and uses readily available materials such as type 1 plastic Solar disinfection depends on amount of sunlight and time Effective for clear water only turbidity blocks UV rays Dalhousie Univ Dept of Mechanical Eng Page 11 of 102 MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System Purification System Activated Carbon Advantages Removes chlorine odours Disadvantages Buildup of organic material and Filtration objectionable tastes dirt rust and sand from influent water Fiore 1977 concentration of bacteria combine to foster growth and shedding of bacteria into the water Tobin 1981 Chemical Treatments Chlorination Satisfactory for t
26. 6 1 1548 33 2 2 89 0 33 0 10 1617 64 60 22 00 1260 100 17 3 1700 3 3 36 18 7 1902 30 4 2 76 0 40 0 13 1617 64 60 22 00 1260 110 2 7 474 3 56 36 3 4 2 694 33 2 2 71 0 40 0 13 1470 61 20 21 00 1386 70 6 4 927 2 74 39 1 8 2 1066 31 3 3 45 0 27 0 07 1470 61 20 21 00 1386 80 6 7 1582 2 95 39 05 8 5 1750 32 2 3 35 0 31 0 09 1457 48 00 25 00 1386 90 13 3 1580 3 16 39 2 15 1785 32 4 3 15 0 38 0 11 1470 61 20 21 00 1386 100 DIS 1915 3 37 39 3 11 4 2150 31 3 2 88 0 45 0 14 1457 48 00 25 00 1386 110 13 1 2440 3 65 39 5 14 6 2720 32 3 2 79 0 52 0 16 1457 48 00 25 00 1134 70 2 7 188 2 68 32 64 4 1 298 31 4 2 68 0 21 0 07 3369 116 5 22 00 1134 80 5 2 395 2 89 32 7 6 6 519 32 2 2 61 0 23 0 08 3369 116 5 22 00 1134 90 7 7 633 311 329 9 775 31 3 2 49 0 27 0 10 3369 116 5 22 00 1134 100 10 2 928 3 36 33 05 11 5 1094 31 2 2 50 0 32 0 11 3369 116 5 22 00 1134 110 12 6 1255 3 65 33 3 13 8 1448 32 2 2 24 0 36 0 14 3369 116 5 22 00 1260 70 2 9 209 2 66 36 4 5 306 30 3 3 17 0 19 0 06 2974 127 9 23 00 1260 80 6 6 461 2 88 35 6 8 2 587 31 3 3 07 0 24 0 07 2974 127 9 23 00 1260 90 10 5 795 3 05 35 9 12 1 943 31 2 3 08 0 28 0 08 2974 127 9 23 00 1260 100 13 1 1066 3 33 36 2 14 8 1260 34 1 2 99 0 34 0 10 2974 127 9 23 00 1260 110 1 6 205 3 59 36 4 2 9 407 31 3 2 49 0 39 0 13 3300 172 9 23 00 1386 70 6 2 695 2 7 39 8 3 812 36 3 50 0 20 0 05 3300 172 9 23 00 1386 80 10 1 921 2 88 39 1 11 7 1044 30 4 3 16 0 24 0 07 3300 172 9 23 00 1386 90 29 258 3 11 38 9 4 7 413 32 3 3 34 0 29 0 08 337
27. DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY Inspiring Minds Winter Term Final Report MECH 4020 Project Human Powered Water Purification System Design Project Team 15 Nawaf Alsinani B00518739 Lukas Domm B00513852 Alex Heukshorst B00531734 Mohanad Khairy B00511394 Design Project Supervisor Dr V Ismet Ugursal Design Project Coordinator Dr Ted Hubbard Dr Clifton Johnston Department of Mechanical Engineering Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia Canada April 08 2013 MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System Table of Contents List of BUESA ERR RR RE IB 4 Litol Tables OO 6 Executive SurmmatyZ outer eaae ad pese eene a ung ety use au A A hong ety evene d e aas tai cidade 7 1 IntrOQUCtiOLi ce orte ee rte o dadas 8 2 Design requiremients ade 9 3 Design Selection PrOCESS viii e C tte ci th e c P de Oe aie EEEN eaa atas 10 3 1 Purification Systems Considered versses irisan eene eene nnn EAA nasse esee tiara nns 10 3 3 Designs Considered ret treten eer b dr oe EE E ree i 13 3 3 1 Design Considered 1 Slow Sand Filtration with Solar Disinfection 13 3 3 2 Design Considered 2 Ceramic and Reverse Osmosis System eese 14 3 3 3 Design Considered 3 Ceramic Ultrafiltration and Reverse Osmosis System 14 3 3 4 Fall Term Selected Design Microfiltration and Reverse Osmosis System
28. Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System 7 2 Environmental sustainability Having done the economic analysis the design of the system turned out to be also good for the environment Assuming it is being used by a family living in a cottage in North Preston Nova Scotia where access to clean water may not be easy the design can avoid more than 7 tons of greenhouse gas emissions in ten years The carbon dioxide emissions associated with the production of plastic bottles amounts to 0 195 kg of CO per liter The amount of water bottles consumed in 10 years by a family of 5 would result in a total of 7000 kg of CO Winder Lake a Long Lake o Figure35 Location of case study 7 3 Design comparison Initially the design was inspired by two other human powered water purification systems which are the Aquaduct Inhabitat Web and the Pedal Powered Human Ultrafiltration Unit World Wide Water Web Our group succeeded to make the design more powerful than the aforementioned designs in treating water The Aquaduct is a pedal powered concept vehicle that transports filters and stores water for the developing world As the rider pedals a pump attached to the pedal crank draws water from a large holding tank through a carbon filter to a smaller clean tank This design cannot kill E Coli bacteria It uses a carbon filter for the water treatment Dalhousie Univ Page 56 of 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng
29. For the case where water is highly turbid some sort of pre filter coagulation method would need to be employed for each filtration method considered Friday October 26th 2012 The possibility of designing a commercial filtration unit one using commercially attained filters alongside the slow sand filtration system was discussed It was found that the best method to treat water was the slow sand method However the actual mechanical design component was somewhat limited without adding unnecessary complicated systems to the slow sand filtration Wednesday October 31st 2012 It was determined that the use of a chemical post pre treatment would be too expensive for the situation being addressed which is supplying water to impoverished people It was also suggested by Dr Gagnon that the design be site specific to best serve the needs requirements of the situation Dalhousie University Page 88 of 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System Friday November 214 2012 A site specific design was chosen utilizing the best method to address the sites requirements A rural northern community s fresh water reservoir was contaminated by an influx of basin sea water This phenomenon was described to be a rare event however without a local freshwater source villagers were forced to travel over ten kilometers by snowmobile to haul water for daily use Beca
30. M Pedal Speed 0 60 E daa a0 Y 7 030 r o E O_O S 025 nn atl 2 0 20 eS E 0 10 2 0 05 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 Power W 70 ppm 22 C 1500 ppm 22 C 3000 ppm 23 C 4500 ppm 24 C 80 ppm 8 10 C Figure 33 Flow rate VS driving power for various water qualities and 95 rpm pedal speed As demonstrated in the plot the power requirements of the system vary between about 100 and 140 W This power requirement is well within the capabilities of human power production As described previously in the report see Figure 22 a healthy adult is able to produce a maximum of 270 W over a duration of 20 minutes The power requirements of the Human Powered Water Purification system fall well below this limit One important point to note is that the flow rate of 0 5 Lpm is not achieved for source water with high concentrations of total dissolved solids but only for relatively fresh water In the design requirements the team set out an optional requirement that the system remove total dissolved solids For this reason the team is satisfied that the system can achieve the required flow rate for source waters with low total dissolved solids For more brackish sources the system is still able to produce a reasonable flow rate in the range of 0 3 Lpm but somewhat less than the 0 5 Lpm target In the following figure the power requirements of the system for different pedali
31. R TO MANUFACTUROR LITERATURE TO ENSURE CONCENTRATE PERMEATES LINES ARE AS DESCRIBED FAILURE TO DO SO COULD RESULT IN SERIOUS ILLNESS Figure 47 Left Reverse osmosis membrane housings not shown is 2nd RO pressure gauge attached to second tee Right Shown are RO concentrate lines left and tied together and permeate lines right Step 5 Install needle valve recovery valve into RO concentrate line as shown in figure 48 below Ensure concentrate line out of the recovery valve is long enough to return to an adequate drainage point Dalhousie University Page 99 of 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System Figure48 System recovery valve Initial System Priming Flushing The first time water is pumped though the system it is important to have the recovery valve set to its FULL OPEN setting turned counter clockwise until dial hits stop This ensures that pressurized air bubbles are not being forced across the R O membranes upon initial start up that will result in premature membrane failure WARNING FAILURE TO ENSURE RECOVERY VALVE IS SET TO ITS FULL OPEN SETTING WILL CAUSE PREMATURE MEMBRANE FAILURE It is recommended that water be run through the system for at least ten minutes to ensure all air is evacuated Before this system can be used to produce safe drinking water it is VERY important to read the data attained with the individual filter
32. able 8 Full 20 minute pedaling test results coooooccnnnoccccnonocnnonanononcnannnnnnnnannnncnnnnnnncnnnn nennen nnns 46 Table 9 Water quality bacterial test results summary for Banook Lake esee 49 Table 10 Water quality bacterial test results for Fog Pond sssssesssseeeeeereneen nene 49 Table 11 Water quality bacterial test results for McIntosh Run eese ene 49 Table 12 Water quality bacterial test results for Frog Pond essen ene 50 Table 13 Summarized budget categorized by major components seen 51 Table 14 Detailed budget rec eet oet ee 52 Table 15 Economic arialysis sutmirmary iii eot da deti eee ste etn canoe e ga dee eh eee anale ee ra eat daa 55 Table 16 Design comparison of different water purification systems essen 58 Table 17 Summary of achieved design requirements esses eene nnne nnne nnns 59 Dalhousie Univ Page 6 of 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System Executive Summary The Human Powered Water Purification System is a mechanical device designed to purify water for human consumption using human pedal power The influent water quality that the system is designed to treat to potable levels may contain Coliform bacteria E Coli total dissolved solids and organic compounds The design utilizes pedal power to drive the membrane p
33. ality testing the team was given access to the equipment at the Centre for Water Resources Studies water quality lab The staff at the lab helped the team to set up the various tests required to validate the effectiveness of the purification system The following subsections 5 3 1 5 3 2 and 5 3 3 summarize the testing procedures corresponding to the different tests performed Dalhousie Univ Page 37 of 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System 5 3 1 Flow Rate Testing The design requirement of producing 10 L of clean water in 20 minutes of pedaling required that the system produce at least 0 5 Litres per minute of permeate To determine whether the system was capable of producing this flow rate it was tested using the set up shown in Figure 23 below Figure23 Experimental setup of flow rate testing Flow rate was measured while varying specific operating parameters The parameters that were varied included 1 Motor speed varied RPM 1010 rpm 1130 rpm 1260 rpm and 1390 pm 2 System Pressure varied from 70 psi 110 psi in increments of 10 psi Dalhousie Univ Page 38 of 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System 3 TDS level of water varied concentration from 100 ppm 1500 ppm 3000 ppm and 4500 ppm The motor speed was varied using the variable speed box A
