Home

BWRA User Guide _version 1-4 - Biosafety Clearing

1. U U n nnne nnns 17 USING THE ARCVIEW GIS 1 eren nnns 19 3 1 GIS Scope and Technical Assistance en 19 3 2 Developing the Port Map U n 19 3 3 Structure of the World Bioregions Map m 23 3 4 Linking the ArcView GIS to the Access 23 3 5 Displaying the BWRA Results esses 24 RISK COEFFICIENTS AND FACTORS FROM BWREF DATA 28 4 1 BW Discharge Frequency C1 Risk 28 4 2 BW Discharge Volume C2 Risk Coefficient 29 4 3 Risk Reduction Factors and R2 mene 30 ENVIRONMENTAL MATCHING COEFFICIENT 32 5 1 Overview of the C3 Coefficient U menn 32 5 2 Collating the Port Environmental Data u 33 5 3 Managing the Port Environmental Data with 34 5 4 Using PRIMER for the Environmental Similarity Analysis ESA 35 RISK SPECIES COEFFICIENT 4 40 GE Calculation of ac coe aS haie atts 40 6 2 Using the World Bioregions u 42 6 3 Adding and Editing the Risk Species 42
2. Percentage of Tank Discharges Percentage of BW Volume Discharges 0 5 Tank Vol Size Risk Reduction Relative Risk Species Weighting Value Storage Risk Reduction Env Matching Coefficient 4 Then close the display window to save the change and re run the BWRA Section 7 5 Any change must follow the format function and mathematical rules of MS Access 2000 These are similar but not 100 the same as those in Excel s calculation cells For example the logical If is spelled and each named factor must be inside square brackets The various format rules and mathematical functions are described in the MS Access 2000 user manual and also in its Help function if the application has been fully installed A formatting error or function name spelling mistake in one of the calculation cells can cause the BW Database to abandon the calculation and report an Error Message To remove mistakes and return the calculation to the default project standard return to the Formula Display window select the altered component then click on the Restore Default Formula button in the lower right corner of the window Making a change and closing the Display Window will automatically save the change The new formula will then be used every time even if the Database file is closed and reopened later Any change will remain until the Display Formula window is re opened and either a new change is
3. 1 SHIP INFORMATION 2 BALLAST WATER Ship s Name Type IMO Number Specify Units MT LT ST Owner Gross Tonnage Call Sign Total Ballast Water on Board Flag Arrival Date Agent Last Port and Country Arrival Port Total Ballast Water Capacity Next Port and Country 3 BALLAST WATER TANKS Ballast Water Management Plan onboard YES NO Management Plan Implemented YES NO Total number of ballast tanks on board No of tanks in ballast IF NONE IN BALLAST GO TO No 5 No of tanks exchanged No of tanks not exchanged 4 BALLAST WATER HISTORY RECORD ALL TANKS THAT WILL BE DEBALLASTED IN PORT STATE OF ARRIVAL IF NONE GO TO No 5 Tanks BALLAST WATER SOURCE BALLAST WATER EXCHANGE BALLAST WATER DISCHARGE Holds Circle one Empty Refill or Flow Through List multiple DATE Port Vol T DATE Endpoint Vol 96 Exch DATE Port Vol Salinit ort or olume emp ndpoin olume ort or olume lankiseparalely DDMMYY Lat Long units units DDMMYY Lat Long units i DDMMYY Lat Long units Ballast Water Tank Codes FP Aftpeak AP Double Bottom DB Wing WT Topside TS Cargo Hold CH Other IF EXCHANGES WERE NOT CONDUCTED STATE OTHER CONTROL ACTION S TAKEN IF NONE STATE REASON WHY NOT 5 IMO BALLAST WATER GUIDELINES ON BOARD RES A 868 20 YES NO RESPONSIBLE OFFICER S NAME AND TITLE PRINTED AND SIGNATURE BWRA USER MANUAL Global Ballast Water Programme Page 2 of App
4. 7 Map and display the de ballasting and ballasting patterns in and around the demonstration port including locations frequencies and volumes of ballast water discharges and uptakes Task 2 of BWRA Activity 8 Display in a convenient colour graphic style the a location of all source ports from which BW is imported Task 3 of BWRA Activity b location and frequency of departures to all potential destination ports next ports of call to which ballast water is exported Tasks 4 11 of BWRA Activity c environmental similarity between the demonstration port and its various source and destination ports Task 7 of BWRA Activity see Appendix 1 for a summary description of qualitative semi quantitative and quantitative methods of risk assessment December 2003 v 1 4 URS Meridian GIS BWRA USER MANUAL Global Ballast Water Programme Page 2 d the types of risk species present at the source ports and demonstration port that might be introduced either to the demonstration site or exported to its destination ports respectively Task 8 of BWRA Activity and e the five levels of relative risk very low low moderate high very high posed by each source port for the introduction of unwanted species to the demonstration site based on its present pattern of trade Tasks 9 and 11 of BWRA Activity This User Guide also explains how to perform the multivariate environmental similarity analysis Task 6 of
5. l 4 46667 NEA II 1 360000014 0 27000001 0 090000004 0 090000004 4 0 54000002 December 2003 v 1 4 URS Meridian GIS BWRA USER MANUAL Global Ballast Water Programme Page 49 The Frequency of Next Port Visits column allows the most common destinations to be readily identified e g use Excel s Data Sort by tool to re arrange the ports in descending order As with the SourcePorts xls file the values can be quickly copy pasted from Worksheet 5 of the Excel PED file For ports with estimated C3 values these can also be flagged by deleting or changing the adjacent TRUE cell to any character or text comment After saving and closing the file import its contents to the BW Database by clicking on the Import List of Next Port Environmental Coefficients button in the BW Risk Analysis sub menu and giving the file location pathway in the Request Box 7 4 REVIEWING AND CHANGING THE BWRA FORMULAE The default formulae and weightings as used by the Database to calculate the Relative Overall Risk ROR for a project standard BWRA can be checked or changed by clicking on Review Formula for Calculating the Risk in the BW Risk Analysis sub menu This launches an interactive display window showing the various components of the ROR calculation These components include the Risk Category Assessment which shows the way each ROR value is binned into one of five colour categori
6. The UN Port Codes are obviously the most convenient labels and are present in the Excel PED file The Arrival Port BW Receiving Port e g Dalian Odessa etc must be the first port sample top row Otherwise there will be no quick and convenient way to review and copy the results from PRIMER s Similarity Distance Matrix output The similarity measures produced by PRIMER are normalised Euclidean distances which give a direct but inverse measure of environmental matching a zero distance 0 represents a perfect match of 1 10096 Section 5 1 These distance measures are converted into C3 matching coefficients by inverting them into proportional values between 1 and 0 05 not 0 because no environment should be infinitely distant from another on a single planet December 2003 v 1 4 URS Meridian GIS BWRA USER MANUAL Global Ballast Water Programme Page 35 5 4 USING PRIMER FOR THE ENVIRONMENTAL SIMILARITY ANALYSIS ESA 5 4 1 ESA Process Overview The environmental similarity analysis ESA cannot be undertaken until all the environment data cells for each port have been given a value in Worksheet 1 of the Excel PED file and the port row order in Worksheets 3 and 5 has been checked see Note in Section 5 3 PRIMER will detect any empty cells within a port s row of variables provide a Missing Value warning message and stop the analysis However there may be sufficient information to permit a reliable estimate
7. E BWRA E gt template f Database Read Only Exclusive List Files of Type Drives Access Databases i STRATS Network December 2003 v 1 4 URS Meridian GIS BWRA USER MANUAL Global Ballast Water Programme Page 3 of Appendix 4 6 Click OK return to the ODBC Microsoft Access Setup dialog and click OK again ODEC Microsoft Access Setup Data Source Name B WRA Database OK Description Cancel Database Database C Database template BWRF mdb System Database None C Database Sistem Database 7 You will now see the BWRA Database connection appear in the User Data Sources list ODBC Data Source Administrator User DSN System DSN File DSN Drivers Tracing Connection Pooling About User Data Sources BWRA Database Microsoft Access Driver mdb dBASE Files Microsoft dBase Driver dbf Remove Excel Files Microsoft Excel Driver xls MS Access Database Microsoft Access Driver mdb Configure Visual FoxPro Database Microsoft Visual FoxPro Driver Visual FoxPro Tables Microsoft Visual FoxPro Driver 2 An ODBC User data source stores information about how to connect to the indicated data provider A User data source is only visible to you and can only be used on the current machine Cancel m Help The BWRA Database connection is now permanently available for use by ArcView December
8. Total No of Tanks on board Count all tanks and holds that can carry segregated ballast water Ballast Water Management Plan on board Do you have a ballast water management plan specific to your ship onboard Circle Yes or No Management Plan Implemented Do you follow the above plan Circle Yes or No No of Tanks in Ballast Number of segregated ballast water tanks and holds with ballast at the start of the voyage to the current port If you have no ballast water on board go to section 5 No of Tanks Exchanged This refers only to tanks and holds with ballast at the start of the voyage to the current port No of Tanks Not Exchanged This refers only to tanks and holds with ballast at the start of the voyage to the current port SECTION 4 BALLAST WATER HISTORY BW Source Please list all tanks and holds that you have discharged or plan to discharge in this port Carefully write out or use codes listed below the table Follow each tank across the page listing all source s exchange events and or discharge events separately If the ballast water history is identical i e the same source exchange and discharge dates and locations sets of tanks can be combined example wing tank 1 with wing tank 2 both water from Belgium exchanged 02 11 97 mid ocean Please use an additional page if you need being careful to include the arrival date ships name and IMO number at the top Date Date of ballast water uptake Use European format DDM
9. Spot charter Charter of a vessel sometimes complete with cargo for a single voyage Stevedore longshoreman or an individual or company that loads unloads vessels in a port Strings a group of vessels all operating the same itinerary in order to provide same day of week fixed day port calls Suez Canal A 162 km long international shipping lane connecting the Mediterranean and Red Sea The Suez Canal was built by Ferdinand de Lesseps opened in 1869 and markedly shortens the distance between Asia and Europe the alternative is to go around the southern tip of Africa see Cape Size Cape Class There are no locks and the maximum transit draft is presently 16 1 metres there is a plan to increase depths to allow 22 m draft vessels by 2010 Some 15 000 ships pass through the canal each year with typical passage times of 11 16 hours Suezmax The maximum size vessel able to transit the Suez Canal With the exception of very large tankers VLCCs and ULCCs and Cape size bulk carriers most trading ships can transit the Suez Canal In the case of tankers the Suezmax class is typically in the 140 000 160 000 DWT range with lengths of 269 274 meters beams of 44 48 meters and transit drafts up to 16 1 meter i e maximum drafts may be 17 5 m as some of the cargo can be discharged before entry into the canal Because of the navigational constraints of the Bosphorus Straits which links oil exports ports in the Black Sea to the Me
10. URS Meridian GIS BWRA USER MANUAL Global Ballast Water Programme Page 11 of Appendix 1 approach described earlier Section A 2 Allocation of NIS and weighting values to the three categories form the only component of the BWRA system requiring subjective input In summary the end point in the BWRA rankings represents for each BW source port a portion of the total threat posed by ballast mediated introductions of potentially harmful species as inferred from the species that may be present in the source port the frequency size and quality of the ballast tank inoculations and the capacity of the receiving environment to sustain the discharged organisms A 4 HYBRID APPROACHES TO BW RISK ASSESSMENT Semi quantitative risk assessment systems which can be shifted as far as their data permit into a hybrid of the environmental matching and targeted species approaches avoid redundancy and facilitate development and this flexibility is an intregral feature of the BWRA system used for Activity 3 1 Hybridising features include easy alterations to the way the environmental matching component is used for calculating overall risk and to the weight which can be applied to individual risk species and overall risk species threat To appreciate how components can be changed users need to understand how the following risk coefficients and risk reduction factors can be applied in exploratory calculations of introduction threats posed by BW source
11. URS Meridian GIS BWRA USER MANUAL Global Ballast Water Programme Page 22 Intertidal edges of coral reef different symbol compared to rock reef Intertidal and subtidal exposures of rocky reef different to coral reef Intertidal mud flats Several types of artificial rocky shoreline including breakwaters Presence of shelly sandy muddy or rocky seafloors deoted by letters such as Sh S M and R respectively For example MS is muddy sand which means sand is dominant while ShM is shelly mud i e the silty mud is dominant OO O O O A key reference for the standard symbology and colours used by nautical charts to show marine habitat features is the Admiralty Standard Reference for Nautical Charts Booklet Chart 5011 Some nations produce their own versions of this guide which are very similar 3 2 5 Port Infrastructure Layer The Infrastructure Layer should show the key working components of the port and its surrounding urban area including any large and prominent oil tank farm coastal power station refinery desalination plant subsea petroleum pipeline railway line port control tower and municipal airport plus visually dominant structures such as a large bridge landfill site or TV communications tower These items improve site orientation and familiarisation by Port Map users Some of these items may be used in the base layer to provide key planimetric features Section 3 2 2 The GIS Port Map may be u
12. koski et a 2002 Williamson et a 2002 Effects of marine pests on native biodiversity ecosystems fisheries and aquaculture activities range from severe basin wide impacts especially in biogeographically isolated temperate regions containing a high level of endemic species such as the Ponto Caspian and Mississippi basins to localised and as yet unclear effect such as in Indo West Pacific tropical waters beyond disturbed port environments e g Hutchings et a 2002 Among some of the infamous introductions of the 20th Century several species did not spread or show other signs of their invasive prowess and harmful effects in initial years and even decades following introduction while others have undergone boom bust cycles e g the Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis in several parts of Europe Reasons why an introduced population may take a long time to start increasing in abundance and spreading include the processes of local adaptation gene selection the removal of a local physical barrier or appearance of a new local vector allowing spread from a previously isolated location a change to the local pollution and habitat conditions and or a gradual regional trend in temperature rainfall evaporation and salinity due to climate change The boom bust phenomena of the mitten crab is related to trends in climate variables that influence regional winter temperatures and rainfall intensity in Lepp koski et a 2002 December 2003 v 1 4
