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AquiferTest v.3.5 User`s Manual

1. Real Bounded System water level at t 0 water level at t t a K Confining Layer T S D Line of Ezero Drawdown Recharging Q Well image Q E Discharging Be asa i ae Well real i AA moo uae st A TESOL RE SSS PERE Ee impression cone i Equivalent System L Wwaterlevelattz0 __ __ e a ee ee e es ee ee ee or _ depression cone EOS INIA For a barrier boundary the imaginary system has two wells discharging at the same rate the real well and the image well The image well induces a hydraulic gradient from the boundary towards the image well that is equal to the hydraulic gradient from the boundary towards the real well Impermeable rock Barrier boundary Piezometer Discharging Well Discharging Well Real imaginary Line of Zero Drawdown Chapter 4 Analysis Methods The cross sectional view of the Stallman Barrier condition is seen below Barrier boundary water level at t 0 water level at t t Discharging Q Well real a Zero Drawdown Discharging Well image water level at t 0 y a CS n a na a a way oe ay a Pa ae eee Ln ce ar oe ea yay aa yay a a To account for the boundary condition a term is added to the Theis function Q A m ee U ATT where eS o
2. To unconfined Analysis name Theis 1935 Forward Solution Evaluated by Date 12 4 01 15 Comment Increment Fa T m d 7 422E 5 2 031 E 2 From this dialogue you can use the Autofit option to match the data to the curve Similarly you can adjust the values for T and S to see how this affects the drawdown curve Use the up and down arrow keys to adjust the values for T and S and see the resulting drawdown curve change in the graph below The value by which these parameters is adjusted is determined by the Increment Factor You can adjust this value and set it low for a small increment or gradual increase or a high value that results in a rapid increase As well the user can also use the lock features that lock in a value for T or S respectively for use with the Autofit option only 8 Using this feature you can lock in a certain curve shape and then use the Autofit option and see the resulting drawdown When a parameter is not locked you will see the icon below E If this is the case then all parameters will be considered in the Autofit For curve fitting you have the option of de selecting certain data points and using only the remaining data points for the curve fitting From above the forward analysis graph click on the icon below Background Information on the Forward Solutions Algorithm 159 Then draw a box around the undesirable data points these data points will turn grey
3. 19 An Import Data dialogue appears This window allows you to highlight data you want to import for the new datalist Import Data Time l DepthtowL w Co ordinate system o Top of Casing Datum TOC 0 00 m AR AA ESA A EA AA 4 Time min P1 F 0 5 l Exercise 5 Moench Analysis Unconfined Aquifer Pumping Test 241 242 20 Click once with your mouse in the spreadsheet area of the dialogue to activate it then on the cell A2 Hold down your mouse button and drag downwards to encompass the entire Time list When completed click on the Depth to WL red arrow and then highlight the P1 data column ranges from B2 to B21 Import Data Time 4 2 A 21 w Depth to WL 58 52 58 21 Co ordinate system o Top of Casing Datum TOC 0 00 m E Oil 7 NJ OJ tO to to to tw 2 Cancel Help 21 Click the Import button once your display appears similar to the figure above 22 The Pumping Test Data notebook appears Specify a b distance from bottom screen to water level value 4 272 m 23 Click the right mouse button anywhere on the right side of the window From the window that appears click Refresh graph The Depth to WL vs time curve is displayed Project Pumping test Data PL TimeWaterlevel DepthtostaticwL o om I b 4272 om xele eA C ime E Chapter 6 Demonstration Exercises 24 Repeat steps 16 to 23 for well P3 and optionally wells P5 P7
4. 25 Maps Print Preview Print Exit Edit Menu Copy Paste 26 This Landscape report format is available in US letter and A4 paper sizes The selected report files rep in the Preferences dialogue are used in the Print Preview option and subsequently for printing hard copies of your AquiferTest project data and analyses View add or delete maps in the Map database View acopy of the output that will appear if you select Print Print a report for the object that is currently selected in the navigator project tree panel For example if you have a well selected the Well report is printed Exit the program All changes are automatically saved The Edit menu contains the following items Copy the selected item from AquiferTest to the Windows clipboard Depending on your Windows System setup the decimal sign used for the data will either be a period or a comma You can change this within Windows by selecting Start then Settings then Control Panel then Regional Settings Paste data from the Windows clipboard into AquiferTest With this command only the first two columns are transferred Therefore you have to make sure that the first two columns of the information on the clipboard are the desired columns of data When importing data from a Chapter 2 Using AquiferTest Delete View Menu Results Symbol List Small Tool Buttons View Menu spreadsheet the data must be in adjacent
5. Exercise 2 Cooper Jacob Analysis Confined Aquifer Pumping Test Exercise Theis Analysis Confined Aquifer Pumping Test 215 Exercise 2 Cooper Jacob Analysis Confined Aquifer Pumping Test Cooper Jacob Analysis 216 This example uses the same data as Exercise 1 You must perform the steps in Exercise 1 before you can proceed to Exercise 2 1 2 3 4 If the project named Exercises is not already open click File on the menu bar and then Open Project Select the Exercises project and click Open In the navigator panel select Analysis under the Exercise 1 Theis Analysis pumping test e a E O w 3a ii Pumping tests i el E Exercise 1 Theis Analysis ii Data T Dw 3a EE Be Drawdown vs Time Prt Theis ba ff Slug tests Click the right mouse button and select Create Analysis followed by Cooper Jacob Time Drawdown Press Ctrl E or select View on the menu bar then Enlarge Graph The graph now takes up the entire window Chapter 6 Demonstration Exercises 5 Click on a data point to activate the data set and subsequently perform an automatic fit using the light bulb icon from the top menu bar g AquiferT est Exercises Transmissivity 2 20E 1 m s Storativity 2 38E 2 Conductivity 1 10E 2 mis A Cooper Jacob line based on a least squares fit is overlaid on the data The estimated parameters with this fit are Transmissivity 2 20E 1 m s Conductivity
6. 25702001 Step 5 will appear which allows you to specify the Depth to water level WL column and also to set the units for the data Additionally you can also specify the coordinate system to use for the data Logger file Wizard Step 5 of 6 sis 25582001 in ID recerca y Entra E The default system is Top of Casing Datum however if your datalogger recorded data as water level elevation or height of water column above the logger pressure head then you have the option of importing the data in these formats as well Chapter 3 Getting Started Creating a Pumping Test 9 The default co ordinate system is Top of Casing Datum however if your data logger recorded data as water level elevation or height of water column above the logger pressure head then you have the option of importing the data in these formats as well Using the Top of Casing Datum the top of the casing TOC elevation is designated as zero and the data will be imported as measurements from the top of the well casing to the water level i e depth to water level the traditional format After you import enter the data you must enter a value for Depth to Static WL Water Level Then click on the Refresh icon and AquiferTest will make the appropriate drawdown calculations Using the Sea Level Datum the top of casing TOC elevation is designated as the elevation amsl you have entered for that well AquiferTest will read this elevatio
7. Draw a box around the undesirable data points these data points should turn grey all other data points will remain the assigned color Background Information on the Forward Solutions Algorithm 145 146 Then press the Autofit icon seen below and AquiferTest will fit the curve to the remaining datapoints lt a To select specific data points or to activate previously de selected data points click on the icon below and then draw a box around the desired data points The data points will return to the assigned symbol color which means they will now be included in the Autofit Use the Autofit option to fit the data to the curve Drawdown calculated during variable discharge periods is determined using the superposition principle To explain this procedure drawdown data from an imaginary step drawdown pumping test with the corresponding recovery process was calculated in the following figure Chapter 4 Analysis Methods 6 077 E C O O gt Q4 DO ai 3 t4 0 time s 8000 0 06 Q3 Q2 _ 0 05 0 gt 0 02 el y C D OF Q4 0 time s 8000 0 0317 EL zoo Ae ee eee O o Of CL Q1 D OT 02 01 e EH 03 02 01 0 06 mu Q4 Q3 Q2 Q1 0 time s 8000 In the above pumping test discharge was increased stepwise Q1 Q2 and Q3 until the pump was turned off recovery Q4 0 Drawdown values from measurements with corresponding
8. 0 683023 So o 00 eeo osas vy E 9 Once completed click OK to close the dialogue and display your map as follows New Project Scale 1 666 Alternatively we could have added the graphics file jpg to the project Follow the steps below to quickly switch to the graphics file map Chapter 3 Getting Started 10 From the Main Menu click Project followed by Map From the dialogue that appears click Open and select the graphics file jpg from the list of maps Click OK to close the dialogue Ensure to set the Axis length to X 0 100 m and Y 0 100 m and then click OK to close the window purgar parana Project name New Project Project No Client Location As you can see switching between maps in a project is quick and easy to accomplish In the next section we ll add some wells and associated geometry to the project Well Locations and Geometry Creating a New Project Entering well locations and geometry can be accomplished either by entering each well and associated geometry one by one manually or by importing the data from a text file txt asc We will explore both options in this section 1 To enter a well manually click Project followed by Create Well from the Main Menu 2 In the dialogue that appears enter a well name Examplel as seen in the following figure and click OK 59 3 4 Create well Xx Wel
9. a Distance 30ft Transmissivity 246E 4 ft d Storativity 1 00E 4 According to this plot a discharge rate of 15 US gal min will produce a drawdown of 0 06 feet inside the observation well located 30 feet from the pumping well within the first 2 minutes of the test thus satisfying the planning criterion set for this exercise Next let s answer the question how far might the cone of depression extend away from the discharge well after 2 880 minutes two days of pumping at a discharge rate of 15 US GPM This question has practical consideration when there are concerns about other water supply wells in or near the test area being dewatered as a result of test discharge well interference Chapter 6 Demonstration Exercises 12 In the analysis view right click anywhere on the graph and select Settings In the dialogue that appears enter the following information 13 Under Calculation select Distance vs Drawdown 14 Under Distance vs Drawdown set the Maximum distance to 150 feet and Time to 2880 min The dialogue box should appear similar to the figure shown below Settings Theis Prediction 0 0001 24550 Distance foo f ara Or me Bo ile 15 Click OK to apply the changes to the graph Your analysis display should look similar to the figure shown below 4 Time 2880min Transmissivity 246E 4 ftid Storativity 1 00E 4 Exercise 6 Theis Prediction Planning a Pumping Test 253 25
10. 13 Right click your mouse over the graph then select Data from the window that appears 14 Under Time limit s select Between and type 800 and 20000 Your display should appear as follows Data for analysis D w 3a Time Water level Metals 220 Chapter 6 Demonstration Exercises 15 Click Close and then use the Autofit icon to fit the curve to your data Your graph should appear similar to the figure below B OV 3a Transmissivity 1 82E 1 m s Storativity 4 20E 2 Conductivity 9 10E 3 mis Correction for Unconfined Conditions The evaluation of pumping test data from an unconfined aquifer is usually done using the Neuman method However simple correction terms have been introduced 16 From the Main menu bar click Analysis then Settings In the window that appears select unconfined Settings Cooper Jacob Time Drawdown Er 17 Click OK and then use the Autofit icon to fit the curve to your data Exercise 2 Cooper Jacob Analysis Confined Aquifer Pumping Test 221 222 Transmissivity 2 21E 1 m s Conductivity 1 10E 2 mis As you can see the correction for unconfined conditions has changed the results to Transmissivity 2 21E 1 m s Conductivity 1 10E 2 m s You have reached the end of Exercise 2 You can quit AquiferTest click File on the menu bar then Exit or remain in AquiferTest and continue to Exercise 3 Theis Recovery Analysis with Data Logger Data Cha
11. EMB Analysis BE Drawdown vs Time e Theis 52 Hantush 1955 Leaky Aquitard Forward So Pumping Test Name Data EE Analysis Drawdown vs Time EZ Forward Calculation 1 Forward Calculation 8 Slug tests Images created using AquiferTest Pro 2002 Co developed by Thomas R hrich and Waterloo Hydrogeologic Inc December 2002 License Agreement Waterloo Hydrogeologic Inc retains the ownership of this copy of the software This copy is licensed to you for use under the following conditions I Copyright Notice This software is protected by both Canadian copyright law and international treaty provisions Therefore you must treat this software JUST LIKE A BOOK with the following single exception Waterloo Hydrogeologic Inc authorizes you to make archive copies of the software for the sole purpose of backing up our software and protecting your investment from loss By saying JUST LIKE A BOOK Waterloo Hydrogeologic Inc means for example that this software may be used by any number of people and may be freely moved from one computer location to another so long as there is NO POSSIBILITY of it being used at one location while it is being used at another Just like a book can t be read by two different people in two different places at the same time Specifically you may not distribute rent sub license or lease the software or documentation alter modify or adapt the software or docume
12. File name Sample mdb Files of type Database Cancel Once you have opened the Sample database an Open project window will appear Select the Brown Hill Airport Project and click Open Open project E ES Database Co 4quiterTezt5ample S ample mdb Brown Hill Airport Project Confidential b Create Project Delete Cancel Once you have successfully opened the project expand the data tree located in the Navigator panel You will see the wells tests and analyses included with the project Experiment with this data create new analyses modify existing ones By experimenting with this sample database you can become more familiar with the interface and features of AquiferTest and subsequently apply this knowledge to your own projects Additional AquiferTest Samples 265 266 Chapter 6 Demonstration Exercises Index analysis menu 43 create analysis 43 data 43 method 46 properties 44 settings 44 analysis state 46 automatic curve fit 3 91 bail test theory 177 181 Bouwer Rice analysis curve 235 exercise 232 settings 180 theory 177 confined aquifer radial flow 92 Cooper Bredehoeft Papadopulos analysis settings 188 theory 186 Cooper Jacob analysis exercise 216 Jacob correction 124 settings 101 103 104 119 221 steptest 116 theory 99 time drawdown 216 coordinate system setting the reference datum 36 40 70 create analysis 43 75 database 16 new database 12 new test data 34 proj
13. From the Main menu select Test followed by Create pumping test 16 In the dialogue that appears name the test Exercise 1 Theis Analysis and select PW 1 as the pumping well Click OK New pumping test Name Exercise 1 Theis Analysis Please select the pumping well E E Create Well 17 Fill out the Pumping Test page of the notebook as shown on the following page Enter a Constant Discharge rate of 1 5 m s and a Saturated aquifer thickness of 20 m Exercise Theis Analysis Confined Aquifer Pumping Test 203 Project Pumping test Fumping test name Exercise 1 Theis Analysis Saturated aquifer thickness 20 m Performed by Your name Date fa 801 El Time 12 00 0_4m Purnping well Pw ViewsCreate data list Discharge f Constant I 5 ness Pumping time Stant tinme fo 3 Stop tine fioo amp C Variable Observed Data 18 In the navigator panel right click your mouse From the window that appears select Expand all 19 Before we proceed let s delete the default pumping test entitled Pumping Test Name 20 Highlight the default pumping test and then right click your mouse From the window that appears select Delete 2 Do you want to delete lt Pumping Test Name gt LE i Cancel 21 Click Yes to confirm the deletion of the default pumping test 22 Now expand the navigator panel again and then click Data under the Exercise 1 Theis Anal
14. P4 and P6 The following picture shows the data for well P3 NOTE Ensure to enter the depth from water level to the bottom of the well screen b for each well These values can be found in the list below Well Name PW 1 Pl P3 P5 P7 P4 P6 b m 6 021 4 272 4 048 4 20 4 546 4 115 4 335 25 Once completed click on each well individually from the Navigator panel and de select the Fully penetrating well option box This ensures that each well is defined as partially penetrating for this analysis as seen in the following image for the pumping well PW 1 Exercise 5 Moench Analysis Unconfined Aquifer Pumping Test 243 Moench Analysis 26 Once you have imported the well data and specified each well as partially penetrating you are ready to analyze the data Right click on the Analysis folder in the Navigator panel and select Create Analysis From the list that appears select Moench 27 Press Ctrl E or select View on the menu bar then Enlarge Graph The graph now takes up the entire window E AquiferTest New Project Error Present Check Status 28 Right click your mouse on the graph and select Data If you have created the optional additional wells ensure that only P1 and P3 are selected Click Close 244 Chapter 6 Demonstration Exercises Data for Analysis Check Data for Analysis F1 Time Wate
15. e Phone 519 746 1798 e Fax 519 885 5262 e E mail sales flowpath com Pumping test analyses described in the manual to this point are based on the assumptions that the aquifer extends radially to infinity and that a single pumping well pumping continuously at a constant rate is the only cause of groundwater flow in the aquifer system These assumptions may be modified 1f the pumping test data are analyzed utilizing the theory of superposition AquiferTest Pro contains six forward solving analyses that use the theory of superposition to calculate drawdown in variable aquifer conditions Theory of Superposition Superposition may be used to account for the effects of pumping well interference aquifer discontinuities groundwater recharge well borehole storage well skin effects and variable pumping rates The differential equations that describe groundwater flow are linear in the dependent variable drawdown Therefore a linear combination of individual solutions 1s also a valid solution This means that e The effects of multiple pumping wells on the predicted drawdown at a point can be computed by summing the predicted drawdowns at the point for each well and e Drawdown in complex aquifer systems can be predicted by superimposing predicted drawdowns for simpler aquifer systems Dawson and Istok 1991 In AquiferTest Pro the forward solutions are calculated using a non linear inversion algorithm The remainder of this chapter con
16. for more details please see the information listed in the Theis Forward Solution Gringarten Bourdet Forward Solution Well Skin Effects 170 Most pumping test methods are based on the assumption that the geological formation is homogeneous that the hydraulic conductivity of the material immediately adjacent to the test well is the same as the average conductivity of the formation However the process of drilling well installation and well development commonly results in the material in the immediate vicinity of the well having different characteristics than the geological formation as a whole These well effects positive and or negative are a result of the following factors e low well screen permability caused by clogging of the well screen or the gravel packs by particles or bacterial film e increased or decreased hydraulic conductivity of the material surrounding the pumping well occurs when the sand gravel pack has a higher or lower hydraulic conductivity than the surrounding aquifer material This zone of altered characteristics is commonly referred to as the well skin and may have a considerable impact on the hydraulic conductivity estimate obtained from the pumping test adapted from Butler 1998 Chapter 4 Analysis Methods Bourdet and Gringarten devised a method to analyze aquifers with dual porosity behavior that is fractured media located adjacent to porous media Bourdet Gringarten have shown that this b
17. from the Main Menu Chapter 3 Getting Started Creating a Slug Test Creating a Slug Test Alternatively you can manually fit the data to the curve using your keyboard arrow keys 4 Click on the create analysis pull down menu again and select the Cooper Jacob Time Drawdown analysis from the list This second analysis has been added to the Project Tree Feel free to toggle between the two for comparative purposes As you can see comparing pumping test analysis results from several different solution methods is quite easy to do with AquiferTest In the next section we will examine the process of creating a slug test and examining the results In this section we will examine how to create a slug test set the slug test units enter observation well water level data and finally how to create an analysis 1 To begin create a new project by clicking File followed by Create new project 2 Inthe dialogue that appears name the new project Slug test and select the Well and Slug test options to be created as seen below Create a new project x Project name Slug test Creat M well Pumping test Additonal wells and tests can be added at anytime 3 Click OK to create the new project 4 Right click your mouse over the Project Tree left hand side of screen and select Expand all 5 Click on the New well in the Project Tree and change the name to display PW4 71 Slug Test Units Before
18. 15 86 Once completed click on the Refresh graph icon located above the data table and your display should appear similar to the following figure Test well Depth to static WL 19 51 ft Water level at t 0 9 43 ft b b 15 86 ft 9 4331 10 0769 3 6067 3 9033 9 7307 E 9 8422 9567 Depth tow t 3 9251 9 5849 9 9976 95124 10 0625 9 4475 10 1169 9 3931 10 1688 9 3412 400 600 10 2155 9 2945 Time s AquiferTest subtracts each Depth to WL data point from the Depth to static WL value and produces a third column of data Change in WL as seen above Creating a Slug Test Analysis Now that you have successfully created a slug test and imported water level data you can now examine the results 1 Creating a Slug Test Left click on the Analysis folder from the Project Tree becomes highlighted then right click your mouse From the dialogue window that appears select Create Analysis 83 84 2 3 E gt gt D _ T a 5 E E o g AquiferT est Slug test File Edit View Project Test Data Analysis Help AR Belh Bg e oe wey Project Pumping test Summa E Pumping tests EME Slug tests e Analysis F Time ve Change in waterlevel plot Delete Gtlrirel Bouwer Fice op Cooper Bredehoett Papadopulos F2 Baste ithe Hyvorsley Pririt Expand all Collapse all From the list that appears select Time vs Change in waterlevel plot to produce a figure
19. 9 10 You will be prompted with the following dialogue as we have already created a well named Examplel Confirm Z 2 Well name s already esist Do you want to replace the existing wells Click Yes to replace the existing wells In the dialogue that appears you will see your well data about to be imported If there were any problems with the data i e missing or invalid entries the offending data would be highlighted in red At that point you could either use the option to Ignore that record or well or cancel the import process and fix the raw data Import Wizard Step 3 of 3 ES Select the values to be imported H ViewBy y Data preview Errors Wai rane RooordnatelV soodne Eevaion Berca TA Example 25 2 24 8 8 25 0 3 0 025 0 05 Example2 24 1 35 6 8 13 0 1 0 01 0 015 Example3 22 8 42 3 8 19 0 1 0 01 0 015 Example4 22 1 48 5 8 2 0 1 0 01 0 015 Example5 40 3 34 7 9 1 0 1 0 01 0 015 EA p Units before import X coordinate y Elevation al y L y Y coordinate y Benchmark y j y NOTE You can also change the data units for consistency at this point This step allows you to specify the units prior to import and as they should display after importing As the data appears without errors click Import to import the wells into your project You will see now that the 5 wells have been imported into the project Let s continue by deleting the default New Well f
20. ASCII text file or Excel spreadsheet Create Analysis kopy Eifel el Paste iy Delete Delete all Data logger file Refresh graph F5 Selecting this option produces a dialogue that allows you to select the file to be imported If your data is in a text file then you may need to change the Files of type at the bottom of this window Once you have located your data file click Open This will bring up the following dialogue in which you can use the mouse to graphically select the data you want to import For example if your file contains column headings you can exclude those from being imported Import Data Time Depth to WL x Co ordinate system To Top of Casing Datum TOC 0 00 m 35 Data Logger File 36 Using your mouse you can select the data to import for time and water level measurements You can also specify the Co ordinate System for the data if the data was recorded as depth to water level then leave this as Top of Casing Datum However if the data was recorded as true water level elevations then you need to select Sea Level or Benchmark Datum at Import Data Time 4 51 54 9 Depth to WL sB 1 8 9 x Co ordinate system no Top of Casing Datum TOC 0 00 m coca m Once you have selected your data click on Import button to load this data into your data list AquiferTest supports the direct import of data from Excel versions 4 0 5 0 and 7
21. Aa a aia 91 Radial Flow to a Well in a Confined Aquifer 20 0 ccc eee eee nee 92 Drawdown vse Mime 4 IS ede E ats A an aoe eal ache Aah eee 93 Drawdown vs Time with Discharge e Ls bee teen Boe bee Rade bee Bese hoes Ds 94 Solution Method AdO 10 24 00 acordada ate Sade ea 94 Pumpine lest Analyses iu tive ted radiata aii 96 Theis Method confined errena Senne oa A Rabe AAA SS EES 96 Cooper Jacob Method confined small r or large time oooooooomoooo o 99 Cooper Jacob Time Drawdown Method 0 0 eee 100 Cooper Jacob Distance Drawdown Method 0 0 0 eee 102 Cooper Jacob Time Distance Drawdown Method 0 0 2 00 ee ee eee 103 Theiss Recovery Test conned x43 stb AAA A 105 Neuman Method unconfined os 6 0 aoa sdeaist wiow eae 6 io eee hn Ben ha a ow ee we 108 Hantush Jacob Walton Method leaky no aquitard storage 000 ooo 111 SPECIIC LETE a sad witha inde yk ark Ra eve Ree A ans A Beaty CG Boat eR Aas aan 114 Cooper Jacob Steptest variable discharge rate 0 0 eee 116 Theis Steptest Birsoy and Summers confined 0 0 0 eee eee 119 Jacob Correction for Unconfined Conditions 0 0 0c ee eee nee 124 Moench Method partially penetrating well in confined or unconfined aquifers 124 Moench fracture flow fully penetrating wells confined aquifer 128 Hantush Bierschenk Well Loss Solution
22. Click the right mouse button followed by Create Analysis Exercise 7 Theis Forward Analysis with Multiple Pumping Wells 261 a AquiferTest Theis Forward Solution File Edit View Project Test Data Analysis Help o0oan aejama 9 Project Pumping test Summary Evaluatedby__ Evaluated at_ Result Pumping tests E Exercise 7 Theis Forward Analysis EE Data Ow 5 8 Slug tests Advisor X Delete Eri Del Drawdown vs Time Copy Drawdown vs Time with Discharge kaste ENE 3 Ea li Theis Forward E Print ae E EE E Hantush Leaky Forward Expand all Collapse all Copyright Waterloo Hydrogeologic Inc 2001 Summary NOTE In the create analysis window you are limited to two analysis types the Theis Forward and Hantush Leaky Forward not including the drawdown plots Since you have created a pumping test with multiple pumping wells these are the only analysis types supported If you would like to view the other analysis types you will need to create a new pumping test with just a single pumping well For more information on the forward solutions please see Chapter 4 Forward Solutions 27 Select Theis Forward from the list you should then see the following screen 262 Chapter 6 Demonstration Exercises 28 NAquiferT est Theis Forward Solution File Edit View Project Test Data Analysis Help Joe SR Be ng o Project
23. Gravel pack aquiclude The general equation developed by Moench for dimensionless drawdown hp in an unconfined aquifer is h y B 0 2 t h r Ah y Ahy where AmTKD h O la h e y o pee e B r K D Kp e O S Sy ZD b D tp Tt r S e yisadimensionless fitting parameter that incorporates the effects of delayed drawdown and amp is an empirical constant For instantaneous drawdown y is approximated at 1x10 e Zp is the dimensionless depth of the piezometer e tp is the dimensionless time e hpr is the Theis 1935 solution for a well in a confined aquifer e Ahpgy is the deviation from the Theis solution due to effects of partial penetration in a confined aquifer Hantush component e Ahpn is the deviation from the Theis solution due to effects of the free surface Neuman component Moench Method partially penetrating well in confined or unconfined aquifers 125 126 For confined aquifers the Moench 1993 Solution uses the first two components of the above equation to account for the confined aquifer and partial penetration Thus for confined conditions with fully penetrating pumping and observation wells the solution is the same as the Theis solution If the aquifer is unconfined and both the pumping well and the observation well are fully penetrating the solution is the same as the Neuman Solution The Moench Solution uses dimensionless parameters for the type curves with log
24. Importing Observation Well Water Level Data from a Text File Creating a Slug Test The next step in creating a slug test 1s to add water level data for the observation well The options for adding data to a slug test are identical to that for a pumping test and include e Manually entering each data point e Cut and pasting from the Windows clipboard e Importing data from a text file txt e Importing data from an Excel spreadsheet xls e Importing data from an ASCII datalogger file asc NOTE Excel spreadsheets must be in version 4 5 or 7 If you have a spreadsheet in a new format Excel 97 or Excel 2000 simply use the File Save As command to save it as an older version For example open the Save as type pull down list and select Microsoft Excel 5 0 95 Workbook Save the modified file and then import the data in AquiferTest 1 Click on the Slug Test Name in the Project Tree becomes highlighted followed by Data Import from the Main Menu 2 Inthe dialogue that appears navigate to the location of the text or spreadsheet file you intend to import In this example we have supplied an example text file in the AquiferTest Sample directory entitled Ch3 SlugData txt NOTE Remember to switch to Tabbed Text using the Files of type pull down menu 79 80 3 Once you have located the text file select it and click Open The following dialogue will appear a Import Data Time E Depthto
25. Pumping test Analysis Analysis method Theis Forward y a v Dataset ow 5 y Oe I unconfined Incremen t Factor 1 5 2 Analysis name Theis 1935 Forward Solution T n d 2 225E 0 4 al Evaluated by 5 3 204 11 al Date 1241 8 01 15 Copyright Waterloo Hydrogeologic Inc 2001 0w 5 9 ok NOTE The color and shape of the data points may vary according to your current settings In the chart analysis window you will see your drawdown data individually plotted data points and the corresponding expected drawdown curve In this case there is a very good match between the observed and calculated drawdown curves The calculated values for Transmissivity T and Storativity S are as follows T 2 2 m d e 32E11 However you may manipulate the values for Transmissivity and Storativity at the top of this window to see how this affects the expected drawdown curve Click the up down arrow beside each parameter to adjust these values and to see the impact on the drawdown curve After making these changes you can then use the Autofit option to re fit the curve to the observed drawdown data NOTE If your data set is not yet activated then you will not be able to use the Autofit option To activate your data set click on one of your data points from the graph or click on the legend for OW 5 from the right side of the chart For multiple data sets you can interchange quite easily by selecting on a n
26. Site plans in database Site Map DXF Brown Hill Map ipa Brown Hill Map pg You have now added 2 maps to the database Click Close when done and Yes to save the changes to Brown Hill Map Now that we have added the maps to the database we can add one of them to a project From the Main Menu click Project followed by Map Properties of site plan New site plan Chapter 3 Getting Started NOTE When you add a map to a project it is automatically added to the database That being said you can add maps to the database in two different ways from File Maps or Project Map 7 Click Open from the upper right portion of the window and you ll see a list of available maps to add to the project NOTE At this stage you could click New which would allow you to add a new map to the project and database Maps in database E Select a map out of the maps in the database Mapname Format x1 vi x2 y2 Unt Preview Site Map DXF DXF 0 08 068 200 3 151 0 m Brown HillMap jpg JPEG 0 0 100 100 m 8 Click on SiteMap dxf and then OK to close the window At the bottom of the dialogue that appears you will see a section entitled Display Area Ensure that Axis length is selected and set the X value 100 and the Y value 100 as seen in the following dialogue Creating a New Project 57 58 Properties of site plan New ste plan SSS CN 0 081653
27. The fracture skin delays the flow contributions from the blocks which results in pressure responses similar to those predicted under the assumption of pseudo steady state flow as follows ATKH AmKH h h h TU h h T T wD where h p is the dimensionless head in the pumping well and h y is the dimensionless head in the observation wells With both the pseudo steady state and transient block to fracture flow solutions the type curves will move upward as the ratio of block hydraulic conductivity to fracture hydraulic conductivity is reduced since water is drained from the blocks faster With the fracture flow analysis you can also plot type curves for the pumping wells However for pumping wells it may be necessary to consider the effects of well bore storage and well bore skin If the well bore skin and the well bore storage are zero the solution is the same as the Warren and Root method 1963 The equations for well bore storage are as follows where C nR for changing liquid levels or C V wPw8Cobs Moench fracture flow fully penetrating wells confined aquifer 131 where V is volume of liquid in the pressurized section p is the density g is the gravitational constant Cops 1s the observed compressibility of the combined fluid well system and S is the calculated storativity This solution however is iterative If you move your data set to fit the curve your storativity will change whic
28. Theis Forward Solution Papadopulos Forward Solution Large Diameter Wells Standard methods of aquifer data analysis assume storage in the well is negligible however for large diameter wells this is not the case Papadopulos devised a method that accounts for well bore storage for a large diameter well that fully penetrates a confined aquifer Kruseman and de Ridder 1990 Using the Jacob Correction factor this method can also be applied to unconfined aquifers At the beginning of the pumping test the drawdown comes not only from the aquifer but also from within the pumping well itself Thus the drawdown that occurs 1s reduced compared to the standard Theis solution However this effect becomes more negligible as time progresses and eventually there is no difference when compared to the Theis solution for Papadopulos Forward Solution Large Diameter Wells 173 later time drawdown data The diagram below shows the required conditions for a large diameter well oO Confining Layer D Aquifer Confining Layer where e D initial saturated aquifer thickness Toy effective radius of the well screen or open hole e r radius of the unscreened portion of the well over which the water level is changing The drawdown in a large diameter well is as follows 5 Q F u OL a 4TKD ew where a 128 AKDt and a S _ ew 7 2 r C 174 Chapter 4 Analysis Metho
29. This is critical as you can not fit the data without first activating the data set Once activated you can use the autofit icon light bulb or the arrow keys to manually adjust the data fit The image above has been manually fit and this depends on your interpretation of the slug test conditions 85 86 This completes Chapter 3 Getting Started we hope it has been useful for you For additional assistance with AquiferTest please refer to Chapter 6 Demonstration Exercises see page 199 Chapter 3 Getting Started Analysis Methods AquiferTest is used to analyze data gathered from pumping tests and slug tests Solution methods available in AquiferTest cover the full range of physical settings unconfined confined leaky and fractured The full theoretical background of each solution method is beyond the scope of this manual However a summary of each solution method including limitations and applications is included in this chapter This information is presented to help you select the correct solution method for your specific aquifer settings Additional information can be obtained from hydrogeology texts such as Freeze and Cherry 1979 Kruseman and de Ridder 1979 1990 Driscol 1987 Fetter 1988 Dominico and Schwartz 1990 and Walton 1996 In addition several key publications are cited at the end of this chapter see page 189 Definition of Symbols Definition of Symbols Symbol Definition TC
30. also plot any additional curves within the practical range B 0 001 to 4 0 Hantush Jacob Walton Method leaky no aquitard storage Most confined aquifers are not totally isolated from sources of vertical recharge Less permeable layers either above or below the aquifer can leak water into the aquifer under pumping conditions Walton developed a method of solution for pumping tests based on Hantush Jacob 1955 in leaky confined aquifers with unsteady state flow The flow equation for a confined aquifer with leakage is h 10h hK _ Soh or t r or Tb Tot Hantush Jacob Walton Method leaky no aquitard storage 111 where K is the vertical hydraulic conductivity of the leaky aquitard b is the thickness of the leaky aquitard watertable potentiometric surface of confined aquifer pas h h 0 aquifer ES r b K EE A y confining layer leaky confining layer The Walton solution to the above equation 1s given by 2 y Q Lox y f lo AT y B y where 25 Ly u u Aa ATT B ATT where W u r B is known as the Leaky well function Freeze and Cherry 1979 and Hall 1996 The well function is a function of both u and r B which are defined as 79 r ia ATT B Kbb The leakage factor B and the hydraulic resistance c are defined as 112 Chapter 4 Analysis Methods B Kbc E K If K 0 non leaky aquitard then r B 0 and the solution