34. apart and stacked flat for compactness as displayed in Figure 8 Seat Post Cross Piece Figure 8 Frame components 4 2 Drivetrain The final drivetrain design consists of a two stage 13 5 1 sprocket system used to increase the rotational speed of pedaling to the pump shaft During the literature search the team found that a human can produce the most power at around 90 RPM This is demonstrated in Figure 9 below in which human power output is plotted vs pedalling speed for one individual Dalhousie Univ Page 19 of 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System Power VS RPM 40 60 80 100 120 140 Pedal RPM Figure 9 Pedaling power vs RPM Wilson 2004 The sprocket gearing was chosen to increase the pedaling speed to approximately 1200 RPM The choice of 1200 RPM will be discussed in the pump selection section In the first stage a 45 tooth sprocket at the pedal crank is coupled to a 20 tooth sprocket at an intermediate shaft A 60 tooth sprocket on the intermediate shaft is coupled to a 10 tooth sprocket on the pump shaft The drivetrain is detailed in Figure 10 Figure 10 13 5 1Sprocket Drivetrain Dalhousie Univ Page 20 of 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System The individual components of the drivetrain are shown in Figure 11 Pedal Crank Asse
35. ar Disinfection e Kills up to 9896 of pathogenic bacteria e Only effective with full sunlight and type one plastic containers Vacuum Distillation Boiling e Effective for removing dissolved salts and larger particles e nconclusive evidence that vacuum pressure has any effect on bacteria viruses e Inconclusive evidence that bacteria viruses are separated from water during evaporation e Too energy intensive to be viable for human power Chlorine e Residual disinfection properties unlike UV sterilization e Not instantly effective e Chlorine has to be dispensed properly failure to do so can cause illness Dalhousie University Page 87 of 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System Activated Carbon e Good for organic compound and chlorine removal e Cannot be used for sterilization e Carbon filters must be flushed before use e Carbon filters permit bacterial growth Slow Sand Filtration e Removes up to 99 coliform from influent water e Found to remove certain viruses e Sand must be prewashed in a controlled process before it can be layered in the filter e Cannot filter highly turbid water After discussing all of the above types of filtration that were researched it was determined that slow sand filtration would be the best solution was applicable However it was found that no one method of filtration could handle highly turbid water
36. astic Case 2 Dial 1 4 9 66 19 32 McMaster Carr NPT Bottom 0 200psi 1 Breather Vent 1 2 NPT Male 17 Max SCFM 2 74 2 74 McMaster Carr 7 8 Height 1 Teflon Tape 0 59 0 59 Northeast Equipment Ltd 2 3 4 x 1 2 sch40 bushing 1 38 2 76 Northeast Equipment Ltd 2 3 8 comp x 1 2 MPT brass fitting 2 52 5 04 Northeast Equipment Ltd 2 3 4 x 1 2 sch40 bushing 1 38 2 76 Northeast Equipment Ltd 2 3 8 comp x 1 2 MPT brass fitting 2 52 5 04 Northeast Equipment Ltd 2 18 9L empty bottles 14 79 29 58 Sobeys Membranes and filters 1 RO Membrane housing 13 95 13 95 Atlantic Purification Systems Ltd 1 Ultra filter 18 90 18 90 EMS Water Systems 1 Ultra filter casing 22 03 22 03 EMS Water Systems 2 100 GPD RO Membrane 76 00 152 00 EMS Water Systems 1 carbon block cartridge 3 00 3 00 EMS Water Systems 1 carbon block casing 17 00 17 00 EMS Water Systems 1 Water Filter w Blue Bowl for Particles 3 8 23 17 23 17 McMaster Carr NPT 5 GPM Pump Dalhousie Univ Dept of Mechanical Eng Page 53 of 102 MECH 4020 Team 15 Human Powered Water Purification System Winter Term Final Report Qty Item Price Subtotal Supplier 1 70 GPH Rotary Vane Pump 98 98 Simgo Subtotal 956 24 Shipping 70 18 Taxes 85 88 Total 1112 30 1The taxes from the shipped orders McMaster Carr and Simgo have been absorbed into this amount 2This is a summation of all taxes spent from items purchased locally all suppliers except McMaster Carr and Simgo
37. ccording to the Canadian drinking water guidelines potable water cannot have any levels of E coli or coliform in it This test confirms that microbiologically contaminated water has been cleaned to levels that meet this guideline Furthermore potable water tends to be produced with levels of TDS less than 500 ppm Evidently the reject of TDS levels in the system is capable of reducing TDS levels to below this threshold limit of 500 ppm The last set of results that will be discussed are the TOC DOC results Due to the time constraints this test was only performed on water samples obtained from Lake Banook Table 12 displays the results that were gathered Table12 Water quality bacterial test results for Frog Pond TOC mg L DOC mg L Influent 2 4685 2 411 Pre RO 2 6065 2 518 Permeate 0 21485 0 25735 From the results of the TOC DOC test a 9096 reduction is observed in both levels of TOC and DOC Interestingly though an initial increase in TOC and DOC is observed at the Pre RO stage This suggests that there is actually an increase in organic material as the water passes through the pre treatment stage of the system This makes sense because it is possible that organic material in the activated carbon filter is leaching into the water thereby increasing the levels of TOC DOC However after the reverse osmosis membranes the permeate appears to have levels of organic compounds below 0 3 mg L According to the Environmental Protection
38. ding on the quality of the source water The activated carbon filter was a later addition to the design The activated carbon medium within the filter is derived from coconut shell anthracite or some other organic material Dickenson Dalhousie Univ Page 29 of 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System 1997 and is used to remove chlorine and other chemicals by a combination of catalytic reactions and adsorption to the carbon The reverse osmosis membranes chosen for this design require that the chlorine content of the feed water be below 0 1 ppm Since the team had planned to use tap water for most of the system performance testing the activated carbon filter was required to reduce the chlorine content of the water In the Halifax Regional Municipality the chlorine content of the city water is kept between 0 2 and 1 1 ppm HRWC Web The activated carbon filter has the added benefit of removing colour tastes and odours caused by organic contaminants Dickenson 1997 Like the 5 um filter the activated carbon filter must be replaced as often as it becomes clogged The 0 35 um ultra filter is used as a final treatment before the reverse osmosis to remove even finer particles that could damage the reverse osmosis membranes During testing the team found that on occasion the ultra filter removed E coli from the source water Each of the filters used f
39. e it with the power capabilities of normal humans the test set up described in the previous section also incorporated measuring electrical power being drawn by the motor The team initially intended to use the electrical power measurement to correlate to the human power requirement of the system However the team was unable to identify a specification sheet for the DC motor used and therefore was unable to determine the efficiency of the motor For the purposes of the power analysis the electrical power drawn by the motor was used only as a rough indication of the human power requirement Because of the efficiency of the motor the electrical power being drawn by the motor is larger than the mechanical power being used by the system to drive the pump Because of this using electrical power as an indication of mechanical human power is conservative and gives only an over estimate of the mechanical power requirement of the system 5 3 3 Water Quality Testing To measure the effectiveness of the system in improving the water quality the following parameters were measured 1 Total dissolved solids 2 Presence absence of total coliform bacteria Dalhousie Univ Page 40 of 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System 3 Presence absence of E Coli 4 Total organic carbon TOC and dissolved organic carbon DOC Water tests were performed on water collected from t
40. e membrane elements are improperly used poorly maintained or improperly stored na WN Waterite e SPEC RO MEM 001 2 May 2002 Dalhousie University Page 84 of 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System Appendix E Supervisor Meeting Minutes Friday September 14th 2012 The team met with Dr Ugursal for the second time and he confirmed that he would supervise the team The project ideas that were originally proposed where the safer car seat design and the human powered water purification system After this meeting the team decided to focus on the human powered water filtration system instead of the safer car seat design The car seat design was considered too expensive to test without sponsorship and possibly beyond the scope of the design project Friday September21s The first tentative group design requirements were proposed This included that the design should e Cost effective e Durable e Human powered e Capable of providing water for a family of five e Should be easy to ship and assemble if manufactured The group also stated that 14t official deliverable was due within a week and a half and were well underway though still not focussed on what type of water the design should be capable of dealing with Friday September 28 2012 The team presented the design selection memo to Dr Ugursal The focus at this stage of t
41. e robust and portable Must be easy to operate and maintain Must not exceed 40 kg in mass Must not exceed 1 m in total volume Cost Prototype materials and construction Projected product must not exceed 1200 fabrication cost in quantity should not exceed 200 1Cost requirement revised in January 2013 Dalhousie Univ Page 9 of 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System 3 Design Selection Process The team conducted a thorough literature search in the early fall to identify technologies for purifying water Aside from being required to remove both pathogenic contaminants and dissolved salts the technologies considered were also evaluated based on whether they were able to meet the design requirements initially established Ultimately reverse osmosis was selected as the primary component to be integrated in the final design for removing both pathogenic contaminants and dissolved solids 3 1 Purification Systems Considered During the initial stages of the project the main difficulty was defining the specific water quality problem to be solved and the available treatment technologies It was important that a good understanding of existing water purification methods and systems was established A comprehensive literature review was conducted to establish a fundamental understanding of water purification methods and techniques A summary of t
