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Creating Topologic Models For HEC-1

1. Name Precipitation ee OE At least one recording station must be defined to set up the temporal distribution data for the gages For the Red River watershed a single recording station is defined and then used for all storm total stations Set this gage up with the following steps 1 Select the New button 2 Change the Name to 400 3 Toggle off the Storm Total Station button and toggle on the Temporal distribution station button 4 Click on the Define Series button This will bring up the XY Series Editor dialog WMS uses this dialog to define several different series of data Rainfall distributions are one type of series data For additional information see the chapter in the reference manual on using the XY series editor By default the rainfall distribution values are considered to be cumulative The Red River model however uses incremental This model also uses a time step of 60 minutes rather than the default of 15 To change these two defaults to match the Red River model use the following steps 1 Select the XY Opts button 2 Toggle on the Unit Time box Creating Topologic Models for HEC 1 18 11 Change the beginning time to 435 minutes This corresponds to 7 hours and 15 minutes and will be converted appropriately when exiting the dialog Change the increment to 60 Select the Delta button in the Distribution box Select the OK button Enter the following ten incremental values starting with t
2. 15 5 Importing a Land Use Table Next you will import a land use table This land use table relates land use and soil type to curve number values You have already read in a land use grid a soil type grid and a drainage basin model This table relating land use and soil type to actual curve number values is the final piece of the puzzle to compute curve numbers for each basin Select the Hydrologic Modeling module icon H Select the Compute GIS Attributes command from the Calculators menu Make sure SCS Curve Numbers is selected in the Computation field Select the mport button 15 4 WMS Tutorials 5 Find and Open scstut tbl Notice that the table appears in the Mapping text window after it is imported 15 6 Computing Curve Numbers for a Drainage Coverage The final step is to compute the curve numbers for the drainage coverage This step is simple since WMS does this automatically As an overview the following data are required to compute composite curve numbers for a drainage coverage e A drainage coverage with outlet points and sub basins defined e A land use grid or a land use polygon coverage e A soil type grid or a soil type polygon coverage e A land use table relating land use and soil type to curve number Now do the following 1 Insure that SCS Curve numbers is selected for the computation type For both soil type and land use the default option of using a grid for computation should be selected
3. Select the New button in the Coverages window Change the name of the coverage to Land Use and change the coverage s Attribute set to Land Use Select the OK button in the Coverages window Select OK and wait a few seconds while the land use shapefile for the Aspen Grove watershed is read in and displayed 3 2 4 Assigning Attributes to Feature Objects When reading in your land use and soil type shapefiles an ID is read in for each land use and soil type polygon However you still need to be able to compute a curve number for each basin in the Aspen Grove watershed But how do you relate the soil type ID and land use ID in each of these polygons to a curve number WMS stores a separate table for each land use ID This table relates each land use ID to a land use name a curve number for each SCS soil type A B C Advanced Feature Object Manipulation 3 13 and D and other land use properties When WMS computes the curve number for each basin it determines the soil type and land use for several locations in the sub basin WMS then determines the curve number for each of these locations using the land use table Fortunately WMS provides an easy method of setting up this land use table in the land use polygon attributes dialog In this section you will learn how to set up a land use table using the land use polygon attributes dialog 1 Switch to the Map module by clicking on the Map icon at the top of the Toolbox 2 In
4. 10 1 Reading a TIN File You will first read in a TIN that has already been processed and used to delineate two sub basins l 2 3 Select the TINs module Sl Select the Open command from the File menu Find and Open the file named aftr55 tin By default it should be in the tutorial directory Select the Compute Basin Data command from the Drainage menu Select Feet for Model units Square miles for Basin Areas and Feet for Distances Select OK If the display options for triangles and vertices are on turn them off by selecting the Display Options from the Display menu and toggling off the check box in front of the Vertices and Triangles display options Your display should now show the basin boundaries and stream network 10 2 Defining Flow Path Arcs Flow paths can automatically be traced across a TIN or DEM with flow directions computed using the flowpath tool You can take advantage of this functionality in WMS to set up your flow path segments l N Select the Map module kal Time of Concentration Calculations 10 3 Select the Coverages command from the Feature Objects menu Set the default coverage type to Time Computation in the Attribute Set drop down combo box Confirm that you want to change coverage types by selecting OK Select the Create Feature Points tool jen Create feature points at the two locations marked by an_X in the figure below Be sure that there is one point
5. ROUTE ld TO 20 Routing Starion gt OH Diversion RETURN DIVERSION ROUTE Figure 18 1 Traditional HEC 1 Tree Diagram For Red River Watershed LEGEND LOST Bs Rasin Hydmgraph Station Quiet Hydrograph Sarion 1WwTO20 Ans T DAA y Dnerswo Figure 18 2 HEC 1 Tree Diagram of Red River Watershed Created by WMS Figure 18 3 shows an alternate tree created_using WMS The difference between this diagram and the one in is that E DAM has been 18 4 WMS Tutorials created as a reservoir rather than routing from LOSTBR to RED20 using the reservoir storage routing option puts the E DAM reservoir at RED20 since there is no need to have the outlet at LOSTBR The reservoir can be placed at the RED20 outlet The diversion is routed from EAST10 to RED20 and the basin LOSTBS is connected directly to RED20 LEGEND EAST 0 Rasm Hyrbograph Sanoa Ouiki Hydeogreph Sution OO mox Ranneg Sistim y Diversion TO Figure 18 3 Reservoir Used in Place of Reservoir Storage Routing LEGEND tasir Myckogragh ation FEO ontiet Mydeoprash Staion DIVERSION Rewervar r UAM Y 2A 10TO 20 10 ECHL Routing Station ZOTOJ0 Figure 18 4 LOSTBR Outlet Eliminated with E DAM Reservoir at RED20 Creating Topologic Models for HEC 1 18 5 The HEC 1 input file generated from all three trees will be identical They simply illustrate different ways in which reservoirs and reservoir routing from out
6. 11 1 Reading a TIN File You will first read in a TIN that has already been processed and used to delineate a single basin 1 Select the 77Ns module Sl 2 Select the Open command from the File menu 3 Find and Open the file named rockynff tin By default it should be in the tutorial directory 11 2 Prepare the TIN to Use With NFF The watershed in rockynff tin has previously been prepared for basin delineation However you must compute basin data in order to use the geometric parameters in conjunction with NFF 1 Select Compute Basin Data from the Drainage menu 2 Set Model units to Feet since the original TIN data is in feet 3 Set Basin Areas to Square miles 4 Set distances to Feet 5 Select OK In order to see the parameters which will be used with the NFF program you can turn them on for display 1 Select the Display Options from the Display menu 2 Select the Drainage tab 3 Turn on the following toggles Show units Basin areas Basin slopes 4 Select OK Basin attributes are displayed at the centroid of the basin 11 3 Running an NFF Simulation The geometric data computed from the TIN has automatically been stored with the NFF data You can now run a simulation using the data derived from the TIN NFF Interface 11 3 1 Select the Hydrologic Modeling module Xi 2 Select the Select Basin tool Bl 3 Select the basin icon or anywhere within the basin boundary 4 Select t
7. Using an Image to Define Feature Objects As mentioned previously the TIFF image you have imported is a scanned image of a USGS quadrangle map This particular map corresponds to the northwest corner of Salt Lake City Utah 1 Select the Create Point tool jen 2 Click on the point labeled as the beginning boundary point in 3 Select the Create Arc tool E 4 Select the Attributes command from the Feature Objects menu 5 Choose the Generic arc type and select the OK button 6 Define a single arc which will serve as the boundary by clicking on the feature point already created and then along several other points of the polygon shown in Figure 2 4 until you close the arc on itself by clicking on the first point a second time 7 Select the Attributes command from the Feature Objects menu 8 Choose the Stream arc type and select the OK button 2 3 4 WMS Tutorials 9 Using the streams road from the image in Figure 2 4 as a guide enter the two stream branches starting from the point marked outlet in Be sure to double click to end the entry of a stream segment You may need to zoom and or pan the image in order to see features more clearly AUNTS Oe VSR Boundary eee 3 Aio AF 4 FORT DOUGLAS If you have troubles defining the feature objects you can read in the map file named jonescyn map to see what the final boundary and streams should look like Saving
8. while others are rather insignificant like Bare Exposed Rock To make this simulation more simple you will aggregate some of these segments and delete some others 1 Switch to the Hydrologic Modeling module M 2 Select the basin icon by clicking on it 3 Go to the HSPF menu and choose Edit HSPF Attributes 4 Note in the Edit HSPF Attributes dialog the list of segments in the Basin Data window There are 8 separate segments or land use classifications in this watershed There are two ways to reduce the number of segments computed by WMS The first is to delete one segment then add the area of the deleted segment to another similar segment aggregate segments The second is to just delete the segment then let WMS redistribute the deleted area to the remaining segments an area weighted distribution is used 1 Choose segment entitled Other Urban Or Build Up from the Basin Data window Note that the area is about 35 acres insignificant in this watershed 2 Click the Delete Button 3 Repeat steps 1 and 2 for the segment entitled Bare Ground 4 Click Done 5 Switch to the TIN module 6 Go to the Drainage menu and Choose Compute Basin Data click OK on the Compute Basin Data dialog to proceed This will recompute basin data and distribute the deleted segments areas to the remaining segments 7 Now you will aggregate some segments Switch back to the Hydrologic Modeling module Bi 8 Select the basin icon by
9. 2 Select OK to delete everything N 3 Select the Map module icon if it isn t active already 4 Select the Jmport command from the File menu 5 Select Feature object polygons Shapefile shp from the Files of type field 6 Find and Open the polygon shape file named asppoly1 shp 4 3 2 Hydrologic Models from Feature Objects 4 7 You should now see the Import Shapefile Data dialog It allows you to define the shape files and mappings for points arcs and polygons You can also access the coverage options dialog in case you need to change coverage types create a new coverage etc 1 Click on the open points shape file button 2 Find and Open the point shape file named asppnts1 shp 3 Click on the open arcs shape file button 4 Find and Open the arc shape file named asparcs shp Attribute items are automatically mapped to WMS parameters if they have the appropriate keywords Mappings are shown in the text window to the right of the shape file name If an attribute name doesn t match a keyword as listed in Table 3 1 of the reference manual you can manually map it by doing the following 1 Select the Attribute Mapping button below the polygon shape file 2 Select AREA in the Database fields window 3 Select Basin area in the Coverage attributes window you may have to use the scroll bar to find Basin area 4 Select the Map button If you want scroll the Mapped fields window so that
10. 2 an ASCII output file outlining the processes used and the final results 3 a TAPE22 solution file containing hydrograph information which can be read back into WMS for display 4 Enter redriv in the prefix for all files edit field and select the Update all prefixes button 5 Select OK When running HEC 1 the input file is automatically saved before HEC 1 is launched The View File command in the File menu can be used to examine the ASCII output file should problems occur On PC s the view file command brings up a simple view only program whereas on UNIX operating systems you can specify an editor vi by default to bring the file up in 18 12 Displaying Hydrograph Results The TAPE22 file generated by HEC 1 and stored in the third file specified when running HEC 1 from within WMS contains hydrographs for each basin of the watershed for the routed hydrographs from outlet points and for the combination of basin and routed hydrographs at each outlet You can read this file and display the hydrographs in the hydrograph window To read the hydrograph file do the following 1 Select the Show Hydrograph Window from the Display menu If the hydrograph window is already mapped you won t need to use this command 18 18 WMS Tutorials Select the Open command from the Hydrographs menu Find and Open the TAPE22 file it should be named rvedriv sol if you actually ran HEC 1 as outlined above If you did not actually run
11. 25 minutes In addition to drainage basin analysis WMS also contains flood plain delineation features that can be used to define flood plain boundaries on any TIN Flood plains are delineated from stage values that are entered at various locations on a TIN Stage values are defined as the difference between the flood water surface elevation and the normal TIN elevation This tutorial will guide you through the steps for entering saving and reading stage values from a file It will also show how to delineate flood plains from stage values adjust the flood plain delineation parameters and save or read stage values from a file 14 1 Delineating Flood Plains In this tutorial you will learn the steps for entering stage values at points on a TIN and then how to delineate the flood plain boundary represented by these stage values The topics covered include the following e Editing the stage value at TIN vertices e Reading stage values from a file e Using the Interpolate Stage command e Delineating a flood plain from TIN stage values e Comparing stream based and flat flood plain delineation 14 2 WMS Tutorials Changing the flood plain delineation parameters Saving and reading stage values to and from files 14 2 Editing Stage Values To begin editing stage values do the following T 8 Select the TINs module icon S Select Open from the File menu Locate and select the file called ding tin It is locate
12. A grid will be created which just bounds the scattered data points 12 Scattered Data and 2D Grids 16 3 Select Interpolation Options from the Interpolation menu Select the Data Set button Turn the All time steps toggle on Select the Select button Turn on the Truncate values toggle This will keep the interpolation functions from assigning values outside the absolute minimum and maximum of the data set Select the OK button Select Interpolate to Grid from the Interpolation menu Accept the default name for the data set being created for the grid WMS will now interpolate the values for each time step from the scatter points to the grid nodes The progress dialog box informs you of the progress for interpolation 16 4 Contouring the Grid The interpolation process created a new transient data set for the grid In this section options for contouring individual time steps will be explored l 2 Select the Display Options command from the Display menu Turn off the Scatter point symbols and select OK Change to the 2D Grid module Select the Display Options command from the Display menu Turn off Nodes and Cells and turn on 2D Grid Contours Select the OK button Linear contours of rainfall intensity are drawn for the grid for time step 15 00 Since time value 15 00 was selected as the active time step in the data browser for scattered data it is also the active time step for the data
13. command from the Display menu Select the Drainage tab Turn on the display of Basin CN s curve numbers Select OK Select the Tree module icon H Select the Compute GIS Attributes command from the Calculators menu Select the option to compute SCS Curve numbers using a soil type coverage and a land use coverage You will have to select the Use a soil type coverage for determining soil type and the Use a land use coverage for determining land use options You do not need to enter a computation step when computing the curve number for a TIN Just leave this value alone 15 8 10 11 WMS Tutorials Select the Jmport button and select OK to overwrite any existing data Find and Open scstut tbl Select the OK button in the Compute GIS Attributes window The computation may take anywhere from a few seconds to several minutes depending on the speed of your computer The computed curve numbers using this method are slightly different than the curve numbers computed for the drainage coverage This is because the shape of the basins are also slightly different 15 12Computing Composite Runoff Coefficients for a Drainage Coverage Using a Soil Type Grid Besides being able to compute composite curve numbers you can also compute composite runoff coefficients in WMS These runoff coefficients can be computed from a soil type grid and can be used in a Rational method simulation 1 10 11 12 13 S
14. 0 0 It will be assumed on grade at the outlet location Select OK You will now define a standpipe and spillway weir for outlet structures and WMS will compute the elevation discharge relationship automatically In addition to standpipes and weirs you can define low level outlets or you can enter a pre computed elevation discharge relationship l 2 3 4 8 9 10 Select the Define button in the Elevation Discharge box Select the Discharge Structures option Select the Add Standpipe button Set the Pipe diameter to 4 feet Set the Standpipe elevation to 15 feet Select the Add Weir button Set the Weir width to 20 feet Set the Weir elevation to 25 feet Select OK Select OK You have now defined a detention facility that has a standpipe and a spillway for control structures The incoming hydrograph to this outlet point will be routed through the detention facility before being routed downstream and combined with the hydrographs of other basins l 2 Select the bottom most outlet point Select the Define Hydrographs button Rational Method Interface 12 15 3 Choose the Route by summing method 4 Choose the Universal hydrograph method 5 Select Done 6 Select the hydrograph box for the bottom most outlet 12 6 Conclusions In this tutorial you have learned some of the options available for using the rational method in WMS You will want to continue experimenting with the
15. 1 Interface 9 7 9 6 3 Precipitation The last basin parameter you will enter here is the precipitation To enter the precipitation parameters do the following l 2 Select the Precipitation button Choose the Gage PG option Select the OK button Select Done in the Edit HEC 1 Parameters dialog Weights are assigned automatically using the Thiessen method when computing basin data In order to make this happen you must compute the basin data once again Select the TINs module icon S Select the Compute Basin Data command from the Drainage menu Specify Feet for the Model units Square miles for Basin Areas and Feet for Distances and then select the OK button 9 7 Defining Routing Data Routing parameters are defined at outlet points and they define the reach from a given outlet to the next downstream outlet Stream lengths and slopes are automatically computed and associated with the appropriate outlet when computing drainage data from the Drainage menu For the example model you are working with you will be defining Muskingum routing for the three outlet points in the stream no routing needs to be defined at the outlet representing the watershed outlet To define this routing method do the following 1 Change back to the Hydrologic Modeling module feal Select the Select Outlets tool al Select one of the upstream icons not the bottom most outlet The three upstream outlets need to have routi
16. 8 and 9 for soil types 41 and 42 with the following Curve number and name values Property Land use ID 41 Land use ID 42 Name Deciduous Forest Land Evergreen Forest Land Type A CN 45 36 Type B CN 66 60 Type C CN TT 73 Type D CN 83 79 In the Export file type field select the option to export an SCS Land use file Select the Export SCS file button go to the directory where you want to save the land use file and call the SCS land use file aspencn tbl After exporting this file can be used later without having to set it up again Select the Close button to close the Land use mapping dialog In the Coverage box in the Edit Window make sure the Drainage coverage is the active coverage Switch to the Tree module by clicking on the Hydrologic Modeling module icon B at the top of the Toolbox Select the Compute GIS Attributes command from the Calculators menu Select SCS Curve numbers for the Computation type and select the OK button to compute the composite Curve numbers for each basin WMS will take a few seconds while the curve numbers for each basin are computed If you want to display the curve numbers for each sub basin you can turn them by selecting the Display Options command from the Display menu and then selecting the Drainage tab and marking the Basin CN s curve numbers toggle box Advanced Feature Object Manipulation 3 15 16 Switch to the Map module by clicking on the Map icon at the t
17. Boundaries to Feature Polygons Now that the basins have been delineated you can convert the boundaries to polygons 1 Select the Basins gt Polygons command in the Drainage menu 6 2 7 Computing Basin Geometric Parameters Finally you will want to compute the basin areas slopes runoff distances etc and associate them with the polygons WMS Tutorials 1 Select the Compute Basin Data command from the Drainage menu 2 Set the Model units to Meters and leave the Parameter units settings at their default values 3 Select OK 4 Select the Display Options command from the Display menu 5 Select the Drainage tab 6 Insure that the Show units Basin areas and Basin slopes options are toggled on 7 Select OK for both dialogs 6 2 8 Hill Shade With Stream and Watershed Boundaries The hill shade command demonstrated in the previous tutorial functions slightly differently once streams and watershed boundaries have been delineated Any DEM point that is part of the stream or a basin boundary is colored accordingly when performing a hill shade 1 Select the Shade command from the Display menu 6 3 Conclusions This concludes the tutorial on basin delineation from DEM data You may wish to continue experimenting with the different options In summary you have learned how to e Import a DEM and activate a region for analysis e Compute flow directions and flow accumulations for a DEM e Convert raster streams to v
18. Change the Routing combine name from 1C to RED30 and click on the OK button 3 Select the next upstream outlet 2C You may wish to reposition your Hydrologic Modeling Window and or the Edit TR 20 Parameters Creating Topologic Models for HEC 1 19 5 dialog so that you can see both the tree and the dialog You don t need to close the Edit TR 20 Parameters dialog Data for the next selected outlet point will now be displayed Select the Routing Data button Change the Routing combine name from 2C to E DAM Toggle the Define reach routing toggle box because there is routing from this outlet Change the routing name from 2R to 20TO30 Click on the OK button Repeat the last four steps changing 3C to RED10 and 3R to 10TO20 Be sure to turn reach routing on for outlet 3C so that the resulting hydrograph may be routed downstream from this point To change Basin names do the following l 7 Click on the basin 1B If you accidentally closed the Edit TR 20 Parameters dialog then double click on 1B to bring it back up Select the Basin Data button Change the basin name from 1B to RED30B and click on the OK button Click on basin 2B Select the Basin Data button Change the basin name from 2B to WEST20 and click on the OK button Repeat the last three steps changing 3B to LOSTBS 4B to EAST10 and 5B to REDRI To change the diversion name do the following 1 2 Click on the diversion arrow D1 Select the Dive
19. Coverage Options button 6 Set the Attribute Set to Soil Type 7 Confirm that you want to change the coverage type 8 Select OK 9 Select OK to import the soils You have now imported the soils file If you move your cursor over the soils data and notice the x y z coordinate tracking window you should see that these data are in Geographic or latitude longitude coordinates Negative x values are indicative of longitudes in the western hemisphere 1 Select the Coordinate Conversion command from the Edit menu 6 Creating Topologic Models for TR20 21 13 Select the Current Options button Change the Horizontal System to Geographic NAD 27 US and the vertical Units to be Meters leaving all other settings the same Select OK For the Convert to options set the Horizontal Units to UTM NAD 27 US and Zone 12 114W to 108W Set both the Horizontal Units and the vertical Units to Meters Select the Convert button Now we will save the soils data to a map file so that we can read it back in after converting the land use data l 2 Select the Save command from the File menu Set the Save file type to be Feature Object Files map Enter aspensoutm map for the file name and select the Save button Select New from the File menu and confirm that you wish to delete everything Select Import from the File menu Find and Open the file aspenlustplane shp Confirm that the input file type is a shapefile and select OK
20. HEC 1 or are having difficulties you can read in redri sol After you have successfully read the hydrograph file you should see several small hydrographs displayed in the upper right corner of each outlet and basin in the HEC 1 Tree Window You can examine the hydrographs in greater detail by selecting them for display in the hydrograph window Two hydrographs for some of the outlets will be displayed representing the hydrograph before and after channel routing To view the hydrographs in the hydrograph window do the following l 2 Select one of the hydrographs by clicking on the miniature Hold the SHIFT key down while selecting more hydrographs All currently selected hydrographs should be displayed in the hydrograph window Select the Display Options command from the Display menu Select the Plot Options button Turn on the Display X grid option Turn on the Display Y grid option Set any other parameters you wish to experiment with Click on the OK button for both dialogs CHAPTER Creating Topologic Models For TR 20 This chapter if you are familiar with TR 20 will help you understand how WMS compares to and how it differs from traditional TR 20 modeling It is useful for new users of TR 20 as well since it will help you become familiar with what types of structures can be modeled with TR 20 and how they are set up in WMS The example problem illustrated here is the Red River watershed It is chosen s
21. OK Starting at the outlet point just created and working upstream WMS converts the DEM points with accumulation values greater than or equal to 400 into a series of feature arcs The feature arcs are assigned to be stream type Delineating Watershed and Sub basin Boundaries With the stream network defined as an arc you are ready to define the watershed boundaries 1 Select the Define Basins command from the Drainage menu 2 Select the Refresh macro Edl The DEM points which drain to the outlet of the stream network previously defined are identified by using the flow direction information You can now inactivate and eliminate all DEM points outside of the watershed 1 Select the Inactivate NULL Basin command from the Drainage menu Watershed Delineation from DEMs 6 7 2 Select the Delete Inactive from the DEMs menu You can further subdivide the watershed into subbasins by converting some of the feature points to outlets 1 Select the Select Feature Point Node tool A 2 Select the two junction points identified in Remember you can multi select the two points by holding down the SHIFT key 3 Select the Node lt gt Outlet command from the DEM Drainage menu to assign the nodes attribute type to be an outlet 4 Redefine the basins with the new outlets by selecting the Define Basins command from the DEM Drainage menu Figure 6 3 Sub basin Outlets of Aspen Grove Watershed 6 2 6 Converting Raster Basin
22. Select OK to confirm that the drainage coverage will be read in as a generic coverage This model shows a basin delineation of the Black River in northwestern New York on the western slopes of the Adirondacks The polygon identified as the flats is subject to flooding during spring runoff A separate more detailed TIN of the flats was created and used for flood plain delineation To see this TIN 1 Select the New command from the File menu 2 Confirm that you want all data deleted 3 Select the Open command from the File menu 4 Using the file browser find and Open in the flood sup file 5 Select OK to confirm that the drainage coverage will be read in as a generic coverage In addition to the TIN a map file is read in which shows the main channel as well as major roads and railroads in the flood plain Once the flood plain has been delineated you will be able to see the portions of the road and railroad endangered by the high waters 1 Select the Delineate Flood command from the Flood menu 14 6 WMS Tutorials 14 8 Display Options So far only an outline of the flood plain has been shown Besides drawing the boundary you can also have the flood plain filled with a solid color or contoured according to depth 1 Select the Display Options command from the Display menu 2 Select the Flood tab 3 Turn on the Flood plain color filled option 4 Select OK Besides showing the extents of the flood plain yo
23. Select the Coverage Options button Set the Attribute type to Land Use Select OK to confirm that you wish to change the attribute set Select OK for the Coverages dialog Select OK to import the land use file Select Coordinate Conversion from the Edit menu Select the Current Options button Set the Horizontal System to State Plane NAD 27 US the St Plane Zone to Utah Central 4302 the Horizontal Units to U S Survey Feet and the vertical Units to U S Survey Feet Select OK 21 14 WMS Tutorials 17 18 For the Convert to options set the Horizontal Units to UTM NAD 27 US and Zone 12 114W to 108W Set the Horizontal Units to Meters and the vertical Units to Meters Select the Convert button Now that the land use is in UTM coordinates read in the soil map file and the DEM 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 21 5 Conclusion Select the Open command from the File menu Find and Open the file named aspensoutm map the file you saved for the soils above Select the Append button so that it adds this coverage to the existing feature object data Select the Jmport command from the File menu Find and Open the file named aspen dem Set the Jmport file type to USGS DEM and select OK Select OK to import the DEM Through these three examples you should now have a better idea of how the coordinate conversion tools can be used in WMS These examples represent typical problem
24. Select the downstream most point on the stream network Select the Clean command from the Feature Objects menu Make sure only the Snap selected nodes option is on Select OK You will now be prompted to select in the Help window a point to snap to Click on a point on the polygon near the stream outlet point Select the Frame Image macro 2 7 f Select the Zoom tool al Zoom in around the outlet point at the junction of the streams from the two upper basins If you have zoomed in around the right location your display should look something like You will notice that the outlet point does not coincide with the intersection of the three basins You will now need to snap it in the same way you did for the watershed outlet Figure 4 2 Snapping Nodes Together l Select the Select Points Nodes tool ik 2 Select the outlet junction point on the stream network 4 12 WMS Tutorials 8 9 Select the Clean command from the Feature Objects menu Make sure only the Snap selected nodes option is on Select OK Click on a point on the basin intersection point Select the newly snapped node the intersection of the basins and stream network Select the Attributes command from the Feature Objects menu Choose the Drainage outlet option 10 Select OK 2 11 Select the Frame Image macro A amp I 4 4 3 Converting Generic Polygons to Basin Boundary Polygons In order to tie the polygons to the to
25. Strecture Number oo ress Section Number I l Dra ca age mulca Lo Y L73 N huw E oo k sngt 038 14 Esd Area Co x Espen em im Figure 19 1 Traditional TR 20 Topological Tree Diagram For Red River Watershed Creating Topologic Models for HEC 1 19 3 puts the E DAM reservoir at RED20 since there is no need to have the outlet at LOSTBR The reservoir can be placed at the RED20 outlet Figure 19 2 LOSTBR Outlet Eliminated with E DAM Reservoir at RED20 The tree defined in the remaining sections of this tutorial will correspond to the one in 19 2 Creating the Tree Switch to the Hydrologic Modeling Module je If you are running the Demo version turn it off now The following commands can be used to create the topological tree for the Red River watershed as shown in Figure 19 2 All commands are in the Tree menu 1 Select the Default Model command and change the current model to TR 20 Select the OK button 2 Select the Add Outlet command The base outlet will be created and highlighted meaning that it is currently selected Each time you create a new outlet it becomes the selected outlet 3 Select the Add Basin command Don t worry that the names don t match those in Figure 19 2 you can change them later 4 Select the Add Outlet command 5 Select the Add Reservoir command 19 4 WMS Tutorials 6 Select the Add Basin command 7 Select the Add Basin command 8 Select the Add Outlet comm
26. The Aspen Grove DEM was used in previous tutorial for creating feature object data and will be used by later tutorials to construct a TIN representing the watershed located near Aspen Grove 5 1 1 Opening the File 1 Switch to the DEM module by selecting the DEM module icon Sii from the top of the Toolbox 2 Select the Import command from the File menu 3 Select USGS DEM File dem ddf from the Files of type field 4 Use the file browser to find and Open the file aspen dem This file should be found in the tutorial directory This will add the DEM contained in the file to the list in the Importing USGS DEMs The window at the top of the Import USGS DEMs dialog shows a list of the DEM files that will be imported 5 Select OK 5 2 Selecting an Active Area Whether you are using a single DEM or several tiled together it is likely that your watershed will not cover the entire area of the DEM You can inactivate the portions of the DEM that you know are outside of your watershed and then delete them from memory in order to conserve RAM There are actually several ways to do this but the easiest and most frequently used one is demonstrated here 1 Select the Open command from the File menu 2 Use the file browser to find and Open the file aspenrgn map This file should be found in the tutorial directory After reading this file you should see a bounding box around the portion of the aspen grove DEM tha
27. To do this select the Run HSPF command from the HSPF menu HSPF should run to completion You will then be able to view the solution CHAPTER Coordinate Conversions Making sure that your data is in the right coordinate system and specifying the appropriate units is an important part of any modeling project In this brief tutorial you will learn how you can define the current coordinate system of your input data DEMs TINs feature objects images etc and how you can transform individual data files so that units among data sources will be consistent You will also learn how you can transform the coordinate system and or units of all of the data into another coordinate system There are three occasions when transforming coordinates becomes important l You may have a watershed that spans zones within a given coordinate system You may have data for your watershed model but the data is in different coordinate systems For example you may have elevation data in one coordinate system and land use data in another coordinate system Your data may be in one coordinate system but perhaps you want to work in another coordinate system For example all the data in your county s GIS database may be in one coordinate system but your data is in another coordinate system 21 1 Background information on Coordinate Systems Most data in the U S comes in either the Universal Transverse Mercator UTM or State Plane Coordin
28. Watershed Name Area _ Curve Number _ __Time of Concentration west2o 80 PH O 15 k EASTON 6 HT 8G REDRI a 2 ee 19 7 Defining Routing Parameters Routing parameters are defined in a similar fashion as basins For the Red River model channel routing needs to be defined from RED10 to EIDDAM 10TO20 and from E DAM to RED30 20TO30 This can be done with the following steps l 8 9 Select the outlet RED10 if the Edit TR 20 Parameters is still active If you have closed it already select RED10 and then select the Edit TR 20 Parameters command from the TR 20 menu Select the Routing Data button Select the option to Define reach routing Enter 3000 feet for the reach length Notice that there are two methods for defining reach routing We will use the second x and m method Keep the default x and m values Click on the OK Button Select the outlet E DAM Select the Routing Data button Select the option to Define reach routing 10 Enter 2000 feet for the reach length 11 Click on the OK Button 19 8 Defining Diversion Data Diversion data can be defined by following the steps below Diversions cannot be saved with feature objects TINs or DEMs either so after creating a watershed using feature objects diversions still need to be entered using the commands in the Tree menu of the Hydrologic Modeling Module 5 6 Creating Topologic Models for HEC 1 19 9 Select
29. a File and Deleting the Feature Objects If you would like to save your feature objects for later use in creating a TIN 1 Select Save As from the File menu 2 Select Feature Object Files map from the Save as type field 3 Click on the directory button and specify a directory where you want to save your files 4 Enter jones1 map for the filename 5 Hit Save to exit the dialog and save the map file Basic Feature Object Manipulation 2 9 Now that you have saved this map file you may delete these feature objects by doing the following commands 1 Select New from the File menu 2 Select OK to confirm that you want to delete all data 2 4 Conclusion This concludes the Basic Feature Object Manipulation tutorial In this tutorial you have learned some of the basic concepts behind manipulating feature objects and coverages You have also learned how to digitize feature objects from background images CHAPTER 3 Advanced Feature Object Manipulation The previous tutorial focused on some basic concepts needed for creating and editing feature objects This tutorial will focus on more advanced topics First you will learn about tools for cleaning and editing feature objects Then you will learn how to import and use data in ArcView Shapefile and DXF format as feature objects in WMS 3 1 Cleaning and Editing Feature Objects 3 1 1 Two scenarios can exist when using feature objects in WMS The first is tha