31. and de Ridder 1990 p 159 It is possible to evaluate flow in partially penetrating pumping and monitoring wells in AquiferTest Pro The user must enter the values for the well screen lengths and the initial saturated aquifer thickness AquiferTest Pro will then calculate the distance between the top of the well screen and the top of the aquifer and the bottom of the well screen and the bottom of the aquifer as per the figure below Pumping well Monitoring well i T Aquifer A a TOP B b y y y Aquifer BOTTOM 148 Chapter 4 Analysis Methods where e D Initial saturated aquifer thickness e L Length of well screen For a pumping well e A Distance top aquifer top screen e B Distance bottom aquifer bottom screen For a monitoring well e a Distance top aquifer top screen e b Distance bottom aquifer bottom screen These A and B values likewise a and b are then used by the program to account for the effect of a partially penetrating well The mathematical solution for this situation follows the equations for Hantush 1964 and Weeks 1969 see also Kruseman and de Ridder 1990 p 159 The well known model function is used but a corrective term f is added to the well function W u r B In the case of a confined aquifer the value for r B is zero The equation for drawdown in partially penetrating wells is as follows aa z r Ss eral uz f u Re B
32. are calculated through the following equations Os QO a e oT 4nxTS and A os MP q e where ATt it can be seen that derivatives ds dT and ds dS are still dependent on parameters T and S The calculation of the derivatives can not be explicit this means that the parameters are not determinable in just one step Therefore it is necessary to use iterative procedures to solve non linear equations in which the starting parameters are improved successively until the limiting stopping criteria indicates there is no additional improvement expected in the solution Another problem is the minimum criteria In the case of linear equations it is necessary that the derivatives are zero at the minimum for non linear equations this condition no longer applies Under these conditions it 1s possible to have more than one minimum Minimizing Procedures The objective of minimizing procedures is to minimize the differences between the measured and calculated drawdown using several steps There are many ways to achieve this goal first there is the greatest path gradient that could be followed The second option would be to approximate the model function by a linear equation The third possibility is a combination of both procedures Chapter 4 Analysis Methods Gradient Procedure The gradient procedure finds the steepest path from a starting value The minimum is reached when the gradient approximates reaches zero
33. at a pumping or observation well e Distance from the pumping well to the observation well e Pumping rate and duration Theis Recovery Test confined 107 Each solution method has a settings dialogue where you can specify the method specific parameters for your test The settings dialogue for the Theis Recovery Solution is shown in the following figure Settings Theis Jacob Recovery Aquifer Thickness f 0 Ft amp confined i unconfined Pump time 500 min W Subtract pump duration from data You must enter the pumping duration If you entered measurements since the beginning of pumping select Subtract pump time from data so that only the values measured after pumping was stopped will be used Neuman Method unconfined 108 Neuman 1975 developed a solution method for pumping tests performed in unconfined aquifers When analyzing pumping test data from unconfined aquifers one often finds that the drawdown response fails to follow the classical Theis 1935 solution When drawdown is plotted versus time on logarithmic paper it tends to delineate an inflected curve consisting of 1 a steep segment at early time 2 a flat segment at intermediate time and 3 a somewhat steeper segment at later time The early segment indicates that some water is released from aquifer storage instantaneously when drawdown increases The intermediate segment suggests an additional source of water which is released from stora
34. bore storage Cartesian coordinate Cartesian coordinate zero order Bessel function of the second kind Cooper Bredehoeft Papadopulos slug test method first order Bessel function of the second kind Cooper Bredehoeft Papadopulos slug test method dimensionless depth of the piezometer 89 Pumping Tests and Slug Tests 90 With AquiferTest you can analyze two types of test results 1 2 Pumping tests where water is pumped from a well and the change in water level is measured inside one or more observation wells or in some cases inside the pumping well itself You can have data in three different forms e Time versus water level e Time versus discharge e Discharge versus water level Slug or bail tests where a slug is inserted into a well or removed from a well and the change in water level in the side well is measured You can have data in one form e Time versus water level For pumping tests the following analysis methods are available Theis 1935 Cooper Jacob Time Drawdown 1946 Cooper Jacob Distance Drawdown 1946 Cooper Jacob Time Distance Drawdown 1946 Hantush Jacob Walton 1955 Neuman 1975 Moench 1993 Moench Fracture Flow 1984 Theis Steptest 1935 Cooper Jacob Steptest 1946 Theis Recovery 1935 Hantush Bierschenk Well Loss 1964 Specific Capacity Test Theis Prediction pumping test planning For slug tests the following analysis methods are available e H
35. by pumping e The aquifer is confined or unconfined e The piezometric surface was horizontal prior to pumping 161 e Water removed from storage is discharged instantaneously with a decline in head e The well diameter is small so well storage is negligible Data requirements for the Theis Forward solution are as follows e Drawdown vs time at an observation well or pumping well e Finite distance from the pumping well to observation well e Pumping rate at one or more pumping wells constant or variable discharge rate e Pumping well dimensions Each solution method has a Settings dialogue where you can edit the method specific parameters for your test The settings dialogue for the Theis Forward Solution is shown in the following figure Curve Fit Settings These settings are used for the fit algorithm Maxinurn number of iterations 10 1000 1000 Delta Error 1E 12 to 1 6 1E 6 Smaller values result in more iterations Show iteration progress In this window you can set the maximum number of iterations that will be used during the iteration You can also specify the Delta Error value the maximum error range that the forward solution will allow during the iteration smaller values will result in more iterations and therefore a smaller error Clicking on the Reset button will restore the default values or the user can assign new values as default by checking the appropriate box in the lower left corner Finally the us
36. coca 6654 be weer baw Ld oe Rhea 134 Theis Prediction Pumping Test Planning Solution 0 000 0 eee 140 Forward SOMOS x 455 40 A AA AAA Ah Poh Be RR Ba eS 143 Theory ol SUPCIDOSIUOIS ira A AA Gok le ees nus ara ator Buk Rupee aaa 143 Background Information on the Forward Solutions Algorithm 143 Influence of Multiple Pumping Wells 0 0 0 cee ees 144 Step Drawdown and Recovery Test Variable Discharge Rates 145 Partially Penetrating Wels os ici tte bs nautebesedeeeeseidewaraeee eke aes 148 Measuring Drawdown in the Well o o o ooooocoooomo momo o 151 version Also nta ad te a aida a ad 151 Meration Bats 44 400 5 sito a uc da cana criteria 158 Forward Solution Functionality coccion rara das 158 Theis Forward Solo acas facie aerar E rA EE eek eee 161 Hantush Jacob Forward Solution 1 0 0 0 ccc eee eens 162 Stallman Forward Solution Barrier and Recharge Boundaries 05 164 Gringarten Bourdet Forward Solution Well Skin Effects o 170 Papadopulos Forward Solution Large Diameter WellsS 173 Sitio Test Andlyses ns soos A A ee AAA Bt sa 177 Bouwer Rice Slug Test unconfined or leaky confined fully or partially penetrating well 177 Hvorslev Slug Test confined or unconfined aquifer fully or partially penetrating well 181 Cooper Bredehoeft Papadopulos Slug Test co
37. distance from well to piezometer T transmissivity of the aquifer KD S and S storativity values during pumping and recovery respectively t and t elapsed times from the start and ending of pumping respectively D r a wW d 0 wW n Using the approximation for the well function W u shown in the Cooper Jacob method this equation becomes o Q in 4Tt ici Gat res rs ros When S and S are constant and equal and T is constant this equation can be reduced to Chapter 4 Analysis Methods o 2 39 e gaT AT To analyze the data s is plotted on the logarithmic Y axis and time is plotted on the linear X axis as the ratio of t t total time since pumping began divided by the time since the pumping ceased An example of a Theis Recovery analysis graph has been included below Transmissivity 7 43E 2 ft d Conductivity 743E 1 ftid The Theis Recovery Solution assumes the following e The aquifer is confined and has an apparent infinite extent e The aquifer is homogeneous isotropic and of uniform thickness over the area influenced by pumping e The piezometric surface was horizontal prior to pumping e The well is fully penetrating and pumped at a constant rate e Water removed from storage is discharged instantaneously with decline in head e The well diameter is small so well storage is negligible The data requirements for the Theis Recovery Solution are e Recovery vs time data
38. explore many features of AquiferTest including various single and multiple pumping well solution methods importing data from a datalogger file ASC importing well locations and geometry from a text file TXT and planning a pumping test The functionality of each feature is explained in detail in the following seven exercises e Exercise 1 Theis Analysis Confined Aquifer Pumping Test e Exercise 2 Cooper Jacob Analysis Confined Aquifer Pumping Test e Exercise 3 Theis Recovery Analysis with Data Logger Data e Exercise 4 Hvorslev and Bouwer Rice Slug Test Analyses e Exercise 5 Moench Analysis Unconfined Aquifer Pumping Test e Exercise 6 Theis Prediction Planning a Pumping Test e Exercise 7 Theis Forward Solution Multiple Pumping Wells The sequence of a typical AquiferTest session is 1 2 3 4 5 Open or create a project Enter or import data and well information Select the analysis method Fit the type curve Print the output If AquiferTest is not already installed follow the instructions found in Chapter 1 Introduction Installing AquiferTest on page 4 To move from one data entry box to the next use the Tab key 199 Exercise 1 Theis Analysis Confined Aquifer Pumping Test 1 If you have not already done so double click the AquiferTest icon to start an AquiferTest session New Project 2 From the Main menu bar click File followed by
39. following message will appear at the bottom of the Preview tab Status Enor Warning Present Switch to the Errors tab which will appear similar to the following figure Preview Errors Status Error Warming Present By using this list you can quickly and easily determine which data is invalid and correct the problem s Once all problems have been corrected click the Save icon from the dialogue menu bar to update the data Once the corrected data has been saved the Import button will be activated and you can begin importing your wells into the project Chapter 2 Using AquiferTest Export AquiferTest provides several different options for exporting data and analysis results The Export option allows you to export one of the following e the current project to an exchange file format extension aex e the selected test to an exchange file format extension aex e the selected analysis to a graphics file extension bmp jpg wmf or emf The exchange files can be imported at a later date into AquiferTest on this computer or another computer This is a useful feature when exchanging data between colleagues or with a client Exporting the Selected Analysis Graph to a Graphics File You can export your analysis results to a graphics file bmp jpg wmf or emf in two ways 1 by selecting the desired analysis in the project tree and then clicking the File Export Analysis to Graphic option 2 b
40. information and appropriate literature references to assist you completing your analysis Fortunately A quiferTest contains solution methods for the most commonly encountered aquifer types enabling you to take full advantage of the Advisor When you choose a solution method a description of the important prerequisites that the aquifer system must meet for the chosen solution method will be displayed here The decision logic of the Advisor is based in part on the American Society for Testing and Materials ASTID standard D 4043 91 Standard Guide for Selection of Aquifer Test Method in Determining Hydraulic Properties by Well Techniques Itis highly recommended that you obtain a copy of the text Analysis and Evaluation of Pumping Test Data by G P Kruseman and N A de Ridder as a companion to the A quiferT est program Print Description Select As shown in the following figure when you reach the end of a logic branch you have the option of selecting from a list of available solution methods in AquiferTest to analyze your data A brief description of the solution method will appear on the right HA Analysis Method Selection Advisor Based in part on ASTM 4043 91 Click here to begin Porous media aquifer B Single aquifer system Isotropic conditions Aquifer has assumed infinite extent Unconfined aquifer H Leaky aquifer 32 0 Confined aquifer Constant rate pumping a Vari
41. items in the program System Requirements To run AquiferTest you need the following minimum system configuration e A CD ROM drive for software installation e A hard drive with at least 35 MB free e A local or network printer installed e A Pentium processor or better with 32 MB Ram e Windows 95 98 2000 or Windows NT 4 0 with Service Pack 3 or later installed e A Microsoft mouse or compatible e Minimum 600 x 800 screen resolution e Recommended 1024 x 768 screen resolution Installing A quiferTest AquiferTest is distributed on one CD ROM Place the CD into your CD ROM drive and the initial installation screen should load automatically Once loaded an installation interface with several different tabs will be presented Please take the time to explore the installation interface as there 1s information concerning other Waterloo Hydrogeologic products our worldwide distributors technical support consulting training and how to contact us On the initial Installation tab you may choose from the following two buttons e AquiferTest 3 5 User s Manual e AquiferTest 3 5 Installation The User s Manual button will display a PDF document of the manual which requires the Adobe Reader to view If you do not have the Adobe Reader a link has been created in the interface to download the appropriate software The Installation button will initiate the installation of the software on your computer AquiferTest must be
42. model fit functions are represented in the upper part of the figure Corresponding discharges are represented in the middle part of the figure The bottom part of the figure shows the superposition principle AquiferTest internally calculates four pumping tests with four different discharges and subsequently superimposes them Background Information on the Forward Solutions Algorithm 147 For each pumping test the program defines the following discharges 1 Pumping Test Q1 from t0 to t4 2 Pumping Test Q2 Q1 from tl to t4 3 Pumping Test Q3 Q2 Q 1 from t2 to t4 4 Pumping Test Q4 Q3 Q2 Q1 from t3 to t4 Using the superposition principle two or more drawdown solutions each for a given set of conditions for the aquifer and the well can be summed algebraically to obtain a solution for the combined conditions For more information please refer to Analysis and Evaluation of Pumping Test Data Kruseman and de Ridder 1990 p 181 Partially Penetrating Wells Pumping wells and monitoring wells often only tap into an aquifer and may not necessarily fully penetrate the entire thickness This means only a portion of the aquifer thickness is screened and that both horizontal and vertical flow will occur near the pumping well Since partial penetration induces vertical flow components in the vicinity of the well the general assumption that the well receives water from horizontal flow in no longer valid Krusemann
43. needs to be selected the Logger File Wizard supports the following formats e m 39 40 e mm e cm e ft e inch Logger file Wizard Step 5 of 6 Click on Column with the DEPTH TE wL Preview Cancel Previous Import At the bottom of this window you must also specify the Co ordinate system used during the data collection Logger file Wizard Step 5 of 6 E3 Click on Column with the DEPTH TO L Preview Depthtowe ___ 20 21101 711 01 11 20 02 18 711 01 11 21 02 165 711 01 11 22 02 155 711 01 11 23 02 15 0 TMA A ALAAN DE E 4 gt Unit Co ordinate system m Bo Benchmark Datum TOC 20 00 m The default system 1s Top of Casing Datum however 1f your data logger recorded data as water level elevation or height of water column above the logger pressure head then you have the option of importing the data in these formats as well Using the Top of Casing Datum the top of the casing TOC elevation is designated as zero and the data will be imported as measurements from the top of the well casing to the water level 1 e depth to water level the traditional format After you import enter the data you must enter a Chapter 2 Using AquiferTest value for Depth to Static WL Water Level Then click on the Refresh icon and AquiferTest will make the appropriate drawdown calculations Using the Sea Level Datum the top of casing TOC elevation is designated as the e
44. not required Under Separators simply click to choose the delimiter options until the data becomes separated into columns of time and water level The correct delimiter when chosen will separate the data columns automatically Logger file Wizard Step 2 of 6 x Separators TAB FF Semicolon Comma e Space IT Others z Treat consecutive delimiters as one Logger File Wizard Step 3 In the third step you need to click on the column header representing the Date when the data was collected The word Date appears in the column header title box The Date format also needs to be selected the Logger File Wizard supports the following formats e DD MM Y Y e DD MM Y Y Y Y e MM DD YY e MM DD YY YY e DD MM YY e MM DD YY e M D yy Chapter 2 Using AquiferTest Data Menu Logger file Wizard Step 3 of 6 Click on Column with the CASTE Preview Date format unos Y E Cancel Previous Logger File Wizard Step 4 In the fourth step you need to click on the column header representing the Time when the data was collected The word Time appears in the column header title box Logger file Wizard Step 4 of 6 Click on Column with the TIME Preview Cancel Previous Logger File Wizard Step 5 In the fifth step you need to click on the column header representing the Depth to WL data The title Depth to WL appears in the column header title box The Unit for the water level data also
45. only with a single pumping well and can not used in correlation with multiple pumping wells Measuring Drawdown in the Well Quite often in the field drawdown must be measured in the pumping well itself In this case it is necessary to determine an effective well radius that has to be measured from the middle of the pumping well to the well screen or gravel pack As transmissivity values are relatively independent from this radius it is possible to determine transmissivity in the pumping well with a certain amount of reliability using measured drawdown values On the other hand it is not possible to calculate the storage coefficient or determine boundary conditions and leakage factor A change in radius or storage coefficient causes a displacement of the model function parallel to the x axis Since the storage coefficient is identical to effective porosity for unconfined aquifers which can be determined with relatively good precision it is recommended to change the radius until the calculated storage coefficient equals the estimated effective porosity NOTE For confined aquifers it is not possible to estimate the storage coefficient AquiferTest Pro supports the use of a pumping well as the location where drawdown values were measured i e single well solutions Inversion Algorithm Parameter calculation in the forward solutions is accomplished using a non linear inversion algorithm The algorithm represents an iterative
46. procedure that improves the initial parameters successively until the best solution is found The procedure is limited by the stopping criteria that can be input by the user in the Settings for each analysis To access this window right click your mouse on your analysis graph and select Settings Properties Data Settings Method Copy Ctrl C Fit i State Analysis to Graphic Background Information on the Forward Solutions Algorithm 151 A dialogue that contains the Forward Solution settings will appear Curve Fit Settings E These settings are used for the fit algorithm Maximum number of iterations 10 1000 1000 gt Delta Error 1E 12 to 1E 6 1E 6 Smaller values rezult in more iterations Show iteration progress In this window you can set the maximum number of iterations used during the algorithm You can also specify the Delta Error value this is the maximum error range the forward solution will allow during the iteration smaller values will result in more iterations and therefore a smaller error Clicking on the Reset button will restore the default values Or the user can assign values in this window establish new settings and assign these as default values by checking the appropriate box in the lower left corner Finally you also have the option to display the interation progress by placing a check mark in the appropriate box If you do so the following box will appear after you
47. reduces to the Theis solution for a confined system A log log scale plot of the relationship W u r B along the Y axis versus 1 u along the X axis is used as the type curve as with the Theis method The field measurements are plotted as t along the X axis and s along the Y axis The data analysis is done by curve matching An example of a Hantush Jacob analysis graph has been included below 1E 3 t min E Dischargerate m PY o ow Transmissivity 2 37E 2 ftid Storativity 1 69E 6 Conductivity 2 37E 1 ftid c 246E 10 min The Hantush Jacob Solution has the following assumptions e The aquifer is leaky and has an apparent infinite extent e The aquifer and the confining layer are homogeneous isotropic and of uniform thickness over the area influenced by pumping e The piezometric surface was horizontal prior to pumping e The well is pumped at a constant rate e The well is fully penetrating e Water removed from storage is discharged instantaneously with decline in head e The well diameter is small so well storage is negligible e Leakage through the confining layer is vertical and proportional to the drawdown Hantush Jacob Walton Method leaky no aquitard storage 113 Specific Capacity 114 e The head in any un pumped aquifer s remains constant e Storage in the confining layer is negligible e Flow is unsteady The data requirements for the Hantush Jacob no aquitard storage Solution are e Drawdown
48. remaining data points will retain the assigned color Then press the Autofit icon and AquiferTest will fit the curve to just the remaining datapoints To select specific data points or to activate previously de selected data points click on the following icon and draw a box around the desired data points The data points will return to the assigned symbol color for that analysis and will now be included in the Autofit NOTE When using the Automatic Fit you may encounter a warning message stating Automatic Fit did not succeed This occurs when values you are trying to fit lie outside the range of capabilities for the algorithm When doing a Forward Solution you should FIRST do a manual fit with appropriate site condition values adjust the values for the parameters manually or enter numeric values in the field THEN you can use the Automatic Fit feature The program will optimize these parameters using the algorithm For example if you have starting parameters of T 1 x 10 m2 s and S 1 x 10 the algorithm may not be able to find an optimum fit and thus you will receive the above warning message Also if you use a Forward Solution that does not apply to the site conditions i e inappropriate data set then you will also encounter this warning message The following section contains information on the six Pumping Test Forward Solutions that solve for drawdown in complex aquifer systems 160 Chapter 4 Analysis Methods
49. similar to the following r r a r NOTE The graph axes above were changed from Auto to User defined which can be accessed by either right clicking on the graph and selecting Properties from the dialogue that appears or by clicking Analysis Properties from the Main Menu remember to switch to the Axes tab Now to create a HVORSLEV analysis for this data you have several different options You can use the pull down menu from the Main Menu Analysis Create or the Main Menu icon Creates a Chapter 3 Getting Started Creating a Slug Test new analysis for the current test There is also an identical icon located above the analysis graph NOTE If you click on the LEFT side of the icon it will automatically create a Time vs Change in waterlevel plot for you If you click on the RIGHT side of the icon the arrow it produces a pull down menu of the available analysis methods in AquiferTest as seen in the following figure Project Slug test Analysis Analysis method Time vs Change in waterlevel pl la Analysis name Time vs Change in waterleyvel plot ete Crest waisievel pai Evaluated by fF Bouwer Rice Cooper Bredehoeft Papadopulos Comment Hvorslev Select the HVORSLEV analysis from the analysis to produce the following figure Conductivity 7 73E 6 ftimin Click on a data point in the graph or on the legend entry to activate the data series NOTE
50. tests folder and then right click your mouse Click New pumping test 13 In the dialogue that appears type the test name Exercise 5 Moench Then select the pumping well PW 1 and click OK 14 In the Pumping Test page of the notebook enter a Saturated aquifer thickness of 6 1 m and a Constant Discharge rate of 86 4 m d Project Pumping test Pumping test name Exercise T Moench Saturated aquifer thickness E m Performed by Your name Date i 719701 15 Time i 2 00 0_AM Pumping well Pw View Create data list Discharge tf Constant 06 4 ned C Variable 15 Right click your mouse over the navigator panel and then click Expand all to see the entire tree structure Fumping time Start time 0 z Stop time fi 00 E Observed Data 16 Click the View Create Data List button from the Pumping test tab 17 The Create Data window appears Select Exercise 5 Moench P1 as the observation well and activate the Import check box Your display should appear as seen on the following page 240 Chapter 6 Demonstration Exercises Select pumping test for the data Exercise 5 Moench Create pumping test Data observed at Create well V Import 18 Click OK An Open dialogue will appear prompting you to select an Excel xls file Click Ex5 Data xls and then Open Look in Y Exercises E lla El File name JEx5 Data xls Files of type Excel 5 0 or 7 0 files y Cancel
51. the adjusted time are small rule of thumb u lt 0 01 The data requirements for the Cooper Jacob Steptest Solution are e Drawdown vs time data at an observation well e Distance from the pumping well to the observation well e Variable discharge rate Chapter 4 Analysis Methods Each solution method has a Settings dialogue where you can specify the method specific parameters for your test The settings dialogue for the Cooper Jacob Steptest Solution is shown below Settings Cooper Jacob Steptest Ea Aguer Aquifer Thickness i 0 rr i confined unconfined For information relating to the format of time discharge data please see the Theis Steptest section Theis Steptest Birsoy and Summers confined Theis 1935 solved the unsteady state groundwater flow equation as noted previously For the variable rate pumping case you can use water level vs time data which were recorded during a variable rate or intermittent pumping test to determinate the transmissivity and storativity A time transformation similar to that published by Birsoy and Summers 1980 is used to provide a congruent data set This solution is appropriate for the conditions shown in the following figure Theis Steptest Birsoy and Summers confined 119 120 i t 0 h ho drawdown h r t Potentiometric t t surface piezometer confined aquifer T S The principle of superposition is applied to Theis s express
52. the file contains many duplicate water levels typical for a logger file you will probably want to filter the data as shown below You can filter the data by either change in time or change in water level Data Menu 41 42 Logger file Wizard Step 6 of 6 Ed Date prz Time 6 45 05 Ahl Format pliidi All Data By change in time n By change in Depth to wL m lo 01 Cancel Previous Import The number of datapoints that can be imported by AquiferTest is limited by available system resources NOTE The maximum number of data points is controlled in the File Preferences dialogue However from a practical point of view importing duplicate datapoints is not useful in a conventional aquifer analysis You should try to minimize the number of datapoints imported for each analysis as the import speed is reduced when the number of datapoints exceeds 200 Applying one of the import filter options under Import will allow you to reduce the number of datapoints imported You can then click on the SAVE icon in the lower left corner to save the settings that you have just used for the datalogger import Save settings Save current wizard settings as Ok Cancel Enter a name for the personalized settings and click OK My_Settings for example These settings can be recalled in the future and used for importing data sets in a similar format see Logger File Wizard Step 1 To f
53. the most common tasks that hydrogeologists and other water supply professionals typically encounter when planning and analyzing the results of an aquifer test The program design allows you to efficiently manage all information from your aquifer test and perform more analyses in less time For example you need to enter information about your testing wells e g X and Y coordinates elevation screen length etc only once in AquiferTest Each well and related information is stored in the project database separately from imported data and test analyses After you create a well you can see it in a navigator project tree view When you import data or create an analysis you specify which wells to include from the list of available wells in the project If you decide to perform additional analyses you can again specify from the available wells without re creating them in AquiferTest You can also change your solution method interactively while in analysis view by simply right clicking the mouse and selecting one of the methods supplied with AquiferTest There is no need to re enter your data or create anew project Your analysis graph is refreshed and the data re analyzed using the selected solution method This is useful for quickly comparing the results of data analysis using slightly different solution methods If you need solution specific information for the re analysis AquiferTest prompts you for the required data In the following sec
54. the notebook as shown below Project Pumping test Pumping test name Exercise T Theis Forward A Sat aquifer thickness 20 m Performed by Your name Date 1 2 02 15 Time 9 00 00 AM Poy Pw z Fumping well Pw Yiew Create data list e Next you will fill in the discharge rates for each of the pumping wells 12 Under the Pumping test tab you will see two tabs as seen in the figure above one for each of the pumping wells Be sure that PW 1 is selected from the pull down list and then fill in the following pumping rates Time min Discharge m d 0 8 220 12 420 15 13 Once you have entered the pumping rates click the right mouse button anywhere on the right side of the window Click Refresh graph in the window that appears or click F5 A graph of the pumping discharge data is displayed Exercise 7 Theis Forward Analysis with Multiple Pumping Wells 231 200 Time min 14 Next click on the tab for PW 2 Ensure that PW 2 is selected from the pull down list and then fill in the pumping rates and times below Time min Discharge m d 0 4 220 6 420 8 15 Once you have entered the pumping rates click the right mouse button anywhere on the right side of the window Click Refresh graph in the window that appears or click F5 A graph of the pumping discharge data is displayed 200
55. unsteady state The data requirements for the Hantush Bierschenk Well Loss Solution are e Time drawdown data from the pumping well e Time discharge data for at least three equal duration pumping sessions Using the Hantush Bierschenk Well Loss Solution is simply a matter of formatting the data correctly The table below illustrates the pumping time and discharge rates for a pumping test included in the sample database NOTE To access the sample database click File Open Project from the main menu bar Then navigate to the Sample directory and open the enclosed database file Chapter 4 Analysis Methods Time min Discharge m3 d 180 1306 360 1693 540 2423 720 3261 900 4094 1080 5019 When you enter your time discharge data in AquiferTest your first entry is the initial pumping rate Using the table above as an example the pumping rate from 0 180 minutes was 1306 m gt day The second pumping rate from 180 360 minutes was 1693 m day and so on Once you have entered the pumping test data click the Calculation button located above the data table From the drop down window that appears select right align to set the correct format for the time drawdown data For your convenience the figure below has been included to demonstrate the correct data format for the pumping test notebook page Project Pumping test Analysis Pumping test name Brown Hill No 2 Saturated aquifer thickness 0 m Performed by Calaha
56. upgrade please contact us directly Tel 519 746 1798 Fax 519 885 5262 E mail sales Oflowpath com Data can be imported directly from e Microsoft Excel version 4 0 5 0 or 7 0 files e Data logger ASCH files with a variety of delimiters and column layouts AquiferTest provides a flexible user friendly environment that will allow you to become more efficient in your aquifer testing projects Data can be directly entered in AquiferTest via the keyboard imported from a Microsoft Excel version 4 5 or 7 workbook file or imported from any data logger file in ASCII format Test data can also be inserted from a Windows text editor spreadsheet or database by cutting and pasting through the clipboard Introduction Automatic type curve fitting to a data set using least squares regression can be performed for standard graphical solution methods in AquiferTest see page 91 However you are encouraged to use your professional judgement to validate the graphical match based on your knowledge of the geologic and hydrogeologic setting of the test To easily refine the curve fit you can manually fit the data to a type curve by simply pressing the arrow keys on your keyboard see page 91 NOTE AquiferTest Pro forward solutions are solved using a non linear inverse algorithm For more information please see Chapter 4 Forward Solutions on page 143 The demonstration exercises in Chapter 6 on page 199 will introduce you to man
57. version information about AquiferTest 47 48 Chapter 2 Using AquiferTest Getting Started This chapter is designed to serve as a quick start reference guide for those interested in the features of AquiferTest To begin this chapter has been divided into sections for your convenience feel free to read through the entire chapter or jump directly to a section of interest 1 Creating a New Project e Project Database e Project Units e Project Maps e Well Locations and Geometry 2 Creating a Pumping Test e Pumping Test Units e Entering Pumping Well Data e Importing Observation Well Water Level Data from a Datalogger e Creating a Pumping Test Analysis 3 Creating a Slug Test e Slug Test Units e Importing Observation Well Water Level Data from a Text File e Creating a Slug Test Analysis Creating a New Project When AquiferTest is loaded a database containing sample pumping and slug tests is displayed by default Feel free to peruse through this sample dataset or begin working with your own data To begin you must understand how AquiferTest stores data and organizes this information into projects and tests AquiferTest uses a Microsoft database to store its pumping and slug test information That being said it is recommended that you create a database to begin working with your own data as opposed to working inside the provided Sample mdb file Creating a New Project 49 Project Database To create a datab
58. visit www waterloohydrogeologic com or e mail us at training flowpath com Waterloo Hydrogeologic also offers expert consulting and reviewing services for all numerical modeling projects concerning groundwater flow and solute transport For further information please contact us at consulting flowpath com Other Software Products by Waterloo Hydrogeologic Inc Visual MODFLOW Pro 11 We also develop and distribute a number of other useful software products for the groundwater professional all designed to increase your efficiency and enhance your technical capability including Visual MODFLOW Pro Visual MODFLOW 3D Explorer WinPEST RISC WorkBench Visual PEST Visual Groundwater WHI UnSatSuite Visual HELP MONA ToolKit AquaChem FLOWPATH II 18 the largest time saving breakthrough since the release of MODFLOW for building calibrating and analyzing groundwater flow and contaminant transport models Setting the environmental industry standard Visual MODFLOW Pro is a pre and post processor for MODFLOW MODPATH and MT3D RT3D Visual MODFLOW Pro is the complete package for groundwater modeling and includes the Visual MODFLOW 3D Explorer and WinPEST see descriptions below Visual MODFLOW 3D Explorer WinPEST RISC WorkBench Visual PEST Visual Groundwater WHI UnSat Suite 18 a built in 3D visualization system for displaying and animating Visual MODFLOW models using state of the art 3D graphics technol