42. e the possibility of membrane fouling and increase the longevity of the system e Athird reverse osmosis membrane in parallel would increase the total flow that the system can produce up to 0 75 Lpm With the increased capacity the system would also require a larger pump e The water quality of the system permeate water should be tested for a broader variety of contaminants The levels of total coliforms and total dissolved solids could be supplemented with measurements of the levels of specific heavy metals and chemicals Dalhousie Univ Page 60 of 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System References and Bibliography Abedon Stephen Bacteria Cell Shapes and Arrangements Bacteria Cell Shapes and Arrangements N p 28 Mar 1998 Web Agardy Franklin J and Patrick J Sullivan Environmental Engineering Water Wastewater Soil and Groundwater Treatment and Remediation Hoboken NJ Wiley 2009 Print AMI Membranes Web http www appliedmembranes com gt Last accessed December 1 2012 Aquaduct Bike Purifies Water as You Pedal Inhabitat N p n d Web lt http inhabitat com aquaduct bike purifies water as you pedal gt Brown L Soboyejo W Soboyejo A Plappally K amp Yakub I 2011 Physical Properties of Porous Clay Ceramic Ware Food Agricultural and Biological Engineering The Ohio State University Buckley C
43. e the system performance and prove that the system can meet the design requirements Dalhousie Univ Page 36 of 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System 5 Testing 5 1 Objectives There were 3 main objectives associated with testing 1 To measure the output flow rate of permeate for varying influent water qualities recovery rates and pedaling speeds 2 To verify that the power requirements of the system can be achieved using human power 3 To demonstrate the effectiveness of the system to purify water 5 2 Materials and Equipment Table 7 below summarizes the list of materials and equipment that were utilized throughout the testing sessions Table 7 Materials and equipment required for testing Quantity Equipment Tachometer Digital multi meter Digital thermometer Digital scale 18 5 L water jug Stop watch 14 HP 90 Volts 3 0 Amp DC Motor Motor speed controller 500mL Nalgene bottles 500mL sterile glass bottles TDS probe and measurement setup Colilert water test setup Total Organic Compounds Dissolved Organic Compounds water test setup LOIS IIO oe tS em inje 5 3 Procedures The equipment listed in Table 7 was used to measure system parameters required to characterize the system performance and demonstrate its effectiveness at meeting the design requirements For all water qu
44. ed element in terms of the system pressure and power requirements to produce the desired 0 5 Lpm of permeate However the use of two small elements offers a significant cost saving over the use of the single medium sized element Use of the Black Max 100 gpd membranes was validated by calculating the flow characteristics over a range of operating conditions The simulation predicts the permeate flow rate that would be produced for various system backpressures controlled by the recovery rate valve and various human power inputs In Figure 20 two Black Max membranes are simulated in parallel such that the flow through each membrane is assumed to be the same For the power input calculation the user is assumed to be pedaling at a constant 90 RPM The results of the simulation are shown in Figures 20 and 21 below Permeate Flow vs Applied Pressure 100 ppm 1000 ppm 1H 2000 ppm 2 amp 4000 ppm 3 20H c unu P S s 2 LL S 0 6 gt EA E det E o i i i 1 c i i i i 1 a d i 1 i i deu een PO I EIE porem 0 0 70 80 90 100 110 120 Pressure psi Figure20 Permeate flow rate vs applied pressure for two Black Max 100 gpd membranes in parallel Dalhousie Univ Page 33 of 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System Permeate Flow vs Human Power Input 1000 ppm c 2000 ppm 2 4000
45. ed in Tables 9 10 and 11 below Dalhousie Univ Page 48 of 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System Table 9 Water quality bacterial test results summary for Banook Lake Lake Banook E Coli Coliform TDS Influent Present Present 507 ppm Pre RO Absent Present 491 ppm Permeate Absent Absent 10 ppm Table 10 Water quality bacterial test results for Fog Pond Frog Pond E Coli Coliform TDS Influent Present Present 374 ppm Pre RO Present Present Permeate Absent Absent 47 ppm Table 11 Water quality bacterial test results for Mcintosh Run McIntosh Run E Coli Coliform TDS Influent Absent Present 212 ppm Pre RO Absent Present Permeate Absent Absent 18 ppm The Colilert Water test is sensitive enough to detect a single organism of E coli or coliform within a 100 ml sample Therefore results that yield Absent prove that the water contains no E coli or coliform in every 100 ml sampled For all 3 lakes it is demonstrated that any levels of E coli or coliform were removed in the permeate water Interestingly for Lake Banook it is actually observed that E coli was removed in the pre RO stage This suggests that the pre treatment stage of filters before the RO membranes were successful in removing E coli However in Frog Pond E coli was still present at the Pre RO stage and was only removed after penetrating through the reverse
46. eeseecesseecsseeeeaeeeesseceaes 44 Figure31 Flow rate VS backpressure for various pump speeds cccccconononocononononononononnnnnonnnananenonnnnncnnnns 45 Figure32 Flow rate VS TDS level for pressures of 90 and 100 psi and 95 rpm pedal speed 45 Figure 33 Flow rate VS driving power for various water qualities and 95 rpm pedal speed 47 Dalhousie Univ Page 4 of 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System Figure34 Human power capability compared to system power requirement Human power capability data obtained from Wilson 2004 enne nnne 48 Figure 35 LOCatiON O CASE study ite dd east te v d lass aea da a tete tona alea save re ea Ta TUR 56 Fig re 36 The Aquad cts esee eee denne e i RIVE 57 Figure37 The Pedal Powered Human Ultrafiltration Unit eese eene nnne 57 Figure 38 Left to right Main Post base cross piece main frame oocococcccnoconcconononcnonononcnanononcccnnnnncnanos 93 Figure39 Main post and base cross piece occcccccononoonnnnoncnnnnnonannnnnnnnnnnnnononnnnnnnnnnnnnenonnnnnnnnnnnnnennnnnnnnanens 94 Figure 40 Assembled frame eth RR i 94 Figure 41 Shaft bearing placement left Crank pedal assembly right sese 95 Figure42 Full drivetrain shown without chain ccccccccsssccecssscececssscececssssececssesececsseaeceesesaeesesseaeees 96 Figure43
47. ejection BME1812RA24 24 90 38396 _ 98 BME1812R36 J 36 amp 136 amp 96 98 v v BME1812R50 J 50 fo 190 amp _ 96 98 PBME1812R75 75 285 amp 96 _ 98 BME1812R100 100 380 96 98 Production rate feed water of 500 TDS 25 C system pressure 65 psi 15 96 recovery pH 7 8 Permeate flow may vary 1596 C RECOMMENDED FEED WATER PRETREATMENT SPECIFICATIONS TDS 2000 TDS HARDNESS lt 6 grains gal 103 mg l TOTAL IRON lt 05 ppm TANNIN lt 5 ppm CHLORINE lt 1 ppm pH 55 95 ORGANIC MICROBIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY 0 MANGANESE 05 ppm HYDROGEN SULPHIDE 0 TURBIDITY lt 1NTU SILT DENSITY INDEX lt 5 0 D OPERATING AND STORAGE AND WARRANTY INFORMATION Elements must be kept sealed and moist when in storage Drying out will irreversibly damage the membranes Prevent elements from freezing or being exposed to direct sunlight Elements are shipped in sealed bags and contain a preservative solution of 1 296 by weight of sodium metabisulphite food grade Discard permeate from the first hour of operation Membrane Elements for residential systems have a one year warranty from the date of shipment Warranty is void for membrane elements fouled by suspended solids precipitates or biological growth Membrane warranty is also void if th
48. er Carr 1 hub w 5 8 bore 5 49 5 49 Mcmaster Carr 1 35 tooth sprocket 35 5 8 bore 29 07 29 07 McMaster Carr 1 10 tooth sprocket 35 5 8 bore 9 47 9 47 McMaster Carr 2 3 16 x 12 key stock 2 29 4 58 Princess Auto 1 chain roller 35 10ft 15 99 15 99 Princess Auto 6 bearings 3 99 23 94 Princess Auto 1 sprocket weld on 35v16 2 99 2 99 Princess Auto 1 sprocket weld on 35w60 15 49 15 49 Princess Auto 1 hub w 5 8 bore 5 49 5 49 Princess Auto 1 hub v 5 8 bore 4 49 4 49 Princess Auto 1 connecting link 1 99 1 99 Princess Auto 1 LO75 x 5 8 Jaw Coupling 4 07 4 07 Wajax 1 jaw coupling spider 1 15 1 15 Wajax 1 LO75 x 7 16 Jaw Coupling 12 33 12 33 Wajax Frame 1 Fastners 12 35 12 35 Canadian Tire 1 Metal 16 29 16 29 Kent Building Supplies 1 Metal 83 55 83 55 Metals R Us 1 Metal 17 00 17 00 Metals R Us 1 Metal 18 50 18 50 Metals R Us 4 2 5 clamp exhausts 2 79 11 16 Princess Auto 1 Fastners 3 74 3 74 Princess Auto 2 1 4 nut 0 05 0 10 Princess Auto 2 1 4 x 1 5 bolt 0 15 0 30 Princess Auto 2 hose clamps 2 1 19 2 38 Princess Auto 2 2 5 clamp exhausts 2 79 5 58 Princess Auto 1 Zinc assortment of fastners 20 09 20 09 Trans World Distributing Ltd Hydraulic Components 1 3 8 Tubing 8 39 8 39 Canadian Tire 1 Compression Sleeves pkg 6 58 6 58 Canadian Tire 1 Miniature PVC Suction Strainer Fits 3 8 NPT 2 1 2 1 Mcmaster Carr Male 304 Stainless Steel Screen Mesh Size 80 1 Nylon Check Valve 15 00 15 00 Mcmaster Carr 25 Choose A Color Flexible Nylon Tubi
49. er output Wilson 2004 Comparing the study to the system simulations the average power requirement for the purification system using the two Black Max membranes falls well below the maximum sustainable power output for a human over 10 minutes of pedaling Altogether the purification system was designed to remove biological contamination and total dissolved solids However two important points must be noted Careful examination of the specification sheet for the reverse osmosis membranes indicates that the membranes are designed for a maximum feedwater concentration of 2000 ppm total dissolved solids but the team wanted to test the system up to around 4500 ppm After consultation with the staff at EMS Water Systems the team determined that the primary reason for the limitation of 2000 ppm was that for greater concentrations dissolved solids could deposit on the membrane surface and cause it to foul The team found that there were commercially available membranes similar in size and capacity to the chosen Black Max membranes but made with different material that could withstand greater concentrations of dissolved solids but that these membranes would have to be shipped from farther away and would add significant shipping costs and downtime to the project For the purposes of this project the team used the Black Max membranes beyond their recommended operating limits of dissolved solids The staff at EMS indicated that fouling effects would like
50. esign was not selected because of two main reasons 1 The coagulation process in the pre treatment stage of the system was decided to be unnecessary for the chosen scope of the project 2 Ceramic filters are subject to stress fracture at the high pressures required by the reverse osmosis membrane 3 3 3 Design Considered 3 Ceramic Ultrafiltration and Reverse Osmosis System Feed Water Quality High turbidity brackish water with pathogenic contaminants Dalhousie Univ Page 14 of 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System Primary Application Specifically for remote communities with limited access to modern resources Description This system is identical to the 2 4 design that was considered with the addition of an ultrafiltration membrane This design is composed of a pre treatment stage and a 3 stage purification process The increased number of stages in this particular order is expected to increase the lifetime of the reverse osmosis membrane The upstream stages of filtration act as pre filters to remove all contaminants except for dissolved ions The process flow diagram is shown in Figure 4 gt lt im Concentrate Coagulants Gate Valve Check Valve 3 Raw Water Check Valve 1 Relief Valve 1 Check Valve 2 Pressure Vessel Ceramic Filtration Ultrafiltration Reverse Osmosis Settling Tank Membrane Feed Pump
