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1. 2 Edit gt New Directory or press F10 3 Enter the name for the new directory Letters fils rieienielevuiel tees ieee oO Location Edit View Go Bookmarks Tools Settings Window Help mn QS E Location file nome david 7 ur Mandrakesoft y Mat D Enter directory name Letters Books Desktop Mew Directory konqueror Cancel Click OK Edit gt New Directory or press F10 Enter the name for the new directory Articles oa St Double click on the Letters icon in the main pane Notice that the contents of the Location bar now reflect the new directory 1 E Location 4 file nome david Letters 8 Edit gt New Directory or press F10 9 Enter a name for the new sub directory Jan2004 10 In the same way create directories called Feb2004 and Mar2004 These new directories will be displayed as icons 1 E gt Location 4 file home david Letters You could if you wish enter these sub directories and create another level of sub directories within each 1 Work out a meaningful directory structure for your own needs 2 Create this structure using the method that has just been described Open a window to display directory folder name size location on drive 36 Change View Mode Managing Files The default view in Konqueror displays only icons There are other possible views on a directory 1 Click on Home and move up to the root level 2 View gt View M
2. Jo Name Location Contents Properties About Find Named Lookin etc Browse Save As x Include subdirectories Case sensitive search Name v In Subdirectory Size Modified Permissions F client conf cups 2 333 18 09 2003 04 24 Read only desktop_gnom gconf schemas 26 935 10 09 2003 10 25 Read only desktop_gnom gconf schemas 8 354 10 09 2003 10 25 Read only Afile_views gconf gconf xml 4 096 04 04 2004 18 20 Read only Afile views gconf gconf xml 4 096 04 04 2004 18 20 Read only Ahelp_viewer gconf gconf xml 4 096 04 04 2004 18 20 Read only Ahelp_viewer gconf gconf xml 4 096 04 04 2004 18 20 Read only ie X11 xkb symbols 14 184 10 09 2003 19 01 Read only ie X11 xkb symbol 14 187 10 09 2003 19 01 Read only Aieee1394 hotplug 4 096 04 04 2004 18 20 Read only Close 4 gt Ready 25 files found Help e Click Find All the files which have the letters ie in their file names will be displayed together with their locations The number of files that satisfy the search criterion will be displayed in the status bar at the bottom of the window Click Close when done Search for files by content date modified date created size wildcards Search for a file containing text The previous example searched for a file containing text in its file name It is also possible for the Find to look inside files for text i oY a E a Start Applications gt Applications gt File Tools gt Find Files Click the N
3. File gt Print 2 Select a printer by clicking on the Name window 63 64 Print Management Printer Marne 1 VWs 14HP Laserjet 1200 Series PEL 6 Properties ee Oe ae e Ore sur L Ls 1 HP Laserjet 1200 Series PCL 6 Type Acrobat Distiller Location Melz Comment Print to file Frint range lt AShaa_ 8 80088 _ 2 a eee O fe All Number of copies fi C Pages E A pE Collate Selection Tell Options Cancel Help Adjust Print range and Copies if necessary 4 Click OK View a print job s progress using a desktop print manager 1 Start Applications gt Configuration gt KDE gt Peripherals gt Printers Printing Manager KDE Control Module Deskjet670C Advanced Faxing Tool ksendfax A Mail PDF file Print to File PDF amp Print to File PostScript Send to Fax 2 Information Jobs Properties 4 instances gh GB F R JobID Owner Name State Size KB Page s Priority Billing Informatio j 3 david STDIN Processing 4719 0 50 Print system currently used CUPS Common UNIX Print System v Connected to localhost 631 Close Highlight the printer you wish to view Click the Jobs tab The progress of the print job will be displayed in the pane below Click Close to exit this window A a E Pause re start delete a print job using a desktop print manage Pause printing ge a iS Start Applications gt Configuration gt KDE gt Perip
4. Read write 1 4 Ready 11 files found 8 Click Close when done Search for files by date 49 Save As Close Help Start Applications gt Applications gt File Tools gt Find Files 2 Click the Name Location tab Clear any contents in the Named window otherwise the search will be limited to looking only in files whose names satisfy this criterion Browse to the location at which you wish to begin the search 4 Click the Contents tab Clear any contents in Containing Text window 5 Click the Properties tab Name Location Contents Properties x Find all files created or modified between 01 01 2003 during the previous File size is none 4 Files owned by user Name v In Subdirectory Size Agenda doc 8 192 A ConceptsOfit 656 192 Writer sxw 1 525 767 ZIP Drive html 40 964 4 Click Find Click Close when done SoS oS SS Search for files by size and Owned by group Modified 25 03 2004 18 21 14 03 2004 15 17 17 03 2004 08 22 01 04 2004 20 54 06 04 2004 v Permissions Firs Read write Read write Read write Read write gt Check Find all files created or modified Check Between and specify a start and an end date About Find Save As Close Help 50 Managing Files Start Applications gt Applications gt File Tools gt Find Files 2 Click the Name Location tab Clear any contents in the Named window otherwise the se
5. is licensed under the Creative Commons http creativecommons org license Attribution NoDerivatives 2 5 http creativecommons org licenses by nd 2 5 What follows is a copy of the human readable summary of this document The Legal Code full license may be read here http creativecommons org licenses by nd 2 5 legalcode You are free e to copy distribute display and perform the work e to make commercial use of the work Under the following conditions Attribution You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor No Derivative Works You may not alter transform or build upon this work e For any reuse or distribution you must make clear to others the license terms of this work e Any of these conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holder Your fair use and other rights are in no way affected by the above This is a human readable summary of the Legal Code the full license http creativecommons org licenses by nd 2 5 legalcode Table of Contents 1 Computer Bn Vrone asa ae daasaieleie esi A elation l First Steps wiih the Compute seusan a A sea caaseeit ence l Stan Te COMIDULER eei a vate ea tneeausee ates eet eee cated l SHUCCdOWAl the COMPETE E E 2 Restart he COMPUT crecian a N ioe E N ace cncaee 3 Basic Information and Operations asise E A 4 View CPU iifOmnatiOn igaren a E E O 4 View RAM detai S oe a a A 4 View operating system version informat
6. 04 2004 10 45 rwxrwxr x david david BFeb2004 4 0 KB Directory 06 04 2004 10 45 rwxrwxr x david david Ajan2004 4 0 KB Directory 06 04 2004 11 16 rwxrwxr x david david AMATSH 1 DOC 10 0 KB Microsoft Word Document 27 08 1995 23 03 r xr xr x david david a CT RECO1 DOC 18 5 KB Microsoft Word Document 20 11 1996 00 50 r xr xr x david david 8 MARK 1 DOC 13 0 KB Microsoft Word Document 28 08 1995 08 50 r xr xr x david david J PMBILI 1 DOC 8 5 KB Microsoft Word Document 27 08 1995 23 06 r xr xr x david david AMar2004 4 0 KB Directory 06 04 2004 10 45 rwxrwxr x david david sistmp 4 0 KB Directory 06 04 2004 11 17 rwx david 501 22 Items 10 Files 2 3 MB Total 12 Directories The status bar at the bottom summarises what can be seen on the screen The totals exclude the contents of directories that have not been expanded Count files of a particular type Suppose you wish to find the total number of files ending in doc in the sub directory Letters in your home directory 1 Start Applications gt Applications gt File Tools gt Find Files 2 Click the Browse button 3 Select the Letters sub directory and Click OK 4 Enter doc in the Named window This means the files and directories can start with any number of letters but must end with the letters doc If you had entered doc the files located would end in the last four letter If for example the directory contained a file called mydoc it would be in
7. 25 03 2004 18 21 evolution 4 0 KB Directory 29 03 2004 08 07 Almages 4 0 KB Directory 06 04 2004 09 34 Letters 4 0 KB Directory 06 04 2004 10 45 F AFeb2004 4 0 KB Directory 06 04 2004 10 45 Ajan2004 4 0 KB Directory 06 04 2004 10 45 i Mar2004 4 0 KB Directory 06 04 2004 10 45 Mountaineering 4 0 KB Directory 21 03 2004 16 17 Atmp 4 0 KB Directory 06 04 2004 08 59 i Permissions Owner rWXT XT Xx root rWXT xr x david rwxrwxr x david rWXT XT X david rWXT Xr x david rWXT XT Xx david rWXT XT X david rWXT XT Xx david rWXTWXT X david rwxrwxr x david rwxrwxr x david rwxrwxr x david rWXT XT Xx david WX david The following screen illustrates a directory containing a number of different types of files location on drive Location Edit View Go Bookmarks Tools Settings Window Help iQ aNna E man QHns d E Location 2 file home david Documents 3 gt MandrakeSoft 3 gt MandrakeStore 3 gt MandrakeClub Dr Web Antivirus Tools MandrakeSoft Z News S Software Z3 Programming Name v Size File Type Modified Permissions Owner Group Link Archives 4 0 KB Directory 06 04 2004 11 23 rwxrwxr x david david Urgent 4 0 KB Directory 06 04 2004 11 24 rwxrwxr x david david 8 0 KB Microsoft Word Document 25 03 2004 18 21 rw rw r david 501 J ConceptsOflT pdf 640 8 KB PDF Document 14 03 2004 15 17 rwxrwxrwx david david 3 PMBILI 1 DOC 8 5 KB Microsoft Word Document 27 08 1995 23 06 r xr xr x david
8. Name v In Subdirectory Size Modified Permissions Firs Archives 4 096 06 04 2004 11 23 Read write t Screenshot 1 81 714 06 04 200411 04 Read write AuUrgent 4 096 06 04 2004 11 24 Read write 4 gt Check Find all files created or modified 51 About Find Save As Close Help Check During the previous and specify a value and interval hours days months years Click Find 9 Click Close when done In the Contents tab you can specify the File Type The default is Files and Directories By selecting Files or Directories or one of the other options you can restrict the search to looking only for files of a particular type Name Location Contents Properties File type All Files and Directories Containing text All Files and Directories Files Directories Symbolic Links Search metainfo sections Special Files Sockets Device Files Executable Files SUID Executable Files 3D Studio image AIFF Amiga Audio ANIM animation Name v In Subdire Ready Help Compressing Files Understand what file compression means About Find 4 Close Each file has a size associated with it Roughly speaking the amount of space a file occupies of disk is about the same as its file size In reality it takes up somewhat more 52 Managing Files space than this When files are stored on a CD or transmitted across the Internet it is important to the amount of disk space they occupy Speci
9. be able to use it immediately 1 In the next screen that appears clear all the checkboxes Click Next printerdrake ad C Add anew printer Welcome to the Printer Setup Wizard This wizard will help you to install your printer s connected to this computer connected directly to the network or to a remote Windows machine Please plug in and turn on all printers connected to this machine so that it they can be auto detected Also your network printer s and your Windows machines must be connected and turned on Rata that anita datactina nrintarc an tha natwearle takare lanaar than tha sinita Auto detect printers connected to this machine Auto detect printers connected directly to the local network Auto detect printers connected to machines running Microsoft Windows Cancel Next gt 2 Specify which port the printer will be attached to Click Next printerdrake Add a new printer Please choose the port that your printer is connected to Printer on parallel port 0 Printer on parallel port 1 Printer on parallel port 2 USB printer 0 USB printer 1 USB printer 2 lt Previous 3 Unless you have one of the multifunction devices listed in the next screen click No 62 Add anew printer Go Is your printer a multi function device from HP or Sony Officejet PSC LaserJet 1100 1200 1220 3200 3300 with scanner Deskjet 450 Sony IJP V100 an
10. iA Tasks management Available applications re Time management ER Wordprocessors l 26 Desktop 6 Read of the Command In this case it is oocalc 7 Use this command to create a shortcut icon to Calc on the desktop Create a desktop shortcut to the KDE Control Centre The KDE control centre provides the main tool for configuring your desktop Using the menu editor you could determine the command to run the control centre This command is kcontrol 1 Right click on the desktop 2 Create New gt Link to Application 3 Click the General tab and enter the label KDE Control Centre 4 Click on the icon in the General tab then click the Other icons radio button SECA COM Meese icon Source System icons Other icons Browse qstreame gtkam gtkvim harddrake AN E AA A e hardware home mdk icewm instant_m 88 m Q internet c Internet interprete irc_section a e mH X 4 k3b kbear kdbg keyring s Help OK Cancel Select an icon to be associated with the application and click OK Click the Execute tab and enter the command kcontrol all in lower case Click OK Go to the desktop and double click on the new icon oe E o This will load the KDE control centre without having to access it through the menus Work with Windows Identify the different parts of a window title bar menu bar toolbar status bar scroll bar The following screen uses OpenO