30. a digital terrain model and the Rational Method 12 1 Reading in Terrain Data The terrain model used in this tutorial is for a small portion of a city The elevation data was obtained by digitizing a contour map 1 Select the TINs module icon S 2 Select Open from the File menu 12 2 WMS Tutorials 3 Find and Open the TIN file named afpts tin 4 Select the Triangulate command from the T Ns menu 5 Select the Display Options command from the Display menu 6 Turn off Vertices and Triangles 7 Select OK 12 2 Creating a TIN for Basin Delineation The TIN that has been read in and triangulated will be used as a background elevation map for the creation of a TIN that will be used for basin delineation 12 2 1 Opening a DXF file N 1 Select the Map module icon 2 Select the Import command from the DXF menu 3 Find and Open the file named afdxf 12 2 2 Converting DXF Data to Feature Objects The DXF data represents a small street network and a boundary for the study area In order to use the DXF data to help create a TIN it must be converted to feature objects 1 Select the DXF gt Feature Objects command in the DXF menu 2 Turn off Feature points from DXF points 3 Select OK 4 Select the Delete command from the DXF menu 5 Confirm that you want to delete the DXF data by selecting OK 12 2 3 Preparing the Feature Objects to Create a TIN The way line segments are connected in DXF files
31. an example of this effect do the following 1 Select on the Select Vertices as tool 2 Click on the outlet of the TIN black circle with yellow center 3 Select the Remove Stage command from the Flood menu 4 Select the Delineate Flood command from the Flood menu The flood plain will look similar to the previous flood plain except for the plain for the portion of the stream near the outlet is omitted 14 6 Reading and Saving Stage Files Stage values can be saved to and read from files 1 Select the Remove Stage command from the Flood menu Confirm that all stage values will be removed Flood Plain Delineation 14 5 2 Select the Read Stage command from the Flood menu Locate and Open the file called ding stg Stage values that you define can be saved to a file using the Save Stage command in the Flood menu 14 7 Reading a Super File with Pre Defined Flood Files The blackriv sup file is a WMS super file that contains a TIN file a stage file and a map file The TIN is a portion of a watershed in the western Adirondack Mountains The stage file contains several key locations along the Black River for which stage is known during a flood event This file can be read in by doing the following 1 Select the New command from the File menu 2 Confirm that you want all data deleted 3 Select the Open command from the File menu 4 Using the file browser find and Open the blackriv sup file 5
32. any point near the boundary of the defined watershed A dialog will appear which allows you to specify the text string the color and the font Type Jones Canyon Basin in the text edit field and change the color to blue Select the OK button If the text did not appear where you want or if you would like to move it after it has been created you can do the following 1 2 3 9 Select the select drawing object tool EN Click on the text It will be outlined with a box Click anywhere in the box and while holding down the cursor drag the text to a new location Select the create line tool Z Click on a point that is near the text and then double click on a point in the center of the upper basin Select the select drawing object tool EN Double click somewhere along the newly created line This is equivalent to clicking once on the line and then choosing the attributes command as was done with the rectangle Double clicking to change attributes can be done with any of the drawing objects Change the line arrowhead attributes so that an arrow is placed at the end Change any other attributes you wish and select the OK button Your display should look similar to Try adding other annotations and experiment with the different options available to each drawing object 8 12 WMS Tutorials amp x p ad ra 5 9 AS p Q o amp Figure 8 4 Annotations for Jones Canyon Watershed 8 7 Conclusions
33. can change this 3 Select the Display Options command from the Display menu 4 Set the Min accumulation for display value to be 1000 5 Select OK Notice how the streams are smaller and have fewer branches You can continue to experiment with this display option if you wish When finished experimenting set the threshold back to 200 Watershed Delineation from DEMs 6 5 6 2 4 Converting Raster Streams to Stream Feature Arcs Up until now the display of streams has been based solely on a threshold value and before basin delineation can take place you must identify where you want watershed and sub basin outlets to be along a stream vector 1 Select the Zoom tool 2 Zoom in around the branch identified in Figure 6 1 Aspen Grove Stream Network Branching Point 1 Select the Create Feature Point tool tools are repeated in the DEM module because of the interaction with feature objects when delineating basins with DEMs at Note that the map module 2 Create a new feature point just upstream from the branching location in the stream you have just zoomed in on see Figure 6 2 6 2 5 WMS Tutorials Figure 6 2 Aspen Grove Watershed Outlet Location ux 1 Select the Frame Image macro 2 Select the DEM gt Streams Arcs command from the Drainage menu 3 Turn on the Display stream feature arc creation and Use feature points to create streams options 4 Set the Threshold value to 400 5 Select
34. defined by the TIN is not an urban watershed but we will demonstrate how state wide urban equations are used with this same data 1 Highlight Region 2 in the Regions overlapped by watershed window 2 Unselect it by pressing the button with the left arrow 3 Repeat the last two steps for Region 3 and National Urban Equation Scroll down the Regional regression equations text window and notice that urban equations have been defined for Houston Austin and Dallas 1 Select Dallas as the urban region for analysis by selecting it in the Regional regression equations text window and then selecting the right arrow Notice that all other regions disappear since they cannot be used in conjunction with a statewide urban equation 2 Enter 24 60 for A 3 Enter 30 0 for UI 4 Select the Compute Peak Discharges button Projected peak flows for the Dallas urban basin are shown 11 4 Conclusions This completes the NFF tutorial for computing rural discharges at ungaged sites You may select Done or if you are not in demo mode you may choose another state for analysis CHAPTER Rational Method Interface The Rational Method is one of the simplest and best known methods routinely applied in urban hydrology Peak flows are computed from the simple equation Q kCiA where Q Peak flow k conversion factor C Runoff coefficient i Rainfall intensity A Area In this tutorial you will learn how to solve problems using
35. dialog 2 Click OK to return to the Pervious Land Activities dialog 20 8 WMS Tutorials You have completed the set up of the SVOW module You will now repeat the same basic steps to set up the PWAT module for the land segments of the model l 2 Click on the PWAT button in the Pervious Land Activity dialog In the PWATER dialog that appears enter the following values in the appropriate fields leave other fields at the default values PWAT PARM1 PWAT PARM2 PWAT PARM3 PWAT PARM4 PWAT PARM5 PWAT STATE1 CSNOFG On RTOPFG On UZFG On LZSN 5 0 INFILT 0 48 LSUR 2258 0 SLSUR 0 25 KVARY 0 7 AGWRC 0 997 DEEPFR 0 1 PETMAX 35 0 PETMIN 30 0 CEPSC 0 1 UZSN 1 0 NSUR 0 25 INTFW 3 0 IRC 0 7 LZETP 0 8 CEPS 0 2 UZS 1 0 LZS 6 0 AGWS 1 6 GWVS 1 9 Now that all values are entered for this segment click the Apply Parameters to Segments button This will allow you to assign these same parameters to other segments in the model Choose Shrub amp Brush Rangeland in the Available Segments window move it to the Selected Segments window by clicking the gt button Repeat step 2 for Residential and Mixed Tundra Click OK The selected segments will be assigned the same parameters input here Now you must define the additional External Sources needed for the PWATER simulation Most of the External Sources entered for
36. done automatically in two steps 1 Computing the flow directions which requires launching the TOPAZ program from within WMS and 2 reading in the resulting flow directions file 1 Select the Compute TOPAZ Flow Data command from the Drainage menu 2 Use the default options and select OK 3 Select Yes to close the application window when TOPAZ finishes TOPAZ creates a file called flovec dat in which the flow direction data is stored WMS then automatically reads the flow directions file but you must change the Display Options to show the flow directions in the graphics window 1 Select the Display Options command from the Display menu 2 Turn on the display of Flow directions and select OK A flow direction vector for each DEM point will be drawn Because of the resolution of DEM points it will be difficult to see the vectors so you will want to do the following 1 Select the Zoom tool al 2 Zoom in on a small portion of the DEM until the vectors become visible You should be able to get an idea of what TOPAZ has done in creating flow directions from the elevations 3 Select the Display Options command from the Display menu 4 Restore the display settings by turning the flow directions option off 5 Select OK a 6 Select the Frame Image macro ASI 6 4 6 2 2 6 2 3 WMS Tutorials Drawing Flow Paths Once a flow direction grid has been imported into WMS flow paths for any location may be dra
37. from the end point s of the three arcs at the intersection and continue tracing out the boundaries shown in Figure At this point you have all the necessary arcs to define the basin polygons but you need to convert them to polygons 1 Select the Select Network tool vl 2 Select any of the arcs that will be used for the basin boundaries this should cause all of the basin boundary arcs to become selected 3 Select the Build Polygons command from the Feature Objects menu 4 Select the Select Polygons tool poil 5 Select all the polygons by dragging a box around them or selecting each while holding down the SHIFT key 6 Select the Attributes command from the Feature Objects menu 7 Make sure that Drainage boundary is chosen as the polygon type if you are continuing from another part of the tutorial the polygons are likely already set to Drainage boundary but in many cases they will by default be Generic and you will need to change them 8 Select OK You now have defined basins for each part of the watershed The boundaries are not actual boundaries but rather an approximation Still the hydrologic modeling tree can now be used to finish defining input for the watershed model Practically speaking the only time you will want to define a watershed model in this fashion is if you already know areas for the sub basin boundaries 4 7 Conclusions In this tutorial you have learned how to create watershed models using
38. have only a single coordinate zone are divided into separate zones within a state As with UTM coordinates XY values eastings and northings are defined uniquely only within a given zone and therefore you may be required to convert data from one zone to another to have a consistent coordinate definition within a project area Creating Topologic Models for TR20 21 3 NAD 27 Unchanged NAD 83 NAD 83 Changes 21 1 3 Typical Problems Requiring Coordinate Transformation There are three primary reasons why you might need to transform coordinates from one system to another in a WMS project l If you have a watershed that spans zones within a given coordinate system For example if you have two DEMs that are needed and one is in UTM zone 12 and the other UTM zone 13 then you will need to transform one of the DEMs into the others coordinate system You have some data in one coordinate system and other data in another For example you may have your DEM data in UTM coordinates and your land use and soils data in State Plane If you want to calculate a CN value then you will need to have all your data in the same coordinate system or the data will not overlay properly As with the first case you can either convert the DEM data to State Plane or you could convert the land use and soil data to UTM You may just want to convert all of your data from one coordinate system to another For example you may have all of the data you need in the UT
39. in this dialog change the outflow hydrograph name to EASTDV and the inflow hydrograph name to LOSTDV These are the names used on the KK records where the diversion is created DT record and retrieved DR record Click on the OK button Click Done 18 5 Job Control Data Job control data includes the starting time time step interval general output specification and other custom features of HEC 1 To modify these data do the following l 2 Select the Job Control command from the HEC 1 menu Change the day to 12 Change the month to 6 Change the year to 68 Change the computational time interval to 15 Change the beginning time to 715 Change the number of hydrograph ordinates to 58 The total length of the simulation will be 58 15min or 14 hours and 30 minutes If you wish you can change the ID cards Select the OK button 18 6 Defining Gages The Red River watershed model uses 5 total storm stations and one recording station to define the precipitation for the simulation This is done in WMS with the following steps l Select the Gages command from the HEC 1 menu 18 10 WMS Tutorials 2 Select the New button 3 Turn the Define rain gage location toggle off 4 Change the Name to 60 5 Define the precipitation to be 4 68 inches 6 Repeat the last four steps defining gages 61 62 63 and 64 using the data in Table 2 1 to define the precipitation Table 2 1 Total Storm Gaging Stations
40. including line thickness style and color This can be done by clicking on the color box next to each display option The relative height of the stage bars in terms of of pixels unit of 14 4 WMS Tutorials stage value can also be changed You are encouraged to experiment with these parameters until you feel comfortable with the different display options that are available to you 14 5 Delineating Flood Plains Once stage values have been defined on a TIN you are ready to delineate the flood plain To delineate the flood plain do the following 1 Select the Display Options command from the Display menu 2 Select the Flood tab 3 Turn off the display of Fixed and Interpolated stage values 4 Select OK 5 Select the Delineate Flood command from the Flood menu The flood plain was delineated using the stage values found at the stream nodes where stage values were input or stages that were interpolated along the stream Using streams to help define the flood plain gives the best results In order to be able to perform stream based flood plain delineation WMS must have at least two stream nodes with defined stage values If there are vertices on a stream without stage values defined and no downstream stream vertex has a defined stage value no stage values for these stream nodes can be interpolated The closest upstream stage value is assumed to represent the water surface elevation for the downstream remainder of the TIN To see
41. is often random However in order to create a network of stream feature arcs line segments must be connected from downstream to upstream WMS can automatically reorder feature arcs 1 Select the Select Points Nodes tool AI Rational Method Interface 12 3 2 Select the point indicated in Figure 12 1 Location of Watershed Outlet Used for Stream Reordering 1 Select the Reorder Streams command from the Feature Objects menu Now that the arc segments are properly ordered they can be converted to stream arcs First you must make the coverage in which you are working a Drainage coverage right now it is a General coverage l 2 4 Select Coverages from the Feature Objects menu Make sure the coverage named default coverage is selected in the window in the upper left of the dialog Select Drainage from the Attribute Set drop down box in the lower right area of the dialog Select OK Now that the coverage is a drainage coverage you are ready to convert the arcs to streams and basins Select the Select Network tool wl Select any arc that is part of the stream network Select the Attributes command from the Feature Objects menu Select Stream Select OK Select Refresh from the Display menu 12 4 WMS Tutorials 12 2 4 Redistributing Arc Vertices The vertices along the arcs need to be redistributed in order to create a TIN more suitable for basin delineation Select the Select Arc too
42. not a storm total Later as basin data are computed weights corresponding to the Thiessen network will be assigned to each basin 9 5 Defining Job Control Parameters Each HEC 1 input file must have certain basic parameters defined Job control data is entered in the following manner l Select the Job Control command from the HEC menu A dialog will appear with several different job control options Enter three text strings of your choice in the ID text edit fields These text fields correspond to the identification cards at the top of the HEC 1 input file Set the computational time interval to 10 Set the date fields to today s date Set the number of hydrograph ordinates to 75 Click on the OK button to close the dialog 9 6 Defining Basin Parameters HEC 1 basin parameters that can be defined using WMS include precipitation loss rates unit hydrograph method and base flow The first set of parameters to enter are the loss rates l 2 Click on the Select Drainage Basin tool Bl Choose the Select All command from the Edit menu 9 6 9 6 1 9 6 2 WMS Tutorials 3 Select the Edit HEC 1 Parameters command from the HEC menu You may wish to reposition your windows so that the HEC tree and the Edit HEC 1 Parameters can be seen Loss Method HEC 1 provides several different methods for performing rainfall loss computations For this tutorial we will be using the SCS curve number method The ac
43. pitfalls which you must be aware of 1 Calculated stream slopes may not be accurate However overall averages still give reasonable results 2 Improper placement of a stream street storm drain etc can cause significant error in computed basin areas and drainage characteristics In general creating streams in this fashion is a powerful tool but it must be used with common sense and a good understanding of the terrain being modeled Streams can be manually entered by following the steps outlined below 1 Click on the Select Vertex String tool A 2 Starting at the outlet point select the vertices corresponding to the stream the lower right corner of the TIN Figure 17 9 can be used as a guide to start entering the stream You don t have to select vertices along triangle edges since a breakline will be inserted where necessary but be sure to pass through the pits 3 After selecting several vertices select the Create Stream command from the Streams menu 4 Click on the OK button if asked if you would like to process a breakline before the stream is created You can stop entering points with the Select Vertex String tool Al at any time and use the Create Stream command Begin the next segment from where you left off or come back to a branching point and begin entering that branch A couple of important rules should be remembered when entering manually created streams 1 Streams should always be entered from downstream
44. right Predefined standard error is also shown and is considered valid provided that variables were within specified range If the regions have any equivalent years of data known for the site computed peaks can be weighted with the known values You will be prompted for weighting if this is possible 11 3 6 Exporting Flow Data Once flow data is computed it may be exported to a text file in the format shown in the window along with pertinent information used in computing the peak flow values NFF Interface 11 5 1 Select the Export Flow Data button 2 Locate the directory and define a name for the file 3 Select the Save button The exported file can be viewed using any word processor 11 3 7 Computing a Hydrograph A dimensionless unit hydrograph can be used to define a hydrograph for any interval based on the peak flow This hydrograph will be based on the peak discharge and basin lag time 1 Select the Compute Peak Discharges button 2 Select a recurrence interval from the window where computed peak flows are reported select the line of text containing the recurrence interval 3 With the recurrence interval highlighted select the Compute Hydrograph button 4 Select the Compute Basin Data button 5 Select the Espey Rural Method option from the drop down list for computing lag time 6 Select OK The computed lag time is shown in the lag time edit field 1 Select OK 2 Select the Done button A hyd
45. set of the grid Select the Contour Options command from the Display menu Select the Color fill between contours option 16 4 10 11 12 13 14 WMS Tutorials Turn on the Display Legend option Select the OK button The contours are now drawn using a ramp of color intensities A legend is drawn in the upper left hand portion of the screen displaying the correlation between color and rainfall intensity Select the Contour Options command from the Display menu Select the Color Options tab Select the Reverse button Select the OK button 16 5 Virtual Gages A virtual gage can be used to show a two dimensional plot of a transient data set for any point in the grid domain 1 Select Show Hydrograph Window from the Display menu Select the Create Gage tool el Click on any point within the boundary of the grid the gage plot will be more interesting if the gage is in a region of the grid where the rainfall intensity is high Click on another point to create a second gage By default a gage is selected immediately after being created and all other gages are unselected Therefore the plot currently being displayed corresponds to the second gage Both gages can be displayed simultaneously using multi selection Select the Select Gage tool Select both gages holding the SHIFT key down as the second gage is selected The hydrograph window shows a plot of the selected gages Several optio
46. sure the Model units are set to Meters and specify the parameter units to be whatever you wish Select OK to compute the basin data Adding a New Stream Additional streams and outlets can be created for the TIN even after disposing of the feature objects and establishing an initial delineation l 2 Select Display Options from the Display menu Turn on Triangles and Tin Contours Select the Drainage tab Turn off Fill drainage basins Select OK Select the Zoom tool al Drag a rectangle around the region identified in Watershed Delineation from TINs 8 7 AZ EATS AAVA ETET ANE nae ag LAREDO CE A gt LAOS IA AAAA POE AIO A SAT er ee Pat by ri g 5 ra FAVA eels ARK A SEE Ap A A TPA A ARANA N v PE TAN vas ALAS ava L ay i aa AARAA ARA AT AAAA ek TOSAN 7 Vi SA ahah int Arab a S ANS ISG pps FN EARS HONE WRAL ETAT G A ee f ms a ns CURSE To l Zoom Window Figure 8 1 Zoom Window You will now add a new stream that was not present in the initial feature object definition 1 Select the Select Vertex String tool z 2 Starting with the vertex already in the stream click one by one on the vertices identified in Figure 8 2 A red line will indicate the string of vertices selected O Figure 8 2 Entering a Vertex String to Create a New Stream 8 8 WMS Tutorials 1 After selecting the last vertex select the Create Stream command in the S
47. the Drainage coverage and select the Attributes command from the Feature Objects menu Notice that the Drainage Feature Polygon Type dialog comes up The Drainage Feature Polygon Type dialog can be used to change the type of a drainage polygon to a Generic Drainage or a Lake Reservoir polygon The polygon as well as the point and arc attribute dialog changes are based on the type of the active coverage and the selected tool For example if the active coverage is a land use coverage and the select polygon tool is selected the Land Use Mapping dialog will come up However if the active coverage is a drainage coverage and the select polygon tool is selected the Drainage Feature Polygon Type dialog comes up Select the Cance button to close the Drainage Feature Polygon Type dialog Select the Display Options command from the Display menu Select the Map tab Select the Land Use coverage from the drop down list at the top of the dialog Toggle the Land Use Legend option off and select OK Select the New command from the Fi e menu to delete all your data Basic Feature Object Manipulation 2 5 2 3 Using TIFF Images to Create Feature Objects 2 3 1 An image is an excellent way to provide a background picture from which streams or other features may be digitized directly from the screen However before an image can be used to define feature objects with accurate coordinates it must be properly registered All of the t
48. the following e Reading TIN Map and HEC 1 data files e Defining gages and precipitation for the watershed 9 2 WMS Tutorials e Defining the SCS loss rate for all basins e Defining a hydrograph method and an equation to compute lag time for the basins e Defining the routing parameters from one outlet to the next e Computing geometric attributes e Computing curve numbers CN from land use and soil type coverages e Creating an HEC 1 input file e Running HEC 1 e Reading the TAPE22 hydrograph results file and displaying the results e Computing time area curves e Defining elevation zone areas for a snow melt analysis 9 2 Reading the Data Files A super file will be used to read in the necessary data files A super file simply contains the names of other files that may be components of your project and works best if each component is in the same directory as the super file You may edit the super file with any standard editor such as Notepad or DOS Edit if you find it necessary On UNIX operating systems you will undoubtedly need to change the directories to match where WMS has been installed The TIN you will be reading is the same one used in the last tutorial except that a stream network and five drainage basins have already been defined Land use and soil type coverages have been defined and saved in a WMS map map file An HEC 1 input file will also be read as part of the input so that some of the ba
49. the Coverage box in the Edit Window make sure the Land Use coverage is the active coverage 3 Select the Display Options command from the Display menu 4 Toggle the Land Use Legend option on and select the OK button to close the Display Options dialog Notice that a land use legend appears on your Graphics window see Figure 3 9 Three land use ID s are shown on the legend You must assign data to each of these land use ID s Land use mapping SCS Soil type D CN SCS Land use file J 5 SCS Land use file S Figure 3 9 The Land Use Polygon Attributes Land Use Mapping Dialog 5 Select the Select Polygon tool Bl This tool must be selected to access the polygon attributes for the land use coverage 3 14 10 11 12 13 14 15 WMS Tutorials Select the Attributes command from the Feature Objects menu In the Land use mapping dialog window select Land ID 32 from the WMS landuse ID window In the Selected land use properties window select the Land name row and change the name of the land use to Shrub and Brush Rangeland as in Figure 3 9 In the Selected land use properties window select the SCS Soil type A CN row and change the Type A CN Value to 49 Select the SCS Soil type B CN row and change the Type B CN Value to 69 Select the SCS Soil type C CN row and change the Type C CN Value to 79 Select the SCS Soil type D CN row and change the Type D CN Value to 84 Repeat steps
50. the Hydrologic Modeling module icon H Select the Select Basin icon tool K Click on the basin named EAST10 to select it Select the Add Diversion command from the Tree menu Click on the Outlet point named E DAM to select it Select the Retrieve Diversion command from the Tree menu To change the diversion name do the following l Select the diversion icon named D1 if the Edit TR 20 Parameters is still active If you have closed it already select D1 and then select the Edit TR 20 Parameters command from the TR 20 menu Select the Diversion Data button Change the name from D1 to DIVERT Enter 860 for the constant discharge above which the flow will be diverted Click on the OK Button 19 9 Defining a Reservoir In WMS a reservoir is defined in TR 20 by adding a reservoir at an outlet In this section we will define the reservoir data at the E DAM outlet 1 5 6 Select the outlet E DAM if the Edit TR 20 Parameters is still active If you have closed it already select E DAM and then select the Edit TR 20 Parameters command from the TR 20 menu Select the Reservoir Routing button Toggle Define reservoir routing to on Select the Define Reservoir Data button Select the New button Enter the following values for elevation discharge and storage Table 19 2 Reservoir Data 19 10 WMS Tutorials 850 00 000 21 00 851 50 15 00 100 00 853 30 54 00 205 00 856 50 200 00 325 00 85
51. the Map module Pe 2 Select the Select Arc tool pcs 3 Choose the Select All command from the Edit menu 4 Choose the Redistribute command from the Feature Objects menu 5 Specify the Subdivide each end uniformly with a Specified spacing of 100 meters 6 Select the OK button 8 4 WMS Tutorials 8 4 2 Creating a TIN To create a TIN from the defined feature objects 1 2 3 8 9 Select the Select Polygon tool poil Click anywhere inside the boundary polygon Select the Create TIN command from the Feature Objects menu Select No when asked if you would like to save your data before proceeding The drainage coverage and TIN cannot coexist in WMS so the drainage coverage is deleted as a result creating the TIN This prompt allows you to save the drainage coverage prior to having it deleted from WMS so that you can come back and use it later should you need to Turn on the Display triangulation process option in the Create Tin Options dialog this will allow you to see and better understand how the TIN creation process works Select OK Select the Display Options command from the Display menu Select the Image Display Options button Turn off the Draw on xy plane behind all objects option 10 Select OK to the Image Display Options and Display Options dialogs 11 Select the Delete command from the Drawing Objects menu 12 Confirm that you want to delete all drawing objects A TIN should be
52. the basin boundaries are not colored brown because the Draintype field is not present for these shape files You may wish to turn off the color filled option for polygons using the Display Options command from the Display menu The watershed outlet and stream branching points do not connect to the basin boundaries 4 4 2 Converting Generic Arcs to Stream Arcs The first task will be to convert the existing set of generic streams to stream arcs 1 2 3 4 5 Select the Zoom tool al Zoom in around the watershed outlet lower right Select the Select Points Nodes tool l Select the last node the outlet point on the stream network Select the Reorder Stream command from the Feature Objects menu This will insure that the arcs connected to the selected point will be ordered from downstream to upstream from node at the downstream end and to node at the upstream end This MUST be done before the stream arcs can be assigned a stream attribute type 4 5 Select the Stream Network tool vl Select an arc on the stream network this will actually select all arcs connected to this network Select the Attributes command from the Feature Objects menu Choose the Stream attribute type Select OK Now you need to snap the stream outlet point to a point on the boundary of the watershed polygon Hydrologic Models from Feature Objects 4 11 Select the Select Points Nodes tool ie
53. the channel The figure shown below shows two different cases where false dams are present TIN Editing 17 7 NN ZN N 7 i NERO BEA Sp Al S A 2 i NWS ee SI e Ei A RS ANSA Figure 17 5 Before Removing False Dams It may not be obvious from the contours that a channel edge should exist at 1 however the discontinuity in the channel segment provides a clue that the edge should be swapped It should be more obvious that edge 2 forms a false dam False dams can always be removed by swapping edges To remove false dams do the following a 1 Select the Swap Edge tool ENI 2 Click on edges and 2 as shown in Figure 17 5 A i SS S ean gt FR aN men Wa KAN K NRN CSS INIA Y LY kl LEZ Zee Ss IN INS Y NDS Vy KN Q ra i X Figure 17 6 After Removing False Dams 17 8 WMS Tutorials 17 8 Inserting Additional Points You may have noticed that there are several small channel edges connected to the main stream network Often no such channels exist and for clarity you wish to remove them Typically these types of problems can be corrected by inserting additional points into the triangulation Figure 17 7 shows how the two small channels segments near the upper middle portion of the TIN can be removed by placing a new point at A in the following manner Select the Create Vertex tool H Click on
54. the file aspen dem This file should be found in the tutorial directory This will add the DEM contained in the file to the list in the mport USGS DEMs dialog The window at the top of the dialog shows a list of the DEM files that will be imported 1 Select the OK button in the Import USGS DEMs window Clipping a Region for Analysis In the previous tutorial you learned how to specify a bounding box for importing only a portion of a USGS DEM file You can also limit the area of analysis using the activate and inactivate DEM points commands 1 Select the Open command from the File menu 2 Find and Open the file aspenrgn map This file contains a rectangle that illustrates the region you need active for analysis In order to inactivate the remaining regions do the following 1 Select the Select DEM Point tool 2 While holding the left mouse button down drag a rectangle around the rectangle you just read in 3 Select the Set Active Region command from the DEMs menu 4 Select Yes deleting the inactive DEM region 5 Select the Display Options command from the Display menu Watershed Delineation from DEMs 6 3 6 Turn off the display of Flow Accumulation and select OK 6 2 Delineating Stream Networks and Watershed Boundaries 6 2 1 Computing Flow Directions Now that you have the region you want for analysis the next step is to compute the flow directions for the DEM using the TOPAZ program This is
55. the first table field 850 851 5 853 3 856 5 858 Click on the OK button Select the Compute Weir Spillway button Select the SL toggle and define the parameters as follows ELEVL 851 2 CAREA 12 COQL 6 EXPL 5 Select the SS toggle and define the parameters as follows CREL 856 SPWID 60 COQW 2 7 EXPW 1 5 Click on the OK button for both dialogs Click on the Done button of the Edit HEC 1 Parameters dialog 18 11Running and Saving HEC 1 Files You have now completed the definition of the Red River watershed model and are ready to run the analysis If you haven t done all the work outlined in the previous section you can read in the already defined model redri hcl HEC 1 Creating Topologic Models for HEC 1 18 17 is a stand alone program but can be launched from within WMS using the following steps 1 Select the Check Model option from the HEC menu This will perform a check on the data and try to determine problems that should be addressed before HEC 1 can be successfully run If you followed the steps in the preceding sections correctly there should be no problems If you discover some potential problems you should correct them before moving on Just because the model checker does not find any errors does not insure that HEC 1 will compute the correct result but it should help 2 Select Done 3 Select the Run HEC 1 option from the HEC menu HEC 1 needs the names of three files 1 the input file
56. this tutorial could be used for any of the supported WMS models such as in the TR 20 basin data dialog the HEC 1 Unit Hydrograph method dialog and the Rational Method dialog 1 Select the Hydrologic Modeling module Hi 2 Select the Run Simulation command from the TR 55 menu 10 8 10 11 WMS Tutorials Select the Jnitialize TR 55 data button memory to store TR 55 variables is not allocated in WMS until you initialize a TR 55 simulation Select the Select Basin tool RY while the TR 55 dialog is still open Select the upper basin Change the Curve Number to 70 Enter a Rainfall value of 1 5 Change the Rainfall distribution to Type II Select the Compute Tc Map Data button You will see the three time computation arcs that are in the basin You can create a detailed report as a text file if you want by selecting the Export Data or Copy to Clipboard buttons Select Done and the sum of the travel times for these arcs will be used as the time of concentration for this basin Note that you could bring up the time computation attributes dialog and change the equation or any of the equation variables by selecting the Edit Arcs button Now you will set up the TR 55 basin data for the lower basin As a comparison you will now compute the time of concentration using the pre computed runoff distance and slope parameters and one of the equations defined in WMS To see the values that WMS has computed you will need
57. to displaying lined contours WMS can display color filled contours When active this option fills the area between two adjacent contour lines with a color corresponding to the upper contour value Two types of shading are available hues of varying colors and multiple shades of a single color To display color filled contours shaded with hues of varying colors do the following steps 1 Select Contour Options from the Display menu 2 Select the Color fill between contours option 3 Click on the OK button To display contours shaded with multiple shades of a single color do the following 1 Select Contour Options from the Display menu 2 Select the Color Options tab 3 Select the ntensity Ramp option 4 Click on the OK button TIN Basics 7 5 After the screen redraws your TIN will be shaded with multiple shades of a single color indicating various elevations WMS allows Contour labels to be created and placed manually on a TIN To display contour labels do the following 1 Select Plan View from the View menu Contour labels can be displayed only in Plan view 2 Select the Create Contour Label tool EA 3 Click on a point interior to your TIN A value indicating the elevation of the nearest contour to the point clicked will appear Multiple labels can be displayed on a TIN A label can be removed by holding down the SHIFT key while clicking on the label Labels remain and are displayed each time the model i
58. under the Time step heading leave minutes at 0 Ensure that the Units flag is set to English Change the Run Flag to 1 this indicates that HSPF will interpret the data and run the simulation 0 indicates that HSPF will only interpret error check the data Set the OUTLEV to 10 under Output Levels this indicates maximum output to the Error and Warning files Leave the SPOUT flag at 0 this is only for Special Actions In the Files section enter ittlecotton in the Prefix field then click the Update Filenames button This names all the HSPF input output files associated with this model to the same name Note you have just indicated that you will be using a file named littlecotton wdm for time series input and output this file must be created and named appropriately outside of WMS this has been done for you in this case Creating Topologic Models for HEC 1 20 3 11 Select OK The Global Options are now set for you model You are now ready to proceed to segmenting the watershed and entering parameters for the segments 20 2 Importing Land Use and Segmenting the Watershed To divide this watershed into hydrologically similar segments you will overlay a land use data layer You will read this data from an ArcView Shapefile l 2 Go to the File menu and choose Import Select the file named ittleclanduse shp and click Open Click OK on the Import File dialog to indicate that you want to import a Feat