13. 1 of the GloBallast Programme as administered by the IMO The proprietary rights to modify make copies or otherwise distribute all or parts of the BWRA Database or its associated interfaces GIS maps and User Guide are vested with the IMO and its Programme Coordination Unit PCU URS Australia Pty Ltd and Meridian GIS Pty Ltd under international copyright law and written contract Any person or organisation not directly associated with Activity 3 1 of the GloBallast Programme who obtains a copy of the Database its GIS interfaces Maps or User Guide for commercial research commercial evaluation or commercial use without prior written permission from the IMO globallast imo org is liable to prosecution The IMO PCU URS Australia Pty Ltd and Meridian GIS Pty Ltd uphold the right to modify the BWRA software and User Guide without notice Global Ballast Water Programme URS Australia Pty Ltd Meridian GIS Pty Ltd Programme Coordininating Unit Level 3 20 Terrace Road PO Box 295 4 Albert Embankment EAST PERTH WEST PERTH LONDON SE1 72R Australia WA 6004 Australia WA 6872 United Kingdom robert_hilliard urscorp com chris meridian gis com au globallast imo org contact re User Guide and contact re GIS queries contact re administrative and BWRA technical queries BWRA system licence queries INTERPRETATION AND APPLICATION OF BWRA OUTPUTS The BWRA Database software has been developed to provide a first pass risk assessment for
14. 20 days typically result in large mortalities of the planktonic life cycle stages of most kinds of aerobic species but not for the hardy spore and cyst stages of some species especially toxic dinoflagellates nor for anaerobes including pathogens and viruses Whether or not the BW tank storage time should be used by the BWRA calculation therefore depends on which types of species are being considered Section 7 4 The BWRA Database automatically calculates for each tank discharge from a particular source port the number of days between the BW uptake date at the source port and the BW discharge date at the Arrival Port then finds the minimum number of days MIN that it calculated for each source port precautionary approach The BWRA Database automatically assigns a risk reduction factor R2 to each MIN using the following default set of inverse logarithmic categories MIN number of storage days lt 5 5 10 10 20 20 50 gt 50 days Risk Reduction Factor R2 1 0 8 0 6 0 4 0 2 The above R2 values can be readily changed if the BWRA is to be focussed on pathogens toxic dinoflagellate cysts and other anaerobic life forms and life cycle stages Section 7 4 The minimum MIN rather than average AVG number of storage days is used for the default calculation since AVG may not provide a reliable picture for a source port with relatively few voyages to the receiving port especially if various routes have been taken e g some ves
15. Assessment approach In S Hillman Ed The Ballast Water Problem Where to from Here EcoPorts Monograph Series No 19 Ports Corporation of Queensland Brisbane pp 62 65 Hayes KR 1997 A review of risk assessment methodologies CRIMP Technical Report 13 CSIRO Marine Research Hobart Tasmania 116 pp Hayes KR 1998 Ecological risk assessment for ballast water introductions a suggested approach ICES Journal of Marine Science 55 201 212 Hayes KR 1999 The pros and cons of quantitative risk assessment In S Hillman Ed The Ballast Water Problem Where to from Here coPorts Monograph Series No 19 Ports Corporation of Queensland Brisbane pp 59 61 December 2003 v 1 4 URS Meridian GIS BWRA USER MANUAL Global Ballast Water Programme Page 15 of Appendix 1 Hayes KR amp CL Hewitt 1998 Risk assessment framework for ballast water introductions CRIMP Technical Report 14 CSIRO Marine Research Hobart Tasmania Hayes KR amp CL Hewitt 2000 Quantitative biological risk assessment of the ballast water vector an Australian approach In Pederson J Ed Marine Bionvasions Proceedings of the First National Conference January 24 27 1999 Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA pp 66 80 Hayes KR McEnnulty FR amp C Sliwa 2002 Identifying potential marine pests using deductive and inductive approaches In Proceedings of the Tropical Temperate Transitions Conference Fremantle 10 12
16. BWRA and are beyond the scope of this User Guide However GIS managers and operators should work through the Self Help Tutorial that is supplied with the ArcView 3 2 application They can also access the public free knowledge base at the ESRI website www esri com This website also contains links to various Self Help GIS tutorial courses at ESRT s Virtual Campus 3 2 DEVELOPING THE PORT MAP 3 2 1 Structure The Port Map displays the navigational and infrastructure features of the demonstration site plus its coastal habitats and resources A useful Port Map requires several types of information to be collated and managed including spatial data on pertinent navigational geophysical environmental socio cultural commercial and planimetric features For clarity and convenience of data management and display each type of data theme deserves a separate layer which can be compiled using copies of the base layer The layers used for the Port Maps are as follows Berths hot layer va d Social Cultural Infrastructure d Habitats Navigation Base Layer The base layer can be constructed from nautical hydrographic charts that are available in electronic format preferable or paper form from the nation s maritime authority or local chart suppliers respectively It is often the case that useful data are already available in electronic formats which can be readily converted to the ESRI ArcView file format So
17. Edit Species Selection bottom right button This takes you to the 2911 editing window amp Species Selection Alexandrium minutum Acanthogobius flavimanus Acartiella sinensis Aeolidiella indica Carolaria indica Aetea anguina Aeverrillia armata Alderina arabiensis Alexandrium syn Gonyaulax catenella Alpheus houvieri A heterochaelis Amathia distans Amphisbetia operculata Anadara Senilia senilis Anguinella palmata Alexandrium tamarense Ashtoret lunaris Aurelia aurita Balanus amphitrite amphitrite Balanus amphitrite cirratus Balanus amphitrite hawaiiensis Balanus trigonus Butis koilomatodon Cavolinia tridentate Neibuhr 1775 Chama elatensis Charybdis hellerii Cilicaea lateraillei Cochlodinium polykrikoides ea December 2003 v 1 4 URS Meridian GIS BWRA USER MANUAL Global Ballast Water Programme Page 44 The left table lists all species not assigned to bioregion AG 1 and the right table lists the species which have been assigned to this bioregion In the example above the barnacle Balanus amphitrite hawaiiensis has been selected for removal from AG 1 If any species are removed or added to a bioregion from the general list the change needs to be saved by clicking the Save Selections button in the lower right corner This also returns you to the previous window where other bioregions can be selected for editing A new species can be added to the general list of the Database by clic
18. O Important land contours can also be added to the base layer particularly for ports edged by distinctive hills or mountains The colours and colour shades used to highlight the land the intertidal zone and the various subtidal depth zones should follow those of the local nautical chart as closely as possible Otherwise the map will look unfamiliar and difficult to interpret 3 2 3 Navigational Layer The navigation features of this layer should try follow standard symbols used by nautical charts The prime source for the symbology has been the Admiralty Standard Reference for Nautical Charts Chart No 5011 which is in booklet form Unfortunately the symbol libraries for point and pattern symbols that are supplied with ArcView do not contain international navigation symbols and third party symbols that follow the Admiralty standard could not be found Therefore a closest match has been used December 2003 v 1 4 URS Meridian GIS BWRA USER MANUAL Global Ballast Water Programme Page 21 3 2 4 Habitat Layer This layer needs to show the main intertidal and subtidal habitats using a logical colour scheme which helps users to recognise the type and depth of the habitat Subtidal habitats occupy all areas below the 0 m isobath low tide mark while intertidal habitats must occupy all areas between the 0 m isobath and the high tide mark Section 3 2 2 The intertidal areas should extend along the sides of tidal creeks and e
19. Port 222 contains 45 introduced species NIS 14 introduced species NIS 6 suspected pests S 2 suspected pests S 3 known pests K 0 known pests K December 2003 v 1 4 URS Meridian GIS BWRA USER MANUAL Global Ballast Water Programme Page 42 6 2 USING THE WORLD BIOREGIONS The distribution and status of each risk species in each bioregion is managed by the BWRA Database which uses the same 204 bioregions that are displayed on the GIS World Map Section 3 3 Appendices 3 4 Part of the world map is shown below m n em WR A zoomable Adobe pdf file of the full map is in the Utilities Folder Bioregions pdf 6 3 ADDING EDITING THE RISK SPECIES DATA To add review or edit a risk species go to the AYARA TUEA sub menu from the main menu and click on Identify Species in each Bioregion 83 BW Risk Analysis i BI x Ballast Water Risk Assessment December 2003 v 1 4 URS Meridian GIS BWRA USER MANUAL Global Ballast Water Programme Page 43 This takes you to the bioregion risk species review window which lists the species that have been assigned to particular bioregions in the following example amp 3 Identified Species for each Bioregion 25 Alexandrium minutum Al Alexandrium tamarense Ashtoret lunaris Aurelia aurita Balanus amphitrite amphitrite ANT AR2 Balanus amphitrite cirratus ANT ARG2 Balanus amphitrite hawaiiensis Balanus trig
20. Temperate Regions seawater never freezes usually always gt 8 C and may reach 26 C in summer with shallow protected inshore areas sometimes peaking to 28 29 C e Sub Tropical Regions seawater typically in the 14 28 C range between winter and summer but can have a 10 30 C range in restricted basins e g ROPME Sea Area e Tropical Equatorial Regions never lt 18 C can exceed 32 C in summer or ITZ extremes The nearshore marine bioregions of Kelleher et a 1995 were modified by Hewitt et a 2002 for the purposes of introduced marine species distributions as follows e their offshore boundary is limited to 200 nautical miles in order to represent each country s coastal zone and continental shelf and e additional bioregions have been added for oceanic islands and island networks e g Hawaiian Islands Galapagos Islands Canary Islands December 2003 v 1 4 URS Meridian GIS BWRA USER MANUAL Global Ballast Water Programme Page 2 of Appendix 3 Hewitt et a 2002 also assigned the nearshore bioregions to large scale biological provinces derived from Sherman et 1990 These provincial associations represent broad scale patterns of transitions in biodiversity and species assemblages 3 AUSTRALIA S NIMPIS SYSTEM The National Introduced Marine Pest Information System NIMPIS was developed by the Centre for Research on Introduced Marine Pests CRIMP at CSIRO Marine Research It was developed
21. a measure of the carrying capacity of a ship when fully loaded usually in Metric tonnes DWT is the weight of the cargo stores fuel crew and passengers carried by a ship when fully loaded It is measured by the difference between the ship s lightweight and its displacement when loaded to its summer freeboard load line in normal seawater 1 025 specific gravity DWT can be used to estimate ballast water capacity for many classes of ship FCL Full Container Load A shipping container which is fully loaded FEU Forty foot Equivalent Unit An ocean container measuring forty feet long by eight feet wide by eight feet high FEUs are used mainly for shipping manufactures and can hold 8 and 22 metric tons of cargo depending on the product being shipped More of the world s trade is being shipped in forty foot containers but the standard unit of account remains the TEU two TEUs per FEU In weight terms one FEU is typically equivalent to 1 4 TEUs FOB Free On Board The cost of a product excluding freight transportation and insurance charges necessary to deliver it to the buyer Freight forwarder a company that offers door to door transportation shippers and often sell related services such as warehouse management as well Most major forwarders operate NVOCCs Non Vessel Operating Common Carriers that combine traffic from multiple shippers into large consolidations that command lower rates from ocean carriers In most market
22. component of the habitats and communities into which it spreads and e s demonstrably capable of colonising a wide geographical area in its new environment A truly invasive aquatic species is arguably one which spreads without any form of human assistance into natural or at least semi natural areas that are not significantly disturbed or vacant due to previous natural or human causes As summarised by Hutchings et a 2002 an invasive marine species is typically but not always e relatively abundant and widespread within their native range e Pioneering among the first to colonise or utilise disturbed and vacant habitats in both its native and introduced regions includes most port and harbour foulers e Tolerant can endure a broad range of physical conditions including temperature salinity substrate type and pollutants and often having a tough or quiescent life cycle stage well adapted for surviving extreme conditions as well as dispersal e Generalist e g ingests a range of food by filtering deposit feeding or scavenging and e Competitive out competes overwhelms native taxa by shading smothering altering substrates predating or excessively filtering the water column achieved by developing large populations via better reproduction recruitment growth and or survival rates including relative impunity to local predators parasites and diseases Whether or not an invasive species becomes
23. e g OCL Pacific Trader NYK Pacific Trader Evergreen Pacific Trader etc sometimes they are part of the official name in Lloyds Ship Finder sometimes they are not Be aware that ships often change their name radio call sign flag owner or local agent This does not matter for the Database provided the IMO Number matches the basic ship details in the Lloyd s Ship Finder i e Vessel Type GT and DWT If a ship changes its name after a previous visit and Database entry there is an Edit Vessel feature for updating its details such as a new Name Call Sign Flag Owner Agent etc see Section 2 5 2 4 2 Vessel Type e allow the Database to generate accurate reports for particular Vessel Types the exact spelling of Vessel Type must conform to one of the following labels used by the Database Bulk Carrier Oil Bulk Ore Carrier OBO and Bulk Container carrier Chemical Tanker Container Ship Chemical Products Tanker General Cargo Ship Crude Oil Tanker Reefer Refrigerated Cargo Ship Products Tanker Ro Ro Cargo Ship Gas Tanker incl LPG LNG etc Vehicles Carrier Passenger Ship includes ferries liners Other for miscellaneous types Passenger Ro Ro Cargo Ship includes Tanker for multipurpose unclassed types many roll on roll off ferries Spelling mistakes will accidentally create a new and uneccessary Vessel Type e g typing in Product Tanker will generate a new vessel type as it is differ