11. into the Extract to window If you had known the full path of the target directory you could have typed it in manually 54 Managing Files Extract Ark Extract to fhome david Common Files to Be Extracted Current All Pattern Preferences Cancel 8 Click OK 9 Click Home and navigate to the target directory to verify that the files have been extracted Chapter 4 Viruses Concepts Know what a virus is and what the effects of a virus might be A computer virus is a program that is deliberately created to cause annoyance or alter or delete data Some viruses cause computer systems to slow down to the point where they are not usable One of the features of viruses is that they are designed to replicate and spread Although viruses are not yet a serious problem for Linux based computers this could change at any time Everyday more and more viruses are created Even though you may be using Linux it is important to be well aware of the dangers and take the necessary precautions Trojan Worm Time bomb Logic bombs Macro viruses A Trojan or Trojan horse is a virus that hides itself inside another legitimate program When the program is used the virus is released and can begin its work of replication and annoyance or damage A Worm is a program that replicates itself over and over in the computer s memory until the computer can barely function One of the signs of invasion by a worm is
12. maintains a database of applications and their locations Initially these are applications that are stored on the distribution CDs Depending on the particular installation only certain of these may be installed on a given system The following illustrates how to install KOffice from the Mandrake distribution CDs Click All Packages by Group ae ae fe Enter the root password when prompted Click on Office to expand its contents Click on KOffice A window appears warning you of dependencies A dependency Start Applications gt Configuration gt Packaging gt Install Software refers to other software which needs to be installed on the machine before the application can be installed o x 6 Additional packages needed Click OK A tick will then appear next to KOffice To satisfy dependencies the following package s also need to be installed libkoffice2 1 3 0 beta3 6mdk libwv2_1 0 1 9 1mdk Cancel More info Find in names s it Mandrake choices All packages alphabetical All packages by group VO MMTILOTIT 1y gt Networking v Office gaddr 1 1 4 4mdk ggv 2 4 0 1 1mdk gnome pilot conduits 2 0 10 1mdk az AER el t WAVE o o ie 2 eB gnome pim 1 4 9 3mdk ical 2 2 28mdk OpenOffice org l10n de 1 1 0 rc4 2mdk O OpenOffice org l10n es 1 1 0 rc4 2mdk O OpenOffice org l10n fr 1 1 0 rc4 2mdk O Help Selected 0 MB Free disk space 6352 MB 4 E iil U X
13. manuals in electronic form 1 2 3 4 Start Applications gt Documentation gt Help Click KDE User s Manual to expand its contents Click on First Impressions to expand the chapter into its sections Click on Desktop Components The right hand pane will display information on this topic Print Help Desktop Components KDE Help Centre File Edit Go Settings Help agza Contents Glossary Desktop Components Scrollkeeper B welcome to KDE KDE user s manual Introduction rey First Impressions QaA Short Guided Tour of KI Installation Desktop Components First Impressions i Starting KDE e EB Desktop Components Panel Getting Startad When you start KDE for the first time the panel is situated at the bottom of the screen From here you will start your programs and All About Your Desktop switch between the virtual screens Tips amp Tricks for Your Dai Frequently Asked Questic K button Further Help Epilogue E The K button is one of the most important places on your KDE desktop From here you can start all KDE applications installed i Later when you learn how to use the K Menu Editor you can also add other programs here as well To start a program just click on the button You will see a list of different categories plus some special entries Whenever you move your mouse over kdeadmin applications an entry that has an arrow to the right a new menu will appe
14. not work check that you are typing the command exactly as required For example mkfs is correct but Mkfs and MKFS will not work Insert the floppy disk to be formatted 2 Start Applications Terminals Konsole 3 Type in the following command exactly as shown and press Enter sbin mkfs msdos dev fd0 david Linuxt dawid sbin emkefs msdos dev e Ffdo mefs msdos 2 9 15 May 2003 david Linuxt david Jj Format a zip disk for use in Linux only If you wish to format the diskette in Linux format you would use sbin mkfs ext2 dev fd0 In this case you would not be able to share the disk with Windows users In order to format a zip disk you would need to use a terminal 1 Insert the zip disk to be formatted 2 Start Applications Terminals Konsole 3 Type in the following command exactly as shown and press Enter sbin mkfs ext2 dev sd0 This will format the zip disk in ext2 format This disk can only be shared with Linux users Format a zip disk to share with Windows users If you wish to share the zip disk with both Linux and Windows users you will need to use the vfat file system Insert the zip disk to be formatted 2 Start Applications Terminals Konsole 3 Type in the following command exactly as shown and press Enter sbin mkfs vfat dev sdo 12 Installing and Uninstalling Install uninstall a software application Install applications from distribution CDs Computer Environment Mandrake Linux
15. quit PrinterDrake File gt Quit or press Ctrl Q to quit Configure your computer Install a new printer on the computer Install a new printer using autodetect The following explanation applies when no printers have yet been installed on the computer 1 Connect the printer to the computer using either a parallel port or a USB port 60 Print Management 2 Make sure the power in connected to the printer and both the power switch at the power point and the power switch on the computer are both turned on Start Applications gt Configuration gt Configure your computer 4 Click Hardware in the category list Mandrake Control Center 9 2 Linux File Options Help S Boot a HardDrake lists and helps you f Configure your monitor set up your hardware E Hardware Pd Change your screen resolution bX XFdrake helps you set up the Mount Points m TAS graphical server Network amp DrakxTV helps you set up KeyboardDrake helps you to nternet your TV card ia il set your keyboard layout B Security MouseDrake helps you set up PrinterDrake helps you set up Ea System your mouse your printer job queues _ Software I Management ScannerDrake helps you set up your scanner 5 Click PrinterDrake in the right hand pane If the system detects the printer it will give you information and ask you to confirm you wish to install the printer 6 Click Yes You may be prompted to insert a CD If
16. so just follow the prompts Printerdrake s The following printer HP Laserjet 1200 is directly connected to your system Make sure that all your printers are connected and turned on Do you want to enable printing on the printers mentioned above or on printers in the local network NOTE Depending on the printer model and the printing system up to 80 MB of additional software will be installed When the installation is complete the screen shown on the following capture will be displayed Mandrake Linux Printer Management fool 0 1 File Actions Options Help ox g ga Add Printer Set as default Delete Refresh Configure CUPS Search Apply filter Configured on this machine Configured on other machines Def Printer Name Model Connection Type Description Location X HPLaserjet1200 HP Laserjet 1200 Multi function device on USB HP Laserjet 1200 Install additional printers 61 Start Applications gt Configuration gt Configure your computer 2 Click Hardware in the category list Click PrinterDrake in the right hand pane The following screen will be displayed 4 Click Add Printer You will be given the option of autodetecting printers or of manually installing printers If you select the autodetect option the process will be the same as that just described The following explanation assumes that you will install a printer not attached to the computer If at any stage you do connect this printer you will
17. 1 3 79mdk O resized mkxauth 1 7 8mdk o mtools 3 9 9 2mdk Oo open 1 4 14mdk Oo patch 2 5 9 1mdk o recode 3 6 4mdk Oo rgrep 0 99 16 2mdk o screen 3 9 15 2mdk m slocate 2 7 2mdk o symlinks 1 2 15mdk o words 2 19mdk o xterm 179 1mdk 4 i Help Selected size 0 MB Remove Quit Click Remove Using Print Screen for Screen Captures Use keyboard print screen facility and paste contents into a document You can take a snapshot of the screen you are working on and use it in a document Press the Print Screen button on the keyboard It may be abbreviated to Prt Ser or similar This activates an application called KSnapshot which captures an image of your screen 14 Computer Environment New Snapshot Print Snapshot Options Snapshot delay 4seconds Only grab the window containing the pointer Click the Save Snapshot icon Specify a name and location in which to save the snapshot The snapshot will be saved in png format The image can now be inserted into a document in the same way you would insert any graphics file by opening the document and doing the following 1 Click on File gt Insert gt Graphics 2 Browse to the directory folder containing the file Click the filename of the graphic you wish to insert and click Open or simply double click on it This will insert the graphic into the document at the current cursor position Use available Help functions The KDE desktop comes with a number of
18. HP PhotoSmart or an HP Laserjet 22007 Print Management 4 Give the printer a meaningful name The name may not contain spaces Use only letters and the underscore character Click Next printerdrake Add anew printer Every printer needs a name for example printer The Description and Location fields do not need to be filled in They are comments for the users Name of printer Deskjete70q Description Location lt Previous 5 Click on the make of printer printerdrake Add a new printer Which printer model do you have Please check whether Printerdrake did the auto detection of your printer model correctly Find the correct model in the list when a wrong model or Raw printer is highlighted If your printer is not listed choose a compatible see printer manual or a similar one Deskjet 648C Deskjet 656C Deskjet 660C DeskJet 670C Deskjet 670TV Deskjet 672C irae Cancel lt Previous Next gt 6 Select the model Click Next 7 Set Printer defaults Click Next Print Outputs Add anew printer Printer default settings General Page Size A4 Printout Mode Normal Advanced Cancel lt Previous 8 Do you want to set this printer DeskJet670C as the default printer 9 In the final stage you will be given the option of printing a test page Print Outputs Print a document from a text editing application 1
19. ICDL Module 2 Using a Computer and Managing Files with K Desktop Environment David Varley ICDL Module 2 Using a Computer and Managing Files with K Desktop Environment David Varley Published 2004 Copyright 2004 ICDL Foundation IMPORTANT NOTICE All candidates who follow an ICDL ECDL course must have an official CDL ECDL Skills Log Book or Skills Card Without such a Log Book or Skills Card no tests can be taken and the candidate will not be able to obtain an International Computer Driving Licence nor any other form of certificate or recognition for the course Log Books Skills Cards are obtainable from ICDL ECDL Training and Testing Centres http www icdl org za or directly from the ICDL Foundation of South Africa lt info icdl org za gt phone 27 21 671 1070 DISCLAIMER European Computer Driving Licence and ECDL and Stars device are registered trade marks of the European Computer Driving Licence Foundation Limited in Ireland and other countries Neither the European Computer Driving Licence Foundation nor the ICDL Foundation warrants that the use of this product will ensure passing the relevant examination Use of the ECDL F approved Courseware Logo on this product signifies that it has been independently reviewed and approved in complying with the following standards License Unless otherwise expressly stated all original material of whatever nature created by the contributors of the openICDL project