59. upstream branch from an outlet point However it is sometimes preferable to merge these two basins together 4 Select the Select Basins tool El Click inside the small central basin Hold the SHIFT key down and click inside the basin to the right of that Select the Merge Basins command from the Drainage menu The text displaying the area of the basins disappears This means that the basin geometry has changed and the basin data must be recomputed l 2 Select the Compute Basin Data command from the Drainage menu Select OK on the Units dialog Select the newly created basin Select the Split Basins command from the Drainage menu to again split the watershed into separate basins for each branch Select the Compute Basin Data command from the Drainage menu Select OK on the Units dialog 8 5 8 Deleting an Existing Outlet You can eliminate outlets once they have been created by doing the following l Select the Select Vertex tool w 8 10 WMS Tutorials Select the outlet of the stream branch of the basin you just split and SHIFT select the outlet that you created on the upper stream Select the Delete Outlets command from the Streams menu Select the Compute Basin Data command from the Drainage menu Select OK on the Units dialog 8 5 9 Basin Label Text By default some text annotations for the basin geometric parameters are placed at the centroid of the basin You can view any of the compu
60. what must be entered before a peak Q can be determined Once you did enter all of the data the peak Q was computed and displayed in this same window You can also get help for anything listed in this window Time of Concentration Calculations 10 11 1 Select the Select Basin tool K with the TR 55 dialog still open 2 Select the upper basin 3 Select the line in the TR 55 data window where the peak Q is displayed Notice that the TR 55 equation for computing peak flow is displayed in the help window You can get help for missing data as well 1 Change the Time of concentration to 0 0 2 Select the line in the TR 55 data window that instructs you to define a time of concentration Now you are told the units for time of concentration as well as the available options for determining it 1 Reenter the time of concentration by typing in the appropriate value or if you can t remember use the Compute Tc Map Data button again 2 Select the Compute Hydrograph s button 3 Select Done to close the TR 55 dialog 4 Select the Show Hydrograph Window command from the Display menu 5 Click on the hydrograph icon that is displayed by the upper basin 10 7 Conclusions This completes the tutorial on using the time computation coverage to compute time of concentration and travel times In the process you have also learned about the TR 55 interface You are encouraged to continue experimenting with the time computation arcs an
61. with the first table field 0 18 36 54 84 110 138 174 228 444 Click on the OK button Click on the Define Outflow button Select the New button Change the Current XY Series Name to RED10 Outflow Enter the following values starting with the first table field 0 500 1000 1500 2150 2600 3000 3450 4000 6000 Click on the OK button of all three dialogs Creating Topologic Models for HEC 1 18 15 18 9 Defining Diversion Data Both an inflow and outflow table must be defined to set up the diversion data This is done by following the steps below l 11 Select the diversion arrow named DIVERT if the Edit HEC 1 Parameters is still active If you have closed it already select DIVERT and then select the Edit HEC 1 Parameters command from the HEC 1 menu Select the Diversion Data button or click on the DR card in the text window Click on the Define DI button The XY Series editor can now be used to define the inflow table Change the Current XY Series Name to Divert DI Enter the following values starting with the first table field 0 100 300 600 900 Click on the OK button Select the Define DQ button The XY Series editor can now be used to define the outflow table Select the New button Change the Current XY Series Name to Divert DQ Enter the following values starting with the first table field 0 25 100 180 270 Click on the OK button of both dialogs 18 10 De
62. you can see that the area mapping has been added An attribute could be similarly unmapped by selecting it in the Mapped fields window and selecting the Unmap button 5 Select the Done button 6 Select OK to close the Import Shapefile Data dialog Your watershed data will be read in and all parameters that were mapped will be set inside of WMS If you are running a licensed version of WMS you could very easily run an HEC 1 model as outlined in the next section If you are running a demonstration version skip to section 4 4 Running HEC 1 with Data Defined in a GIS Since many of the required parameters to run the SCS options within HEC 1 were included in the shape files just imported you can very quickly get to the point where you can run HEC 1 this assumes of course that at some point these parameters were correctly computed and stored in the GIS In order to complete the HEC 1 model definition do the following 1 Select the Hydrologic Modeling icon jel 4 8 4 S WMS Tutorials Select Job Control from the HEC 1 menu Change the Computational time interval to 5 minutes Change the Number of hydrograph ordinates to 50 Select OK You have specified your simulation to last for 5 times 50 minutes or 4 hours 10 minutes 1 2 10 11 12 13 Select the basin named 3B in the Graphics window Select Edit HEC 1 Parameters from the HEC 1 menu Select the Precipitation button Choose the Basin ave
63. you want to save your files Enter aspen3 map for the filename Select Save to exit the dialog and save the map file Select the New command from the File menu Select OK to confirm that you want all data deleted This concludes the Advanced Feature Object Manipulation tutorial In this tutorial you have learned about some of the tools in WMS for cleaning and editing feature objects You have also learned how to assign some attributes to 3 18 WMS Tutorials feature objects Finally you have learned how to import and use data in ArcView Shapefile and DXF format as feature objects in WMS CHAPTER Hydrologic Models from Feature Objects This tutorial demonstrates how feature objects alone can be used to define hydrologic models Feature objects may be digitized on screen using a registered image or imported as a shape file from an Arc Info or ArcView layer Using the drainage coverage type features can be converted to streams outlets and basins to represent the watershed being modeled If GIS layers are imported as shape files their corresponding attributes i e area curve number time of concentration etc are also imported and assigned to the appropriate basins 4 1 Launching WMS To launch the PC version of WMS Double click on the WMS icon WMS To launch the Unix version of WMS 1 Bring up an xterm window 2 Change to the directory containing the WMS executable or make sure the directory containing WM
64. 0 year flow rate of 400 cfs with a design headwater elevation of 195 ft and with a maximum discharge of 500 cfs The natural stream channel consists of a main channel in rock having a Manning s roughness of 0 03 and overbanks having a roughness of 0 08 The channel is on a 5 slope A typical cross section is shown Left Overbank Main Channel Right Overbank oe we Figure 13 2 Sample cross section The cross section can be described by the following coordinates Horizontal Station ft Elevation ft 12 180 22 175 32 174 5 34 172 5 39 172 5 41 174 5 51 175 6l 180 The roadway profile near the culvert is a sag vertical curve The road is paved with an embankment width of 50 ft The following is a list of coordinates that describe the vertical curve 13 10 WMS Tutorials Horizontal Station ft Elevation ft 0 199 2 100 197 5 200 196 5 300 196 0 360 196 0 400 196 2 500 197 0 600 198 5 720 201 0 A profile of the culvert with the culvert invert data is shown Elev 195 0 Elev 187 5 Ce S 0 05 tit Elev 172 5 Elev 196 0 l Sta 100 Sta 400 Figure 13 3 Culvert profile As an initial size estimate a 5 x5 box concrete culvert assuming a conventional inlet with 1 1 bevels and 45 degree wingwalls 13 4 1 Entering Culvert Information l Select the HY8 Culvert Analysis command from the Calculators menu This will bring up the HY8 Culve
65. 1 Select OK to accept the defaults in the Units dialog 13 3 3 Opening the Hydrograph File An inflow hydrograph to be used in conjunction with the detention basin geometry must also be imported for detention basin calculations 1 Select the Tree module icon Hl 2 Select Open from the Hydrographs menu 3 Find and Open the file named aspencal sol 4 Select Show Hydrograph Window from the Display menu 13 8 WMS Tutorials Hydrographs will appear on the TIN Select the hydrograph corresponding to the lowest outlet on the tree where the reservoir was created It will appear in the Hydrograph window 13 3 4 Using the Detention Basin Calculator Now that a reservoir has been created and the hydrograph has been selected the Detention Basin calculator may be opened again l Select Detention Basins from the Calculators menu The storage capacity curve should now be plotted in the dialog To change the format of the plot you can click on the Plot Options button You may then format the plot as desired If a hard copy of the curve is needed the Print button will allow you to print to a file or to a printer The next step is to define a discharge relationship for the reservoir 2 8 9 Select the Define button from the Elevation Discharge area on the right side of the Detention Basin Hydrograph Routing dialog Select the Discharge structures option Select the Add Weir button this will add a spill
66. 2 Select the OK button Curve numbers will be computed and displayed for each of the basins 15 7 Reading in a Land Use Polygon Shapefile Now that you have computed curve numbers for the Aspen Grove sub basins using a land use and soil type grid you will compute curve numbers using a land use coverage and a soil type grid To do this you must first create a new land use coverage and read in a land use shapefile N 1 Select the Map module icon al 2 Select the Coverages command from the Feature Objects menu 3 Select the New button in the Coverages window 4 Change the name of the coverage to Land Use and change the coverage s Attribute set to Land Use 5 Select the OK button in the Coverages window 6 Select the Import command from the File menu 7 8 Computing Curve Numbers 15 5 Select Feature object polygons Shapefile shp from the Files of type field Find and Open aspenlu shp In the polygon attribute text window of the Import Shapefile Data dialog notice that the LU CODE database field is automatically mapped to the Land use attribute in WMS This occurred only because the attribute name in the land use file was LU_CODE If the attribute name is anything other than LU_CODE it can still be assigned to the WMS Land Use variable manually using the Attribute mapping dialog 9 Select OK and wait a few seconds while the land use shapefile for the Aspen Grove watershed is read in and dis
67. 3 Select the Storage RS routing option 4 Set the NSTEPS to 1 the type to FLOW and RSVIC to 1 0 5 Leave the channel button selected and click on the Define button 6 Select the Modified Puls option and click on the Define Volume button The XY Series editor can now be used to define the volume table 7 Change the Current XY Series Name to RED20 Volume 18 14 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 WMS Tutorials Enter the following values starting with the first table field 0 17 42 67 100 184 274 386 620 Click on the OK button Click on the Define Outflow button Select the New button Change the Current XY Series Name to RED20 Outflow Enter the following values starting with the first table field 0 500 1000 1500 2000 3000 4000 5000 7000 Click on the OK button of all three dialogs Select the outlet RED10 Select the Routing Data button or click on the RN card in the text window Select the Storage RS routing option Set the steps to 1 the type to FLOW and RSVIC to 1 0 Leave the channel button selected and click on the Define button Select the Modified Puls option and click on the Define Volume button The XY Series editor can now be used to define the volume table Select the New button Change the Current XY Series Name to RED10 Volume Enter the following values starting
68. 3 4 WMS Tutorials LN Ly ka Y 0 i TN Figure 13 1 Cross section at Deer Creek Upon creating a cross section arc WMS interpolates station and elevation data to the cross section To view and or change this information 1 Select the Select Arc tool aed 2 Double click on the cross section arc to bring up the Cross Section Editor dialog In this dialog you will see a profile plot of the cross section arc You will also see the station and elevation for each point vertex along the arc Note also that a Manning s roughness value may be set for each section of the arc You need not change any values in this dialog but you may want to experiment with the Z scale option to view the cross section at a different Z scale 3 Enter Deer Creek in the Cross section name box 4 Click OK You are now ready to use the Channel Calculator to analyze the Deer Creek cross section 1 Select the Hydrologic Modeling module icon M Drainage Calculation Tools 13 5 2 Select Channels from the Calculators menu 3 In the Channel Calculations dialog select Cross Section from the Channel type drop down box 4 Make sure that Deer Creek is the cross section selected in the Cross section drop down box Note that the cross section is plotted in the window in the lower right of the dialog This plot may be exaggerated in the Z direction for better visualization if desired You will now determine th
69. 4 Click OK The selected segments will be assigned the same parameters input here The final step in entering parameters for a module in HSPF is to define time series input External Sources and time series output External Targets For the land segments in this model you will define External Sources for input data but no External Targets will be specified you will choose output to be given at the outlet of the watershed not at each land segment 1 Click on the External Sources button in the SNOW dialog The Assign External Sources dialog will appear with a list of the datasets available in the WDM file specified for this model ittlecotton wdm 2 Assign the following datasets as sources by setting the fields to the appropriate values then clicking the Assign button for each line If you make a mistake choose the incorrect line in the lower window and click Delete Member Member Units Missing Transformation Quality Multiplicatio Dataset Name subscript Data flag n Factor PREC ENGL UNDF SAME 0 0 25 3 PREC ENGL UNDF SAME 0 0 75 7 DTMPG ENGL UNDF AVER 0 1 0 14 WINMOV ENGL UNDF AVER 0 1 0 15 SOLRAD ENGL UNDF SAME 0 1 0 16 AIRTMP ENGL UNDF AVER 0 0 4 17 AIRTMP ENGL UNDF AVER 0 0 6 18 1 Since you will add other External Sources to this segment with the PWAT module input you will not assign the External Sources to other segments yet Click Done to return to the SVOW
70. 8 00 496 00 955 00 Click on the OK button for both dialogs Click on the Done button of the Edit TR 20 Parameters dialog 19 10 Running and Saving TR 20 Files You have now completed the definition of the Red River watershed model and are ready to run the analysis If you haven t done all the work outlined in the previous section you can read in the already defined model redri dat TR 20 is a stand alone program but can be launched from within WMS using the following steps l Select the Check Model option from the TR 20 menu This will perform a check on the data and try to determine problems that should be addressed before TR 20 can be successfully run If you followed the steps in the preceding sections correctly there should be no problems If you discover some potential problems you should correct them before moving on If the model checker does not find any errors it does not ensure that TR 20 will compute the correct result but it should help Select Done Select the Run TR 20 option from the TR 20 menu TR 20 needs the names of the TR 20 input file the ASCH output file and the solution file containing hydrograph information that can be read back into WMS for display Enter redriv in the prefix for all files edit field and select the Update button If necessary select a directory to save the TR 20 files in by clicking on the file browser button When running TR 20 the input file is automatically saved bef
71. B you will need to select Add soil ID to list select the Soil Type soil property and change the SCS soil ID to Type B For soil type C you will need to select Add soil ID to list select the Soil Type soil property and change the SCS soil ID to Type C 7 Select the Display Options command from the Display menu 3 10 WMS Tutorials 8 Toggle the Color fill polygons option on and select the OK button 9 Select the New command from the File menu 10 Select OK to confirm that you want to delete all data 3 2 Importing Feature Objects from Arc Info ArcView Shape Files 3 2 1 3 2 2 You have now learned how to create watershed boundaries and streams in the map module from digital image data and digital elevation data What if you already have watershed boundaries streams or both in a Geographic Information System GIS and you want to read this data into WMS Or what if you have soil type and land use information stored in a GIS WMS provides tools to import and export ArcView GIS shapefiles Some basic functions of these tools will be discussed in this section For more information on where ou can download these data see ww emrl byu edu gishydrodata Reading a WMS Map Drainage File First you will read in a map file containing basins and streams in the Aspen Grove Utah watershed 1 Select the Open command from the File menu gt 2 Find and Open aspencn map a map drainage file of
72. EM with flow directions or they could be created manually using the create arc tool E When defining arcs manually you must keep in mind that just like stream arcs in the drainage coverage direction is important Time computation arcs should be defined from downstream to upstream 10 3 Assigning Equations to Time Computation Arcs With the flow path segments defined you are now ready to assign equations that will be used to determine a travel time for the arc Use the following figure as a guide while defining the equations Figure 10 4 Time Computation Arcs 1 Select the Select Arc tool l 2 Select the arc labeled 3 Select the Attributes command from the Feature Objects menu By default the arc will be a TR 55 sheet flow equation arc so all you need to do is define the overland manning s roughness coefficient and the 2yr 24hr rainfall Length and slope will already be defaulted from the selected arc 1 Click on the n Mannings line in the Variables text window 2 Enter a value of 0 24 in the Variable value edit window 3 Click on the rainfall line in the Variables text window 4 Enter a value of 1 1 10 6 WMS Tutorials You should notice in the Instructions Results window that you are told what variables need to be defined before a travel time can be computed Once you have entered all the necessary values this same window reports the travel time for this arc In this way you can compute
73. Elevation contours are used to determine where the peaks canyons and valleys are in the DEM Contours are especially useful while digitizing feature lines from the display window WMS can display either normal linear contours or color filled contours By default linear contours are on and you have already seen this option 1 Select Contour Options in the Display menu 2 Turn on the Display Legend toggle 3 Turn on the Color fill between contours radio button 4 Select OK Note The escape key can be used to abort drawing at any time if it is taking to long to refresh the display The color legend in the top left corner of the display indicates that the blue regions are of high elevation while the red regions are of low elevation Display Speed Depending upon the type of computer you are using the display of the color filled contours may have been slow To speed up the display process you can change the Point display step 1 Select Display Options from the Display menu DEM Basics 5 5 2 Change the Point display step to 5 3 Select OK With a larger Point display step the display is faster but the resulting contours are not as smooth 5 3 3 Displaying a Hill Shade View By creating a hill shade view of the DEM you will get a nice image depicting the overall topographic layout A light source is used to determine the direction of the sun and therefore the shadow or shaded areas 1 Select the Shade comman
74. In this tutorial you have learned how to use images in conjunction with DEM and feature object data to define a TIN that can be used for basin delineation You have also learned how to use annotations to dress up the final display of any project CHAPTER 9 HEC 1 Interface Estimated Time 30 minutes Once a watershed has been appropriately subdivided into smaller basins you can use WMS to enter parameters for defining a complete HEC 1 input file Geometric attributes such as areas lengths and slopes are computed automatically from the TIN geometry Parameters such as loss rates base flow unit hydrograph method and routing data are entered through a series of interactive dialog boxes Once the parameters needed to define an HEC 1 model have been entered an input file with the proper format for HEC 1 can be written automatically There is no need to use an editor or even look at the file Since only parts of the HEC 1 input file are defined in this tutorial you are encouraged to explore the different available options of each dialog being sure to select the given method and values before exiting the dialog 9 1 Objectives In this tutorial you will load a TIN that has already been delineated into several different sub basins You will read in a partially defined HEC 1 input file and finish defining all necessary parameters Finally you will run HEC 1 and view the resulting hydrographs from within WMS The steps covered include
75. M coordinate system but you may be required to provide results in State Plane coordinates You may also just want to convert data from metric to English or English to metric units There are obviously a lot of different scenarios for which data might need to be transformed from one coordinate system to another but the three examples 21 4 WMS Tutorials above should give you an idea of the issues that might encounter and should help you plan your projects accordingly The examples in this tutorial demonstrate how to convert data from one coordinate system to another in WMS 21 1 4 The Current Coordinate System When you read data into WMS it is a good idea to immediately set the current coordinate system using the option from the Edit menu If you don t then the default of a local coordinate system using feet units is assumed As long as your data are in English units feet calculations by WMS will be displayed correctly If your are data are in meters then as a minimum you need to change the units to reflect this particularly at the point where you compute basin data It is not required to know the actual coordinate system your data is in i e UTM or State Plane Datum Zone number etc but it is essential to have the correct units If you do want to transform coordinate systems then you do need to know the full specifications of the current coordinate system and the one you want to transform to Because of the way WMS manages coord
76. Manually Recall from earlier tutorials that streams could be automatically delineated from outlet points if a continuous set of channel edges existed Even though a continuous set of channel edges exists in the current TIN it is still interrupted by several pits In order to automatically delineate the streams TIN editing would have to be done to remove the pits and ensure that each successive stream vertex from upstream to downstream had a lower elevation This process often takes a considerable amount of time and therefore an alternative to automatically delineating stream networks is provided in WMS Stream networks can be created by manually selecting a set of vertices from downstream to upstream regardless of whether the next upstream vertex is higher or lower in elevation This allows you to run a stream right through the set of pits in the channel above without having to do any additional editing This type of stream creation is possible because once flow reaches a stream it is routed downstream strictly by the connectivity of the stream This type of stream creation has several important uses 1 Pits in natural streams don t have to be removed using TIN editing techniques TIN Editing 17 11 2 Streets canals storm drains etc which are not necessarily represented as stream edges in a TIN can be modeled 3 A set of stream vertices can be imported and stamped into the TIN Along with the advantages there are a couple of
77. Open the file named jonescyn img This file should be found in the tutorial directory After a few seconds of reading the file and registering the image the TIFF image of a portion of USGS quad map will appear in the Graphics window 8 2 Reading in a Map File 8 3 As stated in the previous section the registered image can be used as a backdrop for on screen digitization of streams and a rough boundary These feature objects will be used to create a TIN that will conform to the boundary polygon and maintain triangle edges along all streams or other interior feature arcs If you haven t done the tutorial on creating feature objects from images or if you need a refresher refer to section in this tutorial manual before proceeding to the next section If you have completed the Feature Objects tutorial and already feel comfortable with how feature objects are created then do the following 1 Select Open from the File menu 2 Find and Open the file named jonescyn map This map files contains a bounding polygon and two stream branches Importing a Background Elevation Map Elevations for vertices created inside the boundary polygon can be interpolated from a background elevation source such as a DEM or another TIN Without a background elevation map the TIN will not have z values and therefore will be unusable for watershed delineation The tutorial in Chapter b teaches you how to work with DEMs as background elevatio
78. PF menu and choose Edit HSPF Attributes Choose the Evergreen Forest segment from the Basin Data window Click the Define Activities button Click the boxes next to Snow SNOW and Water PWAT to checkmark them Note that the buttons become active upon checking the corresponding box You have just activated the Snow and Water modules for this pervious land segment You must now enter the parameters for each active module to allow HPSF to simulate the segment correctly 1 Click on the SVOW button in the Pervious Land Activity dialog Creating Topologic Models for HEC 1 20 7 2 In the SNOW dialog that appears enter the following values in the appropriate fields leave other fields at the default values these values are either generally recommended values or HSPF defaults SNOW PARM1 SNOW PARM2 SNOW INIT1 SNOW INIT2 LAT 40 5 degrees TSNOW 35 0 degrees Pack snow 4 0 in SKYCLR 1 0 MELEV 8410 8 ft MWATER 0 2 Pack ice 2 0 in SHADE 0 40 Pack watr 2 0 in Note these values were extracted from meteorological datasets 1 Now that all values are entered for this segment click the Apply Parameters to Segments button This will allow you to assign these same parameters to other segments in the model 2 Choose Shrub amp Brush Rangeland in the Available Segments window move it to the Selected Segments window by clicking the gt button 3 Repeat step 2 for Residential and Mixed Tundra
79. S is in your Unix path environment 3 Type wms at the command line 4 2 WMS Tutorials 4 2 Creating a Watershed from Scratch with Feature Objects 4 2 1 By using a combination of stream arcs outlet nodes and basin polygons you can develop an entire watershed even without the use of a digital terrain model The watershed can be to scale or a schematic Of course if it were not to scale polygon areas and stream lengths would not be valid for your hydrologic model In this section of the tutorial you will create the aspen grove watershed from an image of a scanned paper map with clearly marked streams and basin boundaries N 1 Select the Map module icon 2 Select the Open command from the File menu 3 Find and Open the file named aspentrc img This file should be found in the tutorial directory You should see a portion of a USGS quad map with basin boundaries outlined in red and the stream network in black Creating Basin Boundaries We will begin by creating the basin boundaries but it does not matter whether the basins or streams are created first 1 Select the Create Arcs tool E 2 Select the Attributes command from the Feature Objects menu 3 Make sure that the arc type is Generic and select OK 4 Beginning at the outlet point lower right trace out the entire watershed boundary You do not need to follow every detail take as much time as you want End by double clicking near the same point w
80. TR20 Hi6s 15 te CUTOFF co GULCH co CIRCLE DOT GULCH CO RED PINNACLE Hi8se15 Hi g MCCARTHY RIO GULCH CO BLANCO CO FORKED GULCH CO POINTS CO PARACHUTE _ ARULTSON CO co dh HOUSETOP MOUNTAIN co Hi HAWSHURST CREEK CO 83 6 HiB 45 HORSE R MOUNTAIN co FAL RIFLE CO p NORTH MAMM PEAK CO SOUTH MAMM PEAK CO H107 45 21 9 1 Select the New command from the File menu and confirm that you wish to delete all data 2 Select the Jmport command from the File menu 3 Find and Open the file named 1 43CELO DDF actually you could pick any of the 1143 DDF files since this is an SDTS formatted USGS DEM 4 Specify the Import File option as USGS DEM 5 Select the Add button 6 Find and Open the file named 144CEL0 DDF At this point you should notice the problem that occurs when two DEMs straddle a UTM boundary the Rulison quadrangle appears to be to the west in fact far to the west since the X coordinates are starting over as we move into Zone 13 Therefore you do not want to import these DEMs together To be able to merge them we will need to do the following e Import Rulison 1143 DDF and export this file as an Arc Info ASCII After converting Parachute we will have to export the Parachute DEM to an Arc Info ASCII Grid file since to merge two Grid file 21 10 6 7 WMS Tutor
81. Watershed Modeling System WMS v6 1 TUTORIALS WMS 6 1 Copyright 1999 Brigham Young University Environmental Modeling Research Laboratory All Rights Reserved Unauthorized duplication of the WMS software or documentation is strictly prohibited THE BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY ENVIRONMENTAL MODELING RESEARCH LABORATORY MAKES NO WARRANTIES EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED REGARDING THE PROGRAM WMS AND ITS FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR THE VALIDITY OF THE INFORMATION CONTAINED IN THIS USER S MANUAL The software WMS is a product of the Environmental Modeling Research Laboratory of Brigham Young University For more information about this software and related products contact the EMRL at Environmental Modeling Research Laboratory Rm 242 Clyde Building Brigham Young University Provo Utah 84602 Tel 801 378 2812 Fax 801 378 2478 e mail wms byu edu WWW http www emrl byu edu wms html For technical support contact your WMS reseller TABLE OF CONTENTS vi WMS Tutorials Table of Contents vii 10 11 viii WMS Tutorials Table of Contents ix 8 OMPUTING CURVE NUMBERS FOR A DRAINAGE COVERAGE USING A LAND USE POLYGON COVERAGE AND A SOIL TYPE GRID ccccccccccccccccccccssesessscsssssssssesssesssssssesssssssessssssssssssssssssssssssesssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssss OMPUTING CURVE NUMBERS FOR A YPE POLYGON COVERAGE ccccccccscecscscssscessescsesesesescseseeese
82. a watershed containing streams basin boundaries and outlet points Importing a Soil Type Shape File In this section you will perform the next step in computing a composite curve number importing a soil type shapefile 1 Select the Zmport command from the File menu 2 Select Feature object polygons Shapefile shp from the Files of type field 3 Find and Open aspenso shp 4 In the polygon attribute text window see Figure 3 8 notice that the HYDGRP database field is automatically mapped to the SCS soil type attribute in WMS This occurred only because the attribute name in the soil type file was HYDGRP If the attribute name is anything other Advanced Feature Object Manipulation 3 11 than HYDGRP it can still be assigned to the WMS SCS soil type variable manually using the Attribute mapping button HINT It is extremely important that you create a new soil type coverage when importing a soil type shapefile or any other type of attribute shapefile After creating the new coverage you must specify the coverage attribute type as explained below 5 Select the Coverage options button in the Import Shapefile Data dialog 6 Select the New button in the Coverages window 7 Change the name of the coverage to Soil Type and change the coverage s Attribute set to Soil Type 8 Select the OK button in the Coverages window Import Shapefile Data Point attribute text window Arc attribute
83. age and a soil type grid Finally curve numbers will be generated for a TIN using a land use polygon coverage and a soil type polygon coverage In addition to computing composite curve numbers WMS also computes composite runoff coefficients for delineated basins and sub basins The final section of this tutorial will show how composite runoff coefficients can be computed for a drainage coverage using gridded soil data 15 1 Computing Composite Curve Numbers In this tutorial you will learn how to compute composite curve numbers using several different methods The topics covered include the following e Reading in a land use grid 15 2 WMS Tutorials Reading in a soil type grid Reading in and defining sub basins in a drainage coverage Importing a land use table Computing curve numbers for a drainage coverage Reading in a land use polygon shapefile Computing curve numbers for a drainage coverage using a land use polygon coverage and a soil type grid Reading in a soil type polygon shapefile Reading in a TIN with defined sub basins Computing curve numbers for a TIN using a land use polygon coverage and a soil type polygon coverage 15 2 Reading a Land Use Grid Arc Info and GRASS ASCII grids can be read into WMS These grids can either represent land use or soil type The first step in computing composite curve numbers for a drainage coverage is to read in a land use grid l 2 3 4 5 Select New fr
84. ally the most effective approach to learning WMS is to complete the tutorials and use the help file when encountering a portion of WMS that is unclear 1 2 1 1 WMS Tutorials Suggested Order Of Completion Tutorials 2 7 cover the basic data structures used in WMS GIS vector data or feature objects DEMs and TINs and how watersheds can be delineated to set up hydrologic models from them Tutorials 2 3 cover feature objects 4 5 DEMs and 6 7 TINs After going through the basics tutorials 9 and 14 cover supporting hydrologic calculations such as curve number generation from land use and soil data layers 14 and time of concentration or lag time computations from computed geometric values Tutorials 8 and 10 12 cover some of the supported models and the rest of the chapters cover advanced tools and miscellaneous topics It is unlikely that you will need to work through all of the tutorials but we recommend that you go through 2 7 and then the remaining tutorials which cover model interfaces and advanced tools can be completed according to the interfaces you use and as you have time 1 2 Demo vs Normal Mode The interface for WMS is divided into six separate modules Some of the modules contain interfaces to models such as HEC Such interfaces are typically contained within a single menu Since some users may not require all of the modules or model interfaces provided in WMS modules and model interfaces can be licensed individ
85. amed asparcs1 shp 8 Select OK to close the Import Shapefile Data dialog You should now have the stream file There are no basin polygons associated with the stream this network and so you must define them Creating Basin Polygons is an example of basins created for the imported stream layer Refer to it as you create your own basin polygons In particular you will want to note the point on the stream where the three sub basins intersect Figure 4 5 Sub basins of Stream Network Hydrologic Models from Feature Objects 4 17 1 Select the Select Point Node tool ri 2 Double click on the node at the intersection point shown in Figure 4 5 3 Set the attribute type to Drainage Outlet and select OK 4 Select the Create Arcs tool 5 Select the Attributes command from the Feature Objects menu 6 Select the Generic option 7 Select OK C 8 Select the Zoom tool al 9 Zoom in around the point on the stream where you will create the intersection of the three sub basins see Figure 4 5 10 Select the Create Arcs tool E 11 Create the three arcs shown in that will define the boundaries of the three basins at the intersection point For each arc begin by clicking on the intersection point in the stream and end by double clicking Figure 4 6 Interior Boundary Arcs 1 Select the Frame Image macro 4 18 WMS Tutorials 2 Now finish defining the arcs to close the three basin boundaries by starting
86. and 9 Select the Add Basin command 10 Select the Add Basin command 11 Click on the Outlet named 3C to select it 12 Select the Add Diversion command Except for the names your tree should now look like the one in If it does not you can start over by selecting the New command in the File menu or you can use a combination of the Delete and Add commands in the Tree menu to correct your tree 19 3 Changing Hydrograph Station Names WMS requires that all hydrograph stations have a unique six character maximum identification name In order to help avoid this problem default names are provided whenever an outlet basin diversion or reservoir is created i e 1C 2C 1B 2B etc You can change the name of these stations to make them more identifiable however you must remember these two limitations e Names cannot be longer than 6 characters e Names must be unique To change the outlet names do the following 1 Click on the outlet point 1C and select the Edit TR 20 Parameters command from the TR 20 menu or double click on the outlet point this automatically brings up the Edit TR 20 Parameters dialog The Edit TR 20 Parameters dialog contains several buttons that can be used to define edit data for hydrograph stations Only the buttons that pertain to the selected hydrograph station are active all others are dimmed You can define edit data by clicking on the appropriate button 1 Select the Routing Data button 2
87. and Open the file named jonescyn tin By default this file is found in the tutorial directory A group of vertices will appear in the graphics window If you can t see the vertices try selecting Display Options from the Display menu and turn vertices on 7 2 Triangulating Vertices To Make a TIN After the vertices have been read into WMS they must be triangulated into a TIN 1 Select Triangulate from the TINs menu 2 Select OK if you are told that retriangulating will delete existing triangles During the triangulation process several long thin triangles may be created around the perimeter of the TIN Often these triangles are not wanted and so WMS provides a way of automatically selecting thin boundary triangles so that you may delete them To delete the triangles do the following 1 Select the Select Boundary Triangles from the TINs menu 2 Choose the Select thin boundary triangles only option and select OK All thin boundary triangles will be shaded indicating they are selected 3 Select the Delete command from the Edit menu You can also do this by selecting the DELETE or BACKSPACE key 4 Select OK if the confirmation dialog box appears 7 3 Changing the Viewing Parameters To help you better visualize a three dimensional terrain model WMS provides multiple viewing perspectives of your TIN The default view is plan view where you are looking at your TIN from directly overhead This is the easiest vie
88. at Land Use Data appears as the name of the coverage to be used for the computation A text file that correlates the land use id to land use attributes name perviousness etc must be read in Click the Jmport button to browse for this file Choose the file named Jittleclanduse tbl Click Open to read it into WMS Choose OK in the Compute GIS Attributes dialog to compute the HSPF segments Click OK when warned that Continuing will delete all HSPF segment data You should now see the segments computed for the watershed displayed Each colored area represents a segment to be modeled by HSPF To better view the segments you will need to change some display options 7 8 N Switch to the Map module M Go to the Feature Objects menu and choose Coverages Make sure that the Land Use Data coverage is selected then toggle OFF the Visible checkbox Click OK the land use coverage is no longer visible Go to the Display menu and choose Display Options Choose the tab entitled TIN Toggle ON the Land use legend Click OK You should now see the land use legend which shows the color and title of each segment in the watershed You may want to Pan an or Zoom to avoid having the legend appear over the watershed Creating Topologic Models for HEC 1 20 5 20 3 Aggregating Segments You will note from the display that there are several land segments in the watershed Some are quite large such as the Evergreen Forest Land segment