59. well casing ty effective radius of the well open interval T Transmissivity of the aquifer S Storativity of the aquifer t time since the injection or withdrawal Jo Zero Order Bessel function of the first kind J First Order Bessel function of the first kind Yo Zero Order Bessel function of the second kind Y First Order Bessel function of the second kind The following diagram illustrates the mechanics for the Cooper Bredehoeft Papadopulos Solution water level in well water level at time at time to t 0 t gt to original piezometric surface o JU A aquiclude aquifer aquiclude Cooper Bredehoeft Papadopulos Slug Test confined large diameter well with storage 187 188 An example of a Cooper Bredehoeft Papadopulos analysis graph has been included in the following figure E OVV2 Transmissivity 5 17E 0 cm s Storativity 9 22E 7 Conductivity 5 17E 2 emis The Cooper Bredehoeft Papadopulos method assumes the following the aquifer is isotropic homogenous compressible and elastic the layers are horizontal and extend infinitely in the radial direction the initial piezometric surface before injection 1s horizontal and extends infinitely in the radial direction the aquifer is bounded above and below by aquicludes Darcy s law is valid for the flow domain the well is screened over the entire saturated thickness of the aquifer is fully penetrating the volume of water is injected or with
60. 0 NOTE AquiferTest is not compatible with Excel 97 Please use the Save as option in Excel and select a lower version of Excel to save your data ex file type 95 5 0 spreadsheet Alternatively you can simply copy and paste the data from the Excel spreadsheet to the AquiferTest data table using the Windows clipboard Imports free format ASCII text files asc txt or Solinst Level Loggers format lev The data import is done using the Logger File Wizard which is a six step process as described below Logger File Wizard Step 1 In the first step you specify the row number where you want to start importing This is useful if row 1 of your logger file contains a column Chapter 2 Using AquiferTest header which should not be imported This option allows you to start importing at row 2 Logger file Wizard Step 1 of 6 Load Import Settings None Start Import at row f File origin vvindows ANS Preview of File DoS quiferTest3 SiExercisestnewd txt 4101 011 198 02020 4101 11 20 02 018 1101 011 21 02016 5 1101 011 22 02015 5 1101 11 23 02 015 0 1101 011 24 02 014 5 1101 011 25 02014 7 1101 011 26 02 014 6 1101 011 27 02014 50 oo Mo E w bh At this step you can also Load Import Settings saved from a previous import session This will save you from having to manually specify individual settings at each step a tremendous time saver when importing multiple datalo
61. 0 m 1240900 08 45 15 2 546 mM 1240900 08 45 25 2 712m 2709 00 08 45 35 2 509 mM 1240900 08 45 45 2 577 M 2709 00 08 45 55 2 931 mM 1240900 08 46 05 2 974 M 1240900 02 46 15 3 011 mM 120900 08 46 25 3 043 mM O Tech Sl M A des w W The logger file is an ASCII file with the following format day month year hour minute second water level In the first step you can specify the row number where you want to start importing Exercise 3 Theis Recovery Analysis with Data Logger Data 225 226 14 Click Next In the second step you specify the column separators delimiters Select Space and unselect Tab The records are now divided into columns If you are unsure which delimiter is used by your data logger select by trial and error the various options under Separators until your data is separated into columns Logger file Wizard Step 2 of 6 Ea FF Semicolon Comma e Space Others m Cancel Previous import 15 Click Next In the third step you specify which column represents the Date Select the box above the first column and the word Date appears in the box Select the DD MM YY date format from the pull down menu located in the bottom left of the window Logger file Wizard Step 3 of 6 Es Click on Column with the CASTE Preview Cancel Previous impart Chapter 6 Demonstration Exercises 16 Click Next In the fourth step you specify which column represents the Time
62. 1 10E 2 m s Storativity 2 38E 2 Removing Unwanted Data Points The Cooper Jacob analysis is valid for data points with u lt 0 01 as described in Chapter 3 Theoretical Background Cooper Jacob Method In this example the first four data points have a u value that is too high They should be removed from the analysis as described below 6 Move the mouse pointer into the graph and click the right mouse button and select Data 7 Under Select data for analysis click to highlight the OW 3a Time Water level data Exercise 2 Cooper Jacob Analysis Confined Aquifer Pumping Test 217 Data for analysis DW a Time ater level 8 Click Details In the window that appears unselect the four earliest data values t 0 40 120 and 302 Data points for automatic fit 1610 2000 2393 10000 30000 AAA A 50000 100000 9 Click Close in both windows 218 Chapter 6 Demonstration Exercises 10 Use the light bulb icon to autofit the type curve to your data Your display should appear similar to the figure below Le p a E B E o A AS AAA o AA waren nen enn bene ne eee ee eee eee eee eee eee rn D n E B OVV 3a Transmissivity 2 60E 1 m s Storativity 7 05E 3 Conductivity 1 30E 2 mis The first 4 data points have been removed from the analysis results however they are still displayed in the graph To remove unwanted data points from the graph you must use the Time limit s option loca
63. 2 In the Save as dialogue window that appears type the name of the database you want to create Save As H ES Save in 29 Exercises 4 ex 2 Exercises MDB ray Import MDE File name New Save az hype Aquifer est database Cancel 3 Click Save to create the database You will be prompted with a message indicating that the database has been created Click OK Information Ea G Database C VAquiterl est Exercises Mew MDB successtully created Chapter 2 Using AquiferTest 4 To begin using the new database you must first select the new database file From the top menu bar select File followed by Open Project In the window that appears click on the Folder icon located in the top right corner of the window Open project RAEI Database CcVAquifer est S ample S ample mdb Brown Hill Airport Project Confidential E Create Project E Open Cancel 5 In the window that appears select the new database file extension mdb or Microsoft Database The database name will appear in the the File name window Click Open Look ir E Exercises E Ex 2 Exercises MDB ay Import MDE File name New MDB Files of type Database Cancel 6 The Open Project window will appear however there are currently no projects to select in the new database Click Create Project and follow the instructions to create a new project Database Management 13 Open pro
64. 3 14159265359 B type curve number Neuman Moench OL block geometry parameter Moench Fracture Flow Y dimensionless fitting parameter for delayed drawdown used in Moench solution Ahpy Hantush component in Moench solution Ahpn Neuman component in Moench solution Ah drawdown in the well due to both aquifer drawdown and well loss As change in drawdown Bi Ey adjusted time b aquifer thickness confined aquifer b depth from water level to bottom of well screen unconfined aquifer b thickness of the leaky layer B leakage factor Hantush Jacob 87 88 Tq Teff linear well loss coefficient Hantush Bierschenk well bore storage coefficient specific capacity hydraulic resistance initial saturated thickness gravitational constant shape factor displacement as a function of time slug tests hydraulic head initial displacement slug tests initial hydraulic head static conditions for pumping test dimensionless drawdown Theis component of Moench solution head in well at time t gt t zero order Bessel function of the first kind Cooper Bredehoeft Papadopulos slug test method first order Bessel function of the first kind Cooper Bredehoeft Papadopulos slug test method vertical hydraulic conductivity of the leaky layer horizontal hydraulic conductivity vertical hydraulic conductivity length of the screen non linear well loss fitting coefficient Stallman ratio of distances between wells pumpi
65. 4 The previous figure allows you to visualize the extent of drawdown as a result of discharge from the pumping well As you can see discharging at a rate of 15 US GPM has very little effect on water level beyond 30 feet from the pumping well thus non test wells in the area do not appear to be at risk to dewatering You have reached the end of Exercise 6 To quit AquiferTest click File on the menu bar then Exit Otherwise proceed to Exercise 7 Theis Forward Analysis with Multiple Pumping Wells Exercise 7 Theis Forward Analysis with Multiple Pumping Wells The following exercise is intended for AquiferTest Pro users only AquiferTest Pro contains six powerful forward predictive analysis methods This exercise illustrates how you can use AquiferTest to predict the drawdown that occurs in a confined aquifer pumped simultaneously by two pumping wells at variable pumping rates You will first enter the observed time vs water level data then create a Theis Forward Analysis to determine the aquifer properties values for Transmissivity and Storativity The forward solution will display the drawdown predicted for these conditions You can then compare your observed data to the calculated predicted drawdown data and make the necessary decisions for your pumping test 1 Open AquiferTest Pro and from the main menu click File New Project 2 Inthe Create a new project window that appears type Theis Forward Solution a
66. AquiferTest v 3 5 User s Manual Advanced Pumping Test amp Slug Test Analysis Software Pumping Test Analysis Report 460 Philip Street Suite 101 Project Brown Hill Airport Project Waterloo Ontario Canada Number 65 BRO Airport Phone 1 519 746 1798 Client Confidential Waterloo Hydrogeologic Inc Brown Hill No 4 Hantush Jacob du 1E 3 1 0 1 1 1E 2 1E 4 1E 5 1E 6 1E 7 N AquiferT est Brown Hill Airport Project 1E 4 t s 1E 1 1E 3 1E 5 1E 6 e OWS Y OWS BOWS Brown Hill No 4 Walton Pumping Test Analysis Method Analysis Results Transmissivity Storativity 1 36E 0 f d Conductivity 3 88E 2 ftd 3 42E 10 c 6 37E 14 s Data Project name fAquiferTest Pro EE Analysis EZ Forward Calculation i atefloo Hydrogeologic Inc E Drawdown vs Time Data EME Analysis EZ Drawdown vs Time ES Theis Bg Theis 1935 Forward Solution B Stallman Barrier B Data B Analysis EZ Drawdown vs Time Theis E Stallman Recharge Data EME Analysis BE Drawdown vs Time Z Theis Z Forward Calculation 3 Hantush 1955 Leaky Aquitard Forward So Hantush MPW Data 8 Analysis EZ Hantush 1955 Leaky Aquitard Forward So Data Analysis EZ Drawdown vs Time Z Theis E Theis 1935 Forward Solution 52 Hantush 1955 Leaky Aquitard Forward So E Theis Const Rate B Data
67. Create database 3 Inthe Save As window that appears navigate to the Exercises folder that has been provided with AquiferTest Then type Exercises in the File name field and click Save Save As Save in 0 Exercises E File name Exercises el a save as type Aquifer est database i Cancel 4 A window will appear confirming the creation of a new database Click OK Information X Q Database D aquiferl esta Di Exercises Exercises MOB successtully created 5 Click File Open Project from the Main menu bar followed by the folder icon located in the upper right corner of the window that appears Navigate to the Exercises folder and select the Exercises MDB database you just created followed by Open 200 Chapter 6 Demonstration Exercises Look irr y Exercises E E Pm Exercises MOB File name Exercises MDB Files of type Database Cancel 6 In the Open project window that appears click Create Project 7 Inthe Create a new project window that appears type Exercises and click OK Create a new project x Project name Exercises Creat e Well I Pumping test FF Slug test Additonal wells and tests can be added at anytime Then click Open from the Open Project window Exercises is highlighted Open project Database CcVAquifer est Exercises E xercises MDB b Create Project Delete Exercise Theis Anal
68. Pumping duration is missing 24 We must specify a pumping duration as the graphical display will show all data squished against the y axis The model requires that we tell it the time at which the pumping was stopped The X axis on the graph shows t t which is defined as t totalelapsed time since pumping began t time elapsed since pumping stopped 25 Click OK to close the Analysis state window 26 From the top menu bar click Analysis followed by Settings In the window that appears specify a pumping time of 30000 s and ensure the Subtract pump duration from data option is selected Settings Theis Jacob Recovery x Aquifer Aquifer Thickness 20 m i confined unconfined Pump time 30000 z W Subtract pump duration from data E Cancel 27 Click OK 230 Chapter 6 Demonstration Exercises 28 Click on a data point or the legend to activate the data series Then click the light bulb icon to re do the analysis This fits a straight line to the measured data and displays the transmissivity Transmissivity 5 03E 4 m s Conductivity 2 51E 5 mis NOTE The analysis graph legend has been turned off from the Analysis Properties dialogue As you can see the Theis Recovery produced the following results Transmissivity 5 03E 4 m s Conductivity 2 51E 5 m s You have reached the end of Exercise 3 You can quit AquiferTest click File on the menu bar then Exit or remain in A
69. Select the box above the second column Logger file Wizard Step 4 of 6 x Click on Column with the TIME Preview Cancel Previous impart 17 Click Next In the fifth step you specify which column represents the Depth to water level WL Select the box above the third column The fourth column containing m for meters will be ignored Verify that the Unit field contains m Logger file Wizard Step 5 of 6 x Click on Column with the DEPTH TO WL Preview fime_ penom s Date 1 2 09 00 E 08 45 05 2 000 m 120900 03 45 15 2 546 m 120900 08 45 25 2712 m 120900 03 45 35 2 809 m 120900 03 45 45 2 077 m AA no nc cf A nd 4 Unit Co ordinate system fi FO Top of Casing Datum TOC 0 00 m Cancel Previous impart Exercise 3 Theis Recovery Analysis with Data Logger Data 22i 18 19 20 21 228 Click Next Fill in the window for step 6 as shown below Logger file Wizard Step 6 of 6 x Time 5 45 05 AM C All Data C By change in time 2 f By change in Depth to wL m o Cancel Previous Import NOTE Most data loggers collect data at equal time intervals e g every 10 seconds which can produce very large files in this case 6 000 data points There is little value in importing many data points with the same water level By filtering your data by the change in water level you can drastically reduc
70. Storativity 1 11E 6 Conductivity 2 68E 1 ftid The data requirements for the Cooper Jacob Time Drawdown Solution method are e Drawdown vs time data at an observation well e Finite distance from the pumping well to the observation well e Pumping rate constant The settings dialogue for the Cooper Jacob Time Drawdown Solution is shown below Settings CooperJacob Time Drawdown co Cooper Jacob Method confined small r or large time 101 Cooper Jacob Distance Drawdown Method If simultaneous observations of drawdown in three or more observation wells are available a modification of the Cooper Jacob method may be used The observation well distance is plotted along the logarithmic X axis and drawdown is plotted along the linear Y axis Transmissivity and storativity are calculated as follows E 2 30 s 2 2318 2 TAS r 0 where r is the distance defined by the intercept of the zero drawdown and the straight line though the data points An example of a Cooper Jacob Distance Drawdown analysis graph has been included below Dischargerate m PY o o Transmissivityy 1 36E 2 ft d Storativity 4 89E 6 Conductivity 1 36E 1 ftid The data requirements for the Cooper Jacob Distance Drawdown Solution method are e Drawdown vs time data at three or more observation wells e Distance from the pumping well to the observation wells e Pumping rate constant 102 Chapter 4 Analysis Methods The settings di
71. Theis Forward Solution Theis Forward Solution The forward solution for the Theis Analysis follows the same theory and assumptions as the standard Theis Analysis however it can be applied to a wider variety of pumping and aquifer conditions e Fully or partially penetrating pumping well e Multiple pumping wells e Constant or variable discharge rates The Theis Forward solution can be used as either a single well solution or in combination with drawdown data from an observation well If used as a single well solution the pumping well is used as the discharge well and as the observation point at which drawdown measurements were taken the Gringarten Forward Solution and the Papadopulos Forward Solutions are both single well solutions that operate in a similar fashion An example of a Theis Forward Solution graph has been included in the following figure Project Pumping test Analysis Analysis method Theis Forward a v Dataset 0w 33 l F unconfined Increment Factor fa Sf Analysis name Theis 1935 Forward Solution Ties paei Ha Evaluated by poo S sts a Date hoar E Comment o 8 zl een aca ee ee ee ee en ee ee ee ee ee ee ee Drawdown m A A ee ee a A A A A a I A ee ee a a ne ama a a ii eb ee ee ee eee m OVV 3a The Theis Forward Solution assumes the following e The aquifer has an apparent infinite extent e The aquifer is homogeneous isotropic and of uniform thickness over the area influenced
72. Time min 258 Chapter 6 Demonstration Exercises Observed Data 16 In the navigator panel right click your mouse From the window that appears select Expand all Before we proceed let s delete the default pumping test entitled Pumping Test Name 17 Highlight the default pumping test and then right click your mouse From the window that appears select Delete 2 Do vou want to delete lt Pumping Test Names i Cancel 18 Click Yes to confirm the deletion of the default pumping test 19 Now click Data under the Exercise 7 Theis Forward Analysis pumping test 20 Click the right mouse button followed by Create Datalist The Create Data window appears Select OW 5 under Data observed gt at Select pumping test for the data Exercise Theis Forward Analysis Create pumping test Data observed at Pw 1 Create well P 2 T Import Cancel Click OK 21 The Data notebook page appears as seen in the following figure Exercise 7 Theis Forward Analysis with Multiple Pumping Wells 259 s AquiferT est Theis Forward Solution File Edit View Project Test Data Analysis Help DSSR Be mBQ o Wells z z Data Pw Project Pumping test Pw 2 OW 5 Time Water level Ow 5 Pumping tests Roan eae pp E Exercise 7 Theis Forward Analysis pi m b E Data b fo m Ow 5 fF Analysis E Slug te
73. Tree becomes highlighted and then right click your mouse From the dialogue that appears click Import Wells From the dialogue that appears navigate to the AquiferTest Sample directory and open the Ch3 Wells txt file Look ir E Sample ei File name Eh wels Files of type Text files tet asc Cancel From the Import Wizard Step 1 dialogue that appears select the check box for First record contains header information This automatically changes the Start import at row field to 2 As you can see there are 5 wells in this example text file Once completed your window will appear as follows 61 Import Wizard Step 1 of 3 Windows ANSI BECK Import Click Next to advance to the next step 8 Step 2 of the Import Wizard allows you to select which columns contain the required data NOTE All fields are required to import the data if you are missing some data for example benchmark information then simply enter a zero in the text file Import Wizard Step 2 of 3 ia Well name coordinate Y coordinate H Elevation ams i Benchmark L Ba Column Column 2_ Column 3_ Column 4_ Column Column 6_ Column 7_ Column 8 e The fields should be matched up as seen in the figure above You can click and drag the AquiferTest labels if necessary to a new location Click Next to advance 62 Chapter 3 Getting Started Creating a New Project
74. Wizard Step 3 Step 3 allows you to preview the data correct any errors and selectively determine which rows of data to import ignore or use to replace existing data If your project contains wells that exist in the file you are planning to import the following dialogue will be produced 2 Well name s already exist Do you want to replace the existing welle If you select Yes then the Step 3 will appear with a Replace symbol listed beside the existing well If you select No then the Wizard will add a 1 to the end of the existing well name for example OW 1 will become OW 1 1 Import Wizard Step 3 of 3 x Select the values to be imported B View By Status CE a Units before impor Coordinate mn Elevation m L m Y Coordinate m Benchh ark m j m A mn Cancel Back Import File Menu 19 The View By option can be used to specify which wells you would like to display For example you can list the wells by Add Replace Ignore or All Fields ar Add Replace Ignore All Fields The Preview tab displays the data being imported and will assist you to ensure that the data is formatted correctly PRIOR to importing If the data does not contain any formatting errors or invalid data the Import button will be activated and you can import the well data into AquiferTest If an error exists the Import button will be de activated and the
75. a b r where 2 aa W u B ze dx and where e W u f Hantush function e G r B e f corrective term The value for the corrective term f is calculated by the following equation Background Information on the Forward Solutions Algorithm 149 150 S R W u Bn n 1 where rN ANT 0 Do B D AquiferTest will consider two different situations point measurements where data 1s observed at a well screen and interval measurements where data is observed in an open borehole or a piezometer For point measurements well screen z a D b 2D i AS i S NTZ Rpm A SAA SAA SCS TD B A n D D D For interval measurements open borehole or piezometer 2 R 2D DN S sin 2S 5 sin 24 EE E sin 2 i where e D Initial Saturated aquifer thickness e L Length of well screen For a pumping well e A Distance top aquifer top screen e B Distance bottom aquifer bottom screen For a monitoring well e a Distance top aquifer top screen e b Distance bottom aquifer bottom screen In the case of a piezometer or interval measurement the length of the screen L is equal to zero It is recommended to first complete an inversion calculation with fully penetrating wells and only after the model function 1s fitted to input data for partially penetrating wells Chapter 4 Analysis Methods NOTE Partially penetrating wells can be used
76. a GU BE BI EA 16 ESMAS A A AA SSA ASA IA 16 Create databas 5 dis rs a As 16 NOWE CCl usina riansa a a a ci 16 Ope PO ia AA As lora mas 16 MOM ass ES AAA AS SA AE 16 EXPO dea ido do ia de da aa ro en 21 P O aa ants Bans prs Bx SO RS Ee SAE hs RNS a ENO Ex aoe 22 A 26 PRU Pie VCW ack ses di A A Oe eee ewe en A 26 P eaa a a a thas ect had sles as ibaa al da eng Mates ae saree Mh al fa ance Te 26 PX eee cdc O O eee task eed thee ed Bete met ON 26 Edit Menta a Dee nee eae eal 26 COPY rr A a ee eee Utica 26 Contents Peere eae ae e lo ee ee a eee el ee Zed O cer 1a on O Ga 27 RESUS fiche cid eke ink eee hake a e ee eh E a 27 o ME E cite tees arsed eas MeO O cman ete 27 Small TONBO orreen in et dni eat a ID 2T MLO oan nie ii ate E Mansi O A PI T 28 Emarse eaea aer rd aa TA RAR 28 Project MENTE acta A AA a ai 28 Credle Welie wont tees hee ee eke oe eae owe Oe See ee eee euess 28 Manic ros tad ts rt ai a 29 UA oe eas Seen ore sado rocio paraiso tad capaci 31 TESEI AA Gere Sate SON Bae bo Ree eee Pee Re et 31 Create PUN PING CS o42c644 Kes Oem ob nee La Rom Eee oe Les eoke ad ook cuneate 31 Create SIMS ICS nso ies is te See ee hoe e a o a e Dl 32 Unidos lso eins a ben ie ee eG eae ee ha DES 33 Data MCW 26 6 ot ha a Oe Oi BH RS ath Oe Baa ih Be are a ee aoe 34 ING Wz paar ete eee a nels aisha end aun Acme cua modes E e pt dt ands ak gunners 34 DAO apf ah tad os ad a hn eee ee es ee ee aa La eee ess 35 Dita Oe Sr reei dadas ade a Been eae hae Be
77. able rate pumping ave Use the THEIS Steptest iii Use the COOPER amp JACOB Steptest Aquifer bounded Anisotropic conditions Multiple aquifer system Fractured media aquifer Variable Rate Pumping Test The Birsoy and Summers 1930 solution method which is based on the original solution developed by Theis allows the determination of aquifer parameters using the water level data collected during a variable rate pumping test Please note that this step test method does not allow for the determination of a well loss coefficient Ifyou need to determine wellloss coefficients then you should use the Hantush and Bierschenk step test solution method which is included in A quiferT est The Birsoy and Summers solution method assumes the aquifer system has the following properties confined flow to the well is unsteady state ie water levels are changing at the time you begin the test seemingly infinite extent homogeneous composition isotropic uniform thickness over the area influenced by the test prior to pumping the piezometric surface was horizontal over the area influenced by the test the water removed from storage is discharged instantaneously with decline of head The pumping test must adhere to the following experimental details the pumping well penetrates the en
78. al selection of a solution method is up to the discretion of the groundwater professional WHI is not responsible for any loss or damage resulting from the use of the Advisor Pumping Test Analyses Theis Method confined 96 Theis 1935 developed an analytical solution for the equations presented in the previous section as follows Q edu rs s n gy hk U ae For the specific definition of u given above the integral is known as the well function W u and can be represented by an infinite Taylor series of the following form Chapter 4 Analysis Methods Theis Method confined W u 05772 Inu u a eT FBI Using this function the equation becomes Q VW 4nT u The line on a log log plot with W u along the Y axis and 1 u along the X axis is commonly called the Theis curve The field measurements are plotted as t or tr along the X axis and s along the Y axis The data analysis is done by matching the line drawn through the plotted observed data to the Theis curve 1E 3 1E 2 tit minsft B OVY2 e OWS A OVS Transmissivity 2 55E 2 fd Storativity 1 91E 6 Conductivity 2 55E 1 ftid This solution is appropriate for the conditions shown in the following figure 97 piezometric surface piezometric surface after start of pumping b IDO aquifer aquiclude The Theis Solution assumes the following e The aquifer is confined and has an apparent infinite exte
79. alogue for the Cooper Jacob Distance Drawdown Solution is shown below Settings Cooper Jacob Distance Drawdown Aquifer Thickness i 0 Ft amp confined i unconfined Calculation time i n min Both distance and drawdown values at a specific time are plotted so you must specify this time value Cooper Jacob Time Distance Drawdown Method As with the Distance Drawdown Method if simultaneous observations are made of drawdown in three or more observation wells a modification of the Cooper Jacob method may be used Drawdown is plotted along the linear Y axis and 1 17 is plotted along the logarithmic X axis Transmissivity and storativity are calculated as follows 2 25Tt eL 2 30 Se o ARAS r where r is the distance defined by the intercept of the zero drawdown and the straight line though the data points An example of a Cooper Jacob Time Distance Drawdown analysis graph has been included in the following figure Cooper Jacob Method confined small r or large time 103 A Dischargerate Mm PI o Transmissivity 2 68E 2 ftd Storativity 1 11E 6 Conductivity 2 68E 1 ftid The data requirements for the Cooper Jacob Time Distance Drawdown Solution method are e Drawdown vs time data at three or more observation wells e Distance from the pumping well to the observation wells e Pumping rate constant The settings dialogue for the Cooper Jacob Time Distance Drawdown Solution is shown below Sett
80. ard Step 1 By the following figure you can see that this dialogue allows the user to set the data delimiter file type and whether the file contains header info Step l also illustrates the data to be imported which can include the following info e Well name e Well coordinates X and Y e Elevation e Benchmark elevation e Well geometry L r R 17 NOTE The only analysis methods that use well geometry settings are Hvorslev Bouwer Rice Moench and Moench Fracture Flow All other methods assume fully penetrating fully screened wells excluding AquiferTest Pro forward solution methods As well blank fields for various entries will produce blank fields in the AquiferTest project well Import Wizard Step 1 of 3 Windows ANSI Well Import Wizard Step 2 Once you have set the required information proceed to Step 2 of the Well Import Wizard which appears as seen below Import Wizard Step 2 of 3 Column 1 Column 2 Column 3_ Column 4 Column Column 6 Column Column 8 Pray 18 Chapter 2 Using AquiferTest Step 2 allows you to map the columns in the Import Data file to the appropriate input data required by AquiferTest To match the Import Data to the AquiferTest Data simply click and drag the AquiferTest Data field to the appropriate location NOTE AquiferTest requires a well name and X Y coordinates for all wells The remaining information is not required Well Import
81. ase to store you own project information follow the steps below 1 Once AquiferTest has been loaded from the Main Menu click File followed by Create database 2 In the dialogue that appears navigate to the AquiferTest directory and then create your own Projects directory This will ensure that your project databases will be stored in a safe location To do so click on the Create New Folder button located in the upper right portion of the window Save Ir Save As 7 3 Aquiferlest E _ Backup ze Create Mew Folder _ Database Exercises Reports JJ Sample Save as type AquiferTest database Cancel 3 Once you have created a Projects folder open the folder and create your new database In the example below a database named NewDatabase is about to be created Save As Ed Save in 3 Projects ex El File name NewD atabaze Save as type S quiterTest database ll Cancel Click Save to create the new database An Information dialogue will appear confirming the creation of your new database Click OK 50 Chapter 3 Getting Started Creating a New Project 4 Now that you have created a new database you have to open that database and create a new project inside 1t From the Main Menu click File followed by Open Project 5 The dialogue that appears displays the projects contained within the current database The top of the dialogue win
82. ate drawdown calculations In this example leave the default Top of Casing datum Once you have highlighted the appropriate columns of data for Time and Depth to WL click Import Your display should appear similar to the following dialogue 4 4331 3 606 3 6067 9 7387 9 7387 30422 30422 49251 9 9251 9 9976 9 9976 10 0625 10 0625 10 11693 10 1169 10 1688 10 1688 TAE 10 2155 400 10 257 ner As you can see the water level in this example has risen to approximately 9 5 feet after the slug has entered the well Subsequently the water level begins to drop again and return to a lower static level To complete the analysis you must now enter the details of the slug test To assist with this step please examine the following figure PW4 Slug Test Definition Sketch Top of Casing 0 ft Water Level t 0 9 43 ft Depth to Static WL 19 51 ft Depth from Static WL to Bottom of Well Screen b 15 86 ft Screen Length L 10 0 ft Chapter 3 Getting Started 7 You can see the static water level prior to the slug entering the well and the subsequent water level after entering the slug As well the well screen and b value have been included in this diagram All of this information is required to complete a slug test analysis in AquiferTest Enter the following information in the Slug test tab using the previous figure as reference Depth to static WL 19 51 Water level at t 0 9 43 b
83. by Your Name Saturated aquifer thickness 10 Pumping well b 0 Date Test Date Time Test Time Pumping Well Example 1 Discharge constant 5 The Pumping well b value is the distance from the bottom of the pumping well screen to the top of the water level at the start time of the pumping test In the example b is not required however this value is required to complete a more advanced analysis 1 e Moench Fracture Once completed your tab should display as follows Project Pumping test Purnping test name Example Pumping Test Sat aquifer thickness I 0 m Performed by Your Mame Pumping well b fo m b Date ian 01 fs Time 5 17 00 PM Pumping well Example Viewy Create data list pas Discharge i Constant 5 1E Pumping time Start time fo 3 Stop time fo 3 C Variable Importing Observation Well Water Level Data from a Datalogger The next step in creating a pumping test is to add observation well water level data to the test You have several options for adding data to a pumping test including e Manually entering each data point e Cut and pasting from the Windows clipboard e Importing data from a text file txt e Importing data from an Excel spreadsheet xls e Importing data from an ASCII datalogger file asc txt or lev Chapter 3 Getting Started Creating a Pumping Test NOTE Excel spreadsheets must be in version 4 5 or 7 If you have a spreadsheet in a new for
84. ch data set symbol Displays a list of solution methods available in AquiferTest For information about analysis methods and their settings see the description of each method discussed in Chapter 4 Analysis Methods starting on page 87 Receive information about your AquiferTest analysis The information may be advisory in nature or may report the specifics of an error in the analysis Errors are usually caused by the absence of required data for a chosen analysis The Analysis State advisor is visible on the bottom toolbar of the graph display and may be either Red Error Yellow Warning Green Message Dark Green O K Chapter 2 Using AquiferTest Help Menu Contents About Help Menu 1E 3 t min m OVY2 OVS A ig Transmissivity 2 52x10 3 in d Storativity 2 96x10 7 Conductivity 2 10x10 1 ind Specific yield 2 96x10 3 AA By clicking on the Analysis State symbol from the bottom toolbar an Analysis State window appears Analysis state El OK Pare There are no formal error in this Analysis The previous figure illustrates an analysis with no formal errors however if there was an error or message the Details button can be used to access the description of the problem The Help menu contains the following items See the Table of Contents for this book the same information is shipped to you in two forms as a printed book and as an online help file See copyright and
85. change the time unit from minute to second Data Menu 34 Units for Brown Hill No 1 Length ret y Time mine Discharge rate U S gamin Transmissivity fed y Y Convert f Cancel For information about setting units at the project level see the Units section discussed on page 31 The Data menu contains the following items Add data for the currently selected pumping test Another way to create pumping test data is click the right mouse button with the pointer in the navigator project tree panel with the Data folder highlighted then select Create datalist Finally a third way and perhaps the simplest is to select the View Create Data List icon located on the Pumping Test notebook page All three of the options listed above will display the Create data dialogue box shown in the following figure Select pumping test for the data Creat ing test Brown Hill No 2 teate pumping tes Brown Hill No 3 Data observed at Create well F Import Cancel Chapter 2 Using AquiferTest Import Data Menu Using this dialogue box you can create a new or select an existing pumping test create a new or select an existing observation well and import observation well data by clicking the Import option located at the bottom of the dialogue box text file only Then click OK to add the new data to the selected pumping test Imports aquifer test data from an
86. columns with the time data on the left and the water level data on the right When importing data from a text editor the columns of data must be separated by tabs tab delimited NOTE There are different formats available for data pairs in Windows the one used in AquiferTest is the text txt format To select this format enter the Clipboard Viewer Start Programs Accessories Clipboard Viewer and select Display then Text Delete an AquiferTest well test or analysis The View menu contains the following items When this item is selected the calculated results from your analysis are shown beneath the graph In most cases this is what you will want When this item is unselected your calculated results are not shown beneath the analysis graph Use this mode when you want to view only the graph without seeing the calculated results Display or hide tool bar icons When this item is selected the tool icons are displayed under the menu bar without any text This saves space on the window When this item is unselected the name is displayed under each icon S El e E a o AN New Project Open Project Print Print Preview Copy Paste Create Well Create Data Create Analysis y Fit Units 27 Units Converter Enlarge Graph Project Menu Create Well 28 Displays a useful utility for converting commonly encountered units of measure Simply enter the measurement value and choose which units to convert fr
87. d Delete Com Ch Close 2 Click Add from the bottom left of the dialogue and then navigate to the AquiferTest Sample directory Once there you will see two maps that have been provided for you one graphics file jpg and one AutoCAD map dxf Chapter 3 Getting Started Creating a New Project 3 4 5 Look in E Sample 3 ci Brown Hill Map pg Site Map DF File name Site Map DXF Files of type All jpo jpeg bmp emt vmt def Esnez Click on the SiteMap dxf file followed by Open A portion of the dxf map is now visible in your dialogue To see the entire map click on the magnifying glass or Fit to Preview icon Your display should appear as seen below Site plans in database x Map name Site Map DxF Georeference Lower left comer x 0 081653 Y 0 683023 Upper right comer x 200 384306 Y 151 035556 Unit om C mm C in C cm Ch Fit to preview As seen in the above dialogue the SiteMap dxf file contains an internal coordinate system that ranges from 0 200 m in the X direction and 0 150 m in the Y direction Click Add again to add the graphics file to the project From the dialogue that appears select the Brown Hill Map jpg and click OK Change the coordinates that appear to range from 0 100 in the X direction and 0 100 in the Y direction as seen in the following image 55 56 6
88. d to a Columns Benchmark sahara m Column6 L Column Columns Pw w 0 0 0 0 8 The data for this exercise has been already formatted for your convenience so simply click Next to advance to the final step 9 In the final step there are 2 tabs Preview and Errors The first tab Preview allows you to specify each well entry as either Add or Ignore In this case all of the wells will be added to the project 10 The second tab Errors contains any problems with the well data that must be resolved before you can complete the final step Import Wizard Step 3 of 3 x Select the values to be imported H View By y Preview Errors Wel Name _ X Coordinate Coordinate Elevation BenchmanL TA Pw 0 0 0 P1 5 13 0 0 0 0 35 002 003 P3 15 24 0 0 0 035 002 0 03 Ps 30 08 0 0 0 035 002 0 03 a P7 45 1 0 0 0 035 002 003 n n n fo A lo 321 na nn nn 4 b Status No Errors Units before impor X Coordinate m v Elevation m L m z Y Coordinate m bi Benchm atk im v r m Y Cancel lt Back Next gt Exercise 5 Moench Analysis Unconfined Aquifer Pumping Test 239 11 Click Import to import the wells into the project When completed the well Summary tab will appear as seen below Project Summary wel name sim ms Elevation amal Benchmark m T 0 9 13 15 24 30 08 45 1 ee 37 4 Pumping Test 12 In the navigator panel select the Pumping