24. follow the same ESA and Ordination procedures described above using Worksheet 2 the ports latitudes and longitudes instead of Worksheet 3 The 2D Ordination plot will with some rotation reveal a familiar geographical world plot of the ports with very low stress only 2 variables were used The Euclidean distance can also be used instead of the normalised Euclidean distance as the two variables use the same units and the similarity matrix lists the port distances in degrees 5 4 5 Exporting the Similarity Distance Results from PRIMER A similarity distance of 0 between two ports means a perfect environmental matching of 1 This can only happen if all their environmental parameters have exactly the same values As discussed in Sections 5 1 and 5 3 the Similarity Distances need to be converted into the C3 Environmental Matching coefficients for example converting distance values in a 0 12 678 range to the 1 0 05 range The conversion is done automatically in Worksheet 5 of the Excel file Section 5 3 It is therefore necessary to to take a copy of the first two columns of the Similarity Distance Matrix i e the results for the Demonstration Port only and paste these into Worksheet Because the number of columns in PRIMER s similarity table is more than the maximum permitted by an Excel file it is not possible to simply save the table as a new Excel file corruptions occur The following method uses an intermediate tex
25. for the missing value so this can be inserted in Worksheet 1 If there is no reliable estimate and or there are several missing values the incomplete port row should be removed from the Excel worksheets To keep any incomplete port s in the ESA every incomplete column of values must be removed by deleting these from the Excel worksheets i e reducing the total number of variables read by PRIMER The ESA is undertaken in four steps 1 Import the PED data into PRIMER from Worksheet 3 of the Excel file 2 Use PRIMER to produce the Similarity Distance Matrix 3 Checkthe Similarity Distance results by generating Cluster and Ordination plots 4 Export the Similarity Distance results to Worksheet 5 of the Excel PED file for automatic conversion into the C3 Environmental Matching coefficients Section 5 3 The C3 coefficients in Worksheet 5 of the Excel PED file can then be imported into the BWRA Database using the BWRA Database s C3 import facility Section 7 5 4 2 Importing the Excel Port Environmental Data into PRIMER a Save and Close the Excel PED xls file and note its Directory Folder location b Open PRIMER e g using the PRIMER shortcut on the Desktop c Click the Open file icon on Primer s toolbar or go to the File drop down menu and select Open This displays the window of Primer d Go to Files of Type and select Excel xls from the drop down list e Browse to the Directory Folder
26. frequency C1 should be treated by the BWRA calculation with more importance weight than inoculation size C2 is addressed in Section 7 4 4 3 RISK REDUCTION FACTORS R1 AND R2 In addition to C1 and C2 the BWRA Database uses data from the BWRFs to calculate two risk reduction factors namely the maximum BW tank size R1 and the minimum BW storage time R1 of the ships which bring BW from each source port 4 3 1 Maximum BW Tank Size R1 There is good field and laboratory evidence indicating that oxygen levels and water quality in large ballast tanks which includes cargo holds for some classes of bulk carriers decline at slower rates and experience smaller temperature variations than in small tanks e g Oemcke 19997 This is mostly due to the surface area volume ratio effect v For voyages of similar length large bulk carriers or tankers with big segregated BW tanks can therefore be expected to provide better water quality improved organism survival than vessel types D 1999 The treatment of ship s ballast water EcoPorts Monograph Series 18 Ports Corporation of Queensland Brisbane Australia December 2003 v 1 4 URS Meridian GIS BWRA USER MANUAL Global Ballast Water Programme Page 31 with relatively small BW tanks e g Container Ships Ro Ro Ships and General Cargo Ships less than 20 000 DWT The BWRA Database automatically records the largest MAX tank discharge v
27. generate a large results table This table will include all BW Source Ports that have been provided a C3 environmental matching coefficient source ports with a missing C3 value will not be listed nor contribute to the C1 C2 or C4 calculations In each source port row the table displays its overall Relative Overall Risk value ROR as well as the C1 C4 coefficient and R1 R2 risk reduction values Section 7 4 Results from this table can also displayed on the ArcView GIS provided the Database is connected to ArcView by ODBC Appendix 4 Additional tables showing statistical results for each berthing area in the Receiving Port are also shown by the GIS Port Map 7 2 DATA REQUIREMENTS FOR A RELIABLE ASSESSMENT The BWRA Database should contain at least 12 months preferably 24 months of reliable BWRF data collected from all vessels visiting the port There is no advantage to collate 3 years because international trade patterns have been changing rapidly throughout the 1990s following independence of the former Soviet states and satellite countries and the continuing rise in the importance of the major South and East Asian economies The value of adding discharge data from old port records is also limited compared to the steady collection and input of reliable BWRFs After 3 years of BWRF data have been added to a Database it is advisable to remove and archive any 3 year data so as to maintain an up to date contemporary picture Decembe
28. i e W1 3 W2 10 W3 1 see Section 6 in the User Guide in order to evaluate their influence on C4 size and ROR outcomes Altering W3 to values between 0 2 and 5 showed that only source ports with moderate environmental matching values were sensitive to marked changes in C4 size Port of Sepetiba BWRA Report http globallast imo org Exploring changes to W2 the weight applied to known pest species confirmed that such alterations may cause a source port s C4 value to increase decrease or remain virtually unchanged depending on the relative number of NIS suspected and known pest species that had been assigned to the bioregion of that source port The Brazilian investigation not only showed how altering the various C4 weights can produce unexpected outcomes but also underlined the potential trap of numbers games due to the inherent behaviour of the relative approach The trap arises whenever no clear biological rationale data bias correction or other logical objective forms the basis for altering the default formula and weighting values On the other hand exploring the ROR rankings and influence of the individual risk components is an integral part of evaluating semi quantitative and hybrid BWRA outcomes so that the importance and contribution of each coefficient risk reduction factor and weighting value can be recognised and understood A 5 REFERENCES Belbin L 1991 Semi strong hybrid multidimensional scaling a new ordinatio
29. into the White Cells you will see that the Gres Cli in Column I will automatically show the C3 Environmental Matching Coefficients You should re save the Excel PED file at this stage The C3 values generated and saved in Worksheet 5 of the Excel PED file are now ready for importing into the ACCESS Database using its Export Import File feature Section 7 3 December 2003 v 1 4 URS Meridian GIS BWRA USER MANUAL Global Ballast Water Programme Page 40 6 RISK SPECIES COEFFICIENT C4 6 1 CALCULATION OF C4 The C4 risk species coefficient provides a measure of the relative threat of harmful introductions as posed by each BW source port due to the number and status of the risk species present in its bioregion Appendix 3 The taxonomic description bioregional distribution native status and threat status of each risk species are stored in the BWRA Database and these can be displayed for review update and edits The Database automatically calculates the C4 value for each BW source port Each value represents a proportion of the total risk species threat The total threat is the sum of all risk species in the bioregions of all source ports which export BW to the Receiving Port Risk species which occur in more than one bioregion are summed only once The sum includes all non native species NIS in the bioregion of the Receiving Port because the calculation assumes the Receiving Port has not been infected by any risk spe
30. is set up and run using features which are accessed via the BW Risk Analysis sub menu Section 6 3 As noted in the previous sections the BWRA will not work or provide consistent results unless sufficient BWRF data have been checked and added to the BW Database Section 4 C3 matching coefficients have been obtained for all source and or next ports Section 5 e Risk species assigned to bioregions have been given an appropriate origin status and global pest status Section 6 The first step of the BWRA is to confirm the identity of the Receiving Port to the Database Go to Select Host Port in the BW Risk Analysis sub menu and select its name from the drop down list The next step is to import the C3 matching coefficients for both the source ports and the next ports and this is described in Section 7 3 values are required for all Next Ports of Call if a Forward Risk Assessment is to be undertaken Sections 7 2 and 7 6 Finally before running the BWRA the formulae and weightings used by the BW Risk Analysis can be checked and if necessary changed by clicking on the Review Formulae for Calculating the Risk in the BW Risk Analysis sub menu Changing the formulae and or their default values is described in Section 7 4 If the Database is ready the BWRA can be run by clicking on the Display Port Risk Assessment button in the BW Risk Analysis sub menu This causes the Database to perform all calculations and
31. labelled a nuisance species USA Canada marine pest Australia New Zealand UK harmful species IMO or alien invader IUCN simply depends on the agency and the perceived type and extent of its known or suspected impacts on ecological and socio economic resources and values Labels such as harmful invader nuisance and pest stem from terms used for lists and guidelines that were compiled for the emerging policies of governments and international agencies The definition for a harmful species in the draft IMO International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships Ballast Water and Sediments is aquatic organisms or pathogens which if introduced into the sea including estuaries or into fresh water courses may create hazards to the environment human health property or resources impair biological diversity or interfere with other legitimate uses of such areas An invasive marine species is typically given one of the above labels owing to its sheer density of numbers competitive prowess rate of spread and or noxious trait They are not based on any widely agreed scientific definitions As Carlton 2002 notes the concepts and thus words used to describe non native species vary among countries and among scientists and in the near future show no clear December 2003 v 1 4 URS Meridian GIS BWRA USER MANUAL Global Ballast Water Programme Page 4 of Appendix 1 indication o
32. larger tanks usually declines at slower rates than in small tanks owing to the surface area volume ratio meaning that more organisms tend to survive see Section 4 2 3 Finally the volume of BW imported from a source port is more closely linked to the type size and trade of the ships than to the frequency of visits involving a BW discharge C1 Thus the amount of BW imported from each source port deserves separate treatment by the BWRA December 2003 v 1 4 URS Meridian GIS BWRA USER MANUAL Global Ballast Water Programme Page 30 The proportion of BW volume received from each source port is treated as a measure of inoculation size by the BWRA and is automatically calculated by the Database Calculating this simple risk coefficient C2 is shown graphically as follows Source Port XXX Source Port YYY Receiving Port Source Port WWW Source Port ZZZ As with Ci each source port contributes a proportion of the total inoculation size The example also shows that arrivals from Port XXX may provide only 20 of the total inoculation size i e 200 000 of the 1 million tonnes annually imported but pose a higher risk in terms of inoculation frequency i e 50 of C1 This would occur when ships arriving from Port XXX with ballast water are a different type smaller and or partly loaded with cargo compared to the fewer ships from Port YYY that are discharging 50 of the total received volume C2 Whether or not the inoculation
33. made or the Restore Default button is clicked Two more examples of the types of change that can be made are as follows 1 For a BWRA that focusses only on toxic dinoflagellate cysts and pathogens i e anaerobes that can survive in ballast tanks for long storage periods there should be no reduction in risk due to long storage times In this case simply replace all the default IIF statements in the calculation cell for Risk Reduction Factor for Min BW Storage R2 with a single 1 as follows 1 This will make R2 1 so the calculation will apply a uniform non reduction factor of 1 to all storage times The values of R2 are displayed in the results table so these can be checked to confirm the change was made correctly 2 In the case of the Weight values these influence the size of the risk species C4 coefficient which is denoted in the ROR formula cell as the Relative Risk Species Weighting Value To uniformly change the sizes of C4 and thus their total influence on the ROR results replace the 1 default value provided in the Weight for Risk Species Value w 3 cell with either a higher gt more influence or smaller gt less influence value The same effect can be achieved by inserting the C4 multiplier directly into the formula see the above example box December 2003 v 1 4 URS Meridian GIS BWRA USER MANUAL Global Ballast Water Programme Page 51 If one or both of the Weig
34. of arrival dates vessels or vessel types berthing areas and BW source ports last ports of call or next ports of call Then generate the Excel file by clicking the Export button and use the standard Save window to name and save the new xls file in a directory folder Using MS Access for other data manipulation tasks Database managers may wish to use the Query facility of MS Access to achieve other data management tasks or file management tools such as Compact and Repair go to Database Utilities in the MS Access Tool menu Using the various Design and Query functions of MS Access to produce customised tables and report files of the various vessel visit port BW tank and risk species data is beyond the scope of this User Guide Database managers should refer to the MS Access 2000 Handbook and are highly recommended to seek hands on demonstrations and guidance from experienced MS Access users December 2003 v 1 4 URS Meridian GIS BWRA USER MANUAL Global Ballast Water Programme Page 19 3 USING THE ARCVIEW GIS 3 1 GIS SCOPE AND TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE The GIS Geographical Information System component of the BWRA system is ESRI s ArcView 3 2 This is used to display the Port Map the World Bioregions Map and the results of the risk assessment which are generated in the output table of the BWRA Database Technical knowledge and detailed guidance with GIS housekeeping tasks are not required for operating the