51. f 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System Raess Calc l 25 21 Low E Brack sh waler ANM AMT meban re Qv 9 905 n L 18 Lp a Tease CSI TDS 200 pr LS y al rpm Loco ppm em Gr sad Toss je TDS Cp taled oymote pressure farpex AP O S lp D s gem ye i un VAP Lpa 100 SP WS ps Assume 10 pss PPT beret k Assume 10 ps MF pressure drof Rump 95 10 10 116 psi pup Flow Quer Q eee E s x rado Q pump gt OS L pon E Dalhousie University Page 70 of 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System Tore Le I CDI dd 152 WJ P Je E xh F e ISO EE Dr gina ITA min a NBS in E re p F 52 f e A A__ _ _ o T xr 52 NN 122 7 onsYn z 7 on ru in 0 025 4m NEN A a Dalhousie University Page 71 of 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System ted for TOAD 4 Max Distante 2 374 4 26 er wl E 2 ZSE 2220 159 9725 z 5 ph idi Dalhousie University Page 72 of 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System Dal
52. f 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System This design was not selected because it did not fit the design requirement scope of the project The group felt that this particular deign was too simple and was not challenging enough to meet the requirements of the senior year design project 3 3 2 Design Considered 2 Ceramic and Reverse Osmosis System Feed Water Quality High turbidity brackish water with pathogenic contaminants Primary Application Specifically for remote communities with limited access to modern resources Description The system utilizes coagulation ceramic filtration and a RO membrane to purify the source water Coagulation would remove sedimentation and decrease the turbidity for the downstream treatment stages Ceramic filtration is used to remove small particles that could foul the reverse osmosis membrane such as bacteria Viruses and ionic compounds are filtered out in the final stage through the RO membrane The process flow diagram is shown in Figure 3 gt lt T Concentrate Coagulants Gate Valve Check Valve 3 I e gt T bx ie 7 TJ Relief Valve Raw Water Check Valve 1 Check Valve 2 Pressure Vessel Ceramic Filtration Reverse Osmosis Settling Tank Membrane Feed Pump Drinking Water Storage Figure 3 Process flow diagram of design considered 2 This d
53. final design categorized into 3 main categories 1 The frame 2 The drivetrain 3 The hydraulic circuit 4 1 Frame Design The frame for this design was designed to be simple and robust This particular design uses aluminum box tubing because it is easily attainable and easy to weld and machine Aluminum is more expensive than steel but has a higher strength to weight ratio allowing the frame to be made lighter for transportation Dalhousie Univ Page 18 of 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System The basic dimensions were determined by researching bicycle geometries for ergonomic pedalling in the sitting position The seat post angle is designed to be 72 from the vertical This angle was chosen after researching that typical seat post angles are between 70 and 74 degrees Hanaki Martin 2012 The final dimensions of the frame are 36 x 40 5 x 41 5 including the hydraulic components The current design allows the seat to be adjusted approximately one foot to accommodate people of various heights The structural members of the frame can accommodate up to 250 Ibm One important consideration for the design of the frame was that the assembly must be compact for easy shipment To integrate this concept into the design the frame was designed in three separate welded components that are bolted together by the user These three components can be taken
54. h water membrane as the best option However in the winter term the team had difficulty sourcing this membrane The team ultimately chose to use two Black Max Residential Thin Film Composite reverse osmosis membranes rated for 100 gpd 0 26 Lpm of permeate flow rate at a system pressure of 65 psi for 500 ppm feed water The specification sheet for this membrane can be found in Appendix D The use of two 1 8x12 Black Max RO membranes in parallel over a single 2 5x21 LE brackish water membrane may be validated by looking at the system flow and cost requirements for each The results of the calculation are shown in the table below The calculation assumes that the pump efficiency is 3596 and that the drivetrain efficiency is 8596 Table 6 Comparison of membrane configurations Membrane e R i P i R i P WwW Total C Selection Configuration equired Pressure psi equired Power otal Cost 2 5x21 LE Brackish 75 90 230 single element 1 8x12 Residential RO 2 elements in parallel Gi 92 180 1Total cost includes all required membranes and housings 2Based on 0 5 Lpm of total permeate flow rate for water with 2000 ppm TDS at 25 C Dalhousie Univ Page 32 of 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System As can be seen in the comparison shown in Table 6 the use of two small membranes in parallel is comparable to the use of a single medium siz
55. he information that was collected is in Table 2 Dalhousie Univ Page 10 of 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System Table 2 Purification System Slow Sand Filtration Summary of existing water purification systems Advantages Removes microbial contaminants Typical coliform removals are in the range of 90 99 Lingireddy 2002 Disadvantages Relatively large surface area required to produce sufficient filtration rates As flow rate increases the amount of coliform removal decreases Not effective for removing dissolved ions from water Microfiltration Used to remove particles 0 05 Not effective for removing 5 microns in diameter dissolved ions or viruses from Lingireddy 2002 water Effective as a pre filtration stage for Ultrafiltration or Reverse Osmosis Ultrafiltration Used typically for particle Not effective for removing removal removal of bacteria and viruses Ultrafiltration membranes typically require a pressure differential of 7 to 105 psi however the loose membranes require only 10 to 30 psi Lingireddy 2002 dissolved ions from water Reverse Osmosis RO Membranes Used to remove all contaminants from water yielding a permeate free from dissolved salts ions and particles bacteria and viruses Lingireddy 2002 Requires a high operating pressure pressures ranging from 1
56. he project was a system for treating fresh water and the different ways to do it Some basic things that were considered when selecting a system were as followed e Cost analysis is the design practical and cost efficient Dalhousie University Page 85 of 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System e Is it mass produced or produced on site It was suggested by Dr Ugursal that if the system was too be deployed in impoverished nations it should be possible to build it on site with basic materials available to the local people Also if parts that were not available on site where needed they should not cost more than 200 dollars Friday October 5th 2012 During this meeting some more ideas were discussed briefly On presented by Dr Ugursal was that the design be extrapolated to harness animal power instead of human power if the system was to be scaled up It was also discussed that it is possible to make certain components using simple materials such as a pressure vessel by burying a plastic container It was also made clear that all research and ideas pertaining to the project were to be recorded and dated in the project logbooks This way a complete story of how the design progressed was The following meeting was rescheduled for Monday October 22 4 because of a scheduling conflict Friday October 12th 2012 During this meeting the team
57. hin 100 ml Figure28 Water sample testing demonstrating presence of E coli The water samples were all collected in sterile glass bottles as per the recommendation of staff at the water treatment lab For each type of lake water water was collect at 3 different points At the inlet of the system influent after the pre treatment stage Pre Ro and at the outlet of the RO membrane permeate The test points are shown in the system flow diagram in Figure 29 below RO Membrane Sum Activated 0 35 jum Filter Carbon Filter Filter Rotary Vane Pump Contaminated Source Tank p RO Membrane 0 Figure 29 Water quality testing 1 Source 2 After Pre treatment 3 RO permeate Finally total organic carbon and dissolved organic carbon were also measured The team was shown how to prepare the TOC DOC samples for analysis but the staff at the water treatment lab performed the actual analysis To prepare the sample for TOC and DOC analysis each water sample was poured into 100 ml sample containers as shown in Figure 30 Four drops of phosphoric acid Dalhousie Univ Page 43 of 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System were added to each sample Additionally for the DOC samples the water samples were filtered through a 0 45 um filter sheet so that only dissolved organic carbon was measured Figure30 Samples prepared for TOC DOC a
58. housie University Page 73 of 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System crank Cr a A lura 7t wren z 025 Im ye 9 625 0 025 in Es AE 2 MPA A 0 5 in 2 Tz 224 tiem Ly Lf oL le 7 Otur La Dalhousie University Page 74 of 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System FAN RES ALCULAT Nov 4 me Iz i i a aoe X AAA e Ast y TONS MAL want 250lpm E e Fa 2SOIbF 215 ya f EA A ZsoltF Vs 125 lb IS Oo din zl Lt x an ICAA MEA T e tn m 15co oim _ oU YO 4 7 FS 4 74710000 Se NEQLECTN G SIRES gt CINLENTKATIO Dalhousie University Page 75 of 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System STRESS CALCVLATION S YE LUZ AR EAT 6 Moo AS M Wig Dalhousie University Page 76 of 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System _ Stk T N DATE mA por 1 42 Ze war Tunes Dalhousie University Page 77 of 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System Appendix C Matlab code for process fl
59. hree different locations around Halifax Nova Scotia Canada Water was obtained from Lake Banook in Dartmouth Nova Scotia and from Frog Pond and McIntosh Run at Roaches Pond in Spryfield Nova Scotia The team selected these particular lakes for the following reasons 1 All three lakes were within approximately 20 minutes drive of Dalhousie University 2 According to the HRM Lake Water Data all 3 lakes contained levels of TDS ranging from between 50 300 ppm and contained detectable levels of E Coli It was necessary to confirm that the levels of total dissolved solids in the lakes were within treatable limits of the system before deciding to use the body of water for testing It was also necessary to confirm that there were detectable levels of E Coli in the water so that water quality tests could show an initial presence of bacteria in the water before treating it with the system To measure total dissolved solids a TDS probe was used as displayed in Figure 25 Figure25 Measuring levels of total dissolved solids in laboratory Each time the probe was setup to measure TDS of a batch of water samples the probe was calibrated by inserting it into a known standard solution of 667 ppm In between samples the probe was rinsed using ultrapure water to avoid cross contamination and inaccurate measurements between water samples Dalhousie Univ Page 41 of 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng MECH 4020 Team 15 Human Powered Water Pu
