The set up of a measuring platform for Electromagnetical
Contents
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5. p R glages du g n rateur
6. S661 y y 00019 N3 Alimantation en courant alternatif ES CE Mens Pince de couplage SEA capacitive A D N ES u 60 02 I OO A Let EEE K xX ra CSST it or a CR serene AT BE OOOO O m RE bzzz ee hes D 4 Support isolant Plan da r f rence Connexion de terre suivant sp cification du fabricant Longueur sp cifier dans a Vers g n rateur TER S le programme d essai u Support isolant Connexion de carre suivant sp cification au fabricant Longueur sp itier dans le programme J assal Figure 9 Exemple de montage d essal pour l application de la tension d essal au moyen de la pirce de couplage capacltive pour tes essals en laboratoire ve 3 Annexes 35 aa ee ee ee O EN 61000 4 4 1995 36 Annexe A informative am Notes explicatives sur le g n rateur de transitoires rapides en salves et sur la s lection des niveaux de s v rit d essai _ Une longue exp rience de la pratique des essais d immunit sur le mat riel lectrique et lectronique a montr que pour couvrir suffisamment la grande diversit des perturbations lectriques et lectromagn tiques il est n cessaire de disposer d un essai simulant des transitoires rapides grande fr quence de r p tition Ceci est bien connu des experts CEM et nombre d entreprises ont d velopp un tel essai Malheureusement les param tres importants du g n rateur d essai et du montage d essai sont largement d
7. The set up of a measuring platform for Electromagnetical Compatibility measurements G van Vugt MEV DS IN G van Vugt id nr 362163 Training report Companions Mr J Weexsteen Ir J P A Banens Eindhoven july 1996 Eindhoven University of Technology department of Mechanical Engineering Institut Catholic d Arts et M tiers Nantes department of Control Engineering The set up of a measuring platform for EMC TU Eindhoven ICAM Nantes July 1996 summary Since the 1 of January 1996 European rules make that all products which are sold on the European market have to be equipped with a European mark CE To have the right to carry that mark the product must satisfy certain demands which are established by European standards under which the standards of Electromagnetical compatibility EMC The European Organisation for Electrotechnical Standardisation develops the General Standards These are standards with a wide application not related to any particular product family They can be split in two parts emission and immunity The limits of emission make that the product doesn t disturb other machines in its neighbourhood The limits of immunity make that the machine will keep working even in an electromagnetic polluted environment Each apparatus which is placed on the market or taken into service and which is liable to cause electromagnetic disturbance or which is itself liable to be affected by such disturbance h
8. chaque faisceau mesurant 30 40 cm de longueur Placer le LISN de facon ce que la distance entre l appareil et le LISN soit de 0 8 m tres au minimum Raccorder le fil d alimentation au LISN Utiliser un c ble d un Non m tre 1 Line Impedance Stabilisation Network Poser l antenne une distance de 3 m tres de l appareil Connecter le cable d antenne sur l entr e de 50 Ohm de l analyseur de spectre et mettre le commutateur range 450 MHz R gler l analyseur comme suit Attenuator out Center frequenty 250 MHz Scan mode 50 MHz Filter out B width wide Baseline compl tement gauche Sweeprate compl tement droite Audio compl tement gauche D marrer le logiciel et ouvrir Je fichier rayonn01 emc j EN 55022 Class B radiated Est ce que NF EN 55022 est applicable Non Oui Choisir dans le menu Calculate Quasi peak Allumer l appareil Allumer le pr amplificateur Pousser Run 1 Faire attention que le cable d antenne ait une longueur totale de 5 m tres A m ann A D A eu mn mar Regler la hauteur d antenne afin d obtenir l indication maximale chaque fr quence de mesure Chercher le rayonnement maximal en modifiant la configuration du dispositif Tourner l appareil sur 360 pour trouver la direction du rayonnement maximal Eteindre l a
9. quence jusqu fr quence jusqu _ 60 Tableau D 2 Limites des tensions perturbatrices aux bornes du r seau pour les appareils de classe Limites pour les appareils de classe B dB uV Bande de ae Groupes 1 et 2 En maskeret En Re movenne o avec le OE avec le 0 15 E 50 logarithme de la logarithme de la fr quence jusqu fr quence jusqu Tableau D 3 Limites des tensions perturbatrices aux bornes du r seau pour les appareils de classe B 47 Bande de fr quences Mesur sur un emplacement d essai Groupe 1 Classe A Groupe 1 Classe B Distance de mesure Distance de mesure MHz 30 m 10 m dB UE dB Vim 5 37 Tableau D 4 Limites du rayonnement lectromagn tique perturbateur pour les appareils du Groupe 1 Bande de fr quences Limites pour la Classe B 0 15 30 80 872 81 848 134 786 136 414 230 0 15 0 49 1 705 2 194 3 95 20 30 47 68 80 872 81 848 87 134 786 136 414 156 174 188 7 190 979 230 400 470 30 80 872 81 848 134 786 136 414 230 1000 20 30 47 68 Distance de mesure 10 m Limites pour la Classe A Distance de mesure 30 m dB uV m 80 872 81 848 87 134 786 136 414 156 174 188 7 190 979 230 400 470 1000 Tableau D 6 Limites du rayonnement lectromagn tique perturbateur pour les appareils du Groupe 2 Classe A EN 55022 48 Gamme de fr quences dB uV Mhz 0 5 30 73 60
10. start L appareil fonctionne t il encore correctement Oui Le test est il fini Oui Non Changer le polarity en neg L EST respecte les normes CEM de la classe 1 en ce qui concerne les salves sur les lignes d entree sortie ou de communication lt q __ 1 fois R p ter pour toutes les lignes d entr e sortie et de communication 2 re fois Est ce que la d gradation est N_ temporaire ou cup rable _ La d gradation ou perte de fonction a t elle besoin d un intervention d un op rateur ou une emise z ro du syst me 2 Oui L EST respecte les normes CEM de la classe 3 en ce qui concerne les salves sur les lignes d entree sortie ou de communication L appareil ne respecte pas les normes CEM Non 26 L EST respecte les normes CEM de la classe 2 en ce qui concerne les salves sur les lignes d entree sortie ou de communication Indiquer dans le mode d emploi de l appareil le niveau de l essai et la classe laquelle l appareil appartient la plus haute classe la plus lev e 27 2 Figures 28 Spectrum analyser LISN 29 UY Hit min 0 8 m 3m Cage of Faraday Installation des appareils de mesures pour l mission rayonnant 1m Figure 1 Spectrum analyser Cage of Faraday Figure 2 Installation des appareils de mesures pour l missi
11. Tableau D 7 Limites des perturbations conduites aux bornes d alimentation pour les ATI de Classe Gamme de fr quences Limites dB uV Quasi cr te Valeur moyenne Tableau D 8 Limites des perturbations conduites aux bornes d alimentation pour les ATI de Classe B Limites quasi cr te Mhz dB uV m Tableau D 9 Limites des perturbations rayonn es une distance d essai de 10 m pour les ATI de Classe A _ Gamme de fr quences Limites quasi cr te 30 4230 230 1000 Tableau D 10 Limites des perturbations rayonn es une distance d essai de 10 m pour les ATI de Classe B The set up of a measuring platform for EMC TU Eindhoven ICAM Nantes July 1996 Annex B The details of the test equipment The details of the test equipment are given in Table B 1 Manufacturer Haefely Trench A G Name of apparatus Burst Tester EFT Burst Generator PEFT Junior HF Coupling Clamp IP4A Haefely Trench A G Electro Discharge Tester PESD 1600 Haefely Trench A G Spectrum Analyser SA450B Laplace Instruments LTD Computer Interface SA1030 Laplace Instruments LTD E amp H near field probes RF100 Laplace Instruments LTD Log Periodic Antenna RF200 Laplace Instruments LTD Pre amplifier SA1020 Laplace Instruments LTD LISN LISN1600 Thurlby Thandar Instruments Limited Isolation Transformer Type Mono N 8498 BRC Transformateurs Cage of Faraday Amplisilence Sispe All this equipment
12. as ICs and resistors are definitely outside the Directive 2 4 Testing and test houses Except in the case of products which clearly will intrinsically not cause interference or be susceptible to 1t such as a pocket torch each manufacturer will need to submit products to some degree of EMC testing to be sure that they comply with the Directive To cover the eventual requirements of the standards the scope of the tests will need to include conducted and radiated RF emissions plus immunity to transients and electrostatic discharge A test facility to address all these phenomena at compliance level is beyond the budget of most small to medium sized companies A large company may have the product volume and available capital which justifies investment in an in house facility Small to medium sized enterprises which are not able to afford their own full scale test facilities will often make use of independent test houses as ICAM will become one 8 The set up of a measuring platform for EMC TU Eindhoven ICAM Nantes July 1996 2 5 The CE mark and the declaration of conformity The manufacturer or his authorised representative is required to attest that the protection requirements of the Directive have been met This requires two things e he issues a declaration of conformity which must be kept available to the enforcement authority for ten years following the placing of the apparatus on the market e he affixes the CE mark to the appa