35. or more different ports sometimes within the same country For example Tenerife on a BWRF may refer to the famous port of Tenerife in Spain s Canary Islands or to the busy bulk import port of Santa Cruz de Tenerife which is also in Spain e Many Middle East ports have an official prefix typically Al or El which is not added to the BWRF while others are provided an unofficial prefix on the BWRF Therefore the names of some Middle East ports may appear to be missing from the Database To December 2003 v 1 4 URS Meridian GIS BWRA USER MANUAL Global Ballast Water Programme Page 12 confirm if the port is already present on the Database Data Entry Operators should quickly check for the Al El or no prefix spelling in the Port drop down list e Port name errors are caused by haste laziness or ignorance of ships officers when writing the BWRF The vessel type size and last next ports of call plus its history of previous visits on the Database should alert the Data Entry Operator to this problem e Before adding a new port to the Database it is important to use a recent international Port Guide publication e g Fairplay Ports Guide CD to check the new port is not the name of a terminal or sub port within a larger port e g Hansaport is a sub port of Hamburg uropoort is the big container terminal at Rotterdam the name of a town or city beside an existing port
36. ports Coefficient C1 proportion of total number of BW discharges relative frequency of inoculation Coefficient C2 proportion of total BW volume discharged relative size of total inoculation Coefficient environmental similarity on a scale from 5 to 100 similar Coefficient C4 proportion of total threat posed by all risk species present in all BW source ports 11 Risk factor R1 a reduction to inoculation quality as reflected by BW tank size values are W4 Risk factor R2 reduction to inoculation size and quality as reflected by BW tank storage time the values are W5 Equation 1 is the default setting used by the project standard BWRA for calculating relative overall risk ROR of a BW source port 1 ROR C1 C2 x R1 W4 C4 x R2 W5 4 This equation represents a logical formula for scientists who consider that environmental matching C3 should be treated as an independent coefficient of risk so that it provides a surrogate for the relatively biased information on NIS distributions and their harmful potential 10 as identified in each source port s bioregion This provides a conservative approach and will be necessary until a lot more port surveys are conducted and published for a Forward risk assessment which examines the risk posed by BW uplifted and exported from the Receiving Port C4 is unavailable but C1 may be replaced by the frequency of intended visits to Next
37. provide optimum propulsion efficiency reversing power and minimal wake induced propeller shaft vibration QDoT vessel draft regulations administered by the Regional Harbourmaster require at least 90 of the propeller diameter to be immersed when the vessel is at rest and the degree and success of any deep sea ballast exchange undertaken en route due to possible Port State restrictions or penalties on discharge of un exchanged ballast water Some ships entering a sheltered sea area where strong winds are not forecasted and oceanic swells and wind waves do not occur may elect to discharge 5 15 of the normal fair weather ballast volume to reduce their wetted surface area slight increase in fuel efficiency provided the propeller remains properly submerged to prevent shaft vibration and bearing wear Such preliminary deballasting is usually completed before entering the port s final approaches but the amount is limited to 10 1596 by the need to maintain manoeuvrability prevent vibrations and to conform to local regulations on vessel trim and navigational safety A 5 15 preliminary discharge is typically attained by gravity draining of some of the wing tanks sometimes accompanied by part deballasting of one of the peak tanks This can be undertaken before the ship enters the port s approach channel or when at anchor and waiting for a vacant berth It also depends on the prevailing forecasted weather conditions the planned cargo loading s
38. square kilometres 2 Logarithmic habitat distance category from closest BW discharge site to nearest 21 Smooth artificial wall Categorical 22 Rocky artificial wall 23 Wooden pilings 24 High tide salt marsh saline flats or sabkah 25 Sand beach 26 Stony beach T 27 Low tide mud flat 28 Mangroves 29 Natural rocky shore or cliff 30 Subtidal firm sands u 31 Subtidal soft mud 32 Seagrass meadow 33 Rocky reef or pavement 34 Coral reef carbonate framework The values for each parameter were obtained or derived from data and information culled from scientific government and port publications web sites sampling records survey reports SST charts salinity charts climate databases atlases national tide tables nautical charts coastal habitat maps national habitat databases OSCPs aerial photographs and local expert advice Details are provided in the Pilot Country BWRA Reports http globallast imo org Offshore jetty mooring Natural bay Breakwater harbour Tidal creek Estuary River 5 Kelp forest macroalgae bank was not included but is recommended for future calculations of December 2003 v 1 4 URS Meridian GIS BWRA USER MANUAL Global Ballast Water Programme Page 34 5 3 MANAGING THE PORT ENVIRONMENTAL DATA WITH EXCEL Collating and analysing the Port Environmental Data PED is typically undertaken by marine scientists who are located at institutions away from the port office
39. the BWRA Activity using the PRIMER statistical package The following graphic shows the complete BWRA computer system described in this User Guide Schematic of the GloBallast BWRA System Records Raw Data Computer Results Outputs Demonstration Site shipping records and Vessel port and BW Reporting Forms ballast water Results Tables tables printer orexport Vessel visit summaries PRIMERS Ballast water summaries Port environmental Multivari Risk species summaries parameters s es Fi Risk coefficients similarity analysis 5 coefficient tables Demo Site Port Map Bathymetry navigation and distribution data Infrastructure habitats Resources etc Ballast deballast pattern World Map Bioregions Map files Source ports Destination ports Risk species lists Risk coefficients ESRI ArcView GIS Risk species taxonomic Port charts maps amp resource data GUI Graphic User Interface for Demonstration Site relative to each source and destination port 1 2 RATIONALE FOR FIRST PASS RISK ASSESSMENTS Current IMO BW management guidelines provide port states significant flexibility in determining the nature and extent of their national BW management regimes This flexibility is warranted given that nations are still experimenting with different approaches Thus a port state may wish to apply its m
40. the human body inoculation refers to the release discharge spawning or dislodgement of viable marine organisms into a new environment in sufficient numbers and or frequencies to provide more than a negligible chance of causing an introduction e g Hilliard et 2 1997 Hayes 1997 Hewitt amp Hayes 2002 Ruiz et a 2000 The inoculation concept is appropriate because outcomes port infections depend on the viability and strength of the inoculum the degree of exposure of the receiving host environment to inoculation and its current state of health In the case of port waters eutrophic and disturbed bays harbours estuaries and inland waterways typically contain damaged if not depauperate communities of native biota reduced host immunity and are being increasingly recognised as invader friendly water bodies December 2003 v 1 4 URS Meridian GIS BWRA USER MANUAL Global Ballast Water Programme Page 5 of Appendix 1 Although it is theoretically possible for a single release of two individuals or a single small colony to eventually generate a viable population in a new environment the chances are vanishingly small for the majority of aquatic habitats and circumstances The most likely exception to this rule of thumb is probably the transfer of a handful of mature adults of a highly fecund hull fouling species into a semi enclosed protected area e g a poorly flushed harbour basin A few such adults may release ten
41. to provide managers researchers students and public with access to up to date information on the distribution and biology of introduced marine species and some potential control options for those species designated as marine pests Included in NIMPIS are a species known to be introduced to Australian waters and b species considered likely to become future introductions to Australia next pests The information in NIMPIS is held in a structured format that is also used by the Biological Risk Assessment module of AQIS Decision Support System for ballast water management AQIS BWM DSS see also Appendix 1 As a result some of the text may appear technical NIMPIS is a dynamic information system that is regularly updated and therefore certain functions links species information and applications may be unavailable at times Information copied from the NIMPIS site which is still undergoing development may be cited and used for public education and research Individual pages include a recommended citation at the bottom of the page 4 REFERENCES Hewitt CL Martin RB Sliwa C McEnnulty FR Murphy NE Jones T and Cooper S 2002 Editors National Introduced Marine Pest Information System http crimp marine csiro au nimpis Date of access Kelleher G Bleakley C and Wells S 1995 A Global Representative System of Marine Protected Areas The World Bank Washington DC USA Longhurst A R 1998 Ecological Geogra
42. using the PRIMER package These coefficients are brought into the Database via automatic import of an Excel spreadsheet Section 5 5 Each coefficient lies between 1 0 perfect environmental matching and 0 05 least environmental matching Unlike C1 and C2 each C3 does not represent a specific proportion of the sum total risk and essentially acts as a risk reduction measure Section 7 4 The ESA is undertaken by using the PRIMER package to calculate from an Excel data file containing 34 environmental variables the normalised Euclidean distances between the receiving port and its BW source ports and next ports of call the latter can be used for a forward BW risk assessment Section 7 3 The Cluster and Ordination modules of PRIMER are used to review and check the distance results before their conversion into C3 coefficients and importation to the Database Users requiring technical information about ESA including optional data transformations not used for the standard first pass method should consult the PRIMER manuals and other statistical guides Note that the Access Database can import any type of C3 coefficient calculated by any statistics program by simply copying the C3 values into the Excel file which the Database produces for its C3 import feature see Section 5 5 December 2003 v 1 4 URS Meridian GIS BWRA USER MANUAL Global Ballast Water Programme Page 33 5 2 COLLATING THE PORT ENVIRONMENTAL DATA P
43. was without cargo A vessel that is laded has cargo and one that is unladed has no cargo ie ballast only LCL Light Container Load A shipping container which is not fully loaded see FCL Length maximum length of the vessel Liner Liner Service Ships that travel on a regular and repetitive schedule between a set of ports usually container ships Net payload excludes the weight of containers Long ton a British unit of weight Avoirdupois equivalent to 2240 pounds see Short Ton and Metric Tonne LNG Liquid natural gas LNG methane hydrogen is carried by purpose built LNG carriers which have very low temperaturepressure containers to maintain a liquid form Boil off gas is often used aa fuel for the main engine s which are adapted to run on gas during the delivery voyage and normal bunker fuel oil on the ballasted return voyage LPG Liquid petroleum gas LPG butane propane etc is generated in petroleum refineries and carried under pressure in LPG tankers to maintain its liquid form LPG is also carried in palleted cylinders by small cargo vessels delivering fuels and supplies to remote harbours and islands etc Metric Tonne a metric tonne MT is equivalent to 1000 kilograms approximately 2205 pounds and has the same weight as 1 cubic metre of freshwater 1 m 1000 litres Note that 1 m of normal seawater 35 psu has a higher specific gravity and weight 1 035 MT NVO or NVOCC Non Vessel Opera
44. weights used for C4 The GloBallast BWRA Database allows the default ROR formula to be changed to achieve these and other options To achieve option i the formula may be altered to apply C3 as follows 2 ROR C1 C2 x R1 W4 C3 x C4 x R2 W5 3 the divisor is now 3 because of the reduced number of summed coefficients Equation 2 is logical if the Database contains a reasonably accurate distribution of appropriately weighted risk species for all BW source port bioregions including native species considered potentially harmful if they establish in other areas In the case of a source port with a very dissimilar environment e g C3 0 2 but in a bioregion containing a relatively large number of risk species e g C4 0 3 then Equation 2 will reduce C4 by at least 80 i e to 0 06 If ballast tank storage times on ships arriving from this source port are long e g for voyages between 10 20 days W5 0 6 then C4 will be further reduced to 0 036 representing an 88 reduction to its initial value in Brazil s Pilot Country BWRA Report for the Port of Sepetiba http globallast imo orq December 2003 v 1 4 URS Meridian GIS BWRA USER MANUAL Global Ballast Water Programme Page 13 of Appendix 1 Equation 2 is less conservative than 1 when the C4 values do not provide reliable measures of risk species threat The following table shows how Equation 1 produces higher ROR values for typical trading sit
45. which has a different name lacking an official prefix such as Al or was given an unofficial prefix and or is mispelled this is common for many Japanese Korean and Chinese ports In China Zhousan and Dinghai refer to the same port as do Yantai and Muping and Xiamen and Weitou The City State of Singapore has several ports one of which is called Singapore i e Singapore Singapore as well as Singapore Jurong Singapore Keppel Singapore Semawang etc For confusing Japanese or Chinese port names use the port s Prefecture Name the second name after the port name in the Database and the UN Port Codes to help confirm the correct port name and spelling e All ports in the Database have a unique five letter UN Port Code The first two letters denote the Country prefix codes of most countries are in Appendix 2 The last three letters identify the port in that country For example Saldanha Bay in South Africa is ZASDB and Cape Town is ZACPT For the port of Mumbai in India previously known as Bombay its code is INBOM while Dalian is CNDLC and Sepetiba is BRSPB All ports in the Database already have their five letter code As with the IMO Number the Database uses the unique UN Port Codes to ensure all data are managed correctly for the risk calculations e To Add and Save a New Port the Data Entry Operator must confirm the correct spelling of its Country Name UN Port Code and obtain
46. 2003 v 1 4 URS Meridian GIS BWRA USER MANUAL Global Ballast Water Programme Page 1 of Appendix 5 APPENDIX 5 Glossary of Maritime Jargon and Ballasting Factors 1 MARITIME JARGON Aframax Tankers mainly carrying crude oil but with separate tanks for other chemicals designed for African routes and harbour depths Aframax ships are typically between 97 000 and 107 000 DWT with a maximum length of 246 meters beam of 42 meters and draft of 14 5 meters Alliances Groupings of ocean carriers designed to increase sailing frequencies and realize economies of scale Typically members of an alliance pool their ships in a particular trade and allocate part of each ship s capacity to alliance members In this way alliance members can offer far more frequencies than would be possible using only their own ships Also alliances are used to achieve cost efficiencies especially in terminal operations Key alliances with selected members at present include Grand Alliance Hapag Lloyd Malaysia International Shipping Corp NYK Line OOCL and P amp O Nedlloyd New World Alliance APL NOL Hyundai Merchant Marine and Mitsui O S K Line and the United Alliance Cho Yang DSR Senator Hanjin and the United Arab Shipping Company Auto carriers Vehicle Carriers Ships similar to Ro Ro s but designed to carry only automobiles Typically auto carriers enclose a large volume with a low draft like a big floating box Multiple decks ho