89. dow contains a path that illustrates which database is currently open Open project E ES Database OD 4quiferl est S ample S ample MOE Brown Hill Airport Project b Create Project Delete Cancel As you can see in the dialogue above Sample mdb is currently open which is located on the D drive in the AquiferTest Sample directory NOTE This path will differ for each user depending on where AquiferTest was installed on the computer 6 To open the database you created click on the folder icon located in the upper right of the window Navigate to the location of your new database in this example the Projects directory Look ir 39 Projects ka HF NewD atabase MDB File name NewDatabase MDE Files of type Database Cancel Click on the database name and then click Open You have now opened your new database Let s now create a project inside your database 51 7 Click Create Project In the dialogue that appears enter a name for the new project in the following example the default name will be used Create a new project Ea Project name New Project Create F Well IY Purping test FT Slug test Additonal wells and tests can be added at anytime Cancel Click OK to create a new project that contains a well and pumping test 8 Click Open to open the new project you just created Your AquiferTest window should appear as follows i AquiferT
90. dow that appears click Delete 30 Then click Yes to confirm the deletion of the erroneous data point The graph should update automatically Exercise Theis Analysis Confined Aquifer Pumping Test 207 50 000 Time s Time s 208 Chapter 6 Demonstration Exercises Theis Analysis 32 In the navigator panel select Analysis under the Exercise 1 Theis Analysis pumping test dd Chia a Purnpirig tests e E Exercise 1 Theis Analysis Pumping tests Exercise 1 Theis Analysis tA Data E OW 3a lB Slug tests From the pop up window that appears select a Drawdown vs Time plot Exercise 1 Theis Analysis Confined Aquifer Pumping Test 209 210 34 Notice the graph on the previous page displays the legend OW 3a at the bottom of the graph while your legend is displayed to the right of the graph The legend position can be set by right clicking on the graph and selecting Properties 35 In the dialogue that appears under the Legend option set the Position to Bottom Your display should appear as seen below Graph Properties EA EW General Axes Symbols Displa W Title Exercise 1 Theis Analysis Drawdown vs Time Font 4 Update Title information for new methods W Legend Font Position Bottom IY Hide background when printing Straight lin visible width E a Ealar Default Type curv
91. drawn instantaneously at time t 0 The data requirements for the Cooper Bredehoeft Papadopulos Solution e Time vs depth to water level at a pumping well e Pumping well geometry The settings dialogue for the Cooper Bredehoeft Papadopulos Solution is shown in the following figure Chapter 4 Analysis Methods References References Settings Cooper Bredehoeft Papadopulos Aquifer Squier lhickress 10 CO contifed unconfi ed Alpha 0 001 0 00001 0 1 fe 2 5 rn Using this dialogue you can enter a user specified Alpha value ranging from 0 1 0 00001 In addition you can enter an r c value which 1s the radius of the well casing and is used to calculate the storativity for your slug test analysis Birsoy V K and W K Sumpzers 1980 Determination of aquifer parameters from step tests and intermittent pumping data Ground Water vol 18 pp 137 146 Bouwer H 1989 The Bouwer and Rice Slug Test An Update Ground Water vol 27 No 3 pp 304 309 Bouwer H and R C Rice 1976 A slug test method for determining hydraulic conductivity of unconfined aquifers with completely or partially penetrating wells Water Resources Research vol 12 no 3 pp 423 428 Butler James J 1998 The Design Performance and Analysis of Slug Tests Lewis Publishers Boca Raton Florida 252 p Cooper H H J D Bredehoeft and I S Papadopulos 1967 Response of a finite diameter well to an instantaneous charge o
92. ds where Toy effective radius of the well screen or open hole e r radius of the unscreened portion of the well over which the water level is changing e S storativity NOTE If early time drawdown data are only available it will be difficult to obtain a unique match of the data curve and a type curve because the type curves differ only slightly in shape The data curve can be matched equally well with more than one type curve Moving from one type curve to another results in a value of S storativity that differs an order of mag nitude For early time data storativity determined by the Papadopulos curve fitting method is of questionable reliability An example of a Papadopulos Forward Solution graph has been included in the following figure Papadopulos Forward E i M ine me Forward Calculation fro Papadopulos Forward Solution Large Diameter Wells 175 The Papadopulos Forward Solution assumes the following The well diameter is not small hence storage in the well cannot be neglected The aquifer is confined or unconfined and of infinite areal extent The flow to the well is in unsteady state The aquifer has a seemingly infinite areal extent The aquifer is homogenous isotropic and of uniform thickness over the area influenced by the test Prior to pumping the piezometric surface is horizontal over the area that will be influenced by the test The well penetrates the entire thickness of the aqui
93. e viable width Ealar Lata M THEIS Cuve f a MM Defaut x P Standard curves o E Default O Patemeter curve o sl Default ia F Default 36 Click OK Your legend should now appear at the bottom of your graph 37 Now let s create a new analysis There are several ways to do so however the most obvious is to select the Create Analysis button located above the graph 38 From the pop up window that appears select Theis Chapter 6 Demonstration Exercises a AquiferTest New Project Drawdown ys Time a Drawdown vs Time 39 A Theis analysis is displayed Alternatively you can create a new analysis by selecting Analysis from the top menu bar followed by Create As well there is a shortcut icon located in the menu bar that can create a new analysis NOTE As opposed to creating a new analysis you can simply change the current analysis by clicking the Select Analysis button located above the graph Or you can right click your mouse and select Method followed by the analysis you wish to display 1E 3 1E 2 tir sim7 m OV3a Transmissivity 2 13E 1 mas Storativity 4 12E 2 Conductivity 1 07E 2 mis Exercise Theis Analysis Confined Aquifer Pumping Test 211 The Theis curve based on a least squares fit has been overlaid on the data The estimated parameters with this fit are Transmissivity 2 13E 1 m s Conductivity 1 07E 2 m s Storat
94. e units per distance ft or m of drawdown For example which becomes ft S The Specify Capacity test assumes the following e The well is pumped at a constant rate long enough to establish an equilibrium drawdown e Drawdown within the well is a combination of the decrease in hydraulic head pressure within the aquifer and a pressure loss due to turbulent flow within the well The data requirements for the Specific Capacity test are e Drawdown vs pumping rate data for the pumping well 115 There are no settings for this method Cooper Jacob Steptest variable discharge rate AquiferTest provides the ability to use water level vs time data which were recorded during a variable rate or intermittent pumping test to determine the transmissivity and storativity A time transformation similar to that published by Birsoy and Summers 1980 is used to provide a congruent data set This solution is appropriate for the conditions shown in the following figure t 0 h ho Q 7 drawdown h t t AN Potentiometric surface piezometer confined aquifer T S The principle of superposition is applied to Cooper Jacob s expression for non equilibrium flow in a confined aquifer to obtain an expression for the drawdown at time t of the i pumping period of a variable rate pumping test as follows tos 2 A E S Q ATT r s where in general 116 Chapter 4 Analysis Methods where t start time f
95. e you can specify the text to be displayed and its subsequent font color alignment etc Dynamic elements refer to fields that contain actual values from your AquiferTest analysis such as the aquifer thickness or calculated hydraulic conductivity values You CAN NOT create new dynamic elements you may only EDIT existing ones size location color etc If you DELETE a dynamic element it can not be retrieved You must replace the existing report files with the back up files see the Backup Report REP Files section below Chapter 5 Producing Reports Adding a New Company Logo When customizing your report files you may wish to add your company logo to the header To do so click the add new image icon from the left hand menu bar Then select an insertion point for the image by left clicking your mouse on the desired location A dialogue window will appear that allows you to navigate to the location of the image file on your computer The image may be either a bitmap bmp an icon 1co a metafile wmf or an enhanced metafile emf Editing the Company Logo Alternatively you may edit the existing company logo To do so right click on the image and select Edit from the dialogue that appears The following dialogue is produced Image Ed File C AquiferTest whi ico A IY Stretch picture F Center picture FF Autosize report element to fit picture Cancel You may edit the existing file locatio
96. e Import template from the Load Import Settings pull down menu NOTE This step assumes you successfully saved the import settings during the Example2 data set import Logger file Wizard Step 1 of 6 X Load Import Settings Example Import Start Import at rows f File origin ivindows ANS Preview of File D AquiterTestSamplevchs Logger2 asc 25 8 2001 08 45 05 030m 25 8 2001 08 45 15 03 546 Dm 25 5 2001 08 45 25 03 712 0rm 25 8 2001 08 45 35 03 809 Dm 25 5 2001 08 45 45 03 877 Om 25 8 2001 08 45 55 03 931 Om 25 5 2001 08 46 05 03 974 0r 25 5 2001 08 46 15 04 011 Om 25 5 2001 08 46 25 04 043 0r oo 4 M th E w Ri Cancel Phe vile Mext E 15 Feel free to scroll through the six steps as the template has saved the settings from the last import or simply click Import to begin importing the data for Example3 A message stating that 126 data points have been imported will appear Click OK to continue In the next section you will learn how to create an analysis to examine the water level data that has been imported into the project Chapter 3 Getting Started Creating a Pumping Test Analysis Now that you have successfully created a pumping test and two observation well datalists you can now examine the results 1 Click on Example Pumping Test from the Project Tree and switch to the Project tab Once completed click on the Rescale map for current test icon to produce t
97. e a graph of the Time vs Depth to WL for Example2 Enter a Depth to static WL of 3 m and click the Refresh graph icon located above the data table Project Pumping test Data Example2 Time Water level Depth to static WL 3 m ha b fo m wi E W 20 e ag eh oto 0 3 0 Z 9 999999822 3 546 19 9999996 3 712 30 0000001 3 809 5 39 99999992 3 877 49 99999974 3 931 59 99999957 3 974 18 70 0000000 4 011 9 79 99999984 4 043 110 89 9999996 4 071 111 100 0000001 4 096 112 109 9999995 4 119 113 119 999999 4 14 129 999999 4 159 Depth to WL m a 116 149 999999 lt 4 193 159 9999997 4 208 18 170 0000001 4 223 20 189 999999 4 249 21 199 999999 4 262 22 210 0000001 4 273 5000 10 000 15 000 20000 25 000 30 000 23 219 999999 lt 4 284 Time s 229 00999997 A 295 Now that we have imported 1 datalogger file and saved the process as a template importing subsequent datalogger files of the same format 1s extremely quick From the Main Menu click Data followed by New In the dialogue that appears select Example3 as the observation well and click OK to create the new datalist From the Main Menu click Data followed by Data logger file From the dialogue that appears select the Ch3 Logger2 asc file 73 74 Look in 3 Sample ka File name Ch3 Logaer2 asc Files of type Text files tet asc Cancel 14 Click Open then Exampl
98. e as Cayton ay lt alee ilned 36 AMArySIS MCN seeded asar ca Heese ete sete eee A tot ede to ead 43 O So tits ost A A Oi he bth ba cp peer Deh Sac dR ep heh aces dele EE 43 Dita coso ha Re ee See ee eee ee ore oe ee es ADD 43 DS INS O AAN 44 Proper OS or rca cal sora aaa OAS 44 Method sto Wath GB hare thet eee A ced Wk Sr ce 46 PATIANY SUS SUA tics ae he Gee ems ao da aa Soaks Ss en Ge Aa Sek Pures ahs 46 Help Men A A a o ge eae od 4 Cometa ran pra rr is ici ia is 4 ADU ii IS A AAA oa 4 De Gettine Started is EREDETE EESE Wehr wees 49 Creatine a New PIOjeCh A ewes Bn i au oda E AA 49 Proet Database casa ave seas Mange Ay ae ae eas ae kai ee oh hea eas 50 Project Until ha OA Ra ea A a aN Bae a Ra Ae 53 A A tn oe th a ade lat can bo Gach Dares ees 54 Well Locations and Geometty 2 0 44220 0084050600 AA 59 Creatine Puppets Bown le Boren wee eae 64 Puna oie Test UniS lt 4 cee cathe eee een eee ees on te eee oe see darias 65 Creating a Pumping Test Analysis ii ic4 ic40i0 eh0354 e4 od 75 Creating a os Tests a OS Ee aa td sto CSC AUG ue eaaa e eaa cee vw a vi iaa aaa 78 Importing Observation Well Water Level Data from a Text File 79 Creatine a Slug Test Analysis ouvir 83 A AnaS METAS DS Sag oF RS SRR ARAS 87 11 Contents Det ON OF SYMONS aaa mn oo ARA tE mae es 87 Punipine Tests andesite Tests sc oss cee aa eee ee ee ee A AAA 90 AUtOMAlCG Curve PINS ba kere as eee ae oa RA Woe ee Ree ees 91 Manual Curve RIOS surta
99. e following items Create a new AquiferTest database Create a new project To return to the existing project select Open Project Open an existing AquiferTest project from the list of projects in your database You can also use this option to delete a project as follows 1 Select Open Project 2 Select the project that you want to delete 3 Select Delete This is the easiest way to delete an entire project Import one of the following e A project that you have previously exported e A test that you have previously exported e Well locations and geometry from an ASC or TXT file e An AquiferTest version 2 x file extension HYT Chapter 2 Using AquiferTest File Menu Importing Well Locations and Geometry You can import well locations and geometry into your project from two locations e File Import Wells dialogue option e By right clicking on the Wells folder from the Project Tree and selecting Import Wells New well Import Wells Delete Eopy ed Paste IE Print Expand all Collapse all From both methods listed above the following dialogue is produced in which you can select the file either ASC or TXT containing your well information Look irr 29 Exercises Ex mj File name wellsImport trt Files of type Text files tat asc Cancel Once selected the Well Import Wizard will open which is a 3 step procedure as described below Well Import Wiz
100. e the number of data points imported into AquiferTest Click Import and the program reads the data file After a few seconds 1t should return with the message 233 data points imported Click OK to close the window Information x ata points imported G 233 0 d Specify a Depth to static water level WL of 2 5 m Click the right mouse button anywhere on the right side of the window Click Refresh graph from the pop up menu Chapter 6 Demonstration Exercises 100 0000001 3 096 119 999999 3 14 10 000 20 000 30 000 40 000 50 000 Time s Recovery Analysis 22 Click the Create a new analysis button located above the data table Select Theis Recovery from the pull down menu that appears 2 9 999999823 2 546 3 1999999965 2 712 4 30 0000001 2 809 5 39 99999992 2 877 EN 59 9999995 8 70 00000002 3 011 g 79 99999984 3 043 10 89 9999996 3 071 41 100 0000001 3 096 12 109 999999 lt 3 119 MMM 13 119 999999 3 14 4 129 999999 3 159 ii a 20 000 30 000 40 000 170 0000001 3 223 Time s ma hon amo o Exercise 3 Theis Recovery Analysis with Data Logger Data 229 23 Click the status panel or Error message located below the graph In the Analysis state window that appears click Details to expand the box Analysis state Ea OK There are errors and or warnings ox 3 Error
101. ecific Yield as Determined by Type Curve analysis of Aquifer_Test Data Ground Water vol 32 No 6 pp 949 957 Moench A F 1995 Combining the Neuman and Boulton Models for Flow to a Well in an Unconfined Aquifer Ground Water vol 33 No 3 pp 378 384 Moench A F 1996 Flow to a Well in a Water Table Aquifer An Improved Laplace Transform Solution Ground Water vol 34 No 4 pp 593 596 Nwankwor G I 1985 Delayed Yield Processes and Specific Yield in a Shallow Sand Aquifer Ph D Thesis Department of Earth Sciences University of Waterloo Neuman S P 1975 Analysis of pumping test data from anisotropic unconfined aquifers considering delayed yield Water Resources Research vol 11 no 2 pp 329 342 Theis C V 1935 The relation between the lowering of the piezometric surface and the rate and duration of discharge of a well using groundwater storage Am Geophys Union Trans vol 16 pp 519 524 Walton W C 1962 Selected analytical methods for well and aquifer elevation Illinois State Water Survey Bull No 49 81 pg Walton W C 1996 Aquifer Test Analysis with WINDOWS Software CRC Press Inc Boca Raton Florida 33431 301 p 19 192 Chapter 4 Analysis Methods Producing Reports Report Editor AquiferTest includes seven pre designed report templates e Site Plan with background bmp map e Well report e Pumping Test Data report e Analysis report e Analysis report Land
102. ect 16 49 pumping test 31 64 slug test 32 77 well 28 curve fitting automatic 3 91 manual 3 91 data copy 26 delete 27 export 21 import 16 79 paste 26 saving 26 Index selecting for analysis 43 time limited analysis 44 data logger 72 importing data 36 load import settings 37 setting the reference datum 40 70 Solinst data logger settings 37 data menu 34 data logger file 36 import 35 new data 34 database management 11 creating a new database 12 50 database concept 3 import export individual pumping tests 11 delete analysis 15 data 15 project 16 test 15 well 15 demonstration exercises see exercises drawdown vs time curve general information 93 with discharge 94 dynamic elements 196 edit menu 26 copy 26 paste 26 27 exercises Bouwer Rice analysis 232 Cooper Jacob analysis 216 Hvorslev analysis 232 Moench analysis 237 Theis analysis 200 Theis Forward analysis 254 Theis prediction 249 Theis recovery analysis 223 export analysis to graphics file 21 214 file menu 16 create database 16 exit 26 export 21 import 16 maps 26 new project 16 open project 16 preferences see preferences entry 22 print 26 print preview 26 report editor 193 forward solution functionality 158 curve fitting 159 increment factor 159 267 268 lock feature 159 forward solution methods Gringarten Bourdet Forward 170 Hantush Jacob Forward 162 Papadopulos Forward 173 Stallman Forward 164 Theis Forward 161 forward s
103. ed in your report 46 Click File from the Main menu bar followed by Export then Analysis to Graphic Alternatively you can simply right click your mouse over the desired graph and select Export to Graphic from the dialogue that appears Chapter 6 Demonstration Exercises 47 In the Preview dialogue that appears select the following options e Remove Background Color check box e Include Analysis Results check box e Include Border check box e Set the Border Width 4 e Maintain Ratio check box e Set the Export Size Width 600 48 Once completed click Apply and your display should appear similar to the figure below AN Preview File Format File Name Bitmaps bmp y C AquiferTest Exercises Theis Browse Preview M Remove Background Color M Include Analysis Results Exercise 1 Theis Analysis Theis Border IV Include Border width 4 Color mu Black y Esport Size dtu 1E 2 1E 3 Width 600 Height 399 4 IV Maintain Ratio 1E 1 1E 2 JPEG Options th sim Eompression Level E OW 3a fo ooo G00 000 Smaller File Larger File Transmissivity 1 81E 1 m s Storativity 4 31E 2 J Gray Scale Conductivity 9 07E 3 m s Peromantce on 49 Click Save to export the analysis to a graphics file bmp You have reached the end of Exercise 1 You can quit AquiferTest click File on the menu bar then Exit or remain in AquiferTest and continue to
104. ehavior only occurs in a restricted area around the pumped well AquiferTest uses a modified version of the Gringarten method to account for the well losses occurring immediately around the pumping well in the well skin The case of a well skin with lower hydraulic conductivity than the aquifer itself a low K skin is of the most concern in this case there will be additional drawdown that occurs in the pumping well A skin factor is calculated that is a function of the gravel pack conductivity the conductivity of the aquifer and the screen and borehole radii gt Kp K Gravel Pack e r where e K conductivity of the aquifer e Kop conductivity of the gravel pack or sand pack e 1 radius of the borehole e r radius of the screen The skin factor is defined as where e Sp skin factor e T Transmissivity e Q pumping rate Gringarten Bourdet Forward Solution Well Skin Effects 171 172 e As drawdown caused by skin effect Knowing the skin factor the conductivity of the gravel pack can be calculated using this formula where e Sp skin factor e K conductivity of the aquifer e Kop conductivity of the gravel pack e r radius of the borehole e r radius of the screen The conductivity of the aquifer can then be calculated by re arranging this formula An example of a Gringarten Forward Solution graph has been included in the
105. ench Evaluated by Moench Fracture Flow Date fi 0 10701 sl Neuman Comment Theis CooperJacob Steptest Conversely by pressing the Create Analysis icon you can create a NEW analysis of your choice for the current data set a If you select this option the test will be displayed and added to the navigator tree automatically 10 Chapter 2 Using AquiferTest Project Pumping test Analysis Analysis method Theis Recover y la Analysis name Theis Recovery Advisor Evaluated by q 0 _E0_ Be Drawdown vs Time Drawdown vs Time with Discharge Comment Cooper acob Time Drawdown Cooper Jacob Distance Drawdown Cooper Jacob Time Distance Drawdown Moegch Fracture Flow Neuman Theis Theis Recovery _ CooperJacob Steptest Theis Steptest ERE Specific Capacity ooo Hantush Bierschenk Well Loss Theis Prediction Theis Forward Hantush Leaky Forward Stallman Recharge Forward Stallman B arrier Forward Gringarten Forward Papadopulos Forward s m eee eee eee te eT ee eee te ee eee ee eee ee ee eee e OW 1 47E 3 m d 4 81E 2 mid Transmissivity Conductivity PO e a Database Management AquiferTest saves all of its input and analysis data in a database file In the following section several basic database management techniques are described in detail Mastering these activities will make managing your data easier and increa
106. eologic with comments or suggestions or if you need technical assistance you can reach us at Waterloo Hydrogeologic Inc 460 Phillip Street Suite 101 Waterloo Ontario CANADA N2L 5J2 Phone 1 519 746 1798 Fax 1 519 885 5262 E mail techsupportOflowpath com Web www waterloohydrogeologic com Technical Support To help us handle your technical support questions as quickly as possible please have the following information ready before you call or include it in a detailed technical support e mail e A complete description of the problem including a summary of key strokes and program events e Product name and version number e Product serial number e Computer make and model number e Operating system and version number e Total free RAM e Number of free bytes on your hard disk You may send us your questions via e mail fax or call one of our technical support specialists Please allow up to two business days for a response How to Contact Waterloo Hydrogeologic Inc 1 Waterloo Hydrogeologic Inc Training and Consulting Waterloo Hydrogeologic strives to offer the most useful practical high quality training in hydrogeologic modeling in the industry Training courses are designed to provide a rapid introduction to essential knowledge and skills and create a basis for further professional development and real world practice Open enrollment courses are offered worldwide each year For the current schedule of courses
107. er Thickness fi 0 Ft Depth from water level to bottom of 5 well screen Avg fracture aperture 0 001 Avg block thickness i Avg skin thickness 0 0001 Alpha block geometry f 2 W calculate Porosity type Slab blocks The fracture aperture and block thickness must be greater than zero The skin thickness must be greater than or equal to zero The alpha block geometry value is by default calculated as 3 b 2 where b is the block thickness Moench 1984 The alpha parameter is used only in pseudo steady state flow solutions The porosity type is one of the following e Single porosity e Pseudo steady flow e Slab blocks transient block to fracture e Spherical blocks transient block to fracture For the Fracture Flow method you must enter all values for the Ss block Ss fracture Kv Kh ratio of the vertical hydraulic conductivity to the horizontal conductivity K block K fracture K block K skin C well bore storage coefficient and the number of terms used in the Stehfest inversion algorithm The default values were obtained from the examples published by Moench 1984 Moench fracture flow fully penetrating wells confined aquifer 133 Settings Moench Fracture Flow Se block 5 fracture 00 Ki FKH for K block K fracture jor K block K skin jor C well bore storage coefficient i Pir User defined 176714539 Number of terms used in Stehfest 3 Inve
108. er has the option to display the iteration progress by placing a check mark in the appropriate box Hantush Jacob Forward Solution The forward solution for the Hantush Jacob analysis follows the same theory and assumptions as the standard Hantush Jacob analysis however it can be applied to a wider variety of pumping and aquifer conditions 162 Chapter 4 Analysis Methods An example of a Hantush Jacob Forward Solution is seen in the following figure Project Pumping test Analysis Analysis method Hantush Leaky Forward a v Dataset fow 3a 9 Increment Factor fi 5 Analysis name Hantush 1955 Leaky Aquitard For T me s 2 873E 1 l Evaluated by S 4 768E 5 a Date 10 26 01 1 B m 1 281E 4 eraj Comment a gt 2 A Drawdown m A A A REA ARA RARE RRA RAR A ee eee e e 4 711 m OVY 3a The Hantush Jacob Forward Solution has the following assumptions e The aquifer is leaky and has an apparent infinite extent e The aquifer and the confining layer are homogeneous isotropic and of uniform thickness over the area influenced by pumping e The piezometric surface was horizontal prior to pumping e The well is pumped at a constant or variable rate e The well is fully or partially penetrating e Water removed from storage is discharged instantaneously with decline in head e The well diameter is small so well storage is negligible e Leakage through the confining layer is
109. est The solution is appropriate for the conditions shown in the following figure water level in well water level at time at time tp t 0 t gt ty surface Bouwer Rice 1976 developed an equation for hydraulic conductivity as follows Slug Test Analyses 177 178 where r piezometer radius or roff if water level change is within the screened interval R radius measured from centre of well to undisturbed aquifer material R head hy is dissipated in the aquifer cont Contributing radial distance over which the difference in L the length of the screen b length from bottom of well screen to top of water level for confined and unconfined aquifers h displacement as a function of time h hp must always be less than zero 1 e water level must always approach the static water level as time increases hy initial displacement Since the contributing radius R of the aquifer is seldom known Bouwer Rice developed empirical curves to account for this radius by three coefficients A B C which are all functions of the ratio of L R Coefficients A and B are used for partially penetrating wells and coefficient C is used only for fully penetrating wells The data are plotted with time on a linear X axis and h h ona logarithmic Y axis The effective piezometer radius r should be specified as the radius of the piezometer unless the water level falls within the screened portion of the aquife
110. est New Project File Edit View Project Test Data Analysis Help Project Summary l ia Pumping tests fF Slug tests Project name New Project Project No Client Location Scale 1 10000 Maras all Copyright Waterloo Hydrogeologic Inc 2001 w1073 y 1477 Us You have now successfully created a new database and a project Continue to the next section to learn about settings units adding basemaps and creating additional wells 52 Chapter 3 Getting Started Project Units Creating a New Project In the previous section you learned how AquiferTest stores its information and how to create a database and new project This section will address the issue of project units 1 2 3 4 From the Main Menu click Project followed by Units The following dialogue will appear Units for wells and new tests Length test data analysis Length site plan tells Time second Discharge Tranernissivity e Convert F Default Cancel This dialogue can be used to specify the desired units for the wells and new tests in your project It is important to note that any existing pumping or slug tests will not be affected by unit changes made in this dialogue setting test units is discussed in subsequent sections Pumping Slug Test Units There are five pull down menus in this dialogue click on the pull down menu for Length test data analysis Yo
111. est with units different from the project units Units for wells and new tests Length Feet test data analysis Length Feet site plan well Time minute r Discharge rate U S gal min Transmizsiwity E d f Convert F Default E Cancel By checking the Default option the units specified will be used for all new projects The Test menu contains the following items Selecting this menu option will create a new pumping test Another way to create a pumping test is to highlight the Pumping Test folder in the Project Tree then right click your mouse Select New pumping test and the following dialogue will appear 31 Create slug test 32 New pumping test x E Create Well The New pumping test window will prompt you to enter a name for the pumping test and to select the pumping well s from a list of wells at the project site At this point you can also click the Create Well button to add a new well to the project After you have selected the pumping well for the test click OK Project Pumping test Pumping test name Brown Hill No 1 Saturated Aquifer thickness i 0 ft Performed by Calahan Date 06702700 15 Time _3 35 PM Pumping well Pt View Create Data List En Pump tim Start Time o mir Discharge rat O Constant o U S gal min f Variable 33 75 U S gal min Stop Time 480 mir In the Pumping tes
112. et and subsequently perform an automatic fit using the light bulb icon from the Main menu bar 246 Chapter 6 Demonstration Exercises 1E 1 tir sim Transmissivity 7 96E 1 cm s Specific yield 7 96E 6 Conductivity 1 30E 3 cm s Conductivity vertical 3 91E 4 cm s 36 Now use the arrow keys on the keyboard to manually fit the curves to the data points The left and right arrow keys change only the specific yield NOTE To move your data in larger steps hold down the Shift button on your keyboard then use the arrow keys Exercise 5 Moench Analysis Unconfined Aquifer Pumping Test 247 1E 1 tir s m Transmissivity 6 04E 0 cm s Specific yield 3 03E 3 Conductivity 9 90E 3 cmi s Conductivity vertical 2 97E 3 cmi s The estimated parameters with this fit are yours may be different depending on how you fitted the data to the type curves Transmissivity 6 04E 0 em s Specific yield 3 03E 3 Hydraulic conductivity 9 90E 3 cm s Hydraulic cond vertical 2 97E 3 cm s You have reached the end of Exercise 5 To quit AquiferTest click File on the menu bar then Exit Otherwise proceed to Exercise 6 Theis Prediction Planning a Pumping Test 248 Chapter 6 Demonstration Exercises Exercise 6 Theis Prediction Planning a Pumping Test In Chapter 4 you were introduced to the pumping test planning solution in AquiferTest This forward solution allows you obtain estimated values of
113. et from the pumping well NOTE You did not need to input any time versus drawdown data to view this plot The forward solution in AquiferTest generates a synthetic set of data that corresponds to the characteristic Theis drawdown Chapter 6 Demonstration Exercises 7 The settings for the Theis Prediction solution can be edited to allow analysis of a variety of cause and effect relationships typically encountered during pumping test planning To view the Settings dialogue box right click anywhere on the analysis plot and select Settings The dialogue below will appear Settings Theis Prediction Test conditions Storatryity 0 0001 Tranemizsivity 8200 01862831 fed Discharge 0 001 U S gal min Calculatio Number of Datapoints 50 Time vs Drawdown Distance ve Drawdown Distance fio ft hin Distance f ft End of Time 10000 min Mier Distance fioo ft Time 1000 mir Notice under Test conditions there are fields for storativity transmissivity and discharge Based on an analysis of borehole and other data from your site you should be able to estimate values for storativity and transmissivity Then you can iteratively vary the discharge rate until you find a rate that produces the desired water level drawdown in the aquifer at a specific distance from the discharge well Under Calculation you can specify the number of data points to be plotted on the Time versus drawdown plot As well you can choose to view e
114. ethods 177 theory 177 181 units 78 software requirements 4 solution method advisor 94 solution methods forward solution methods 143 pumping test 96 Index slug test 177 specific capacity theory 114 Stallman Forward analysis settings 170 theory 164 static elements 194 steptest analysis time discharge data format 122 symbol definitions 87 system requirements 4 test menu 31 create pumping test 31 create slug test 32 units 33 Theis analysis exercise 200 Jacob correction 124 settings 99 122 steptest 119 theory 96 Theis Forward analysis exercise 254 settings 162 theory 161 Theis prediction exercise 249 settings 141 theory 140 Theis recovery analysis exercise 223 Jacob correction 124 settings 108 230 theory 105 unconfined aquifer theory 124 units converter 28 project 31 53 test 33 65 78 variable pumping test data 122 view menu 27 enlarge graph 28 results 27 small tool buttons 27 symbol list 27 units converter 28 well create 232 delete 15 geometry settings 18 269 270 importing wells 59 well performance analysis specific capacity 116 zoom in 212 out 212 Index
115. ew dataset from the pull down menu in the top right corner of the window You can then use Autofit to fit the curve to this new data set not applicable to this exercise since there is only 1 data set You can also include exclude specific data points from the Autofit Directly above the Analysis window you will see the following toolbar Exercise 7 Theis Forward Analysis with Multiple Pumping Wells 263 ee e The first icon can be used to zoom in on your analysis Click on this icon to activate the tool then draw a box around a desired section of your graph to zoom in on this section The second icon can be used to select data points to include in the Autofit Select Datapoints icon Click on this icon to activate the tool then draw a box around specific data points in your graph This will re activate data points that may have been excluded The third data point can be used to de select specific data points from the Autofit De select Datapoints icon Click on this icon to activate the tool then draw a box around specific data points in your analysis outliers for example or early or late time data These points will now become greyed out Now click on the Autofit icon and new values for the parameters will be determined without the use of these data points To re activate these data points click on the Select Datapoints icon Finally the last icon in this toolbar is the Autofit feature this icon will be gr
116. ey or inactive if there is no current active dataset 29 Experiment with the include exclude options to see how this affects the analysis results Remember you can always activate all the data points and use the Auotofit option to return to the initial analysis results 30 You can now print a hard copy of the analysis File Print Preview or export the analysis graph to a graphics file if you wish File Export Analysis to Graphic This concludes the Demonstration Exercises We hope you have become quite familiar with many features of AquiferTest and will now be able to apply this tool to your own data and in the process analyze pumping and slug test data more quickly and accurately than ever before If you have any unresolved questions about AquiferTest please feel free to contact us for further information techsupportO flowpath com Additional AquiferTest Samples Once you have completed the Demonstration exercises you may wish to explore the features of AquiferTest on your own For this reason we have included a sample project that includes a detailed base plan BMP 264 Chapter 6 Demonstration Exercises pumping and observation wells pumping and slug tests and a variety of analysis methods Click File from the top menu bar followed by Open Project Using the folder icon navigate to the Samples folder Then select the Samples MDB and click Open Look ir E Sample l c l j Sample mdb
117. f water Water Resources Research vol 3 pp 263 269 Cooper H H and C E Jacob 1946 A generalized graphical method for evaluating formation constants and summarizing well field history Am Geophys Union Trans vol 27 pp 526 534 Dawson K J and J D Istok 1991 Aquifer Testing design and analysis of pumping and slug tests Lewis Publishers INC Chelsea Michigan 48118 334 p 189 190 Dominico P A and FW Schwartz 1990 Physical and Chemical Hydrogeology John Wiley amp Sons Inc 824 p Driscoll F G 1987 Groundwater and Wells Johnson Division St Paul Mimnesota 55112 1089 p Ferris J G D B Knowless R H Brown and R W Stallman 1962 Theory of aquifer tests U S Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1536E 174 p Fetter C W 1988 Applied Hydrogeology Second Edition Macmillan Publishing Company New York New York 592 p Fetter C W 1994 Applied Hydrogeology Third Edition Prentice Hall Inc Upper Saddle River New Jersey 691 p Freeze R A and J A Cherry 1979 Groundwater Prentice Hall Inc Englewood Cliffs New Jersey 07632 604 p Gringarten A C Bourdet D Landel P A Kniazeff V J 1979 A comparison between different skin and wellbore storage type curves for early time transient analysis paper SPE 8205 presented at SPE AIME 54th Annual Fall Technical Conference and Exhibition Las Vegas Nev Sept 23 26 Hantush M S and C E Jacob 1955 Non steady rad
118. fer and thus receives water by horizontal flow The water removed from storage is discharged instantaneously with decline of head Data requirements for the Papadopulos Forward Solution are Drawdown vs time at a pumping well Pumping well dimensions Pumping rate constant or variable The settings dialogue for the Papadopulos Forward Solution is shown in the following figure Curve Fit Settings These settings are used for the fit algorithm Masimum number of iterations 10 1 000 1000 Delta Error 1E 12 to 1E 6 1E 6 Smaller values result in more iterations Show iteration progress This settings window is common for all forward solutions for more details please see the information listed in the Theis Forward Solution 176 Chapter 4 Analysis Methods Slug Test Analyses Bouwer Rice Slug Test unconfined or leaky confined fully or partially penetrating well The Bouwer Rice 1976 slug test is designed to estimate the hydraulic conductivity of an aquifer With the slug test the portion of the aquifer tested for hydraulic conductivity is small compared to a pumping test and is limited to a cylindrical area of small radius r immediately around the well screen In a slug test a solid slug is lowered into the piezometer instantaneously raising the water level in the piezometer The test can also be conducted in the opposite manner by instantaneously removing a slug or volume of water bail t