60. hris A and Joseph G Jacangelo Microfiltration Water Treatment Membrane Processes New York McGraw Hill 1996 11 1 1 39 Print Chain Selection Catalogue Renold Jeffrey n d Web 1 Dec 2012 http www renoldjeffrey com nmsruntime saveasdialog asp lID 950 amp sID 2701 Dickenson T Christopher Filters and Filtration Handbook Oxford u a Elsevier Advanced Technology 1997 Print Fiore J V and R A Babineau Effect of an Activated Carbon Filter on the Microbial Quality Appl Environ Microbiol 34 5 1977 541 46 Web lt http aem asm org content 34 5 541 full pdf html sid f2a7578a ee7c 4dae acb9 518df343ee00 gt Frequently Asked Questions Halifax Regional Water Commission 2013 Web Hanaki Martin Saori THE EFFECTS OF SEAT POST ANGLE IN CYCLING PERFORMANCE Thesis University of Kentucky 2012 Lexington University of Kentucky 2012 Print Dalhousie Univ Page 61 of 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System Kucera Jane Reverse Osmosis Design Processes and Applications for Engineers Salem MA Scrivener Pub 2010 Print Lingireddy Srinivasa Control of Microorganisms in Drinking Water Reston VA American Society of Civil Engineers 2002 Print Liquid Membrane Types Renssealer Polytechnic Institute n d Web lt http www rpi edu dept chem eng Biotech Environ patillo membrane biochem mem types
61. ication System S Recovery Rate Control Valve NI LL LT O 9 RO Membrane Sum Activated 0 35 jum Filter Carbon Filter Pump z Fil a RO Membrane A Bypass Line dino ide d Rotary Vane Contaminate Source Tank Figure 43 Hydraulic circuit Step one After taping all of the hydraulic fittings to ensure proper thread sealing thread the two nylon 3 8 compression fittings into the Procon pump Secondly measure two pieces of hose one long enough to reach the source tank and connected to the IN side of the pump and the other long enough to reach the pressure safety valve PSV that is mounted on the hydraulic circuit plate shown on the front of the bike connected to the OUT side of the pump as shown in figure 44 below During this time the suction strainer and check valve can be attached to the suction line shown in figure 44 xt ma Figure 44 Procon pump connection Down IN Up OUT Dalhousie University Page 97 of 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System Step 2 With the pump installed the filters brackets can be mounted as shown below in figure 45 At this step only mount the sediment filter to the bracket using the four self tapping screws included in the kit Note It is easier to thread all fittings without tightening the compression fittings and adapters as shown before mounting the filter
62. igure 3 Process flow diagram of design considered H2 ooooooccccccconononoannnnonnnnnnnannnnnnnnononnnnonononnnnnnnnnos 14 Figure 4 Process flow diagram of design considered 3 oooooooccccccconononaannnncnnnnnonononnnononnnnnononnoncnnnnnnnnnnos 15 Figure 5 Water purification process flow diagraM coconccocconnnnononononannnnnnnnnnnonononnnnnnnnnanono nono nnnnnnnnnanonos 16 Figure 6 Final design of the hydraulic assembly of the Human Powered Water Purification O iet o dette ttn ae ee ER 17 Figure 7 CAD rendering of final designs tet re pneter e el eder 18 Figure 8 Frame components tette eei ie ete et ee ltda 19 Figure 9 Pedaling power vs RPM Wilson 2004 cc cccccssssccecssssececssscececssseececssesesecsssseeeesssaeesessaaeees 20 Figure 10 13 5 1 Sprocket Drivetrain ccccccccccccssssssssececececessesseaeceeecesesseaeaeeeeeceseesesaeaeeeeeeesseseaaeaeeeesens 20 Figure 11 Mechanical drivetrain components ccccccccccecsssessnsececececsesesneaecececesseseaeaeeeeecesseseasaeeeeeens 21 Figure 12 Pedal crank assembly cccccononococnnoncnnnanononnnnnononnnanonononnnnnonnnnnononnnnnnnnnnnnno nn nnnnnnnnnnnnnrnnnnnnnnnnens 22 Figure 13 Bearing housing ter Preserve 22 Figure 14 Intermediate sprocket assembly nnne enne nnne nennt nnn nnne 24 Figure15 Pump drive assembly ntc trn leet tta ter an eet toa a e a bn QE dad eae ned Road eo 25 Figure 16 Physical layout of the hydraulic circuit ee
63. lhousie Univ Page 67 of 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System Appendix B Design Calculations E Check a ssum pl cr of neglect PROG lases in MATLAB sud I SCN Sc poa Losses Rios Rough estimado Me Ff ul 3 5 PUC p pe 6 elbows qa cC o Qr Se e j KC Q ES LILE Oem O S 44 ISA t 2 eet 7 elbaus a Ze lout Dz 3 g Zesttthelenesme 0 25 inner dow Weler 15 6 C o cem i 1000 X t y lt G s Q e Slem EN 0 0000 83 mi 5 i et j s Gai 0 0000 5 Ys Q 0 00000 7G ra fy clon 4 20 pje t eYoevS Re f lt P where Ve Q A a Re 40 Y X 1s 126 Yo imn T 006 nt 3 Um L rbulet i a np fL zx where fm te fund E A us q E lt O 5 sas V ard moody Dalhousie University Page 68 of 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System fe 0 021 1 AM d 0 011 0t 3 pa 6m 1000 1 dei TL Goose y Pe 11 63 KkPa 2 psi dee neglig ele ElbowS aP Kv for o regular 40 threaded pipe elbow Kl 16 oe Br LE temes y ES kas Ips T 006 y for SRAN saco losses through He longest a highest Plow veloc ly Section c PP I ore on dhe order of 5 ps ike hole P Lae can he cocos dere negl g ble im tems A esses compared te the es n ag lt 10 ps Dalhousie University Page 69 o
64. lief valve in order to limit the system pressure to a set value The system components are sized to handle a maximum system pressure of 125 psi Without the use of a relief valve a user could produce a large pressure spike by jumping on a pedal and damage the system The relief valve mitigates this danger The bypass line allows a user to produce significantly more flow rate at a lower system pressure if the use of the reverse osmosis membranes is deemed unnecessary This could be the case for example if a user wanted to produce water for bathing or cleaning that did not require rigorous bacteria and dissolved solids removal The bypass line also enabled the team to sample the water after the pre treatment stage in order to evaluate its effectiveness The following subsections will describe each section of the process in detail and will outline the selection and sizing of equipment 4 4 2 1 Pre treatment Filtration Because of the fine pore size and material composition of the reverse osmosis membranes the feed water must be pre treated in order to remove particles and chemicals that could foul or damage the membranes The pre treatment process consists of a 5 um pore size sediment filter an activated carbon filter and a 0 35 um ultra filter The 5 um filter is used to remove larger particles of sedimentation It is a standard size cartridge filter and requires replacing approximately once every six months or as often as needed depen
65. ling Speed 90 RPM 3 Average System Back Pressure 100 psi E Total Water Purified 8 2 L Average Pedaling Speed 90 RPM 3 Average System Back Pressure 120 psi E Total Water Purified 9 6 L In the two 20 minute trials of pedaling lake water containing approximately 300 ppm of TDS the recovery rate of the RO membranes was varied to increase the permeate from 8 2 L to 9 6 L Even though the trial that produced the most amount of water was still 4 under the desired quantity of 10 L the team believes that it is still possible to achieve 10 L The team believes that during one test using water from Halifax harbour the reverse osmosis membranes were slightly fouled because of the high salt concentration of the seawater 35 000 ppm The full 20 minute tests were done after seawater was pumped through the system The system is not designed to handle such high concentration salt water but thought it was worth testing purely out of interest and curiosity Using the first test set up in which the pump was being driven by a DC motor the electrical power drawn by the motor was also used to quantify the power requirements of the system The relation between the permeate flow rate and electrical power to the motor is shown in Figure 33 below Dalhousie Univ Page 46 of 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System Permeate Flowrate VS Driving Power for various TDS levels at 95 RP
66. ly not occur during the short period of time the team required the membranes for the testing phase of the project Future iterations of the design would replace the Black Max membranes with membranes specifically designed for brackish water applications It is not expected that this change would Dalhousie Univ Page 35 of 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System greatly affect the performance of the system but would significantly increase the system s longevity and durability Another important point is that the Black Max membrane specification recommends that the membranes be used with feedwater that has no microbiological activity The team expects that the primary cause for this concern is that as bacteria become trapped within the membrane it can grow and cause bacterial fouling Some reverse osmosis literature suggests that membranes be shocked with a biocide at certain intervals in order to destroy bacterial growth in the system This biocide could simply be chlorine although there are other commercially available options Kucera 2010 During testing the team encountered no difficulties due to bacterial fouling though testing was only performed over a period of a few weeks and proved reliably that the system was completely removing all traces of bacterial contaminants The following section of this report will outline the testing done to characteriz
67. mbly Intermediate Sprocket Assembly Pump Drive Assembly Figure 11 Mechanical drivetrain components Dalhousie Univ Page 21 of 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System 4 2 1 Pedal Crank Assembly 45 tooth sprocket _ socket head screw Bearing Housing Pedal crank Pedal Crank shaft Figure 12 Pedal crank assembly Interior snap rin ae Bearing housing welded to frame Exterior snap ring Figure 13 Bearing housing The pedal crank assembly displayed in Figure 12 is the power transducer between the driver and the pump It is designed for simple fabrication and assembly using standard sized materials A bearing shaft housing fabricated from a length of aluminum pipe is welded to the frame Ball bearings are held in place in the pipe using snap rings as seen in Figure 13 The exterior snap rings constrain the shaft while the interior snap rings constrain the bearings within the bearing housing The reason the bearing housing was designed in this manner was mainly because of ease of manufacturing Dalhousie Univ Page 22 of 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System The team considered purchasing a pre fabricated bicycle bearing hub and sprocket however the chosen design was selected based on ease of interfacing with the bicycle frame and cost of c
68. nalysis 5 4 Results The raw data obtained for all the different tests performed may be found in Appendix A Only a summary of the main results is shown in the following subsections 5 4 1 Flow rate Results For the first set of results clean tap water was filtered through the system to obtain data for system performance Tap water was measured to contain 70 ppm of TDS From this as expected the flow rate was observed to increase as a function of increased back pressure So as the recovery rate valve was closed increasing the system pressure more flow was observed to penetrate through the RO membranes producing higher permeate flow rates For this type of water quality flow rates above 0 5 Lpm were observed for all four pump speeds As the level of TDS increased it was expected that the flow rates would shift down This was confirmed in Figure 31 below Dalhousie Univ Page 44 of 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System System Performance Curves Water Quality 100 ppm TDS gt M e A a E gt a e gt ul e Permeate Flowrate Lpm oco 2 w a o o gt N o 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 Pressure psi 9 1010RPM M 1130 RPM 4 1260 RPM 9 1390 RPM Figure 31 Flow rate VS backpressure for various pump speeds Flow rate VS TDS at 95 RPM and Various System Back Pressures 2 Oo Flow rate Lpm