13. fichier condte02 emc R gler l analyseur comme suit Attenuator in Center frequenty 25 MHz Scan mode 5 MHz Filter in B width wide Baseline compl tement gauche Sweeprate compl tement droite Audio compl tement gauche OX Connecter un c ble entre la sortie du LISN et l entr e de 50 Ohm de l analyseur de spectre et mettre le commutateur range 450 MHz Y a t il des cr tes au dessus du milieu de l cran Non Mettre la commutateur attenuator sur l analyseur out et changer le aussi sur l cran Y a t il des cr tes au dessus du milieu de l cran Mettre la commutateur attenuator sur le LISN 10 dB et changer le aussi sur l cran Note Ne JAMAIS mettre le commutateur 0 dB 13 Est ce que les perturbations d passent les limites sp cifi es st ce que E 55022 est applicable Choisir la limite EN 55022 Class A Mains Est ce que les perturbations d passent les limites Oui Non Non On doit noter un Donner des conseils avertissement dans les pour supprimer les instructions d emploi probl mes 1 AVERTISSEMENT Cet appareil est un appareils de Classe A Dans un environnement r sidentiel cet appareil peut provoquer des brouillages radio lectriques Dans ce cas il peut tre demand l utilisateur de prendre des mesures appropri es Mett
14. or imported into the EC for subsequent export to a third country it has not been placed on the market Taken into service means the first use of a product in the EC by its final user If the product is used without being placed on the market if for example the manufacturer is also the end user then the protection requirements of the Directive still apply On the other hand it should not need to go through the conformity assessment procedures to demonstrate compliance So the test site which will be set up can also be used to look if the equipment ICAM makes for itself doesn t exceed the given limits TF the manufacturer resides outside the EC then the responsibility for certifying compliance with the Directive rests with the person placing the product on the market for the first time within the EC i e the manufacturer s authorised representative or the importer Any person who produces a new finished product from already existing finished products such as a system builder is considered to be the manufacturer of the new finished product The question of when does a component which is not within the scope of the Directive become apparatus which is remains problematical The Commission s interpretative document defines a component to be any item which is used in the composition of an apparatus and which is not itself an apparatus with an intrinsic function intended for the final consumer Thus individual parts such
15. sur l cran tourner le bouton Audio droite et r gler la Center Frequency une des fr quences not es Essayer de trouver le composant qui donne l indication maximale H antenne au pr amplificateur Donner des conseils pour supprimer le probl me Essayer de trouver le composant qui donne l indication maximale Si l indication montre des fluctuations proximit de la limite cette indication doit tre observ e pendant 15 s L indication la plus lev e doit tre not e Pour raisons de s curit il est raisonable de respecter un marge de 5dB au dessous des limites Dispositif soumettre un test 10 Emission Conduite EN 55011 et EN 55022 Est ce que l nergie fr quence radio lectrique est utilis e pour le traitement NF EN 55011 est applicable Le dispositif est il un ATI Non Oui NF EN 55022 est applicable L appareil est il pr vu pour tre utilis dans les L appareil est il raccord directement un r seau d lectricit basse tension Non Classe A Classe B 1 Appareil de Traitement de l Information 2 Par exemple un appareil lectro rosion 11 Mettre l appareil sur une table en bois d une Non hauteur de 0 8 m tres comme montr dans la figure 2 L appareil est il destin tre plac sur le sol Mettre l appareil sur le pla
16. with the platform already have some experience with the emission and ESD testing With the made guide lines the rules with which the measurements should be done are clear and nothing will be forgotten Because the cage is not totally equiped with absorbing cones two interesting tests can be made to verify 1f the margin of 5 dB under the given limits of the rayonning emission test is sufficient The first test is to compare the measured emission of a EUT in this cage with the measured emission of the same EUT in a cage which is totally equiped with absorbing cones ICAM has that possibility because DICOMTECH has a cage of Faraday which is said to simulate well an open field area They already proposed to do some verification measurements If the difference between the two measurements is greater than 5 dB the margin must be adapted Another possibility is to buy a EUT of which exactly is known which level of disturbance should be measured at a distance of 3 meters of the apparatus in an open field area If the real measured level of disturbances differs more than 5 dB _ 1 _ the margin must be adapted Further in the future if the experience of the people working with the measuring equipment is great enough it is possible to expand the possibilities of the platform by buying equipment to do also rayonning immunity tests To do these test it is really necessary that the cage of Faraday is totally equiped with absorbing cones be
17. 1 2 La variation de la fr quence de r p tition des impulsions avec le degr de s v rit choisi tient compte du comportement particulier de la circuiterie de cet clateur A 2 S lection des niveaux de s v rit Es H y a lieu de choisir les niveaux de s v rit d essai en concordance avec les conditions d environnement et d installat tion les plus r alistes Ces niveaux sont indiqu s dans l article 5 de la pr sente norme Les essais d immunit sont corr l s avec ces niveaux afin d tablir un niveau de tonction nement pour l environnement dans lequel il est pr vu que les mat rieis doivent fonctionner Pour les acc s d entr s sontie de commande de signal et de donn es on utilisera des valeurs de tension d essai moite de celles Appliqu es sur les acces d alimentation 37 La recommandation concernant la s lection des niveaux des essais TER S en fonction de ce qu impose l environnement lectromagn tique fond e sur l observation des pratiques courantes en mati re d installation est la suivante Niveau 1 Environnement bien prot g A L installation est caract ris e de la mani re suivante suppression de tous les TER S dans les circuits d alimentation et de commande commut s S paration entre les lignes d alimentation courant alternatif et courant continu et les Circuits de commands ei de mesure provenant d autres environrsments apparicnari des niveaux de s v rit plus lev s c ble
18. E TION a TC EA a E Eee BEE ee te ces 5 22 TRE EME STANDARDS A A eo 6 23 WHICH PRODUCTS MUST BE TE ca dadas 8 DAS TESTING AND TESTA USE O A 8 2 5 THE CE MARK AND THE DECLARATION OF CONFORMITY sccsssssecoscssoscavcscesnccaccessececcscessstvecscsesccsccesersccusssecavsese 9 3 THE GUIDE LINES a a A alc nine S E E AE EI ANA AAE iaa 10 3 INTRODUCTION A a o S 10 3 22 RADIA TED EMISSION TESTING 22222 te nee ii SNS E dm eet Dd 10 3 3 CONDUCTED EMISSION TESTING zn a NS se seen nie esse cac 12 3 3A BSD IMMUNITY TESTING aaa nah Pe a A du ee tt OS le ae 7 5 TRANSIENTBURSTINMUNITYV Een A ES 13 A LE ASS D BEPORT ES ee RE ET ET ES PU TE Heer 15 AT INTRODUCTION EE Te NE ee A anges de ions eee directe 15 AD COIN TENES een ne iba 15 5 PLACING OF THE MEASURING PLATFORM ooooooooconononcinnaccanacicaroncccconiconeccnnecccncenansacaciccccacancaccacicnocacones 17 SL AH ABID G EA hA LE E iio 17 DS NO CS IN de aT 17 BG CONCEUSION id a 19 ANNEX A THE GUIDE LINES ses O ice tds 20 ANNEX B THE DETAILS OF THE TEST EQUIPMENT csscsocssscccsscsscsscssssccessscscccsscsscscssscesscssccceserses 69 LITERATURE SN D ie Caron Rp nO ENE UTA ne nest dei 70 The set up of a measuring platform for EMC TU Eindhoven ICAM Nantes July 1996 1 Introduction Since the 1 of January 1996 European rules make that all machines which are sold on the European market have to be equipped with a European mark CE If the product doesn t have that mark it can be