20. Kedit The Kedit editor will now display There are other editors available but we will use Kedit for now The components of the screen are shown below Title Bar Menu Bar Main Toolbar Work Area a New Document KEait File Edit Go Tools Settings Help INS Line TEOLL 17 Because we will be making extensive use of the Menu bar we will make use of the following convention in using the functions of the menu bar e File gt Save Will mean exactly the same as e Click File on the Menu bar e Click the Save option in the menu Close Kedit e File gt Quit This will close all open documents and exit Kedit If you have made any modifications to open documents Kedit will remind you that the document has not been saved and ask you whether you wish to save or keep it It will also give you the option of canceling the Quit operation Warming KE A This document has been modified Would you like to save it Cancel Open a file One of the advantages that text editors provide for us is the facility to save our work and recall it at a later time We can then print our work or make further changes edit In addition we are able to create many versions of the same document each of which can be saved on our hard drive under an appropriate name To open a document e File gt Open The Open dialogue will appear In general this will point to your home directory In this case the Open dialogue
21. al algorithms methods have been developed to compress files into smaller sizes Sometimes a number of files are compressed into a single file while at other times a single file may be compressed A compressed file can be recognised by its extension The most common formats are zip rar gz rpmand tar There are numerous utilities that enable you to work with compressed files The next two examples will illustrate the use of Ark Compress files in a folder on a drive 10 Start Applications gt Applications gt Archiving gt Compression gt Ark File gt New Navigate to the directory in which you will store the archive To save to a floppy disk navigate to mnt floppy In the Location window enter a file name and an extension indicating the type For example tar zip gz This displays the Ark interface Create New Archive Ar D fe WK te home david Documents a gt Archives 2 Urgent 3 Agenda doc J ConceptsOfiT pdf 3 PMBILI 1 D0C tm Screenshot 1 png Writer sxw ZIP Drive html htm x Automatic preview Preview Location example tar Save Filter All Files Cancel Click Save This will return you to the Ark interface Navigate to the directory in which the file is located and double click on the file Alternatively if you wish to select more than one file from a directory select them as you would select multiple files and Click OK Action gt Add File or click the icon Repe
22. ame Location tab Clear any contents in the Named window otherwise the search will be limited to looking only in files whose names satisfy this criterion Click the Browse button and navigate to the directory in which you wish to search Click the Contents tab Type text that you are searching for in the Containing text window Click Find The following screen illustrates the results of such a search Entries starting with a period in the In Subdirectory column are hidden directories or files Name Location Contents Properties File type Containing text agenda Case sensitive Search metainfo sections Size 157 15 408 600 201 15 648 15 648 278 278 9 216 9 216 40 931 Name v Agenda 2004 Common xcu instdb ins In Subdirectory kde share apps openoffice user openoffice Common evoluti evolution local D mbox ev sum Common evoluti mbox ev sum evolution local D mbox ibex index Common evoluti mbox ibex index evolution local D org openoffice openoffice user mbox mbox Modified All Files and Directories Regular expression for 06 04 2004 15 25 06 04 2004 08 59 18 03 2004 08 43 25 03 2004 11 59 25 03 2004 11 59 25 03 2004 11 59 25 03 2004 11 59 25 03 2004 11 59 25 03 2004 11 59 18 03 2004 08 43 Permissions F Read write 3 Read write 3 Read write 3 Read write 9 Read write 9 Read write 1 Read write 1 Read write 3 Read write 3
23. ar When you find the program you want to start just click on it Entertainment Applicatior with the left mouse button kdepim applications Virtual Desktop buttons Graphical Applications 2 a When you start KDE for the first time note the four buttons labelled appropriately enough One Two Three and Four These i Multimedia Scheele represent your four gessfops Just click one of them Don t worry though they have Odisappearedo any open windows are Network Applications still active just take a look at the task list Using multiple desktops is one of the most powerful features of KDE and the x Utility Applications Window System Instead of placing one window over another as you would when using Windows or OS 2 you can say i ere oWell on the first desktop will write the KDE User Guide On the second desktop I ll run the sgmizlatex compiler and see my kdeedu applications results while compiling my linux kernel on the third desktop and reading my email on the fourth a i kdebase applications Application Manuals Icon bar Applet Manuals Some people are so lazy that they consider even the two or three motions through the application s menu to be too much me control Centre Modules j included For them additional buttons can be placed next to the desktop buttons for example shortcuts to your home KinfoCentre Modules be directory to your trashcan to the Konsole terminal emulator and to the docume
24. arch will be limited to looking only in files whose names satisfy this criterion Browse to the location at which you wish to begin the search Click the Contents tab Clear any contents in Containing Text window Click the Properties tab d Name Location Contents Properties Find all files created or modified O Save As File size is At Least v 2 Files owned by user Owned by group Name v In Subdirectory Size Modified Permissions Firs mbox evolution local in 3 002 946 28 03 2004 15 47 Read write svj52 tmp tmp svihi tmp 2 272 747 06 04 2004 20 40 Read write 2 files found 6 Next to File size is click the drop down menu mark none and select At least or At most Enter a value In the last drop down menu select Bytes Kb or Mb 7 Click Find Click Close when done View list of recently used files Start Applications gt Applications gt File Tools gt Find Files 2 Click the Name Location tab Clear any contents in the Named window otherwise the search will be limited to looking only in files whose names satisfy this criterion Browse to the location at which you wish to begin the search Click the Contents tab Clear any contents in Containing Text window Click the Properties tab Compressing Files Name Location Contents Properties x Find all files created or modified between and during the previous 2 gt day s File size is none gt Files owned by user Owned by group
25. at until all the files have been added Action gt Add Directory if you wish to select entire directories If you wish to delete a file right click on it and select Delete in the context menu At this point your screen will look something like the following Add files to an existing archive 53 11 Filename Agenda doc 4 tji 0 files selected 3 files 96 3 KB File gt Close or File gt Quit will automatically save the archive Close closes the current archive but leaves the Ark interface displayed Quit closes both the current archive and the application Add files to an existing archive Start Applications gt Applications gt Archiving gt Compression gt Ark File gt Open Navigate to the archive you wish to open select it and click OK The files contained in the archive will be listed Action gt Add File or Action gt Add directory to add additional files to the archive To save the archive under a new name use File gt Save As Otherwise use File gt Close or File gt Quit Extract compressed files from a location on a drive Start Applications gt Applications gt Archiving gt Compression gt Ark File gt Open Navigate to the archive you wish to open select it and click OK The files contained in the archive will be listed Action gt Extract Click the navigate icon and navigate to the directory in which you wish to extract the files Z TI Click OK The path of the target directory is inserted
26. between Open WINdOWS ichicocastiseuledieie ice E A E 28 Open another desktop isetie she teceu cers cciouct a aaaea 29 Ss Manas me FCS sasaki eats direst ost etsd Marat eee sane Oink ated a ay uate aed 31 IN CS acres as ass acc Se sets eee satan eye a aeesemee sos eee Roeetener eee 31 SLORACe DEVICES sive sah Sac Sats a eves hashes Aas Soe cas he hiaten dah ae bee 32 Directories Folders ss titial a a ane ec hee 33 Browse usine the HOME ACCOM wacssiiuseihenstciacscavadena asics aa a di 33 Create a directory folder and a further sub directory sub folder 35 Open a window to display directory folder name size location on drive 35 WY Ot witk Piles ka oes Sita cs atta ine cal Na a ota te RS ad 37 Count the number of files files of a particular type in a folder including any files Iin SUDA OIIEIS case ieeetestnetuaetincdtatiwladsaieteaelatinctesbye at Seeee 39 Change permissions on a directory ccecceeccecceeeecceeceeeneceeeeeseeeeeeees 4 Change permissions On a tle sisean a cadet piaateeti ance 42 Sort files by name size type date modified ceceeccecceeeeeeeeeeeees 43 Understand the importance of maintaining correct file extensions when PS aN MNS TMCS cence tas O O E E Ea 43 Re name files directories folders cccceccccecececcecececcecececcecececcs 44 Daphicate MOVE eroki Antec tania sites taste ea eaee dete avea ene 44 Salecl asme le Meor die CORY cenne a 45 Select a group of adjacent files or di
27. cations icon 3 Click the following in sequence Applications then Monitoring then KDE System Guard 4 Click the Process tab pees anla Dppeielii te bie pps rspy Ere we a File Edit Settings Help lee Ss 32g sensor Browser Sensor Type System Load Process Table amp plocalhost PID User System Nice Vm5ize V 2608 0 00 0 00 2972 0 0 init 0 ge kalarmd o 0 0 308 kded 3i kdeinit Tree All Processes Refresh Kill 4 86 Processes Memory 342460 KB used 366620 KB free Swap 0 KB used 811240 KB free Select All Processes Highlight the non responding application Click the Kill icon to shut down the application When done File gt Quit or press Ctrl Q or click the Close icon in the top right of the screen et oe E i What to do if the entire system freezes If the entire system freezes do not immediately switch of the system with the power switch This could cause serious damage to the entire system This is only a final resort The most likely cause of a frozen system lies with the GUI 4 Computer Environment 1 Wait awhile The system may wake up of its own accord 2 Press Ctrl Alt Backspace This will cause you to loose all unsaved work but it will preserve the system itself Basic Information and Operations View the computer s basic system information operating system and version number installed RAM random access memory View CPU information 1 Start A
28. cess to the system When a user logs on as root he or she can do anything on the machine Even if you know the root password do not log on as this user unless you are carrying out special administrative activities For ordinary use use a username that has more restricted access Shut down the computer Click the Start Applications icon at the bottom left of the screen 2 Click Logout on the main menu ae CD ROM gt Floppy Trash A Home EJ Welcome Ga Amusement Ea Applications Configuration Documentation ee OE a a A Home _ Recent Documents gt E Lock Screen fe O24 8 8 EE 2 tre owe 3 Click the Turn off computer radio button in the dialogue which appears and click OK End Session for david What do you want to do next C Login as different user 0 Restart computer Restart the computer The appropriate routine Follow the same method as for shutting down the computer except for the last step in which you select Restart computer Shut down a non responding application It may happen that an application freezes and will not respond to mouse clicks or keyboard commands For simplicity a sequence of menu options such as the above will be indicated as Start Application gt Applications gt Monitoring gt KDE System Guard 1 Give the application a while It sometimes happens that a non responding application wakes up 2 Click on the Start Appli