69. ng 275 ID 0 85 21 25 McMaster Carr 3 8 OD 050 Wall Thickness White Dalhousie Univ Page 52 of 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System Qty Item Price Subtotal Supplier 6 Durable White Nylon Compression Tube Fitting 4 14 24 84 McMaster Carr Tee for 3 8 Tube OD 4 Tube Fitting Adapter for 3 8 Tube OD X 1 4 1 48 5 92 McMaster Carr NPTF Male Pipe 4 Tube Fitting Adapter for 3 8 Tube OD X 3 8 1 48 5 92 McMaster Carr NPT Male Pipe 1 Tube Fitting Adapter for 3 8 Tube OD X 3 8 2 50 2 50 McMaster Carr NPT Female Pipe 2 Tube Fitting Adapter for 3 8 Tube OD X 1 4 2 22 4 44 McMaster Carr NPTF Female Pipe 1 Self Aligning Brass Compression Tube Fitting 6 23 6 23 McMaster Carr Adapter for 3 8 Tube OD X 1 2 NPTF Female Pipe 1 Self Aligning Brass Compression Tube Fitting 4 06 4 06 McMaster Carr Adapter for 3 8 Tube OD X 1 2 NPTF Male Pipe 6 Self Aligning Brass Compression Tube Fitting 2 36 14 16 McMaster Carr Adapter for 3 8 Tube OD X 1 8 NPTF Male Pipe 0 Miniature PVC Ball Valve 3 Port NPT Female X 16 14 0 00 McMaster Carr Female X Female 1 4 Pipe Sz 2 Compact Plastic Needle Valve 1 4 Female NPT 20 24 40 48 McMaster Carr X 1 4 Female NPT 1 Adjustable Bronze Relief Valve Precision 1 2 25 42 25 42 McMaster Carr NPT Inlet 1 2 NPT Outlet 25 175 PSI 2 Multipurpose Gauge Pl
70. ng must be pushed flush into their housings two per housing until the outside of the bearing is flush with the housing shown below in figure 41 Step 2 Insert each shaft individually label crank intermediate and pump into its respected housing shown below in figure 41 Step 3 Fit the crank and crank assist arm and the 45 tooth sprocket to pedal crank shaft with keys as shown below in figure 41 Ensure that that the left and right crank shafts correspond to the riders left and right With the crank arms fitted to the shaft tighten the left and right pedals into their corresponding crank arms Note that right is turned CW to tighten and left is turned CCW After these components are aligned with proper clearance the set screw in the sprocket and pinch bolts 1 4 X1 5 UNF in the crank arms can be tightened to lock the assembly in place Figure 41 Shaft bearing placement left Crank pedal assembly right Step 4 Similar to step three the 21 tooth sprocket is mounted on the intermediate shaft such that is will be driven by the 45 tooth sprocket on the crank pedal assembly with the 60 tooth sprocket mounted to drive the ten tooth pump shaft sprocket as shown below in figure 40 Do not tighten the set screws to lock the gears to the keyway at this point Dalhousie University Page 95 of 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System Figure42
71. ng speeds are compared to an example of a human power output over a range of pedaling speeds Dalhousie Univ Page 47 of 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System Power VS RPM 200 180 160 q o Power W Rh Rh oH N o 80 60 40 40 60 80 100 120 140 Pedal RPM Example Human Output System Requirement at 100 psi and 70 ppm Figure34 Human power capability compared to system power requirement Human power capability data obtained from Wilson 2004 As demonstrated by the figure the power consumption of the system for this particular operating condition falls within the capabilities of human power It should be noted that quality of water that can be treated is limited by human power capabilities the level of TDS in the water and the pressure limitations on the system The higher the TDS the higher the pressure required to force the water through the reverse osmosis membrane Since power is proportional to the flow rate multiplied by the pressure produced by the pump higher TDS water would require that the system flow rate be decreased in order to keep the power requirements within human capabilities 5 4 3 Water Quality Results For the 3 different water sources the Colilert Water Test was completed and showed that the permeate water in all cases was absent of coliform and E coli A summary of results from the 3 different lakes is summariz
72. omponents Considering production in quantity this design is expected to be more cost effective than purchasing custom bicycle components Also should the team find it necessary to test different gear ratios the sprocket can easily be removed and inter changed Stress calculations were performed on the shaft key crank and bearings to ensure that they were capable of operating within the allowable limits of the mechanical system The calculations for the components were based on an applied torque corresponding to 150 Watts of power and 90 rpm pedal speed The calculations are in Appendix B A summary of the main mechanical components in the pedal crank assembly with their selected sizes is in Table 3 Table 3 Summary of components in pedal crank assembly Component Quantity Size Steel shaft 1 5 8 dia Pedal crank 2 8 x0 5 x1 5 45 tooth sprocket 1 Sprocket for 35 Chain 3 8 Pitch 45 Teeth 5 8 Bore Bearing Housing 1 114 SCH 80 Interior Snap Rings 2 1 3 8 bore diameter Exterior Snap Rings 2 5 8 shaft diameter Ball Bearings 2 5 8 shaft diameter Socket Head 2 14 20 x 1 5 Steel Flat bar 2 6 x 0 5 x 1 5 Dalhousie Univ Page 23 of 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System 4 2 2 Intermediate Sprocket Assembly 60 tooth sprocket Bearing Housing 20 tooth sprocket N BN Figure 14 Intermediate sprocket assembly
73. ons at a rejection rate of 98 AMI Membrane Inc Web A process flow diagram is shown in Figure 5 Needle Valve 5X7 Concentrate Needle Valve Feed IW gt SA IW gt lt E l P Drinking Water Relief Valve Check Valve MP Rotary Vane Pump Microfiltration Reverse Osmosis Membrane Membrane Check Valve Figure 5 Water purification process flow diagram This design was initially chosen because of it s ability to remove pathogenic contaminants and dissolved salts because of it s relative simplicity compared with a three stage membrane process and because of the suitability of a microfiltration membrane for RO pretreatment Buckley and Jacangelo 1996 3 3 5 The Final Design Feed Water Quality Low turbidity brackish water with pathogenic contaminants Primary Application Specifically for remote residences without city water supply and electricity Description In the winter semester the team approached an obstacle with regards to the availability of the specific membranes specified in the fall term design selected shown in Figure 5 After ordering the materials the suppliers contacted the university to inform them of additional freight charges of 120 Since costs were required to be cut down anyway at that stage of the project there was no possibility that the additional charges could be accepted As a result the shipping order was cancelled and a search for new sup
74. or pre treatment are dead end type filters Since the system as designed has no backwashing capabilities all the contaminants that enter the filters will be retained within the filters until the increase in pressure required to force water through the filters becomes so great that replacement is necessary Initially the team had expected that the total pre treatment stage would have a pressure drop on the order of 5 to 10 psi However during testing the pressure drop was found to be negligible Using the analogue pressure gauges the team purchased from McMaster Carr there was no measurable pressure drop across the pre treatment stage for the normal range of flow rates seen by the system Once the contaminated source water has been conditioned it can be fed to the reverse osmosis membranes for total bacteria removal and total dissolved solids reduction 4 4 2 2 Reverse Osmosis Membranes Osmosis refers to the natural passage of water through a semi permeable membrane separating two liquids of different salt concentration Dickenson 1997 The system wants to find equilibrium where the salt concentration is the same on either side of the membrane The passage of water from the low concentration to the high through the membrane creates a pressure differential known as the osmotic pressure The osmotic pressure differential is often illustrated using a U tube configuration as shown in the following figure Dalhousie Univ Page 30 of
75. osmosis membranes These conflicting results may be attributed to the fact that the ultra filter in the pre treatment stage of the system is specified to filter material at 0 35 microns nominal E coli which may have sizes in the range of 1 micron Abedon 1998 may still be getting through since the nominal rating of 0 35 microns is not an absolute pore size This demonstrates that the pre treatment stage cannot be relied on and guaranteed to remove micro bacterial organisms However the permeate out of the RO membranes proves to be successful in removing all pathogens Furthermore for TDS there is approximately a 9896 reduction in TDS in Lake Banook Dalhousie Univ Page 49 of 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System water while only 90 reduction in TDS for the Frog Pond and McIntosh samples The large drop in salt rejection between tests is attributed to the fact that in between testing sessions between Lake Banook and the 2 other lakes the team attempted passing through Halifax Harbour water through the system which contained levels of 35 000 ppm This temporarily clogged the reverse osmosis membranes and evidently had an effect in decreasing the effectiveness of the membranes to reduce TDS levels This is expected though because as the RO membranes are utilized they slowly foul until the flow rate they produce decreases and the pores within them clog up A
76. ow simulation Simulate Flow Through Black Max TFC Membranes close all clear all clc SRO Ratings for BME1812R100 BlackMax TFC Membrane Rec ro 0 15 380 24 60 oo Rated recovery rate oo Q ror Lpm from Lpd P ro 65 psi TDS_ro 500 Sppm R_ro_tm P_ro Q ro r sEffective transmembrane resistance at rated conditions SDefine Water Qualities TDS 100 1000 2000 4000 System Back Pressures assume pressure drop across pretreatment is snegligible P 65 120 Calculate Permeate flow for different conditions assume T 25 degC therefore Ct 1 for i 1 length TDS Qro i P TDS i 100 Q ro r P ro TDS ro 100 end For two RO s in parallel Op Oro 2 figure plot P Qp 1 title Permeate Flow vs Applied Pressure xlabel Pressure psi ylabel Permeate Flowrate Lpm grid on hold on plot P Qp 2 r plot P Qp 3 g plot P Qp 4 k legend 100 ppm 1000 ppm 2000 ppm 4000 ppm Location NorthWest SPedalling Power eff p 0 35 SPump Efficiency eff dt 0 85 Drivetrain efficiency SAssume pedaling speed is kept at constant 90 RPM GR 13 5 Sprocket reduction ratio w pump 13 5 90 SRPM SPump is rated to produce 70 gph 4 4 Lpm at 1750 RPM and flow is approximately proportional to rotation speed Qfeed 4 4 w pump 1750 Dalhousie University Page 78 of 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng MECH 4020 Team