19. Institut Catholic d Arts et M tiers CAM in Nantes For three months a Dutch student worked in a French laboratory of control engineering to set up the measuring platform mentioned above As the intention is that that platform is used by French people some parts of this report like user manuals are written in French The set up of a measuring platform for EMC TU Eindhoven ICAM Nantes July 1996 2 The standards 2 1 Introduction Of the various aims of the creation of the Single European Market the free movement of goods between European states is fundamental All member states impose standards and obligations on the manufacture of goods in the interests of quality safety consumer protection and so forth Because of detailed differences in procedures and requirements these act as technical barriers to trade fragmenting the European market and increasing costs because manufacturers have to modify their products for different national markets For many years the EC tried to remove these barriers by proposing Directives which gave the detailed requirements that products had to satisfy before they could be freely marketed throughout the Community but this proved difficult because of the detailed nature of each Directive and the need for unanimity of the members before 1t could be adopted To accelerate the project the Directives are limited to setting out only the essential requirements which must be satisfied before products may
20. an saye money an atot of trouble Here is told why it is so important to test the electromagnetical compatibility of an apparatus Also is told that doing 2 Information of the company for which the tests are done Here is given the name address and phone and fax number of the company for which the tests are done Also is the name and phone number of the contact person given 3 Description of the EUT The basic description of the EUT must specify the model number Is the EUT stand alone or part of a larger system If it is to be tested as a stand alone unit then no further information is needed If it can only be tested as part of a system then the components of the system of which it is a part must also be specified Care must be taken that the test results will not be compromised by a failure on the part of other system components System configuration and criteria for choosing it If the EUT can form part of a system or installation which may contain many other different components you will need to specify a representative system configuration which will allow you to perform the tests The criteria on which the choice of configuration is based must be clear 4 The tests to be performed Which standard is used In the standard the applied voltage levels and frequency ranges are specified Test equipment and facility to be used Location of test points The number of lines to be tested ln some cases just one representati
21. ansitoires lectriques rapides en salves ie 30 Annexe B Notes sur la s lection des niveaux des d charges d lectricit statique 40 Annexe C Contenu des fichiers CEM et des programmes dans le g n rateur de salves 41 Annexe D Limites d mission pour les equipements sous test RE 46 1 Directives Dispositif soumettre un test Emission Rayonn e EN 55011 et EN 55022 Est ce que l nergie Le dispositif est il N NF EN 55011 fr quence radio lectrique est 4 on est ae un ATI utilis e pour le traitement de la applicable mati re Oui Oui NF EN 55022 1 est L appareil est il pr vu pour tre utilis dans les L appareil est il raccord directement un r seau d lectricit basse tension Classe B 1 Appareil de Traitement de l Information 2 Par exemple un appareil lectro rosion Non Classe A oo a O AA saone er Mettre l appareil sur une table en bois d une hauteur de 0 8 m tres L appareil est il destin tre plac sur le sol Non comme dans la figure 1 Oui Mettre l appareil sur le plan de masse comme dans la figure 1 Le fil d alimentation a t il une longueur de 1 m tre Non Est il plus long Oui R unir en faisceau les longueurs de c bles en exc s au centre du c ble
22. ave to be tested to look if the product meets the required l mits These tests are done af a measuring platform The purpose of this project is to set up such a platform The European Standards are examined to look which test equipment is needed which distances have to be respected etc All this relevant information is combined in guide lines for the people who carry out the different tests In these guide lines is step by step in a readable manner explained what the person has to do to carry out the tests according to the standards The tests which have to be carried out to cover the requirements of the standards will include conducted and radiated RF emissions plus immunity to transients and electrostatic discharge At the end of the tests a test report must be made In this test report should exactly be written how where with which equipment the tests are done Finally the platform is set up The need of a Cage of Faraday was inevitable to keep the high environmental noise outside To be sure that the equipment doesn t exceed the limits a safety margin of 5 dB is used The places of the equipment is indicated with signs on the floor At the end the platform is ready to be used for electromagnetical pre compliance testing The set up of a measuring platform for EMC TU Eindhoven ICAM Nantes July 1996 Contents SUMMARY ER AEE S EEA E A EET E SONTE O SEE O ARA AA 2 L INTRODUCTION lt a aAA E A EOE dote 4 O 5 21 INTRODH
23. be marketed anywhere within the EC The technical TD LU detail is provided by the European standards drawn up by the European standards bodies CEN European Organisation for Standardisation CENELEC European Organisation for Electrotechnical Standardisation and ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute Also are the decisions on new approach Directives taken by qualified majority voting eliminating the need for unanimity and so speeding up the process of adoption At this moment there are about 17700 French Standards 3300 European Standards and 13000 International Standards National Standards can be facultatively taken from the International Standards with or without modifications On the other hand each member is required to implement the European Standards without modifications into National Standards with withdrawal of the divergent National Standards This means that products which are found to comply within one state are automatically deemed to comply within all others no member state can refuse them entry on technical grounds This implies subsequently that the product to can be sold on the entire European Market has to pass just one test The mark CE will be present on all the products which are sold on the European Market so it can t be used by the customer to guide his choice To distinguish the products and enterprises other voluntary marks are available Such as NF in France GS in Germany a
24. ble Non L EST ne respecte pas les normes CEM 20 Augmenter la tension La d gradation ou perte de fonction a t elle besoin d une intervention d un op rateur ou une remise z ro du syst me L EST respecte les normes CEM de la classe 3 en ce qui concerne la DES indirecte sur le plan de couplage horizontal Placer un plan de couplage vertical de 0 5 x 0 5 m un c t et une distance de 0 1 m de l EST voir la figure 4 21 L EST respecte les normes CEM de la classe 2 en ce qui concerne la DES indirecte sur le plan de couplage horizontal Tenir le g n rateur de DES comme montr dans la figure 4 Choisir la tension minimal Faire 10 essais sur le m me point avec une intervalle de 1 seconde Est ce que la tension est plus basse que la lt tension d essai indiqu e dans le Tableau B 2 Est ce que encore bien Non Non L EST respecte les normes CEM de la classe 1 en ce qui concerne la DES indirecte sur le plan de couplage vertical Est ce que la d gradation est temporaire ou r cup rable Est ce que la tension est plus basse que la tension d essai indiqu e dans le Tableau B 2 Non Non Est ce que la d gradation est temporaire ou r cup rable L EST ne respecte pas Non les normes CEM Oui 22 Oui Augmenter la tension 23 L EST
25. cause the emitted waves are much stronger than the emitted waves of a EUT and thus causing more and stronger reflections It is clear that ICAM will have a lot of benefit of this measuring platform Not only for their own products but certainly also to test products of other companies During the set up of the platform some companies were already interested in the possibilities of such a measuring platform in the neighbourhood As far as I m concerned this platform will be as well technically as economically a big succes for ICAM 109 The set up of a measuring platform for EMC Annex A The guide lines 20 TU Eindhoven ICAM Nantes July 1996 ns 00000 ICAM Nantes Laboratoire Automatique Carquefou juillet 1996 Auteur Gwen VAN VUGT Accompagnateur Joseph WEEXSTEEN Table des mati res 1 DIRECTIVES 090960008 200000000000 OH HH EEHLEODOOOHHOOCHOHOOPFETRHO HH PHPHHEHS 000000000606 000000000000 002D00000D000000000000000000008200 0000000000 vs 3 1 1 Emission Rayonnee oooonccnccnncncnnnnns O eras 4 1 2 CESSION CONOS ee 10 1 3 Immunte d charses d lectricit StatiQue diia 17 1 4 Immunit transitoires lectriques rapides en salves 24 2 FIGURES caine ni nase 00000020 000000060000000000060086060600609060000 002000000006 2000000000066 00924 960 28 A ROA 35 Annexe A Notes sur la s lection des niveaux des tr