119. first determine T and then S by inserting values Coefficients a and b are chosen in a way such that the squared differences represent a minimum This can be executed also graphically through Chapter 4 Analysis Methods subjective fitting of a straight line However it is also possible to execute an objective fitting through utilization of mathematical procedures The following mathematical equation is used to evaluate the squared differences n q a b Y ax b s i l For minimizing this equation it is necessary that the partial derivatives are zero aq _ aq _ da Ob Since there is only one minimum for this linear equation this condition is sufficient Through calculation of derivatives and insertion into the above equation the following equations are generated n dq _ sae Ti y 2 ax b y x O i 1 4 TET 0 db l l 1 from which it is possible to determine coefficients a and b Kausen 1989 ie NY XVI y XD Yi na Ny ayx Se n Please note the following two important characteristics e Partial derivatives are constant and independent from the parameters e There is an unambiguous solution exactly one minimum Background Information on the Forward Solutions Algorithm 155 156 Non Linear Inversion The main characteristic of non linear equations is that the partial derivatives are not parameter independent The Theis function is a non linear function if derivatives
120. following figure Project Pumping test Analysis Analysis method Gringarten Forward a Dataset pw2 zje FT unconfined Increment Factor 1 2 Analysis name Gringarten 1979 Well Skin Effects T m s 8 650 2 ziel Evaluated by S 2 823E 6 a Date 12 12 01 15 SF 1 317E 1 Dl Comment a l 0 E F a The Gringarten Bourdet Forward Solution assumes the following e The aquifer is confined or unconfined and of infinite areal extent e The thickness of the aquifer is uniform over the area that will be influenced by the test e The well is fully penetrating Chapter 4 Analysis Methods e The flow to the well is radial and in an unsteady state e Prior to pumping the piezometric surface is horizontal over the area that will be influenced by the test Data requirements for the Gringarten Bourdet Forward Solution are e Drawdown vs time at an observation well or pumping well e Pumping rate constant or variable e Pumping well dimensions e Sp skin factor The settings dialogue for the Gringarten Bourdet Forward Solution is shown in the following figure Curve Fit Settings Ed These settings are used for the fit algorithm Maximum number of iterations 10 1000 1000 Delta Error 1E 12 to 1E 6 1E 6 Smaller values result in more iterations Show iteration progress This settings window is common for all forward solutions for more details please see the information listed in the
121. ge data set down to a reasonable few hundred data points NOTE This will not significantly affect the analysis Try importing the same datalogger file twice once filtered and once not filtered then run an analysis on each data set You 11 quickly see the results 71 are practically identical and the smaller data set is that much more manageable Under the Import section click By change in Depth to WL and enter a value of 0 01 m This will eliminate all duplicate values that fail to differ by larger than 0 01 m BEFORE clicking Import save the current settings as a template for future use This will save you time when importing subsequent datalogger files of the same format Logger file Wizard Step 6 of 6 xX Time at t 0 Time fe 48 05 AM i Al Data By change in time 2 e By change in Depth tow m Click the diskette icon from the lower left of the dialogue and type Example Import in the available field Save settings Ed Save current wizard settings as Example Import E Cancel 10 Click OK to save the current template settings Finally click Import to begin importing the data Once completed the following dialogue will appear T2 Chapter 3 Getting Started 11 12 13 Creating a Pumping Test Information G 126 Data points imported Click OK to complete the import process A new datalist has been added to the project and you will se
122. ge with some delay in time When most of the water has been derived from this additional source the time drawdown curve becomes relatively steep again In the groundwater literature this phenomenon has been traditionally referred to as delayed yield Neuman 1979 This solution is appropriate for the conditions shown in the following figure Chapter 4 Analysis Methods Q piezometric surface before start of pumping a piezometric surface after start of pumping cq uber MEA FETO s A aquifer a si The equation developed by Neuman 1975 representing drawdown in an unconfined aquifer is given by S Ea Uys Ug P where W u Up B is known as the unconfined well function Us r S 4Tt Type A curve for early time Up r S 4Tt Type B curve for later time B r K D K Two sets of curves are used Type A curves are good for early drawdown data when water is released from elastic storage Type B curves are good for later drawdown data when the effects of gravity drainage become more significant The two portions of the type curves are illustrated in the following figure Neuman Method unconfined 109 Type A Storativity S 1E 0 1E 1E 2 1E 3 1E 4 18 5 TE 6 E t min The value of the horizontal hydraulic conductivity can be determined from The value of the vertical hydraulic conductivity can be determined from _ PDK vV r The Neuman Solution assumes t
123. gger files of the same format discussed later in this section If your data was recorded using a Solinst data logger you have the option of selecting your Solinst model from the pre defined import settings Logger file Wizard Step 1 of 6 ES Load Import Settings None T Start Import at row Solinst Level Logger F Series Feet Solinst Level Logger M Series Meters ee Solinst Level amp Temperature Logger F Series Feet SUELES solinst Level a Temperature Logger M Series Meters 222 2 Solinst Level Loader Feet cl Solinst Level Loader Meters LICENCE Unknown DATE gt 3 50 95 TIME 12 13 41 Phi FILENAME C Program Files olinst leveloggenExamples Examplel CREATED BY Envirolmon version 1 25 BEGINNING OF DATA Preview of File 0 4q moo MA E nba Cancel Previous Import Simply choose the correct model for your Solinst data logger level or temperature level logger and the units feet or meters AquiferTest will then load the appropriate data settings for this logger file including the Data Menu 37 38 starting row delimiter date format and column locations Simply press the Next gt button to confirm that your file matches the pre defined import settings in AquiferTest Logger File Wizard Step 2 In the second step you specify the data delimiter Knowledge of which data delimiter is used by your data logger is
124. h f Scale A o s 2577 952762 y o y 2831 364834 F Autoscale Default Sopy Cancel On the Map Image page you can specify how large the map should be when it is displayed the position of the top left corner of the map the scale and the origin position By clicking Open on the Map Image tab you can view a list of map images available in the AquiferTest map database shown below To add a map file to the database click Open and navigate to where is file is located AquiferTest supports the following map file formats jpeg jpg bmp emf wmf and dxf 29 30 Site plans in database On the Appearance page you can specify the size and color of the well marker whether a background picture is displayed and whether a scale is displayed You can also specify the size of the map image that appears when you print a Site Plan report Properties of site plan a MM Defaut y a Chapter 2 Using AquiferTest Units Test Menu Create pumping test Test Menu Changing units in AquiferTest can be done on two levels the project and the test level Select the units for the current project see page 33 These units will be used for all new data and analyses that you add to the current project Changing units at the project level has no effect on existing test data or analyses You can also change units at the test level A test level change allows you to analyze the results of a pumping t
125. h in turn alters your well bore storage An example of a Moench Fracture Flow analysis graph has been included in the following figure 1E 1 1E 0 tir minsn Pi OPS Transmissivity 1 43x10 2 m d Storativity 4 80x10 4 Conductivity 2 35x10 1 mid The Moench Solution for fracture flow assumes the following e The aquifer is anisotropic and homogeneous e The aquifer is infinite in horizontal extent e The aquifer is of constant thickness e The aquifer is confined above and below by impermeable layers e Darcy s law is valid for the flow in the fissures and blocks e Water enters the pumped well only through the fractures e Observation piezometers reflect the hydraulic head of the fractures in the REV e Flow in the block is perpendicular to the block fracture interface e The well is pumped at a constant rate e Both the pumping well and the observation wells are fully penetrating The data necessary for the Moench Solution of fracture flow are e Water level vs time data at one or more observation wells 132 Chapter 4 Analysis Methods e The distances from the pumping well to the observation wells e The extraction rate at the pumping well e The pumping well dimensions Each solution method has a Settings dialogue where you can specify the method specific parameters for your test The settings dialogue for the Moench Fracture Flow Solution is shown in the following figure Settings Moench Fracture Flow x Aquif
126. he blocks In this sense the porosity 1s the ratio of the volume of voids to the total volume Where there is flow from the blocks to the fractures the fractured rock mass 1s assumed to consist of two interacting and overlapping continua a continuum of low permeability primary porosity blocks and a continuum of high permeability secondary porosity fissures impermeable Fractured rock impermeable There are two double porosity models used in AquiferTest which have been widely accepted in the literature These are the pseudo steady state flow Warren and Root 1963 and the transient block to fracture flow for example Kazemi 1969 The pseudo steady state flow assumes that the hydraulic head distribution within the blocks is undefined It also assumes that the fractures and blocks within a representative elemental volume REV each possess Moench fracture flow fully penetrating wells confined aquifer 129 130 different average hydraulic heads The magnitude of the induced flow is assumed to be proportional to the hydraulic head difference Moench 1984 The theory for pseudo steady state flow is as follows Moench 1984 1988 h ATKD Kt a D o h d Sp where hy is the dimensionless drawdown and tg is the dimensionless time The initial discharge from models using the pseudo steady state flow solution with no well bore storage is derived primarily from storage in the fissures Later
127. he bottom of the well screen Settings Moench EZ Aquifer Thickness f ft C confined unconfined Depth from water level to bottom of 5 well screen S Sy fo 001 K KH 0 1 Gamma 1E9 S Sy is the ratio of the storativity to the specific yield For an unconfined aquifer the storativity is usually taken to be equal to the specific yield Therefore this ratio will equal 1 or slightly greater than 1 This will plot the two Theis curves The Moench curve will be plotted between the two Theis curves The ratio of the vertical hydraulic conductivity to the horizontal conductivity can be specified in the Kv Kh entry Gamma is the dimensionless drawdown parameter It is based on the empirical constant alpha vertical hydraulic conductivity saturated thickness and specific yield Moench 1995 A large Gamma value implies instantaneous drawdown and a low value implies delayed drawdown On the Calculation tab you can set the accuracy parameters for the numerical solution The default settings should be acceptable for most scenarios For more information about the accuracy settings see Moench 1993 Moench Method partially penetrating well in confined or unconfined aquifers 127 Settings Moench x Aquifer Calculation Relative error criteria for the Hantush f1E 6 convergence Relative error for Newton Raphson fi E 10 iterations and summation Convergence criterium for the fi E 15 sum
128. he following e The aquifer is unconfined and has an apparent infinite extent e The aquifer is homogeneous isotropic and of uniform thickness over the area influenced by pumping assumes drawdown is small compared to saturated thickness e The piezometric surface was horizontal prior to pumping e The well is pumped at a constant rate e Flow is unsteady e The well diameter is small so well storage is negligible e The well penetrates the entire aquifer The data requirements for the Neuman Solution are e Drawdown vs time data at an observation well e Distance from the pumping well to the observation well e Pumping rate constant 110 Chapter 4 Analysis Methods The settings dialogue for the Neuman solution is shown below Settings Neuman Fa Preeseesseeesessscees Aquifer Thickness 10 ft confine GC uncontined 6 0 001 4 0 005 LOG Sy S a Cancel If the Aquifer Thickness is specified AquiferTest will also compute the K value from the fitted B curve as follows _ PK 2 y K When using the Neuman method you should always use the same type curve for a single pumping test For this reason you can set the separation of the Theis curves by specifying a value of log Sy S Pumping test data can then be matched to the early and late time type curves at the same time Adjusting the value of log Sy S is an iterative process to best match the data to the type curve You can
129. he following display Project Pumping test Project name New Project Project No Client Location Feel free to change the symbol color and label font accessible from the Project Map Appearance tab 2 To create a new analysis for the current test click Analysis from the Main Menu followed by Create By default a Time vs Drawdown curve is produced for the current test NOTE Alternatively you can click on the Creates a new analysis for the current test icon from the Main Menu If you click on the LEFT side of the icon it will automatically create a Time vs Drawdown graph for you If you click on the RIGHT side of the icon the arrow it produces a pull down menu of the available analysis methods in AquiferTest as seen in the following figure Creating a Pumping Test 75 AquiferT est New Project Example Pumping Test 3 Data Pg Example2 An ee 8 Slug tests An identical list of solution methods can be obtained from the pull down menu icon located above the Time vs Drawdown graph seen below e AquiferTest New Project Drawdown vs Time a a E E Example Pumping Test a Data E Example2 E Example3 B Analysis 8 Slug tests 3 From the list of solution methods select the Theis analysis Click on a data point in the graph which activates the data series then click on the Autofit icon light bulb
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131. he screen length R is the radius of the well including the gravel pack T is the time lag when h hy 0 37 The effective piezometer radius r should be specified as the radius of the piezometer Hvorslev Slug Test confined or unconfined aquifer fully or partially penetrating well 183 184 Slug Test Bail Test 2f Static water level pa Static water level aquifer aquifer a4 LLO EAN TLONA aquiclude aquiclude In cases where the water level drops within the screened interval the plot of hho vs t will often have an initial slope and a smaller slope at later time known in the literature as the double straight line effect In this case you should manually fit the line to the second straight line portion of the data Bouwer 1989 It is not necessary for the line to go through 0 0 An example of a Hvorslev analysis graph has been included in the following figure Chapter 4 Analysis Methods Conductivity 3 71E 0 ftid The Hvorslev Solution assumes the following Non leaky confined aquifer of apparently infinite extent Homogeneous isotropic aquifer of uniform thickness Water table is horizontal prior to the test Instantaneous injection withdrawal of a volume of water results in an instantaneous change in water level Inertia of water column and non linear well losses are negligible Fully or partially penetrating well The well is considered to be of an infinite
132. however the number of required iterations may be very high In the region near the minimum itself where the gradient is very low a great number of iterations might be needed to achieve only a small improvement Utilization of this method is especially poor when the minimum is found in a wide range of low data i e a long valley structure In this situation it is possible that after every step the side of the valley is changed without a significant improvement in the distance to the minimum Taylor Procedure The Taylor methodology is based on a Taylor series which transforms non linear functions into linear ones With these transformed linear functions the user tries to calculate the minimum directly Since this function represents only an approximation the calculated parameters may not necessarily be the true minimums Differences created by the transformation procedure are small near the minimum in this way it is possible to find the minimum very quickly On the other hand for areas far from the minimum differences are very large such that a convergence cannot be guaranteed nor easily reached Marquardt Procedure The previous sections showed that there are basically two different minimizing procedures each has advantages and disadvantages At the beginning of the inversion algorithm when the parameters are far away from the minimum the gradient procedure is more advantageous as itis more stable and produces a continuous imp
133. ial flow in an infinite leaky aquifer Am Geophys Union Trans vol 36 pp 95 100 Hall P 1996 Water Well and Aquifer Test Analysis Water Resources Publications LLC Highlands Ranch Colorado 80163 0026 412p Hvorslev M J 1951 Time Lag and Soil Permeability in Ground Water Observations bul no 26 Waterways Experiment Station Corps of Engineers U S Army Vicksburg Mississippi Kruseman G P and N A de Ridder 1979 Analysis and evaluation of pumping test data Bull 11 Intern Inst for Land Reclamation and Improvements Wageningen Netherlands 200 p Kruseman G P and N A de Ridder 1990 Analysis and Evaluation of Pumping Test Data Second Edition Completely Revised ILRI publication 47 Intern Inst for Land Reclamation and Improvements Wageningen Netherlands 377 p Moench A F 1984 Double Porosity Models for Fissured Groundwater Reservoir with Fracture Skin Water Resources Research vol 20 No 7 pp 831 846 Moench A F 1988 The Response of Partially Penetrating Wells to Pumpage from Double Porosity Aquifers Symposium Proceedings of International Conference on Fluid Flow in Fractured Rocks Hydrogeology Program Department of Geology Georgia State University pp 208 219 Chapter 4 Analysis Methods References Moench A F 1993 Computation of Type Curves for Flow to Partially Penetrating Wells in Water Table Aquifers Ground Water vol 31 No 6 pp 966 971 Moench A F 1994 Sp
134. iferTest the data you enter is displayed in a standard Windows properties notebook You can freely move from one page to another by using the tabs at the top of each page A variety of different pages or tabs are encountered when using AquiferTest including Project tab contains project description and map Well tab contains selected well location and dimensions Data tab contains data for selected well Pumping test tab contains pumping test details Slug test tab contains slug test details Analysis tab contains selected analysis and associated options Summary tab contains a summary of analyses for selected test The available tabs in the Properties Notebook vary depending on which well data list or test is highlighted in the Navigator tree For example when conducting a pumping test there are three available tabs Project Pumping test Analysis Project Pumping test Analysis Analysis method Theis Recovery a Analysis name Theis Recovery Evaluated by Date fioa 0 01 E Comment Pe In the Analysis notebook page for both the Pumping and Slug tests there are two options for choosing the analysis method By clicking on the pull down arrow beside the Analysis Method you have the option to change the CURRENT analysis type as shown in the figure below Project Pumping test Analysis Analysis method Theis Recovery B gt l Cooperdacob Time Distance Dra a Analves name Jw alton Mo
135. ime 99 piczomctric surface piczomcetric surface before start of pumping M 2 after start of pumping i 0 Ph m b aquifer ha hi aquiclude The Cooper Jacob Solution assumes the following e The aquifer is confined and has an apparent infinite extent e The aquifer is homogeneous isotropic and of uniform thickness over the area influenced by pumping e The piezometric surface was horizontal prior to pumping e The well is pumped at a constant rate e The well is fully penetrating e Water removed from storage is discharged instantaneously with decline in head e The well diameter is small so well storage is negligible e The values of u are small rule of thumb u lt 0 01 Cooper Jacob Time Drawdown Method The above equation plots as a straight line on semi logarithmic paper if the limiting condition is met Thus straight line plots of drawdown versus time can occur after sufficient time has elapsed In pumping tests with multiple observation wells the closer wells will meet the conditions before the more distant ones Time is plotted along the logarithmic X axis and drawdown is plotted along the linear Y axis Transmissivity and storativity are calculated as follows 2 30 2 25Tt AJTAS 7 r 100 Chapter 4 Analysis Methods An example of a Cooper Jacob Time Drawdown analysis graph has been included below Dischargerate m PY o Ow Transmissivity 2 68E 2 fd
136. inally the last option in this window allows you to specify the default coordinate system for data entry You can choose between Top of Casing Sea Level or Benchmark Datum For more details please see p 40 Company Tab This tab allows you to specify the text that will appear in a box in the upper left corner of your reports Row 1 generally contains your name or company name Rows 2 and 3 contain the address and row 4 contains the telephone number The lines are formatted as seen in the dialogue below 23 Preferences x General Company Reports Company nam Aow 1 Waterloo Hydrogeologic Inc Row 2 180 Columbia St Unit 1104 OOOO Row 4 Phone 519 746 1788 Logo File name C AquiferTest iwhi bmp gt A Preview Cancel Row 1 Arial font Size 11 Bold Row 2 Arial font Size 9 Row 3 Arial font Size 9 Row 4 Arial font Size 9 As well you can specify your own bitmap bmp file to be used as a logo You can either type the path and file name or press the Open Folder button and use the standard Windows File Open dialogue You can create bitmap files with applications such as Paintbrush Generally your graphic should have a length to height ratio of 1 1 However you have the option to resize the graphic field in your reports using the Report Designer to fit any aspect ratio If your logo appears on the screen but not on printed reports your printer may not be set up for Windows operation If this occu
137. indow will appear as shown in the following figure Chapter 5 Producing Reports Label Analysis method Alter the element properties then click OK to confirm the changes If you click Cancel the changes will not be implemented NOTE Be careful when you are editing a report because there is no undo function When a change has been made that is undesirable close the Report Editor and select No when asked to save the changes The third option Options will produce a dialogue window similar to the figure below CIC Using this dialogue you may alter the element position and effect various Actions including no resizing no moving no deletion etc Report Editor 195 The final two options Bring to Front Send to Back can simply be selected to alter the appearance of the dialogue window For example you can move a selected image to the back to allow access to another element Adding a New Static Element Dynamic elements 196 You may wish to add a new Text element to your report which can be accomplished by clicking the add new label icon from the left hand menu bar Then click your mouse where you would like to add the text element which produces the following dialogue ReportL abel Rotation o E Degrees Font Color Alignment Left z Y Automatic word wrap Y Autosize width F Transparent FT Autostretch height Cancel Using this dialogu
138. ined aquifer TS T The initial condition is h r 0 h forallr where hy is the initial hydraulic head 1 e the piezometric surface is initially horizontal 92 Chapter 4 Analysis Methods The boundary conditions assume that no drawdown occurs at an infinite radial distance h co t h forallt and that a constant pumping rate Q is used oh Q di ia fort gt 0 r gt 0 The solution of the above equation describes the hydraulic head at any radial distance r at any time after the start of pumping Drawdown vs Time A preliminary graph that displays your drawdown versus time data To apply a specific analysis method right click on the graph and select the appropriate method Or simply use of the buttons located above the graph to either create a new analysis or change the current analysis Radial Flow to a Well in a Confined Aquifer 93 Drawdown vs Time with Discharge You can also view your data in a drawdown vs time with discharge graph This graph can be useful for visualizing changes in drawdown that result from changes to the discharge rate B Discharge rate E PAM Solution Method Advisor AquiferTest includes a unique utility that can assist you in selecting an appropriate solution method for your site The Advisor presents a decision tree which you navigate through by answering simple yes or no questions about the geologic hydrogeologic and test specific details of
139. ings CooperJacob Time Distance Drawdown x 104 Chapter 4 Analysis Methods Theis Recovery Test confined When the pump is shut down after a pumping test the water level inside the pumping and observation wells will start to rise This rise in water level is known as residual drawdown s Recovery test measurements allow the transmissivity of the aquifer to be calculated thereby providing an independent check on the results of the pumping test Residual drawdown data can be more reliable than drawdown data because the recovery occurs at a constant rate whereas constant discharge pumping 1s often difficult to achieve in the field Residual drawdown data can be collected from both the pumping and observation wells Strictly applied this solution is appropriate for the conditions shown in the following figure However if additional limiting conditions are satisfied the Theis recovery solution method can also be used for leaky unconfined aquifers and aquifers with partially penetrating wells Kruseman and de Ridder 1990 p 183 piezometric surface piezometric surface before start of pumping t 22 after start of pumping I TU flow lines L b aquifer hz h equipotential lines aquiclude According to Theis 1935 the residual drawdown after pumping has ceased 1S _ Q d ATT W u W u where Theis Recovery Test confined 105 106 s residual drawdown r
140. inish the import process click Import and the datapoints will be imported into your project Chapter 2 Using AquiferTest Analysis Menu Create Data Analysis Menu The Analysis menu contains the following items Create an analysis for the current pumping test Another way to create an analysis is highlight the Analysis folder from the Project Tree and then right click your mouse and select Create analysis From the list that appears select an analysis A third option and perhaps the simplest is to select the Create Analysis button located on the Pumping Test notebook page Change the data for the currently selected analysis Data for Analysis x Check Data for Analysis Ow Time w ater level OWS Time w ater level Apply Oa Time WWater level Details Before C After Between and To exclude certain DATA SERIES from the current analysis remove the check mark beside the desired data series for example OW2 from the above figure As a result the analysis graph will display only those data sets that are selected as indicated by the check mark To exclude certain DATA POINTS from the analysis select Details On the window that appears remove the check mark beside each data point that should be excluded 43 Settings Properties 44 Data points for automatic fit xl NOTE The excluded points will be removed from the analysis but will remain on the graph To remove da
141. installed on your hard disk in order to run Please follow the installation instructions and read the on screen directions carefully Once the installation is completed you must re boot your computer for the system changes to take effect After the installation 1s complete and your system has re booted you should see the blue WHI icon on your Desktop screen labeled AquiferTest 3 5 To start working with AquiferTest double click this icon A Introduction Online Help NOTE To install the software from the CD ROM without the aid of the installation interface you can e Open Windows Explorer and navigate to the CD ROM drive e Open the Installation folder e Double click on the Setup32 exe to initiate the installation Follow the on screen installation instructions which will lead you through the install and subsequently produce a desktop icon for you This book is supplied to you in two forms as a printed book and as an online help file To view the online help version of this manual select Help then Contents Suggested Reference Material Online Help Additional information can be obtained from hydrogeology texts such as Freeze and Cherry 1979 Kruseman and de Ridder 1979 1990 Driscol 1987 Fetter 1988 Dominico and Schwartz 1990 and Walton 1996 In addition several key publications are cited at the end of Chapter 4 see page 189 Introduction Using AquiferTest AquiferTest is designed to automate
142. ion for non equilibrium flow in a confined aquifer to obtain an expression for the drawdown at time t of the i pumping period of a variable rate pumping test as follows s r t A l j e du Q AT s u where in general aS u d W u 4T B Ut rio BE pa t start time for the jth pumping period t t time since the start of the de pumping period t end time for the ith pumping period t t time since the end of the gu pumping period Q constant pumping rate for the ith pumping period Q sum of the intermittent pumping rates Chapter 4 Analysis Methods Biny t ty adjusted time In the specific case where there is continuous pumping but with a variable rate the adjusted time becomes Q Bo t t MM 1 Jo In the case of pulse pumping where the pumping rate is always the same but the pump is turned off intermittently the adjusted time becomes B Q t uo t An example of a Theis Steptest Birsoy and Summers analysis graph has been included below 1E 3 1E 5 1E 6 tadji minm B Discharge rate Transmissivity 1 10E 3 m s Storativity 2 7 5E 1 Conductivity 1 10E 4 mis Theis Steptest Birsoy and Summers confined 121 122 The Theis Steptest Birsoy and Summers Solution assumes the following e The aquifer is confined and has an apparent infinite extent e The aquifer is homogeneous isotropic and of uniform thickness over the area influe
143. issivity and storativity values are updated The figure below is an example of a manual fit which has been subsequently zoomed in to encompass the data points 1E 2 E OVV 3a Transmissivity 1 81E 1 m s Storativity 4 31E 2 Conductivity 9 07E 3 mis The least squares fit curve is not always the most appropriate curve professional judgement is essential for the proper assessment of AquiferTest data NOTE You can display an enlarged graph by clicking Ctrl E Once enlarged the Navigator tree 1s hidden and data analysis becomes easier To cancel the enlarged view click Ctrl E again In this manner you can toggle back and forth between the two display modes Exercise Theis Analysis Confined Aquifer Pumping Test 213 Printing 214 42 To see what a printout of this analysis would look like click File on the menu bar then Print Preview 43 In the dialogue that appears select the Zoom to fit icon located in the upper left of the window NOTE Move your mouse over each icon to display a pop up bubble description for each button OSB ki r nw SS US cwe 1 8161 m s 9 0753 m s 43162 0 Page1of1 44 To print the analysis click the Printer icon in Print Preview OR click File followed by Print 45 Click the Close button to exit the Print Preview AquiferTest also allows you to export the analysis graph to a graphics file bmp jpg wmf emf which can subsequently be includ
144. ither a Time versus drawdown or Distance versus drawdown plot Each of these options allows you to vary both the distance and time parameters to customize the prediction output to incorporate your site specific pumping test planning details For example in many situations existing wells are used as observation wells to save money An existing well may be 50 feet not 10 feet from the pumping well You can replace the 10 feet with 50 feet in the Distance field under Calculation which would display a plot of predicted water level drawdown over time at a distance of 50 feet from the pumping well This provides you with an estimate of the drawdown that may be experienced 50 feet from the pumping well during the test Exercise 6 Theis Prediction Planning a Pumping Test 251 252 8 Using the Settings dialogue box ensure that the Time vs Drawdown option is enabled 9 Under Test Conditions enter the following information Storativity 0 0001 Transmissivity 24 550 ft7 day K of 700 ft d and b of 35 ft Discharge 15 US Gal min 10 Under Calculation enter the following information Distance 30 feet to the observation well Time 5 minutes 11 Click OK to activate these settings and re draw the plot which should appear similar to the figure below to enlarge the graph press Ctrl E i Li N Er T Al gt UR a e oa MN A S a ok ga a ls ts Mo A o eg ee a minutes 0 06 feet S z ll
145. itions 0 0 0 cee eee 221 Exercise 3 Theis Recovery Analysis with Data Logger Data 223 Observation Well usas ls cet ioe A eke eee es 223 Obseryed Data rada or a Ue we ta Mae wwe 223 Data Los Cer Ple raras Moe ees ass 225 RECOVERY AMAS a oe eect eda A ee eae amas 229 Exercise 4 Hvorslev and Bouwer Rice Slug Test Analyses o o ooooooooo 232 Observation W Cll 3 LASA AAA eas 232 SUS esti Dra ia dira a Toi 232 Hivorsley ADA ISA A AAA AAA 234 Bouwer Rice Analysis i0nt ca otdaie dad dada aiii el 235 Exercise 5 Moench Analysis Unconfined Aquifer Pumping Test 237 New ec nava rr ir bs Shoat alee Gy Bae th aa Sea aes as a nae 231 O 238 Pampa Test js ete Sota E date eres erste rear aan 240 Obsericd Data he Se CUA eee eee Ee eee eee EE 240 MGeTiChe Analysis ta dt A A we acd Bes 244 Exercise 6 Theis Prediction Planning a Pumping Test 0 0 0 0 cae 249 Exercise 7 Theis Forward Analysis with Multiple Pumping Wells 254 VY CUS forecasts och yest Ge eset aoa Bind Ea AR AS Bae ae eR 255 Pompino Test AS RAS AAA EA oe a 256 Observed Dadas dia ol Sein ane nae ah oxy nes 259 Theis Forward Analy SiS s2 044 40 sea dueta car dd da 261 1V Contents Additional AquiferTest Samples Contents Vl Contents Preface How to Contact Waterloo Hydrogeologic Inc If after reading this manual and using AquiferTest you would like to contact Waterloo Hydrog
146. ius is recorded and shown as the drawdown in the analysis graph NOTE Normally a drawdown value of less then 1 cm should be used as a threshold criteria The drawdown data is displayed and using the specified Forward Solution AquiferTest plots a curve of the expected drawdown that accounts for the effects of multiple variable rate pumping wells An example is provided in the following figure E s E a In the figure above you can see the influence of two pumping wells with variable discharge rates Specifically you can see how just before 10 000 seconds an increase in pumping rate affects the drawdown 144 Chapter 4 Analysis Methods The cone of depression is calculated for the total duration of the drawdown data You can then use the Autofit option to fit the curve to the data or you can change the values of T and S and observe how the expected drawdown curve changes It is important to notice that superimposition of groundwater flow causes the cone of depression to develop an eccentric form as it ranges further upstream and lesser downstream In AquiferTest this situation is not considered as the depression cone is symmetrical to all sides and extends over the stagnation point This means representation of the cone of depression and calculation of the cone of influence does not consider overall groundwater flow NOTE In AquiferTest Pro multiple pumping wells can be used only with the Theis Forward and the Hant
147. ivity 4 12E 2 Zooming In and Out On all graphs using your mouse you can zoom in and zoom out to change the display To zoom in click in the upper left corner of the area that you want to see Hold the mouse button down and drag the mouse to the lower right corner of the area When you release the mouse button the area that you marked expands to fill the entire graph display To zoom out click any point in the graph Hold the mouse button down and drag the mouse up to the right When you release the mouse button the entire graph is shown NOTE It makes no difference where you click the mouse or how large an area you delineate 40 Using the description above zoom in on your data points Your display should appear similar to the figure below m OVV 3a Transmissivity 2 13E 1 mYs Storativity 4 12E 2 Conductivity 1 07E 2 mis 41 Once you have examined your graph zoom out by using the description above Then proceed to the next section 212 Chapter 6 Demonstration Exercises Moving the Curve You can use your professional judgement to adjust the curve as you see fit For example you may wish to place more emphasis on the early time data if you suspect that the aquifer is leaky or that some other boundary feature is affecting your results You can move the curve in any direction using the up down right and left arrow keys on the keyboard When you press an arrow key the Theis curve moves and the transm
148. ject 7 The new project will appear in the Open Project window Select the project becomes highlighted and click Open Open project Mew Project You have completed the steps required to create a new database Now you may create as many projects as required within your new database 14 Chapter 2 Using AquiferTest Deleting an Object To delete a well pumping test slug test data object or analysis object 1 Select the object in the navigator view by left clicking to highlight it 2 Press the Delete key 3 When prompted for confirmation select YES Be certain that you want to delete the object There is no undo function Deleting an Existing Project To delete an existing project 1 Click File from the top menu bar followed by Open Project Open project E ES E Create Project Delete cres 2 Highlight the project you would like to permanently delete and then click Delete 2 Do vou want to delete lt New Projects 3 When prompted for confirmation click YES Database Management 15 Menu Bar and Icons File Menu Create database New Project Open Project Import 16 File Edit View Project Test Data Analysis Help peeta The following sections describe each of the items on the menu bar and the equivalent icons For a short description of an icon move the mouse pointer over the icon without clicking either mouse button The File menu contains th