77. p x 1 2 MPT brass 4 1 5 U Bolt Kit 2 fitting 2 5 U Bolt Kit 4 1 8 NPTF Brass Comp Fitting 6 6 Wire Ties 4 1 4 Nylon Comp Fitting Male 1 Frame Components 1 4 Nylon Comp Fitting 1 Main post 1 Ca ec 1 a Brass Comp Fitting 1 Main frame l 1 2 NPTF Brass Comp Fitting 1 Pump mount 1 Female 3 8 Nylon Comp Fitting Male 1 Bicycle seat 1 Dalhousie University Dept of Mechanical Eng Page 91 of 102 Winter Term Final Report MECH 4020 Team 15 Human Powered Water Purification System 3 8 Nylon Comp Fitting 1 Female Drive Train Components 35 Roller chain 10 35 Master link 2 35 10 tooth sprocket 5 8 1 Bore 35 21 tooth sprocket 5 8 1 Bore 35 45 tooth sprocket 5 8 1 Bore 35 60 tooth sprocket 5 8 1 Bore Bearings 5 8 Bore 6 3 16 Key stock 1 5 8 Keyed Shaft 3 Left Right hand pedals 2 Left right hand crank arm 2 Crank assist bar 2 5 8 to 7 16 lovejoy coupler 1 Dalhousie University Dept of Mechanical Eng Page 92 of 102 MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System Frame Assembly The frame assembly is designed to be assembled by one person alone It consists of three main components the main post main frame and base cross piece These components are shown below not to scale in figure 38 Fig
78. pends on pedal speed Step 5 Continue pedalling until desired amount of permeate water has been collected Reduce system pressure to 0 PSI and then stop pedalling The system is designed to WARNING FAILURE TO SUSTAIN MINUMUM PEDAL SPEED WILL RESULT IN PREMATURE PUMP FAILURE Dalhousie University Page 101 of 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System Appendix G CAD Drawings Dalhousie University Page 102 of 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng
79. pliers was initiated No local suppliers could supply the same type of membranes that were initially specified As a result the purification system had to be redesigned using components that were available from local distributors that were guaranteed to be available Two smaller reverse osmosis membranes were selected in addition to a 5 micron sediment filter an activated carbon filter and a 0 35 micron Ultra filter to accomplish what was Dalhousie Univ Page 16 of 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System initially intended by the selected fall semester design A schematic of the final design that was assembled is displayed in Figure 6 below Sum Activated 0 35 um Filter Carbon Filter Filter Rotary Vane Pump Contaminated Source Tank Figure 6 Final design of the hydraulic assembly of the Human Powered Water Purification System Specific details concerning the final design illustrated in Figure 6 are thoroughly discussed in the proceeding section of this report Dalhousie Univ Page 17 of 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System 4 Final Design A CAD rendering of the final design of the human powered water purification system is shown in Figure 7 Figure 7 CAD rendering of final design The following sections will discuss the components of the
80. presented Dr Ugursal with some of the research for components and processes that could be employed at a minimal cost These are listed below e Ceramic filtration e Mechanical hand pumps for producing moderate water pressures e Solar UV ultra violet disinfection via plastic bottle e Bio sand slow sand filtration While a basic knowledge of these processes were attained it was decided that to properly select a design each major type of water filtration had to be researched before one specific filtration could be selected Dr Ugursal also recommended that the team speak to Dr Graham Gagnon from civil engineering because he is considered an expert on water filtration It was also decided that the Dalhousie University Page 86 of 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System design selected would have to be site specific because there was not one single design that was the most practical in all different situations Monday October 2214 2012 In this meeting all of the water purification research by each group member was shared The types of filtration methods that were researched were listed below along with a brief description of their effectiveness Ceramics e Effective at reducing bacteria count e Not effective against water born viruses e Hairline cracks tend to form if over pressurized compromising the filters effectiveness Sol
81. purification system is a reverse osmosis membrane filtration process Contaminated water is pumped from a holding tank and is conditioned before entering the reverse osmosis membranes using a pre treatment stage consisting of three cartridge filters As the water enters the reverse osmosis membranes system backpressure forces about 1596 of the entering water through the membrane The remaining 8596 of the water that enters the reverse osmosis membranes flushes over the surface of the membrane and is circulated back through a control valve to the contaminated holding tank The recovery rate of the system is defined as the ratio of water that passes through the membranes the permeate to the water that enters the membrane The water flushing over the membrane is the concentrate Normal operation of the membranes requires that the recovery rate be kept near 1596 because the concentrate stream is required to continuously flush contaminants away from the membrane The complete purification system is detailed in Figure 17 Dalhousie Univ Page 28 of 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System Concentrate Pressure Relief Permeate 5um Activated 0 35 um Filter Carbon Filter Filter Rotary Vane Pump Contaminated Source Tank Bypass Figure 17 Schematic illustrating the hydraulic circuit The purification system includes an adjustable pressure re
82. r gt Activated carbon filter 0 35 micron Ultra filter Reverse osmosis membranes 70 gph rotary vane pump Figure 16 Physical layout of the hydraulic circuit 4 4 1 Pump Selection A Fluid o Tech rotary vane pump designed for water treatment applications was chosen to supply a consistent well defined flow rate The rotary vane pump is a positive displacement pump meaning that its output flow rate is approximately proportional to its rotational speed This characteristic made it possible to easily predict and control the output flow rate of the purification system The pump was sized with considerations for both the required flow rate of the system and the practicality of different sprocket reduction ratios used to drive the pump The pump was sized to produce flow at 3 3 Lpm in order to meet system requirements The 3 3 Lpm flow rate requirement is based on the ratio of water penetrating the reverse osmosis membrane to the water that flushes through the membrane and is recirculated the flow characteristics will be described in greater detail in the following subsections The system was designed so that this ratio the recovery rate would be 1596 as specified by the membrane manufacturer Since 0 5 Lpm of clean water production permeate was set in our design requirements a total flow rate of 3 3 Lpm was needed Dalhousie Univ Page 27 of 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered
83. r NPT threaded The pumps are designed to be directly mounted to the motor with a stainless steel clamp For different mounting arrangements see our technical info optional mountings Maximum operative temperature 70 C 158 F Available upon request Viton EPDM seals Built in relief valve Built in 100 mesh strainer Hange mount California AB 1953 compliant brass WRAS s TECHNICAL INFORMATION w o strainer 1 1 kg 2 5 Ib w strainer 1 3 kg 2 9 Ib Dept of Mechanical Eng Dalhousie University Ww Page 81 of 102 MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System Model POPAPW 070 O71 074 071x 074x 100 101 104 40tx 104x 1500 1501 1504 150ix i5041 200 201 204 20ix pe Kx Bg cc ua elo evo NO SID BA SID BA NO EID BA SID BA NO so BA SID BA NO ST BA SD BA ower NO NO NO YES YES NO NO NO YES YEE NO NO NO YES YB NO NO NO YES Ye Nota Charactoristtos af constant motor spaod walor at 20 C EB F and bypass bockad For appliatons Involving offer fuis high tamporaturos or unusual processing conditions plasso consul the fuctory ar an aubortzad Fuld o Toch distributor Fisici o Tach pe O AUTO Fluid o Tech sri Fluid o Tech Int l Inc Fluid o Tech Int l Inc Japan Fluid o Tech Asia Soya Co Ltd Wa Loorardo de Vinci 40 161 Atwater St 209 2 17 10 Ebara Shinagawa ngwa Industral 20004 Corsica Milano Italy 06479 Planta CT igo 142 0055 Jagan mri
84. reating fresh water with pathogenic contaminants Agardy 2009 Ensures the deactivation of bacteria and viruses Provides a residual effect in the treated water which prevents Taste health risks and public acceptance of chlorinated water in some small communities challenge the use of this treatment method Increases the corrosion of certain metals in the pipe growth of bacteria system Furthermore a comparison of the particle sizes that can be removed by different types of media and membrane filtration is shown in Figure 1 c m E o 5 Sand E v DE 5 v 100 a Filtration Process Figure 1 Bacteria pa o en Paint Pigment 0 1 0 01 Heavy Metals Aqueous Salts 0 001 Microfiltration Granular Media Filtration Particle size removal capabilities of different media and membrane filters Dalhousie Univ Dept of Mechanical Eng Page 12 of 102 MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System 3 3 Designs Considered After researching the different types of water filtration and purification methods currently existing a set of designs were considered for purifying water of different quality 3 3 1 Design Considered 1 Slow Sand Filtration with Solar Disinfection Feed Water Quality Low turbidity fresh water with pathogenic contaminants Primary Application Rural communities developing nations
85. rification System Winter Term Final Report To measure bacteria levels a Colilert Water Test was performed The Colilert Water Test consists of a test kit which uses a reagent that is mixed in with the water samples as seen in Figure 26 below Figure 26 Mixing in the Colilert reagent into the water samples to test for presence of Coliform and E coli The reagent is composed of indicators that react with enzymes found in coliform and E coli to visually alter the colour of the water to indicate either an absence or presence of coliform or E coli This test required that each water sample to be incubated at 35 C for 24 hours The water samples were then taken out of the incubator as seen in Figure 27 Figure27 The water samples after 24 hours of incubating at 35 C The round vessel at the bottom left hand of the above image is a standard against which the results are compared Water samples that appeared more yellow than the standard after the incubation Dalhousie Univ Page 42 of 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System period indicated the presence of total coliforms in the source water Water samples that appeared fluorescent blue when placed underneath an ultraviolet lamp as seen in Figure 28 indicated the presence of E coli Positive detection of E coli or coliform indicates that there is at least one organism of bacteria present wit