89. ate Systems Because the UTM system provides WMS Tutorials a more uniform definition much of the data distributed on a National or international level comes in this format However many of the state and local regulating agencies for which hydrologic projects are done require the use of State Plane coordinates Because of this it is quite often that you will want to convert your data from UTM or some other coordinate system to State Plane An example of doing this is included as part of this tutorial 21 1 1 UTM Coordinate System A UTM Universal Transverse Mercator system is a world wide system defined in meters The world is divided into 60 zones 6 degrees of longitude running from 84 N to 80 S latitude While Northings y coordinates are generally the same from zone to zone Eastings x coordinates start over within each zone This means that if you have a watershed or other data that happens to straddle a UTM zone boundary the coordinates from the two data sets for example two adjacent DEMs will not be adjacent Fixing this particular problem is the topic of one of the tutorial sections The zones that cover the conterminous US are shown in the figure below U S UTM Zones 21 1 2 State Plane Coordinate System The definition used for State Plane coordinates vary from state to state and within states The figure below illustrates how states in the west this is similar for eastern states although many smaller states may
90. ations where flow splits may occur If you receive a message about triangles belonging to more than one basin you need to do the following two commands 1 Select the Correct Split Flow command from the Drainage menu 2 Repeat the Define Basins command from the Drainage menu Since basins are defined based on flow from triangle centroids you will need to split triangles that straddle basin boundaries After refining boundaries you will also want to eliminate triangles that do not belong to any of the catchment areas 1 Select the Refine Boundaries command from the Drainage menu 2 Select the Delete Null Basin Triangles command from the Drainage menu 3 Select OK to verify deletion 12 6 WMS Tutorials 12 3 2 Merging Catchment Areas By default WMS creates a separate catchment area basin for each upstream branch of the stream However we only want to consider a single basin upstream from the outlet points so we must merge the pairs of adjacent basins together 1 Select the Display Options command from the Display menu 2 Select the tab labeled Drainage 3 Turn off the Stream networks 4 Select OK 5 Select the Select Basin tool amp l 6 Select both basins labeled A in Figure 12 3 while holding down the SHIFT key 7 Select the Merge Basins command in the Drainage menu Figure 12 3 Delineated Catchment Areas Before Merging 1 Repeat the last two steps for basins labeled B C and D 2 Select the Displa
91. beled Downstream point as in Downstream point a LUE Figure 3 3 Reordering Streams 3 Select the Select Point Node tool A 4 Select the downstream node See Figure 3 3 5 Select the Reorder Streams command from the Feature Objects menu l 6 Select the Frame Image macro ASL 7 Select the Select Stream Network tool wl 8 Select any location on the arc network 9 Select the Attributes command from the Feature Objects menu Change the current feature arc type to Stream and select the OK button The stream network will be generated and linked to the hydrologic modeling tree 3 1 2 Creating Feature Objects from Images Sometimes you may have existing GIS data that you have been able to read into WMS but the data may not have all the attributes required for your model In addition some data may not be in a format usable by WMS Some data 3 6 WMS Tutorials such as land use data or soil type data must be digitized in WMS as feature objects before it can be put to use Creating and Removing Attributes In this section you will learn how to convert a vertex to a node and how to assign an attribute to that node Recall that each arc consists of two nodes and any number of vertices The vertices define the shape of the arc and the nodes define the arc s endpoints Nodes can have attributes but vertices cannot 1 Select the Select Feature Vertex tool Al 2 Use SHIFT select to select the two vertic
92. bject polygons Shapefile shp 10 Select and Open aspenso shp In the polygon attributes text window notice that the HYDGRP database field is automatically mapped to the SCS soil type attribute in WMS Since we want to map HYDGRP to WMS SCS soil type and there is nothing else to map select the OK button If your database field for Computing Curve Numbers 15 7 hydrologic soil group is named something other than HYDGRP then you can manually map it to the WMS parameter by selecting the Attribute mapping button and defining which database field represents hydrologic soil group 11 Select OK and wait a few seconds while the soil type shapefile for the Aspen Grove watershed is read in and displayed 15 10Reading in a TIN with Defined Sub basins Now that you have a land use polygon coverage defined and a soil type polygon coverage defined you can import a TIN containing defined sub basins Then you can compute the composite curve numbers for your TIN using the land use and soil type polygon coverages l 2 3 Select the TIN module icon S Select the Open command from the File menu Select and Open aspentin sup 15 11Computing Curve Numbers for a TIN Using a Land Use Polygon Coverage and a Soil Type Polygon Coverage In this section you will compute composite curve numbers for your TIN file using a land use polygon coverage and a soil type polygon coverage 1 2 Select the Display Options
93. bjects menu Set the Soil Type and Land Use coverages to visible Select the Land Use coverage and select the Active button Select the OK button to exit the Coverages dialog Notice how the Land Use coverage is now drawn in different colors while the other coverages are drawn in the inactive coverage color 2 4 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 WMS Tutorials Select the select polygon tool xl select one of the polygons in the Land Use coverage and select the Attributes command from the Feature Objects menu Notice that the Land Use Mapping dialog comes up This dialog can be used to assign land use ID s to selected land use polygons The Land Use Mapping dialog can also be used to change the attributes assigned to each land use ID and to create new land use ID s Select Close to exit the Land Use Mapping dialog Select the Display Options command from the Display menu Select the Map tab Turn on the Land Use Legend option and select the OK button Notice that a land use legend is displayed on the screen The upper left corner of the edit window displays the active coverage and the drop down combo box allows you to change the active coverage without invoking the Coverages dialog as demonstrated previously Change the active coverage to the Drainage coverage by choosing it from the active coverages drop down combo box in the Edit window Select the select polygon tool select one of the polygons in
94. clicking on it 9 Go to the HSPF menu and choose Edit HSPF Attributes Note that there are only 6 segments listed now 20 6 10 11 12 13 14 15 WMS Tutorials Choose the segment entitled Mixed Forest Note the area of 445 775 acres this is the area that you will add to the Evergreen Forest segment to aggregate the two segments Click the Delete Button to delete segment 6 Choose Evergreen Forest segment Note the area is 12207 985 acres Enter the new Area 12653 76 acres 12207 985 445 775 You have successfully aggregated two segments Aggregate segments by deleting the Bare Exposed Rock segment and adding its area to the segment Mixed Tundra The new total area will be 1385 752 acres Choose Done to exit the Edit HSPF Attributes dialog You are now left with 4 land segments These are the segments for which you will now input parameters and simulate with HSPF 20 4 Defining Land Segment Parameters You are ready to begin defining parameters for the land segments of the HSPF model This model will be set up for purely hydrologic analysis thus you will be activating and inputting parameters only to the SNOW and WATER modules of HSPF Further to decrease the time needed to complete the tutorial you will fully set up one segment then copy those parameters to the other 3 in the model Do the following to complete these tasks l 2 Select the basin icon by clicking on it Go to the HS
95. command from the Feature Objects menu This command computes areas perimeters and centroids for each of the sub basins and assigns these values to the hydrologic modeling tree 2 Set the Model units to Meters the base units were UTM meters 3 Set the Basin Areas units to Square miles 4 Set the Distances units to Feet 5 Select the OK button to compute the sub basin data 4 3 Importing GIS Data to Create a Watershed Many times stream networks and or basin boundaries already exist as layers in a GIS In such cases the data can be imported from a shape file ArcView s native file format and all applicable attributes inherited by the WMS feature objects for hydrologic modeling If you have an ARC INFO coverage you will need to convert it to a shape file first using the ARCSHAPE command You will also want to pay attention to the keywords used for automatically mapping attributes and some of the issues associated with importing GIS data as explained in Chapter 4 of the WMS Reference manual 4 6 4 3 1 WMS Tutorials This part of the tutorial shows how GIS data developed with the end goal of importing into WMS can be used The next three sections in the tutorial discuss how any watershed data layer s can be imported and then modified for use within WMS In order for WMS to be able to import GIS layers and automatically create a watershed for use in a hydrologic model the following conditions must exist e You must have a p
96. d from the Display menu With color filled contours on the hill shade uses the contour values for shading the DEM You can also shade the DEM in a single color the DEM point display color by turning off DEM contouring 1 Select the Display Options command from the Display menu 2 Turn off DEM contours 3 Select OK 4 Select the Shade command from the Display menu The lighting direction can be changed to highlight the DEM from a different angle 1 Select the Light Angle command from the Display menu 2 Click on a location on the sphere to indicate a new direction for the light source the white regions on the sphere indicate the current light source direction 3 Select the Shade command again from the Display menu 4 Select OK While a true hidden surface algorithm is not used to shade the DEM an oblique view can be used Some angles will be more effective accurate than others so you may wish to experiment a little with the Rotate tool 1 Select the Oblique View command from the View menu 2 Select the Shade command from the Display menu 5 6 WMS Tutorials 5 4 Importing ASCII Grid Files 5 4 1 Besides standard USGS DEMs gridded elevation data from the ARC INFO or GRASS GIS files can be imported and used as a DEM WMS also has its own data file for gridded elevation which can be used when trying to convert a file from other non supported formats Refer to the reference manual for a description of t
97. d in the tutorial directory by default Select the Display Options command from the Display menu Be sure that Triangles Vertices and Boundaries are toggled on and everything else is off Select the Drainage tab Make sure that the display of Outlets and Stream networks are on Select OK With the TIN file read in and the display of vertices and stream networks on you are ready to define stage values on the TIN Stage values can be defined by selecting vertices on the TIN and entering a stage value as shown by the following example Click on the Select Vertices 4 tool Click on the outlet of the stream network By default outlets are displayed as a black circle with a yellow center Select the Edit stage command from the Flood menu Enter the value 4 0 in the Enter new vertex stage field Select OK While holding the SHIFT key down select four or five additional vertices on the stream Select the Edit stage command from the Flood menu Enter the value 3 5 in the Enter new vertex stage field Flood Plain Delineation 14 3 9 Select OK For each stream node that was given a stage value a vertical red bar will be drawn with a length proportional to the stage value at that node 14 3 Interpolating Stage Values When stage values are defined at locations on a stream stage values for other locations on the stream can be linearly interpolated By editing the stage values at the outlet and branching nodes
98. d main channel as the Subchannel option Change Left overbank coordinate to 3 Change Right overbank coordinate to 6 Change Manning s roughness for Left section to 0 08 Change Manning s roughness for Main section to 0 03 Change Manning s roughness for Right section to 0 08 Click on the Define Edit Cross Section button to specify the irregular channel geometry This will bring up the Cross Section Editor dialog 13 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 WMS Tutorials Enter 8 pairs of station elevation values The values are 12 180 22 175 32 174 5 34 172 5 39 172 5 41 174 5 51 175 and 61 180 Click on the OK button to close the Cross Section Editor dialog Click the View rating curve data button to compute the rating curve and display the information Select Done Click the Save tailwater file button to bring up the file manager Specify hy801 tw as the file name and save the file Click on the OK button to close the HY8 Irregular Channel dialog Click on the OK button to close the HY8 Tailwater Data dialog 13 4 3 Entering the Roadway Information l Click on the Create Edit roadway data button This will bring up the HY8 Roadway Data dialog Choose Irregular profile option Change the Number of coordinates to 9 Change the Roadway top width to 50 Click on the Profile button to specify the irregular roadway profile This will bring up th
99. d the TR 55 options CHAPTER National Flood Frequency Program NFF Interface Estimated Time 20 minutes The National Flood Frequency program developed by the USGS provides a quick and easy way of estimating peak flow values and hydrographs at ungaged sites This data can be used in the design of bridges and culverts flood control structures and flood plain management It utilizes regression equations that have been developed for each state Besides an interface to the NFF program WMS can be used to calculate many of the variables used by the regression equations In this tutorial you will use an existing TIN rockynff tin and the regression equations for Texas The TIN allows you to compute basin area and slope each used in the Texas regression equations A TIN is not necessary to use NFF and you may wish to construct only a tree if you already have values for your state s equation variables If you have not licensed the digital terrain and map modules you will need to switch to Demo mode by selecting the Demo Version On command in order to complete this tutorial If you are not licensed to run NFF you can still run this tutorial to evaluate the interface and determine of what value it can be for your work The demo tutorial is subject to the following restrictions 1 Texas is the only state available to test 2 Only the values specified in the tutorial may be used to do actual computations 11 2 WMS Tutorials
100. different options so that you can become familiar with all the capabilities in WMS for doing Rational Method simulations CHAPTER Drainage Calculation Tools Estimated Time 30 minutes Several drainage calculation tools are included in WMS to aid in analysis and design of hydraulic structures These tools include a Channel Calculator a Weir Calculator a Detention Basin Calculator a Curb and Gutter Calculator and an interface to HY 8 a culvert analysis program 13 1 Channel Calculator The channel calculator can use information hydrographs determined from a hydrologic model to design a channel capable of supporting a given flow It may also be used to find stage depth in an existing channel or in a natural cross section An example of both of these scenarios will be given in this section 13 1 1 Using the Channel Calculator with Hydrologic Model Results In this section of the tutorial we will use the results from a HEC 1 simulation to demonstrate the functionality of the channel calculator 1 Select the Hydrologic Modeling module icon Xi 2 Select Open HEC 1 File from the HEC menu 3 Find and Open the file named redri hcl 4 Select Open from the Hydrographs menu 13 2 WMS Tutorials 5 Find and Open the file named redri so 6 Select Show Hydrograph Window from the Display menu 7 Select the hydrograph corresponding to the outlet RED30 in the Hydrologic Modeling window The hydrog
101. e system Creating Topologic Models for TR20 21 5 21 2 Converting Data From one Coordinate System to Another In this first example you have data in UTM Coordinates But you want to work in State Plane coordinates 1 Select the Open command from the File menu 2 Find and Open the file named utm map 3 Select the Jnport command from the File menu 4 Find and Open the file named aspen dem 5 Set the Jmport file type to USGS DEM and select OK 6 Select OK to import the DEM 7 Select the DEM module 8 Select the Contour Options from the Display menu 9 Toggle on the option for the Display Legend 10 Select OK 21 2 1 Setting the Current Coordinate System If you move your cursor over the data you should notice that the coordinates correspond to the limits as shown in the following figure Also note the range of elevation values from the contour legend WMS Tutorials pido 447105 4483190 457550 4483135 3200 0 3000 0 2800 0 2600 0 2400 0 2200 0 2000 0 1800 0 1600 0 1400 0 Berea a gt SN PNN EAN VY 447015 4469365 457520 4469305 1 Select the Current Coordinates option from the Edit menu 2 Set the Horizontal System to UTM NAD 27 US 3 Set the UTM Zone to 12 114W to 108W 4 Set the horizontal Units to Meters 5 Leave the Vertical System as Local 6 Set the vertical Units to Meters 7 Select OK 21 2 2 Converting from UTM to State Plane In this case all of ou
102. e Cross Section Editor dialog Enter 9 pairs of station elevation values The values are 0 199 2 100 197 5 200 196 5 300 196 0 360 196 0 400 196 2 500 197 600 198 5 and 720 201 0 Click on the OK button to close the Cross Section Editor dialog Choose Paved roadway surface Click on the OK button to close the HY8 Roadway Data dialog 13 4 4 Performing Culvert Analysis The data already entered in the previous sections must be saved in order to perform any computation l Click on the Save input file button This will bring up the file manager Specify hy801 inp as the file name and save 4 5 Drainage Calculation Tools 13 13 Choose Full Flow option for Outlet control Choose Single culvert output table for computation Click on the Compute button Click on the View button to display the result In the result find the headwater elevation at 400 cfs and compare with the design value of 195 feet It may turn out that the 5 x5 culvert is inadequate for the site conditions You are encouraged to test with different sizes suppose a 6 x6 culvert or larger in order to determine the required culvert size 13 5 Conclusions This tutorial has demonstrated the basic functionality of the drainage calculators in WMS Design and or modeling of channels weirs detention basins and culverts are possible using these calculators CHAPTER Flood Plain Delineation Estimated Time
103. e direct approach especially for large data files is to convert the DXF data to Feature Objects This is done using the following steps 1 Select the DXF gt Feature Objects command from the DXF menu 2 Turn on the toggle to Create feature arcs from DXF lines and turn off the toggle to Create feature points from DXF points nodes for arcs will automatically be placed at the beginning and ending locations of the DXF lines 3 Select the option to Add to currently active coverage 4 Advanced Feature Object Manipulation 3 17 Select OK Since the DXF line segments may not be ordered properly for stream arcs connected from downstream to upstream they are defined as generic arcs You must now reorder the arcs for streams and then convert them to stream type Select the Select Points Nodes tool Al Select the downstream most point in the lower right of the main window Select the Reorder Streams command from the Feature Objects menu Select the Select Network tool wl Select any one of the stream arcs Select the Attributes command from the Feature Objects menu Choose the stream type option and select OK 3 3 5 Saving the Feature Objects to a Map File Now that you have created feature objects you can save them to a map file if you want to use them later 1 2 3 4 Conclusion Select Save As from the File menu Select Feature Object Files map from the Save as type field Specify the directory where
104. e menu Confirm that you want to delete everything Select the Open command from the File menu Find and open the file auto tin Select the Triangulate Options command from the TINs menu Turn off the Display triangulation process command Click on the OK button Displaying the triangulation for larger data sets can take significantly more time Select the Triangulate command from the TINs menu Select the Select Boundary Triangles command from the TINs menu 10 Select the Select thin boundary triangles only option 17 10 WMS Tutorials 11 Select OK 12 Select the Delete command from the Edit menu 13 Select the Lock Unlock Vertices command from the TINs menu In order to automatically remove flat objects the vertices should be locked 14 Select the Interpolate Flat Triangles command from the TINs menu This operation could take several seconds to a few minutes depending on your hardware After a few seconds you should start to see the flat triangles and edges being modified When complete you should see that channel edges run through the entire region of flat triangles 15 Select the Display Options command from the Display menu 16 Turn on Pits 17 Click on the OK button As the display is updated notice that there are several pits in the stream These pits occur as a result of removing flat triangles and edges and not necessarily because of actual pits in the stream 17 10 Creating Streams
105. e stage in the channel given the maximum spillway and outlet capacity 12 000 cfs of Deer Creek Dam 1 Select the Enter flow option in the upper right of the dialog Enter 12000 in the corresponding box 2 Ensure that English is selected in the Units box 3 Enter 0 001 in the Longitudinal slope box 4 Click Calculate Note in the window on the left of the dialog the results of the calculation are shown The depth in the channel should be around 6 feet which is acceptable for this channel Note that a blue line representing the water surface elevation is plotted in the window in the lower right of the dialog You may want to change the Z scale to view the plot better This concludes the section on using the Channel Calculator However you may continue to experiment with different flows depth or channel types 13 2 Weir Calculator The weir calculator can be used to find the head over a weir at a given flow or the flow over a weir given a head value The following section will demonstrate how to set up such a calculation Following on the last example of Deer Creek Dam you will find out how much head is on the spillway at peak capacity 13 2 1 Using the Weir Calculator 1 Select Weirs from the Calculators menu 2 On the left side of the dialog look at the options available and select the Broad crested weir Note that in the lower left corner a default weir coefficient for this weir type appears in the Weir Coefficient ed
106. earned the basics of viewing and manipulating TINs These concepts apply whether you are using the TIN for visualization only as a background elevation map for creating a more suitable TIN for drainage analysis or as a TIN from which a watershed will be characterized CHAPTER 8 Watershed Delineation from TINs Estimated Time 20 minutes The last three tutorials have introduced you to using Feature Objects and DEMs and TINs for background elevation maps In this tutorial you will combine these tools together to create a TIN that can be used for watershed delineation parameter computation Specifically this tutorial covers the following topics e Reading in a registered TIFF image e Reading in a map file for use in defining key watershed features e Importing a DEM and using the feature objects to create a TIN e Delineating a watershed and sub basin boundaries from the TIN e Computing basin geometric parameters e Using drawing objects for annotations 8 1 Reading a Registered TIFF Image The feature object data you will be using in this tutorial was created from a TIFF map in the same way shown in section of these tutorials This same TIFF image which was previously registered can be read into WMS by N 1 Select the Map module icon Fal WMS Tutorials 2 Select Open from the File menu 3 Type img in the file name edit field this will cause the file browser to only list file names ending with img 4 Find and
107. eating Topologic Models for TR20 21 11 Now set the conversion coordinate system to UTM NAD 27 US Zone 13 and units of Meters for both horizontal and vertical again leave the vertical system to Local Select the Convert button Select the Export command from the File menu For the Save as type select Arc Info Grid asc Change the filename to parachute asc Select the Save button We now have the Parachute DEM saved in UTM Zone 13 coordinates so it will be placed geographically next to the Rulison DEM With both DEMs now saved in the Arc Info ASCII grid file format we can read them in together l 8 9 10 Select the New command from the File menu and confirm that you wish to delete all data Select the Import command from the File menu Find and Open the file named rulison asc Select the Import file type to be Arc Info Grid File and select OK Select the Add button Find and Open the file named parachute asc Select the OK button to import both DEMs Select the DEM module Select the Display Options command from the Display menu Toggle on the display of No data cells You will see a small gap of undefined elevations near the bottom of the two DEMs This is a common occurrence when transforming grids and so you must now interpolate across the boundary to fill in the gap l Select the Select DEM cells tool EI 2 Drag a box around the no data cells in the gap between the tw
108. ector streams feature objects e Define watershed and sub basin boundaries e Convert raster basin boundaries to polygons e Compute basin data With the watershed delineated and basin data computed you could now continue to define a hydrologic model CHAPTER 7 TIN Basics WMS allows you to quickly and easily import and manipulate terrain data Besides DEM data WMS can also use TINs Triangulated Irregular Networks for surface representation Each TIN is constructed from a scattered set of x y z vertices From the TINs generated by WMS drainage basins can be delineated The vertices used to create a TIN can be imported from an ASCH file from another TIN file such as InRoads or by interpolation from a DEM To use TINs in WMS effectively you will want to learn about the following e Importing data files e Using WMS s viewing tools to change perspectives allowing you to visualize a TIN in 3 D e Contouring the TIN e Using TIN display options to identify important features of the terrain model e Editing the TIN 7 1 Reading Vertex Data Files Into WMS After familiarizing yourself with the WMS window you will be ready to load the sample vertex file that you will be using for the rest of this tutorial This 7 2 WMS Tutorials ASCII text file is simply a list of XYZ coordinates To load the sample vertex file do the following 1 Select the 77Ns module icon BI 2 Under the File menu select Open 3 Find
109. efine transformations from basin to reach 20 1 Opening the Watershed and Initializing the HSPF Model You will open a watershed that has been delineated from a USGS 7 5 DEM and converted to a TIN 1 Select the Open command from the File menu 2 Locate and choose the file named ittlecotton wpr 3 Select OK 20 2 WMS Tutorials The watershed will appear on your screen with the area displayed in the center of the basin This indicates that the Basin Data has been computed and you are ready to set up the HSPF model To initialize the model 1 2 3 Change to the Hydrologic Modeling module M Go to the HSPF menu and choose HSPF Global Options Click the Initialize HSPF Data button all fields will become active indicating that the HSPF model is ready for input data You will now enter the parameters to indicate that the model will simulate about 3 years of time with a time step of 1 day You will also name the model choose the units to use specify output levels and name the input output files 10 Enter Little Cottonwood Canyon Model in the Title field Click on the Start Time button enter Year 1996 Month 1 Day 1 Hour 0 Minute 0 Click OK the start date will appear to the right of the Start Time button Click on the End Time button enter Year 1999 Month 7 Day 31 Hour 0 Minute 0 Click OK the end date will appear to the right of the End Time button Enter 24 in the hours field
110. el The cross section you will create is located immediately downstream from Deer Creek Dam Utah To create this cross section 1 Select New from the File menu 4 5 Drainage Calculation Tools 13 3 Confirm that you want to delete everything N Select the Map module icon Mal Select Open from the File menu Find and Open the deercrk sup from the tutorial directory This will read in and display a contoured DEM You will note a red line in the lower right of the DEM representing the location of Deer Creek Dam By tracing that line with a cross section arc you will be able to create a natural channel cross section 1 2 4 5 Select Coverages from the Feature Objects menu In the Coverages dialog click on the New button to create a new coverage data layer Enter Cross Sections in the Name box to rename the coverage Select Cross Section from the Attribute Set field Click on OK You now have an active cross section coverage Any arcs created in this coverage will represent cross sections and will derive station and elevation information from the DEM or TIN in WMS To create the cross section at the dam 1 2 Select the Create Arc tool Create an arc parallel to the red line representing Deer Creek Dam on the DEM Click to start at one end click several times 9 10 times as you proceed to the other end double click to end Your arc should look similar to Figure 13 1 1
111. elect the New command from the File menu Select OK when prompted if you want to delete everything Select the Map module icon Select the Open command from the File menu Find and Open aspencn sup Select the Import command from the File menu Select DEM Attributes from the Files of type field Select and Open aspsogrd asc Select the Soil type option for the mask Select Arc Info for the file type and select the OK button Select the Tree module icon Select the Compute GIS Attributes command from the Calculators menu Select the Runoff coefficients computation option Select the Import button in the Compute GIS Attributes dialog Computing Curve Numbers 15 9 14 Find and Open soiltype tbl Notice that the table appears in the Compute GIS Attributes dialog after it is imported 15 For soil type make sure the option to Use a soil type grid for determining soil type is selected 16 Select the OK button You have now computed the runoff coefficients for your watershed The computed runoff coefficient values can be used in the Rational Method to determine watershed runoff You can view these values by doing the following 1 Select any of the square basin icons in the Hydrologic Modeling Tree Window 2 Select the Run Simulation command from the Rational menu You should see the composite runoff coefficient for this basin You can view the values of the other basins by se
112. er source of stream data you can create the actual stream but it is not required However keep in mind that unless you create streams that represent the actual channel stream length information will be incorrect If you are continuing from the previous section you will want to delete your data before going on 1 Select the New command from the File menu 2 Select OK to confirm that you want to delete everything N 3 Select the Map module icon Fal 4 5 1 Importing the Basin Layer 1 Select the Zmport command from the File menu 2 Select Feature object polygons Shapefile shp from the Files of type field 3 Find and Open the polygon shape file named asppoly2 shp 7 Select OK to close the Import Shapefile Data dialog You should now have the basin file read in with three different sub basins There is no stream network associated with these basins and so you must define it 4 5 2 Creating a Stream Network 1 Select the Zoom tool a 2 Zoom in around the intersection of the three sub basins near the center of the watershed 3 Select the Create Arcs tool E 4 Select the Attributes command from the Feature Objects menu 5 Choose the Stream attribute type 4 14 6 Use Figure 4 3 as a guide in the next few steps l WMS Tutorials Select OK Click on the intersection point of the polygons to begin a new stream segment Double click on an interior point of the upper left basin Repeat t
113. ered You must now enter one gage that defines the temporal distribution for all of the gages 1 Select the New button 2 Enter the name gage5 in the name edit box 3 Enter the x y coordinates x 29 000 0 and y 15 400 0 4 Click the Storm Total Station check box off 5 Click the Temporal Distribution Station check box on 6 Enter today s date in the appropriate edit boxes 7 Select the Define Series button 8 Click on the mport button found in the lower right hand corner of the dialog box 9 Locate and select the file called scstabls ser By default it is located in the tutorials directory A list of six defined rainfall distributions will appear in the xy series window HEC 1 Interface 9 5 10 Click on the SCS StandardEmergencySpillway series to make it the active xy series The plot window will show the distribution for this series The values corresponding to this standard distribution are automatically inserted into the text edit fields You are free to scroll through and examine the values You are also free to change the distribution according to a pattern of interest to you 11 Click on the OK button of both dialogs The storm total stations will be displayed along with the Thiessen network made up of the four storm total stations The temporal distribution gage is displayed in a different color than the other gages and is not included in the Thiessen network since it defines only a distribution and
114. es time of concentration lag time and travel time along a routing reach are critical to performing analysis with any of the hydrologic models In this tutorial you will learn about the two different ways WMS can be used to compute time of concentration for a TR 55 simulation lag times are computed in the same way Runoff distances and slopes for each basin are automatically computed whenever you create watershed models from TINs or DEMS and compute basin data These values can then be used in one of several available equations in WMS to compute lag time or time of concentration If you want to have a little more control and documentation over the lag time or time of concentration you will use a time computation coverage to define critical flow paths Time computation coverages contain flow path arc s for each sub basin An equation to estimate travel time is assigned to each arc and the time of concentration or lag time is the sum of the travel times of all arcs within a basin Lengths are taken from the length of the arc and slopes derived if a TIN or DEM are present In this tutorial you will compute the time of concentration for the two sub basins and the travel time between outlet points in the watershed shown below You will use the TR 55 library of equations but you could just as easily use one of the other pre defined equations or enter your own equation 10 2 WMS Tutorials Figure 10 1 American Fork Watershed
115. es labeled as outlet points oo i r a ee an ee ey ee Outlet points wet en b OM 5325 Figure 3 4 Creating Outlet Points 3 Select the Vertex lt gt Node command from the Feature Objects menu 4 Select the Select Point Node tool 5 Use SHIFT select to select the two nodes labeled as outlet points 6 Select the Attributes command from the Feature Objects menu 7 Change the attributes of the selected nodes to Drainage outlet and select the OK button The newly created outlets will be linked to the hydrologic modeling tree Advanced Feature Object Manipulation 3 7 Creating Soils Data from Image Data To compute composite curve numbers or runoff coefficients you need a soil coverage defining the boundaries of each soil in your watershed In the Arco watershed model the boundaries of each soil are defined in the image but not as a coverage 1 Select the Coverages command from the Feature Objects menu 2 Select the New button in the Coverages dialog 3 Change the name of the new coverage to Soil Type and change the coverage s Attribute set to Soil Type 4 Select the OK button in the Coverages window 5 There are now two coverages the drainage coverage and the soils coverage Your next task will be to create arcs and polygons defining the soils coverage Select the Create Feature Arc tool E 6 Create a rectangular boundary around your entire model by selecting one corner The
116. eters dialog so that you can see both the tree and the dialog You don t need to quit the Edit HEC 1 Parameters dialog data for the next selected outlet point will now be displayed 4 Select the Routing Data button 5 Change the combining name from 2C to RED20 6 Change the routing name from 2R to 20TO30 7 Repeat the last three steps changing 3C to LOSTBR 3R to E DAM 4C to RED10 and 4R to 10TO20 To change Basin names do the following 1 Click on the basin 1B If you accidentally closed the Edit HEC 1 Parameters dialog then double click on 1B to bring it back up 2 Select the Basin Data button Creating Topologic Models for HEC 1 18 7 3 Change the basin name from 1B to RED30B and click on the OK button 4 Click on basin 2B 5 Select the Basin Data button 6 Change the basin name from 2B to WEST20 and click on the OK button 7 Repeat the last three steps changing 3B to LOSTBS 4B to EAST10 and 5B to REDRI 1 Select the Done button 18 4 Creating the Tree with Feature Objects In more recent versions of WMS the hydrologic modeling tree can be created directly from feature arcs streams and polygons basins see chapter hy This means that a tree can be created even without a map from which actual stream networks and watershed boundaries are digitized In such cases the feature objects represent a picture or drawing of the watershed and are not used to calculate areas and lengths However the drawi
117. f 0 0015 10 Enter a Channel width of 3 0 11 Make sure the Enter depth option is chosen and enter a depth of 0 33 an approximated depth since we do not know what the flow is at this point 12 Select the Calculate button 13 Select OK for both dialogs You have now defined the necessary parameters for computing travel time using the TR 55 open channel flow Manning s equation Repeat for the arcs labeled 6 7 and 8 using the following values 1 For arc 6 use a Manning s n of 0 016 and a hydraulic radius of 0 35 2 For arc 7 use a Manning s n of 0 016 and a hydraulic radius of 0 41 3 For arc 8 use a Manning s n of 0 016 and a hydraulic radius of 0 38 If you wish you can continue to experiment with the channel calculator to compute the hydraulic radius rather than entering the given values You now have defined equations and variable values for each flow path segment You can change these equations variables add new flow path segments etc in order to determine the best flow paths and most appropriate equations for each basin In other words this process is subjective and it may take a few iterations to get the best value 10 4 Using the Time Computation Arcs to Compute Time of Concentration for a TR 55 Simulation Before assigning time of concentrations to each basin you need to decide which model you want to use For this tutorial you will be running 7R 55 but but the same time computation tools you learn in