149. l name Example The new well Example1 has been added to project Right click your mouse over the Project Tree and from the dialogue that appears click Expand all You will see there are now 2 wells in the Project New Well created by default and Examplel just created zj j Wells E e e ede gt Ee El Pumping Test Name Ensure that Examplel is selected from the Project Tree i e highlighted and let s examine the Well tab on the right hand portion of your display As you can see you can enter the well coordinates elevation above sea level and geometry screen length casing radius and effective radius Enter the following information for the well X coordinate 25 2 Y coordinate 24 8 Elevation amsl 8 25 Benchmark 0 L screen length 3 r casing radius 0 025 R effective radius 0 05 Once completed your dialogue should appear as seen in the following figure Chapter 3 Getting Started 5 6 7 Creating a New Project Project Well Well name Example T coordinate 52 m im 0 025 Y coordinate mE m Elevation amel 8 25 m Alm 10 05 Benchmark io m W Fully penetrating well In this manner you can add as many wells as required to a project Alternatively you can import wells into a project from a text file txt asc In this example you have been provided a sample well locations and geometry file Let s import it Click Wells from the Project
150. layouts Import well locations and geometry from an ASCII file Site map support for dxf files and bitmap bmp images Windows clipboard support for cutting and pasting of data and output graphics directly into your project report Export analysis graphs to a graphics file bmp jpg wmf emf Dockable customizable tool bar Numerous short cut keys to speed program navigation Units converter Microsoft Access database driven application for enhanced usability and efficiency Unlimited free technical support from WHI For pumping tests the following solution methods are available e Theis 1935 e Cooper Jacob Time Drawdown 1946 e Cooper Jacob Distance Drawdown 1946 e Cooper Jacob Time Distance Drawdown 1946 e Hantush Jacob 1955 e Neuman 1975 e Moench 1993 e Moench Fracture Flow 1984 e Theis Steptest 1935 e Cooper Jacob Steptest 1946 e Theis Recovery 1935 e Hantush Bierschenk Well Loss 1964 e Specific Capacity Test e Theis Prediction pumping test planning For slug tests the following solution methods are available e Hvorslev 1951 e Bouwer Rice 1976 e Cooper Bredehoeft Papadopulos 1967 In addition the following forward predictive solutions for pumping tests are available in AquiferTest Pro e Theis 1937 e Hantush 1955 e Stallman Barrier 1963 e Stallman Recharge 1963 e Gringarten 1979 e Papadopulos 1967 For more information on AquiferTest Pro or to order an
151. lculated by reg r 1 n nR 2 where n porosity 1f the water level falls within the screened interval during the slug test where r the inside radius of the well R the outside radius of the filter material or developed zone and n porosity The radius of the developed zone R should be entered as the radius of the bore hole including the gravel sand pack The Length of the screened interval L should be entered as the length of screen within the saturated zone under static conditions The height of the stagnant water column b should be entered as the distance from the static piezometric surface to the bottom of the screen The saturated thickness of the aquifer D should be entered as the saturated thickness under static conditions Hvorslev Slug Test confined or unconfined aquifer fully or partially penetrating well The Hvorslev 1951 slug test 1s designed to estimate the hydraulic conductivity of an aquifer With the slug test the portion of the aquifer sampled for hydraulic conductivity is small compared to a pumping test and 1s limited to a cylindrical area of small radius r immediately around the well screen In a slug test a solid slug is lowered into the piezometer instantaneously raising the water level in the piezometer In a bail test water 1s removed instantaneously lowering the water level in the piezometer The rate of inflow or outflow q at the piezometer tip at any time
152. levation amsl you have entered for that well AquiferTest will read this elevation from the value you have input in the Wells section AquiferTest will make the appropriate drawdown calculations by calculating the difference between the static water level elevation and the water levels recorded during the test The static water level relative to Sea Level is entered under the Data section for the given well Using the Benchmark Datum the top of casing TOC elevation is designated as the benchmark elevation you have entered for that well AquiferTest will read this elevation from the value you have input in the Wells section This elevation is relative to an arbitrary benchmark that would have been established during a site survey As with the sea level datum AquiferTest will make the appropriate drawdown calculations by calculating the difference between the static water level elevation and the water levels recorded during the test The static water level relative to the benchmark is entered under the Data section for the given well NOTE Please ensure that you have entered the necessary Well details elevation amsl or the benchmark elevation BEFORE you import enter your data As well once you have selected a certain elevation datum format it should NOT be changed since the datum format will be implemented throughout the entire project Logger File Wizard Step 6 In the sixth step you specify which data values are imported If
153. m gt day The second pumping rate from 180 360 minutes was 1693 m day and so on Once you have entered the pumping test data click the Calculation button located above the data table From the drop down window that appears select right align to set the correct format for the time drawdown data For your convenience the figure below has been included to demonstrate the correct data format for the pumping test notebook page Project Pumping test Analysis Pumpitg test name Brown Hill No 2 Saturated aquifer thickness I 0 m Performed by Calahan Date fii 5401 isl Time _4 41 PM Pumping well Pw Yiew Create data list Pumping tim Start time jo mit Stop time fi 080 mir Discharge O Constant jo ned te Variable 2366 ned Time Dischang centered ter level EM 1306 1693 2423 3261 4094 5019 Time min Theis Steptest Birsoy and Summers confined 123 Jacob Correction for Unconfined Conditions The water table in an unconfined aquifer is equal to the elevation head potential Transmissivity is no longer constant and it will decrease with increasing drawdown This means that there is not only horizontal flow to the well but there is also a vertical component which will increase the closer you get to the well Since transmissivity in unconfined aquifers is not constant there is no closed solution for this aquifer type That is why the measured drawdown is corrected and the pumping test i
154. mat Excel 97 or Excel 2000 simply use the File Save As command to save it as an older version For example open the Save as type pull down list and select Microsoft Excel 5 0 95 Workbook Save the modified file and then import the data in AquiferTest In this example we will import 2 datasets from datalogger files Later in the Creating a Slug Test section data 1s imported from a text file For more information on importing data please refer to Chapter 2 Data Menu Import To begin you must create a data list for an observation well 1 Click the View Create data list icon located on the Pumping test tab or click Data followed by New from the Main Menu The following dialogue will appear Create Data x Select pumping test for the data Create pumping test Data observed at Create well Import Cancel Under Data observed at click Example2 and then OK to close the dialogue 2 A new data list has been added to the project for Example2 Er 4 Wells y Example py Example Y Example3 Py Exampled py Examples EI fe Pumping tests EF E Example Pumping Test ian Data 67 3 From the Main Menu click Data followed by Data logger file In the dialogue that appears select the Ch3 Loggerl asc file Look ir Sy Sample l EX a Ch3 Logger ase la Ch3 Loggere asc Ch3 wells tt File name Ch3 Loggert aac Files of type Text files
155. mation Maximum number of terms for the 2000 summation 1000 4000 Number of terms for the Stehfest E inversion algorithms Reset E Cancel To restore the default accuracy settings for the Moench analysis click Reset Moench fracture flow fully penetrating wells confined aquifer Groundwater flow in a fractured medium can be extremely complex therefore conventional pumping test solutions methods that require porous flow conditions are not applicable One approach to analyze fracture flow conditions 1s to divide the aquifer into blocks and assume the blocks are impermeable whereby the system can be modeled as an equivalent single porosity porous medium However in the dual porosity approach groundwater flow 1s modeled as a series of porous low permeability blocks separated by hydraulically connected fractures of high permeability In this case block to fracture flow can be either pseudo steady state or transient The solutions are appropriate for the conditions shown in the following figure where the aquifer is confined and D is the thickness of the saturated zone 128 Chapter 4 Analysis Methods Piezometric surface Piezometric surface before start of pumpin after start of pumping A 12 pumping Observation well aquifer L Gravel pack aquiclude T If the system is treated as an equivalent porous medium there is no flow between blocks and fractures Groundwater travels only in the fractures around t
156. mping test the aquifer is crossed by one or more straight fully penetrating recharge or barrier boundaries e The recharge boundaries have a constant water level e The hydraulic contacts between the recharge boundaries and the aquifer are as permeable as the aquifer e The flow to the well is steady state e The aquifer is homogenous isotropic and of uniform thickness over the area influenced by the test e Prior to pumping the piezometric surface is horizontal over the area that will be influenced by the test e The aquifer is pumped at a constant or variable discharge rate e The well penetrates the entire thickness of the aquifer and thus receives water by horizontal flow Kruseman and de Ridder 1990 p 114 Data requirements for the Stallman Forward Solution are e Drawdown vs time at an observation well e Finite distance from the pumping well to observation well e Distance from observation well to the barrier or recharge Stallman Forward Solution Barrier and Recharge Boundaries 169 boundary e Pumping rate constant or variable e P value ratio of r to r The settings dialogue for the Stallman Forward Solution is shown in the following figure Curve Fit Settings x These settings are used for the fit algorithm Maximum number of erations 10 1000 1000 Delta Error 1E 12 to 1E 6 1E 6 Smaller values result in more iterations Show iteration progress This settings window is common for all forward solutions
157. n and the associated properties in the dialogue window NOTE After inserting you new logo click OK and then RE START AquiferTest to re initialize the program link to this new logo It will then appear when you print your reports For more information regarding the format of Elements please see the on line help for the Report Editor that can be accessed by clicking Help from the top menu bar followed by Help from the pull down menu that appears or by simply pressing F1 Backup Report REP Files Report Editor For your convenience the AquiferTest installation includes a backup set of report REP files If your report files are altered and you wish to revert to the original format then simply follow these directions 1 Navigate to the AquiferTest installation directory Inside the main 197 198 directory is a folder entitled Reports This folder contains two subsequent folders entitled A4 and US Letter two different paper sizes Each of these two folders contains six report files REP and six backup report files BAK 2 Delete the current report files REP leaving the backup files in the folder BAK 3 Re name the backup files with the REP file extension You now have reverted back to the default installation report files NOTE You may want to create an additional backup copy of the report files for future reference Chapter 5 Producing Reports Demonstration Exercises This chapter will
158. n Date I 21501 El Time fi 0 52AM Pumping well Pwi v Discharge Pumping tim C Constant jo m d Stark time i Variable 2966 m d Stop time Time Discharg centered ter level eian e 1306 16393 2423 i l 4261 gt eee ars ee RPS Sa poems gas 4094 5019 ay a es ane ee 2 eee eee ii e Time min Hantush Bierschenk Well Loss Solution 137 Now create a new data list and enter the time drawdown data for the pumping well Once completed select the Hantush Bierschenk well loss method from the list of available methods to display the graph below Discharge rate 2 39E 3 dim 8 32E 8 d m 5 When you right click on the analysis graph and select Settings the Settings Hantush Bierschenk Well Loss dialogue box is displayed B Settings Hantush Bierschenk Well Loss Time min 10 0000 EB This dialogue allows you to edit the number of steps to include in the analysis as well as the line fitting parameters for each step 138 Chapter 4 Analysis Methods You can zoom in on the step plot by left clicking and dragging open a box down and to the right around the data you wish to examine more closely To zoom out simply drag open a box up and to the left SA Settings Hantush Bierschenk Well Loss Drawdown m Time min Number of points for r gt slope calculation 25 Time interval 10 0000 4 Number of steps 6 Refresh G
159. n from the value you have input in the Wells section After you import enter the data you must enter the value for the Static Water Level WL Elevation Then click on the Refresh icon and AquiferTest will make the appropriate drawdown calculations Using the Benchmark Datum the top of casing TOC elevation is designated as the benchmark elevation you have entered for that well AquiferTest will read this elevation from the value you input in the Wells section After importing the data you must then enter the value for the Static WL Elevation Then click on the Refresh icon and AquiferTest will make the appropriate drawdown calculations NOTE Please ensure that you have entered the necessary Well details elevation amsl or the benchmark elevation BEFORE you import enter your data As well once you have selected a certain elevation datum format it should NOT be changed for other data sets In this example leave the default Top of Casing datum as seen above and click Next Step 6 will appear which illustrates the Date and Time format that will be used for the data based on your computer system settings This final step also allows you to apply a filter to the data which is an excellent idea when working with datalogger files Generally datalogger files contain thousands of data points however a large percentage of them are repeated values that are essentially useless By applying a filter to the data set you can reduce a lar
160. nalysis with Multiple Pumping Wells 255 8 Pumping Test 9 10 256 Project Well Well name Pw T coordinate po m Y coordinate po m Elevation amal Poo m Benchmark p m M Fully penetrating well Finally click on New Well once more In the Create well dialogue that appears type OW 3 and click OK On the Well page of the notebook fill in the X coordinate of 350 m and the Y coordinate of 350 m This will be an observation well You do not need to enter the well geometry for this test since we will assume fully penetrating wells Project ell Well name ws Tl coordinate ao m coordinate EN m Elevation amal po m Benchmark po m aer r m R m a I Fully penetrating well NOTE Partially penetrating pumping wells cannot be used with multiple pumping wells only with a single pumping well Therefore for this pumping test we have assumed fully penetrating pumping wells For more information on the forward solutions please see Chapter 4 Forward Solutions From the Main menu select Test followed by Create pumping test In the dialogue that appears name the test Exercise 7 Theis Forward Analysis Chapter 6 Demonstration Exercises New pumping test x Name Exercise 7 Theis Forward Analysis Please tick the pumping well s E Create Well Concel_ Select PW 1 and PW 2 as the pumping wells Click OK 11 Fill out the Pumping Test page of
161. nced by pumping e The piezometric surface was horizontal prior to pumping e The well is pumped at a variable rate e The well is fully penetrating e Water removed from storage is discharged instantaneously with decline in head e The well diameter is small so well storage is negligible The data necessary for the Theis Steptest Birsoy and Summers are e Water level vs time data for an observation well a finite distance from a pumping well e Variable rate discharge vs time data Each solution method has a Settings dialogue where you can specify the method specific parameters for your test The settings dialogue for the Theis Steptest Solution is shown in the following figure Settings Theis Steptest x Aquifer Thickness i 0 r amp confined unconfined Ensure you have the time discharge data formatted correctly when using a step test analysis The table below illustrates the pumping time and discharge rates for a pumping test included in the sample database NOTE To access the sample database click File Open Project from the top menu bar Then navigate to the Sample directory and open the enclosed database file Chapter 4 Analysis Methods Time min Discharge m3 d 180 1306 360 1693 540 2423 720 3261 900 4094 1080 5019 When you enter your time discharge data in AquiferTest your first entry is the initial pumping rate Using the table above as an example the pumping rate from 0 180 minutes was 1306
162. nd click OK Create a new project ES Project name Theis Forward Solutiorl Create Y Well J Pumping test Slug test Additonal wells and tests can be added at anytime Cancel Chapter 6 Demonstration Exercises 3 Wells 4 5 6 7 From the Main menu bar click Test then Units Units for wells and new tests Length Meter y test data analysis Length Meter y site plan wells Time minute y Discharge m td z Transmissivity m td V Convert TF Default E Cancel For this example we will use the units shown above If your units are different change them accordingly and click OK On the left navigator panel right click your mouse and select Expand all from the dialogue that appears Then click New Well On the Well page of the notebook fill in the name PW 1 This will be a pumping well Leave the remaining information as is Project Well well name Pwi T me coordinate fo m coordinate fo m ib fo Elevation amal pp m A m pp Benchmark pp m IY Fully penetrating well On the navigator panel select Wells becomes highlighted Then right click your mouse and select New well from the dialogue that appears In the Create well dialogue type PW 2 and click OK This will be a second pumping well On the well page fill in the X coordinate of 500 m and the Y coordinate of 700 m Exercise 7 Theis Forward A
163. nemigsrvity IY Convert F Default Cancel Exercise 5 Moench Analysis Unconfined Aquifer Pumping Test 231 Wells 238 4 In the navigator panel select the Wells folder and right click your mouse In the dialogue that appears click Import Wells 5 Select Ex5 Wells txt from the dialogue that appears then Open File name JEx5 W ells ta Files of type Text files tat asc Cancel 6 Inthe Import Wizard Step 1 dialogue that appears select First record contains header information As you can see the Start import at row field automatically changes to 2 Import Wizard Step 1 of 3 Importing File C NAquiterT est E xercises E xercise5 tet Delimiter W Tab l Semicolon D Comma File origin windows ANSI TP Space Other OOo W Treat consecutive delimiters az one e First record contains header information Start import at row 2 Column 4 r A i Benchmark L 7 Click Next In Step 2 that appears you can match the import fields from the text file to the AquiferTest fields By clicking and dragging the AquiferTest Data fields to the appropriate locations you can line up the corresponding fields Chapter 6 Demonstration Exercises Import Wizard Step 2 of 3 x Match the Import Data to the AquiferT est Data Import Data AquiferTest Data Columni i Well Name ee Column2 i A Coordinate Hectares Column3 Y Coordinate can be clicked Column4 W Elevation and dragge
164. nfined large diameter well with storage 186 IK ClClences 4655 2 de Awe tue hoe ne wena Che Rw eee ae ee She eee aeee eae 189 Contents 111 5 Producing Revers ias 193 Report Editor listas stat eoad A Aaa 193 Report Editor Layout wuss 2 a RI A Meas ake aS ok Goes 193 Static elements iy ici A a ce Rte ee RR aaa eb Eee es aed eae 194 Addine a New Static Elemen eros tice a ie a vets Was ade case Wak whe 196 Dy amic Clements s2encsaigctortanatotd 264 tard ade atid ao ASAS 196 Adding a INew Company 000 1 24 bssi ee ai a aes 197 Bdiine the Company L020 24 serere bab A OE ROT RSE eee eee es 197 Backup Report GREP Biles 52 aco ca 2 hice Beas ae alee a me sla ey aes ee as 197 6 Demonstration EXerCISES indio daa 199 Exercise 1 Theis Analysis Confined Aquifer Pumping Test 200 NCW Oe carnada oe eek te eR REGUL eee ee eee eS 200 TV eee odie io ad hate eas a E o aid e 202 Pam e Test saetas tects tei dara EA 203 Observed Dalai ss eked oder ewes 204 TTC IS SANA S18 A an Bik Que maak Racca a ete as eS 209 ZOOMING Mane OU ASA Oe aA EA E BAe aa cee oe ea a 212 NMovimo tie CUNO gc ce a dete eects es ben eee Ae ee aE eGR ae ae ee 213 Print eee hoe a AAA Bsa tata ore ha SB Ain Be a 214 Exercise 2 Cooper Jacob Analysis Confined Aquifer Pumping Test 216 Cooper Jacob Anal S Seeria a Beek Oe he ele oe eee APE aes 216 Removine Unwanted Data Poms lu tabs dd tds Da ae Ye 217 Correction for Unconfined Cond
165. ng well discharge function of rate of inflow or outflow at time t constant pumping rate for the qu period constant pumping rate for the a period gravel pack radius contributing radial distance radius of pumping or observation well slug test Moench and Fracture Flow methods effective radius of well casing Cooper Bredehoeft Papadopulos slug test method dimensionless radial distance effective piezometer radius which accounts for gravel pack porosity Bouwer Rice method Chapter 4 Analysis Methods Definition of Symbols effective radius of open well interval Cooper Bredehoeft Papadopulos slug test method distance defined by the intercept of the zero drawdown and the straight line through the data points Cooper Jacob distance drawdown method drawdown h ho drawdown inside the well storativity specific storage S b residual drawdown storativity values during recovery specific yield well skin factor Gringarten time since pumping began transmissivity elapsed time from the end of pumping time at which the straight line fit intersects the time axis Cooper Jacob dimensionless time start time for the i pumping period end time for the i pumping period time lag Hvorslev test T is the time when h hy 0 37 start time for the n pumping period analytical parameter Theis analytical parameter Theis Recovery type A curve for early time type B curve for later time well function well
166. nown values Q r t and estimated values for T and S are inserted n E citas ca Ls measured i salenlared i P where e q sum of squared differences e n number of measurements Using q it is possible to calculate the variance where e O variance e standard deviation e p number of parameters e n p 1 degrees of freedom The best fit for each of the parameters is obtained when the sum of squared differences 1s minimal Background Information on the Forward Solutions Algorithm 153 154 The user should consider two types of inversion algorithms linear and non linear In the following section the more simplified linear algorithm will be presented first Linear Inversion The linear inversion uses a linear model function that can be represented as linear parameter combinations For a function containing parameters T and S one can write the following equation f t T S T f t 8 f t As an example we will use the model function from Cooper amp Jacob 1946 based on the Theis function and a linear approximation of u 200 UE E SE ATT 0 5772 lIn u where Since it is not possible to identify the linear character of this equation it is necessary to transform it r nE 0 5772 gt OOJ ATT MA _ 5 Q E a 0 5772 In 2 parts In t The straight linear equation then becomes S atbx When coefficients a and b are known it is possible to
167. nt VI Entire Agreement This agreement constitutes the entire agreement between you and Waterloo Hydrogeologic Inc License Agreement December 2002 Table of Contents Preface i How to Contact Waterloo Hydrogeologic Inc 0 0 eens 1 Technical SUDO 453 0455 Sects d de AA eee teehee eee ee ee 1 Waterloo Hydrogeologic Inc Training and Consulting 0 0 00 11 Other Software Products by Waterloo Hydrogeologic Inc o ooooooooooo o 11 Visual MODELO W PRO 2d AS AAA AA ead 11 Visual MODELOW 3D EXxploter aa AA a are ata 111 WIPES Tis E A EIA 111 RISC Workbench cinco dicas iia aaa idas ea 111 Vistal PES pisa AR aa AA A Ra 111 Visual Ground Water 6 2 di dsd a rd eee 111 WENLUNSatSutes sr as e ea e e Es eee oe 111 A A A iv MON OO UE sorna od Bet xs atra EO GEE EEE dad iv AE E 10 Nee ae ee E EA iia EE E EAE EE iv BROW EAT I eee ae A a sabia iv L INtrodu cio ia a ae ee a enue aes 1 Datawase CONCeD ls tats ems tora O eet eacateseadete 3 System INEQUIFCINCHIS 52 inedito it adele A AA a mde ace 4 Installing Aquiter lest ros a eae ae eee I Rah et eee eee eee be 4 CUTTS A RN A 5 Sussested Relerence Materials econ ra easier dada iras 5 Z2Using AquierTest cidad bs 7 Window Layout A A tie eee A ees 8 Navi atorado ss a ias a aa 8 Properties NORDO wocdaseteoscd set test asar rastros 9 Database ManaSement i 04 30544 04 ad0 be tb ade bee ide hohe bee a ahew a 11 Menu Bar and ICON Sisa A sack Ge Boece ad E e id
168. nt e The aquifer is homogeneous isotropic and of uniform thickness over the area influenced by pumping e The piezometric surface was horizontal prior to pumping e The well is fully penetrating and pumped at a constant rate e Water removed from storage is discharged instantaneously with a decline in head e The well diameter is small so well storage is negligible Data requirements e Drawdown vs time at an observation well e Finite distance from the pumping well to observation well e Pumping rate constant 98 Chapter 4 Analysis Methods Each solution method has a Settings dialogue where you can edit the method specific parameters for your test The settings dialogue for the Theis Solution is shown below Settings Theis x Aguier Aquifer Thickness fi 0 Ft i confined unconfined Cooper Jacob Method confined small r or large time The Cooper Jacob 1946 method is a simplification of the Theis method valid for greater time values and decreasing distance from the pumping well smaller values of u This method involves truncation of the infinite Taylor series that is used to estimate the well function W u Due to this truncation not all early time measured data is considered to be valid for this analysis method The resulting equation is 22 pan s ___ log 47T E This solution is appropriate for the conditions shown in the following figure Cooper Jacob Method confined small r or large t
169. nt procedure When ds gets lower the gradient will also be reduced In this case the proximity of the minimum is reached and A assumes a lower value due to the Taylor procedure Iteration Paths The minimum is reached where the variance of a determined area is the smallest Generally there are two minimums a local and a global minimum Only the global minimum delivers the best fit results for T and S Using the initial values AquiferTest calculates the minimum and shows the resulting drawdown in the analysis graph The parameters are calculated through a new iteration Starting parameters are given a value of zero while the following improved parameters get the actual iteration number assigned The path from the starting parameters to the minimum 1s called an iteration path If the new calculated parameter caused an increase of variance then A is increased until an improvement is achieved this may require switching over to the gradient procedure In between iterations are assigned to the same iteration and are denoted alphanumerically Only when there is an evident improvement reached will the new calculated parameters serve as starting parameters for the next iteration step Forward Solution Functionality In the following figure you can see the values calculated for a typical Forward Analysis 158 Chapter 4 Analysis Methods Project Pumping test Analysis Analysis method Theis Forward a Dataset por 2 115
170. ntation including but not limited to translating decompiling disassembling or creating derivative works without the prior written consent of Waterloo Hydrogeologic Inc The provided software and documentation contain trade secrets and it is agreed by the licensee that these trade secrets will not be disclosed to non licensed persons without written consent of Waterloo Hydrogeologic Inc II Warranty Waterloo Hydrogeologic Inc warrants that under normal use the material on the CD ROM and the documentation will be free of defects in materials and workmanship for a period of 30 days from the date of purchase In the event of notification of defects in material or workmanship Waterloo Hydrogeologic Inc will replace the CD ROM or documentation The remedy for breach of this warranty shall be limited to replacement and shall not encompass any other damages including but not limited to loss of profit and special incidental consequential or other similar claims III Disclaimer Except as specifically provided above neither the developer s of this software nor any person or organization acting on behalf of him them makes any warranty express or implied with respect to this software In no event will Waterloo Hydrogeologic Inc assume any liabilities with respect to the use or misuse of this software or the interpretation or misinterpretation of any results obtained from this software or for direct indirect special incidental or c
171. nterval during the slug test where r the inside radius of the well R the outside radius of the filter material or developed zone and n porosity The radius of the developed zone R should be entered as the radius of the borehole including the gravel sand pack The Length of the screened interval L should be entered as the length of screen within the saturated zone under static conditions There are no settings for the Hvorslev Method Cooper Bredehoeft Papadopulos Slug Test confined large diameter well with storage 186 The Cooper Bredehoeft Papadopulos 1967 slug test applies to the instantaneous injection or withdrawal of a volume of water from a large diameter well cased in a confined aquifer If water is injected into the well then the initial head is above the equilibrium level and the solution method predicts the buildup On the other hand if water is withdrawn from the well casing then the initial head is below the equilibrium level and the method calculates the drawdown The drawdown or buildup s is given by the following equation co 0 09 BE 2 ura 0 YF tudo uy 204 001 y d 0 where Chapter 4 Analysis Methods A u uJ u 20J u uY u 20 Y u Y CS SFr B Tt r and Hp initial change in head in the well casing due to the injection or withdrawal r radial distance from the injection well to a point on the radial cone of depression r effective radius of the
172. of 2 17 On the menu bar click Analysis followed by Settings As the water level is above the screened interval we do not need to make any changes Settings Bouwer Rice EI F Use riet Gravel Pack Porosity 5 25 E Calculate Screen radius 0 025 m Casing radius 0 075 m r eff 0 043 m mw caos 18 Click OK or Cancel You have reached the end of Exercise 4 You can quit AquiferTest click File on the menu bar then Exit or remain in AquiferTest and continue to Exercise 5 Moench Analysis Unconfined Aquifer Pumping Test Chapter 6 Demonstration Exercises Exercise 5 Moench Analysis Unconfined Aquifer Pumping Test New Project This exercise is completely unconnected to the other exercises To avoid confusion you start by creating a new project 1 From the Main menu bar click File 2 Click New Project and fill out the dialogue window that appears as seen below Be sure to unselect the Well and Pumping Test check boxes Click OK Create a new project x Project name Exercise 5 Moench F Pumping test Slug test Additonal wells and tests can be added at anytime Cancel 3 From the Main menu bar click Project then Units Select the units shown below and click OK Units for wells and new tests Meter Length Meter zite plan Wwells Time second ee Discharge rate Length test data analysis Tra
173. of infinite extent is no longer valid To take the boundary condition into account the program uses the principle of superposition according to this principle the drawdown caused by two or more wells is the sum of the drawdown caused by each separate well By taking imaginary image wells pumping or injection into account you can calculate the parameters of an aquifer with a seemingly infinite extent For a recharge boundary with an assumed constant head two wells are used a real discharge well and an imaginary recharge well The image well recharges the aquifer at a constant rate Q equal to the constant discharge rate of the real well Both the real well and the image well are Chapter 4 Analysis Methods equidistant from the boundary and are located on a line normal to the boundary Kruseman and de Ridder 1990 River Biezomdiar Recharge boundary 90 Discharging Well j Recharging Well Real imaginary Line of Zero Drawdown where e a distance between pumping well and the boundary e r distance between observation well and real well e r distance between observation well and imaginary well There is a line of zero drawdown that occurs at the point of the recharge or barrier boundary The cross sectional view of the Stallman recharge condition is seen in the following figure Stallman Forward Solution Barrier and Recharge Boundaries 165 166 Recharging boundary
174. ogy The advanced visualization capabilities of the Visual MODFLOW 3D Explorer provide you with all the tools you need to create impressive and informative 3D representations of your modeling data using vibrant colors and high resolution graphics 18 exclusively designed for Visual MODFLOW Pro to help reduce the tedious hours spent calibrating model results to observations found in the field WinPEST is completely integrated within Visual MODFLOW Pro and offers a variety of benefits unparalleled in other calibration packages 1S an easy to use software package designed for performing fate and transport modeling and human health risk assessments for contaminated sites Following standard procedures outlined by the U S EPA the RISC WorkBench calculates exposure assessment toxicity assessment and risk assessment RISC WorkBench also includes a completely customizable database for common environmental parameters used when conducting risk assessments combines the latest version of PEST2000 with the graphical processing and display features of WinPEST for model independent parameter estimation 18 the first software package to combine state of the art graphical technology for 3D visualization and animation capabilities with an easy to use graphical interface designed specifically for environmental project applications 18 a fully integrated software package for modeling 1D unsaturated zone flow and contaminant transport using t
175. olution theory background information 143 inverse algorithm 151 iteration paths 158 linear inversion 154 measuring drawdown in the well 151 minimizing procedures 156 multiple pumping wells 144 non linear inversion 156 partially penetrating wells 148 theory of superposition 143 variable discharge rates 145 fracture flow analysis settings 133 theory 128 general overview menu bar and icons 16 navigator panel 8 properties notebook 9 window layout 8 getting started 193 installing AquiferTest 4 system requirements 4 Gringarten Bourdet Forward analysis settings 173 theory 170 Hantush Bierschenk well loss settings 138 theory 134 Hantush Jacob analysis settings 114 theory 111 Hantush Jacob Forward analysis settings 164 theory 162 hardware requirements 4 help menu about 47 contents 47 Hvorslev analysis curve 234 exercise 232 theory 181 import data ASCII text 35 79 data logger file 36 excel file 36 exercise 225 import wells ASCII text 59 Jacob correction theory 124 load import settings 72 data logger 37 manual curve fit 3 91 map adding a map 54 view maps in database 26 Moench analysis exercise 237 settings 127 245 theory 124 moving a curve 213 Neuman analysis settings 111 theory 108 Papadopulos Forward analysis settings 176 theory 173 preferences 22 company name 23 database alias 23 load last project 23 logo 24 report files 25 print 26 exercise 214 landscape format 25 print preview 26 p
176. om and to and view the result Unit converter s Discharge rate CC Transmissivity Result When this item is selected the analysis graph expands to fill the entire window The navigator section and the rest of the properties notebook are not visible Use this option when you want to visualize your data more closely When this item is unselected the graph appears in its normal position at the bottom of a page of the properties notebook The Project menu contains the following items Define a new observation well or test well Another way to create a well is click the right mouse button with the pointer in the navigator project tree panel then select New Well Create well x well name New well Cancel Chapter 2 Using AquiferTest Map Project Menu Display a map of the wells that are defined for this project This map appears at the bottom of the Project page of the properties notebook If you have a map of the test site you can display this map as a background picture The well locations are shown as dots on this picture If you do not have a map picture the wells are mapped with no background The map shows the locations of wells relative to each other In a future version of AquiferTest you will also be able to plot water level data as a contour map Properties of site plan x si gis Georeference ft Lower Left Come x fo Accepi Eoodnales Display Are Origin Ft f Asis Lengt
177. om the dialogue that appears click New slug test In the dialogue that appears type the test name Exercise 4 Hvorslev Select the test well OW 11 and click OK In the Slug test Notebook page enter the following Saturated aquifer thickness 7 2 m Performed by Your name Depth to static water level WE 2 2m Water level at t 0 2 62 m b 5 22 m NOTE b represents the depth from WL to bottom of the well screen Chapter 6 Demonstration Exercises 7 Enter the following data values pressing Enter after each value to move to the next field Time s Water Level m 2 2 57 5 2 54 10 2 47 21 2 38 46 2 29 70 2 2 100 2 22 Do not type anything in the Change in WL column 8 Refresh the graph and your display should appear similar to the figure below Exercise 4 Hyorsley our name 11 28 00 id 40 BO Time 2 Exercise 4 Hvorslev and Bouwer Rice Slug Test Analyses 233 Hvorslev Analysis 9 Inthe navigator panel under Exercise 4 Hvorslev Analysis slug test click the sign to expand the tree Subsequently highlight the Analysis folder a Wells Cae y 0 11 ii Pumping tests i a E Exercise 1 Theis Analysis ERS Data RR OW ES Analysis E Drawdown ws Time E Theis poi P CooperJacob Time Drawdown i E Exercise gt The Recovery Analysis Ei Data E E Chai i Analysis E Theis Recovery i Slug tests i E Exercise 4 Hvorslev 10 Click the right mouse button and