26. de salves V nominal Polarity Trigger A M burst ourput e to HV out e toline 1 phase e to line 3 phase 1 ph coupling path Path L Path N Path PE Path L N Path L PE Path N PE Path L N PE Spike freq Burst dur Burst freq Test time Random spikes Burst syncro Syncro freq Syncro angle No transition Voltage trans Freq trans Syncro trans ON ON ON OFF o ro ee nan ss 5 00 kHz 15 0 ms 60 s cero 45 5 00 kHz 15 0 ms 60 s s t e 46 Annexe D Limites d mission pour les equipements sous test EN 55011 Fr quence centrale Gamme de fr quences Limite maximale de rayonnement Mhz Mhz 6 780 6 765 6 795 l tude 13 560 13 553 13 567 Sans restriction 27 120 26 957 27 283 Sans restriction 40 680 40 66 40 70 Sans restriction 433 920 433 05 434 79 l tude 2450 2400 2500 Sans restriction 5800 5725 5875 Sans restriction 24125 24000 24250 Sans restriction 61250 61000 61500 P etude 122500 122000 123000 l tude 245000 244000 246000 V tude Tableau D 1 Fr quences d sign es par PUIT comme fr quences fondamentales pour les appareils ISM Limites pour les appareils de classe A dB uV Bande de fr quences MHz En quasi cr te En valeur moyenne En quasi cr te En valeur moyenne 015 050 7 6e o 0 50 5 ee RE avec le End avec le logarithme de la logarithme de la fr
27. des sections m talliques d armoire isol es par rapport au sol tout point relatif la communication homme machine tel que commutateurs boutons etc indicateurs DEL fentes grilles capots de bornes etc La d gradation ou perte de fonction a t elle besoin d une intervention d un op rateur ou une remise z ro du syst me L EST respecte les normes CEM de la classe 3 en ce qui concerne la DES directe D finir les points min 10 sur le plan de couplage horizontal pour faire des essais 19 L EST respecte les normes CEM de la classe 2 en ce qui concerne la DES directe Tenir le g n rateur de DES perpendiculairement la surface sur laquelle la d charge est appliqu e Choisir la tension minimale Faire 10 essais sur le m me point avec une intervalle de 1 seconde Est ce que encore bien Non Est ce que la tension d essai indiqu e dans le Tableau B 2 Non Est ce que la d gradation est temporaire ou r cup rable Oui EST marche gt gt Oul tension est plus basse que la Est ce que la tension est plus basse que la _ tension d essai indiqu e _ dans le Tableau B 2 Non L EST respecte les normes CEM de la classe 1 en ce qui concerne la DES indirecte sur le plan de couplage horizontal Est ce que la d gradation est temporaire ou r cup ra
28. e not e gt On doit specifier un Donner des suggestions N bee Dispositif soumettre un test 17 Immunit d charges d lectricit statique EN 61000 4 2 Le dispositif est il destin pour tre plac sur le sol Oui Mettre l appareil et les c bles sur le plan de r f rence isol s par un support isolant de 0 1 m d paisseur comme montr dans la figure 3 Connecter le c ble de retour la terre du g n rateur de DES au plan de r f rence et le tenir une distance d au moins 0 2 m de l EST D finir des points pour faire les d charges d lectricit statique et le type de d charge au contact ou dans l air Choisir dans le tableau B 1 la classe d appareil qui d pend de l humidit et des mat riaux Mettre un plan horizontal de couplage de 1 6 x 0 8 m tres sur une table en bois d une hauteur de 0 8 m tres et relier ce plan au plan de r f rence par un c ble muni des r sistances de 470 kOhm chaque extr mit Mettre l appareil et les c bles sur le plan de coupiage mais isoi s de celui ci par un Support isolant de 0 5 mm paisseur comme montr dans la figure 3 et 4 Les d charges d lectricit statique ne doivent tre appliqu es qu aux surfaces de l EST qui sont accessibles l op rateur durant l utilisation normale ou durant la maintenance effectu e par le client Par exemple _ 4 points situ s sur
29. es of the direct and reflected paths change see figure 2 To do reproducible measurements the antenna has to be placed in one of the points where the waves are amplified as much as possible Now the environmental noise is measured As the tests are done in a cage of Faraday there will be no problems 07570 with the strength of the environmental noise So this is just done to verify if the cage shows no leakage Then the emission of the EUT is measured and checked to stay within the given limits It is wise to respect a safety margin of 5 dB under the given limits because it is practically impossible to do reproducible measurements and also because the cage is not completely equipped with anti reflection cones If it doesn t exceed the limits minus 5 dB the EUT respects the norms EMC as far as the radiated emission is concerned If the given limits minus 5 determines dB are exceeded the sensitivity short exposed length gap left in screen EY sources of the concerned insulating boot frequencies are tried to be found with the near field probes These detect field inner soldered to incoming screen at elbow insulating boot E field strength in the near field Le Hield ES Therefore two types of a probe are needed one for Figure 3 Near field probes the electric field rod construction and the other for the magnetic field loop construction see figure 3 The electrical field probe will de
30. et environnement les zones ext rieures des quipements de processus industriels pour lesquelles aucune protection sp cifique n a t adopt e des centrales lectriques les postes H T en plein air et l appareillage isolation gazeuse fonctionnant des tensions pouvant atteindre 500 kV avec leurs propres r gles d installation Niveau 5 Situations particuli res analyser La bonne ou mauvaise s paration lectromagn tique des sources de perturbation des circuits Caoies lignes des mat riels etc et la qualit des installations peuvent conduire choisir un niveau d environnement plus lev ou plus faible que ceux qui ont t d crits plus haut ll faut faire attention au fait que certaines lignes issues d un environnement d un niveau de s v rit pios lev peuvent NA introduites Gans un environnement de S v rit moindre Fa 39 Niveaux d essai Sur l acc s d alimentation de puissance PE Tension de cr te Fr quence de Niveau Sur les signaux Entree Sortie les acc s de donn es et de contr le _ Tension de cr te Fr quence de r p tition kV r p tition kHz 0 25 0 5 1 4 4 2 2 Tableau A 1 Niveaux d essai pour l immunite aux transitoires lectriques rapides en salves Un 40 Annexe B Tableau B 1 Conseils pour le choix des niveaux d essais Humidit relative Classe pouvant descendre Mat riaux Mat riaux Tension ma
31. i peak response de emphasises the peak response at low PRFs The average detector as its name implies measures the average value of the signal For a continuous signal this will be the same as its peak value but a pulsed or modulated signal will have an average level lower than the peak The 10 The set up of a measuring platform for EMC _TU Eindhoven ICAM Nantes July 1996 effect of this is to penalise Y i continuous emissions with direct wave Gr Y ES i ae a S q EUT Sh x te so reflected z Uy wave respect to pulsed interference Lo which registers a lower level on an average detector Figure 2 Reflected and direct waves captured by the antenna POs ean ee ae enna has to be adjusted such that the received signal is as strong as possible That is needed because the antenna not only measures the direct signal from the EUT but also any signals that are reflected from conducting objects such as the walls the ground plane and the ceiling They are not equipped with anti reflection cones to prevent the investment being too large On the other hand 3 movable panels are equipped with absorbing cones These panels are placed just next to the EUT see figure 8 to prevent reflections as much as possible The remained reflections cause points where the waves extinguish each other as well as points where the waves are amplied By varying the height of the antenna the relative distanc