47. Copy Pasted from the green cells in Worksheet 5 of the Excel PED file into the empty Environmental Matching Coefficient column after checking the ports are listed in the same order if necessary use Excel s Data Sort by tool on the UN Port Codes to make both lists 100 alphabetically matched It is likely there will be BW Source Ports which were not included in the PRIMER multivariate analysis because of insufficient environmental data For these ports it is possible to take a C3 value calculated for a similar port in the same bioregion increase it by rounding up and using this estimation Care is required when selecting an appropriately similar port e g do not use a river port to provide an estimated C3 for a nearby bay or estuary port and vice versa A generous conservative round up provides a precautionary estimate Any port given an estimated C3 can be flagged in the BWRA Results Table by deleting the TRUE value in the adjacent Coefficient Calculated column of the Excel file or replacing it with a 0 FALSE ESTIMATED or other appropriate text comment After saving and closing the SourcePorts xls its contents can be imported automatically into the BW Database by clicking on the Import List of Source Ports Environmental Coefficients button in the SW Risk Analysist sub menu The same file pathway Request Box will then appear asking for the Directory Folder pathway to th
48. ED The following 34 variables were selected from review of similar analysis plus suggestions from IBSS scientists at Odessa for performing the ESA and producing the C3 coefficients used for the BW source ports and destination ports No Name Variable Type 1 Port Categorical 2 Mean water temperature during warmest season C Scalable 3 Maximum water temperature at warmest time of year C 4 Mean water temperature during coolest season C 5 5 Minimum water temperature at coolest time of year C 6 Mean day time air temperature recorded in warmest season T Maximum day time air temperature recorded in warmest season C 8 Mean night time air temperature recorded in coolest season C 9 Minimum night time air temperature recorded in coolest season C 10 Mean water salinity during wettest period of the year ppt 11 Lowest water salinity at wettest time of the year ppt 12 Mean water salinity during driest period of year ppt 13 Maximum water salinity at driest time of year ppt 14 Mean spring tidal range metres 15 Mean neap tidal Range metres 16 Total rainfall during driest 6 months millimetres 17 Total rainfall during wettest 6 months millimetres 18 Fewest months accounting for 75 of total annual rainfall Integer 19 Distance to nearest river mouth kilometres negative value if upstream Scalable 20 Catchment size of nearest river with significant flow
49. GEF UNDP IMO GLOBAL BALLAST WATER MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME Ta Global Ballast Water Management Programme BALLAST WATER RISK ASSESSMENT Activity 3 1 USER GUIDE v1 4 for the BWRA Database GIS System BWRA USER MANUAL Global Ballast Water Programme Contents PREFACE SOFTWARE LICENCE REQUIREMENTS The Global Ballast Water Management Programme GloBallast Programme is a cooperative international initiative of the Global Environmental Facility GEF United Nations Development Programme UNDP and International Maritime Organization IMO Legal use of the Ballast Water Risk Asessment BWRA Database and associated software requires at a minimum single station licenced applications provided by licensed distributors of e Microsoft s Windows 2000 MS Access 2000 and MS Excel 7 or higher versions e ESRI s ArcView 3 2 Primer E Pty Ltd s PRIMER v5 Such licences have been obtained for Pilot Country participants of Activity 3 1 of the GloBallast Programe and have been licensed to either the IMO or specific Country Focal Points CFPs upon written instructions of the IMO to URS Australia Pty Ltd and Meridian GIS Pty Ltd COPYRIGHT AND PROPRIETARY RIGHTS The Ballast Water Risk Assessment BWRA Database and associated interfaces GIS maps and User Guide have been developed by URS Australia Pty Ltd and Meridian GIS Pty Ltd for the specific purpose of BWRA training and evaluation by pilot country participants of Activity 3
50. July 2002 Australian Marine Sciences Association Canberra Hewitt CL amp KM Hayes 2002 Risk assessment of marine biological invasions In Leppakoski E Gollasch S amp Olenin S eds Invasive Aquatic Species of Europe Distribution Impacts and Management Kluwer Academic Publishers Dordrecht Netherlands pp 456 466 Hilliard RW 1999 Marine pest invasion risks warm versus cool water ports In S Hillman Ed The Ballast Water Problem Where to from Here Ecoports Monograph Series 19 Ports Corporation of Queensland Brisbane pp 65 70 Hilliard RW amp S Raaymakers 1997 Ballast Water Risk Assessment for 12 Queensland Ports Stage 5 Report Executive Summary and Synthesis of Results FcoPorts Monograph Series No 14 Ports Corporation of Queensland Brisbane Hilliard RW Hutchings PA amp S Raaymakers 1997a Ballast water risk assessment for 12 Queensland ports Stage 4 Review of candidate risk biota Ecoports Monograph Series No 13 Ports Corporation of Queensland Brisbane Hilliard R Walker S Vogt F Belbin L amp S Raaymakers 1997b Ballast Water Risk Assessment for 12 Queensland Ports Stage Report Environmental Similarity Analysis EcoPorts Monograph Series No 12 Ports Corporation of Queensland Brisbane Hutchings PA Hilliard RW amp SL Coles 2002 Species introductions and potential for marine pest invasions into tropical marine communities with special reference to the Indo Pac
51. MY Y Port or Latitude Longitude Location of ballast water uptake Volume Volume of ballast water uptake with units Temperature Water temperature at time of ballast water uptake in degrees centigrade Celsius BW Exchange Indicate Exchange Method Circle empty refill or flow through Date Date of ballast water exchange Use European format DDMMY Y Endpoint or Latitude Longitude Location of ballast water exchange If it occurred over an extended distance list the end point latitude and longitude Volume Volume of ballast water exchanged with units Percentage exchanged Percentage of ballast water exchanged Calculate this by dividing the number of units of water exchanged by the original volume of ballast water in the tank If necessary estimate this based on pump rate Note For effective flow through exchange this value should be at least 300
52. NITIONS The less a science has advanced the more its terminology tends to rest upon uncritical assumptions of mutual understanding from Quine 1946 as quoted by Carlton 2002 The understanding and modelling of marine invasions is an emerging immature science and its terminology is continuing to change and evolve Presently there is no widely used convenient glossary of terms providing an integrated set of consistent logical definitions based on fully understood processes All aquatic species invasions are international and successful efforts to curb and combat them require the collaboration mutual understanding and willing cooperation of many marine scientists advisers bureaucrats and politicians whose first language is not English For this reason it is useful to avoid a large number of apparently interchangeable but potentially confusing terms The following terms are drawn from those defined discussed or followed by various publications including IMO documents as well as Carlton 1985 1987 1996 OTA 1993 Cohen amp Carlton 1995 Hilliard et a 1997a Hilliard 1999 Bouderesque amp Verlaque 2002 and Hutchings et a 2002 Non Indigenous Species NIS Non Native Species These terms have exactly the same meaning and both are more precise than ambiguous and potentially confusing terms such as adventive alien exotic feral foreign invasive or weedy species 7 feral mari
53. P 6 is Northwest Pacific 6 A zoomable Adobe file of the World Bioregion Map Bioregions pdf is available in the Utilities Folder of the BWRA directory The same bioregions are also stored in the Database where each bioregion has a particular set of risk species linked to it Section 6 2 Except for the Receiving Port any port located within a particular bioregion is considered likely to contain the risk species of that bioregion precautionary approach see Appendices 1 and 3 3 4 LINKING THE ARCVIEW GIS TO THE ACCESS DATABASE To display the results of the BWRA ArcView needs to access the Database using ODBC Open Database Connectivity Details for establishing this connection are given in Appendix 4 December 2003 v 1 4 URS Meridian GIS BWRA USER MANUAL Global Ballast Water Programme Page 24 3 5 DISPLAYING THE BWRA RESULTS The ArcView User Interface has been customised to allow convenient interpretation of the BWRA results Customised button tools allow the various risk coefficient results as well as the Relative Overall Risk ROR and summary statistics for each BW source port to be displayed on the World Map while statistics for each berthing area can be accessed from the Port Map The display features provided in the ArcView GIS are described in the following sub sections 3 5 1 ArcView s BWRA Menu The BWRA menu is a customised pull down menu that gives easy access to graphically displaying the various BWRA resul
54. Ports of Call reported on BW Reporting Forms C2 is difficult to calculate due to lack of reported data In some cases it is possible to provide BW volume estimates for C2 such as for empty tankers or bulkers departing from an import terminal to a next port of call which is a well known export terminal CD ROMs such as the Fairplay Ports Guide help identify specific port trades and the Galbraith posters which show important bulk terminals and trading routes are also useful December 2003 v 1 4 URS Meridian GIS BWRA USER MANUAL Global Ballast Water Programme Page 12 of Appendix 1 In equation 1 ROR is a combined measure of the relative inoculation frequency size and quality the ability of risk species in a source port to surive and establish at the Receiving Port and the relative level of threat posed by species likely to be present at this port The division by 4 keeps the result in the 0 1 range allowing convenient expression of the ROR as a ratio percentage of the total risk posed by all source ports The BW source port of Tubar o in Brazil provides an example of how markedly influences the ROR outcome Tubar o had a relatively low C1 ranked 83 of all Sepetiba s BW source ports and a relatively low C4 value 0 117 which was 43 of that of the source port posing the highest risk species threat However its environmental matching coefficient was relatively high ranked 3 at 0 79 and the overall risk ROR
55. Programme Page 13 Lat Long minutes and seconds need to be converted to Decimal Degrees before adding to the whole degree number The full conversion can be done automatically using the Excel PED File see Section 5 3 or by refering to a simple conversion table such as Minutes Decimal Minutes Decimal Minutes Decimal Minutes Decimal 01 0 02 16 0 27 31 0 52 46 0 77 02 0 03 17 0 28 B2 0 53 47 0 78 03 0 05 18 0 30 33 0 55 48 0 80 04 0 07 19 0 32 34 0 57 49 0 82 05 0 08 20 0 33 35 0 58 50 0 83 06 0 10 21 0 35 36 0 60 51 0 85 07 0 12 22 0 37 37 0 62 52 0 87 08 0 13 23 0 38 38 0 63 53 0 88 09 0 15 24 0 40 39 0 65 54 0 90 10 0 17 25 0 42 40 0 67 55 0 92 11 0 18 26 0 43 4i 0 68 56 0 93 12 0 20 27 0 45 42 0 70 57 0 95 13 0 22 28 0 47 43 0 72 58 0 97 14 0 23 29 0 48 44 0 73 59 0 98 15 0 25 30 0 50 45 0 75 60 1 00 Coordinates South of Equator and West of the 0 Meridian require the minus sign prefix 2 4 6 Entering data into the Ballast Water Tanks sub window Specifying the Units of BW volume must be completed for each ship Visit Record select MT as the default value if the Unit is missing from the BWRF Units of BW volume are typically MT metric tonnes m3 cubic metres Long Tons 2200 pounds or Short Tons 2000 pounds all of which are available in the drop down list They are roughly equivalent see Appendix 5 Alw
56. RUNNING THE BW RISK 55 55 45 Ve i E 45 7 2 Data Requirements for a Reliable 45 7 3 Importing the Environmental Matching Coefficient C3 47 7 4 Reviewing and Changing the BWRA 49 7 5 Displaying and Exporting the BWRA Results 51 7 6 Forward Risk Assessment U U U nnne nnns 51 EVALUATING THE BWRA RESULLTS 53 December 2003 v 1 4 URS Meridian GIS BWRA USER MANUAL Global Ballast Water Programme Contents LIST OF APPENDICES BW Risk Assessment Terminology and Methods UN Country Codes Use and Origin of the World Bioregions Creating an ODBC Connection between Database and GIS Glossary of Maritime Jargon and Ballasting Factors a U N F IMO Ballast Water Reporting Form December 2003 v 1 4 URS Meridian GIS BWRA USER MANUAL Global Ballast Water Programme Page 1 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1 BWRA SYSTEM OVERVIEW URS Australia Pty Ltd and Meridian GIS Pty Ltd have produced this User Guide to help data entry operators and managers use the computer system developed for the Ballast Water Risk Assessment BWRA of the GEF UNDP IMO Global Ballast Water Programme GloBallast Activity 3 1 see http globallast imo org for detai
57. a Branch Ukraine National Academy of Science Odessa Ukraine December 2003 v 1 4 URS Meridian GIS BWRA USER MANUAL Global Ballast Water Programme Page 5 2 BW REPORTING FORMS DATA ENTRY AND MANAGEMENT 2 1 DATABASE OVERVIEW The Database can store all information provided in all cells of the standard IMO Ballast Water Reporting Form BWRF Appendix 6 Entering and saving the data from a single BWRF creates a new Ship Visit Record in the Database The Database also allows the Deadweight tonnage DWT and berth of the visiting ship to be part of this record this information is not requested in the present IMO BWRF although the Discharge Locatior cell of this form can be used to record which terminal or berth the ship intends discharging BW Appendix 6 The graphic user interfaces GUIs or windows for adding and for editing or printing the ship visit data are similar The data input window is opened by clicking the Add New Ship Visit Record button on the main menu To locate a previously saved Ship Visit Record for editing or printing click on the Edit Print Ship Visit Records button in the main menu Ballast Water Reporting OF X Ballast Water Risk Assessmentxwd Both the Add and the Edit Print Ship Visit Record windows have three tabs which open sub windows the tabs are labelled Vessel Information Ballast Water Tanks and Ballast Water History The t
58. abase The Database also allows users to change a the threat status level assigned to each species and b the size of the default weighting values given to Suspected w1 and Known pests w2 The Database calculates the C4 value for each BW source port by firstly summing the number of NIS in its bioregion which have no suspected or known harmful status This number is a measure of the species which have no recognised harmful status but proven transfer credentials e g ready to go genes enabling their transfer to another port or bioregion with unknown unpredictable consequences the number of Suspected harmful species either introduced or native in its bioregion Each suspected species is tripled in importance by the weighting factor w1 the default value of w1 is 3 for the project standard BWRA December 2003 v 1 4 URS Meridian GIS BWRA USER MANUAL Global Ballast Water Programme Page 41 the number of Known harmful species either introduced or native in its bioregion These species are multiplied by w2 its default value is 10 for the project standard BWRA in accordance with the log principle used for measuring increases in biological risk In the second step of the C4 calculation the total sum for each BW source port is divided by the overall sum of the risk species values i e from all of the BW source port bioregions C4 NIS Suspected Harmfuls x w1 Known Harmfuls x w2 Total Value all