178. onsequential damages resulting from the use of this software Specifically Waterloo Hydrogeologic Inc is not responsible for any costs including but not limited to those incurred as a result of lost profits or revenue loss of use of the computer program loss of data the costs of recovering such programs or data the cost of any substitute program claims by third parties or for other similar costs In no case shall Waterloo Hydrogeologic Inc s liability exceed the amount of the license fee IV Infringement Protection Waterloo Hydrogeologic Inc is the sole owner of this software Waterloo Hydrogeologic Inc warrants that neither the software and documentation nor any component including elements provided by others and incorporated into the software and documentation infringes upon or violates any patent trademark copyright trade secret or other proprietary right Royalties or other charges for any patent trademark copyright trade secret or other proprietary information to be used in the software and documentation shall be considered as included in the contract price V Governing Law This license agreement shall be construed interpreted and governed by the laws of the Province of Ontario Canada and the United States Any terms or conditions of this agreement found to be unenforceable illegal or contrary to public policy in any jurisdiction will be deleted but will not affect the remaining terms and conditions of the agreeme
179. or the i pumping period t t time since the start of the ith pumping period t end time for the ray pumping period t t time since the end of the rhs pumping period Q constant pumping rate for the ih pumping period Q sum of the intermittent pumping rates Bin tt adjusted time In the specific case where there 1s continuous pumping but with a variable rate the adjusted time becomes Q Bio t t Tr r Jo In the case of pulse pumping where the pumping rate is always the same but the pump is turned off intermittently the adjusted time becomes MA An example of a Cooper Jacob Steptest analysis graph has been included below Cooper Jacob Steptest variable discharge rate 117 118 B Discharge rate Transmissivity 1 74E 3 m s Conductivity 1 74E 4 mis The Cooper Jacob Steptest Solution assumes the following The aquifer is confined and has an apparent infinite extent The aquifer is homogeneous isotropic and of uniform thickness over the area influenced by pumping The piezometric surface was horizontal prior to pumping The well is pumped step wise or intermittently at a variable rate or it is pumped intermittently at a constant discharge rate The well is fully penetrating Water removed from storage is discharged instantaneously with decline in head The well diameter is small so well storage is negligible Flow toward the well is at an unsteady state The values of u with
180. ormation on this method please see Background Information on the Forward Solutions Algorithm on page 143 Automatic curve fitting can be performed for all graphical solution methods in AquiferTest However the Automatic Fit may not always yield the most appropriate curve match as professional judgement is essential for the proper assessment of AquiferTest data You are encouraged to use your knowledge of the local geologic and hydrogeologic settings of the test to manually fit the data to a type curve For the standard solutions you can simply press the arrow keys on your keyboard For the forward solutions available only in AquiferTest Pro you can use the arrow buttons located beside each parameter to increase or decrease the parameter value and see the resulting drawdown curve For more information on this option please see Background Information on the Forward Solutions Algorithm on page 143 91 Radial Flow to a Well in a Confined Aquifer The partial differential equation that describes saturated flow in two horizontal dimensions in a confined aquifer is dh 9 h _ Soh Ie oy Tor Written in terms of radial coordinates the equation becomes h 10h S h of r T The mathematical region of flow illustrated below is a horizontal one dimensional line through the aquifer from r 0 at the well to r at the infinite extremity r t 0 h hy h r t Potentiometric surface piezometer well conf
181. ormed by 4 4 Evaluated by 4 ES po test 7 D9 27 00 Evaluation 7 fi9 27 00 et Analysis method THEIS Aquifer thickness o Sim R L ischarae rate 1 5 Ims 7 4 do cono SYS ge e a aaa a a aaa aa iaaa aaa aa aaa i BP CF ca A THEIS 10 p 1E 1 1E 0 1E 1 1E 2 1E 3 1E 4 1E 5 1E 6 1E 7 ee 1E 2 RIE po i eo i ns ros l i i E Ps a E ae 1E 1 i i i a ez r 2 i 4 tool L 4 boas bad 1E 0 1E 04 q L i 1 4 t i d i L a i 2 y po i 7 sE 2o oi f not a Da ie 2 jeer a ira a er aa Er 1E 1 1E 1 7 i pr 7 a on a r 7 oe ee oe ee ee ee ee 1E 24 i i i p et eof tat E hos 1E 3 y SEA E A A E a O e There are two main types of elements in the report Static and Dynamic Static elements refer to text fields you define for each report and which are unaltered by different AquiferTest results ex Project Analysis date etc You can edit existing static elements by right clicking on the element and selecting an option that appears in the dialogue window below w Enabled Edit Options Bring to front Send to back The first option Enabled allows you to specify whether the element will be displayed when viewed in a print preview and subsequently printed To change the option simply double click to remove add the check mark By selecting the second option Edit a Label dialogue w
182. ound Color IV Include Analysis Results Brown Hill No 3 Cooper Jacob Time Distance Drawdown Border tir minsft IV Include Border 1E 3 Width 5 Color m Black 7 Export Size Width 610 4 Height 406 a IV Maintain Ratio JPEG Options Compression Level 0 0 o B OVV2 OAS A Og A AA Soe Some OA Smaller File Larger File ein aaa Transmissivity 2 69E 2 fe 4d Storativity 2 48E 6 IE Gray Scale Conductivity 2 69E 1 ft d Performance on When satisfied with the image appearance simply click Save to complete the export procedure and save the image to a graphics file Specify default settings for various program options Chapter 2 Using AquiferTest File Menu Preferences Ea DOERR renee eoa Databas Database file C MAguiterT estS ample S ample mdb I Load last project on startup Mas number of lines in input table 10000 4 I Print average values Co ordinate system for data ro Well co ordinate system entry coa General Tab This tab allows you to select the location of the Microsoft Access database that contains your AquiferTest projects As well you can specify whether you would the program to load up the last project on start up By default AquiferTest starts with the first project in your database The max number of lines in input table controls the maximum number of data points the program will accept 10 000 is the recommended default F
183. overy Saturated aquifer thickness 20 m Performed by Your name if desired Date a 9 01 15 Time 12 00 0_4M Pumping well Pat View Create data list Discharge tf Constant 0 001 5 UAE Fumping tim Start time o E Stop time fi ng E O Variable 7 Click the View Create data list button located above the pumping time fields 8 The Create data window appears Under Select pumping test for the data highlight Exercise 3 Theis Recovery Analysis 9 Under Data observed at select OW 1 Your screen should appear as seen in following figure Select pumping test for the data Exercise 1 Theis Analysis Create pumping test Exercise 3 Theis Recovery Analysis Data observed at Pras 1 Create well Oia F Import Cancel 10 Click OK The Data Notebook page appears In the next section you will import a data set from a data logger file Chapter 6 Demonstration Exercises Data Logger File 11 From the top menu bar click Data followed by Data logger file 12 Navigate to the Exercises folder and select Logger asc Look in y Exercises File hame Logger asc Files of type Text files xt asc Cancel 13 Select Open OR double click Logger asc Logger file Wizard Step 1 of 6 x Load Import Settings None Start Import at row f File origin vvindows ANSI Previews of File DoS quiferTest3 SiExercisesiLogger azc 2709 00 08 45 05 2 00
184. proceed through an inverse calculation Optimizing Iteration 56 Parameter 1 0 267306 7 3563 5868 Parameter 2 4 fbo2bbob4 4 7276 5 Parameter 4 12806 37 3381 5654 1 01622430493757E 9 In the dialogue above you can see the number of iterations required to obtain the solution The value for each parameter is displayed as well as the curve fitting error 152 Chapter 4 Analysis Methods The inverse algorithm was developed in 1990 by Weber A sample problem will be discussed in the following example where a pumping test was conducted in a confined aquifer Consider the discharge Q and time related measurements of drawdown s with a distance r from a well We want to determine values for parameters transmissivity T and storage coefficient S In this inverse problem we are looking for an unknown causing known effects the parameters T S are unknown while the measurements r s t are known effects To establish the relationship between given measurements and unknown parameters there is an equation that describes the pumping test analytically called a model function The goal of the inverse calculation is to assign the best value to the parameters that allows for the most appropriate fit to the drawdown measurements As a measure of fit and completion the sum of squared differences between the measured and calculated drawdown is chosen Calculated drawdown is derived from the model function where k
185. pter 6 Demonstration Exercises Exercise 3 Theis Recovery Analysis with Data Logger Data The instructions in this exercise assume that you have performed the previous exercises Observation Well 1 2 3 Observed Data 4 5 6 In the navigator panel select the Wells folder becomes highlighted and then right click your mouse From the dialogue window that appears select New well A Create well dialogue window appears Type OW 1 and click OK In the Well page of the notebook fill in the X coordinate 10 This will be an observation well You do not need to enter the well geometry because we will be doing a Theis recovery analysis which assumes fully penetrating wells Project Well well Details Wellname U w 1 T Lim ooo coordinate fio m coordinate jo m pd 0 Elevation aml jo m F m jo Benchmark fa m IY Fully penetrating well In the navigator panel select the Pumping tests folder and then right click your mouse From the dialogue window that appears select New pumping test In the dialogue that appears type the test name Exercise 3 Theis Recovery Analysis and select PW 1 as the pumping well Click OK In the Pumping test Notebook page specify a Constant Discharge rate of 0 0015 m s As well add a Saturated aquifer thickness of 20 m Exercise 3 Theis Recovery Analysis with Data Logger Data 223 22A Project Pumping test Pumping test name Exercise 3 Theis Rec
186. quiferTest and continue to Exercise 4 Hvorslev and Bouwer Rice Slug Test Analyses Exercise 3 Theis Recovery Analysis with Data Logger Data 231 Exercise 4 Hvorslev and Bouwer Rice Slug Test Analyses Observation Well Slug Test 232 During a slug test a slug of known volume is lowered instantaneously into the well This is equivalent to an instantaneous addition of water to the well which results in a sudden rise in the water level in the well also called a falling head test The test can also be conducted in the opposite manner by removing water from a well called a bail or rising head test For both types of tests the water level recovery is measured The Hvorslev method is a popular method for evaluating slug test data 1 2 3 4 5 6 In the navigator panel select the Wells folder and right click your mouse From the dialogue that appears click New well A Create well dialogue appears Type OW 11 In the Well page of the notebook fill in L 3 0 m r 0 025 m and R 0 075 m and finally unselect the Fully penetrating well box As only one well will be used the X and Y coordinates are irrelevant Project Well Mall Detak well name rr T Lim BS coordinate jo m coordinate ios m it 0 025 Elevation amal jo m R ra oor Benchmark ios m e Fully penetrating well In the navigator panel select the Slug tests folder and right click your mouse Fr
187. r calculation of storativity uncertain e How large might the drawdown cone of depression be for a given discharge rate If this cone of depression reaches other wells in the area of the test well interference how much additional drawdown might be experienced inside the collateral pumping well An example of a Theis Prediction graph has been included in the following figure 140 Chapter 4 Analysis Methods i Distance 30tt Transmissivity 246E 4 id Storat vity 1 ODE A The pumping test planning solution is used by varying the input parameters in the Settings dialogue for the method To view this dialogue right click on the analysis graph and select Settings The following Settings dialogue will be displayed The components of this dialogue window are explained below Under Test Conditions you can edit the following parameters Settings Thets Prediction 0 0001 3500 01 562531 0 001 METE Min Distance 10000 Mar listante i Time 71000 ile e Storativity the estimated storativity of the confined aquifer you are planning to test Theis Prediction Pumping Test Planning Solution 141 142 e Transmissivity the product of the aquifer thickness D times the hydraulic conductivity K e Discharge the rate at which water is removed from the pumping well Under Calculation you can edit the following parameter e Number of Datapoints allows you to choose the number of points to plot on
188. r during the slug test If the water level is in the well screen the effective radius may be calculated as follows a r2 1 n nR Y where n 1s the porosity of the gravel pack around the well screen Chapter 4 Analysis Methods Slug Test Bail Test Static water level 2r Static water level 2r gt e gt gt E 3 ik E O A ESCRITA da Et n n m 0 2R 2R SF E EH E EH aquifer aquifer E EH E E ES Ee l E E E E E E E E E E o In cases where the water level drops within the screened interval the plot of h h vs t will often have an initial slope and a shallower slope at later time In this case the fit should be obtained for the second straight line portion Bouwer 1989 An example of a Bouwer Rice analysis graph has been included in the following figure Conductivity 2 18E 0 ftid Bouwer Rice Slug Test unconfined or leaky confined fully or partially penetrating well 179 The Bouwer Rice Solution assumes the following e Unconfined or leaky confined aquifer with vertical drainage from above of apparently infinite extent e Homogeneous isotropic aquifer of uniform thickness e Water table is horizontal prior to the test e Instantaneous change in head at start of test e Inertia of water column and non linear well losses are negligible e Fully or partially penetrating well e The well storage is not negligible
189. r level F3 Time Water level Apply Detaile Before After Between and 29 Then click the Status panel located below the graph Once the Analysis state window appears click Details to expand the box Analysis state OF There are errors andor warnings OK E E g Error Distance from bottom screen to water level in well lt P4 1 gt 12 0 30 To complete the analysis we must set the distance from the bottom of the well screen to the water level in the pumping well Right click your mouse on the graph and select Settings from the window that appears 31 In the Moench Settings window enter the following values Depth from WL to bottom of well screen 6 021 m S Sy 0 015 KV KH 0 3 Exercise 5 Moench Analysis Unconfined Aquifer Pumping Test 245 Settings Moench Aquifer Calculation Aquifer Thickness E r confined amp unconfined Depth from water level to bottom of 6 021 well screen 55y 0 01 5 KM RH o3 Gamma 1E9 E Cancel 32 Click OK 33 From the Main menu bar click Test then Units This changes the units for the current test only unlike Project Units Alter the units according to the figure below Units for Exercize 5 Moenc Length Meter b Time second Discharge rate rev d Tranemissivity cress i Convert 34 Click OK 35 Select a data point from the graph to activate the data s
190. raph Each step in the analysis corresponds to a pumping rate entered in the pumping test notebook page In the example above there are six pumping rates in the test which therefore allows a maximum of six steps in the analysis The time drawdown data is plotted on a semi log graph and the slope of each line is determined based on the Number of points for slope calculation you specify Selection of data points begins at the end of the step and progresses backward in time as you add more points for the line slope calculation For example if the number of points is equal to five then AquiferTest will use the last five data points in each step to calculate the slope The Time Interval is the time from the beginning of each step at which the change in drawdown As for each step is measured For example in the figure above As is measured 10 minutes from the beginning of each step The point of time for calculating As is calculated as follows t At lds where e t starting time of step e At the specified time interval e tay calculation point for As Hantush Bierschenk Well Loss Solution 139 This measurement point is essential as the difference in drawdown is calculated between each step and displayed as dS1 dS6 The selection of the time interval is left to the discretion of the user AquiferTest then uses the drawdown differences and the specified time interval to produce two coefficients B linear well loss coefficien
191. roject create 49 237 database 50 delete 16 export 21 import 16 open 16 units 31 53 project menu options create well 28 map 29 pumping test 90 create 31 64 delete 15 exercise 203 254 256 Index S forward solution methods 143 standard solution methods 96 units 65 radial flow confined aquifer 92 reference datum setting the reference datum 36 40 70 references 5 189 report editor 26 adding a new company logo 197 adding a new static element 196 backup report files 197 dynamic elements 196 editing the company logo 197 layout 193 printing in landscape 25 static elements 194 sample database accessing the sample database 122 136 settings Bouwer Rice analysis 180 Cooper Bredehoeft Papadopulos analysis 188 Cooper Jacob analysis 221 Cooper Jacob distance drawdown analysis 103 Cooper Jacob steptest analysis 119 Cooper Jacob time distance drawdown analysis 104 Cooper Jacob time drawdown analysis 101 Gringarten Bourdet Forward analysis 173 Hantush Bierschenk well loss analysis 138 Hantush Jacob analysis 114 Hantush Jacob Forward analysis 164 Moench analysis 127 245 Moench fracture flow analysis 133 Neuman analysis 111 Papadopulos Forward analysis 176 Stallman Forward analysis 170 Theis analysis 99 Theis Forward analysis 162 Theis prediction analysis 141 Theis recovery analysis 108 230 Theis steptest analysis 122 slug test 90 create 32 77 create analysis 83 definition sketch 82 delete 15 exercise 232 solution m
192. rom the project Click on New Well from the Project Tree and right click your 63 mouse From the dialogue that appears click Delete Finally click OK to confirm the deletion of the well In the next section we will create a new pumping test and add water level data from an observation well Creating a Pumping Test 64 In this section we will examine how to create a pumping test set the pumping test units and enter observation well water level data 1 2 3 4 5 To create a new pumping test click Test followed by Create pumping test from the Main Menu In the dialogue that appears enter a name for the pumping test 1 e Example Pumping Test and select the pumping well s In this example we will select Examplel as the pumping well New pumping test 3 Mame Example Pumping Test Please tick the pumping well s CIE la E Create Well sample Cl Example3 LI Example C Example E Cancel Once completed click OK to close the window and create the pumping test Let s delete the default pumping test that was created with the database Click on Pumping Test Name from the Project Tree and then right click your mouse From the window that appears select Delete and then Yes to confirm Expand the contents of the Project Tree once completed right click your mouse and select Expand all Your Project Tree should appear as seen in the following figure Chapter 3 Get
193. rovement of adjustment Unfortunately there will be more iterations needed On the other hand the Taylor procedure requires less iterations but due to numerical instability this procedure is applicable only near the minimum itself The Marquardt procedure combines the advantages of both procedures it uses mainly the Taylor procedure in order to minimize the number of iterations Or it will weigh the gradient procedure higher if an improvement of the process is not occurring with the use of the Taylor procedure The weighting factor used is called lambda A A high lambda values means the weighting is going more in the direction of the gradient procedure At the beginning of a calculation a low value for A is assigned as per the Taylor procedure If there is no improvement of the parameters there will be an increase in lambda gradually switching over to the gradient procedure until an improvement is achieved Typically there is an improvement if the gradient procedure is solely used Background Information on the Forward Solutions Algorithm 157 Lambda A will again assume a small value due to the Taylor procedure at the beginning of the next iteration step The determining factor for the definition of this value is an improvement of the variance 2 2 2 00 O O where n iteration step n If the value of ds is high there 1s likely a large gap before the minimum is reached and in this case A will receive a high value gradie
194. rs ask your network administrator for technical assistance NOTE After inserting you new logo click OK and then RE START AquiferTest to re initialize the program link to this new logo It will then appear when you print your reports Chapter 2 Using AquiferTest File Menu Reports Tab This tab allows you to specify the file name for the analysis report pumping test data report site plan wells summary analysis summary and slug test data report You can either type the path and file name or press the Open Folder button and use the standard Windows File Open dialogue Preferences x Analysis D AquiferT est35 Aeports USLetterAnalysis rep e a Forward Analysis D AquiferT estdBhReportsLUS Letter forward rep gt i Data D AquiferT esto Reporte LlSLetterdata rep e a Site Plan D AquiferT est Reporte LUSLettedmap rep Las y wels Summan D AquiferT est35 Aeports US Letter ells rep Analisis Summary D AquiferT est Reporte LUSLettertdanasurm rep Las The default report files are in Portrait format however for your convenience we have prepared an analysis report in Landscape format To print your analyses in Landscape format use the Preferences dialogue to select AnalysisLScape rep from the available reports Look in E LS Letter 1 Ex a Wells rep a Analysis rep AnalysisLS cape rep File name JaAnalysisL Cape rep Files of type Reports Cancel
195. rsion algorithm Reset Hantush Bierschenk Well Loss Solution 134 The Hantush Bierschenk Well Loss Solution is used to analyze the results of a variable rate step test pumping test to determine both the linear and non linear well loss coefficients B and C These coefficients can be used to predict an estimate of the real water level drawdown inside a pumping well in response to pumping Solution methods such as Theis 1935 permit an estimate of the theoretical drawdown inside a pumping well in response to pumping but do not account for linear and non linear well losses which result in an increase in drawdown inside the well Quite often these non linear head losses are caused by turbulent flow around the pumping well The solution is appropriate for the conditions shown in the following figure where the aquifer is confined and b is the thickness of the saturated zone Chapter 4 Analysis Methods piezometric surface piezometric surface before start of pumping after start of pumping aquiclude flow lines aquifer equipotential lines aquiclude The figure above illustrates a comparison between the theoretical drawdown in a well S1 and the actual drawdown in the well S2 which includes the drawdown components inherent in S1 but also includes additional drawdown from both the linear and non linear well loss components The general equation for calculating drawdown inside a pumping well that include
196. s r AnT and Stallman Forward Solution Barrier and Recharge Boundaries 167 where e r distance between observation well and real well e r distance between observation well and imaginary well The extension for boundary conditions will be demonstrated only in a confined aquifer but 1ts use in a semi confined and unconfined aquifer occurs similarly According to Stallman in Ferris et al 1962 the total drawdown is determined as A as e s total drawdown e sr drawdown caused by the real pumping well e s drawdown caused by the imaginary pumping well e s drawdown caused by the imaginary injection well Using the new variable r the user must enter a value for the parameter P in the Stallman method S a a where P ratio of r to r An example of a Stallman Forward Solution graph has been included in the following figure 168 Chapter 4 Analysis Methods Project Pumping test Analysis Analysis method Stalman Recharge Foward Y gt Dataset ows ziel T unconfined Increment Factor h7 Analysis name Stallman 1962 Recharge Boundary T m s s71 lt 8l Evaluated by S 4 513E 5 Ha Date honza dl P pemi Hal Comment El 19 Pi ii ii ii Drawdown m A ee eee ee eee Y OVV 3a The Stallman Forward Solution for boundary conditions assumes the following e A single pumping well is used e The aquifer is confined or unconfined e Within the zone influenced by the pu
197. s interpreted as being in a confined aquifer It is neither an empirical procedure nor an approximated solution Jacob 1944 proposed the following correction to drawdown to approximate confined conditions Scor 8 s 2D where Scor the corrected drawdown s measured drawdown D original saturated aquifer thickness This correction lets you use the Theis Cooper Jacob Theis Recovery and Theis Steptest Solutions for the analysis of pumping test data recorded for an unconfined aquifer Moench Method partially penetrating well in confined or unconfined aquifers 124 The Moench Solution Moench 1993 is an extension of the Neuman Solution Neuman 1972 for drawdown in a homogeneous anisotropic confined or unconfined aquifer with either a fully or partially penetrating pumping well and multiple observation wells The Moench Solution also permits analysis of delayed yield effects as described in Neuman Method unconfined in unconfined aquifers The delayed yield is approximated by Boulton s convolution integral Nwankwor et al 1992 Boulton 1954 1963 The solution is appropriate for the conditions shown in the following figure where the aquifer can be confined or unconfined and D is the thickness of the saturated zone Chapter 4 Analysis Methods o T T 77 Piezometric surface Z u y before start of pumpin after start of pumping r2 pumping b Piezometer Observation wel aquifer
198. s well losses is written as sw BQ COP where Sw drawdown inside the well B linear well loss coefficient C non linear well loss coefficient Q pumping rate p non linear well loss fitting coefficient p typically varies between 1 5 and 3 5 depending on the value of Q Jacob proposed a value of p 2 which is still widely used today AquiferTest calculates a value for the well loss coefficients B and C which you can use in the equation shown above to estimate the expected drawdown inside your pumping well for any realistic discharge Q at a certain time t B is time dependent You can then use the relationship between drawdown and discharge to choose empirically an optimum yield for the well or to obtain information on the condition or efficiency of the well Hantush Bierschenk Well Loss Solution 135 136 An example of a Hantush Bierschenk Well Loss analysis graph has been included below E _ E a B Discharge rate B 2 39E 3 dim C 8 32E 8 d m 5 The Hantush Bierschenk Well Loss Solution assumes the following e The aquifer is confined leaky or unconfined e The aquifer has an apparent infinite extent e The aquifer is homogeneous isotropic and of uniform thickness over the area influenced by pumping e The piezometric surface was horizontal prior to pumping e The aquifer is pumped step wise at increased discharge rates e The well is fully penetrating e The flow to the well is in an
199. scape format e Analysis Summary report e Forward Analysis report With the report designer you can make changes to the report templates including e Changing the report layout e Adding graphics e Changing the text that appears in various fields e Changing the color font and size of text fields e Moving text fields and graphics e Adding static text labels for more descriptions The Report Designer is a separate component with its own extensive help system To assist you in becoming familiar with the Report Editor we have included several sections below that detail the major features Report Editor Layout The Report Editor consists of a combination of text and image elements which can be organized to efficiently display the results of your AquiferTest projects The figure below illustrates a typical Report Editor window Report Editor 193 Static elements 194 me X AquiferT est Ver30 Reports USLetter Analysis_rep File Edit View Report Help Dem FR Xh D Sad iy fe a pull ae pas el ae y ela a Ja JIL Report Arial gt 10 BYU 8 2ZzeS E 2 o DNN j A E Waterloo Hydrogeologic Inc Pumping test analysis CHILD A A z 3 T 180 Columbia St Unit 1104 No E gt Uvaterloo Ontario Canada Project Exercise 2 theis J a 333353 Phone 1 5197461798 Client T E A o Location Pumping test New pumping test Pumping well Pww 1 7 a a a a 3 Test perf
200. se the speed of the program Import and export of data for individual pumping tests AquiferTest allows the user to import and export individual pumping tests or entire projects If you want to transfer an individual pumping test to another user of AquiferTest you certainly do not want to have to transfer your entire database since your database contains all of the data for all of your projects To create a file for transferring either data from an entire project or from a single test 1 2 3 4 Aq Database Management Open the appropriate project with File Open Highlight the Project or Test that you want to transfer in the Tree Navigator Select File Export and then Project or Test as appropriate Input a file name and click OK uiferTest will then create a transfer file with the extension AEX 11 Now to import this file select File Import and then Project or Test depending on whether you want to import the tests in the file as a new project or if you want to add the tests to the current open project Creating a new database If you have a large number of pumping tests to input and analyze your database will become very large which can lead to slow access time for the project Therefore it may be useful to split up your data into multiple databases if you have a large number of pumping tests To create a new database 1 From the main menu select File followed by Create database
201. select Create Analysis From the list that appears select Hvorslev 11 Press Ctrl E or select View on the menu bar then Enlarge Graph The graph now takes up the entire window 12 Click a data point to activate the data series then perform an automatic fit using the light bulb icon from the Main menu bar Conductivity 1 13E 5 mis NOTE The analysis legend has been turned off from the Analysis Properties dialogue window 234 Chapter 6 Demonstration Exercises The graph on the screen should show a semi log plot with time on the X axis and h hy on the Y axis h hy is the recovery of the water table the model extracts the time lag T at which h hy 0 37 and calculates the hydraulic conductivity K as follows am r intl DLT where L is the length of the screen r is the radius of the stand pipe and R is the radius of the screen this may include the sand pack You should produce a hydraulic conductivity of approximately 1 1E 5 m s 13 Press Ctrl E or select View on the menu bar then Enlarge Graph This cancels the enlarged view of the graph Bouwer Rice Analysis AquiferTest also contains the Bouwer Rice method for the analysis of slug test data for unconfined aquifers In terms of the equations and parameters involved the Bouwer Rice method is more sophisticated than Hvorslev It accounts for the geometry of the screen fully or partially penetrating the gravel pack finite saturated
202. side an observation well located 30 feet from the pumping well within the first two minutes after pumping starts 1 After starting AquiferTest create a new project by selecting File New Project 2 Inthe dialogue that appears enter the project name Exercise 6 Theis Prediction Under Create select Well and Pumping test to have these default components created with your new project Click OK to create the new project 3 Expand the Navigator panel using Expand all option then highlight the default pumping test In the Pumping test tab replace the default name with Pumping Test Planning 4 Then click Test from the Main menu bar followed by Units Ensure your units match the following figure Exercise 6 Theis Prediction Planning a Pumping Test 249 250 Fet O A minute A U S gal min 7 fed 7 5 Click OK to confirm the units and then select the Analysis folder 6 Right click your mouse and select Create Analysis From the window that appears select Theis Prediction Your display should appear similar to the figure shown below i AquiferT est Exercise 6 Theis Prediction l Y New well E Pumping tests El By Planning a Pumping Test Theis Prediction cea v20 AH Distance 10ft Transmissivity 9 30E 3 ft d Storativity 1 00E 4 Distance from pumping well By default AquiferTest displays a Drawdown vs Time plot with a distance of 10 fe
203. simal width Flow is horizontal toward or away from the well Data requirements for the Hvorslev Solution are Drawdown recovery vs time data at a pumping well Observations beginning from time zero onward the observation at t 0 is taken as the initial displacement value Hp and thus it must be a non zero value Hvorslev Slug Test confined or unconfined aquifer fully or partially penetrating well 185 NOTE Hvorslev has presented numerous formulae for varying well and aquifer conditions AquiferTest uses a formula method that can be applied to unconfined in addition to confined conditions This method could be applied to unconfined conditions for most piezometer designs where the length is typically quite a bit greater than the radius of the well screen In this case the user must assume that there 1s a minimal change in the saturated aquifer thickness during the test Finally it is also assumed that the flow required for pressure equalization does not cause any perceptible drawdown of the groundwater level For other conditions and more details please refer to the original Hvorslev paper For the Hvorslev analysis method you must enter all values for the piezometer geometry The effective piezometer radius r should be entered as the inside radius of the piezometer well casing if the water level in the piezometer is always above the screen or as calculated by relr A n nR7 if the water level falls within the screened i
204. st Data Analysis Help Pw2 e Bid pan I Discharge rown Hill No Data C Constant o m ed owl E Variable 2966 nP d Pw EE Analysis EA PA P Drawdown vs Time with discharge Calculation v P Theis Recovery Brown Hill No 2 E Data Pw E Analysis FE Drawdown vs Time with discharge 4 9 Copyright Waterloo Hydrogeologic Inc 1993 2000 Pil 7 SeBR Be gB_g 4 E Wells PA owt Ow Pumping test name Brown Hill No 2 Saturated aquifer thickness fio m ow3 Owed Performed by Calahan Date fi 215201 is Time _4 33 PM OWS OWE Pumping well Pwi View Create data list a a Cooper Jacob Steptest p Hantush Bierschenk Well Loss Brown Hill No 3 a Data Ow2 OW3 Ow4 E Analysis P Cooper Jacob Distance Drawdown Pt Cooper Jacob Time Distance Drawdo st Hantush Jacob 8 Slug tests G E Brown Hill No 4 Analysis Y Water Level ws Time ae Project Pumping test Analysis Pumping time Start time jo min Stop time fi 080 min Time Discharge l Discharge Water level Tre inf ieee 1078 Theis Steptest pr poroso roo crnropo rro apescacccoeqeecceseecegecs AAA AAA A Discharge mid STITT PT Tir CITT Lr po o o eee See eee eee ee ee ee crap Ti ooo opos AAA A AAA AC A AAA Lekka 400 600 800 4 000 Time min In Aqu
205. sts YAAD 20 Eo B Time min Copyright Waterloo Hydrogeologic Inc 2001 Data input Us 22 In the Time s and Depth to WL m columns enter the following data Press Enter after each value to move to the next field Time min Depth to Water Level m 0 6 10 2 10 30 4 10 85 10 11 50 30 12 40 60 13 05 115 13 51 165 13 75 215 13 98 235 15 10 295 15 33 350 15 50 420 15 60 Do not type anything in the Drawdown column 23 Click the right mouse button anywhere on the right side of the window Click Refresh graph in the window that appears or click F5 A graph of the data is displayed 260 Chapter 6 Demonstration Exercises i AquiferT est Theis Forward Solution File Edit View Project Test Data Analysis Help Joe S em Ga Project Pumping test Data OW 5 Time Water level Pumping tests lo Exercise 7 Theis Forward Analysis epin to static i b e Data b jo m OW 5 a E Analysis E Slug tests AAPAN 200 300 400 Time min 9 Copyright Waterloo Hydrogeologic Inc 2001 Data input A 24 Add a Depth to static water level of 6 0 m and a b value of 10 0 m and refresh the graph once more You have now entered the required data into AquiferTest in order to complete a Theis Forward Analysis Theis Forward Analysis 25 In the navigator panel select Analysis under the Exercise 7 Theis Forward Analysis pumping test 26
206. t and C non linear well loss coefficient These coefficients can be used to estimate the expected drawdown inside your pumping well for a realistic discharge Q at a certain time t This relationship can allow you to select an optimum yield for the well or to obtain information on the condition or efficiency of the well Finally the Number of Steps allows you to edit the number of steps i e changes in the discharge rate to use in the discharge versus drawdown plot You should have a minimum of three steps specified to assist in obtaining a good fit of the line to the analysis plot For more information on the Hantush Bierschenk Well Loss solution please refer to a pumping test reference such as Kruseman and deRidder 1990 Theis Prediction Pumping Test Planning Solution AquiferTest includes a method based on the Theis Solution confined aquifer that can be used to gain approximate and predict answers to commonly posed questions in the test design phase This method is called the Theis Prediction Solution There are a number of details that must be considered when planning a successful pumping test Some commonly asked questions in the test design phase are e What discharge rate should I use to ensure that a measurable water level drawdown is recorded in the observation wells and ensure that the rate of water level drawdown is not too slow to miss the early time drawdown data from the observation well thus making the late