29. cluded in the first count but not the second If you wished to count the number of files and directories starting with the letters le you would enter le into the window including any files in sub folders Named doc Lookin home david Letters x Include subdirectories Name v In Subdirectory Agenda doc Documents AMATSH 1 DOC Letters Jan2004 CT RECO1 DOC Letters Jan2004 MARK 1 DOC Letters Jan2004 PMBILI 1 DOC Documents PMBILI 1 DOC _Letters Jan2004 sdoc kde share apps Name Location Contents Properties v Browse Case sensitive search Size Modified Permissions Firs 8 192 25 03 2004 18 21 Read write 10 240 27 08 1995 23 03 Read only 18 944 20 11 1996 00 50 Read only 4 096 31 03 2004 19 27 Read write 13 312 28 08 1995 08 50 Read only 8 704 27 08 1995 23 06 Read only 8 704 27 08 1995 23 06 Read only 4 Ready 7 files found 5 Check Include subdirectories 6 Uncheck Case sensitive search 7 Click OK About Find Save As Close Help The files that satisfy the search specification will be displayed together with their location The status bar at the bottom of the screen will display the count of the files Change file status read only locked read write The permissions associated with files and directories in the section called Open a window to display directory folder name size location on drive 35 If you are the owner of a file you can change these pe
30. cycle bin wastebasket With time Trash will accumulate hundreds of files Rather than waste space empty Trash on a regular basis l Right click on the Trash icon on the desktop OR Navigate to the Desktop sub directory of your home directory and right click on the Trash icon Searching 2 47 Click Empty Trash Bin in the context menu Searching Use the Find tool to locate a file directory folder Find Files E ee Start Applications gt Applications gt File Tools gt Find Files Click the Name Location tab Click the Browse button and navigate to the directory in which you wish to search Make sure Subdirectories is checked if you wish to search through all sub directories with the current directory Specify whether you wish the search to be case sensitive or not Usually it is best to leave this option unchecked Enter the name of the file Click Find In searching for files the wildcard character plays a very useful role represents any number of characters For example doc means any file with a name beginning with the letters doc doc means any file with a name ending with the letters doc doc means any file containing the letters doc in its name A specific example 1 2 3 4 Start Applications gt Applications gt File Tools gt Find Files Click the Name Location tab Click the Browse button and navigate to etc Enter ie into the Name window 48 Managing Files
31. d would be to double click on a file associated with an application which will open the file in the appropriate application For example if you wished to open the spreadsheet called Sales sxc you would normally have to load Calc then use File gt Open and locate the file If you had saved it to the desktop doubling clicking on the icon would open Calc and then load the spreadsheet Create a desktop shortcut icon desktop menu alias Save a file to the desktop Suppose you are working on a file in Writer called Costs sxw and you wish to save it to the desktop 1 In Writer File gt Save 2 Select the sub directory called Desktop in your home directory 3 Click Save Create a shortcut to a menu item 24 Desktop Suppose you use Writer and Calc on a regular basis Instead of accessing them through the menu system you can place shortcut icons on the desktop 4 Right click anywhere on the desktop 2 Directory vv Bookmarks gt Q HTML File Undo Move Ctl Z g Illustration Document EA Icons gt Link to Location URL J Windows gt Presentation Document Refresh Desktop 5 Spread Sheet Document 4 Configure Desktop i Text Document E Lock Screen J Text File Logout david CD DVD ROM Device Floppy Device Create New gt Link to Application Click the General tab and enter the label Writer SP Mpeies ian eeen eai ABEK General Permissions Execute Applicatio
32. david m Screenshot l png 79 8 KB PNG Image 06 04 2004 11 04 rw rw r david david writer sxw 1 5 MB OpenOffice org 1 1 0 Text Document 17 03 2004 08 22 rwxrwxrwx david david ZIP Drive html htm 40 0 KB HTML Page 01 04 2004 20 54 rwxrwxrwx david david This screen gives you full information on each file The first four columns provide the basic information on file name size File Type and when the file was last Modified With regard to the Modified column it is important that your clock and calendar settings are correct If not the information in this column will be useless Permissions The permissions column provides information on access rights to the files and directories Access rights refer to the permissions users have to perform various actions on files and directories Each file has an owner and a group associated with it A group is a set of users collected together under a single group name The permissions consists of three sets of three characters The first three refer to the access rights of the owner the second three of the group and the third set to all other users rwx means read write and execute rights r x means read and execute rights only not write rights r means read only rights not write or execute rights X means execute rights only not read or write rights means no rights at all If a file has permissions given by rwxr xr this means that the owner has rwx read write and execute rights th
33. e group has r x read and execute only rights and all other users have r read only rights The owner and group associated with a file or directory are specified in the next two columns Owners groups and permissions can be changed by users who have the necessary access rights to the files or directories Link Linux allows you to create a symbolic link to a file in another directory The link allows a file to be treated as if it is located in a directory while residing elsewhere The link column sets out the details of symbolic links when appropriate Working with Files Recognize common file types word processing files spreadsheet files database files presentation files image files audio files video files compressed files temporary files One way of recognising different types of files is to use the Detailed List View in 38 Managing Files Konqueror as illustrated in the previous section Files can also be recognised by the extension on the file name This is the part of the file name that follows the final period The following table illustrates some common file names and examples of each a oat ionSA sxc A Calc spreadsheet file stw invoice stw A template file that can be used as the basis for creating Writer text files pdf contract pdf A picture document format file This format allows a file to be sent in a format that can only be read and not edited To read such a file you would need a pdf reader htm h
34. ectory When new users are added to the system Linux creates home directories for them As users do not have rights to other users directories the home directory provide a private location for the storage of files The one exception is root who has complete access to the system Trash is a storage location where files are placed after they have been deleted If trash has not been emptied you can recover files you have deleted There are also desktop icons representing applications such as a word processing or spreadsheet application and other icons that represent printers eg Laserjet 6L or Admin Deskjet Files can also be saved to the desktop This will be explained in section 2 2 1 4 The desktop is a useful place to save work in progress as you then have immediate access Files are represented by an appropriate application icon In the above screen Linux swx is an OpenOffice org Writer file while Sales sxc is a Calc file Select and move desktop icons You can move icons to a different position on the screen by dragging them This allows you to group related icons in clusters 1 Click on a icon to select it 2 Hold down the left mouse button and drag the icon to its new position 3 Release the left mouse button Open a file directory folder application from the desktop Open a directory from the desktop A directory is a location in which files are stored You may visualise a directory as a drawer of a filing cabinet in whic
35. ed to open a terminal window and manually type in commands When you have typed a command press the Enter key to carry it out 1 Start Applications Terminals Konsole 2 Type the command f prot disinf followed by the file or directory you wish to disinfect and Press Enter Examples are f prot disinf home david which will scan all files in the directory home david if david is a directory If it is a file it will only scan that file f prot disinf mnt floppy scans the diskette in the diskette drive The screen below illustrates an example of the printout from such a scan david Linuxt david f prot disinf home david Virus scanning report 12 April 2004 12 33 F PROT ANTIVIRUS Program version 4 4 1 Engine version 3 14 11 VIRUS SIGNATURE FILES SIGN DEF created 5 April 2004 SIGN2 DEF created 5 April 2004 MACRO DEF created 24 March 2004 Search home david Action Disinfect Query Files Dumb scan of all files Switches ARCHIVE PACKED SERVER Results of virus scanning Files 1836 MBRs O Boot sectors O Objects scanned 2307 Time 0 18 No viruses or suspicious files boot sectors were found C david Linux1 david J Other Options f prot delete home david scans the directory and deletes infected files You will be prompted to confirm the deletion f prot home david scans the directory and reports back e Click the Exit icon in the top right hand corner of the screen whe
36. ee One of the strengths of Linux is that it fully integrates a network into a single system Directories Folders Navigate to a file folder on a drive Browse using the Home icon Click the Home icon either on Start Applications or on the panel or on the desktop Because this tool is so important it 1s found in a number of places After clicking this icon ang Konqueror browser will open with the start of your home directory displayed E gt Location 4 file home david Books Desktop Documents evolution Images Mountaineer ing The Desktop sub directory is created automatically at the same time as the home directory Files that are saved to this sub directory will be displayed as icons on the desktop The navigation icons are displayed on the left of the toolbar The Up icon displays the directory one up in the hierarchy This is also known as the parent of the current directory It is one step closer to the root of the system aqa E gt Locati dupl a 34 Managing Files e Click Up twice This will display the root of the system This is the starting point of the entire directory system file Konqueror Location Edit View Go Bookmarks Tools Settings Window Help E Location 4 file bin boot dev home initrd lib m mnt proc root sbin usr Although you can see files and directories you will not be able to manipulate them or delete them You are only able to work with directories and files to wh
37. eeses0e 55 The advantages of a virus scanning application cccccecceeeeeeee eens 55 Hindin VOSES prosena a a EE E 56 Using Virus Scanning Applications ssssessesessesessesersesersessrsesersesse 57 OUNCE BOIS aoira as E E E Geen 5S7 The Importance of Updating Virus Scanning Software Regularly 57 3 Pint Manasemen saerad E aee Gla dota aad ueadehncetusbiaee 59 S A A A T 59 Install a new printer on the computer ssessssesessesseseseesessrsesersesse 59 Prin r oumu ea E teeeecnts 63 View a print job s progress using a desktop print manager 64 Pause re start delete a print job using a desktop print manage 64 Chapter 1 Computer Environment First Steps with the Computer Start the computer Press the On Off switch on front of the computer This will initiate the boot process During this process the start up routines that are stored in the ROM of the computer will take control of the computer One of the things these routines do is to read certain areas of the hard drive to search for the operating system The start up routines will then load the operating system into the RAM of the computer and pass over control to it Depending on how the computer has been configured one of three things will happen a The operating system will automatically load the GUI Graphical user interface and start this for a default user The system will be available for immediate
38. elect a group of adjacent files or 45 directories Select a single file or directory e Click on the icon of the file or directory A blue highlight will appear round the name Select a group of adjacent files or directories 1 Click on the icon of the first file in the list 2 Hold down the Shift key and click on the icon of last file in the list All the files between the two will also be selected Select a group of non adjacent files or directories 1 Click on the icon of the first file in the list 2 Hold down the Ctrl key and click on the icons of each of the files you wish to select Duplicate files directories folders between directories folders and between drives 1 Open Konqueror and select the files or directories you wish to duplicate These can include both directories and files 2 Edit gt Copy Navigate to the directory in which to wish to duplicate the files and directories 4 Edit gt Paste Move files directories folders between directories folders and drives 1 Open Konqueror and select the files or directories you wish to move These can include both directories and files 2 Edit gt Cut Navigate to the directory in which to wish to duplicate the files and directories 4 Edit gt Paste Importance of Backups Understand why making a backup copy of files to a removable storage device is important There are many things that can cause loss of files These include 1 Mechanical fa