59. abase to automatically review and update the list all BW Source ports including Deleting any source port no longer associated with any BW tank discharge Section 2 5 and Deleting the C3 values previously entered for all BW Source Ports in preparation for receiving a new set of C3 values The SourcePorts xls file lists the UN Port Code port name country decimal Lat Long position and bioregion of all source ports It also contains two columns for the C3 values The layout of its Worksheet is as follows UN Port Port N Count BioResion PortLongDeci Environmental Coefficient Code Sr ama QUE prezic mal MatchingCoefficient Calculated _BGBOJ Bourgas Bulgaria MED IXA_ 425000 274800 TRUE BGVAR Varma Bulpaia MED IXA 432000 27950 TRUE BRMCZ Maceio Brazil SAT 9 6800 35 4300 TUE __BRPNG Paraagua Brazil SATB 25 5000 48 5200 TRUE lesi es es fes BRSSZ _ Santos Brazil 5 24 0000 46 3300 TRUE _CNSHA Shanghai Shihu Sh China NWP 3a 312500 121500 TRUE CUCEG Cienfuegos Cuba CARI 221500 804500 1 TUE CYLCA Larnaca Cyprus 349160 33650 TRUE EIMS ape Boo r NEAT 53 0000 amp 7800 TRUE lesi es es eo es December 2003 v 1 4 URS Meridian GIS BWRA USER MANUAL Global Ballast Water Programme Page 48 The C3 values can be
60. allast and not engaged on a time charter liner service Appendix 5 their Next of Port of Call may be a route direction port based on known or anticipated sailing orders many ships do not receive their ultimate destination instructions until after their departure Direction ports for ships in ballast or carrying product or crude oil include Gibraltar the ship will enter or exit the Mediterranean for an unconfirmed destination Istanbul the ship will enter or exit the Black Sea for the same reason Port Said Suez Panama etc the final destination lies beyond one of these canals Hong Kong Singapore Shanghai Rotterdam etc moving towards a strategic hub For ports with a significant import trade via general cargo ships small bulk carriers and chemical products tankers e g Mumbai Odessa and Dalian attempting a worthwhile Forward Risk Assessment is made worse by the multi trading behaviour of these vessel types which tend not to visit the same ports on a regular or voyage consecutive basis Even when fully completed an IMO BWRF does not help identify BW Destination ports because this form does not request any detail or prediction concerning BW uptake or December 2003 v 1 4 URS Meridian GIS BWRA USER MANUAL Global Ballast Water Programme Page 47 destination Appendix 6 To undertake a reliable Forward risk assessment therefore requires supplementary questions Thes
61. ally harmful species is identified and assessed individually i e a targeted approach December 2003 v 1 4 URS Meridian GIS BWRA USER MANUAL Global Ballast Water Programme Page 6 of Appendix 1 the key physical processes and features dictating the chances of uptake journey survival release new environment survival and subsequent reproduction and recruitment are known for each life cycle stage vector and route that are involved in the introduction process for each species and the possible damaging consequences following each introduction i e the end point of the risk analysis for each species is simplified to minimise the number of steps and uncertainties As noted by Hayes amp Hewitt 1998 2000 if the selected end point is the establishment of a NIS population at the site of interest then the risk needs to express the likelihood of that establishment If the end point is some subsequent effect such as displacement of local species loss of native biodiversity then the risk must express the probablity of this type of ecological damage following the establishment of a non native species The latter provides useful information to coastal resource managers but is currently impossible to measure with any useful degree of certainty because of the incompleteness of bioinvasion understanding and modelling Hewitt amp Hayes 2002 Establishment of a NIS population at the site of interest is a relatively simple end point t
62. als Where available animated or video files gif avi etc can be linked to ArcView to show prevailing tidal currents etc These movie files can display the directions of water movement to and from the various ballasting deballasting locations and can help determine potential time slots that would reduce BW and suspended sediment discharge uptake risks for particular sites Seasonal extremes in turbidity e g suspended solids mg L and or phytoplankton blooms are also very useful for BW risk assessment work and these can be added to the Port Map as spatial information or in pop up tables There is no limit concerning the types of data that can be linked or added to the Port Map Pertinent tables or graphics include the direction of prevailing seasonal winds plus the maxima minima and averages for salinities water temperatures turbidities and or red tides of dinoflagellates for particular areas for each season month or other convenient timescale 3 3 STRUCTURE OF THE WORLD BIOREGIONS MAP The World Bioregion Map is used as a backdrop for displaying the BWRA results It has been compiled from a base map provided by CSIRO CRIMP and modified according to advice provided by marine scientists in the Pilot Countries Section 1 4 see Appendix 3 Bioregions for several large river systems have also been added to accommodate some river ports The present map displays 204 discrete bioregions Each region is labelled with a unique code e g NW
63. an PR China The base layer of the World Bioregion Map and advice on risk coefficient options was kindly provided by Dr Chad Hewitt CSIRO Marine Research now at Marine Biosecurity Ministry of Fisheries Wellington New Zealand The following are also thanked for their review and improvements to the World Bioregion Map and or provision of risk species information Mr Adnan Awad GloBallast Programme Cape Town South Africa Dr Marnie Campbell Campbell amp Associates Perth Western Australia Dr Steve Coles Bishop Museum Honulu Hawaii US Dr Flavio Fernandes Instituto de Estudos do Mar Almirante P Moreira Arraial do Cabo Brazil Dr Luciano Fel cio Fernandes Universidade Federal do Paran Brazil Dr Gustaaf Hallegraeff University of Tasmania Hobat Australia Dr Pat Hutchings Australian Museum Sydney Australia Dr Di Jones Western Australian Museum Perth Australia Dr John Lewis Defence Science and Technology Organisation Melbourne Australia Dr Wang Lijun and Mr Jiang Yuewen National Marine Environment Protection amp Monitoring Centre State Administration of Oceanography Dalian China Dr Barry Russell Museum of the Northern Territory Darwin Australia Dr S Sawant National Institute of Oceanography Dona Paula Goa India Dr Fred Wells Western Australian Museum Perth Australia Dr Vahid Yavari University of Ahvaz Ahvaz IR Iran Professor Y Zaitsev Institute of Biology of Southern Seas Odess
64. anagement regime uniformly to all vessels arriving with ballast water or it may wish to apply a more selective regime by attempting to identify those trading routes and or vessels which have a significant chance of introducing unwanted aquatic species The uniform approach offers the advantage of a simple programme administration in that there are no judgements to be made or justified by the port state regarding which vessels must participate It also requires minimal information management and offers more protection from unexpected novel invaders The primary disadvantages of the uniform approach are 1 it causes considerable costs to vessels which otherwise might not need to take action December 2003 v 1 4 URS Meridian GIS BWRA USER MANUAL Global Ballast Water Programme Page 3 2 because all vessels are involved in undertaking the required BW control measures compliance monitoring costs by the port state will be high and inordinate berthing and cargo loading delays may be experienced A selective risk management approach can reduce the number of ships subject to ballast water controls and compliance monitoring and is also attractive to nations that wish to avoid introductions of particular harmful species such as toxic dinoflagellates If fewer restrictions are placed on low risk vessels then more time and funds will be available for applying more rigorous measures on ships deemed as high risk The disadvanta
65. any sand forming narrow thin strips or small patches in middle or upper beach cream or pale grey colour exposed coral reef platform true carbonate reef built by corals coralline algae pink red e artificial seawalls and rocky breakwaters includes corniches public promenades and the seaward edges of land reclamation projects and some flood defences purple black lines The habitat layer should not be developed until the base Layer has been completed printed and checked It also requires assistance from local marine scientists who are familiar with the port particularly if they have undertaken field work for Baseline Biological Surveys Coastal scientists and marine biologists with reasonable local knowledge can identify the location of most habitats by interpreting the various isobaths seafloor symbols coastal aspects and gradients which are displayed on quality nautical charts half day field excursion and some aerial photographs are invaluable for confirming habitat boundaries and filling gaps Checking with University marine researchers local fishermen and or members of local SCUBA diving clubs can provide valuable knowledge sources for the subtidal zones Habitat features are often displayed on small scale quality nautical charts by special symbols and colours These include o High tidal marshes and sabkahs o Sand beaches rocky shorelines and cliff lines o Seaward edge of mangrove fringes December 2003 v 1 4
66. are not available up to date vertical colour or black white aerial photographs e g 1 10000 1 50000 can be scanned at high resolution 2300 dpi and geo referenced These can provide an alternative base layer that provides a useful frame of reference If photographs are used for the base layer and no electronic bathymetry data are available the latter can be added by digitising from scans or using a digitiser board NOTE If no in house GIS data building capacity exists at the port local companies or other government agencies which have GIS specialists are often pleased to negotiate a data capture and or GIS mapping service for the port authority The key features of the base layer should comprise The entire coastline including harbour walls breakwaters and jetties The coastline is the same as the high tide mark as shown on all nautical charts The lowest tide mark the 0 m bathymetric contour Zsobath The Chart Datum of nautical maps is typically very close to sea level at the Lowest Astronomical Tide It may also refer to the Port Datum or a National or Regional Height Datum 5 metre isobath often the first continuous contour line below the low tide mark 10 metre isobath 20 metre isobath 30 or 50 metre isobath Edges of dredged shipping channels often as blue or purple lines which also show the boundary of the channel depths which are maintained by port dredging programs O O 0 0
67. ature or 150 000 instead of 150 000 for river catchment size It is therefore important to check the similarity distance results before they are converted to Environmental Matching Coefficients C3 and placed in the BWRA Database PRIMER allows the following CLUSTERING a Make sure the PRIMER Similarity Matrix window is selected highlighted b Goto the Analyse drop down menu and select CLUSTER c In the options box select Cluster mode Group average Use ranked similarities Plot dendrogram v yes OK December 2003 v 1 4 URS Meridian GIS BWRA USER MANUAL Global Ballast Water Programme Page 37 PRIMER will now perform group averaged hierarchical clustering of the ESA results and produce a dendrogram Print to A4 or A3 paper and check the groupings of the ports If the Port Labels on the dendogram are too small to read go to the Options drop down menu select the Graphs tab and change the Print Scale value e g from 0 5 to 1 or from 1 to 1 5 etc Repeat the Cluster analysis and print the improved dendogram d Check the dendogram for any unexpected port groupings or patterns such as e asingle Black Sea port grouped with a bunch of warm water ports e River port grouped with open water coastal ports and or solitary Port grouped by itself because it is very distant from all other ports Environmental Distance on the dendrogram i
68. ays check for inconsistencies between the Total Number of BW Tanks the Number of Tanks in ballast the Numberof Tanks not in ballast and the Total Number of Tanks Exchanged These numbers should form a logical relationship Similarly Total BW On Board should never exceed Total BW Capacity If the BW exchange data have been completed incorrectly it is not necessary to obtain the correct information because the BW exchange details are not used by the first pass BWRA calculations Section 4 1 Other data entry fields in the Ballast Water Tanks window are not critical to the Risk Assessment calculations but can be entered to provide a complete database to permit other reviews data export analysis and reporting requirements 2 4 7 Entering data into the Ballast Water History sub window The reported BW discharge volume source port s and the source arrival and discharge dates must all be logical with respect to the duration of the voyage the vessel s type and cargo loading pattern its size DWT and its ballast water capacity see Section 2 2 Common errors on BWRFs include Inconsistencies between the dates of ballast water uptake exchange and discharge December 2003 v 1 4 URS Meridian GIS BWRA USER MANUAL Global Ballast Water Programme Page 14 It is impossible for a ship to discharge ballast water before it has taken it up However Data Entry Operators must alert for th
69. b species providing this range The last point highlights the value of incorporating mechanism s into the semi quantitative approach to reduce the chance of it missing harmful species with broad temperature and or salinity ranges Thus the method needs to a avoid overly simple environmental matching and b be capable of storing December 2003 v 1 4 URS Meridian GIS BWRA USER MANUAL Global Ballast Water Programme Page 9 of Appendix 1 utilising and updating data on the distributions of known and suspected harmful species in or near the world s trading ports i e allowing their presence to influence the results An ability to disriminate trading routes by the presence of known and suspected pests species influences a risk assessment s end point and improves the value of its results see Section A 3 3 A3 2 Measuring Environmental Similarity Measures of environmental matching can be based on simple overlaps of climate region 1 variable or maximum and minimum water temperature and salinity ranges i e overlaps inside simple plots or via statistical analysis of many variables e g Hilliard et 2 1997 Gollasch 2002 Hewitt amp Hayes 2002 The environmental matching method adopted for the GloBallast BWRA uses 34 variables in an attempt to make the method more sensitive to the tolerances and habitat preferences of marine brackish and freshwater species For example if salinity range maximum and minimum were the only varia