207. t 1s proportional to K of the soil and the unrecoverable head difference dh q t ar FK H h The following figure illustrates the mechanics of a slug test Hvorslev Slug Test confined or unconfined aquifer fully or partially penetrating well 181 water level in well water level at time at time to t 0 t gt to original piezometric surface aquiclude aquifer aquiclude Hvorslev defined the time lag Ty the time required for the initial pressure change induced by the injection extraction to dissipate assuming a constant flow rate as where r is the effective radius of the piezometer F is a shape factor that depends on the dimensions of the piezometer intake see Hvorslev 1951 for an explanation of shape factors K is the bulk hydraulic conductivity within the radius of influence Substituting the time lag into the initial equation results in the following solution 182 Chapter 4 Analysis Methods where h is the displacement as a function of time ho is initial displacement The field data are plotted with log h h on the Y axis and time on the X axis The value of 77 is taken as the time which corresponds to h h 0 37 and K is determined from the equation above Hvorslev evaluated F for the most common piezometers where the length of the intake 1s greater than eight times the screen radius and produced the following general solution for K r In L R 2LT where L is t
208. t notebook page you can enter the details of the pumping test including the Saturated Aquifer thickness discharge rate s pumping time s etc Selecting this menu option will create a new slug test Another way to create a slug test is to select the Slug Tests folder from the Project Tree and then right click your mouse From the dialogue that appears select New slug test Chapter 2 Using AquiferTest Units Test Menu New slug test x Name Slug Test Name Pleaze tick the test well fh Create Well The New Slug test window will prompt you to enter a name for the slug test and to select the test well from a list of project wells At this point you can also click the Create Well button to add a new well After you have selected the test well click OK Project Slug test Slug test name Brown Hill Ho 4 Saturated Aquifer thickness fio m Performed by Calahan Time 12 00 4M Date 06 1000 w Vaat wal Depth to static WL 13 99 mi Water level at t 0 14 87 mi b b fio m In the Slug test notebook page you may enter the test details as seen in the figure above Specify units for only the current test By selecting the convert check box existing data is converted from the old units to the new units If you do not select this check box the existing numbers are not changed In other words this check box determines whether a value of 2 minutes should be converted to 120 or remain as 2 when you
209. t system is Top of Casing Datum however if your datalogger recorded data as water level elevation or height of water column above the logger pressure head then you have the option of importing the data in these formats as well Using the Top of Casing Datum the top of the casing TOC elevation is designated as zero and the data will be imported as measurements from the top of the well casing to the water level 1 e depth to water level the traditional format After you import enter the data you must enter a value for Depth to Static WL Water Level Then click on the Refresh icon and AquiferTest will make the appropriate drawdown calculations Using the Sea Level Datum the top of casing TOC elevation is designated as the elevation amsl you have entered for that well AquiferTest will read this elevation from the value you have input in the Wells section After you import enter the data you must enter the value for the Static Water Level WL Elevation Then click on the Refresh icon and AquiferTest will make the appropriate drawdown calculations Using the Benchmark Datum the top of casing TOC elevation is designated as the benchmark elevation you have entered for that well AquiferTest will read this elevation from the value you input in the Wells section After importing the data you must then enter the value for the Static WL Elevation Then click on the Refresh 81 6 icon and AquiferTest will make the appropri
210. ta points from the graph use the Time Limit option which allows you to limit the data Before After or Between specified time s Specify settings for the current analysis For information about analysis methods and their settings see the description of each method in Chapter 4 Analysis Methods starting on page 87 Specify how you want the graph to be displayed Options vary slightly from one analysis method to another The figures that follow apply to the Bouwer Rice method Chapter 2 Using AquiferTest Graph Properties Brown Hill No 5 Bouwer Fice a 1 4 font Postion Baton gt xl ME Default F EE ele Exile M AEE cove fa Ej MM Detaut e A Standard cumes MB Default F gt Parameter curve a MB Default F On the General tab you can specify the title and legend settings font and color as well as other options that affect the appearance of the graph including line thickness and color for the various analysis curves Graph Properties Trei ajaj pe near 7 La eean o Sato E User detined hhi E inean e Log e a Eo Deer defined On the Axes tab you can specify how the axes will appear font and color and whether the scaling is set to automatic or user defined Analysis Menu 45 Method Analysis state 46 Graph Properties AES General ves symbols Default Cancel Apply On the Symbols tab you can specify the shape size and color of ea
211. tains the theory of this algorithm how it is applied to the pumping test scenarios and how the superposition theory is incorporated Background Information on the Forward Solutions Algorithm Forward Solutions The following sections contain information on how AquiferTest determines drawdown in varying aquifer conditions 143 Influence of Multiple Pumping Wells Determining the cone of influence caused by one or more pumping wells can be a challenge To do so one must assume that the aquifer is limitless therefore the cone of influence is also regarded as limitless The cone of influence is considered mathematically finite only with a positive aquifer boundary condition It is possible to determine the distance from a pumping well at which point there is no longer any measurable drawdown There are different procedures for estimation of this distance the empirical method developed by Sichardt is one example Unfortunately this method is very inaccurate as well discharge is not considered The methodology of Thiem Dupuit is more accurate although the equation represents only a linear mathematical approximation of the Theis solution However the approximation is very inaccurate for large radii r Determining the cone of influence in AquiferTest occurs through the selection of a model function for Theis or Hantush The radius r is increased until drawdown equals approximately zero Distance between the well and this calculated rad
212. ted in the Data dialogue window 11 Once completed press Ctrl E to return your display to normal size if you have not already done so and then select a data point using your mouse activates the data set To make this exercise more interesting we have chosen a data set that shows a boundary effect The Cooper Jacob method is an appropriate analysis method to show the effect of nearby recharge boundaries or impermeable boundaries The last few data points in this data set deviate from the straight line This indicates a nearby recharge boundary or a leaky aquifer This could be analyzed using the Walton Hantush Jacob method leaky no aquitard storage which is also available in AquiferTest 12 Using the arrow keys rotate and shift the line to achieve a good fit ignoring the last three data points The left and right cursor keys rotate the line and the up and down keys shift the line Exercise 2 Cooper Jacob Analysis Confined Aquifer Pumping Test 219 am OVY 3a Transmissivity 1 82E 1 ms Storativity 4 17E 2 Conductivity 9 11E 3 mis Using the manual fit option allows you to use expertise and knowledge of site conditions to more precisely fit the curve to your data However if you were to click the Autofit icon the program would still take into account all but the first 4 data points To eliminate the unwanted data points from the graph completely and not just the analysis results let s use the Time limit option
213. test parameters such as an optimum discharge rate or distance between pumping and observation wells Using the Theis Prediction solution method the following exercise illustrates the steps necessary to obtain an estimate of the discharge rate required for a pumping test NOTE AquiferTest Pro contains six powerful forward predictive solution methods that allow you to examine the effects of well interference and partially penetrating wells Please see Exercise 7 for more information An aquifer test is a carefully planned and conducted scientific field experiment where a stress discharge from a pumping well is applied to an aquifer and the resulting response change in water level measured in observation wells is carefully recorded for later analysis A pumping test is conducted to gain estimates of the hydrogeologic parameters that control groundwater flow When planning a pumping test it is instructive to begin with the requirements of final data analysis in mind For example when fitting time versus water level drawdown data to the Theis curve the early time data 1 e the first two minutes of the test are crucial for achieving a good fit of the data to the curve Where early time data are lacking the fit 1s uncertain and the resulting calculation of the storativity potentially inaccurate In this exercise you will use AquiferTest to estimate the discharge rate required to produce a measurable drawdown of at least 0 01 feet in
214. tgy plotted on the X axis and log hy plotted on the Y axis for the type curves The data scales are log t r on the X axis and log s on the Y axis An example of a Moench analysis graph has been included below 1E 0 1E 1 1E 2 tr minim OP1 P3 Transmissivity 5 72x10 1 md Specific yield 144x10 1 Conductivity 9 38x10 0 mid Conductivity vertical 2 81x10 0 mid The Moench Partially Penetrating Solution assumes the following e The aquifer has an apparent infinite extent e The aquifer is homogeneous and isotropic e Drawdown is small compared to saturated thickness e The piezometric surface was horizontal prior to pumping e The well is pumped at an average rate e The well diameter is small so well storage is negligible Chapter 4 Analysis Methods The Moench Partially Penetrating Solution requires the following data e Drawdown vs time data at one or more observation wells e The distances from the pumping well to the observation wells e The extraction rate at the pumping well e The pumping well dimensions For the Moench method you must enter all values for the Aquifer thickness S Sy Kv Kh and gamma The aquifer thickness must be greater than the depth of a partially penetrating well or equal to the depth of a fully penetrating well The solution method assumes that the aquifer is of uniform thickness so all fully penetrating wells must all have the same value b or the depth from the water level to t
215. the fluid will be derived primarily from storage in the blocks At early and late times the drawdown should follow the familiar Theis curves For transient block to fissure flow the block hydraulic head distribution within an REV varies both temporally and spatially perpendicular to the fracture block interface The initial solution for slab shaped blocks was modified by Moench 1984 to support sphere shaped blocks Well test data support both the pseudo steady state and the transient block to fracture flow solutions For transient block to fracture flow the fractured rock mass is idealized as alternating layers slabs or spheres of blocks and fissures Sphere shaped Slab shaped Block Thickness Fracture Thickness Fracture Block Moench 1984 uses the existence of a fracture skin to explain why well test data support both the pseudo steady state and transient block to fracture flow methods The fracture skin 1s a thin skin of low permeability material deposited on the surface of the blocks which impedes the free exchange of fluid between the blocks and the fissures Chapter 4 Analysis Methods 7 Block thickness J Shin thickness NI Fracture thickness If the fracture skin 1s sufficiently impermeable most of the change in hydraulic head between the block and the fracture occurs across the fracture skin and the transient block to fracture flow solution reduces to the pseudo steady state flow solution
216. the planning graph You have two ways to view the planning graph Time vs Drawdown or Distance vs Drawdown For Time vs Drawdown plots you have the following options Note that this plot 1s distance dependent The Distance is the distance from the pumping well located at 0 0 to the observation point where the plot of time versus drawdown is based End of Time is the maximum time which will be plotted on the time axis on the time versus drawdown graph For Distance vs Drawdown plots you have the following options Note that this plot is time dependent Settings Theis Prediction Test condition Storatryity 0 0001 Tranemizelvity 200 01862831 fed Discharge 0 001 U S gal min Calculation Number of Datapoints 50 Time vs Drawdown Distance 0 ft Min Distance i ft Erd ot Time 10000 mit Max Distance fioo ft Time 1000 mit Mim and Max Distance allows you to specify the distance to be used on the distance axis of the distance versus drawdown plot The Time specified indicates at what point in time after pumping began t 0 the distance versus drawdown plot should be based For a tutorial on how to use the Theis Prediction Solution see Chapter 6 Demonstration Exercises on page 249 Chapter 4 Analysis Methods Forward Solutions Please note that the following forward solutions are only available in AquiferTest Pro If interested in AquiferTest Pro please contact us for more information
217. thickness height of the stagnant water column in the well and an effective radial distance over which the initial drawdown 1s dissipated As a result the Bouwer Rice method may provide a more accurate calculation of the hydraulic conductivity In practice the results from the Bouwer Rice and Hvorslev tests are often quite close 14 Click the Create a new analysis button from the Main menu From the list that appears select Bouwer Rice 15 Press Ctrl E or select View on the menu bar then Enlarge Graph The graph now takes up the entire window 16 Select a data point to activate the data series and then perform an automatic fit using the light bulb icon from the top menu bar Exercise 4 Hvorslev and Bouwer Rice Slug Test Analyses 235 NOTE The value of the effective piezometer radius r eff depends upon whether the water level is within the screened interval If the water level is above the screened interval r is radius of the piezometer If the water level is within the screened interval r can be calculated as follows reff r7 1 n nR where r piezometer radius R radius of the gravel pack developed zone and n porosity 236 Conductivity 8 46E 6 mis You should produce a hydraulic conductivity of approximately 8 46E 6 m s NOTE The computed hydraulic conductivity value is less than that computed using the Hvorslev method however the values are reasonably close within a factor
218. thus it is taken into account e The flow to the well is in a steady state e There is no flow above the water table Data requirements for the Bouwer Rice Solution are e Drawdown recovery vs time data at a pumping well e Observations beginning from time zero onward the value recorded at t 0 is used as the initial displacement value Ho by AquiferTest and thus it must be a non zero value NOTE It is important to emphasize that when the Bouwer Rice method is applied to data from a test in a well screened across the water table that the analyst user is adopting a simplified representation of the flow system 1 e both the position of the water table and the effective screen length are not changing significantly during the course of the test Butler 1998 Each solution method has a Settings dialogue window where you can specify the method specific parameters for your test The settings dialogue for the Bouwer Rice solution is shown in the following figure Settings Bouwer Rice F Use ref Gravel Pack Porosity 2 25 Calculate Screen radius 0 25 ft Casing radius 0 75 ft r eff 0 433 ft For the Bouwer Rice slug test method you must enter all values for the piezometer geometry 180 Chapter 4 Analysis Methods The effective piezometer radius r should be entered as the inside radius of the piezometer well casing if the water level in the piezometer is always above the screen or as ca
219. ting Started wells o ope Example 2 Example z Examples E Exampled on fi Example Elf Pumping tests EE E ample Furmpi Pumping Test Units 1 Select the new pumping test Example Pumping Test from the Project Tree becomes highlighted Then from the Main Menu click Test followed by Units to produce the following dialogue Units for Pumping Test Hame Length Time second Discharge merg Transmissivity W Convert Changing the units here affects the current pumping test only unlike the Project Units dialogue 2 If desired change the current test units by selecting a unit type from each of the four pull down menus Note there is a Convert check box that allows you to convert existing test data such as water level data to the new units 1 e feet will numerically be changed to meters etc On the other hand if you have already specified the correct water level data and simply would like to change the display label then de select this check box This is an extremely flexible feature that allows you to change just the display label or to convert existing data to the new unit Once you have specified the desired units click OK to close the dialogue and apply the changes Creating a Pumping Test 65 66 3 Now that you have created a pumping test you must add the various settings required for an analysis Enter the following information on the Pumping test tab Performed
220. tions the features available in AquiferTest are described in detail Window Layout NAquiferT est Brown Hill Airport Project oe Pumping Tests EE Brown Hill No 1 o B Data i i ate Analysis ii PE Drawdown vs Time with Discharge f Specific Capacity Theis Recovery rawdown ys Time with Discharge heis Steptest ooper Jacob Steptest BF Drawdown vs Time i e Cooper Jacob Time Drawdown fst Cooperdacob Distance Drawdown bry anarlsaak Tina Mi i akanan Din Theis Steptest M E i Pate rar 1E 3 1E 2 tadji mins ft OW2 Transmissivity 1 02E 3 ft d Storativity 7 32E 6 Conductivity 3 18E 1 ftid A typical AquiferTest window is shown above The different sections of the window are described below Navigator Tree FE Wells Fl Pumping tests Ei Slug tests SASE Eron Hill No 4 a Analysis Pt Water Level vs Time Pe Hvorsley i Bouwer Rice The navigator section shows the wells tests and analyses for the current project in a standard tree view As with other Windows applications you can use the or icon to expand or collapse an element in the tree Creating and deleting elements contained within the tree including wells data lists pumping tests slug tests and associated analyses 1s discussed later in this chapter Chapter 2 Using AquiferTest Properties Notebook Window Layout eN AquiferT est Brown Hill Airport Project File Edit View Project Te
221. tire saturated thickness Ge at least 80 percent of the saturated thickness the diameter of the pumped well is small so casing storage can be neglected pumping must be done at a variable rate Print Description Bem cm You will encounter two kinds of solution method icons used in the Advisor Each of these 1s explained below 95 When you see the previous icon next to a solution method it means that method is available for use in AquiferTest z When you see the icon above next to a solution method it means that the method is not yet available in AquiferTest When a solution method is not available for use in AquiferTest you will be provide with some guidance in the right window of the Advisor dialogue box on how best to proceed After you have selected one of the available solution methods on the end of a logic branch choose Select from the bottom of the dialogue box and an analysis plot of your test data will be displayed using the solution method you have chosen Disclaimer on the Use of the Advisor The information provided in the Advisor has been collected from published sources deemed reliable As with any aquifer test analysis the final decision on which solution method will provide scientifically defensible results is left to the professional conducting the analysis Although deemed reliable the information in the Advisor is provided to aid in the selection of a correct solution method the fin
222. txt asc Cancel Click Open to initiate the 6 step Logger file Wizard 4 Step 1 will appear which is a preview of the data Set the Start Import at row to 1 and then click Next Logger file Wizard Step 1 of 6 x Load Import Settings None start Import at row f File origin fisinciows ANS Previews of File D WaquiferTestsamplevh3 Logger asc 25 8 2001 08 45 05 03 0m 25 8 2001 08 45 15 03 546 0m 25 8 2001 08 45 25 03 712 0M 25 8 2001 08 45 35 03 809 0m 25 6 2001 08 45 45 03 677 Om 25 8 2001 08 45 55 03 931 Om 25 6 2001 08 46 05 03 974 Om 25 8 2001 08 46 15 04 011 Om 25 8 2001 08 46 25 04 043 0m 0 0 Mm E w a NOTE The Load Import Settings allows you to load the settings specified during a previous import session which will be used later in this example 5 Step 2 will appear which allows you to specify the delimiter ensure TAB is selected Click Next 68 Chapter 3 Getting Started Logger file Wizard Step 2 of 6 6 Step 3 will appear which allows you to specify which column contains the Date and additionally to specify the Date format Set the dialogue as seen below then click Next me as 25 3 2001 Donny 7 Step 4 will appear which allows you to specify the Time column Set the dialogue as seen in the following figure then click Next Creating a Pumping Test 69 70 3 Logger file Wizard Step 4 of 6 me ke k E O i
223. u will see you have a variety of metric and imperial units to choose from simply select the desired unit Set up the units as desired Note there is a Convert check box that allows you to convert existing project data such as pumping well geometry to the new units 1 e feet will numerically be changed to meters etc On the other hand if you have already correctly specified the well geometry and simply would like to change the display label then de select this check box This is an extremely flexible feature that allows you to change just the display label or to convert existing data to the new unit Once you have specified the desired units click OK to close the dialogue and apply the changes 53 Project Maps 54 AquiferTest allows the user to add a basemap to the project that aesthetically improves the overall appearance of the project and may assist the user in relating the influence of surface features to the test results Maps can be imported as either a graphics file contains no internal coordinate system or as an AutoCAD DXF map contains an internal coordinate system The following graphic file formats are accepted by AquiferTest jpg jpeg bmp emf and wmf 1 From the Main Menu click File followed by Maps to produce the following dialogue Site plans in database Ed Map name Map name Georeference Lower left corner x T Upper right comer x if Unit Com C mm C in a Ad
224. ush Jacob Forward Solutions Step Drawdown and Recovery Test Variable Discharge Rates Pumping rates from an aquifer are sometimes increased in several steps in order to better assess aquifer properties Once the pump is turned off it is possible to measure the water level recovery That is why well discharge is defined in AquiferTest as a time dependent parameter and not as a constant During recovery when the pump is off discharge is considered to be zero That means for every n measurement there will be a defined corresponding discharge Q valid for the time interval t 1 to t For interpretation of measurements during the recovery process discharge values are set equal to zero beginning at the moment the pump was turned off For interpretation purposes it is also necessary that at least one measurement is taken before the pump is turned off using the time since beginning of the pumping test and corresponding discharge It is recommended the user enter a number of measurements from the period before the pump is turned off For an isolated evaluation of the recovery process it is possible to select the corresponding data points from the analysis graph The inversion algorithm always considers discharge since the beginning of pumping however for model fitting you have the option of de selecting certain data points and using only the remaining data points for curve fitting From above the analysis graph click on the following icon
225. vertical and proportional to the drawdown e The head in any unpumped aquifer s remains constant e Storage in the confining layer is negligible e Flow to the well is unsteady Data requirements for the Hantush Jacob Forward Solution are e Drawdown vs time data at an observation well e Distance from the pumping well to the observation well e Pumping rate at one or more pumping wells variable or constant Hantush Jacob Forward Solution 163 e Pumping well dimensions e B value leakage factor To determine the leakage factor please see the earlier section for the standard Hantush Jacob analysis The settings dialogue for the Hantush Jacob Forward Solution is shown in the following figure Curve Fit Settings EJ These settings are used for the fit algorithm Maximum number of iterations 10 1000 1000 Delta Error 1E 12 to 1E 6 1E 6 Smaller values result in more iterations Show iteration progress This settings window is common for all forward solutions for more details please see the information listed in the Theis Forward Solution Stallman Forward Solution Barrier and Recharge Boundaries 164 Pumping tests are sometimes performed near the boundary of an aquifer A boundary condition could be a recharge boundary e g a river or a canal or a barrier boundary e g impermeable rock When an aquifer boundary is located within the area influenced by a pumping test the general assumption that the aquifer is
226. vorslev 1951 e Bouwer Rice 1976 e Cooper Bredehoeft Papadopulos 1967 In addition the following forward predictive solutions for pumping tests are available in AquiferTest Pro Theis 1937 Hantush 1955 Stallman Barrier 1963 Stallman Recharge 1963 Gringarten 1979 Papadopulos 1967 Chapter 4 Analysis Methods For more information on AquiferTest Pro or to order an upgrade please contact us directly Tel 519 746 1798 Fax 519 885 5262 E mail sales flowpath com Each analysis produces a graph displaying the data points which is subsequently overlaid by a specific type curve that varies depending on the analysis method At this point you have two options automatic or manual curve fitting Automatic Curve Fitting Manual Curve Fitting Pumping Tests and Slug Tests To fit a type curve to your data using the Automatic Fit option use your left mouse button to select a data set and then click the Automatic fit icon light bulb from the top menu bar The standard solutions in AquiferTest use a least squares regression to match the type curve to your data which minimizes the total squared error of the residuals In other words it usually favours the late time data as drawdown values for a particular data set tend to get larger over time NOTE The Automatic Fit feature for the forward solutions available only in AquiferTest Pro uses a non linear inverse algorithm to fit the data to the curve For more inf
227. vs time data at an observation well e Distance from the pumping well to the observation well e Pumping rate constant The settings dialogue for the Hantush Jacob Solution is shown below Settings Hantush Jacob The Hantush method requires a value for fl where r radial distance from pumping well to the observation well L leakage factor L must be greater than three times the saturated thickness of the aquifer FL 0 005 0 05 0 07 Using this dialogue you can specify an r L value A specific capacity test is commonly used to evaluate over time the productivity of a well which 1s expressed in terms of its specific capacity C Specific capacity is defined as C Q Ah where O is the pumping rate and Ah is the drawdown in the well due to both aquifer drawdown and well loss Well loss is created by the turbulent flow of water through the well screen and into the pump intake The results of testing are useful to track changes in well yield over time or to compare yields between different wells Specific capacity 1s estimated by plotting discharge on a linear X axis and drawdown on a linear Y axis and measuring the slope of the straight line fit An example of a Specific Capacity test has been included in the following figure Chapter 4 Analysis Methods Specific Capacity m Discharge rate Spec Capacity 1 34E 1 fimin The units for the specific capacity measurement are the following Pumping rat
228. wL x Co ordinate system lo Top of Casing Datum TOC 0 00 ft 15 51 9 4331 15 56 s Depth toL ft QO 49 4551 5 46067 10 9 7387 15 98422 ones io 4 Using your mouse left click once in the dialogue window to activate 1t The next task is to select the data to import Using your mouse left click on the cell that displays a time value 0 cell A8 and HOLD AND DRAG downwards to encompass the entire time series to cell A194 You may have to try this several times to get 1t correctly however once completed release the mouse button and your dialogue should appear similar to the figure below st Import Data Time fsase 3ag194 yx DepthtoWl x Co ordinate system Mo Top of Casing Datum TOC 0 00 ft B 10 9616 10 9616 10 9644 10 9644 10 9644 10 9669 10 9644 10 9669 Cancel Help 5 Now click on the red arrow icon to the right of the Depth to WL field and then highlight the Depth to WL data using the same procedure Once completed your display should appear as follows Chapter 3 Getting Started Creating a Slug Test NOTE Alternatively you can type in the cell locations as opposed to highlighting them with the mouse i e B 8 B 194 i Import Data Time faase sastad W Depthtowl sesesesio w Co ordinate system Lo Top of Casing Datum TOC 0 00 ft aot 00 Before importing the data note you can specify the coordinate system datum for the data The defaul
229. water balances and contaminant concentrations approved by the US EPA and recommended by the UK Environmental Agency At Waterloo Hydrogeologic we are continually developing new modeling and visualization applications for the environmental professional For more information please contact us Introduction Congratulations on your purchase of AquiferTest the most popular software package available for graphical analysis and reporting of pumping test and slug test data AquiferTest is designed by hydrogeologists for hydrogeologists giving you all the tools you need to efficiently manage hydraulic testing results and provide a selection of the most commonly used solution methods for data analysis all in the familiar and easy to use Microsoft Windows environment AquiferTest 3 5 has the following key features and enhancements Runs as a native Windows 98 NT 2000 XP 32 bit application Easy to use intuitive interface Solution methods for unconfined confined leaky confined and fractured rock aquifers Customizable report templates with a built in report designer Solution Method Advisor see page 94 to assist you in choosing an appropriate data analysis method Easily create and compare multiple analysis methods for the same data set Step test well loss method Pumping test planning forward solution methods Single well solutions Universal Data Logger Import utility supports a wide variety of column delimiters and file
230. we enter the observation well geometry let s change the units for the current slug test 1 Click on New slug test from the Project Tree becomes highlighted and then click Test followed by Units from the Main Menu 2 Set the units as seen in the following dialogue Units x Units for New slug tes A gt s Length N Time Discharge nes E Transmisalviby W Convert Cancel 3 Click OK to close the dialogue and re set the units 4 Click on PW4 from the Project Tree and examine the units displayed If the well geometry is still in metric units then click Project followed by Units these units are set at the Project level Set the Length site plan wells to Feet as seen below Units for wells and new tests Length Meter ki test datar analysis Length site plans vell Time Discharge Transmigsivity e Convert F Default Cancel 5 Click OK to close the dialogue and re set the units 78 Chapter 3 Getting Started 6 Now enter the following information on the Well page L screen length ft 10 r casing radius ft 0 08 R effective radius ft 0 34 Project Well Well Details Well Pwd ell name T i fo coordinate i ft r ft coordinate lo ft sta R ft Elevation am l lo Ft 0 34 b Benchmark lo ft M Fully penetrating well I a Jer As we are running a slug test we do not need to enter the coordinates of the well
231. y features of AquiferTest The first two exercises evaluate pumping tests in a confined aquifer using the Theis and Cooper Jacob methods The third exercise uses the import capabilities of AquiferTest to import water level recovery data from a data logger and subsequently analyzes it using the Theis Recovery method The fourth exercise involves the evaluation of a slug test using both the Hvorslev and Bouwer Rice methods The fifth exercise uses the Moench method while the sixth uses the Theis Prediction forward solution to answer commonly encountered questions when planning a pumping test Finally Exercise 7 examines a multiple pumping well analysis using an advanced forward predictive solution method available in AquiferTest Pro Database Concept Database Concept A program using a database has many advantages such as inherent data consistency and integrity and inter operability other database programs can access the data in the database This can be important if you want to share your project data with others on a local area network intranet or with project colleagues on another continent via the Internet AquiferTest stores its data in a database Immediately after you enter or make changes to your data the data are saved to the project database For example if you modify the project name the change is saved to the database as soon as you leave the project name field It is for this reason that there 1s no Save or Save as menu
232. y right clicking your mouse on the desired analysis graph and selecting the Export to Graphic option A Preview window will appear as shown in the following figure File Format File Name Bitmaps bmp y je AquiferT est CooperJacob Time Distance Drawdown Browse Preview FT Remove Background Color T Include Analysis Results Border T Include Border Width T Z Color Z Black x gt Export Size Width 454 Height 302 4 FF Maintain Ratio JPEG Options Compression Level i Smaller File Larger File F Gray Scale Performance on File Menu 21 Preferences 22 The Preview window allows you to select the graphics file format jpg bmp wmf or emf and define the file name and destination In addition this window includes several useful options to customize the size and appearance of the graph Be sure to click the Apply button in the bottom portion of this window to preview any changes you have made The figure below is an example of an analysis to be exported that includes the following features background color has been removed e analysis results have been added black border with width 5 has been added image has been increased in size using the maintain ratio option EN Preview File Format File Name Bitmaps bmp X C AquiferT est CooperJacab Time Distance Drawdown Browse Preview V Remove Backgr
233. your site Once you have reached the end of a logic branch the Advisor will present you with a list of potential solution methods based on answers you have provided The decision logic of the Advisor is based in part on the American Society for Testing and Materials ASTM standard D 4043 91 Standard Guide for Selection of Aquifer Test Method in Determining Hydraulic Properties by Well Techniques To start the Advisor select Analysis Method and the choose Advisor The following Advisor dialogue will be displayed 94 Chapter 4 Analysis Methods Solution Method Advisor BA Analysis Method Selection Advisor Based in part on ASTM 4043 91 Click here to begin The Solution Method Selection Advisor is designed to guide you through a decision process to aid the in selection of an appropriate solution method for determining an aquifers controlling parameters To use the Advisor simply answer each question which you encounter in the decision tree that best describes the aquifer system being investigated Once you have reached the end of a decision branch choose the method available in AquiferTest to analyze your aquifer system and click Select to begin the method specific analysis of your data In rare cases the Select is grayed indicating that the method you have selected as most appropriate for your site is not currently available in AquiferTest When this occurs you will be provided with additional
234. ysis Confined Aquifer Pumping Test 201 8 From the Main menu bar click Project then Units Units for wells and new tests Length test data analysis Length Meter zite plan well Time second be Discharge rate nes af Tranemizelvity nes af f Convert F Default Cancel 9 For this example we will use the units shown above If your units are different change them accordingly and click OK Wells 10 On the left navigator panel right click your mouse and select Expand all from the dialogue that appears Then click New Well 11 On the Well page of the notebook fill in the name PW 1 This will be a pumping well Project Well well name Pwi T poa coordinate jo m coordinate poo m w f Elevation aml pp m Rim o Benchmark pp m W Fully penetrating well 12 On the navigator panel select Wells and then click the right mouse button Click New well 202 Chapter 6 Demonstration Exercises 13 In the Create well dialogue that appears type OW 3a and click OK 14 On the Well page of the notebook fill in the X coordinate 12 This will be an observation well You do not need to enter the geometry of the well because we will be doing a Theis analysis which assumes fully penetrating wells Project Well well name Dwa T ee e ccoordinate E m coordinate pp m i fo Elevation amal jo m F m fo Benchmark fo m IY Fully penetrating well Pumping Test 15
235. ysis pumping test Ei welle E E E E P t O E ii Fumping tests i E Exercise 1 Theis Analysis ol Data 23 Click the right mouse button followed by Create Datalist 24 The Create Data window appears Select which test the data applies to and then under Data observed at select OW 3a 204 Chapter 6 Demonstration Exercises Create data Exercise 1 Theis Analysis 25 Click OK 26 The Data notebook page appears as seen below P Time fs 3 eg sy _ CC Exercise 1 Theis Analysis Confined Aquifer Pumping Test 205 27 In the Time s and Depth to WL m columns enter the following data Press Enter after each value to move to the next field Time s Water Level m 0 1 20 40 1 95 120 2 65 302 3 24 810 3 85 1610 4 24 2880 4 65 4180 5 93 7993 5 31 10000 5 49 30000 5 70 50000 5 85 100000 5 90 Do not type anything in the Drawdown column 28 Click the right mouse button anywhere on the right side of the window Click Refresh graph in the window that appears or click F5 A graph of the data is displayed 206 Chapter 6 Demonstration Exercises 20 000 40 000 60 000 80 000 100 00 Time 3 29 One data point appears to be wrong so let s remove it In the table or graph select the item at time 4180 s and click the right mouse button In the win

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