39. es particularly if they contain attachments Some very careful users delete emails they are unsure of without opening them e Use an Internet Service Provider that scans emails before delivery e Do not download software from unknown Internet sites e Be careful of using diskettes from unknown sources e Do not install pirated software Disinfecting Files When a virus is detected the software will attempt to remove the virus This is called cleaning or disinfecting Disinfecting involves removing the code of the virus from the file it is attached to It sometimes happens that the system can detect the virus but not get rid of it In this case you will usually be given the option of deleting or quarantining the infected file When a file is quarantined it is made unusable and so unable to spread the virus A future update of the software may be able to remove the virus If it can the quarantine is removed Handling Viruses Other Options 57 Using Virus Scanning Applications Because viruses are still uncommon on Linux systems there has not been a great deal of development of anti virus software There are some projects to develop Open Source anti virus software but they are still in the early stages The following example illustrates how to use a text based system to disinfect or delete infected files on your system This system uses F Prot for Linux which is currently available free to home users To use F Prot you will ne
40. et date and time 6 Computer Environment 1 Right click on the clock in the bottom right of the screen to display a context menu Type i Show Timezone t Adjust Date amp Time i Date amp Time Format by Copy to Clipboard ar Configure Clock STE OE CI a Enter the root password when prompted Adjust the date and time on the calendar and clock 4 Click OK when done An alternative method is to use e Start Applications gt Configuration gt KDE gt System gt Date amp Time Set volume level 1 Start Applications gt Multimedia gt Sound gt KMix 2 Adjust the volume level using the left most slider 3 File gt Quit or click the Close icon when done Get information on sound card e Start Applications gt Configuration gt K DE gt Information gt Sound 3 KMix w File Settings Help Set desktop options The main method of changing the appearance of the desktop is through e Start Applications gt Configuration gt KDE gt LookNFeel Amusement gt a Applications gt a Documentation A KDE Multimedia gt Other Networking gt amp Packaging 3 office gt Printing a Terminals gt ga Configure your computer A Home W Configure your desktop Recent Documents gt 5 Lock Screen D Logout david Default Change colour settings 430908 a MA x00 Appearance El Background 4 Behavior amp Colors w Fonts fA Icons Lau
41. ffice org Writer to illustrate the main components of an application window Collapse expand resize move 27 close a window Main Toolbar Title Bar Menu Bar Font Type Font Size Function Bar Ruller Object Bar Work Area aF UntitedT Openo tice org LIO le Edit View Insert Format Took Window Help E az ASRS AVE Page 1 1 Default 100 INSRT STD HYP Title Bar Horizontal Scroll Bar Vertical Scroll Bar The title bar is where you can see the name of the application that is open In this case OpenOffice org You will notice in the screen above the words Untitled 1 appear before the name of the application This means that there is an unsaved document open Once the document has been saved and has been given a name then the name will appear instead of Untitled 1 Collapse expand resize move close a window The icons relating to these functions are located in the top right hand corner of the screen A te 60 Collapse a window 1 The first is the Minimize button This collapses the current window and displays an icon with the application s name in the panel at the bottom of the screen lt The GIMP Screenshot Linux sxw Screenshot 2 To restore the application window click on the application icon in the panel Close a window Click the Close icon 28 Desktop Resize a window 1 Click the Cascade windows icon This displays the wind
42. h ordinary files are stored Just as you would label the drawers of a filing cabinet you give each directory an appropriate name In many ways a hard disk drive is very much like a room containing many filing cabinets A directory may contain files of any type It may also contain other directories Directories which are located inside other directories are called sub directories e Double click on Home This will open the Konqueror browser and display the contents of your home directory 23 A fileant epic Ern E Location Edit View Go Bookmarks Tools Settings Window Help rr ET Do mnra SGER 1 E Location 4 file home david i ye MandrakeSoft ap MandrakeStore ye MandrakeClub Dr Web Antivirus Tools a MandrakeSof gt 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 Books Desktop Documents evolution Images Mountaineer tmp Wine ing H d E oO x E Screenshot Screenshot Screenshot Screenshot Screenshot Screenshot snapshot 2 snapshot 3 l png 2 png 3 png 4 png S png png png png WCape winmail dat Breakfast_ Session doc 18 Items 10 Files 607 6 KB Total 8 Directories Notice that this directory contains a number of files and other directories Open an application from the desktop e Double click on an application icon on the desktop such as the icon representing OpenOffice org This will open the application and you will then have to use the application s Open command to access the file A shorter metho
43. herals gt Printers Highlight the printer you wish to view Click the Jobs tab Right click on the job to display a context menu Click Hold Resume printing L 2 Right click on the paused print job Click Resume Delete a job E di Highlight the job Printing Manager KDE Control Module Deskjet670C Advanced Faxing Tool ksendfax A Mail PDF file A Print to File PDF amp Print to File PostScript 3 Send to Fax 9 Information gt Jobs Properties s4Instances QS G47 0 F R JobID Owner Name State Size KB Page s Priority Billing Informatio ee Remove Delete 5 Move to Printer gt 9 Job IPP Report Print system currently used CUPS Common UNIX Print System Connected to localhost 631 Press Delete 65 66 This page intentionally left blank
44. here is no version stored on disk To save the file to disk File gt Save as The Save as dialogue will appear In general this will point to your home directory It is very similar in appearance and functionality to the Open dialogue Es ave File As Kl As KEJE N g x pa Ss ra na pa v 7a 4 Floppy Yv 4 b D O FS Sy fe 4 Desktop 4 gt evolution pa Desktop 2 tmp ta composel0 jpg composell jpg composel jpg compose2 jpg ff compose3 jpg i eo Location Eilter All Files home wendi compose4 jpg composeS jpg compose6 jpg compose jpg compose8 jpg compose9 jpg i inboxl0 jpg inboxl jpg ry inbox2 jpg inbox3 jpg inbox4 jpg inbox5 jpg inbox6 jpg inbox7 jpg inbox8 jpg inbox9 jpg v Kedit_ output screen screen screen screen screen screen gt v OK v Cancel 1 If necessary navigate to the directory in which you wish to save the file 2 Enter a name into the Location window 3 Click OK For the moment we will not be concerned with all the options in the Save as dialogue Closing the Text Editing Application e File gt Quit 20 This page intentionally left blank Chapter 2 Desktop Terminology GUI A GUL is a system that allows the user to interact with the Graphical operating system through clicking on icons on the screen Icons User are graphical representations of operati
45. ich you have access Normally these are only files located in your home directory and its sub directory The root user is however able to give you access rights to files and directories outside your home directory The Back and Forward icons allow you to trace your steps back and forward through the directories you have visited during your current session e To return to the home directory at any stage press the Home icon i F To move to a new directory double click on the icon in the main pane e Double click on the ete directory leet Konqueror a a a amp Location Edit View Go Bookmarks Tools Settings Window Help aAA OG DA e cA Ahe 4 E gt Location 4 file etc z Fa 7 MandrakeSoft gt MandrakeStore MandrakeClub i Dr Web Antivirus Tools MandrakeSoft X 2 acpi alternatives armagetron bash_ bonobo bootsplash cron d oo activation 222248 a 2 cron daily cron hourly cron cron weekly cups default monthly devts dynamic emacs enscript fonts foomatic gconf i i mi i mi i You can also type the name of the directory into the location window if you know its path Recall that Linux file and directory names are case sensitive Open a window to display 35 directory folder name size Create a directory folder and a further sub directory sub folder The following example illustrates how to create directories and sub directories in your home directory Click the Home icon
46. id Group david OK Cancel 4 Add or remove check marks to set the desired permissions 5 Click OK Sort files by name size type date modified Files can be sorted by name type size and date by clicking on the titles at the top of the pane Open application and access the directory you wish to sort 2 Click on Name This will sort the files in ascending alphabetic order by name 3 Click on Name a second time This will now sort the files in descending order of name When you sort files the directories will appear ahead of the files Directories and files will be sorted separately Click Modified This will sort the files in date order starting with the most recent Click Modified a second time This will now sort them with the oldest appearing first Click Size This will sort the files in order of size with the largest at the top Click Size a second time This will sort them in the reverse order of size Click File Type This will sort the files alphabetically by type Ye ae ee he Click File Type a second time This will sort them by type in the reverse order Understand the importance of maintaining correct file extensions when re naming files 44 Managing Files The part of a file name following the final period full stop is called the file extension This often has a special significance which will be lost if it is changed For example the system will recognise that a file having a pdf extension can be o
47. ii X EA i Software Packages Installation Search Normal information Maximum information a Name koffice Version 1 3 0 beta3 6mdk Size 30190 KB Summary Set of office applications for KDE Description Office applications for the K Desktop Environment KOffice contains KWord word processor KSpread spreadsheet KPresenter presentations KChart diagram generator KOntour Install Qw Quit Click Install When prompted insert the required CD and click OK installation 10 11 Verify that the application has been installed In this case use Start Applications gt Office gt Word Processors gt K Word Other prompts may appear Respond by clicking OK if you wish to proceed with the When the installation has completed a notification window will appear Click OK Install applications from a CD with an install program You may get an application as part of a CD or through a download across the Internet In some cases these applications are distributed with an install file Double clicking on this in a file manager will initiate an automated installation process You would simply sit back Using Print Screen for Screen 13 Captures and wait for the entire process to complete Install an application using the File Manager The following illustration assumes the application is located on a CD Double click on the CD ROM icon on the desktop Locate the di
48. ilure of a hard drive 2 Damage to the system due to natural disasters such as fire floods and earth movement 46 o3 4 2 Managing Files Theft of the system Corruption of data due to computer viruses Deliberate corruption or deletion of data through criminal activity In order to protect data it is important that copies of important files are made and kept in a separate location so that if loss occurs to the main system data can be recovered from the copies Copies of important files are referred to as backups Delete Restore Delete files directories folders to the recycle bin wastebasket 2 3 4 Select highlight the files you wish to delete Edit gt Move to Trash press the Delete key Click Yes or Cancel when asked to confirm that you wish to move the files to Trash If the Trash bin already contains files of the same name as those you are deleting you will be warned and asked if you wish to overwrite the files Restore files directories folders from the recycle bin wastebasket trash ee Sey ee Double click on the Trash icon on the desktop OR click Home and navigate to the Desktop folder in your home directory From there navigate to Trash Select the files you wish to restore Edit gt Move Navigate to the folder in which you wish to restore the files Edit gt Paste Restore a file immediately after deleting it Edit gt Undo Move or press Ctrl Z to undo the action Empty the re