70. bles for identifying estuarine ports the matching procedure would not separate highly seasonal estuaries i e those which experience a major and sudden salinity decline for several weeks owing to short monsoon or spring melt season from those with similar temperature ranges but located in wet equatorial and temperate regions respectively i e where more consistent patterns of river discharge cause tidally induced salinity fluctuations on a 6 or 12 hour basis There are several multivariate methods available in statistical packages such as Statistica Systat SPPSX etc for handling a large group of disparate variables Methods which measure variable distances between samples ports in multi dimensional space are considered more direct and appropriate for port environmental matching purposes than less direct approaches such as Principal Components analysis e g Belbin 1991 1995 Belbin et a 1992 Hilliard et a 1997b see also the PRIMER Manuals The most suitable distance metric in the choices provided by PRIMER is the normalised Euclidean distance Euclidean distance refers to the geometric principles stemming from the Greek philosopher Euclides It is a point to point metric which represents the direct diagonal distance in n dimensions of space n the number of envirnmental variables used Other distance measures for comparing environmental characteristics include the Gower Metric and the so called Manhattan metr
71. chedule and the design of the ballast water tanks and ballast pump out capacity of the particular ship Gravity draining of a bulk carrier s wing tanks when alongside a berth is strongly discouraged by most terminal operators for safety and maintenance reasons Ballast in these tanks is therefore either drained internally via piping leading to the pump room or retained depending on vessel type and its loading unloading requirements Ship masters and Port Pilots are usually very reluctant to allow significant deballasting before or during the berthing phase with many Ports stipulating that the propeller must remain at least 9096 submerged and draft at the bow must not be less than 2 of the overall length For a large bulk carrier in ballast with an overall length of 290 metres gt 120 000 DWT these criteria typically require a draft of approximately 8 metres at the stern and more than 5 8 metres at the bow If asked most Port Pilots will agree that ships should not commence or continue with a BW discharge when traversing the final approaches to a port or terminal particularly if the approach is constrained by a narrow navigation channel Commencing or continuing a BW discharge during this critical stage can generate unwanted complicating navigational factors in terms of a diminishing draft unpredictable changes to manouevrability and an increasing windage effect sailing Thus the vast majority 85 9596 of the normal fair weather ba
72. cies the precautionary approach The calculation does not include any risk species which have a native status in the bioregion of the Receival Port NOTE After a Port Baseline Survey and its taxonomic identifications have been completed for a Receiving Port a copy of the Database can be made in which all risk species found at the Receiving Port can be re assigned as Native for the bioregion of the Receiving Port This customised copy of the Database cannot be used to undertake BWRAs for other Receiving Ports The Database allows each risk species to be assigned to one of three levels of threat The Database assigns a default weighting value to each level of threat as follows Lowest threat level weight value 1 This is for NIS with no special status other than its known introduction to at least one bioregion i e the non native population has a proven ability to be transferred and establish in a new bioregion The Lowest level is also the default level assigned to any species when first added to the BWRA Database Second level weight value 3 This is for potential or Suspected pests Risk species assigned to this level have a default weighting wi of 3 in both their native and introduced bioregions level weight value 10 This is for Known harmful species i e species already listed reported or declared as a nuisance or pest in a scientific government agency or NGO report or web dat
73. containing the Excel PED xls and open it in the usual way f PRIMER now presents two boxes with options which you select as follows In the ael ai ae select Worksheet 3 Sample data Includes title Includes row labels OK If the Excel file has the correct structure PRIMER will now read it successfully If there is an Error Message or the next box does not appear after 1 2 minutes close PRIMER and go to Excel to re check the structure of the PED data in Worksheets 1 and 3 Section 5 3 In the 5 box select Samples as Rows OK December 2003 v 1 4 URS Meridian GIS BWRA USER MANUAL Global Ballast Water Programme Page 36 PRIMER will now display the imported data using its own data file format pri The PRIMER layout is more similar to a data table in Access For example the port names and environment labels are now outside the rows and columns of data It may be useful but not necessary to save the data table as a PRIMER file pri before performing the ESA 5 4 3 Producing the Similarity Distance Matrix a Make sure the PRIMER data table window is the active window highlighted b Go to the Data drop down menu and select Similarity c In the HEIs options box select Analyse between Samples Transformation None Standardise leave blank Measure Normalised Euclidean Distance OK see Appendix 1 and PRIMER manual for in
74. d in the Excel spreadsheet for estimating BW discharges from a ship s DWT in the absence of BW Reporting Forms Utilities Folder BW estimates from port records xls BW Coefficients used in Excel file for estimating discharges from ship DWTs BW discharge as percentage of DWT Vessel Type Cargo Loading amp Cargo Loading Unloading Unloading D argo ship raft Barge 15 0 17 0 Refrigerated cargo ship Reefer 0 5 Apart from ship type and size the total volume of BW actually discharged during the ship s approach berthed and departure periods is governed by the following factors 35 3 16 Grain carrier 8 0 18 i Prod Vegetabl 18 0 anding C the amount and type of cargo already on board 13 Where a tanker is chartered to load a different product after delivering an incompatible cargo and hence must wash its cargo tanks the refinery may operate an onshore treatment facility that may be able to receive some 5 000 10 000 tonnes of oily wash water per tanker depending on the treatment requirements of previous ships December 2003 v 1 4 URS Meridian GIS BWRA USER MANUAL Global Ballast Water Programme Page 7 of Appendix 5 the need if empty and in ballast to maintain manoeuvrability and minimise windage which rapidly increases with excessive hull clearance when negotiating the long and twisting shipping channel through Moreton Bay the need to keep the propeller sufficiently immersed to
75. diterranean and northwest Europe markets the smaller dimensions of the Suezmax tankers are allowing them to serve some of the fastest growing oil producing regions in the South Caucasus and Central Asia region Tanker a broad term covering a range of vessel classes which carry liquid or liquified bulk cargo e g crude oil fuel oil aviation spirit LPG LNG naptha other petroleum products or liquid bulk commodities such as caustic soda vegetable oils or molasses Most tanker classes are either specialized or dedicated to particular types of cargo with the majority typically carrying ballast water on their return voyage e g when returning to oil export terminals or refineries in the ROPME Sea Area Venezuela Nigeria etc The oil tanker market is dominated by the multi national oil companies Tankers may be placed on the Spot Market or on a longterm Time Charter Tanker owners generally prefer time charters since there is rarely a return cargo Thus tankers must justify their costs on a single voyage Tare weight the weight of an empty container or pallet Subtracting tare weight from gross payload yields net payload TEU Twenty foot container for shipping mainly manufactures sometimes bulk items are containerized but only when transportation costs are low or when the number of empty containers needed to be repositioned is large A twenty foot container can hold between 5 to 16 MT of cargo lighter cargo such as clothing and t
76. e Pilot Country BWRAs during Activity 3 15 these provide baseline outputs and benchmark to help explore and refine the method including any future improvements and expansion to the input tables and risk calculations For example the Database does not contain all of the NIS identified from the pilot country Port Baseline Surveys the taxonomic identifications for many groups were still progressing during Activity 3 1 The Database also contains many risk species which are known or strongly suspected to be transferred primarily via hull fouling or aquaculture vectors rather than BW While their inclusion was actively and unanimously sought by the pilot country scientists who participated in the activity the project standard BWRA is unable to discriminate against hull fouling or aquaculture mediated species As noted during the Zst International Workshop held in Melbourne in September 2003 the design and open structure of the Database allow future versions to be enhanced and include additional factors such as the principle vector for each risk species and measure s of the invader friendliness of the port s receiving environment such as its eutrophication status Appendix 1 Similarly other tools in the PRIMER package can be used to investigate which of the present 34 port environmental parameters have provided the most value explanatory power for separating dissimilar port environments Finally the value of treating the environm
77. e duration of the ship s voyage from the BW source port to the Arrival Port and the size and number of filled BW tanks Data Entry Operators should remember that even small ships require 18 hours or more to complete a BW exchange of all tanks For large bulk carriers and crude carriers that use the x3 flow through method a complete BW exchange can take 4 6 days or more depending on weather and sea state d Transcription Errors These errors can be made by the Date Entry Operator when entering the data including accidental mis typing typos Transcription errors include the Data Entry Operator misunderstanding the day month year sequence date format in the dates on the BWRF The date format used by a ship s officer may not be same as the fixed format used by the BWRA Database dd mmm yyyyy see Section 2 4 Date formats on BWRFs will vary according to the origin and training of ship s officers and may be ambiguous For example a date may be written as mm ad yy e g by North American officers yy mm ad e g by Chinese Korean or Japanese officers or dd mm yy e g by officers from European and Commonwealth countries If any piece of BWRF information is illogical or highly questionable but cannot be checked or corrected from other data sources it is better not to enter it especially if the information is not a Mandatory item see Section 2 3 Most GloBallast Pilot Countries began implementing a BWRF c
78. e saved file the pathway previously provided for exporting this file will appear in its box If the BWRA results indicate that port s with an estimated C3 have high risk the BWRA should be repeated using a calculated C3 value i e find the missing port environmental data repeat the PRIMER analysis then import the calculated C3 values before re running the BWRA 7 3 2 Importing C3 Values for the Next Ports of Call The Excel file NextPorts xls is generated automatically by clicking on Export List of Next Ports for Environmental Matching then giving a Directory Folder pathway in the Request Box i e same procedure as for the SourcePorts xls in Section 7 3 1 NOTE Generating this Excel file will cause the Database to Delete all previous C3 values entered for Next Ports in preparation for receiving a new set of C3 values This file lists all Next Ports of Call stored in the BW Database including their UN Port Code port name country decimal lat long position bioregion and the frequency of vessel departures Next Port Visits The Next Ports xls file contains the same two columns for the C3 data and has a similar layout UN Port 7 A 2 Frequency Of Next C3 Environmental Environmental Matching Cabina WAIN 9360000013 AOLAD Luanda Angola 878333 132667 WA Iv 0 449999988 RUE
79. e would need to be provided on a small form very close to the time of sailing to maximise the number of useful answers 7 3 IMPORTING THE ENVIRONMENTAL MATCHING COEFFICIENT To import the C3 values from Worksheet 5 of the Excel PED file Section 5 4 5 it is necessary to copy them into a temporary Excel file which is generated by the D atabase One file lists all BW Source Ports even if discharged BW volumes were not added in the Database the other lists all Next Ports of Call C3 values for Next Ports of Call are used only for the forward risk assessment of presumed BW destination ports Using Excel files for exporting the two lists of port names and importing the C3 coefficients avoids the problem of sending copies of the large BW Database to scientists who undertook the PRIMER analysis but who may not have MS Access 2000 on their PCs It also avoids possible accidental changes to the Database s contents The steps for importing the C3 values are described in the following sections 7 3 1 Importing C3 Values for the BW Source Ports The Excel file SourcePorts xls contains the list of BW Source Ports and is generated by the Database To do this click on Export List of Source Ports for Environmental Matching in the sub menu then type a Directory Folder pathway in the Request Box Export File C Development URS4S ourcePorts xls NOTE Generating this Excel file will cause the Dat
80. ect import of the transformed variables by PRIMER 5 PRIMER Output This sheet is organised for receiving the ESA results from PRIMER into the White Cells The sheet autmatically converts the White Cell values into the C3 matching coefficients which are displayed in the bright Note If the order and number of ports in Worksheet 1 is altered by a Row insertion deletion or Copy Replication this will affect the order of port rows in the other worksheets To quickly re order the Rows in Worksheets 2 5 use a simple Select Row then Drag Copy Down mouse operation inside each sheet will refresh its Rows so that they follow the new order of ports developed in Worksheet 1 In each sheet start this operation at a Row located above any change s that were made in Worksheet 1 If the first port in Row 4 of Worksheet 1 had been changed It is important to understand how PRIMER reads the PED data in an Excel worksheet full details are in the PRIMER manual PRIMER expects the following The FIRST CELL in the FIRST ROW of the worksheet provides comment that PRIMER will add to its PED data file as a simple descriptive label Any text comment port name or calendar date can be placed in this cell The SECOND ROW must contain unique labels for each Variable The environmental labels are already provided in Row 2 of Worksheets 2 5 of the Excel PED file The FIRST COLUMN must contain unique labels for each Port Sample
81. efficients Mr Chris Clarke BWRA Database GIS integration and GIS interfaces Mr Christopher Stevens BWRA Database customisation and Graphic User Interfaces Mr John Polglaze and Cmdr Terry Hayes BW Reporting Form BWRA Database compatibility The following people assisted with hands on evaluations of various components of the developmental versions and are thanked for their useful suggestions and information inputs Dr Boris Alexandrov Institute of Biology of Southern Seas Odessa Branch Ukraine National Academy of Science Odessa Ukraine Dr AC Anil National Institute of Oceanography Dona Paula Goa India Mr Roman Bashtannyy Shipping Safety Inspectorate Ministry of Transport Odessa Ukraine Ms Letitia Greyling National Ports Authority Johannesburg South Africa Mr Rob Healy Meridian GIS Pty Ltd Perth Australia Dr Andr a de O R Junqueira Instituto de Biologia Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Brazil Mr Victor Khmelevskiy Sea Commercial Port of Odessa Odessa Ukraine Mr Daniel Lins Menucci Ag ncia Nacional de Vigilancia Sanitaria Ger ncia Geral de Portos e Fronteiras Brasilia Mr Alexandre de C L Neto Programa GloBallast Diretoria Portas e Costas Rio de Janeiro Brazil Dr Nikolay E Pavlenko Institute of Transport Medicine Odessa Ukraine Mr Naseer Kayvan Rad Ports amp Shipping Organisation Tehran IR Iran Mr Liu Yan Maritime Safety Administration Liaoning Province Dali