118. fining a Reservoir As seen in Figure 18 2 to Figure 18 4 a reservoir can be defined in a couple of different ways 1 by using the storage reservoir routing method or 2 by explicitly creating a reservoir and defining the storage parameters For the model in this tutorial we have chosen to represent it using the second alternative 1 Select the outlet E DAM if the Edit HEC 1 Parameters is still active If you have closed it already select E DAM and then select the Edit HEC 1 Parameters command from the HEC menu 2 Select the Routing Data button 18 16 WMS Tutorials 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Select the Storage RS routing option Set the nsteps to 1 the Initial condition type to ELEV and RSVRIC to 851 2 Select the Reservoir option and click on the Define button Select the Known volume option Select the SV toggle to turn it on and click on the Define button The XY Series editor can now be used to define the volume table Select the New button Change the Current XY Series Name to E DAM Volume Enter the following values starting with the first table field 21 100 205 325 955 Click on the OK button Select the SE toggle to turn it on and click on the Define button The XY Series editor can now be used to define the volume table Select the New button Change the Current XY Series Name to E DAM Elevation Enter the following values starting with
119. g fields to the specified values Member Member Units Access Aggregation Multiplication Quality Transformation Name subscript Factor flag Function RO ENGL REPL Aggregate 1 0 0 AVER 1 Select the Use existing dataset button 2 Click on the Select Dataset button Creating Topologic Models for HEC 1 20 11 3 In the Select Dataset dialog scroll down and select dataset 20 Flow then click the OK button 4 The Dataset name type and number should appear in the Assign External Targets dialog 5 Click Assign to add the External Target line to the lower window 6 Click Done You have now completed the input for the HYDR module in this reach This will be the only module active for this simulation thus you can exit the parameter editing dialogs 1 Click OK in the HYDR dialog 2 Click OK in the Reach Reservoir Activity dialog 3 Click Done in the Edit HSPF Attributes dialog The input for all land and reach segments is now complete in the model The last task before saving and running the HSPF model is to assign Mass Links 20 6 Creating Mass Links Mass Links control how materials water sediment constituents are transferred from land segments to reaches and from one reach to the next Conversions in units such as inches acre per day of runoff gt cubic feet per second are defined in the Mass Links also You will enter Mass Links to transfer water from land to reach and from reac
120. generated inside the bounding polygon and a stream enforced along the stream arcs The TIN does not represent the actual watershed boundary but can now be used to delineate the watershed and define sub basins 8 5 Watershed Delineation The feature object boundary used to create the TIN was not the watershed boundary In fact it was created to be larger than the watershed boundary so that a more precise watershed boundary can be delineated from the TIN 1 2 Switch to the T Ns module Bl Select the Display Options from the Display menu 8 5 1 8 5 2 8 5 3 Watershed Delineation from TINs 8 5 3 Turn off Vertices and turn on Flat triangles and Pits 4 Select the OK button Eliminating Pits and Defining Boundaries You should not have any flat triangles but there may be a few pits that must be removed before defining watershed and sub basin boundaries 1 Select the Smooth Pits command from the TINs menu A single pit will likely remain along the stream but since it is part of the stream it will not affect basin delineation 1 Choose the Define Basins command from the Drainage menu Correcting Split Flow Problems For some models locations of split flow occur causing an ambiguity in sub basin definition If this occurs for your model you will get an error message stating that triangles drawn in red belong in two drainage basins If this happens you can correct the problem 1 Select the Correct Spli
121. h to reach for this model 1 Goto the HSPF menu and choose Mass Link Editor 2 When you enter the Mass Link Editor it is set to begin adding deleting mass links for PERLND segments Set the fields to the values below Volume Volume Volume Member Multiplication Target Target Target Member Name Group Name Factor Name Group Name PERLND PWATER PERO 0 083333333 RCHRES INFLOW IVOL Note 0 0833333 is the conversion for inches acre per day gt cfs 1 Click Add Link if you make a mistake select the link in the window and click the Delete Link button Set the fields to the values below Change the Segment Type upper left to IMPLND 20 12 WMS Tutorials Volume Volume Volume Member Multiplication Target Target Target Member Name Group Name Factor Name Group Name IMPLND IWATER SURO 0 083333333 RCHRES INFLOW IVOL 1 Click Add Link 2 Change the Segment Type upper left to RCHRES 3 Set the fields to the values below Volume Volume Volume Member Multiplication Target Target Target Member Name Group Name Factor Name Group Name RCHRES HYDR ROVOL 1 00 RCHRES INFLOW IVOL 1 Click Add Link 1 Click OK to exit the Mass Link Editor 20 7 Saving and Running HSPF Simulation The Mass Links needed for PERLND IMPLND and RCHRES segments are now set up You are ready to save and run the model The last step is to save and run the HSPF simulation
122. have one or more of the three required layers and your data will need to be modified a bit after you read it in The next three sections demonstrate some of the kinds of problems you might run into and what you can do about them 4 4 Creating a Watershed with a GIS Stream and Basin Layers 4 4 1 In this section you will learn how to create the same watershed model done in the last two sections when you lack a point file defining outlets and or the data does not meet the requirements for automatic creation as outlined at the beginning of section 43 If you are continuing from the previous section you will want to delete your data before going on 1 Select the New command from the File menu 2 Select OK to confirm that you want to delete everything N 3 Select the Map module icon Fal Importing the Basin and Stream Layer 1 Select the mport command from the File menu 2 Select Feature object polygons Shapefile shp from the Files of type field 3 Find and Open the polygon shape file named asppoly2 shp 4 Inthe Import Shapefile Data dialog click on the open arcs shape file button 4 10 WMS Tutorials 5 Find and Open the arc shape file named asparcs2 shp 6 Select OK to close the Import Shapefile Data dialog The data looks almost exactly like the shape files of the previous section With a closer look though you will notice the following differences The streams are not colored blue and
123. he DEM file format Importing an ARC INFO ASCII Grid For ARC INFO and GRASS formatted grid files the following sequence can be used to import an ASCII file N 1 Select the Map module icon xj 2 Select the Delete All command from the Edit menu RTH 3 Select the DEM module icon S 4 Select Contour Options from the Display menu 5 Turn on the Normal linear contours radio button in the lower left portion of the dialog 6 Select OK 7 Select the Import command from the File menu 8 Select Arc Info grid asc from the Files of type field 9 Inthe File name field type jonescyn grd 10 Select Open to import the file 11 Select OK to delete existing DEM data The Importing ARC Info dialog will open In this dialog you can add more grid files to import or adjust the coordinates of the DEM coverage 12 Select OK to close the Importing ArcInfo Grid dialog and to import jonescyn grd This DEM represents a small hill with a couple of small canyons that empty into a valley region DEM elevations are typically rounded to the nearest meter For areas of high relief this rounding has little noticeable affect However in valley areas it may cause artificial flat areas to appear It is important to remove these flat areas before creating a TIN for drainage basin delineation In order to see the flat areas DEM Basics 5 7 1 Select the Display Options command from the Display menu 2 Turn on DEM Co
124. he Run Simulation command from the NFF menu Demo users will need to select NFF Read Simulation and choose rockynff nff then select NFF Run Simulation and Texas will be automatically loaded The NFF dialog appears The instruction window at the bottom of the dialog indicates the steps that remain to complete the set up of an NFF simulation 11 3 1 Choosing a State WMS is linked to a database of state by state regression variables that are used in the NFF program to compute peak flows This tutorial will focus on Texas but if you are not running in demo mode you may wish to return at the end and test another state 1 Select the State button 2 Scroll through the states until you see Texas and then select it by clicking on it 3 Select OK 11 3 2 Defining Regions The regions with defined regression equations are shown Scroll through them and notice the available urban equations For this tutorial we will assume that 70 of the study basin is located in Region 2 and 30 in Region 3 Refer to region maps for your state in the NFF manual to determine if your basin overlaps more than one hydrologic region 1 Select Region 2 by clicking on it in the regions list window 2 Select the button with a right arrow 3 Now repeat the last two steps for region 3 The variables required by each region s equations are displayed along with a defaulted U S Maximum Flood Region the edit field in the upper right po
125. he following l 2 Select the Job Control command from the TR 20 menu Change the Main time increment to 0 25 Select the Define Precipitation button Select Use standard SCS rainfall distribution for the precipitation distribution and Emergency Spillway and Freeboard Design for the SCS rainfall table type Toggle the options to define rainfall depth and rainfall duration on Enter 5 0 inches for the rainfall depth Enter 4 0 hours for the rainfall duration Select the OK button on both dialogs 19 6 Defining Basin Parameters TR 20 requires that all basins have an appropriate area curve number and time of concentration defined This tutorial will describe how these parameters can be defined for one basin and then a table of values will be provided so that the parameters can be defined for the remaining basins l 2 6 7 Click on the basin named RED30B Select the Edit TR 20 Parameters command from the TR 20 menu Once again you may wish to reposition windows Select the Basin Data button Change the area to 19 Input 79 for the SCS Curve number Input 1 73 for the time of concentration Select the OK button Basin parameters for RED30B should now be defined You can now select the other basins one at a time and repeat the above steps for defining area curve number and time of concentration using the data given in Table 3 1 19 8 WMS Tutorials Table 19 1 Basin Parameters for the Red River
126. he last two steps for the upper right basin For the lower basin reverse the two steps by first clicking on an interior point and then double clicking on the intersection point Figure 4 3 Creating Streams for Basin Polygons Select the Frame Image macro Click on a location on the boundary of the basin polygons near the watershed outlet lower right portion of the screen and then double click on the stream point you just created in the middle of the lower sub basin See Figure 4 4 as a guide Double click to end the stream here Figure 4 4 Finishing the Stream Hydrologic Models from Feature Objects 4 15 Now you will want to eliminate the outlet point in the interior of the lower basin polygon Select the Select Point Node tool A Select the node on the stream arc where you just double clicked to join the outlet to the stream network Select the Vertex lt gt Node command in the Feature Objects menu 4 5 3 Converting Polygons to Basins In order to tie the polygons to the topologic tree you must change them from generic to Drainage boundary 7 Select the Select Polygon tool x While holding the left mouse button down drag a box around all three polygons you could also multi select the polygons by clicking inside each while holding down the SHIFT key or by using the Select All command from the Edit menu Select the Attributes command from the Feature Objects menu Choose the Drainage boundary
127. here you began Note Whenever you create feature arcs in WMS a snapping tolerance is used to snap the new vertex to an existing node vertex or arc Therefore you do not have to click exactly on the same point when ending For the most part this is very useful because it avoids the necessity of creating vertices at all arc intersection branching points the first time it is encountered i e at a stream branching point or where sub basin boundaries join 1 Now create each of the other three sub basin boundary arcs on the interior of the watershed Begin by clicking on a point near the junction in the center of the watershed and ending by double clicking Hydrologic Models from Feature Objects 4 3 near the intersection of the arc previously created for the exterior boundary 4 2 2 Creating the Stream Network The stream network is created in much the same way the basin boundaries were The only thing to note is that the upper basin the basin boundary comes very close to the stream You will need to zoom in on this region in order to avoid conflicts with the snapping tolerance l 2 Select the Attributes command from the Feature Objects menu Choose the Stream feature arc type Select OK Create the main channel from the outlet of the watershed to the outlet point for the two upper basins Begin by clicking near enough to the boundary arc at the outlet so that it snaps to it and end by double clicking on the basin junct
128. hod of summing hydrographs at an outlet and then lagging to the next outlet by the lag time WMS can also be used to determine composite rational method parameters at the outlet for computing hydrographs With this method the time of concentration is defined as the longest flow time from upstream basins times of concentration combined with any lag times from channels The area is the cumulative upstream area and the runoff coefficient is determined as an area weighted value from the upstream basins With the time of concentration at the outlet defined you will need to determine the appropriate rainfall intensity Then instead of summing the upstream hydrographs to develop the hydrograph at the outlet WMS will use the rational method equation to compute a peak flow and multiply this peak flow by the selected hydrograph method the same as is done for basins to determine the hydrograph at the outlet To do this 1 Select one of the upper most outlet icons in the Hydrologic Modeling Tree window 2 Select the DF Curves button for outlets Rational Method Interface 12 13 3 Select the line of text for the 0 yr recurrence interval 4 Select the ntensity button 5 Select Done 6 Repeat these steps for the remaining outlets The last or bottom most outlet does not need to have a Routing lag time defined since the hydrograph accumulations will occur at this point 1 Select the bottom most outlet point 2 Select the Define Hydr
129. how different components in the Red River watershed are modeled using HEC 1 shows a completed tree diagram for the same watershed created using WMS A few important differences need to be noted Names for all hydrograph computation units outlets basins etc must be unique In the traditional HEC 1 diagram the name LOSTBR EAST10 and RED30 are all used twice In WMS the names must be unique so that resulting hydrographs read from a TAPE22 file can be associated with the proper hydrograph station For this reason the basins LOSTBR and RED30 were changed to LOSTBS and RED30B Diversions may exist from basins to outlets or from outlets to outlets In the traditional HEC 1 schematic the EAST10 outlet point exists solely to provide a point from which a diversion can be defined In WMS the diversion is defined directly from the EAST 10 basin so there is no need to have the extra EAST10 outlet point Diverted flow will be taken from the EAST10 basin before being combined with the REDRI basin at the RED10 outlet point Reservoirs are defined with separate icons triangles in the traditional HEC 1 schematic whereas in WMS they are defined at outlet points There are actually a couple different ways the same problem can be set up using reservoirs in WMS and Figure 18 4 illustrate these alternatives Creating Topologic Models for HEC 1 18 3 LEGEND REDRY Basin Hydrograph Station DIVERSION Onalet Hydrogrgyh Stacion Reservoir
130. ial covers editing techniques appropriate for digitized data while techniques for gridded data is the topic of the next tutorial Stream network creation in the previous tutorials was done automatically However having a continuous set of well defined channel segments is a prerequisite to creating streams in this fashion While having a continuous set of channel segments is ideal it is not always practical and therefore an alternate method of stream network creation is presented in this tutorial This method allows you to interactively select points which make up a stream or input a digitized set of stream points from a file 17 2 17 1 Objectives WMS Tutorials In this tutorial you will learn basic editing techniques and automated techniques which apply specifically to data which has been generated by digitizing a contour map The steps covered include the following Reading the TIN data file Triangulating the data points Removing boundary triangles Swapping edges to remove flat triangles and define channel segments Adding breaklines so that triangle edges honor important features Inserting additional points Interactively moving points Automatically removing flat triangles Creating streams by interactively selecting a network of vertices Using the display options to guide the editing process 17 2 Reading the Data File The TIN you will be reading for this tutorial only contains the vertices as triangles have not
131. ials DEMs they must have the same format For this reason we have to convert the Rulison quadrangle to the Arc Info ASCH grid format Import Parachute convert the Parachute DEM to Zone 13 and export the Parachute DEM as an Arc Info ASCII Grid file Import both quadrangles together Select the Parachute Co 2400 quadrangle from the Files text list box Select the Delete Button Select OK Select the Export command from the File menu For the Save as type select Arc Info Grid asc Change the filename to rulison asc Select the Save button We have now converted the Rulison DEM to the Arc Info ASCII grid format Than when we are finished converting the other DEM we can import the two DEMs together We must convert the format of the Rulison DEM since it is not possible in WMS to save a DEM in the USGS SDTS format nor is it possible to read in two DEMs of different formats l Select the New command from the File menu and confirm that you wish to delete all data Select the Import command from the File menu Find and Open the file 1144CELO DDF Select the Import File Type to be USGS DEM and select OK Select the OK button to import the DEM Select the Coordinate Conversion command from the Edit menu Select the Current Coordinates button and define the DEM coordinates to be UTM NAD 27 US Zone 12 with units of Meters for both horizontal and vertical leave the vertical system as Local Select OK Cr
132. ids of the drainage basins If you wish you can turn these labels off from the drainage display options dialog Once computed basin areas stream lengths and stream slopes are automatically stored for use in defining the HEC 1 input file The flow distances and basin slopes computed are used to compute lag times with the Tulsa equation 9 4 Entering Gages The gage method for rainfall will be used in each basin To do this you must define the gages with their associated precipitation accumulation and distribution values The table below will aid you in creating the rain gage network WMS Tutorials Table 7 1 Gage Information NAME X Coordinate Y Coordinate Precipitation 10500 25000 18000 12000 35670 7530 35900 23320 These gages represent total storm stations and therefore no temporal distributions are associated with them After entering these four gages you will be instructed to enter one gage that defines the temporal distribution for all four gages All of the gages can be entered from within the Gages dialog as explained below l 2 3 4 5 6 Change to the Hydrologic Modeling module Select the Gages command from the HEC menu Select the New button Enter the name for the first gage in the name box Enter the values of the first gage from the above table Select the New button again and define the values for the second gage Continue this process until all four gages have been ent
133. ime 7 15 in edit field 1 04 35 01 03 73 21 02 01 03 01 Change the name of the Current XY series to Rainfall Distribution Select the OK button of both dialogs 18 7 Defining Basin Parameters HEC 1 requires that all basins have an appropriate area precipitation loss method and unit hydrograph method defined Just about any combination of these methods will work This tutorial will describe how these parameters can be defined for one basin and then a table of values will be provided so that the parameters can be defined for the remaining basins Since the base flow parameters are identical for all basins this will be defined first l 2 Click on the basin named RED30B Select the Edit HEC 1 Parameters command from the HEC menu Once again you may wish to reposition windows Select the Select All command from the Edit menu All basins will be selected and their data displayed in the text window Select the Basin Data button Notice that the name and area fields are dimmed since you wouldn t want to change these values with all basins selected Change the STRTOQ value to be 10 Change the ORCSN value to be 25 Change the RTIOR value to be 1 2 Select the OK button 18 12 WMS Tutorials 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Click on the RED30B basin once again so that it is the only one selected Select the Basi
134. in in the TR 20 Tree Window You can examine the hydrographs in greater detail by selecting them for display in the hydrograph window Two hydrographs for some of the outlets will be displayed representing the hydrograph before and after channel routing To view the hydrographs in the hydrograph window do the following 1 Select one of the hydrographs by clicking on the miniature 2 Hold the SHIFT key down while selecting more hydrographs All currently selected hydrographs should be displayed in the hydrograph window 3 Select the Display Options command from the Display menu 4 Select the Hydrologic Modeling tab 5 Select the Plot Options button 6 Turn on the Display X grid option 7 Turn on the Display Y grid option 8 Set any other parameters you wish to experiment with 9 Click on the OK button for both dialogs CHAPTER 20 HSPF Interface This chapter demonstrates how WMS can be used to process digital elevation and land use data to develop an HSPF input uci file The graphical user interface used to define input parameters is demonstrated for a basic hydrology simulation that includes doing the following e Delineating watershed segment boundaries from a digital terrain model and USGS land use file e Defining segment parameters for a hydrologic analysis e Developing reach segment parameters e Defining precipitation time series data from standard wdm database files e Entering mass links to d
135. inate systems there is a certain order that you should follow for properly converting data The examples in this tutorial illustrate the following three scenarios These scenarios should give you an understanding of how to approach transformations in WMS 1 You have data in one coordinate system and want to convert to another 2 You have data in the same coordinate system but different zones 3 You have data in three different coordinate systems and want to get them all into a consistent coordinate system 21 1 5 Proper Order of Reading Data Because the coordinate conversion tools operate on all data simultaneously DEMs TINs Imaged Feature Objects etc it is not possible to read in data that are in two or more coordinate systems and convert one dataset or the other only or to convert both to the same coordinate system For this reason you will often want to read each data set in separately convert to the proper coordinate system and save again Once all data have been converted and saved all the data may be read into together and the current coordinate system may be defined One exception to this rule is if you have data in only two coordinate systems of which one is the desired coordinate system for your project In this case you would first read in the data you want to convert You would then convert the data to the desired coordinate system Finally you would read in the remaining data that is already in the proper coordinat
136. ince it illustrates many of the basic capabilities available in TR 20 This tutorial will not lead you through every step to completely set up the model Instead you will be shown how to create and enter data for each type of object i e basins outlets reservoirs diversions and then data for other similar objects will be provided so that you can repeat the steps A completed model of the Red River watershed is provided in the tutorial directory If you don t wish to enter all of the necessary data or if you want to skim through this section and look at the results you can read this file in using the Open TR 20 File command in the TR 20 menu The Red River watershed demonstrates the following capabilities available in TR 20 e Calculating hydrographs using base flow losses and unit hydrograph methods e Flood hydrograph routing e Reservoir routing e Diversions 19 2 WMS Tutorials 19 1 The Topologic Tree Representation The schematic shown in Figure 19 1 illustrates how different components in the Red River watershed are modeled using TR 20 Figure 19 1 shows a completed tree diagram for the same watershed created using WMS A few important differences need to be noted e Names for all hydrograph computation units outlets basins etc must be unique e Reservoirs are defined with separate icons triangles in the traditional TR 20 schematic whereas in WMS they are defined at outlet points LEGEND amp Dan
137. infall value of 1 5 4 Change the Rainfall distribution to Type II 5 Select the Compute Tc Map Data button This time you will notice that there are more than three arcs This is because one of the flow path arcs the one labeled 8 above will be used to compute travel time between outlets but still is within the lower basin Notice that WMS defaults its status to inactive WMS will try to make the best choice of arcs that are used for time of concentration for a basin but at times you may need to set the active inactive status on your own 6 Select Done 10 5 Using the Time Computation Arcs to Compute the Travel Time Between Outlet Points Besides using time computation arcs for computing time of concentration or lag time for a basin you can also use them to compute the routing travel time of a channel 1 Select the Select Outlet tool a with the TR 55 dialog still open 2 Select the upstream outlet the outlet to the upper basin 3 Select the Compute travel time button in the TR 55 dialog 4 Make sure that both of the downstream arcs are active The active status in the dialog is turned on for both 5 Note the time of concentration for these arcs 6 Select Done The time of concentration from the arcs should now appear in the Travel time box 10 6 More TR 55 While you were entering the data for each of the two basins you should have noticed that instructions are given in the TR 55 data window to let you know
138. ing the transient rainfall data 16 2 Reading the Data File The scattered data file and data points used in this tutorial were derived from a portion of a NEXRAD radar scan After reading the scattered points a data set representing rainfall intensities will be imported To read the file do the following Select the Scattered Data module icon E Select Open from the File menu Use the file browser to find and Open the file rainfall xy This file should be found in the tutorial directory Select the Data Browser command in the Data menu Select the mport button and accept the default of Generic scalar file Use the file browser to find and Open the file rainfall scl This file should be found in the tutorial directory This file contains a transient values for multiple times data set of rainfall intensities Select the data associated with time step 15 00 You may need to use the scroll bar to locate this time step in the data browser dialog Select the Done button 16 3 Interpolation from Scattered Data to a Grid In order to contour or animate the rainfall data set the values must be interpolated to a grid To interpolate to a grid do the following 1 2 Select the Bounding Grid command in the Data menu Specify 25 cells in both the x and y directions and a mesh centered grid type All other fields can be left as defaults Select the OK button Select OK for the default z value
139. inside of each basin boundary ae A 0 10 mi 2 A 0 12 mi 2 Figure 10 2 Starting Locations for Time of Concentration Arcs These points represent the furthest point from the outlet for their respective basins Now feature arcs will be created from these points to the outlet by following the flow path 4 5 Select the Select Feature Point Node tool K Select both feature points just created Use the SHIFT key to multi select the last point you just created will likely already be selected Select the Node gt Flow Arcs command from the Feature Objects menu Choose the Create multiple arcs command Select OK The Create multiple arcs option will cause WMS to break the flow path arcs once they enter the stream defined on the TIN The TR 55 method others are similar as well uses three different flow segments to compute time of concentration sheet flow up to 300 feet shallow concentrated flow and open channel flow Since WMS will automatically break the arcs between overland and channel flow two of three segments will already be defined You 10 4 WMS Tutorials will need to separate the sheet flow from the shallow concentrated flow before setting up the equations 1 Select the Select Feature Vertex tool Al 2 The figure below identifies locations approximately 200 300 feet downstream from the beginning of the flow path arc Select one of these vertices 3 Select the Vertex lt gt Node c
140. ion point Create the two branches of the lower basin by clicking on a point near the stream arc just created and double clicking at the most upstream point of the branches in the image NOTE As you create new vertices on stream arcs you should always do so from downstream to upstream l 2 Select the Zoom tool al Zoom in on the region shown in Figure 4 1 Figure 4 1 Junction of Main Channel in Aspen Grove Watershed WMS Tutorials 3 Select the Create Arcs tool E 4 Create the initial portion of each portion of the stream by clicking on the junction point intersection of red boundary lines in the image and going as far upstream as is possible on the zoomed image End by double clicking You needed to zoom in order to avoid conflicts with the auto snapping feature If you do click too close to an existing arc you will get a message that the stream is illegal and you will need to try again You can end the stream at one location and then continue defining after zooming out by beginning at the point where you left off 1 Select the View Last command from the View menu 2 Finish defining each branch Begin the branch by clicking near the point you left off with and ending by double clicking at the terminal point of the stream In order to define separate basins at the junction point you will need to convert the node at the junction to an outlet node 1 Select the Select Feature Point Node tool 2 Select the j
141. is directed at the TIN when shading Click on the sphere at a new location to change the light source direction Click on the OK button Select Shade from the Display menu If the shaded image is too dark or too light change the light angle again When you are finished shading select Plan View from the View menu to restore the default view 7 6 Mapping an Image to a TIN You can map an image to your TIN so that you can see the effects of shading with an image draped over the TIN This operation is relatively simple and can be a highly effective way to show off your data You will need to be sure that the image is appropriately registered In this example you will read in an already registered image but if you need to review this see section B 3 of this tutorial manual l 2 3 Select the Map module fal Select the Open command from the File menu Find and Open the file named jonescyn img Select the Display Options command from the Display menu Select the Image Display Options button Turn on the Texture map to surface when shaded option Set the option to Map to active TIN Select OK twice to close the Image Display Options and Display Options dialogs 9 TIN Basics 7 7 Select the TINs module Bl 10 Select the Shade command from the Display menu This may take 30 60 seconds depending on the speed of your computer processor You may want to experiment with the following adjustment
142. it 13 6 WMS Tutorials field This value is a generally accepted coefficient for this weir type but may be edited 3 Select Calculate head in the lower right of the dialog 4 Enter 12000 in the Weir Flow box 5 Enter 42 0 for the Weir length 6 Select Calculate Note the answer for the head is located in the lower right corner of the dialog box about 20 feet It may be useful to experiment with different weir types to see how they affect the head passing over the weir For example try a Cipolletti with the same flow It may also be of interest to calculate a flow using a given head Using the same weir type select Calculate Flow and enter head of 10 0 Select Calculate again to see the flow that would cause a 10 0 ft head over the weir Select OK to close calculator 13 3 Detention Basin Calculator The detention basin calculator may be used as purely a design tool or it may be used to determine the effects of a reservoir in a drainage unit Storage capacity curves and or outflow hydrographs may be calculated using this tool In this example the detention basin calculator will be used to find the effects of a reservoir created in a drainage unit 13 3 1 Opening a TIN file 1 Select New from the File menu 2 Confirm that you want to delete everything 3 Select the TINs module icon Bl 4 Select Open from the File menu 5 Find and Open the file named aspencal tin 13 3 2 Creating a Reservoir We will c
143. l Al Select the Select All command from the Edit menu Select the Redistribute command from the Feature Objects menu Specify the Subdivide each end uniformly option Use a specified spacing of 100 feet in this case Select OK 12 2 5 Creating the TIN 1 2 Select Build Polygon from the Feature Objects menu Select OK to use all feature arcs Select the Select Polygon tool poil Click anywhere inside the boundary polygon so that it becomes selected Select the Create TIN command from the Feature Objects menu Select No when asked if you want to save your data Make sure the option to nterpolate from existing TIN is selected Select OK 12 3 Defining Catchment Areas Catchment areas need to be defined in order to determine areas The computed areas will later be used in the Rational Method equation 12 3 1 Adding Outlets and Assigning Triangles to Basins 1 2 Select the TINs module icon Bl Select the Smooth Pits command from the TINs menu Rational Method Interface 12 5 3 Using the Select Vertices tool and while holding the SHIFT key down select the four TIN vertices at the stream branching points indicated in Figure 12 2 Select These Vertices Figure 12 2 Location of Outlet Vertices 1 Select the Add Outlets command from the Streams menu 2 Select the Define Basins command from the Drainage menu Because of the way vertices are connected by triangle edges there are loc
144. lecting their respective basin icons 15 13 Conclusions This concludes the curve number computation tutorial You are encouraged to experiment with all of the commands explained in this section until you feel comfortable with the tools available to you for computing curve numbers In this section you have learned how to compute curve numbers or runoff coefficients for drainage coverages and TINs using e soil coverages or soil grids e land use coverages or land use grids e tables relating land use to CN or soil type to runoff coefficient CHAPTER Scattered Data and 2D Grids Estimated Time 20 minutes The Scattered Data module and Grid module can be used in combination to visualize any set of scalar values that can be assigned to unique x y positions The scalar value used in this tutorial is rainfall intensity generated from NEXRAD radar files but they could just as easily represent rain gages or other locations for which rainfall intensities or accumulations are known 16 1 Objectives In this tutorial you will learn how to import scattered data with an accompanying data set and interpolate from the scattered data to a grid for visualization by Reading a scattered data file Creating a bounding grid around the scattered points Interpolating from scattered data Contouring a grid Mapping scalar values to elevations Using virtual gages to examine the time variance of the data 16 2 WMS Tutorials Animat
145. lems that should be addressed before HEC 1 can be successfully run Just because the model checker does not find any errors does not insure that HEC 1 will compute the correct result but it should help 3 Select Done 4 Select the Run HEC 1 option from the HEC menu HEC 1 needs the names of three files 1 the input file which will be saved when running HEC 1 2 an ASCII output file outlining the processes used and the final results 3 a TAPE22 solution file containing hydrograph information that can be read back into WMS for display 5 Enter rocky in the prefix for all files edit field and click on the Update All Prefixes button 6 Click OK to start HEC 1 The View File command in the File menu can be used to examine the ASCII output file should problems occur On PC s the view file command brings the 9 10 WMS Tutorials file up within the Windows Notepad program whereas on UNIX operating systems you can specify an editor vi by default to bring the file up in 9 10 Displaying Hydrograph Results The TAPE22 file generated by HEC 1 and stored in the third file specified when running HEC 1 from within WMS contains hydrographs for each basin of the watershed for the routed hydrographs from outlet points and for the combination of basin and routed hydrographs at each outlet WMS automatically reads in the files To view the hydrographs 1 Select the Show Hydrograph Window from the Display menu You should see seve
146. lets can be done The tree defined in the remaining sections of this tutorial will correspond to the one in Figure 18 2 18 2 Creating the Tree If you are running the professional version switch to the Tree Module E If you are running the basic version you will be in the Tree Module already unless you have turned the Demo on If you are running the Demo turn it off now The following commands can be used to create the topological tree for the Red River watershed as shown in Figure 18 2 All commands are in the Tree menu 1 Select the Add Outlet command The bottom outlet will be created and then selected Each time you create a new outlet it becomes the selected outlet 2 Select the Add_Basin command Don t worry that the names don t match those in Figure 18 2 you can change them later 3 Select the Add Outlet command 4 Select the Add Basin command 5 Select the Add Outlet command 6 Select the Add Basin command 7 Click on the Outlet point named 2C to select it 8 Select the Add Outlet command 9 Select the Add Basin command 10 Select the Add Basin command Except for the names your tree should now look like the one in If it does not you can start over by selecting the New command in the File menu or you can use a combination of the Delete and Add commands in the Tree menu to correct your tree 18 3 Changing Hydrograph Station Names WMS requires that all hydrograph stations have a unique six characte