49. inistration office This could be described in a shorthand form as Administration Staff Lombard In the same way Stores Suppliers Kumar would indicate a file called Kumar in the Suppliers filing cabinet in the Stores office Directories on a computer system are similar to the offices and filing cabinets A directory is a container that can contain files or other directories A directory located inside another directory is called a sub directory Sometimes the word folder is used in place of the word directory One difference between the analogy and a computer system is that in the former case we are dealing physical objects whereas in the latter we are dealing with a more abstract structure Directories sub directories and files are arranged in a hierarchical structure called a tree A typical computer will contain many thousands of files stored in many directories Each directory contains files that are related in some way The starting point of the tree is called the root Do not confuse this usage of the word with the special user that has complete control over the system root is designated by the symbol This symbol is also used to separate the different levels of the hierarchy A directory structure may contain many levels of sub directories The following diagram illustrates part of a Linux system directory structure Files are shown in talic font 32 Managing Files Thoughts Tax 2004 04 04 david Letter
50. ion s ssessesessesessesersesersesee 5 COMM OWA ONS ss et ea adcetaah cle iea ace a N rnb eeeedadaelsat des 5 set chanoe Keyboard lancuave cuicciiis ieee diindeipianeei nade 9 FORMAL 353s siadeeacat site asennad Madde cic aanghent neous tae gone ae secant seiacass 10 InStalhiis and Wins tale seces vais odes sncetuavetcdslearsess ear desdanem 12 Using Print Screen for Screen Captures cccecccecceeceecceeceeneeeeeees 13 Use avatlable Help Tuneu Ons sleds ot ennai ondi Si eee ashetau tk Vac bocce 14 121 1 Help meen penne ene otter RRP REN renT Term E 15 Sede Mne 1 ICID onc seeto ao e ahetnncsatneies 15 sine Helpas amoa a a a ein tibet eas 16 TeC Ska Nh er r S E S mre a 16 Starting the Text Editing Application ccccccecccecceecneceeeeeeeneeneeeeees 16 save the file toa location On adiye snimis hates Whee eee 18 Saye an existine document esas shoud acs sack Lata ait teas oulec sas abiie ans ytivens etal cas 19 Save aA MEW COCUMIENE st rucci tava tos cte obeys NS 19 Closing the Text Editing Application cccccecccecceecneeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 19 2 NCS KAO xe Oa hail he bat este E E N taassane tates 21 WOK Wat ICONS aek aa tendo uhacuse osantcaeanes 21 Selectiatid MOvedesktOp ICONS csee necnsas tau nase ET 22 Open a file directory folder application from the desktop 22 WOK WHR OC OWS soegin a E 26 Collapse expand resize move close a window eccseceeeeneeeeeeeees 2 Switch
51. is pointing to the directory home wend1 18 Open File vv 4 b Filter Computer Environment C Ea d A ABC a l Desktop pa Ss gt evolution pa Desktop tmp aa m composel0 jpg i composell jpg m composel jpg mil compose2 jpg D m compose3 jpg Cdrom S Location Floppy All Files home wendi compose4 jpg 7 compose5 jpg compose6 jpg compose7 jpg compose8 jpg compose9 jpg a ga inbox10 jpg inbox1 jpg inbox2 jpg inbox3 jpg inbox4 jpg inbox5 jpg inbox6 jpg inbox7 jpg 3 inbox8 jpg inbox9 jpg 4 4 Kedit_ Kedit_ Kedit_ output screen screen screen screen gt Cancel 1 If necessary navigate to the desired directory 2 gt Highlight the file you wish to open Click OK If you wish to open a file contained on your floppy navigate to the directory mnt floppy On the top right of the Open dialogue there are three important icons eT or user rights icy Up one level Pressing this icon will move you to the parent of the current directory Create new directory This option allows you to create a new directory in the current directory In order to be able to do so you will need the appropriate Default directory Pressing this icon will move you to the default directory This is useful if you have moved through several directories and wish to return to your star
52. multiple windows and select the window you wish to open Open another desktop 29 The GIMP ww Screenshot L png 68 0 RGB 100 Screenshot 4 png 69 0 RGB 50 wa Screenshot L png 70 0 RGB 100 Linux sxw Ope Configure your de Gimp 4 8 D E d 100 INSRT STD HYP Open another desktop KDE goes one step further You may open up to four different desktops at the same time In each of these you may be doing a completely different type of work The different desktops are also accessed from the panel e Click the Desktop 2 icon to display a completely fresh desktop You can operate in this desktop independently of what you are doing in desktop 1 The icons for open applications will be displayed in the panel irrespective of the desktop you are currently working in If you click on one of these you will automatically be taken to the desktop in which the window is open 30 This page intentionally left blank Chapter 3 Managing Files Concepts Understand how an operating system shows drives folders files in a hierarchical structure To understand the concept of a directory consider an analogy of an office block containing a number of offices Each office has a name Inside each office there are a number of filing cabinets each of which is named Files are stored in the filing cabinets Each file also has a name Suppose a file called Lombard is located in the Staff cabinet of the Adm
53. n i Writer Type Desktop Config File Location file home david Desktop Size 98 B 98 Free space on 5 8 GB 7 6 GB 25 used Modified 04 09 2003 18 57 Accessed 04 09 2003 18 57 Cancel Click the Execute tab and enter the command oowriter all in lower case 25 MO Hanania tor Heeelan o aae J Ge General Permissions Execute Application Command oowriter Browse Panel Embedding Execute on click Window title Run in terminal Run as a different user OK Cancel 5 Click OK An icon will be displayed on the desktop In order to use this method you need to know what command to use to run the application How to determine this is explained in the following section 6 Double click on the desktop icon to run the application Determine the command name of an application Suppose you wish to determine the command to run Calc Right click on the Start Applications icon Click Menu Editor Scroll down to the Office entry and click on it to expand Scroll down to the Spreadsheets entry and click to expand Click on OpenOffice org Calc AE se iS p File Action View Environment Help Aol m a oP x Menu style Save Add folder Add application Delete Environment kde General Extended ee E AddressBooks Title OpenOffice org Calc cw Graphs Long title OpenOffice org Spreadsheet Command oocalc Browse m Presentations Open in a terminal E mA Spreadsheets L OpenOffice org Calc
54. n done The Importance of Updating Virus Scanning Software Regularly As viruses are created on an on going basis these need to be analysed continuously by the developers of anti virus software Not only do the developers need to be able to extract the signature of the virus but they also need to analyse how the virus acts and how it can be removed from the program These changes then need to be incorporated into the anti virus 58 Viruses software Users in turn need to download these changes and update their software The longer the period between updates the more vulnerable computer systems are to the action of new viruses Updates are often made available on a daily basis by developers Chapter 5 Print Management Setup Change the default printer from an installed printer list Suppose you have more than one printer available to print to The default printer is the printer that will automatically be offered to you when you wish to print Other printers have to be specifically selected 1 Start Applications gt Configuration gt Configure your computer 2 Click Hardware in the category list 3 Click PrinterDrake in the right hand pane This screen is displayed at the start of the following section Select the printer you wish to make the default 2 Click Set as default on the toolbar gt Mandrake lint Printer MEmagEmEma hele Chek ad mY JG Click OK 4 File gt Quit or press Ctrl Q to
55. nch Feedback Multiple Desktops J Panels Screen Saver ia Style 4 System Notifications b Accessibility gt 4 Taskbar Components gt Theme Manager gt Me Information gt p Window Behavior SRE SP Window Decorations Network gt lt 8 Peripherals gt Q PowerControl gt Security gt _ Sound D HYP System gt A WebBrowsing lt Mix E Openoffice a 1 Start Applications gt Configuration gt KDE gt LookNFeel gt Colors Colors KDE Control Module Active window File Edit New Open Standard text Selected text Colour Scheme Widget Colour Current Scheme C KDE Default Standard Background link followed link EE Atlas Green CmoBeos m Blue Slate Gags CDE mmm Dark Blue Cm Desert Red mm Digital CDE La e Save Scheme Import Scheme x Apply colours to non KDE applications Help Defaults Cancel 2 Select the colour scheme 3 Adjust contrast if necessary 4 Click OK when done Change screen saver 1 Start Applications gt Configuration gt KDE gt LookNFeel gt Screen Saver 8 Computer Environment Blank Screen Mandrake Slide Sh Random Settings x Start screen saver automatically After 5 minutes Require password to stop screen sawer Priority High Defaults DK Apply Cancel Select the screen saver and set the time before the screen saver is displayed If you
56. need 2 Insert the diskette into the diskette drive 3 Start Applications gt Configuration gt Hardware gt KFloppy KDE Floppy Formatter KFIC 3 ea amp Floppy drive Primary ka Format Size 3 5 144MB File system DOS Quick format Full format x Verify integrity x Volume label KDE Floppy 4 Select the File system If you use DOS you will be able to share the disk with Windows users If you use ext 2 you will only be able to share it with Linux users 5 Give the diskette a label This is the electronic label that the formatting process attaches to the disk 6 If the disk has been formatted previously you can select Quick format This makes use of the previous format to speed up the process 7 Click Format Once the disk has been formatted you can save files to it Installing and Uninstalling 14 Format a diskette using a terminal An alternative method of formatting a floppy disk is to open a terminal and type in the appropriate command Terminal windows give you access to the full power of Linux The GUI simplifies the process of executing much of the power of Linux Typing in the actual commands at the command prompt allows you to execute all the variations of Linux commands The following example illustrates how to use the command line When you use a terminal to enter commands you must press the Enter key at the end of each line Further commands are case sensitive If a command does
57. ng system functions At Interface its heart Linux is a text based system This requires you to type commands out in full GUIs were developed to simplify the use of Linux for the desktop user As you become expert in the use of Linux you will need to become familiar with the text based system This is not however the objective of these notes Distributions A distribution is a bundled set of CDs which include the heart of the Linux operating system known as the kernel together with a set of applications Each distribution in turn implements Linux slightly differently Desktop The desktop is the actual GUI itself There are a number of different desktop systems The most popular are Gnome and KDE The actual implementation of a desktop varies from distribution to distribution KDE used with the Mandrake distribution will differ somewhat from when used with the Red Hat distribution These notes are based on KDE running under Mandrake Linux 9 2 Work with Icons Recognize common desktop icons such as those representing files directories folders applications printers recycle bin wastebasket The following screen illustrates a number of icons on the desktop CD ROM Trash Floppy Welcome Urgent 2 LINUX SXW Sales oec CD ROM and Floppy give you direct access to these devices Directories folders are presented by a directory icon as illustrated by Urgent 22 Desktop Home is a shortcut to your home dir