32. ial environment EN 55011 Limits and methods of measurement of radio disturbance characteristics of industrial scientific and medical ISM radio frequency equipment EN 55022 Limits and methods of measurement of radio disturbance characteristics of information technology equipment Table 1 Not all information given in the standards mentioned above is interesting Only the interesting information and the information given in the manuals of the test equipment are joint together in the guide lines for the person who carries out the test These guide lines are written in French as the person who carries out the tests will be French The guide lines can be found in annex A and are explained in the next chapter For further details of the equipment see annex B The set up of a measuring platform for EMC TU Eindhoven ICAM Nantes July 1996 2 3 Which products must be tested The EMC Directive applies to an apparatus which is placed on the market or taken into service and which is liable to cause electromagnetic disturbance or which is itself liable to be affected by such disturbance Apparatus is defined as all electrical and electronic appliances equipment and installations Placing on the market means the first making available of the product within the EC so that the Directive covers only new products manufactured within the EC but both new and used products imported from a third country If the product is manufactured in
33. iff rents et les r sultats d essai ne peuvent pas tre compar s les uns aux autres Cette situation cr e des probl mes si des mat riels de diff rents niveaux d immunit et provenant de diff rents fabricants sont int gr s dans un syst me dans un environnement lectromagn tique donn Ces prescriptions furent parmi les principaux facteurs qui ont men la pr paration de cette norme A 1 G n rateur de transitoires rapides en salves o liminer les an qui pourraient resulter d ecan entre les caract ristiques de d essai normalisee On mesurera les caract ristiques sagnilicatives du eea d essai AA RR _ voir 6 1 2 lors de l application de transitoires rapides en salves sur une charge r sistive de 50 Q r ponse en fr quence plate jusqu 400 MHz En raison de l instabilit m canique et lectrique de l clateur au dessous de 1 KV on pourra obtenir les tensions d essai inf rieures 2 kV partir de diviseurs de tension Dans la r alit le ph nom ne de salve se produit avec des fr quences de r p tition des impulsions de 10 kHz 1 MHz Cependant des investigations men es sur une large chelle ont montr que cette fr quence de r p tition relativement lev e est difficile reproduire avec un g n rateur fonctionnant avec un eclateur r glage fixe De ce fait des fr quences de r p tition plus basses mais avec des impulsions individuelles repr sentatives ont t sp cifi es en 6
34. is bought by DICOMTECH Ringablach 56400 Plumergat Tel 33 97 56 13 14 Fax 33 97 56 13 43 69 The set up of a measuring platform for EMC TU Eindhoven ICAM Nantes July 1996 en 737 A A A A A ES AAA A A A A A AA A AAA AA AS Le 2 Literature Catalogue Radialex d partement Anitparasitage et Compatibilit Electromagn tique Radialex Villeurbanne France 1996 Charoy Alain Compatibilit Electromagn tique Parasites et perturbations de lectroniques Partie 2 3 4 Dunod Paris 1992 Les fabricants n ont plus le choix les labos font le plein MESURES 684 April 1996 p 35 41 Minist re de l Industrie des Postes et T l communication et du Commerce Exterieur La libre circulation des produits en Europe Paris 1995 UTE Union Technique de l Electricit Compatibilit Electromagn tique CEM R glementation et normalisation Evaluation et attestation de la confomit UTE Paris January 1996 Williams Tim EMC for Product Engineers Butterworth Heinemann Oxford 1995 2 edition 10
35. istance between one wall and the EUT must be 0 4 meter The distance between all other walls and the EUT must be at least 0 8 meter Here also the distance between the LISN and the EUT has to be 0 8 meter All other necessary equipment are placed outside the cage So the equipment to do the conducted emission testing is placed as shown in figure 9 For the electrostatic discharge immunity testing no distances are given which _ have to be respected It is decided to carry out these test at the same place in the cage of Faraday as with the radiated emission tests See figure 10 By the transient burst immunity testing the distance between the EUT and all other conducting surfaces must be at least 0 5 meter This distance is respected if the EUT is placed at the same place as with the radiated emission tests So also the layout for the transient burst immunity testing is given in figure 10 The wires between the EUT and the test equipment must be at most 1 meter 31g The set up of a measuring platform for EMC TU Eindhoven ICAM Nantes July 1996 6 Conclusion The intention was to set up a measuring platform to do EMC measurements After three months the measuring platform was almost ready Some test measurements are done for the emission testing and the electrostatic discharge immunity testing Only the transient burst testing has not yet been set up It 1s decided to do that somewhat later when the people working
36. l is reached and the apparatus still works properly the EUT respects the standards and will be a class 1 apparatus _ After that also indirect electrostatic discharges are applied These are executed using vertical coupling planes _ _ _ placed at a distance of 10 cm to the EUT which simulate equipment which is situated next to the EUT The same criteria as above are used to decide whether or not an apparatus respects the norms At the end the level of test and the class to which the apparatus belongs are written in the user manual of the apparatus 3 5 Transient burst immunity The fourth and last guide line will test the immunity of the EUT to bursts on the main supply Also here table top EUTs are placed on an insulating table 80 cm above the ground and floor standing equipment is stood off from the ground plane by a 10 cm insulating block I O cables are fed through the capacitive clamp which is located 10 cm above the ground plane and connected to the burst generator Typically bursts are applied for a duration of 1 minute in each polarity The required voltage levels are defined in the relevant standard and vary depending on the anticipated operating environment The burst consists of many spikes see figure 5 The burst frequency is 3 Hz and the length of the burst is about 15 ms The spike frequency depends on the chosen voltage level When surges are applied to the mains input they are qynchronised with the mains waveform so as
37. ly network and the LISN ZA 04m inci The OSPE principal 0 8m CISPR o requirement is placement a plane bundied of the EUT with respect wall o A EN a ea ne screened AN lt 0 4m length CISPR to the ground plane and enclosure ty i ames 0 8 mains lead 1m length cnet el Fr CISPR16 LISN the LISN and the or as specified disposition of the mains cable and earth Ground plane 2m x 2m min CISPR al o ER connection s This is to measuring instrument Eu oe given in the guide lines Figure 4 Layout for conducted emission tests and also show in figure 4 There are measurements taken as well on the live as on the neutral wire Here will also be tried to give suggestions to ameliorate the tested product if it exceeds the given limits 3 4 ESD immunity testing The third guide line will test the electrostatic discharge immunity of the EUT For the tests the EUT should be set up in its operating configuration The connection to the ground is important and this should be representative of installation or user practice Table top equipment should be placed on a wooden table 80 cm over the ground plane with a horizontal coupling plane directly underneath it but insulated from it The coupling plane must be connected with the ground using a cable equipped with a 470 kQ resistance at each end Floor standing equipment should be isolated from the ground plane by an insulating support of abo
38. n de masse comme montr dans la figure 2 Le fil d alimentation a t il une longueur de 1 m tre Utiliser un c ble d un Est il plus long Non m tre Oui R unir en faisceau les longueurs de c bles en exc s au centre du Oui a cable chaque faisceau mesurant 30 a 40 cm de longueur Placer le LISN de telle mani re que la distance entre l appareil et le LISN est 0 8 m tres au minimum Raccorder le fil d alimentation au LISN R gler le LISN comme suit Input off 150 kHz filter in Attenuator 20 dB Connecter un c ble entre la sortie du LISN et l entr e de 50 Ohm de l analyseur de spectre et mettre le commutateur range 4 5 MHz R gler l analyseur comme suit Attenuator in Center frequenty 2 50 MH Scan mode 500 kHz Filter in B width narrow Baseline compl tement gauche Sweeprate compl tement droite Audio compl tement gauche D marrer le logiciel et ouvrir le fichier condte01 emc Choisir la limite appropri e EN 55011 Cls Grp 1 mains EN 55011 Cls Grp 2 mains EN 55011 Cls B Grp 1 mains EN 55011 Cls B Grp 2 mains EN 55022 Class B mains Si NF EN 55022 est applicable choisir dans le menu Calculate Quasi peak Allumer le pr amplificateur Pousser Run Allumer l appareil Mettre le commutateur sur le LISN L Live 12 D marrer le logiciel et ouvrir le