147. mation by selecting the stop button the VCR like box Use the Frame scroll bar to move the animation forward backward in time If you wish to save the series of images to a file so that they can be replayed later without having to load data files or run through setup you can use the Save button to save an animation loop file In a subsequent session of WMS the Read dialog in the Film Loop dialog can be used to reload and run the animation In this case you would not have to read in the grid data set or run through the time consuming process of setup 10 Select the Done button 16 6 WMS Tutorials 16 7 Mapping Elevations Any function from a data set can be mapped to the elevations of the grid cells so that the function can be represented as a 3 dimensional surface This can be done for the current grid and data set by doing the following 1 Select the Display Options from the Display menu 2 Turn on the display of Cells 3 Select OK 4 Select the Map Elevations command from the Data menu 5 Select the data set created when interpolating from the scattered data rainfall all would have been the default and once again choose time step 15 0 6 Select the Se ect button z 7 Select the Oblique View macro E 8 Select the Z Magnification command from the View menu 9 Set the value to 250 in order to better visualize the variations in elevations and select OK RZ You may wish to rotate or experiment
148. ms can be fixed by intersecting all the overlapping arcs and removing the dangling arcs using the automatic clean functions in WMS Other times you need to snap a node or vertex on one arc to a node or vertex on another arc ux 1 Select the Frame Image macro zx WMS Tutorials 2 Select the zoom tool al and drag a box around the location of the nodes that need to be snapped together The nodes that need to be snapped are marked with an arrow that is labeled Snap as in You may have to zoom in very close to see that the nodes are not connected to each other 3 Select the Select Point Node tool A 4 Select the node at the end of the arc to snap See Figure 3 2 Figure 3 2 Snapping Selected Nodes 5 Select the Clean command from the Feature Objects menu 6 Make sure the Snap selected nodes option is selected and select the OK button You will be prompted in the Help window to select a snapping point Select a vertex on the arc adjacent to the selected node The two points will be snapped together and a node will be created at the intersection of the arcs Creating Streams from Existing Feature Objects Now that the arcs are cleaned you are ready to convert your generic arcs to stream arcs Bt 1 Select the Frame Image macro AS Advanced Feature Object Manipulation 3 5 2 Select the zoom tool al and drag a box around the location of the downstream point The downstream point is marked with an arrow that is la
149. n Data button or click on the BA card in the text window Change the Area to 19 and select the OK button Select the Precipitation button Select the Gage button Select the PT Gage Weights These are weights for total storm stations In the first two Gage Name fields enter 64 and 63 and in the first two Weight fields enter 65 and 35 Select the OK button Select the PR Gage Weights These are weights for distribution station In the first Gage Name field enter 400 and in the first Weight field enter 1 0 Select the OK buttons for both the Weight and Precipitation dialogs Select the Loss Method button or click on the LS card in the text window The SCS method is on by default for some of the other basins you may need to change the method but change the curve number CRVNBR field to 79 Select the OK button Select the Unit Hydrograph Method button or click on the UD card Once again the SCS method is on by default but you need to change the lag time TLAG to 1 04 Select the OK button Basin parameters for RED30B should now be defined You can now select the other basins one at a time and repeat the above steps for defining area precipitation and weights loss method and unit hydrograph method using the data given in Table 2 2 For some basins you will need to change the Loss and Unit Hydrograph Methods before the appropriate parameters can be defined The HEC 1 card identification LS LE etc is alwa
150. n maps If you have not yet done this tutorial or need a refresher you may wish to do it now To import a background elevation map 1 Select Import from the File menu 2 Find and select but do not open jonescyn grd 3 Select Arc Info Grid from the Files of type field 4 Select the Open button Watershed Delineation from TINs 8 3 5 Select OK to close the Importing ArcInfo Grid 6 Select the DEM module i 7 Select the Smooth DEM command from the DEMs menu 8 Set the number of iterations to 3 9 Select OK Smoothing the DEM will help to eliminate the affects of rounding to the nearest meter Contours of the DEM will be overlaid on the image If the color filled contour options is active you may wish to change to linear contours by 1 Select the Contour Options command from the Display menu 2 Choose the Normal linear contours option 3 Select OK 8 4 Creating a TIN and Defining a Watershed 8 4 1 With the feature objects defined and a background elevation map you are ready to create the TIN Redistributing Vertices The density of vertices that are created inside the boundary polygon will be proportional to the density of vertices along the feature arcs In order to have control over the TIN vertex density WMS allows you to automatically redistribute vertices along arcs to a higher or lower density decrease or increase spacing between arc vertices To redistribute the vertices N 1 Select
151. n region has been selected However the national equation is dependent on computed flows from the corresponding rural region and therefore must be used in conjunction with the appropriate rural region To use the National Urban Equation based on the flows you have just computed 1 If the basin is not selected and the National Flood Frequency Regression Equations dialog is not up select the basin using the Select Basin tool K and choose the Run Simulation command from the NFF menu 2 Select the National Urban Equation from the Regional regression equations text window 3 Click on the right arrow to move it to the Regions overlapped by watershed window 4 Enter the following values e BDF 8 e JA 45 e SL 20 e RI2 1 8 e ST 7 5 Select the Compute Peak Discharges button NFF Interface 11 7 Computed urban peak flows are shown along with previously computed rural peak flows You may wish to read pages 8 9 in the NFF manual for further information regarding the National Urban Equation 11 3 10 Using Individual State Urban Equations Defined in NFF The National Urban Equation is common to all states but some states have local urban equations as well Texas is one of those states To use urban equations defined for Texas you must unselect all of the regions defined in the Regions overlapped by watershed text window Available state urban equations will reappear and you can select one for analysis NOTE The watershed
152. n select each of the remaining corners and create a single closed arc around your entire model as shown in Figure 3 5 OI g cee i XG Lost River a bospitad Tt EE G 7 i Figure 3 5 Step 1 Create a Single Arc around the Entire Window 3 8 3 1 3 WMS Tutorials 7 The pink lines in the image represent soil type boundaries Select a point on the rectangular boundary that intersects with one of the pink lines and create an arc along the pink line until another boundary line is reached HINT If you click close to an existing arc when creating an arc the arc you are creating will automatically snap to that existing arc All the arcs you create in a soil type coverage must be connected to each other and form closed polygons If closed polygons are not created WMS will not be able to determine the type of soil for each point in your watershed model 8 Create arcs from the other soil boundary lines as shown in Be sure all the soil arcs form closed polygons You don t have to be too accurate when creating the soil boundary arcs If you are creating a real model of course you should try to be more accurate ANO GR ae gt Caan Hospitiat 2 4 Figure 3 6 Sipi 2 Create Arcs Aona the Soil Type Boundaries Building Polygons Now that you have defined the boundaries for the soils in your coverage you are ready to build polygons and assign soil attributes to each polygon Polyg
153. nd then displayed in the main window The next two sections illustrate the two different ways DXF data can be used to create feature objects 3 16 3 3 3 3 3 4 WMS Tutorials Digitizing Feature Objects From DXF Data The first way DXF data can be used to create feature objects is by simply digitizing new arcs polygons over the top of the existing data 1 Select the Create Arc tool B 2 Select the Attributes command from the Feature Objects menu 3 Change the arc attribute type to Stream and select OK 4 Create the arc along the main stream by clicking on the outlet point lower right and then clicking on additional points along the DXF stream data Be sure to click create a vertex at locations along the main stream at branching locations 5 Finish the stream arc by double clicking on the last point Repeat steps 4 and 5 for each of the stream branches If you missed placing a vertex at one of the stream branches you can 1 Select the Create Feature Vertex tool Z 2 Click on any locations along the stream arc where the stream branches 3 Select the Create Feature Arc tool E If you wish to save the completed feature objects to a map file you may do so but you must delete the feature objects before proceeding to the next section 1 Select the Delete command from the Feature Objects menu 2 Select OK to confirm that you want to delete the feature objects Converting DXF Data to Feature Objects A mor
154. ng data defined Select the Edit HEC 1 Parameters command in the HEC 1 menu Choose the Routing Data button Select the Muskingum RM routing option be sure it is the Muskingum RM option and not the Muskingum Cunge RD option 9 8 WMS Tutorials 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Enter a value of 2 for X Determine the routing time for this reach by doing the following Find the length of the channel you should be able to see a value for length in the Muskingum Cunge edit field it will be dimmed but you should be able to read it Estimate the channel velocity use 3 0 ft sec Divide the length by the estimated velocity length 3 travel time seconds Divide by 3600 sec hr to get travel time in hours Enter this value for AMSKK Finally determine how many time steps it will take to route the flow through this channel segment and enter the value in the NSTPS field This can be determined by dividing the travel time in minutes by the computational time step entered in the Job Control dialog 10 minutes Select the OK button Repeat steps 2 8 for the other two outlets where routing is to be defined Select the Done button in the Edit HEC 1 Parameters dialog 9 8 Computing Composite Curve Numbers Besides computing geometric data composite curve numbers can be determined using the land use and soil coverages read in with the model l 4 5 Select the Compute GIS Attribu
155. ng itself may be much more instructive to clients and reviewers than just the modeling tree If you want you can read in a map file that contains the same watershed definition you have just created by following these three steps 1 Select the New command from the File menu and confirm that you want delete all data 2 Select the Open command from the File menu 3 Find and Open the file named redri map If you choose to do this your model will replace but be equivalent to the one you have just defined and should look like Figure 18 5 18 8 WMS Tutorials Figure 18 5 Red River Watershed Tree Defined from Feature Objects Diversions cannot be saved with feature objects TINs or DEMs either so after creating a watershed using feature objects diversions still need to be entered using the commands in the Tree menu of the Hydrologic Modeling Module l 5 6 Select the Hydrologic Modeling module icon Pl Select the Select Basin icon tool Bi Click on the basin named EAST10 to select it Select the Add Diversion command from the Tree menu Click on the Outlet point named E DAM to select it Select the Retrieve Diversion command from the Tree menu To change the diversion name do the following 1 Click on the diversion D1 Creating Topologic Models for HEC 1 18 9 Select the Edit HEC 1 Parameters command from the HEC menu Select the Diversion Data button Change the name from D1 to DIVERT While
156. ns can be changed to control how gages are displayed These options are accessible by selecting the Gages command or Gage Plot Manager command in the Data menu You are encouraged to experiment with these options as much as you want When you are finished delete the gages Ts 8 9 16 6 Animations Scattered Data and 2D Grids 16 5 Select the Select Gage tool Ms if it is not already selected Select both gages Choose the DELETE or BACKSPACE key Animation sequences can be generated from transient data sets Animations are comprised of a series of images of the current grid where all display options remain the same while the time step is moved ahead l Select the Film Loop command from the Data menu The Film Loop dialog comes up over the edit window and stays up while you create and play your film loop animations Icons are similar to a VCR and can be used to run stop or step through an animation sequence Select the Setup button Change the Size Screen to 30 There are several other options that you may experiment with but for now select OK WMS will draw a contoured image of each time step in the data set saving the image after each one Once an image for each time step is created the video buttons and other controls will undim and the animation sequence can be replayed at a much higher refresh speed Select the play button the VCR like right arrow button Experiment with the speed setting Stop the ani
157. ntours and Flat DEM cells and turn everything else off 3 Change the Point display step to 1 4 Select OK The regions colored in red are locations in the DEM where four elevation points defining a square all have the same elevation While it would be rare for this to occur naturally except for where a lake exists this often happens with DEM data because of the roundoff errors The natural smoothness can be restored using the following commands 1 Select the Smooth DEM command from the DEMs menu This opens a dialog with options that determine how the DEM will be smoothed By keeping the maximum change in elevation to 0 5 we won t smooth the elevations beyond what would be justified based on the original rounding to the nearest meter Sometimes several iterations of smoothing are required to propagate changes over a large flat area However for this DEM you can use the default smoothing values 1 Select OK Most of the red regions should be gone If you decide you would like to change the options for smoothing you can restore the original elevations by selecting the Restore Elevations command from the DEMs menu 5 5 Conclusion This concludes the DEM Basics tutorial In this tutorial you have learned how to 1 Import DEMs into WMS 2 Use WMS s DEM visualization tools 3 Smooth DEM data In subsequent tutorials you will use DEMs as background elevation data for creating TINs CHAPTER Watershed Delineation f
158. nu 3 Use the file browser to locate and open the file named jonescyn tif By default this file is found in the tutorial directory After a few seconds of reading the file an image of a portion of USGS quad map will appear in the Register Image dialog as shown in WMS Tutorials Figure 2 3 Image Registration Dialog Pixel coordinates of the image must be registered to proper ground locations so that feature objects created by on screen digitization will have the proper coordinates e Set the values for the u v and x y pairs of each point according to the table below and select the OK button Registration Points a o0 f 75 0 422424 422424 426273 4519461 4515391 4515391 The image will be resampled so that as much of the image as possible is fit into the Graphics window an image will often be of a higher resolution than ui 0 vf 7s 0 2 3 2 2 3 3 Basic Feature Object Manipulation 2 7 the screen After a few seconds you should see the image in the Graphics window Displaying and Manipulating Images 1 Select the zoom tool a 2 Zoom in on any portion of the image 3 Select the pan tool j 4 Pan to a different portion of the image by dragging the cursor in the Graphics window After any sequence of zooming and panning you can restore the original image by doing the following 1 Select the Fit Entire Image command from the Image menu AK 2 Select the frame macro pel
159. o DEMs 3 Select the Fill NODATA Cells command from the DEMs menu 21 12 WMS Tutorials You have now completed the transformation of the Parachute quadrangle from UTM Zone 12 coordinates to UTM Zone 13 coordinates so that it could be used together with the Rulison quadrangle to delineate a watershed This same process would apply no matter what type of data you have DEMs TINs Feature Objects etc Remember though in the case of the DEMs we had to first read in the Rulison quadrangle and export it as an Arc Info ASCII grid Then after converting the Parachute quadrangle we were able to read the two in together 21 4 Converting Data from Multiple Coordinate Systems In this example the coordinate system we want to work in is the UTM coordinate system We have a DEM already in the correct UTM coordinates but our land use file is in State Plane while our soils file is in Geographic latitude longitude coordinates We will first read the soils file in convert the file and then save the file Second we will read the land use file in and convert it At this point all three data sets are in the UTM coordinate system Then we can read the soil file back in and then import the DEM N 1 Select the Map module ia 2 Select the Import command from the File menu 3 Find and Open the file named aspensogeographic shp 4 Make sure the Import file type is Feature Object Polygon Shape File and then select OK 5 Select the
160. og 1 From the text window in the upper right hand part of the dialog click on the line of data for the 10 yr recurrence interval as shown in 12 5 2 Select the Refresh icon on the lower right 12 10 WMS Tutorials Rational Method IDF Computation IDF Curve Computaion B min 10 min 15 min 30 min Hydro 35 Data Eastern US a 5640 4 590 O NOAA Atlas Data Western US rE EEE User Supplied Data 25 y 8 155 6 822 5820 4338 5O y 8 940 7 507 6411 4 827 100 yr 9 720 8188 7 000 5313 intensity Duration Frequency Curves 42 G05 0 15 0 25 0 35 0 45 0 55 11 0 10 0 Intensity Time of concentration gt lt min Specified tc te 35 Compute te Length 2486 94 Mannings n Joooo Slope poas See ap eS a ANI COTA CAH OD ABVIOVQBOGDOVSAS 0 af 0 0 0 0 0 0 af 0 05 0 15 0 25 0 35 0 45 0 55 Duration t Figure 12 5 IDF Computation Dialog with the 10 yr Recurrence Interval Selected The rainfall intensity is determined from the selected interval by using the previously defined value for time of concentration 1 Compute i by selecting the Jntensity button 2 Select the Done button The value of i computed using the ZDF Computation dialog will be placed in the edit field for this basin 3 Note also that the input for this basin is complete and a value for runoff Q has been computed A summary of the rational equation and results is in the upper right window of the dial
161. og The HYDRO 35 data only needs to be entered once unless different data is to be used for different basins so the rainfall intensity for the remaining basins can be defined using the following steps 1 Select the icon for Basin 4 2 Select the DF Curves button Rational Method Interface 12 11 3 Select the line of text for the 0 yr recurrence interval 4 Select the ntensity button 5 Select Done 6 Repeat these steps for Basins 3 2 and 1 12 4 3 Defining Hydrographs As the data entry for each basin is completed a peak flow Q is computed and listed in the text display window The Rational Method equation does not produce a hydrograph However several different unit dimensionless hydrographs can be used to distribute the peak flow through time to create a runoff hydrograph 1 Select the Show Hydrograph Window command from the Display menu unless the hydrograph window is already visible 2 Select the basin labeled Basin 5 in Figure 12 4 3 Select the Define Hydrographs button 4 Select the Universal hydrograph method from the drop down list 5 Select Done 6 Click on the small hydrograph box of Basin 5 in the Graphics window You should see the hydrograph displayed in the Hydrograph Window You may want resize this window to inspect the chart 12 4 4 Combining Runoff from Multiple Basins WMS allows you to define lag times time of travel in order to compute runoff from multiple up
162. ographs button 3 Choose the Traditional method 4 Choose the Universal hydrograph method 5 Select Done 6 Select Done in the Rational Method dialog also 7 Select the hydrograph box for the bottom most outlet You should get some kind of an idea about the difference in the resulting hydrographs from the two methods You may want to inspect other hydrographs at different locations Just click on the box in the Graphics Window to do so 12 5 Adding a Detention Basin If you compute runoff using the route by summing method then you can route hydrographs through detention basin structures defined at any of the outlet locations 1 Select the outlet that defines Basin 5 in Figure 12 4 2 Select the Run Simulation command from the Rational menu 3 Select the Define Reservoir button You will now define a hypothetical detention basin facility from approximate geometric parameters WMS can compute a storage capacity curve for a rectangular basin You could also use a TIN to develop a storage capacity curve if the TIN had sufficient resolution to accurately define the storage depth relationship Further you could enter a pre computed storage capacity curve 12 14 9 10 11 WMS Tutorials Select the Define button in the Storage Capacity box Select the Known Geometry option Enter 500 feet for Length Enter 500 feet for Width Enter a Depth of 30 feet Enter a Side slope of 2 Leave the Base elevation at
163. olygon layer representing basin polygons with an attribute item named draintype and the draintype value for each basin polygon needs to be 1 e You must have an arc layer representing streams with an attribute item named draintype and for each stream arc the value of draintype should be 3 Also the arcs must be ordered so that the from node is always downstream of the to node if this is not the case it may be easier to follow the guidelines shown in the next section e You must have a point layer representing outlets with an attribute item named draintype and for each outlet point the draintype should be 5 A special extension in ArcView called WMSHydro has been developed which automatically creates these three layers If you are not using this extension it may be more trouble to develop these three layers in the required format than it is to import them in one of the ways described in sections In addition to the required attributes the shape file may also contain other hydrologic modeling parameters that can be mapped to corresponding values in WMS Table 2 1 in the reference manual lists the attributes that can be mapped and the keywords used by WMS to automatically define the mapping If your shape file contains the correct parameter but does not use the specified keyword you can still manually specify the mapping Importing Shape Files 1 Select the New command from the File menu to make sure that all existing data is removed
164. om the File menu Confirm that you want to delete everything Select the Jmport command from the File menu Select DEM Attribute from the Files of type field Find and Open asplugrd asc This will open the DEM Attributes dialog which allows you to assign attributes to the data that you import l 2 3 Select the Land use option for the Attribute Select Arc Info for the File type and select the OK button Wait a few seconds while the land use grid is being displayed on your screen Computing Curve Numbers 15 3 15 3 Reading in a Soil Type Grid The next step is to read in a soil type grid Soil type grids in Arc Info or GRASS ASCII format can be read into WMS In this section you will read in an Arc Info ASCII soil type grid prepared from polygon data for the Aspen Grove watershed l 2 Select the Import command from the File menu Select DEM Attribute from the Files of type field Find and Open aspsogrd asc Select Soil type for the Attribute Select Arc Info for the File type and select the OK button Wait a few seconds while the soil type grid is being displayed on your screen 15 4 Reading in and Defining Sub basins in a Drainage Coverage The next step is to define your model or read in an existing model l 2 3 Select the Open command from the File menu Select Super Files sup from the Files of type field Select and Open aspencn sup
165. ommand in the Feature Objects menu 4 Repeat for the other flow arc alternatively you could multi select the two vertices and convert them to nodes at the same time Select Here Figure 10 3 Locations to Break Sheet Flow Segments You should now have three arc segments for each basin These arcs will be used to compute a time of concentration for the TR 55 analysis However we will also want to compute a travel time for the flow from the upper basin to the lower basin This will require a flow path segment between the upstream outlet and the lower outlet The flow path arcs from the lower basin already include flow for part of this distance but there remains a segment for which no flow path arc exists 1 Select the Streams gt Flow Arcs command from the Feature Objects menu This will create an arc that joins the outlet of the upper basin with the flow path segment already created for the lower basin Where the flow path segments meet the arc from the lower basin is split into two This will leave four arcs to define time of concentration for the lower basin two will actually be in the stream The arc just created while in the lower basin will not be used when computing time of concentration Time of Concentration Calculations 10 5 You have used the Node gt Flow Arcs and Streams gt Flow Arcs commands to automatically generate the flow path segments from flow on a TIN Similarly arcs could have been created from flow on a D
166. ons must be built to assign soil types to areas in the soil coverage 1 Select the Build Polygon command from the Feature Objects menu Advanced Feature Object Manipulation 3 9 2 When prompted if you want to use all arcs to build the polygons select OK to build the polygons If you built the soil arcs correctly polygons will be generated from your soil arcs 3 Select the Select Polygon tool poil This tool must be selected to access the polygon attributes for the land use coverage 4 Notice that the type of each soil is written on the background image Use SHIFT select to select all the soil type A polygons and select the Attributes command from the Feature Objects menu 5 Note in the Soil type mapping dialog Figure 3 7 that SCS soil type A is the default soil type when a soil polygon is created Select the Apply button to assign this default value to all the selected polygons Soil type mapping x WMS soil ID M Display SCS soil type _ Display runoff coefficient parameters _ Display Green Ampt parameters I Display CASC2D parameters Selected soil Properties of Soil with ID 0 SCS Soil type Import soil attribute file Import file type J Runoff Coefficient file E Import AC file Export soil attribute file Export file type Runoff Coefficient file Export AC file Figure 3 7 The Soil Type Mapping Dialog 6 Perform steps 4 and 5 for soil types B and C For soil type
167. ontours 11200 0 10500 0 9800 0 9100 0 8400 0 7700 0 7000 0 6300 0 5600 0 4900 0 1965450 789075 1999725 789075 1965415 743700 1999885 743700 21 3 Converting Data to Consistent UTM Zones In this part of the tutorial you will learn how to convert sets of data straddling a coordinate zone boundary to a consistent coordinate zone so the data can be used together for a project The figure below identifies two 7 5 minute quadrangles in Colorado that straddle UTM Zones Longitude 108 West is divisible by 6 making it a boundary between coordinate zones zones 12 and 13 in this case see the UTM zones figure at the beginning of this chapter This means that even though the Parachute and Rulison quadrangles should be adjacent to each other when we read them into WMS the X values of Parachute will be much larger than those of Rulison because they start over again as we move from zone 12 west of 108 to Zone 13 east of 108 So to use these together in a project we have to either convert Rulison to equivalent coordinates for Zone 12 or Parachute to 13 You should know that starting over again doesn t mean starting with 0 in this case since UTM X coordinates have a false easting This false easting is a good thing too otherwise converting Parachute to Zone 13 would mean giving it negative X coordinates This could prove problematic for some calculations Creating Topologic Models for
168. ools necessary to register and use images are available within the WMS interface There are three basic scenarios for registering images 1 You must determine the correct coordinates and enter them manually in the image registration dialog This is what is demonstrated in this tutorial and generally is applicable if you have scanned the image yourself using a desktop scanner 2 You image file tif contains a corresponding tiff world file tfw The tiff world file will have the correct registration information for the image and can be imported into WMS The USGS digital raster graphics files DRGs have the tfw files and most organizations that distribute them include the world files as well 3 Many of the newer tiff files contain the registration information within the image file tif itself This is referred to as a geotiff file When WMS reads a geotiff file it will bypass the registration window The image will be registered automatically You can obtain TIFF images using a standard desktop scanner by purchasing from a digital data provider or from some locations on the internet see for a list of some of these sites The image used for this tutorial was obtained from a USGS digital raster graphics file DRG Importing and Registering a TIFF Image To import and register the TIFF image being used in this tutorial do the following N 1 Select the Map module icon Fal 2 Select the Import command from the Images me
169. op of the Toolbox 17 In the Coverage box in the Edit Window select the Land Use coverage to make it active 18 Select the Display Options command from the Display menu 19 Under the Map tab toggle the Land Use Legend option off and select the OK button to close the Display Options dialog Delete all your data by selecting the New option from the File menu Select OK to delete all your data 3 3 Creating Feature Objects from DXF Data 3 3 1 3 3 2 DXF data files can be imported and used in WMS for creating streams or other feature object data in two different ways 1 direct conversion or 2 using them as a background map DXF files from any application can be used but must be in R 12 format See the user manual for help in converting to R 12 format if you have problems reading a particular DXF file Creating a Boundary Polygon Although the DXF file can contain data for the boundary of the watershed the file that you will import contains data for the stream The boundary that will be used in this portion of the tutorial will be read from an existing map file map To read the file 1 Select Open from the File menu 2 Using the file browser find and Open aspenbnd map 3 Select YES if prompted to delete the current feature objects Importing a DXF File To import the DXF file 1 Select Import from the DXF menu 2 Find and Open the file named aspen dxf The file will be imported a
170. option Select OK Select the Compute Basin Data command from the Feature Objects menu Choose Meters for Model units and select OK This will insure that the units for polygon area and arc length are converted stored for hydrologic modeling 4 6 Creating a Watershed with a GIS Stream Layer In this section using the same stream data as section you will learn how to create a watershed model if you only have a GIS layer for streams In such cases you will need to create within WMS the basin boundaries The boundary polygons do not have to correspond to the actual watershed sub basin boundaries but they are primarily used to identify the watershed and sub basins of a watershed model If you have a scanned map or other source of drainage boundary data you can create the actual basin polygons but it is not required However keep in mind that unless you create polygons that represent the actual basin boundaries polygon basin areas will be incorrect 4 16 4 6 1 4 6 2 WMS Tutorials If you are continuing from the previous section you will want to delete your data before going on 1 Select the New command from the File menu 2 Select OK to confirm that you want to delete everything 3 Select the Map module icon kal Importing the Stream Layer 1 Select the Jmport command from the File menu 2 Select Feature object arcs Shapefile shp from the Files of type field 3 Find and Open the arc shape file n
171. ore TR 20 is launched Click on the OK button TR 20 will run and the hydrographs will be read in at the hydrograph stations The View File command in the File menu can be used to examine the ASCII output file should problems occur On PC s the view file command brings up a simple view only program whereas on UNIX operating systems you can specify an editor vi by default to bring the file up in Creating Topologic Models for HEC 1 19 11 19 11 Displaying Hydrograph Results The THY file generated by TR 20 and stored in the third file specified when running TR 20 from within WMS contains hydrographs for each basin of the watershed for the routed hydrographs from outlet points and for the combination of basin and routed hydrographs at each outlet You can read this file and display the hydrographs in the hydrograph window To read the hydrograph file do the following 1 Select the Show Hydrograph Window command from the Display menu if the hydrograph window is already mapped you will not need to do this 2 Select the Open command from the Hydrographs menu 3 Find and Open the THY file it should be named redriv thy if you actually ran TR 20 as outlined above If you did not actually run TR 20 or are having difficulties you can read in redri thy After you have successfully read the hydrograph file you should see several small hydrographs displayed in the upper right corner of each outlet and bas
172. ot want to move them accidentally Any additional points created will by default be unlocked Select Display Options from the Display menu Turn on Tin Contours Channel edges and Flat triangles Turn off Boundaries Click on the OK button The display should show the triangulated TIN Notice the flat triangles displayed in red and channel edges in yellow 17 4 Removing Thin Triangles on the Boundary Several long thin triangles around the perimeter of the TIN exist Often these triangles are outside of the area of interest and as seen along the bottom can create several flat triangles since all perimeter points were digitized from the 17 4 WMS Tutorials same contour These triangles can be selected for deletion in the following manner 1 Select the Select Boundary Triangles command from the TINs menu Several of the thin boundary triangles will automatically be selected 2 Make sure that the Select thin boundary triangles only option is chosen and select OK 3 Select the Delete command from the Edit menu 4 Confirm that you want the triangles deleted by selecting OK The boundary triangles selected will be deleted and the display updated appropriately This process could have been done manually by using the select triangles tool l and the techniques for selection described in the reference manual 17 5 Swapping Edges It appears as if there is some type of channel on the right side of the TIN However beca
173. otice also how there are limits to the amount a vertex may be dragged so that the triangulation will remain valid With the vertex still selected four squares are drawn around the vertex to indicate that it is selected click in the x y or z vertex edit box in the upper left of the screen and change the value Notice that you can not change the x or y value in such a way that the triangulation will become invalid in the same way that there was a limit to the distance a node could be dragged above Enter a new value into the z edit box in the edit window adjust the elevation of the selected vertex Notice how the contours channel edges pits etc display are all updated instantaneously as the values are modified Continue moving editing the vertices until you are comfortable with how these options work 7 11 Inserting Vertices on a TIN After you have triangulated your initial set of vertices it might be necessary to manually add vertices in certain locations to help improve the definition of the TIN Before adding vertices it is wise to lock the existing vertices Locking vertices serves two purposes First it prevents them from being moved TIN Basics 7 11 intentionally or accidentally as described above It also distinguishes them from points which are subsequently added This distinction is often important since the original vertices represent data with a greater amount of certainty and which you are less likely to want
174. played 15 8 Computing Curve Numbers for a Drainage Coverage Using a Land Use Polygon Coverage and a Soil Type Grid Now that you have imported a land use polygon coverage you are ready to compute composite curve numbers for your drainage coverage using the land use polygon coverage you just imported and the soil type grid l Again select the Coverages command from the Feature Objects menu Select the Drainage coverage in the window displaying all the coverages and make it the active coverage by selecting the Active button Select OK in the coverages window Select the Hydrologic Modeling module icon H Select the Compute GIS Attributes command from the Calculators menu Select the option to compute SCS Curve Specify that you want to Use a Soil type grid for determining soil type Specify that you want to Use a Land use coverage for determining land use Enter a Drainage coverage computation step of 50 0 Meters in this case Select the OK button in the Compute GIS Attributes window The computation may take anywhere from a minute to several minutes depending on the speed of your computer The computed curve 15 6 WMS Tutorials numbers using this method should match the previously computed curve numbers When the curve number is computed for the drainage coverage each polygon in the drainage coverage is visited For each polygon a temporary grid is created around the polygon with a cell width equal to the
175. pologic tree you must change them from Generic to Drainage boundary Al Select the Select Polygon tool x While holding the left mouse button down drag a box around all three polygons you could also multi select the polygons by clicking inside each while holding down the SHIFT key or by using the Select All command from the Edit menu Select the Attributes command from the Feature Objects menu Choose the Drainage boundary option Select OK Select the Compute Basin Data command from the Feature Objects menu Choose Meters for Model units and select OK This will insure that the units for polygon area and arc length are converted stored for hydrologic modeling You have now converted your stream and polygon shape file to a watershed model that is ready for use with any of the hydrologic model interfaces Notice how if you select a single basin icon the corresponding polygon is also highlighted Hydrologic Models from Feature Objects 4 13 4 5 Creating a Watershed with a GIS Basin Layer In this section using the same watershed boundary data as the previous section you will learn how to create a watershed model if you only have a GIS layer for basin boundaries In such cases you will need to create the stream network within WMS The stream network does not have to correspond to the actual network but is primarily used to determine how flow is combined and routed from the different basins If you have a scanned map or oth