58. nts you use often For information on how to v 4 gt Print Help If you find it difficult to read the help on screen you can print the contents of the current window File gt Print Searching in Help The search function only allows you to scan the currently displayed topic 1 Edit gt Find or press Ctrl F Find Text KDE Help Centre Find Text to find Foon bar Regular expression Options Case sensitive Find backwards Whole words only Selected text x From cursor 2 Enter the text you wish to find Notice the various options that you can set when carrying out a find 3 Press OK 16 Computer Environment The first occurrence will be highlighted in the text of the help You will be prompted if you wish to locate the next occurrence Using Help as a tutorial Become as familiar as possible with the help system These notes will provide you with an introduction to Linux using the KDE desktop When you have worked through a section in these notes you could read what the KDE help system has to say on the topic If you wish to become an expert you will need to read further and discover the full power of Linux and KDE The help system is the best place to start Text Editing Launch a text editing application Open create a file Starting the Text Editing Application 1 Click on Start Applications 2 Click Programming 3 Click on Editors 4 Click on
59. ode gt Tree View tile Konqueror Location Edit View Go Bookmarks Tools Settings Window Help ONO ropes meas shite Phan Aaa MultiColumn View E gt Location m Info List View 1 Mandrake Detailed List View Reload F5 Text View B z Cervisia bin Icon Size gt initrd lib Sort gt 2 Preview gt B B opt Show Hidden Files usr var Folder Icons Reflect Contents Background Colour El Background Image There are a number of different view options landrakeSof Click on Home to expand the directory so that its contents will be displayed Click on your own home directory Click on the Letters sub directory You should see a display similar to the one on the screen capture Click the Home icon View gt View Mode gt gt Detailed List View This view will give you the most detailed listing of information on the contents of a directory tile 7 Konqueror Location Edit View Go Bookmarks Tools Settings Window Help j A A E 1 RACAR Location 2 file X MandrakeSoft ur MandrakeStore we MandrakeClub Dr Web Antivirus Tools 3MandrakeSof Name Size File Type Modified Ahome 4 0 KB Directory 06 02 1996 23 04 Adavid 4 0 KB Directory 06 04 2004 10 41 ce Articles 4 0 KB Directory 06 04 2004 10 41 Books 4 0 KB Directory 21 03 2004 17 31 SDesktop 4 0 KB Directory 05 04 2004 23 31 Documents 4 0 KB Directory
60. onment Network Peripherals s PowerControl Security E Sound g System JA WebBrowsing Welcome to the KDE Control Centre a central place to configure your desktop environment Select an item from the index on the left to load a configuration module KDE version 3 1 3 User david Hostname Linuxl System Linux Release 2 4 22 10mdk Machine i686 Click on the Help tab on the left to view help for the active control module Use the Search tab if you are unsure where to look for a particular configuration option This gives you details of the Linux kernel you have installed on your system In this case it is version 2 4 22 10 Each of these numbers has a special meaning The second major release of the Linux kernel The fourth minor release of the second major release The fact that it is an even number means that it is a stable release If it were an odd number it would indicate that the version is not yet fully tested 22 The twenty second patch of the above release A patch contains minor corrections to a version 10 Build ten A build contains even smaller changes than those found in a patch Configuration Change the computer s desktop configuration date amp time volume settings desktop display options colour settings screen pixel resolution screen saver options In order to carry out some of the changes to the system you will need to know the root password S
61. ow so that it only occupies part of the screen na 2 Hover the mouse over one of the corners on the window This will display a resize handle Hold down the left mouse button and drag the corner to resize the window 4 Release the mouse button when you have the desired size for the window Hover the mouse over one of the sides of the window This will also display a resize handle However these handles limit your movement either vertically or horizontally Move a window 1 Click and hold down the left mouse button on the Title of the window This is the blue area in the left hand top corner of the window Drag the window to the new position Release the mouse button Maximise a window Click the Maximize window icon This icon will only be available if the window has been cascaded You cannot resize or move a window that has been maximized Switch between open windows Where you have multiple open windows each will be displayed as an icon on the panel at the bottom of the screen Each icon will have a title Usually the title is too long to be displayed in full 1 Hover the mouse over the icon to display the full title 100 INSRT Linux sxw Ope W Configure your de a Gimp 4 2 Click on an icon to switch to that application Where there are several windows open at once KDE will try to group these In the above screen GIMP has four windows associated with it 3 Click on the icon containing
62. pened with a pdf reader or that a file with a png extension is a graphic image Some files in Linux may have more than one period Each of these separates a different part of the file name which may be of special significance to the application that will open it If you do change a file name only change the part that is to the left of the first period For example in the file name kdbg 1 2 8 2mdk 1586 rpm the rpm extension means that this is a file containing installation files that can be managed with the Red Hat Package Manager The 1586 component means that this package is designed to run on a Pentium processor Changing either of these would cause problems if you tried to install the package from the file Re name files directories folders Rename a file 1 Ina Konqueror window right click on the icon of the file you wish to display a context menu and click Rename or press F2 or click on the label below the icon ae i g Agendal 2004 04 06 sxw 2 This will open a small window around the name of the file Edit the name Keep in mind the need to preserve the extension Click outside of the name when done Rename a directory The process is the same as that for a file Duplicate Move Select a file directory folder individually or as a group of adjacent non adjacent files directories folders Before you can performs actions on files such as move copy or delete you need to select highlight them S
63. pplications gt Configuration gt KDE gt Information gt Processor Processor KDE Control Module Information Value processor 0 vendor id Genuineintel cpu family 15 model 2 model name Mobile Intel R Pentium R 4 M CPU 1 80GHz stepping 7 cpu MHz 1196 209 cache size 512 KB fdiv_bug no hit_bug no fOOf_bug no coma_bug no fpu yes fpu_exception yes 4 2 Click Close when done View RAM details 1 Start Applications gt Configuration gt KDE gt Information gt Memory Memory KDE Control Module Total physical memory 726 097 920 bytes 692 46 MB Free physical memory 372 637 696 bytes 355 38 MB Shared memory 0 bytes 0 00 KB Disk buffers 11 231 232 bytes 10 71 MB Disk cache 192 266 240 bytes 183 36 MB Total swap memory 830 709 760 bytes 792 23 MB Free swap memory 830 709 760 bytes 792 23 MB Total Memory Physical Memory Swap Space 1 12 GB free 355 38 MB free 792 23 MB free Help 2 Click Close when done Configuration View operating system version information This information can also be found in a number of places For example e Start Applications gt Configuration gt Configure your Desktop This displays the KDE Control Centre fi Configure your desktop File View Settings Help Accessibility Components s Information y LookNFeel L ji y Configure your desktop envir
64. programs Updating anti virus software mostly involves updating the signatures file This should be done on as frequent as basis as possible This is even more the case when you receive files regularly from outside sources The actual anti virus program itself will be updated from time to time These updates will include additional features and improved methods of scanning It is important to keep in mind that no anti virus software is perfect It is only as good as the techniques it uses for detecting viruses and the currency of the signature file There is always the chance that a virus will go undetected However a good anti virus system installed on your system is essential and will usually detect most viruses Updating the anti viruses software and scanning the contents of a computer on a regular basis will provide you with a good measure of protection should your computer become infected Good anti virus software can also block viruses from entering the system Other measures There are a number of measures you can take to protect yourself from viruses e Install good anti virus software and update it on a regular basis for example at least once a month but preferably once a week But always remember anti virus software is not perfect It cannot be the only measure you take e Scan all diskettes before reading them e Enable the auto protection feature on the anti virus software to scan emails e Be wary of emails from unknown sourc
65. rectories cecceecseeceeeeeeeeeeeees 45 Select a group of non adjacent files or directories esesseseeseseesesee 45 vi ICDL Module 2 Duplicate files directories folders between directories folders and between EIS ek toes E E EE E E E A EEA E EE A E 45 Move files directories folders between directories folders and drives 45 Importance 0l Backups yoni tonic AA T 45 Pelete R oS een a a a at 46 Delete files directories folders to the recycle bin wastebasket 46 Restore files directories folders from the recycle bin wastebasket trash EEA P AE atcha E A IE E A haves hata aie heh ats ibal iMacs lib katt 46 Empty the recycle bin wastebasket svc netic tanntuiincivs 46 SCCA MS E ore temic E E N E 47 Pind iD Celie ranean er tee ae e a oe enero ne RTT en PETE eae reer 47 Search for files by content date modified date created size wildcards 48 View listof recently used HIES sya tc Siete Gccteeeatil N a saoeioes 50 Compressing Files mirnesa a A A ee eminemae eer ee 51 Compress files in a folder on a drive cece ceccecceecceeceeeneeeeeeaeeneeeeees 52 Add files to an existing archive ssesessesossesessesessesersesersesersessrsesses 53 Extract compressed files from a location on a drive cecceeeseeeeeees 53 AN USES A E all E E nah tadnsen nat 55 Con ep anaa a oee TO te rnnr verry re eaten Mn rere eae Une 55 The ways a virus can be transmitted onto a computer sscseses
66. rectory in which the application installation file is located This process will be explained fully in the section called Directories Folders 33 on directories Double click on the application Uninstall an application The following example illustrates how to uninstall the application xterm oe es ae tee 6 Start Applications gt Configuration gt Packaging gt Remove Software Enter the root password when prompted Click OK if the welcome screen appears Click on Workstation and then Console Tools Click xterm tpmdrake 9 2 3 amp Software Packages Removal S Find in names Search Mandrake choices All packages alphabetical Normal information All packages by group Maximum information gt Development Name xterm z r Version 179 L1mdk gt Graphical Environment o Size 310 KB gt Server 7 Workstation o Summary The standard terminal emulator for the X Window System b Configuration 0 Description The XTerm program is the standard terminal emulator for the X Window v Console Tools Y system It provides DEC VT102 VT220 and Tektronix 4014 compatible terminals for programs emacs X11 21 3 6mdk o that can t use the window system directly If the underlying operating system supports terminal resizing capabilities for example the SIGWINCH signal in systems derived from groff 1 19 3mdk 0 4 3bsd xterm will use the facilities to notify programs running in the window whenever it is kdebase konsole 3
67. rent letter to that shown on the key itself it could be that the keyboard language setting needs to be changed 1 Start Applications gt Configuration gt Configure your Computer 2 Enter the root password when prompted and click OK This will launch the Mandrake Control Centre 3 Click Hardware in the left hand pane File Options Help BD Boot Please choose your keyboard layout Swiss French layout E Hardware Swiss German layout i m 1 Syriac Q Mount Points Syriac phonetic Tajik keyboard Network amp Tamil ISCll layout Internet Tamil Typewriter layout ee Security Telugu Thai keyboard Ea System Turkish modern Q model Turkish traditional F model Software ement UK keyboard US keyboard international Ukrainian Uzbek cyrillic Vietnamese numeric row QWERTY Yugoslavian latin Cancel 10 Computer Environment 4 Click KeyboardDrake in the left hand pane 5 Select the keyboard layout 6 Click OK when done 7 File gt Quit or press Ctrl Q Formatting Format removable disk media diskette Zip disk Before data can be saved on a disk it has to be prepared The process of preparing a disk to store files is called formatting If a disk has been previously formatted formatting a second time will result in the loss of any data that may have been stored on it Format a floppy disk via GUI 1 Make sure the disk you wish to format does not contain any data you will