39. nd Kite Mark in Great Britain for products and ISO 9000 for enterprises In this chapter the structure of the EMC standards will be described Further is explained when an apparatus must be tested and when the CE mark can be affixed to the product The set up of a measuring platform for EMC TU Eindhoven ICAM Nantes July 1996 2 2 The EMC standards One group of standards are the EMC standards The ever greater use of electronic equipment around the world has led to an increasing awareness of the importance of electromagnetic compatibility This is defined as the ability of a device unit of equipment or system to function satisfactorily in its electromagnetic environment without introducing intolerable electromagnetic disturbances to anything in that environment So the term EMC has two complementary aspects e it describes the ability of electrical and electronic systems to operate without interfering with other systems the emission e it also describes the ability of such systems to operate as intended within a specified electromagnetic environment gt the immunity Because of the importance of EMC great effort has been expended over recent years in designing methods of measurement of EMC performance in laying down acceptable and achievable standards of performance and in drafting legal requirements to impose compliance with these standards on manufacturers of electronic equipment The structure of the EMC standards is as follo
40. on conduit OL Cage of Faraday Installation des appareils de mesures pour les essais de l immunit Figure 3 31 32 Position typique pour application directe Position typique pour d charge Position typique pour d charge indirecte sur le PCH indirecte sur le PCV Plan de couplage horizontal 16mx0 8m Pian de r i rence Table de bois SK gt AM Ragem Figure 5 Exemple d installation d essai pour mat riel de table essais en laboratoire ri ha Connexion de terre suivant m ART Tr A N Support isola t Plan de r f rence Fe G n rateur sp cification du fauricant TER S B Longueur A sp cifiar dans Ao A T le programme d es ai G n rateur la TH 3 TER S Bar ha I longueur entre pince et EST en essai ne devra pas tre sup rieure 1 m a ee tae A emplacement pour le couplage sur les lignes d alimentation 4 gt B emplacement pour le couplage sur les lignes de signaux R seau de couplage d couplage A Plan de r f rence Figure 7 Montage g n ral d essal pour les essals de type en laboratolre y y 00019 N3 S56 ge ce abed Dans le cas de l essai simultan des deux EST l Jy s 1 m entre la pince de couplage et l EST essay Dans le cas de l assai d un seul EST ln min 25 mou l gt 5 x des fins de d couplage Alimentation en courant alternatif
41. ppareil et nn mesurer le bruit d environnement Le bruit ambiant est il sp cifi es Oui inf rieur de 6 dB aux limites Approcher l antenne l appareil et Le rayonnement Allumer Moon AN Non i est il inf rieur aux Non changer la l appareil p zada EEE limites sp cifi es distance en choisissant Input RF200 Oui Le dispositif respecte les normes CEM nn A nn nn nina Allumer l appareil et mesurer le rayonnement Est ce que EN 55022 est applicable Est ce que le rayonnement d passe les limites sp cifi es Non Choisir la limite EN 55022 Class A radiated Le dispositif respecte les normes CEM Est ce que le rayonnement d passe les limites sp cifi es Noter les fr quences qui ne satisfont pas les limites Le dispositif respecte les normes CEM mais il faut pr ciser par un avertissement dans les instructions d emploi 1 AVERTISSEMENT Cet appareil est un appareils de Classe A Dans un environnement r sidentiel cet appareil peut provoquer des brouillages radio lectriques Dans ce cas il peut tre demand a l utilisateur de prendre des mesures appropri es Connecter la RF100 E antenne au pr amplificateur Ouvrir le fichier rayonn02 emc saajou Sseouanbel sa Sexo unod Jajaday R gler l analyseur conforme aux donn es
42. r Interface to connect a computer to the spectrum analyser so the spectrum can be seen on the computer screen gt EandH near field probes to locate emission sources gt Log Periodic Antenna to measure radiation over the frequency range 30 Mhz to 1 GHz gt Pre amplifier to amplify the low level signals of the antennas and near field probes gt Line Impedance Stabilisation Network LISN machine to imitate the required fictive network and to provide the transducer for measurement of RF conducted back down the mains from the EUT gt Isolation Transformer required for the LISN because of its leakage currents it can t be connected directly to the mains supplies of the laboratory for the earth leakage circuit breaker will be immediately activated gt Cage of Faraday needed to keep the environmental parasites outside Emission EN 50081 1 Immunity EN 61000 4 1 Electromagnetic Compatibility EMC Part 4 Testing and Generic emission standard Part 1 Residential commercial and light industry measurement techniques Section 1 Overview of immunity tests Basic an eee ree eens eens 22 2 2000 EMC publication 2 EN 50081 2 Part 2 Industrial environment EN 61000 4 2 Section 2 Electrostatic discharge immunity test EN 50082 1 Generic immunity standard EN 61000 4 4 Section 4 Electrical fast transient Part 1 Residential commercial and burst immunity test light industry EN 50082 2 Part 2 Industr
43. ratus or to its packaging instructions or guarantee certificate The EC declaration of conformity must include the following components e a description of the apparatus to which it refers e a reference to the specifications under which conformity is declared and where appropriate to the national measures implemented to ensure conformity e an identification of the signatory empowered to bind the manufacturer or his authorised representative The mark consists of the letters CE as shown in figure 1 The mark should be at least 5 mm in height and be _ affixed visibly legibly and indelibly __ Figure 1 The CE mark The set up of a measuring platform for EMC TU Eindhoven ICAM Nantes July 1996 3 The Guidelines 3 1 Introduction For the standards contain much more information that is interesting for this project guide lines are formulated see annex A These guide lines contain only the relevant information of the standards This prevents the person who carries out the test to read the standards which are not always as easy to read It is tried to translate the information of the norms in a readable manner Therefore 1s step by step in a flow chart explained what the person has to do to carry out these tests according to the standards In this chapter these guide lines are further explained where necessary 3 2 Radiated emission testing For ease of measurement and analysis radiated emissions are assumed to predomina
44. re le commutateur sur le LISN N Neutral et changer le aussi sur l cran Y a t il des cr tes au dessus du milieu de l cran Non Mettre le commutateur attenuator sur l analyseur out et changer le aussi sur l cran Y a t il des cr tes au dessus du milieu os de l cran Non Mettre le commutateur attenuator sur le LISN 10 dB et changer le aussi sur l cran Note Ne JAMAIS mettre le commutateur 0 dB 16 Est ce que les perturbations d passent les limites sp cifi es Est ce que EN 55022 est applicable Non Choisir la limite EN 55022 Class A Mains Est ce que les perturbations d passent les limites sp cifi es Oui Non Non avertissement dans les pour r sondre les instructions d emploi probl mes Le dispositif ne respecte pas les normes EMC et des suggestions sont donn es pour r soudre les probl mes Est ce que les perturbations d passent les limites sp cifi es soit pour_ o L soit pour N Oui Est ce que les perturbations d passen les limites valeurs moyennes Choisir dans le menu Oui Calculate Average 32 RK Retourner Le dispositif respecte les normes EMC Si l indication montre des fluctuations proximit de la limite cette indication diot tre observ e pendant 15 s L indication la plus lev e doit tr
45. removed from the market and engender severe punishments On the other hand a product with the mark can be sold on the entire European market without any national supplemental demands To have the right to carry the mark CE the product must satisfy certain demands which are established by European standards under which the standards of electromagnetic compatibility EMC These standards can be split in two parts emission and immunity The limits of emission radiating as well as conducting make that the product doesn t disturb other machines in its neighbourhood The limits of immunity make that the machine will keep working even in an electromagnetic polluted environment The purpose of this project is to set up a platform where measurements can be taken to look if the tested product meets the required limits concerning EMC In the future the intention is to do measurements for enterprises for the pre compliance tests of their products Precompliance tests enables the manufacturer to do tests in an early _ stage of the development of a new product In this way a lot of money can be saved because if faults can be removed in an early stage of development it prevents a lot of trouble and is much cheaper than if that is done in the final stage of development This project is the result of an Erasmus international exchange of students between the Eindhoven University of Technology TUE and the school for mechanical engineers