176. ppropriate fields leave other fields at the default values HYDR HYDR PARM2 HYDR INIT PARM1 ODFVFG 4 Length 13 82 DeltaH 2200 0 The next input you must enter is the FTABLE for the reach The FTABLE is a spreadsheet like table that contain the conveyance parameters of the reach depth area volume and outflow This table may be calculated manually or with the help of the Channel Calculator in WMS 1 Click on the Define FTABLE button the HYDR dialog 2 In the FTABLE dialog that appears enter the following values it is possible to change the number of rows and columns in the FTABLE but the default values will be sufficient in this case Depth ft Area ac Volume ac ft Outflow cfs 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 25 99 6 393 13 876 0 5 26 828 12 995 43 954 0 75 27 666 19 807 86 269 1 0 25 50 26 828 139 241 1 25 29 340 34 059 201 950 1 5 30 181 41 499 273 794 1 75 31 019 49 150 354 355 2 0 31 858 57 009 443 334 2 25 35 211 90 540 879 902 1 Click OK to save the FTABLE The final task in defining the reach parameters is to specify the output you want to see from the reach and where HSPF will write the output This is done by defining an External Target You will specify that you want a hydrograph to be output to a dataset in the WDM littlecotton wdm for this reach 1 Click on the External Targets button in the HYDR dialog 2 Set the followin
177. r identification name In order to help avoid this problem default names are provided whenever an outlet basin diversion or reservoir is created i e 1C 18 6 WMS Tutorials 2C 1B 2B etc You can change the name of these stations to make them more identifiable however you must remember these two limitations e Names cannot be longer than 6 characters e Names must be unique To change the outlet names do the following 1 Click on the outlet point 1C 2 Select the Edit HEC 1 Parameters command from the HEC menu or double click on the outlet point this automatically brings up the Edit HEC 1 Parameters dialog The Edit HEC 1 Parameters dialog contains several buttons that can be used to define edit data for hydrograph stations Only the buttons that pertain to the selected hydrograph station are active all others are dimmed The text window below the group of buttons shows the actual HEC 1 cards as they are currently defined for the selected object s You can define edit data by either 1 Clicking on the appropriate button or 2 Clicking on the appropriate HEC 1 card in the text window 1 Select the Routing Data button 2 Change the combining name from 1C to RED30 and click on the OK button There is no routing from this outlet so you don t need to worry about changing the routing name 3 Select the next upstream outlet 2C You may wish to reposition your Hydrologic Modeling Window and or the Edit HEC 1 Param
178. r data are in UTM We could continue to work on our project in this coordinate system However perhaps we want to be able to overlay our results with data in another coordinate system such as State Plane Or maybe a state or local agency for which we are doing the project requires the data in a different coordinate system then we would need to convert 1 Select the Map module H 8 9 Creating Topologic Models for TR20 21 7 Delete the drawing objects on the screen by selecting the Delete command from the Drawing Objects menu Select OK to delete all the drawing objects Select the Coordinate Conversion command from the Edit menu You will note that current coordinate system defined in the previous section is already set but you could and would have to define from this dialog if you wanted to Set the Horizontal System to State Plane NAD 27 US Set the St Plane Zone to Utah Central 4302 Set the Horizontal Units to U S Survey Feet Leave the Vertical System as Local Set the Vertical Units to U S Survey Feet 10 Select the Convert button At first glance it will not appear that anything has changed However notice the range of elevations in the legend now correspond to feet or English units rather than metric Also if you move your cursor over the model you will see that the limits now correspond to the limits shown in figure below Compare this to the previous figure 21 8 WMS Tutorials DEM C
179. rage option Select the Define Series button Select the Import button Select and Open the file scstabls ser Make sure that the SCS StdEmergencySpillway is highlighted Select OK twice to close the XY Series Editor and HEC 1 Precipitation dialogs Select basin B from the Hydrologic Modeling window Repeat steps 3 9 for basin ZB be sure that you highlight the SCS StdEmergencySpillway option in the XY Series Editor as it will not be the default Repeat for basin 2B After defining precipitation for all three basins select the Done button on the Edit HEC 1 Parameters dialog You are now ready to run HEC 1 and review the results l 2 Select Run HEC 1 from the HEC menu If you want to change the names of the files you can do so but keeping the files named untitled is okay Select a directory where you can save your HEC 1 files using the directory browser button Hydrologic Models from Feature Objects 4 9 4 Select OK 5 After HEC 1 completes the simulation it will ask if you want to exit window select YES 6 WMS will automatically open the files that you created with the HEC 1 program If you wish to examine the hydrographs in more detail 1 Select Show Hydrograph Window from the Display menu 2 Select any of the hydrograph icons in the Hydrologic Modeling window This completes the tutorial on using ideal GIS data to define hydrologic models More often than not you will
180. rainage characterization land use soil types time of travel calculations and many other applications Often the data you will want to use already exists in some other format This tutorial session will focus on the basic concepts behind manipulating feature objects and coverages Also this tutorial will discuss creating feature objects from background images 2 1 Feature Object Definitions Feature objects in WMS have been patterned after Geographic Information Systems GIS data objects and include points nodes arcs and polygons Eigure 2 1 WMS Tutorials Polygons Figure 2 1 Feature Objects Feature objects can be grouped into coverages Each coverage represents a particular set or group of data The following coverage types can be used in WMS e Drainage defines basin boundaries and stream networks e Land Use defines land use type polygons e Soil defines soil type polygons e Time Computation used for determining lag times and times of concentration e Generic e Other model specific coverages In this tutorial you will learn how to create points arcs and polygons to develop these coverage types 2 2 Display and Manipulation of Coverages Because there are several different data layers represented by feature objects it is important to understand a few rules about how they are created and edited There is always one and only one active coverage at a time in WMS Any time you wish to edit points a
181. ral small hydrographs displayed in the upper right corner of each outlet and basin in the Hydrologic Modeling window You can examine the hydrographs in greater detail by selecting them for display in the hydrograph window Two hydrographs representing the hydrograph before and after channel routing will be displayed for some of the outlets To view the hydrographs in the hydrograph window do the following 1 Select one of the hydrographs by clicking on the miniature 2 Hold the SHIFT key down while selecting more hydrographs All currently selected hydrographs should be displayed in the hydrograph window 3 Select the Display Options command from the Display menu 4 Select the Plot Options button 5 Turn on the Display X grid toggle 6 Turn on the Display Y grid toggle 7 Set any other parameters you wish to experiment with 8 Click on the OK button of both dialogs 9 11 Conclusion This concludes the tutorial on defining HEC 1 files and displaying hydrographs The concepts learned include the following e Entering job control parameters e Defining basin parameters such as loss rates precipitation and hydrograph methodology HEC 1 Interface 9 11 Defining routing parameters Creating gages and their associated Thiessen networks Writing HEC 1 input files Reading hydrograph results and manipulating their display CHAPTER Time of Concentration Calculations Estimated Time 30 minutes Travel tim
182. raph for the outlet point RED30 is now displayed in the Hydrograph window 1 Bring up the Channel Calculations dialog by going to the Calculators menu and selecting Channels Note the channel geometry options on the left side of the dialog You may want to click through them and note the different parameters required for each The trapezoidal channel option will be used for this tutorial To set up the channel calculator follow these steps 1 Select the Trapezoidal channel type 2 Enter 1 5 in the edit fields for Side slope 1 and Side slope 2 3 Enter 5 0 in the Channel width box 4 Enter 0 001 for Longitudinal slope and 0 02 for Manning s roughness 5 Make sure Enter flow is selected above the channel diagram note that the maximum flow from the hydrograph selected above appears in the edit field 6 Select Calculate The calculated values for several channel parameters will appear on the left side of the dialog It may be useful to experiment with different channel shapes to determine the channel that would best fit the given circumstances For example you may want to try calculating the flow using a rectangular channel with a depth of 12 feet When done experimenting select OK to close the calculator 13 1 2 Using the Channel Calculator with Cross Section Data In this section you will learn how to use WMS to create a cross section of a natural channel then use the Channel Calculator to find stage depth in that chann
183. rcs or polygons in a coverage that coverage must be designated as the active coverage Also any new feature objects that are created are added to the active coverage The active coverage is the only one Basic Feature Object Manipulation 2 3 displayed in full colors All feature objects of the inactive coverages are displayed in a single color light gray by default In this section you will learn how to open a file and work with multiple coverages N 1 Select the Map module icon j 2 Open asptutor map This file should be found in the tutorial directory 3 Select the Coverages command from the Feature Objects menu 4 Notice that for each coverage the name attribute set active status and visible status can be changed To change the attributes for a coverage select the coverage name from the text window and set its attributes Coverages Eg Sol Type New Com Delete Show All Active Hide All IV Visible Name Attribute Set D rainage Drainage Default elevation 0 000 Change Units Cancel Figure 2 2 The Coverages Dialog 5 Select the Soil Type coverage from the text window and turn off the Visible option Then select the Land Use coverage from the text window and turn off the Visible option Select the OK button to exit the Coverages dialog Notice that the only coverage displayed is the drainage coverage 6 Select the Coverages command from the Feature O
184. reate a reservoir to define detention basin geometry 1 Select the Select TIN Vertices tool 2 amp J 2 Select the downstream most outlet of the TIN Drainage Calculation Tools 13 7 3 Select Create Reservoir from the Streams menu The Reservoir dialog will appear 4 Enter 6190 0 in the Water surface elevation edit field then click on the feet radio button Note that at the top of the dialog the Current model units are shown to be meters by clicking on the feet radio button you have indicated that the value you have entered is in feet and that WMS will need to convert this value to be consistent with the model units when doing computations The option to select which units you are entering allows you to work with whichever units you desire 5 Make sure the Create Reservoir toggle is on and then select the Create Storage Capacity toggle 6 Enter 10 for the number of divisions 7 Select the English units acre ft radio button This will instruct WMS to create a storage capacity curve of acre ft versus feet The storage capacity units options are meant to allow you to work with units that you are most familiar 8 Select OK You will see the Detention Basin Hydrograph Routing dialog come up with a plot of your storage capacity curve You will now need to open a hydrograph file to get the inflow to the reservoir 9 Select OK in the Detention Basin Hydrograph Routing dialog 10 Select Yes to recompute basin data 1
185. reference manual contains a table of typical C values for different land use conditions 1 Enter a value of 60 for C 2 Enter a value of 35 for Time of Concentration 3 Select the basin labeled Basin 4 in by clicking on its basin icon or anywhere inside the basin 4 Enter a value of 75 for C 5 Enter a value of 14 for Time of Concentration 6 Repeat this process for the other three basins using the table below to fill in values for C and t Runoff Coefficient C Time of Concentration ts pBasinS BB Basins de S 5 Rational Method Interface 12 9 12 4 2 Defining the Rainfall Intensity i As part of the WMS interface to the Rational Method you can compute IDF curves using either HYDRO 35 NOAA or user defined data For this tutorial we will use HYDRO 35 data and a recurrence interval of 10 years 1 Select Basin 5 once again 2 Select the JDF Curves button from the basin section of the Rational Method dialog 3 Make sure the HYRO 35 Data Eastern US radio group button is selected and select the Define Data button 4 Enter the following values to define IDF curves using HY DRO 35 2 yr 60 min 81 100 yr 15 min 100 yr 60 min 1 Select the OK button after correctly entering the rainfall values The IDF curves for the 2 5 10 25 50 and 100 year recurrence intervals will be drawn and values listed for selected times given in the windows on the right of the JDF Computation dial
186. rograph icon will appear in the Graphics Window You can examine the hydrograph in more detail 1 Select the Show Hydrograph Window from the Display menu 2 Select the hydrograph icon in the Hydrologic Modeling Window The hydrograph is displayed and may be manipulated using commands the Hydrograph menu When the hydrograph became selected the basin became unselected Re select the basin by clicking inside the basin using the Select Basin tool Ri If you want to see the computed peak flows again you must select the Compute Peak Discharges button in the NFF simulation dialog WMS Tutorials 11 3 8 Saving and Reading Simulations You may wish to save this NFF simulation containing a state selected regions and defined variables If you are running a demo version of WMS you should skip this step 1 Select the Save Simulation command from the NFF menu The simulation may then be restored at a later date using the Read Simulation command in the NFF menu 11 3 9 Using the National Urban Equations Defined in NFF A national urban regression equation has been defined for use by any state in addition to several equations particular to specific urban areas Urban equations available for use are identified in the available equations window by the symbol for local and symbol for national Local urban equations may not be used in conjunction with rural equations consequentially rural equations disappear when a state urba
187. rom DEMs Estimated Time 25 minutes In the last tutorials you were introduced to DEMs as a source of digital elevation data In WMS DEMs can be used to develop watershed boundaries and important geometric parameters or as a background elevation source for defining elevations at TIN vertices see the tutorial in chapter b In this tutorial you will learn how watersheds can be delineated from DEM data and then converted to feature arcs and polygons for use in defining a hydrologic model Specifically this tutorial covers the following topics Importing a DEM Computing flow directions with the TOPAZ program Computing flow accumulations and conversion of DEM stream points to a stream feature arc Addition of outlet points at any location along the stream network Basin delineation and computing basin geometric parameters Conversion of DEM basins to feature polygons 6 2 6 1 WMS Tutorials Preparing the DEM There are five DEM elevation files supported by WMS USGS USGS SDTS DTED ARC INFO ASCII grids and GRASS ASCII grids In this tutorial we will import a USGS formatted DEM file but recognize that the same operations could be done using any of the supported formats Importing a USGS DEM 1 Switch to the DEM module by selecting the DEM module icon from the top of the Toolbox 2 Select Import command from the File menu 3 Select USGS DEM File dem dbf from the Files of type field 4 Find and Open
188. rsion Data button Change the Diversion Name from D1 to DIVERT and click on the OK button Select the Done button 19 6 WMS Tutorials 19 4 Creating the Tree with Feature Objects In more recent versions of WMS the hydrologic modeling tree can be created directly from feature arcs streams and polygons basins see chapter fy This means that a tree can be created even without a map from which actual stream networks and watershed boundaries are digitized In such cases the feature objects represent a picture or drawing of the watershed and are not used to calculate areas and lengths However the drawing itself may be much more instructive to clients and reviewers than just the modeling tree If you want you can read in a map file that contains the same watershed definition you have just created by following these three steps 1 Select the New command from the File menu and confirm that you want delete all data 2 Select the Open command from the File menu 3 Find and open the file named redritr map If you choose to do this your model will replace but be equivalent to the one you have just defined and should look like Figure 19 3 Red River Watershed Defined from Feature Objects Creating Topologic Models for HEC 1 19 7 19 5 Job Control Data Job control data includes the starting time time step interval and general output specification and other custom features of TR 20 To modify these data do t
189. rt Analysis dialog Change the Discharge data minimum to 0 0 maximum to 500 and design to 400 Click on the Create Edit culvert data button This will bring up the HY8 Culvert Data dialog Make sure that the Culvert invert data option is selected Enter culvert data for upstream Change Station to 100 and Elevation to 187 5 Enter culvert data for downstream Change Station to 400 and Elevation to 172 5 Choose Box Concrete from Culvert Shape selection list Drainage Calculation Tools 13 11 Change Span to 5 and Rise to 5 Accept the default Number of barrels i e 1 Accept the default Manning s n which would be 0 012 Click on the nlet data button This will bring up the HY8 Culvert Inlet dialog Choose Conventional inlet type Choose 7 1 Bevel 45 deg flare Wingwall from the Inlet Condition Edge selection list Click on the OK button to close the HY8 Culvert Inlet dialog Click on the OK button to close the HY8 Culvert Data dialog 13 4 2 Entering the Tailwater Channel Information l Click on the Create Edit tailwater data button This will bring up the HY8 Tailwater Data dialog Select the Irregular channel rating curve option Click on the rregular channel button to specify the irregular channel properties This will bring up the HY8 Irregular Channel dialog Change Channel slope to 0 05 Change Number of cross section coordinates to 8 Choose Lt_Rt over banks an
190. rtex i e connected by a triangle edge The two vertices you selected are now connected by a solid red line This red line when processed will force triangle edges to be honored along it 4 Select Add Breakline s from the TINs menu WMS adds vertices and retriangulates your TIN so that triangle edges are honored along the line you entered with the Select Vertex String tool Several vertices can be added to a string before selecting the Add Breaklines command Ifa mistake is made entering a vertex string single vertices can be removed by pressing the DELETE BACKSPACE key To abort entering a vertex string use the ESCAPE key 7 8 Swapping Triangle Edges Local changes in the TIN topology can be made by swapping the edges of two adjacent triangles This process is similar to the breakline method described above since it allows you to force triangle edges to coincide with important TIN features To swap triangle edges do the following a 1 Click on the Swap Edges tool ENI 2 Click on the edges of several triangles and notice how the edge configuration is swapped Some triangle edges cannot be swapped since by so doing overlapping triangles would be formed If you try to swap one of these edges you will hear a beep and the edge will not be swapped 7 9 Selecting and Deleting Vertices on a TIN Some functions require one or more vertices to be selected before you perform the function This portion of the tutorial familiari
191. rtion of the dialog as shown on page 16 of the NFF manual 11 4 WMS Tutorials 11 3 3 Assigning Areas to Selected Regions The total basin area is supplied by the TIN but you must assign the amount overlapping each hydrologic region 1 Select the Assign Basin Which Overlaps Regions button 2 Enter 70 for the Percent area for Region 2 3 Enter 30 for the Percent area for Region 3 4 Select the Compute Areas From Percents button 5 Select the OK button The area variables are updated with the computed values Highlight each of the selected regions and move the mouse over each variable s edit field Examine the help window you may need to relocate the National Flood Frequency Regression Equations for Texas dialog to see the range of values used for each variable in defining the regression equations 11 3 4 Defining Regression Variables All three of the required variables are now determined You may overwrite any variable values supplied by a TIN if you would like to test your own values Original TIN values may be restored using the Restore Computed Geometric Values button 11 3 5 Computing Peak Discharges You are now ready to compute flow data Check the instructions window for any items overlooked 1 Select the Compute Peak Discharges button Rural peak flows are displayed for the 2 yr 500 yr storms along with a maximum flood envelope computed using the maximum flood region as defined in the edit field in the upper
192. s redrawn until the TIN is edited in any way at which time they are deleted For the next section of this tutorial you will want contours turned off To turn off the contours and restore vertex and triangle display do the following 1 Select Display Options from the Display menu 2 Turn Tin Contours off 3 Turn Triangles back on 4 Change the color of triangles to a color of your choice by clicking on the color filled box adjacent to the toggle Click on the color box in the attributes dialog In the color chooser select any color you want except black If triangles are black no shading will occur 5 Click on the OK button 7 5 Creating a Shaded Image of Your TIN WMS provides several options for generating shaded images of TINs TIN shading converts the wire frame TIN that you normally see into a shaded image To shade a TIN do the following 1 Select Oblique View from the View menu 2 Select Shade from the Display menu The screen will redraw and your TIN will appear as a solid shaded object rather than as a wire frame image WMS Tutorials WMS also allows you to vary the simulated light source s position This is useful when the default setting does not provide enough contrast in the shaded image To vary the light source position do the following l Select Light Angle from the Display menu A dialog containing a shaded sphere will appear The way the sphere is shaded indicates how the light source
193. s command from the Display menu 2 Select the color box to the left of the Contours display option toggle 7 12 WMS Tutorials 3 Change the width of the line to 2 4 Select the color box from the Attributes dialog 5 A color palette appears from which you may assign a new contour color 6 Click on the OK button for the Color Palette dialog 7 Click on the OK button for the Attributes dialog 8 Click on the OK buttons for the Display options dialog Continue experimenting with turning off and on display options and changing any of their attributes PC NOTE MS Windows only allows dashed lines when the thickness is 1 The ability to change line thicknesses and styles comes in particularly handy when creating hard copies where all lines are typically drawn in black 7 13 Conclusion TINs are one of the different types of terrain models that can be used for performing drainage analysis in WMS The next tutorial illustrates how TINs can be created from feature object data This is important since an arbitrary triangulation of scattered data points may not produce a TIN that is suitable for drainage analysis i e triangle edges enforced along streams and ridges If you have a set of scattered data points initially it may be a good idea to triangulate them and then treat them as a background elevation map similar to the DEMs of the previous tutorial for creating a new TIN from feature object data In this tutorial you have l
194. s to get the best view of a mapped image Change the view angle using the Rotate tool 2 Then choose the Shade command from the Display menu Change the Z magnification by selecting Z Magnification command from the View menu This will exaggerate the 3 D effect so that terrain features appear more prominently A value of 1 3 is generally appropriate if the value is too large the TIN will become overly distorted Change the lighting angle by selecting the Light Angle command from the Display menu and then choose the Shade command from the Display menu When you are finished reset the display options 1 2 Select Display Options command from the Display menu Select the Map tab Select the Image Display Options button Turn off the Texture map to surface when shaded option Select OK Select the TIN tab Turn on Tin Contours Select OK y Select the Plan View macro w 7 7 Adding Breaklines to Preserve Geometric Features Because of the way WMS triangulates vertices geometric features such as ridges or valleys may not appear on your TIN as they do in the original terrain You can use the Add Breakline s option to enter these features manually To add a breakline do the following WMS Tutorials 1 Select the Select Vertex Strings tool z 2 Click on any vertex in your TIN The vertex you clicked on will now be highlighted in red 3 Click on another vertex that is not attached to your original ve
195. s you may encounter while collecting geographic data for use in WMS
196. seseseeceeseseseseseseseseseeeececeseceescesseseseeseceeesesesecesess Z c n Z Q gt gt Zz i c N m S ta lt a O Z O lt 5 Q esl 2 iw gt e x WMS Tutorials 19 pical Problems Requiring CHAPTER 1 Introduction The first time you say how to run WMS is in section 4 1 It should either be in the beginning of every section or moved to this first chapter Chapters 5 19 have a different format than chapters 1 4 Maybe add overview objectives and estimated times to chapters 1 4 In some of the tutorials it says if you are continuing from another tutorial select New see 12 1 Either put this at the beginning of every chapter or only at the beginning Sometimes when consecutive chapters talk about similar processes it s unclear whether you should start over 14 2 2 list step 2 it says outlets are displayed as a yellow circle with a black center Either include this earlier like the first time you talk about an outlet or maybe make a legend of symbols at the beginning This document contains tutorials for the Watershed Modeling System WMS Each tutorial provides training on a specific component of WMS Since the WMS interface contains a large number of options and commands you are strongly encouraged to complete the tutorials before attempting to use WMS on a routine basis In addition to this document the WMS Help File also describes the WMS interface Typic
197. sic input can be predefined To read in the file do the following 1 If you are continuing from a previous tutorial select New from the File menu and confirm that all data should be deleted 2 Change to the Hydrologic Modeling module H 3 Select Open command from the File menu 4 Find and Open the file named rockyhec sup By default it should be in the tutorial directory HEC 1 Interface 9 3 Once the files are read in you should see the Rocky TIN and two polygon coverages 5 Select Display Options from the Display menu 6 Turn the display of all entities off 7 Select the Drainage tab 8 Be sure the display of Outlets Outlet names Stream networks Storm gages Temporal distribution gages and Drainage basin boundaries are all turned on 9 Select the OK button The display is updated and you should see the watershed divided into five sub basins You may want to move or turn off basin labels as described in previous tutorials 9 3 Computing Geometric Attributes Some of the geometric attributes are not saved as part of the TIN file therefore be sure to compute them each time you wish to define an HEC 1 input file 1 Change to the TINs module P 2 Select the Compute Basin Data command from the Drainage menu 3 Specify Feet for the Model units Square miles for Basin Areas and Feet for Distances and then select the OK button After the computation the basin areas will be displayed at the centro
198. stream basins and account for the time of travel between sub basin outlets Once the lag times have been defined a single runoff hydrograph for the entire watershed can be computed using one of two different methods 1 Select the Select Outlet tool S 2 Select the outlet icon of Basin 5 as shown in Figure 12 4 be sure to select the outlet and not the basin icon 3 Enter a value of 5 minutes for the Routing lag time 4 Select the outlet icon of Basin 4 12 12 WMS Tutorials 5 Enter a value of 5 minutes for the Routing lag time 6 Select the next downstream outlet the outlet icon of Basin 3 7 Enter a value of 7 minutes for the Routing lag time 8 Select the next downstream outlet 9 Enter a value of 6 minutes for the Routing lag time The last or downstream most outlet does not need to have a Routing lag time defined since the hydrograph accumulations will occur at this point 1 Select the downstream most outlet point Note the results for this outlet and all upstream outlets and basins are displayed in the window in the upper right of the dialog 2 Select the Define Hydrographs button 3 Choose the Route by summing method 4 Choose the Universal hydrograph method 5 Select Done 6 Select the hydrograph box for the bottom most outlet 7 Inspect the hydrograph displayed in the Hydrograph Window 12 4 5 Defining Rainfall Intensities at the Outlet to Compute Runoff Hydrographs Besides the met
199. t you have feature objects in another format that you have read into WMS The second is that you use WMS to develop your data In this section you will first learn to import and clean existing data Then you will learn some techniques for creating feature object data in WMS Importing and Cleaning Feature Object Data This section will demonstrate various options for cleaning feature objects in WMS Options to intersect selected arcs snap selected nodes and remove dangling arcs will be discussed Then the arcs will be converted to streams for input into a watershed model Importing the Feature Object Data 1 Select the Open command from the File menu 3 2 WMS Tutorials Find and Open arco sup This file should be found in the tutorial directory It may take a few seconds for the superfile to read in Eel Switch to the Map module by clicking on the Map icon at the top of the Toolbox Select the Jmport command from the File menu Select Feature object arcs Shapefile shp from the Files of type field Find and Open arco shp HINT In the arc attribute text window of the Import Shapefile Data dialog notice that the DRAINTYPE database field is automatically mapped to the Drainage Arc type attribute in WMS This occurred only because the attribute name in the stream file was DRAINTYPE If the drainage type attribute name is anything other than DRAINTYPE it can still be assigned to the WMS Drainage Arc t
200. t Flow command from the Drainage menu You no longer need the display of pits flat triangles and split flow vertices 1 Select the Define Basins command from the Drainage menu 2 Select the Display Options from the Display menu 3 Turn off all of the display options 4 Select the Drainage tab 5 Tum on Fill drainage basins 6 Select OK Refining Boundaries and Eliminating Exterior Triangles Triangles are assigned to drainage basins based on following a flow path from the centroid of the triangle to the stream outlet encountered first Since some triangles will straddle the basin boundaries there is a small amount of error in the current basin definition You can correct this by refining the boundaries 1 Choose the Refine Boundaries command from the Drainage menu 2 WMS Tutorials Remove the exterior triangles by choosing the Delete Null Basin Triangles command from the Drainage menu 8 5 4 Computing Basin Geometric Parameters 8 5 5 The brown and orange areas represent the sub basins of the two stream branches By default WMS created an outlet point at the downstream most part of the feature arcs Basins were created for each upstream branch of the outlet You can now compute the basin geometric parameters for the watershed and alter the delineation by eliminating exterior triangles merging basins adding additional outlets etc 1 Choose the Compute Basin Data command from the Drainage menu Be
201. t With Polygon Before a vertex can be deleted it must be selected To delete a vertex do the following 1 Select a single vertex on your TIN 2 Press the DELETE BACKSPACE key Remember that by selecting multiple vertices before pressing the DELETE key you can delete multiple vertices in one step 7 10 Dragging Vertices on a TIN WMS allows you to easily move a vertex with the select vertices tool The dimensions on which a vertex is dragged depends upon the editing view In 7 10 WMS Tutorials Plan view only the x and y values are changed In any view other than plan the z value is the only value affected First turn on several display options so you can see the effects of vertex modifications more easily l 2 4 Select Display Options from the Display menu Enable the Vertices Triangles Tin Contours Ridge Edges Channel edges and Pits options From within the Display Options dialog click on the Contours button Select the Normal linear contours option Click on the OK buttons of each dialog To drag a vertex do the following Make sure you are in Plan view and with the Select Vertices tool 2 active click on a vertex near the center of your TIN While holding down the mouse button drag the point to a new location Notice how the TIN stretches to follow your changes and how only the x and y values of that point are changed in the vertex edit dialog in the upper left side of your screen N
202. t contains the watershed we will be working with You now need to eliminate the DEM outside of this bounding box 1 Select the Select DEM points tool Eal DEM Basics 5 3 2 Drag a rectangle that encompasses the black box defined in aspenrgn map see 3 Select the Set Active Region command from the DEMs menu 4 When asked if you want to delete the inactive region select No UCN y AN oom ANY Figure 5 1 DEM Region Selection Box It appears that portion of the DEM outside the box is gone but actually these elevations have just been toggled to inactive You could bring them back by selecting the Activate All command but in this instance you won t be needing these data so go ahead and delete them by doing the following 1 Select the Display Options command from the Display menu 5 4 WMS Tutorials 2 Turn on the display of Inactive cells and select OK The inactive portion of the DEM will now be displayed in red Since you won t need this part of the DEM you can go ahead and remove it altogether 1 Select the Delete Inactive command from the DEMs menu 5 3 Viewing the DEM 5 3 1 5 3 2 WMS features many options for viewing DEMs These options include 1 Elevation contours of the DEM 2 Hill Shade display These tools will allow you to better visualize the topography of the region represented by the DEM Displaying Contours WMS has the capability of displaying elevation contours on DEMs
203. ted parameters by 1 2 3 4 Select the Display Options from the Display menu Select the Drainage tab Examine all of the different parameters Turn on Basin slopes and Average overland flow Select the OK button Text showing these values in addition to the area now appears at the basin centroid When many attributes are displayed or for larger models it is sometimes convenient to relocate the display of text attributes 3 Select the Place Basin Labels tool El Click inside of one of the basins and while holding the mouse button down drag the cursor to a region outside of the TIN but relatively close to the selected basin and release the mouse button Select the Refresh command from the Display menu The label moves to the location where you let up on the mouse button and an arrow from this point to the location where you first clicked inside the basin is drawn Ifyou want to place the label in a different position or have the arrow point to a different location inside the basin repeat the process 8 6 Adding Annotations to a Project Annotations include text lines with or without arrows rectangles and ellipses filled or outlined This section of the tutorial could be part of any or all of the tutorials but is included here to highlight the use of the annotation tools 1 N Switch to the Map module Fal 4 Watershed Delineation from TINs 8 11 Select the create text tool T Click on
204. tes command from the Calculators menu Make sure SCS Curve Numbers is selected in the Computation list Select Soil type coverage for determining soil type Select Land use coverage for determining land use Select OK to compute composite curve numbers So that you can be satisfied that lag times and curve numbers CN have been computed double click on any one of the basin icons in the Tree window This brings up the Edit HEC 1 Parameters dialog You will see the composite curve number of the selected basin following the LS record it is the second HEC 1 Interface 9 9 number shown in the HEC 1 cards window The lag time computed can be seen following the UD card Select the other basins and note the differences in these two parameters 1 Select the 77Ns module icon S 2 Select the Display Options option from the Display menu 3 Turn on the soil group soil group legend land use legend and land use options 4 Select OK You should see the different combinations of land use soil group combinations that have been assigned to the TIN 9 9 Running and Saving HEC 1 Files You have now completed the definition of the HEC 1 model and are ready to run the analysis HEC 1 is a stand alone program but can be launched from within WMS using the following steps 1 Change to the Hydrologic Modeling module Hl 2 Select the Check Model option from the HEC menu This will perform a check on the data and try to determine prob
205. text window Polygon attribute text window POOLE mananan Figure 3 8 The Import Shapefile Dialog 9 Select OK and wait a few seconds while the soil type shapefile for the Aspen Grove watershed is read in and displayed 3 12 3 2 3 WMS Tutorials Importing a Land Use Shape File After importing or creating your watershed model you can import other GIS data to compute hydrologic parameters such as curve numbers or runoff coefficients To compute a curve number for example you need land use and soil type coverages You will now import a land use shapefile l 2 Select the Jmport command from the File menu Select Feature object polygons Shapefile shp from the Files of type field Find and Open aspenlu shp In the polygon attribute text window notice that the LU_CODE database field is automatically mapped to the Land use attribute in WMS This occurred only because the attribute name in the land use file was LU_CODE If the attribute name is anything other than LU_CODE it can still be assigned to the WMS Land Use variable manually using the Attribute mapping button HINT It is extremely important that you create a new land use coverage when importing a land use shapefile or any other type of attribute shapefile After creating the new coverage you must specify the coverage attribute type as explained below Select the Coverage options button in the Import Shapefile Data dialog