68. rmissions Change permissions on a directory In this example you will create a sub directory in your home directory called Common You will then give users access to change the contents of this directory Click Home a es oe a Ee Edit gt New Directory or press F10 Create a directory called Common Click the Permissions tab Right click on Common and select Properties in the context menu 42 Managing Files for Common Konqueror General Permissions Local Net Sharing Access Permissions Show Write cl Enter Special nsa Entries Entries p Set UID Set GID Sticky User david Group david X Apply changes to all subdirectories and their contents Cancel 6 Make sure that Show Entries Write Entries and Enter are checked for all three Classes 7 Check Apply changes to all subdirectories and their contents Click OK Change permissions on a file By default Linux locks access to files so that they cannot be changed by anyone other than the owner or members of the group 1 Open Konqueror and locate the file whose permissions you wish to view or change 2 Right click on the file and select Properties in the Context menu Click the Permissions tab The current permissions will be checked Sort files by name size type date 43 modified General Permissions Meta Info Access Permissions Class Read Write Exec Special ig Set UID Set GID Others Sticky Ownership User dav
69. rther series of sub directories in which he she will store files Each user s home directory is private to that user Apart from the owner of the home directory the only other user that normally has access to it is the root user Each user can access his her home directory by clicking on the Home icon on the desktop or by using Start Applications gt Home Storage Devices Directories Folders 33 Know that the devices used by an operating system to store files and folders are the hard disk diskette CD ROM network drives For long term storage files are stored on various secondary memory devices These include hard disks floppy disks CD ROMs DVDs Zip disks tape and flash memory These devices were described in module 1 Although we can think of directories as containers for files and sub directories these are logical structures rather than physical areas on a disk The actual method of physically storing files on disk and organising them in directories is a very technical topic From a user s perspective the important thing is to understand directories as providing a logical method of grouping related files together in one place Where computers are connected together through a network each user will see the disk drives on other computers as part of his her own directory tree In fact if the user has not set up the system he she will not necessarily even be aware of the physical location of different parts of the directory tr
70. s Fin 2004 03 28 Oooo Acc 2004 03 27 home Articles Training FollowUp dorothy Silence Water dev bin usr mnt floppy cdrom The full description of the location of a file is called is path If we wish to describe a file fully we need to include its path An example from the previous diagram would be home david letters Tax 2004 04 04 Linux names are case sensitive Hence the three names tax Tax and TAX are 4 all different as far as Linux is concerned Using the wrong case for letters is a common source of errors If you have worked with Windows the Linux directory structure may seem confusing at first Each system has a single directory system Drives are located within branches of the structure rather than the structure starting with a drive Linux goes much further and includes devices such as ports and printers within the directory structure This follows from the fact that Linux treats files and devices in the same way The process of adding components to the Linux directory hierarchy is called mounting and removing them is called unmounting The home directory is of special importance in Linux When a new user is added to the system Linux creates a sub directory of the same name in home For example if the user dorothy is added Linux will create the directory home dorothy at the same time This sub directory is known as the user s home directory Each user will create a fu
71. the slowness of computers A time bomb is a virus which lies dormant until a certain date or time or for a period of time At this date or time the virus suddenly becomes active and carries out whatever task it is programmed to do This can include the deletion of everything on the hard drive A logic bomb is similar to a time bomb except that instead of becoming active at a certain time it becomes active when a particular activity happens For example instead of formatting a diskette the virus causes the hard drive to be formatted Macro viruses make use of a special customisation feature in applications called macros Macros allow you to create mini programs to carry out certain tasks in your applications The ways a virus can be transmitted onto a computer Viruses are spread in a number of ways e Downloads from the Internet e Pirated software e Exchange of diskettes e In attachments to emails and in emails themselves e In documents Macro virus described above can be hidden in ordinary documents spreadsheets and presentations The advantages of a virus scanning application Anti virus software 56 Viruses Anti virus software scans files for pieces of code called signatures which it recognises as part of a virus A signature is a distinctive series of commands which are only found in the virus concerned Scanning therefore involves analysing programming code in search of signatures embedded in legitimate
72. ting point in the directory tree This will be different for each user Create a new document We will use the terms document and file interchangeably To create a new document from scratch e File gt New This will display a blank screen in which you can create a document This document will be based on default settings Default settings are ones which are set up for you automatically Save the file to a location on a drive When you work with a document on your computer the working form resides in the computer s RAM This is temporary memory used for your current activities Since RAM is volatile when the computer is switched off everything that is in RAM is automatically lost In order to keep your work you will need to transfer the contents of RAM to your hard disk This process is called saving Save an existing document 19 When you save a document you give it a name and you specify where it is to be stored Save an existing document If you have opened a document and made some changes the process of saving it is very simple e File gt Save This will change the contents of the stored version so that it is identical to the version that is displayed on your screen In this case the previous version on disk is overwritten If you use File gt Save in a newly created document Kedit will automatically assume that you wish to use File gt Save as Save a new document When you create a document from scratch t
73. tml index htm Htm and html files are files that can be read using a web browser notes txt A text file containing pure text without any formatting plans rtf A rich text format file This is a format that can be used for exchanging files between different types of system A Microsoft Word document 00 137 1586 tar A tarball file tar files are used for creating installation packages 00 137 i586 rpm A Red Hat Package Manager File rpm files are used for creating installation packages a sky png A common format for storing graphic images jpg jpeg sky jpg A common format for storing graphic images txt rtf doc xls p mdb zip gZ tar rpm png Count the number of files files of 39 a particular type in a folder Wav e au An audio file An audio file A video file A video file Extensions are a Windows concept and are not actually needed in Linux They are however useful in providing information for users about the contents or format of files Count the number of files files of a particular type in a folder including any files in sub folders Count total number of files and sub directories in a directory When you access a directory with Konqueror using icon mode the status bar at the bottom indicates the number of files and directories in the current directory 11 Items 2 Files 107 3 KB Total 9 Directories However these figures only count what is in the current directory and not
74. use The operating system will automatically load the GUI but you will be prompted to enter a username and password These will be given to you by who ever installed the system Only the text based operating system will load In this case you will need to logon and then start the GUI In this case you will see a black screen on which the prompt Logon appears Suppose you have been given the username GenUser and password V2wWTKN7 Remember that passwords are case sensitive If you are given a password you must enter it exactly as given Logon to the GUI When the logon window appears type in your username and password exactly as given When you type the password for example V2wTkN7 a series of stars will appear in the password window This is so that no one can read your password by looking over your shoulder Click the Session Type window and select KDE Click the GO button Logon to the text based interface and then load the GUI Type your username for example GenUser after the logon prompt Press Enter When asked for your password for example V2wTkN7 type it in Press Enter Type startx and press Enter This command will load the GUI after you have logged on 2 Computer Environment Unless you have a valid username and password you will not be able to log on to the system Speak to the administrator of your system if you cannot log on In Linux there is a special user logon called root which has complete ac
75. what is in the sub directories To get full information on a directory and its sub directories 1 Click Home 2 View gt View Mode gt Tree View 3 Click on the directory you wish to analyse 4 Expand all the sub directories you wish to include You will also need to expand sub directories within these This is illustrated on the following screen 40 Managing Files Permissions Owner Group Link Name v Size File Type Modified Articles 4 0 KB Directory 06 04 2004 10 41 rwxrwxr x david david Books 4 0 KB Directory 21 03 2004 17 31 rwxr xr x david 501 H Desktop 4 0 KB Directory 05 04 2004 23 31 rwxr xr x david 501 Documents 4 0 KB Directory 06 04 2004 11 24 rwxr xr x david 501 Archives 4 0 KB Directory 06 04 2004 11 23 rwxrwxr x david david Urgent 4 0 KB Directory 06 04 2004 11 24 rwxrwxr x david david td Agenda doc 8 0 KB Microsoft Word Document 25 03 2004 18 21 rw rw r david 501 om ConceptsOfilT pdf 640 8 KB PDF Document 14 03 2004 15 17 rwxrwxrwx david david _ PMBILI 1 D0C 8 5 KB Microsoft Word Document 27 08 1995 23 06 r xr xr x david david f Screenshot L png 79 8 KB PNG Image 06 04 2004 11 04 rw rw r david david a Writer sxw 1 5 MB OpenOffice org 1 1 0 Text Document 17 03 2004 08 22 rwxrwxrwx david david ZIP Drive html htm 40 0 KB HTML Page 01 04 2004 20 54 rwxrwxrwx david david H evolution 4 0 KB Directory 29 03 2004 08 07 rwxr xr x david 501 ALetters 4 0 KB Directory 06
76. wish set a password to stop screen saver This will automatically protect your work should you leave your machine unattended for a period of time 4 Click Apply Disable the screen saver 1 Remove the cross in the Start screen saver automatically check box 2 Click Apply Set desktop background 1 Start Applications gt Configuration gt KDE gt LookNFeel gt Background 2 Configure the background as you wish it You may also use a background wall paper 3 Click OK Set screen pixel resolution 1 Start Applications gt Configuration gt Configure your Computer Set change keyboard language 9 File Options Help Boot Choose the resolution and the color depth E Graphics card ATI Radeon VD Hardware T am 1 Q Mount Points Network amp Internet e Security Ea System 640x480 Software 800x600 Y Management 1024x768 1152x864 65 Tnousand colors 16 bits Cancel 2 Enter the root password when prompted and click OK This will launch the Mandrake Control Centre Click Hardware in the left hand pane Click Change your screen resolution in the left hand pane Adjust the screen resolution and number of colours Click OK when done File gt Quit or press Ctrl Q oe ee Set change keyboard language The keyboard language define the position of the various keys on the keyboard For example British American and French keyboards all have different layouts If some of the keys generate a diffe

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