46. respecte les normes CEM de la classe 2 en ce qui concerne la DES La d gradation ou perte de fonction a t elle besoin d une intervention d un op rateur ou une remise z ro du syst me indirecte sur le plan de couplage vertical Oui L EST respecte les normes CEM de la classe 3 en ce qui concerne la DES indirecte sur le plan de couplage vertical R p ter 4 fois pour tous les c t s de EST _ Changer la polarit et fede retourner a Indiquer dans le mode d emploi de l appareil le niveau d essai et la classe a laquelle l appareil appartient la clase rencontr e la plus lev e Dispositif soumettre un test Immunit transitoires lectriques rapides en salves EN 61000 4 4 Mettre l appareil sur un table en bois d une hauteur de 0 8 m comme montr dans la figure 3 L appareil est il destin tre place sur le sol Non Oui Mettre l appareil sur le plan de masse isol par un support isolant de 0 1 m d paisseur comme montr dans la figure 3 Connecter le c ble d alimentation au g n rateur de transitoires rapides en salves et conserver la distance d au moins 1 m entre l EST et le g n rateur Enrouler la longueur en exc s en une bobine plate de 0 4 m de diam tre et la placer une distance de 0 1 m au dessus du plan de r f rence st ce que la longue
47. s d alimentation blind s avec crans mis la terre aux deux extr mit s la terre de r f rence de l installation protection de l alimentation par filtrage La salle d ordinateurs peut tre repr sentative de cet environnement L application de ce niveau pour l essai de l quipement se limite aux circuits d alimentation pour les essais de type et aux circuits de mise la terre et aux armoires d quipements pour les essais sur site Niveau 2 Environnement prot g L installation est caract ris e de la mani re suivante suppression partielle des TER S dans les circuits d alimentation et de commande Mr qui ne sont commut s uniquement que par des relais pas de contacteurs S paration entre tous les circuits appartenant cet environnement prot g et les autres circuits provenant d environnements ayant des niveaux de s v rit plus lev s S paration physique entre les c bles d alimentation et de commande non blind s et les c bles de signal et de communication La salle de commande ou la salle des terminaux des installations industrielles et lec triques peut tre repr sentative de cet environnement Niveau 3 Environnement industriel typique L installation est caract ris e de la mani re suivante pas de suppression des TER S dans les circuits d alimentation et de commande qui ne sont commut s uniquement que par des reiais pas de contacteurs S paration insuffisante en
48. te above 30 Mhz and conducted emissions are assumed to predominate below 30 Mhz There is of course no magic changeover at 30 Mhz but typical cable lengths tend to resonate above 30 Mhz leading to anomalous conducted measurements while measurements of radiated fields below 30 Mhz will necessary be made in the near field which gives results that do not necessarily correlate with real situations The first guide line has to check the radiated emission of the EUT The first page is to look which standard is applicable and to which class and group the apparatus belongs this is important to chose the right limits On the next page is told how to place the EUT and the necessary test equipment as described in the standards The EUT has to be positioned so that its boundary is at a specific distance from the measuring antenna normally this distance is 3 meters A non floor standing EUT should be 0 8 m above the ground plane The EUT needs also to be rotated 360 to find the maximum emission After that the settings of the analyser and computer are given There are two kinds of detector in common use in emissions measurements quasi peak and average The quasi peak detector is a peak detector with weighted charge and discharge times which correct for the subjective human response to pulse type interference Interference at low pulse repetition frequencies PRF is subjectively less annoying on radio reception than that at high PRFs Therefore the quas
49. tect nodes of high dv dt while the magnetic field probe will detect paths of high di dt As soon as the components which produces the concerned frequencies are found it is tried to give a solution to the problem In this way the manufacturer of the EUT can change the design of his product so it can meet the given limits ae The set up of a measuring platform for EMC TU Eindhoven ICAM Nantes July 1996 3 3 Conducted emission testing The second guide line talks about conducted emission on the mains port As said before this concerns only emitted frequencies below 30 Mhz To make these tests an artificial mains network or Line Impedance Stabilising Network LISN is needed to provide a defined impedance at RF across the measuring point to couple the measuring point to the test instrumentation and to isolate the test circuit from unwanted interference signals on the supply mains When the LISN is exposed to the 240 V line voltage there will be a current of about 0 75 A in the safety earth This level of current 1s lethal and the unit must therefore be solidly connected to earth for safety reasons If it is not the LISN case the measurement signal lead and the EUT can all become live A secondary consequence of this high earth current is that LISNs cannot be used on mains circuits that are protected by earth leakage or residual current circuit breakers It is therefore that an isolation transformer is used between the local power supp
50. to occur at the worst case point on it normally the positive and negative peaks Here also the apparatus is categorised in the same classes as with the electrostatic discharge e Class 1 the apparatus keeps working properly 13e The set up of a measuring platform for EMC TU Eindhoven ICAM Nantes July 1996 e Class 2 temporary malfunction or self recovering e Class 3 malfunction which need the intervention of an operator At the end the level of test and the class to which the apparatus belongs are written in the user manual of the apparatus Spike u t The period of repetition depends of the voltage level u Burst lil III III The period of the burst 300 ms Figure 5 Properties of bursts and spikes 14 The set up of a measuring platform for EMC TU Eindhoven ICAM Nantes July 1996 4 Test report 4 1 Introduction When all tests are done the results have to be presented in a test report In this report must exactly be described how where and with what the tests are executed so that other people eventually can reproduce the measurements Finally conclusions are drawn from the measuring results the apparatus does or doesn t respect the European standards If it doesn t it is tried to give suggestions to adapt the design of the product The contents of the test report are described in the next section 4 2 Contents I Introduction precompliancs fests c
51. to the EUT should be specified if they would otherwise go by default 7 Test results 8 Conclusions Interpretation of the test results Does the apparatus meet the given standards or doesn t it If it doesn t suggestions to change the apparatus must be given Also must be noted if a warning message must be noted in the manual ls The set up of a measuring platform for EMC TU Eindhoven ICAM Nantes July 1996 5 Placing of the measuring platform 5 1 Introduction In the end the purpose of this project is to set up a measuring platform where equipment can be tested concerning the European EMC standards In this chapter the choices which are made to set up such a platform are explained 5 2 Setting up First the electromagnetical environmental noise is measured see figure 6 This figure proves that the environmental noise is much larger than the limits the equipment has to comply with So it is impossible to distinguish the difference between the emission of the equipment and the environmental noise Therefore it is decided to place a cage of Faraday From figure 7 the result of a measurement of the environmental noise in the cage can be seen that disturbing external sources are hardly noticeable The cage is also equipped with three panels with HF absorbing cones to decrease reflections and so to approach an open site The dimensions of the cage are 7 5 x 3 4 x 2 5 The dimensions of the room in