206. the SNOW module are also used for the PWATER module but there is one input series is not yet entered Click on the External Sources button in the PWATER dialog The Assign External Sources dialog will appear with the sources that you created for this segment in the SVOW module listed in the lower window 2 Assign the following dataset evapotranspiration as a source by setting the fields to the appropriate values then clicking the Assign button If you make a mistake choose the incorrect line in the lower window and click Delete Member Member Units Missing Transformation Quality Multiplication Dataset Name subscript Data flag Factor PETINP ENGL UNDF SAME 0 1 0 23 Creating Topologic Models for HEC 1 20 9 All the External Sources needed for the simulation are now assigned to this segment You will now copy these same External Sources to all other land segments in the model l 6 k Click the Apply Sources to Segments button This will allow you to assign these same External Sources to other segments in the model Choose Shrub amp Brush Rangeland in the Available Segments window move it to the Selected Segments window by clicking the gt button Repeat step 2 for Residential and Mixed Tundra Click OK Click Done in the Assign External Sources dialog Click OK in the PWATER dialog Click OK in the Pervious Land Activities dialog The Edit HSPF Attributes dialog should no
207. the TIN at or about point A Accept the default z value by selecting OK e Bw N j A new point will be inserted into the triangulation and both adjacent stream edges should disappear TA Aaa Figure 17 8 After Adding the Point TIN Editing 17 9 Click on the Select Vertices tool w F Click on the new vertex and while holding the mouse button down drag it around You should see the contours stream edges and any other TIN display option which is turned on update immediately This function of WMS is particularly useful when editing With the vertex selected the z value is displayed in the Z edit field in the Edit Window You can edit the z value by changing it in this edit field Restore the z value of the new vertex to a logical position make the contours look similar to the contours shown in Figure 17 8 17 9 Automated Editing Techniques The TIN you have been working with so far in this tutorial is only a small part of a much larger TIN created using a digitizer The editing techniques you have learned thus far could be used repeatedly to correct flat triangles flat edges false dams etc for the entire TIN However removal of flat objects can often be done automatically greatly increasing the speed and efficiency at which TINs can be prepared for doing drainage analysis To perform these editing techniques do the following l 2 8 9 Select the New command from the Fil
208. the map module objects In particular you have learned how to import shape files representing streams and boundaries and use them for setting up a watershed model CHAPTER DEM Basics Estimated Time 15 minutes A DEM Digital Elevation Model is a file containing x y and elevation data in UTM coordinates for a portion of the earth s surface While DEM data can be obtained from the USGS it is often supplied by state county or other local agencies involved in GIS work For a listing of web sites where DEMs can be obtained see www emrl byu edu gishydrodata dem htm WMS can use DEMs to directly delineate watersheds or as background elevation maps when constructing TINs In this tutorial you will learn about WMS s DEM importing and visualization tools After you have completed this tutorial you should be able to e Import DEMs into WMS e Smooth elevations to eliminate round off error e Use WMS s three dimensional viewing tools to visualize DEMs e Use WMS s elevation contouring options e Display a hill shade of the DEM 5 1 Importing a USGS DEM The process of importing a USGS DEM can be subdivided into three steps e Opening the DEM file WMS Tutorials e Selecting the portion of the DEM that you would like to import e Importing the desired portion of the DEM The DEM that you will be importing in this tutorial contains data for Aspen Grove Utah Aspen Grove is located about 50 miles south of Salt Lake City Utah
209. to modify the display options l 2 3 4 5 Select the Done button to close the TR 55 dialog Select the Display Options command from the Display menu Select the Drainage tab Toggle on Max flow distance and Max flow slope Select OK Notice that the longest flow path distance within a basin is displayed for each basin as well as the slope along that flow path These are the variables that will be used in a separate equation to determine the time of concentration 1 2 Once again select the upper basin Select the Run Simulation command from the TR 55 menu Time of Concentration Calculations 10 9 3 Note that the time of concentration is currently about 57 hours and then select the Compute TC Basin Data button In the Basin Time Computation dialog you can pick from one of several lag time or time of concentration equations that are pre programmed in WMS see the reference manual for a complete description of these equations You can also create your own equation from the computed variables or parameters that you define yourself In this tutorial we will use the Kerby equation for time of concentration but you may wish to experiment on your own with some of the other equations or by making your own 1 Select the Compute Time of Concentration option from the Computation type drop down box 2 Choose the Kerby method for overland flow equation in the drop down list of equations Notice that all
210. to change To lock the vertices do the following 1 Select Lock Unlock Vertices from the TIN menu If prompted select Lock All to lock all the vertices The color of the vertices will change from the unlocked color black by default to the locked color red by default To add vertices do the following 1 Select Plan view from the View menu Plan view is the only view that you can use to enter new vertices 2 Select the Create Vertices tool E from the tool palette 3 Click anywhere within the TIN 4 Accept the default z value by selecting the OK button WMS will retriangulate the affected portion of the TIN incorporating the new vertex Notice that the new vertex is black indicating that is unlocked and can be adjusted A default z value for the new vertex will be determined from the surrounding triangles 5 Add a few more vertices this time experimenting with different Z values Watch how the TIN changes as the new vertices are inserted into the triangulation 6 Select Refresh from the Display menu 7 12 Changing Display Attributes Throughout this tutorial you have turned various display attributes contours vertices triangles etc off and on using the TIN display options Besides toggling the display colors line widths and line styles may be changed for contours triangles or any of the different objects which can be displayed To change display attributes do the following 1 Select the Display Option
211. to upstream 2 Streams can not cross existing streams 3 The first vertex entered for a new stream becomes an outlet unless you are branching off from an already existing stream 4 If stream edges created manually are swapped or the triangulation of any of these edges are changed the streams will no longer be valid 17 12 WMS Tutorials 5 The Pan and Zoom al tools can be very useful when entering streams Figure 17 9 Stream Creation 17 11Conclusions In this tutorial you have learned many important TIN editing techniques as well as an alternate method of creating stream networks The important topics covered include the following e Triangulating a raw set of data points e Removing flat triangles and edges by swapping edges inserting breaklines and adding additional points e Recognizing the power of the instantaneous feedback of the display of flat triangles channel edges contours etc when editing a TIN e Automatically removing flat triangles and edges e Creating streams by manually selecting the network of vertices CHAPTER Creating Topologic Models For HEC 1 Estimated Time 40 minutes This chapter if you are familiar with HEC 1 will help you understand how WMS compares to and how it differs from traditional HEC 1 modeling It is useful for new users of HEC 1 as well since it will help you become familiar with what types of structures can be modeled with HEC 1 and how the
212. travel time for any arc segment no matter what the application is l 2 3 Select OK Repeat the previous steps for the arc labeled 4 Use a Manning s roughness of 0 15 and a rainfall value of 1 1 Select OK You have now defined equations for the overland sheet flow segments in each basin and are ready to define the next two arc segments as shallow concentrated flow l 2 Select the arc labeled 2 Select the Attributes command in the Feature Objects menu note you could have double clicked on the arc labeled 2 to bring up this same dialog Change the equation type to TR 55 shallow conc eqn Click on the Paved line in the Variables text window Enter no in the Variable value edit window Select OK Repeat for the arc labeled 5 using the same arc type In this case set the Paved value to yes The remaining arcs will be defined as open channel flow arcs l 2 Select the arc labeled 3 Select the Attributes command in the Feature Objects menu Change the arc type to TR 55 Open channel eqn Click on the Manning s n line Enter a value 0 016 in the Variable value edit window Select the hydraulic radius line in the Variables window Select the Hydraulic Radius button to open up the channel calculator so that the hydraulic radius can be computed from rough estimates Time of Concentration Calculations 10 7 8 Change the Channel type to Rectangular 9 Enter a Longitudinal slope o
213. treams menu 2 Select Yes to process the breakline before entering the stream 8 5 6 Creating Additional Outlets 1 Select the Select Vertex tool w 2 Select the vertex where the newly created stream meets the existing stream 3 Select the Add Outlets command in the Streams menu 4 Select the Frame Image command from the View menu 5 Select the vertex midway up the upper branch as indicated in Q 8 3 6 Select the Add Outlets command in the Streams menu JAAS ASSIS OR AAEE PA av ATRN AAA AK Ae Bes BAY eA AT SEK Kp a near ee Ly AK PAS Wa is ae A ATAA era pas A maaar A EA AG E S ne Ps Er TAV sh Cj NSS I AT mf en Dea BBY Se iy chy cK Wa BSk KK SK ESS UA Aj AFA cae KLA AA EA lt i EK WAVAY Wa mats Os aS 6 Ay Figure 8 3 Vertex for New Stream You must now redefine the boundaries so that the new outlet is recognized 1 Select the Display Options command in the Display menu 2 Turn off Tin Contours 3 Select the Drainage tab Watershed Delineation from TINs 8 9 Turn on Fill drainage basins Select OK to close the Display Options dialog Select the Define Basins command from the Drainage menu Select Refine Boundaries from the Drainage menu Select the Compute Basin Data command from the Drainage menu Select OK on the Units dialog 8 5 7 Merging and Splitting Basins WMS always creates a basin for each
214. tual curve numbers will not be entered at this time but will be computed from land use and soil type coverages later However you must be sure to specify that you want to use the SCS method 1 Select the Loss Method button 2 Select the SCS curve number LS method 3 Select OK Unit Hydrograph Method Once the loss rate method has been set you are ready to define the unit hydrograph method that will be used for computing the basin hydrographs To define the unit hydrograph parameters do the following 1 Select the Unit Hydrograph Method button The dialog you will see provides you with the ability to choose from the different unit hydrograph methods available in HEC 1 and then define the appropriate value The method you will be defining is the SCS dimensionless unit hydrograph method 2 Click on the SCS dimensionless UD method option 3 Click on the Compute Parameters Basin Data button 4 Set the computation method to the Tulsa Rural Method The lag time used in the SCS dimensionless method is a function of basin slope and lengths of flow within the watershed Since these parameters are computed by WMS when computing basin data the lag times can also be computed Refer to the user s manual to see a full description of the Tulsa district equation 5 Repeat step 4 by selecting each basin listed in the Basin text window and assigning the Tulsa Rural Method to it 6 Click on the OK button of both dialogs HEC
215. u can also display it using contours 1 Select the Display Options command from Display menu 2 Select the Flood tab 3 Turn off the Flood plain color filled option 4 Turn off the Fixed stage and Interpolated stage options 5 Turn on the display option for Flood plain contours 6 Select the Contours button to access the Contour Options dialog 7 Make sure the Color fill between contours is turned on 8 Select OK 9 Select OK 14 9 Conclusions This concludes the flood plain delineation tutorial You are encouraged to experiment with all of the commands explained in this section until you feel comfortable with the tools available to you for delineating flood plains CHAPTER Computing Curve Numbers Estimated Time 45 minutes One of the most important parameters to compute when running a hydrologic simulation is the curve number or runoff coefficient for a basin Besides being one of the most sensitive parameters the curve number is also one of the most difficult parameters to compute Fortunately WMS has tools that make computing curve numbers for a basin a simple task This tutorial will outline the different methods that can be used to compute composite curve numbers for delineated drainage basins and sub basins First curve numbers will be computed for a drainage coverage using a land use grid and a soil type grid Next curve numbers will be computed for a drainage coverage using a land use polygon cover
216. ually The modules and interfaces that have been licensed are enabled using the Register command in the File menu The icons for the unlicensed modules or the menus for model interfaces are dimmed and cannot be accessed You can complete all of the tutorials if you have licensed the digital terrain and map modules However if you have only licensed one or more of the hydrologic models separate from the digital terrain and map modules there will be some tutorials which cannot be completed By switching to Demo mode you will be able to run all of the tutorials but printing and saving will be disabled This is done by selecting the Demo Version On command in the File menu When you wish to return to normal mode select the Demo Version Off command in the File menu If you are using a demo copy of WMS and you have not licensed any modules you will be in demo mode by default and will not be able to switch to normal mode It is suggested that you start WMS new at the beginning of each tutorial If you continue from one tutorial to another without quitting then data display options and other WMS settings may not be in sync with the tutorial instructions causing the exercise to become confusing CHAPTER 2 Basic Feature Object Manipulation The Map Module is at the heart of most operations in WMS so it is important to gain a good understanding of how to create edit and apply feature objects Within WMS feature object data can be used for d
217. unction point in the center of the watershed corresponding to the intersection of the streams and the sub basin boundary arcs that you just created 3 Select the Attributes command from the Feature Objects menu 4 Change the attribute to Drainage outlet 5 Select OK 4 2 3 Building Polygons At this point the watershed boundaries are only arcs In order for them to become polygons you must create the polygon topology 1 Select the Select Polygon tool poil 2 Select the Attributes command from the Feature Objects menu 3 Change the attribute to Drainage boundary Select the OK button 4 Select the Select Arcs tool KI Hydrologic Models from Feature Objects 4 5 5 Select the Select All command from the Edit menu 6 Select the Select Network tool wl 7 While holding down the SHIFT key select any one of the stream arcs This should un select the stream arcs and leave the remainder selected for use in polygon generation 8 Select the Build Polygon command from the Feature Objects menu 4 2 4 Updating Geometric Parameters 1 Select Display Options from the Display menu 2 Turn on the Color fill polygons option 3 Select OK In order to transfer the basin area and stream lengths and to compute them in appropriate units for hydrologic modeling you need to compute the basin data This will make it possible to use the polygon area in any of the hydrologic modeling interfaces 1 Select the Compute Basin Data
218. ure Object Polygon Shape File When the Import Shapefile Data dialog appears click on the Coverage Options button This will allow you to create a new coverage for the land use data Click New in the Coverages dialog enter Land Use Data in the Name field and choose Land Use in the Attribute Set box Click OK to return to the Import Shapefile Data dialog note that the new coverage you just created is now active and listed by the Coverage Options button Click on the Attribute Mapping button under Polygons This will allow you to choose the database fields that correspond to WMS attributes Choose LUCODE in the Database fields window and Land Use in the Coverage attributes window then click on the Map button You will see a new line appear in the lower window Choose PERIMETER gt Basin perimeter line in the lower window and click Unmap This attribute recognized automatically by WMS but is not needed in this case 10 Choose Done 11 Choose OK in the Import Shapefile Data dialog to read the file You will see the land use data polygons overlaid on the watershed You are now ready to compute HSPF segments based on the land use polygons that fall inside the watershed 20 4 WMS Tutorials l 2 Go to the Calculators menu and choose Compute GIS Attributes Choose HSPF Segments from the Computation drop down list In the central section of the dialog ensure that Land use coverage appears in the data type box and th
219. use of the flat triangles and the current TIN topology the channels are not all present nor continuous Edge swapping can often be used to remove flat triangles and force triangle edges where channel segments should be The figure below shows four edges that need to be swapped in the following manner To swap edges do the following a 1 Select the Swap Edge tool ENI 2 Click on the edges labeled 1 4 in that order Notice how the contour flat triangle and channel edge display is immediately updated TIN Editing 17 5 pE os Py a Figure 17 2 After Swapping 17 6 Adding Breaklines Another method which can be used to force triangle edges along important terrain features such as ridges and streams is breaklines The remaining flat triangles will be removed using a breakline The figure above acts as a guide for placing the breakline To add a breakline do the following 1 Click on the Select Vertex String tool l 2 Click on the vertices marked 1 4 in that order in Figure 17 3 17 6 WMS Tutorials 3 Select the Add Breaklines command from the TINs menu wee Ve A A OSS esses Temas N AN AN W Ly KA RIN Ww Fasc LN Fy AW 5 HN V eye Figure 17 4 After Adding Breakline 17 7 Removing False Dams False dams occur when a triangle edge is created perpendicular to a strea channel from one bank to the other as opposed to along
220. user specified computation step Each cell in this temporary grid is visited For each temporary grid cell that is inside a basin the curve number is computed if it can be Thus the smaller the computation step the longer WMS will take to compute the curve numbers for the basins This computation step should be about equal to the smallest soil type or land use grid cell size depending on whether you are using a soil type or land use grid to compute the composite curve number 15 9 Reading in a Soil Type Polygon Shapefile Besides being able to compute curve numbers for drainage coverages WMS also computes curve numbers for TINs in much the same way In this section you will compute curve numbers for the same basins in a TIN based model of the Aspen Grove watershed Also instead of using grids to compute the composite curve numbers for this model you will import a soil type polygon shapefile and use a soil type polygon coverage and a land use polygon coverage N 1 Select the Map module icon Fal 2 Select the Coverages command from the Feature Objects menu 3 Select the New button in the Coverages window 4 Change the name of the coverage to Soil Type and change the Attribute set to Soil Type 5 Select the Drainage coverage and select the Delete button 6 Select OK when prompted for confirmation 7 Select the OK button in the Coverages window 8 Select the Import command from the File menu 9 Select Feature o
221. variables needed for this equation are defined and so the time of concentration is reported in the text window at the top of the dialog 3 Select OK to close the Basin Time Computation dialog You should notice that the time of concentration is very nearly the same as before 57 hours At this point you might be wondering why you would ever want to create a time computation coverage and go through the effort of defining travel time arcs and assign equations to each if the same value can be determined using the parameters already computed from a TIN or DEM 1 Select the Compute TC Basin Data button again 2 Select the Kirpich method for overland flow on bare earth equation 3 Select OK You should now see that the computed time of concentration is less than half of what it was previously You should now set the time of concentration back to the one originally computed by the flow arc method To do this 1 Select the Compute Tc Map Data button 2 Select Done The lesson here is the equations using Basin Data work great if you are confident the equation represents the same kind of land surface you are dealing with If not you are likely better off to define equations along separate flow path segments using the Map Data Of course in either case you can customize the equations to suit your own needs 1 Select the lower basin from the graphics window 10 10 WMS Tutorials 2 Change the Curve Number to 80 3 Enter a Ra
222. w be active You have successfully set up the SNOW and PWATER modules for all land segments in the model remember that you set up the modules explicitly for the Evergreen Forest segment and then copied the parameters to all other segments You may want to ensure review the set up for the other segments by choosing the segment in the Basin Data window then clicking the Define Activities button and reviewing the SNOW and PWATER input Now that the land segment data is complete you will enter data for the reach stream segment of the model 20 5 Defining Reach Segment Parameters To simulate runoff in stream you will need to activate the HYDR module for the reach segment of the model You will also need to specify the output dataset needed a hydrograph in this case to view the results of the simulation 1 Click on the watershed outlet in the Graphics Window this can be done while the Edit HSPF Attributes dialog is still present double click the outlet if you have already closed the Edit HSPF Attributes dialog The Reach Reservoir Data section of the Edit HSPF Attributes dialog will be come active and display the name of the outlet chosen Little Click on the Define Activities button Check the box to activate the Hydraulics HYDR module of HSPF for this reach 20 10 WMS Tutorials 4 Click the HYDR button in the Reach Reservoir Activities dialog 5 In the HYDR dialog that appears enter the following values in the a
223. w in which to edit and do most of the drainage analysis with your TIN TIN Basics 7 3 The Oblique View option in the View menu allows you to display the TIN in a perspective view 1 Select Oblique view from the View menu You could also use the macro Bh The display will be updated and you will be viewing your TIN from a perspective view This view emphasizes the peaks and valleys on your terrain model Oblique view shifts you from plan view to a viewing angle determined by the bearing and dip angles entered in the View Angle dialog box under the View menu The default or plan view corresponds to a bearing of 0 degrees and a dip of 90 degrees You can use the Rotate Image tool to quickly change viewing angles without having to use the View Angle dialog box in the View menu Use the View Angle dialog box when you want to set the view angle to an exact value or to check what the current viewing angle is To use the Rotate Image tool to change viewing perspectives do the following steps RZ 1 Select the Rotate Image tool sl 2 Hold down the CONTROL key on your keyboard move your cursor to the middle of the graphics window and click and hold down the mouse button while you drag the cursor in different directions As you move the mouse the TIN is constantly redrawn to reflect your changes The bearing is changed by dragging the mouse horizontally and the dip is changed by moving the mouse vertically Any combination of the t
224. way type discharge component Enter 10 0 in the Weir width box This represents the width of the spillway Enter 3 367 in the Weir coefficient box typical for a Cipolletti weir Enter 6185 0 in the Weir elevation box Select the Add Outlet button this will add a low level outlet discharge Make sure the outlet is selected in the Discharge structures window 10 Enter 50 0 in the Outlet area box 11 Enter 6100 0 in the Outlet elevation box 12 Click OK You should now see an elevation discharge curve plotted in the Detention Basin calculator You are now ready to perform the hydrograph routing through the reservoir l Click on the Compute Outflow Hydrograph button Drainage Calculation Tools 13 9 You should now see the routing hydrograph plotted on top of the original hydrograph in the Hydrograph Window Note that the reservoir has cut the peak off the hydrograph and lengthened it You may want to experiment with different initial storage values between 0 0 and 200 0 to see how that might affect the outflow hydrograph 13 4 Culvert HY 8 Calculator In this section you will learn how to design a culvert using the Federal Highway Administration Culvert Analysis computer program HY8 The following example will guide you through the interface that permits easy data entry editing and computation Problem Statement Given the following site conditions find a reinforced concrete box culvert that will pass the 5
225. we have entered stage values for points that are on the stream network 1 Select the nterpolate Stage command from the Flood menu The interpolated stage values for stream nodes that lie between stream nodes where stage was defined will now be displayed with a pink bar Note that this interpolation can only be applied to stream nodes that lie along a stream between two stream nodes where stage has been defined 14 4 Flood Display Options A display option can be set to view both fixed and interpolated stage values by following these steps 1 Select the Display Options command from the Display menu 2 Select the Flood tab 3 Turn on the display of Fixed stage Fixed stage values Interpolated stage and Interpolated stage values and make sure everything else is off 4 Click on the OK button This allows you to check the values that will be used in the delineation of the flood plain If any value is incorrect that node can be selected and the stage value edited as described above With display of both fixed and interpolated values it is often hard to read all of the stage values since the values overlap each other The zoom tool can be used to inspect the values on the stream a portion at a time Additionally viewing the display of fixed and interpolated values separately may eliminate the overlapping problem The flood display options dialog box allows many additional changes to be made in the display of the stage values
226. with other display commands 16 8 Conclusions In this tutorial you have learned how scatter points and data sets can be used to interpolate sparse data to a grid for visualization purposes You should know how grids can be contoured and how virtual gages animations and mapped z values can be used to display transient data CHAPTER TIN Editing Estimated Time 25 minutes In order to define a stream network and delineate basins you must first have flow defined everywhere on the TIN Triangulating a set of raw data points rarely produces such a TIN Often flat triangles and edges artificial pits and discontinuities in channel segments exist For this reason a set of tools is provided in WMS which allows you to alter the initial triangulation using your own knowledge about the site being modeled so that drainage is properly defined and channel edges are accurately represented A certain amount of TIN editing was required for all of the TINs used in the previous tutorial In this and the next tutorial you will learn the different methods available for pre processing TINs before using them for drainage analysis Data points used for the initial triangulation generally come from one of two different sources digitized data from an existing contour map or gridded data such as is provided by the USGS Different types of problems arise with each of these types of data and therefore the editing approach is generally different This tutor
227. wn interactively 1 Select the Flow Path tool 4 2 Click on any location of the DEM A flow path will be traced across the DEM from point to point according to the flow direction grid You may wish to continue clicking on several locations of the DEM to examine the flow patterns You can also draw all flow patterns at once 1 Select the Draw Flow Patterns command from the Drainage menu This command draws a flow path from each DEM point It is controlled by the display step so if you wish to see a higher or lower density of flow paths you need to adjust the display step in the DEM Display Options dialog Computing Flow Accumulations In order to delineate a stream network a flow accumulation grid uparea dat was computed with TOPAZ The Flow Accumulation is determined by using the flow directions to compute how many DEM points drain to a given DEM point for every DEM point in the analysis area The flow accumulations will be displayed when you have either read them in or computed them in WMS As with the flow directions WMS has automatically read in the flow accumulation file computed by TOPAZ All you have to do is display it 1 Select the Display Options command from the Display menu 2 Turn on the display of Flow accumulation and select OK The DEM points colored in blue represent locations likely to be in a natural channel because their accumulation is high The default threshold for display is typically 200 but you
228. wo directions can be used The amount an object is rotated depends on how far the mouse is dragged Dragging from the left edge of the edit window to the right edge rotates the object 180 degrees When working with complex TINs your computer may not update the screen quickly enough To change the viewing perspective in one step without any intermediate screen updates do the same steps outlined above without holding down the CONTROL key yi 3 When you are finished select Plan view macro w 7 4 Displaying Contours on a TIN WMS has several options for displaying contours on a TIN WMS can display lined contours color filled contours and contour elevation labels 7 4 WMS Tutorials To display contour lines do the following steps 1 Select Display Options from the Display menu 2 Click on the Tin Contours option so that it is enabled 3 Click on the OK button The screen will redraw and the TIN will be overlaid with contour lines As you can see vertices and triangles were also displayed along with the contour lines Often when displaying contours you want to disable vertex and triangle display To disable vertex and triangle display do the following 1 Select the Display Options command from the Display menu 2 Click on both the Vertices and Triangles options so they are disabled 3 Click on the OK button The screen will now redraw with only the contour lines and the outer boundary of the TIN In addition
229. y Options command from the Display menu 3 Select the Drainage tab 4 Turn Stream networks back on Rational Method Interface 12 7 5 Tum on Fill drainage basins 6 Select OK 12 3 3 Defining Basin Data Now that the delineation of catchment areas is complete you can compute the contributing area as well as many other parameters for each 1 Select the Compute Basin Data command in the Drainage menu 2 Set the Basin Areas option to be acres 3 Select OK 12 4 Running a Rational Method Simulation The areas computed from the TIN can now be used in setting up a Rational Method simulation of the urban development Each of the outlet points represents an inlet to a storm drain 1 Select the Hydrologic Modeling module icon x 2 Select basin Basin 5 as labeled in Figure 12 4 by clicking on the basin icon inside the basin 3 Select the Run Simulation command from the Rational menu The Rational Method dialog should appear While this dialog is up you can continue to interact with the menus tools and windows of WMS As you select different basins the current parameters will be updated in the dialog 12 8 WMS Tutorials Basin 5 Figure 12 4 Final Delineated Basins 12 4 1 Defining the Runoff Coefficients and Time of Concentration The runoff coefficient C is used to account for losses between rainfall and runoff The more developed a catchment is the higher the C value it will have The WMS
230. y are set up in WMS The example problem illustrated here is the Red River watershed It is chosen since it illustrates many of the basic capabilities available in HEC 1 Furthermore since it is the first example given in the HEC 1 User s Manual it is a good source for illustrating how traditional HEC 1 models are created in WMS This tutorial will not lead you through every step to completely set up the model Instead you will be shown how to create and enter data for each type of object i e basins outlets reservoirs diversions and then data for other similar objects will be provided so that you can repeat the steps A completed model of the Red River watershed is provided in the tutorial directory If you don t wish to enter all of the necessary data or if you want to skim through this section and look at the results you can read this file in using the Open HEC 1 File command in the HEC menu The Red River watershed demonstrates the following capabilities available in HEC 1 e Rainfall data using gages e Calculating hydrographs using base flow losses and unit hydrograph methods e Flood hydrograph routing by the channel storage method 18 2 WMS Tutorials Reservoir routing using both spillway and low level outlet options Diversions Input of time series data using time increments different than the computational time step 18 1 The Topologic Tree Representation The schematic shown in Figure 18 1 illustrates
231. yet been created you can use this file as an example format for data you may already have and wish to read into WMS To read the file do the following l If you are continuing from a previous WMS session select New from the File menu Confirm that you want to delete everything Select the TINs module icon Z Select Open from the File menu Use the file browser to find and Open the file digitize tin This file should be found in the tutorial directory Select the Display Options command from the Display menu TIN Editing 17 3 Make sure that Vertices and Triangles are turned on Select OK After opening the file you should see several data points drawn in the main graphics window 17 3 Triangulating the Data Points Triangulation is the first process that must be done any time a new set of data points is read into WMS You can watch the triangulation process proceed as will be shown however displaying the triangulation process is more time consuming and therefore you typically won t want to do this To triangulate the points do the following l 2 Select Triangulation Options from the TINs menu Turn on the Display triangulation process option Click on the OK button Select Triangulate from the TINs menu Select the Lock Unlock Vertices command from the TINs menu Locking the original set of data points is a good idea since location and elevation of these points are more certain and you do n
232. ype variable manually using the Attribute mapping button Select OK and wait a few seconds while the stream shapefile for the Arco watershed is read in and displayed Intersecting Selected Arcs There are two arcs that overlap each other in this model Overlapping arcs are not allowed in WMS so you should intersect these arcs 2 3 Select the zoom tool al and drag a box around the location of the intersecting arcs The intersecting arcs are marked with an arrow that is labeled Intersect as in Select the Select Arcs tool in the toolbox Find and use SHIFT select to select the two intersecting arcs See Fiene 31 Advanced Feature Object Manipulation 3 3 sp ee eee ee Figure 3 1 Cleaning Intersections and Dangling Arcs 4 Select the Clean command from the Feature Objects menu 5 Make sure the Intersect selected arcs option is selected and select the OK button The two selected arcs will be intersected and a node will be created at their intersection point Removing Dangling Arcs After intersecting the overlapping arcs a small dangling arc was created Deleting a dangling arc is easy simply select the arc and delete it 1 Find and select the dangling arc See 2 Select the Delete command from the Edit menu If prompted select OK to delete the selected arc Snapping Selected Nodes Occasionally arcs or nodes on arcs that should be connected are not Sometimes these proble
233. ys part of the method button so you can identify which method to choose from the HEC 1 cards in Creating Topologic Models for HEC 1 18 13 Table 2 2 Where there may be some confusion parameter names are given in the table If only one parameter exists no name is given and if a parameter is left out of the table just leave its value at zero Table 2 2 Basin Parameters for the Red River Watershed Name Area Gage Weights Loss Parameters Unit_ Params pe T Od ee T keee i a e a Ts ee ee es o E weEsT20 80 63 6o LH FC 04 uD 4 Oooo oo T o oa St aoi te i aa 3 e o T 4 10 sses Pot SE s onsTe oa R12 pe 4 10 f S el Eej e 61 8 Te ses 0S ea Oo T f e2 3 DLTKR 10 cP 8 tt Rowo f I of 10 ERaN o0 TT REDRI 82 6o 75 Ls CRVNBR 80 UD 147 a ee ee eee eee eee eee ie ft oe AO i SEO Set 18 8 Defining Routing Parameters Routing parameters are defined in a similar fashion as basins For the Red River model channel routing needs to be defined from RED10 to RED20 10TO20 and from RED20 to RED30 20TO30 This can be done with the following steps 1 Select the outlet E DAM if the Edit HEC 1 Parameters is still active If you have closed it already select EDAM and then select the Edit HEC 1 Parameters command from the HEC menu 2 Select the Routing Data button or click on the RN card in the text window
234. zes you with the different options for selecting vertices and how they are used in conjunction with deleting and dragging TIN Basics 7 9 When selecting vertices WMS allows you to work with either single or multiple vertices simultaneously To select a single vertex 1 Click on the Select Vertices tool w p 2 Move the mouse pointer over a vertex on your TIN and click on that vertex The vertex will now be highlighted indicating it is selected 3 Click on another vertex The vertex you selected originally is now unselected and the new vertex is now the selected one Notice that the xyz values of the vertex are placed in the vertex edit box Often you will want to manipulate multiple vertices as when you are deleting a section of a TIN WMS provides three methods for selecting multiple vertices e Select multiple vertices individually by holding down the SHIFT key and selecting several points If the SHIFT key is depressed while selecting you are allowed to select multiple points If the SHIFT key is not depressed only one point can be selected at a time e Select multiple vertices by holding down the mouse button and dragging a box enclosing the portion of the TIN you want selected Be careful not to select a vertex when you begin to drag your box When the mouse button is released all vertices lying within the box are selected e Select multiple vertices by using a selection polygon Under the Edit menu select Selec

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