86. s To achieve the different levels of total dissolved solids table salt was added manually to the jug of water that was feeding the system Dalhousie Univ Page 39 of 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System 5 3 2 Human Power Testing The Human Powered Water Purification System was designed so that it may produce 10 L of drinking water after 20 minutes of operation using only human power To ensure that the bike can be powered only using human power the entire system was assembled bicycle and hydraulic circuit and 2 tests were conducted The following data was collected at one minute intervals until 10L of clean water were produced 1 The pedaling speed of the user 2 The system backpressure 3 The accumulated mass ofthe permeate clean water To measure these parameters the tachometer pressure gages digital scale and timer were used Collecting this data produced results that displayed how much clean water can be produced for an average pedaling speed and average system back pressure over the course of 20 minutes The water quality used for this test was that of lake water containing approximately 300 ppm TDS This type of water quality was selected because it is representative of the type of water that may be available as the source water for typical applications of this system In order to quantify the power consumption of the system and compar
87. s regarding required system flush time The time required to flush the system may vary depending on filter membrane manufacture Water filtered across the reverse osmosis filters during the flushing period MUST not be used for human consumption System Operation To ensure the longevity of the system the following set of steps MUST be followed during start up shut down procedures NOTE WATER GREATER THAN 5000 PPM AND COLDER THAN 20 DEGREES CELCIOUS WILL RESULT IN POOR SYSTEM PERFORMANCE AND LOWER THAT DESIRED FILTRATION RATES Step 1 Ensure recovery valve is set to open position Step 2 Ensure strainer and pressure relief lines are located in source water container with the concentrate line being drained and permeate line being collected as drinking water Build pedal speed slowly to between 90 110 RPM 90 RPM 1 5 revolutions of the pedal crank per second Dalhousie University Page 100 of 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System Step 3 Flood system with water for ten minutes or until air bubbles are no longer visible to the rider in the concentrate line If system has been flooded skip to step 4 Step 4 Slowly RO pressure to 110 PSI by closing the recovery valve mounted on the handle bars and monitoring the 2 4 pressure gauge left of the rider It is important to keep a constant pedal speed while this is done because system pressure de
88. s to the hydraulic plate Then one by one mount the carbon and ultra filters and tighten the compression fittings Figure45 Filter mount assembly Left to right Sediment Carbon Ultra Step 3 With the filters mounted the PSV and pressure gauge located between the sediment filter and pump can be installed The pressure safety valve not shown is plumbed off a tee from the main line with its return line plumbed back to the source tank in case of system pressure relief The approximate assembly is shown below in figure 46 Figure 46 Pressure valve not shown is the PSV Dalhousie University Page 98 of 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System WARNING DO NOT UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES SET PRESSURE SAFETY RELIEF VALVE HIGHER THAN RATED 125 PSI CATASTROPHIC FAILURE MAY RESULT IN SERIOUS INJURY AND PREMATURE SYSTEM FAILURE Step 4 The last stage in the circuit is the reverse osmosis RO membranes housings Please refer to manufacturer literature regarding proper membrane handling and installation The RO housings are bolted to the hydraulic panel via two 2 5 U bolt as shown below in figure 47 The RO concentrate lines are located on the left of each housing and the permeate lines are shown on the right in figure 47 Not shown are the tee s and check valves installed on these lines to ensure the system stays flooded when not in use WARNING REFE
89. se enne nnne 27 Figure 17 Schematic illustrating the hydraulic circuit 29 Figure 18 Osmosis PASCO Web eet tet e e tad a 31 Figure 19 Spiral wound membrane element RPI WeD cccccsscccecssssececssssececsssceceesseseceesssaeeeesseaeees 31 Figure 20 Permeate flow rate vs applied pressure for two Black Max 100 gpd membranes in A 33 Figure21 Permeate flow rate vs human power for two Black Max 100 gpd membranes in parallel a VENICE Le 34 Figure22 Maximum sustainable human power output Wilson 2004 ooooocnnccccnnononcconononccononananonos 35 Figure23 Experimental setup of flow rate testing esses enne nnne enne nnn nnn nnn 38 Figure24 System performance testing set up Measurement points designated by arrows 39 Figure25 Measuring levels of total dissolved solids in laboratory eene 41 Figure26 Mixing in the Colilert reagent into the water samples to test for presence of Coliform ccce 42 Figure27 The water samples after 24 hours of incubating at 35C oooonoccccccncnononononannnnnnnnnnnanannnnnnnnnnnns 42 Figure28 Water sample testing demonstrating presence of E COll oococonononoonnnnnnnnananonnnnnancnnnns 43 Figure29 Water quality testing 1 Source 2 After Pre treatment 3 RO permeate 43 Figure 30 Samples prepared for TOC DOC analysis cccsscccsssceessecesssecseeeesec
90. ure 38 Left to right Main Post base cross piece main frame Step 1 Begin by lining up holes in the base cross piece with the holes in the base of the main post With one flat washer fit onto each bolt slide each bolt through its hole With bolts inserted fit another flat washer followed by lock washer and nut to exposed threaded end of each bolt Note Every bolted connection hence forth shall be made using this method Step 2 Line up the two bolt holes in the main frame with those in the cross piece and main post As shown below in figure 39 These connections are made using the two 3 8 x 3 5 bolts Dalhousie University Page 93 of 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System Figure39 Main post and base cross piece Step 3 Next the seat is slid into the seat post adjusted to rider height The seat is then clamped in place using the two 1 5 U bolt kit to force close the adjustment notch Ensure one U bolt clamp placed at the top of the adjustment notch and one is approximately halfway down the notch The frame should now look like figure 40 shown below shown without fasteners Figure 40 Assembled frame Dalhousie University Page 94 of 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System Drivetrain Assembly Step 1 To assemble the drivetrain firstly the six beari
91. urification System Assembly User Manual Dalhousie University Page 90 of 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng MECH 4020 Team 15 Human Powered Water Purification System Winter Term Final Report System Assembly Before beginning assembly ensure to lay out the components required to assemble the system by checking with the following bill of materials Before the assembly of the hydraulic system all male pipe threads should be wound thrice clockwise using Teflon tape with the thread end facing the user This will help speed assembly and ensure that all fittings seal properly when being threaded into place Part Name Subgroup Part Quantity Main Hydraulic Components Fasteners 3 8 OD Nylon hose 35 Bolt 3 8 X 3 5 2 P S V 1 Washer 3 8 STD 4 Carbon Ultra housing filter kit 2 Washer 3 8 Fender 4 Sediment filter kit 1 Washer 3 8 Locking 2 R O membrane housing 2 Nut 3 8 2 100 GPD R O membrane 2 Bolt 1 4 X 1 5 3 8 Needle Valve 1 Bolt 1 4 X 1 5 UNC 4 70 GPH Procon Pump 1 Bolt 1 4 X 1 5 UNF 2 Check valve 3 Bolt 1 4 X 2 5 2 Pressure Gauge 2 Bolt 1 4 X 4 5 2 3 8 Comp Tees 6 Bolt 1 4 X 5 4 Nylon Pump Fittings 2 Wasnt ee Suction Strainer 1 Washer did DOOR E 3 4 x 1 2 sch40 bushing 4 Rules p 3 8 com
92. urification process The primary component of the purification system is the reverse osmosis membrane that achieves a level of purification as fine as 0 001 microns The Human Powered Water Purification System has been proven to accomplish the initial design requirements set by Team 15 The system is capable of being powered using human pedal power can produce 9 6 L of potable water after 20 minutes of operation can remove all existing levels of coliform bacteria and E Coli from water can remove 94 of dissolved solids weighs 30 kg and comes out to enclose a volume of 1 m The cost to construct the final prototype was 1110 Dalhousie Univ Page 7 of 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System 1 Introduction The Human Powered Water Purification System is designed to address the difficulty of accessing clean safe water in isolated regions such as off grid residences camp grounds summer cottages etc In many cases these remote residences have limited access to electricity and or fuel The Human Powered Water Purification System is designed to reduce pathogenic contaminants as well as dissolved salts from source water through the use of a reverse osmosis membrane process It is designed to produce 10 litres of drinking water after 20 minutes of operation 0 5 Lpm The system is designed to treat brackish water with microbiological contamination The p
93. urpose of this document is to provide an overview of the design work completed throughout the course of the project This report contains information regarding 1 Designrequirements 2 Design selection process 3 Final design 4 Testing Procedures and Results 5 Budget 6 Economic and Environmental Considerations 7 Current project status 8 Design calculations 9 Specification sheets 10 Testing Raw Data 11 Meeting minutes 12 Engineering drawings Dalhousie Univ Page 8 of 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System 2 Design requirements The design requirements of this project were divided into the following categories power requirements capacity requirements water quality requirements physical requirements and cost requirements In some of these categories essential requirements were supplemented with optional requirements The design requirements are summarized in Table 1 below Table 1 Summary of design requirements Category Essential Requirements Optional Requirements Power Mustbehumanpowered Canbe powered by only one Must be purely mechanical person Capacity Must produce a minimum of 0 5 L of potable water per minute of operation Water Must produce clean safe drinking water Can remove dissolved salts Quality from sources potentially contaminated with bacteria viruses and sedimentation Physical Must b
94. use the reservoir was a large still body it was considered low turbidity brackish water For this site it was calculated to be theoretically possible to meet the prescribed design requirements using a human powered reverse osmosis system Friday November 9 5 2012 Dr Ugursal explained why using bound dated page numbered logbooks are so important as they may be used as evidence in a legal court case Meeting was kept short as there was a lot of system design work to do November 16th 2012 Team updated the supervisor with the design progress demonstrating that the direction chosen was in fact feasible The meeting was kept short because of the large amount of work yet to be completed Friday November 2314 2012 Team discussed the build report that was submitted earlier in the week One suggestion made by Dr Ugursal was to consider building the frame out of wood to further simplify the design for on site construction Also the team discussed a potential testing schedule for the winter semester and seeking sponsorship from the membrane supplier to reduce the cost of the prototype The following weeks design presentation was also discussed suggesting that it should be well rehearsed and not last minute Dalhousie University Page 89 of 102 Dept of Mechanical Eng MECH 4020 Team 15 Winter Term Final Report Human Powered Water Purification System Appendix F Assembly User Manual Human Powered Water P

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