52. tre les circuits appartenant a l environnement industriel et les circuits relevant de niveaux de s v rit plus lev s c bles sp cialis s pour l alimentation la commande les lignes de signal et de communication S paration insuffisante entre les c bles d alimentation de commande de signal et ce communication disponibilit d un syst me de mise la terre comportant des tuyaux conducteurs ces conducteurs de terre dans les chemins de c bies connect s la terre de pro tection et un r seau de terre maille Peuvent tre consid r s comme repr sentatiis Je cet environ e ssus industriels ies centrales lectriques et jes salles de relayace des postes H FO mM YT 2 a CE PAU ef Tia Fr pe rit aif Page 30 EN 61000 4 4 1995 38 Niveau 4 Environnement industriel s v re L installation est caract ris e de la mani re suivante pas de suppression des TER S dans les circuits d alimentation et de commande et les circuits de puissance qui sont commut s par des relais et par des contacteurs pas de s paration entre les circuits appartenant l environnement industriel s v re et les autres circuits appartenant un environnement d un niveau de s v rit plus iev pas de s paration entre les c bles d alimentation de commande de signal et de communication utilisation de cables multiconducteurs communs aux lignes de commande et de signal Sont repr sentatives de c
53. ur des lignes d alimentation entre le g n rateur et l EST est au plus gale 1m Choisir un niveau d essai dans annexe A Allumer l EST et le g n rateur et choisir prog A Changer le V nominal et le spike freq selon le niveau choisi Appuyer start L appareil fonctionne t il N_ Pe encore correctement Qui Le test est il fini Non L EST respecte les normes CEM de la classe 1 en ce qui concerne les salves sur les lignes d alimentation Choisir progr B 18 fois zeme fois La d gradation ou perte de fonction a t elle besoin d un intervention d un op rateur ou une emise z ro du syst me les lignes d alimentation 25 Est ce que temporaire ou cup rable 2 L appareil ne respecte pas les normes CEM Oui L EST respecte les normes CEM de la classe 2 en ce qui concerne les salves sur les lignes d alimentation Non Oui L EST respecte les normes CEM de la classe 3 en ce qui concerne les salves sur Eteigner l EST Placer l EST la pince de couplage le g n rateur et les cables comme dans la figure 7 et 9 Connecter le c ble haute tension l extr mit de la pince la plus proche de l EST Choisir sur le g n rateur prog C Changer le V nominal et le spike freq selon le niveau choisi Allumer l EST et pousser
54. ut 10 cm 13 u nn rer nn nn nn m mm an The set up of a measuring platform for EMC TU Emdhoven ICAM Nantes July 1996 After the equipment is installed the points to which the electrostatic discharges are executed are chosen These points have to be points which are accessible to the operator during normal utilisation or maintenance Also the level of the electrostatic discharge has to be chosen this depends on the relative humidity of the air and the material of which the equipment consists Finally there has to be decided if contact discharges or discharges in the air are applied Contact discharge is preferred but this requires that the EUT has conducting surfaces or painted surfaces which are not regarded as insulating For a product where this is not possible e g with an overall plastic enclosure air discharges are used During the tests the tension is increased until the apparatus stops working or until the chosen level is reached If the apparatus stops working before the chosen level is reached and the malfunction is not temporary or recoverable the EUT doesn t respect the standards If the malfunction is temporary or recoverable the EUT does respect the standards as far as direct electrostatic discharges are concerned Then the apparatus can be classified as a class 2 or class 3 apparatus which depends on the system needing an intervention of an operator class 3 or not class 2 to restart it And if the chosen leve
55. ve line can be tested and claimed that 1t covers all others of the same type The position of the test point can be critical especially for electrostatic discharge application and must be specified The choice of ESD application points should be supported by an assessment of likely use of the equipment and or some preliminary testing to determine weak points EUT operating modes If there are several different operating modes then it may be possible to identify a worst case mode 15 The set up of a measuring platform for EMC TU Eindhoven ICAM Nantes July 1996 e Test schedule including sequence of tests The order in which tests are applied may or may not be critical but should be specified 5 Requirements of the test facility e Environmental conditions Special requirements for temperature humidity vibration etc e Safety precautions needed If the EUT uses ionising radiations or extra high voltages is dangerously heavy or hot or if the tests require high values of radiated field 6 Sketch and details of test set up e Physical location and layout of EUT and test instrumentation Critical points are distances orientation and proximity to other objects especially the ground plane The final test report should include photographs which record the set up e Electrical interconnections Cable layout and routing has a critical effect at high frequencies and must be closely defined Also the types of connector and cable
56. which it will be placed are taken into account Secondly the measuring equipment has to be positioned and placed For this the distances as they are mentioned in the standards must be taken into account Signs will be put on the ground to indicate the place of the different equipment LE i AA ANA i D ER 22 eee AA mm 3 ee Cage of Faraday Figure 8 Layout for radiated emission testing SITE For radiated emission testing the distance between the outline of the antenna and the wall of the cage has to be at least 0 5 meter The distance from the middle of the antenna to the outline of the EUT has to be at least 3 meters The distance between the outline of the EUT and the walls of the cage has to be at least 1 meter Finally the distance between the LISN and the outline of the EUT has to be at least 0 8 meter The antenna and the EUT are being placed in the manner as shown in figure 8 The set up of a measuring platform for EMC TU Eindhoven ICAM Nantes July 1996 respecting all distances mentioned above All other necessary equipment is being placed as much as possible outside the cage as also shown in figure 8 Figure 9 Layout for conducted emission testing No distances are prescribed E Cage of Faraday Figure 10 Layout for both ESD and transient burst immunity testing For the conducted emission testing the d
57. ws ne Meee dd fa nn en a an 2 General Standards 3 Standards of product families 4 Standards dedicated to specific products There are many industry sectors for which no product specific standards have been developed In order to fill this gap wherever possible CENELEC have given a high priority to developing the General Standards These are standards with a wide application not related to any particular product or product family and are intended to represent the essential requirements of the Directive They are divided into two standards one for immunity and one for emissions each of which has separate parts for different environment classes Where a relevant product specific standard does exist this takes precedence over the generic standard The interesting standards for this project are given in Table 1 In these standards is also indicated which test equipment is required to carry out the test To do the tests in accordance with the standards the following test equipment mentioned in these standards is bought gt Burst Tester to couple nanosecond spikes into the mains EUT Equipment Under Test supply or into data and communication lines with the gt HF Coupling clamp gt Electro Discharge Tester produces electrostatic discharges to evaluate the performance of the electrical equipment under test The set up of a measuring platform for EMC TU Eindhoven ICAM Nantes July 1996 gt Spectrum Analyser gt Compute
58. ximale jusu a antistatiques synth tiques __ kV Tableau B 2 Niveaux d essai 1a D charge au contact Niveau Tension d essai Niveau kV Annexe C Contenu des fichiers CEM et des programmes dans le g n rateur de salves Dans les pages suivantes sont montr s les r glages pr programm s du logiciel pour mesurer l mission et du g n rateur de salves 41
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