82. els Perna perna Perna pictal Perna viridis and the so called Portuguese oyster Ostrea angulata until genetic studies in 1998 confirmed its 16 Century introduction from Crassostrea gigas stocks in Japan Carlton 1999 Zaitsev amp Ozturk 2001 Leppakoski et a 2002 Dr F Fernandes pers comm The terms Introduction and Introduced Species are still causing confusion as definitions are often terse and poorly defined For example definitions in a recent APEC report glossary An introduced species is a marine species that movement has been assisted by human activities to an area outside its range an introductiorytranslocation is the human assisted movement of an animal to an area outside its natural range are inconsistent plants and protists are ignored and ambiguous Such definitions do not separate the direct or indirect human assisted movements of organisms or propagules from the possible eventual establishment of a viable self reproducing population as a result of the introduction Definitions such as An introduced marine species is one which through direct or indirect human activity has established a self reproducing population in a natural or semi natural habitat outside its native range places the introduction at the end of a chain of events In this case the initial pioneering population of founder organisms are not provided the same introduced status as an established self sustaining population of acclimated o
83. emical Jetty Sea Island The next Sections of the User Guide Sections 4 6 provide more details about the various Berth Ballast Water Discharge Information Arrival Berth Berth T Number Bw Tank Discharges 1413 Sum BW Vol Discharged 50105447 Mean BW Vol Discharged per Visit 53226 Mean Bw Vol Discharged per Tank 35460 Max BW Vol Discharged per Tank 156162 Min BW Vol Discharged per Visit 1730 Min Bw Storage Days Mean BW Storage Days 14 Max Bw Storage Days 374 First Visit 1999 01 11 00 00 00 Last Visit 2002 12 02 00 00 00 results and Risk Coefficients that can be displayed by the ArcView GIS December 2003 v 1 4 URS Meridian GIS BWRA USER MANUAL Global Ballast Water Programme Page 28 4 RISK COEFFICIENTS AND FACTORS FROM BWRF DATA 4 1 BW DISCHARGE FREQUENCY C1 RISK COEFFICIENT Packets of source port water which are ballasted transferred to a receiving port and then deballasted represent a series of discrete injections each containing a mixture of surviving organisms inoculations The more times these injections occur the higher the chance that conditions promoting the uptake of organisms and their survival both during and after the voyage may coincide to permit a successful inoculation i e the surviving organisms grow and reproduce to establish a new population at the receiving port Appendix 1 In other words the larger the number of vessel visits inv
84. emonstration Port Arrival Port Active only when the World Bioregions Map is displayed Save BWRA Legend Users can change the Default Legend to customise the display of the BWRA results i e colours sizes and fonts of symbols and text lables etc If the Default Legend is changed the customised legend can be saved as the new Default This subwindow option is active only when the World Bioregion Map is displayed Save Risk Legend Choose a BWRA database theme legend to save Relative Overall Risk C1 Frequency of Discharges 7 C2 Volume of Discharges Environmental Matching C4 Risk Species Threat Mean Volume per T ank Discharge MT Next Part Frequency of Discharges 7 Next Port Environmental Matching x December 2003 v 1 4 URS Meridian GIS BWRA USER MANUAL Global Ballast Water Programme Page 26 Select BWRA Database Provides a list of available ODBC connections see Appendix 4 If an ODBC connection to the Database has not been previously made this dialog box will open automatically when ArcView is first launched 2 Choose ODBC Connection Current connection BWRA Database WRA Database dBASE Files Excel Files MS Access Database Visual FoxPro Database Visual FoxPro T ables 3 5 2 ArcView s BWRA Tools Two tools have been added to the ArcView toolbar to enable easy querying of the BWRA Database The buttons to these special tools are located on the right side of
85. endix 6 GUIDELINES FOR COMPLETING THE BALLAST WATER REPORTING FORM SECTION 1 SHIP INFORMATION Ship s Name Print the name of the ship Owner The registered owners or operators of the ship Flag Country of the port of registry Last Port and Country Last port and country at which the ship called before arrival in the current port no abbreviations please Next Port and Country Next port and country at which the ship will call upon departure from the current port no abbreviations please Type List specific ship type write out or use the following abbreviations bulk bc roro rr container cs tanker ts passenger pa oil bulk ore ob general cargo gc Write out any additional ship types GT Gross tonnage Arrival Date Arrival date at current port Please use the European date format DDMMYY IMO Number Identification Number of the ship used by the International Maritime Organization Call Sign Official call sign Agent Agent used for this voyage Arrival Port This is the current port No abbreviations please SECTION 2 BALLAST WATER Note Segregated ballast water clean non oily ballast Total ballast water on board Total segregated ballast water upon arrival at current port with units Total ballast water capacity Total volume of all ballastable tanks or holds with units SECTION 3 BALLAST WATER TANKS Count all tanks and holds separately e g port and starboard tanks should be counted separately
86. ent from Products Tanker To avoid this error always use the drop down list to select the Vessel Type unless it is actually a new vessel type which is making frequent visits to the Receiving Port infrequent and miscellaneous vessel types such as a Research Ship or a Dredge should be classified as Other his tip applies to all data fields which have drop down lists such as Country Port IMO Number Vessel Name Owner Agent etc When using the Database to review Vessel Types or allocate them to particular berths and terminals within the Arrival Port be aware that many of the smaller general cargo ships and bulk carriers lt 15 000 GT can trade both general cargo and bulk cargo Many general cargo ships also carry containers which can be worked by their own deck gear or by wharf cranes 2 4 3 Other Vessel Information e The ship s Name Flag Owner Port and Country should be entered with initial Capital Letter followed by lower case e All of the Call Sign should be entered with UPPERCASE letters e As with all dates in the Database the mandatory arrival Date dd mmm yyyy has to be entered in this format i e 21 01 03 must be entered as 21 Jan 2003 December 2003 v 1 4 URS Meridian GIS BWRA USER MANUAL Global Ballast Water Programme Page 11 e Remember that date formats used by ship s officers may be different and these require careful interpretation see Section 2 2 for deta
87. ental matching coefficient C3 as a risk reduction factor i e applied as an R3 in the BWRA calculation instead of a surrogate for the incomplete C4 measure of risk species threat see Appendix 1 will progressively increase as the bioregional distributions and threat status of NIS become clearer from future baseline port surveys e g see GloBallast s Ballast Water News 12 September December 2003 and the BWRA Pilot Country Reports GloBallast s newsletters and the six Pilot Country BWRA Reports are available at http globallast imo org December 2003 v 1 4 URS Meridian GIS BWRA USER MANUAL Global Ballast Water Programme Page 1 of Appendix 1 Appendix 1 Terminology and Methods of Ballast Water Risk Assessment Table of Contents Al T rms and Definitlons 224 s iii aa shad aD Sees a una 1 A2 Quantitative Risk Assessments nena nnn 5 Semi Quantitative Risk Assessment a n 8 A S AL Pros anid CONS v sine oe esp ck inea re EN cobs 8 A 3 2 Measuring Environmental Similarity 9 A 3 3 End Point of the GloBallast BWRA nnne nennen nnn nnn 10 A4 Hybrid Approaches to BW Risk Assessment U enne 11 5 _ EDIDI OPI OI E A ERN 13 A 1 TERMS AND DEFI
88. er than product density because of Container loading inefficiencies unused space Distribution channels the links through which freight shipments flow from shipper to consignee There are three primary distribution channels for ocean freight shipper direct carrier direct and NVOCC Most bulk trade moves in the shipper direct channel where shippers directly charter bulk carriers or tankers and use the entire capacity of the ship Most liner trade containerized traffic moves through the carrier direct or NVOCC channels In the carrier direct channel steamship companies employ sales forces to originate traffic from multiple shippers and bundle other services such as inland transport with the core port to port transportation product In the NVOCC channel a Non Vessel Operating Common Carrier act as a freight forwarder that combines traffic from multiple shippers into large consolidations that command volume discounts from carriers NVOCCs also bundle services in order to create door to door transportation Draft depth in water of a ship Ships typically need at least two or three feet clearance under their keel to avoid accidents A ship s minimum depth is the draft of ship when empty and in ballast When harbour or channel depth is less than the fully loaded depth then ships must reduce load Dry Bulk Carriers Ships designed to carry dry bulk cargoes grain coal mineral ores wood chips etc DWT Dead Weight Tonnage DWT is
89. es used by the GIS display Highest High Medium Low Lowest To alter a default setting select the text of the formula inside the white cell and make the required change This change will not become active or saved until the window is closed i e close this window before re running the BWRA analysis In the following example the default text of the formula used for the project standard ROR calculation has been selected for editing amp Factor Formulae ax BW Volume Discharge Per Tank lt 100 0 4 IF Max BW Volume Discharge Per T ank 500 0 6 IIF M ax Bw Volume Discharge Per T ank 1000 0 8 1 IIF Min BW Storage Davs 50 0 2 IIF Min BW Storage Days 220 0 4 IIF Min BW Storage D ays 210 0 5 IIF Min Bw Storage 0 ays 5 0 8 1 IIF Rielative Risk Ratio 0 2 5 Lowest IIF Relative Risk Ratio 0 4 4 Low IIF Relative Risk Ratio 0 5 3 Medium IIF Relative Risk Ratio 0 8 2 High 1 Highest December 2003 v 1 4 URS Meridian GIS BWRA USER MANUAL Global Ballast Water Programme Page 50 There are many formula or weighting changes which may be made during a BWRA study For example if C1 tank discharge frequency is considered more important than C2 tank discharge volume the influence weight of C2 on the ROR result may be halved by multiplying C2 by 0 5 To achieve this simply insert 0 5 into the ROR default formula as follows
90. essels to maintain or even temporarily increase their draft prior to berthing in order to December 2003 v 1 4 URS Meridian GIS BWRA USER MANUAL Global Ballast Water Programme Page 6 of Appendix 5 pass safely under a low bridge or under the ship loader gantry at a particular berth However such limitations and practises are generally rare In the case of empty bulk carriers and tankers review data indicate that their fair weather ballast capacity is typically 35 43 and 26 40 of their DWT respectively This ballast water is carried in various tanks dedicated to the purpose in older tankers these include some compartments that originally were cargo tanks prior to the implementation of MARPOL regulations restricting discharge of oily BW The BW coefficients of DWT used in an Australian study of BW discharges are shown in the next table BW discharge estimates used for an Australian port study Vessel Bulk Woodchip Crude Product Chemical LPG Container General RoRo type carriers carriers Tankers tankers tankers tankers ships ships vessels 39 36 0 Ce 35 0 28 5 26 0 fe 17 18 0 Unloading 2 44 3 21 3 21 3 21 3 2196 0 55 0 09 Av 41 41 6 35 3 33 30 35 38 Capacity 1 34 for Ore Carriers 2 30 for grain 3 16 for tallow veg oil 4 8 5 for refrigerated cargo ships 15 for livestock carriers The next table lists the various BW Coefficients use
91. ete Current Visit button in the bottom right of the Vessel Information sub window 4 The Vessel with the incorrect IMO Number can now be deleted from the Database the vessel deletion is made in the Database Management window see Section 2 6 If deletion or edit of incorrect visits and tank discharges causes one more BW Source Ports to be no longer associated with any discharge the Database will continue to store these port s in its previous risk calculation tables but they will have 0 BW frequency and volume risk coefficients To remove any Source Ports or Next Ports with zero BW discharges from the risk calculations the list of source ports or next ports with BW tank discharge records must be updated This is achieved by re generating the list of source or next ports which require an Environmental Matching Coefficient see Section 7 3 1 2 6 DATABASE MANAGEMENT The Database Management menu is accessed from the Main Menu There are three features in the Database Management menu Delete Ships With No Visits Edit Port Details Export Ship Visit Details to Excel Delete Ships With No Visits This house keeping item displays a window that lists all Vessels in the Database which are not linked to any Ship Visit Record amp Delete Vessels With No Visits EM XI iq 7368140 Crude Oil Tanker 7390076 Pride Independence Crude Oil Tanker hemos Tanker 07 Del
92. ete Selected _ Deletean December 2003 v 1 4 URS Meridian GIS BWRA USER MANUAL Global Ballast Water Programme Page 18 If you are trying to delete a vessel with an incorrect IMO Number and it is not present in this list this means it still has one or more Ship Visit Records which need to be unlinked and perhaps reassigned to the ship with the correct IMO Number see Section 2 5 The list may also show ships which have correct IMO Numbers etc but have made no visit or provided no BWRF to the Arrival Port These vessels may be safely left in the Database for possible future visits and BWRFs Edit Port Details This feature provides a small port Search window using Country and Port drop down lists After selecting the port an Edit Port Details sub window is provided for correcting the port details including its name unique UN Port Code Lat Long position and Bioregion amp Edit Port Details Export Visit Details to Excel This feature permits a range of visit record information for all or specified vessel types visit dates berthing areas BW source ports last ports of call next ports of call and BW tank discharge details to be automatically exported into Excel spreadsheet files which can be used for other types of analysis evaluation formatting copying or printing outside of the Database Select the data to be exported by following the prompts that allow particular combinations
93. extiles typically cube out i e fill the container space before reaching the weight limit Time Charter Charter of a vessel for a specified length of time or number of voyages Tonne ton see Metric Tonne and Short ton ULCC Ultra Large Crude Carrier the largest type of oil tanker used for carrying crude oil in the 300 000 360 000 DWT range ULCCs cannot transit the Suez or Panama canals having length of 365 meters beams of 60 meters and laden drafts of 22 4 meters VLOC Very Large Ore Carrier Dry bulk carriers over 180 000 DWT 0 2 of World Fleet December 2003 v 1 4 URS Meridian GIS BWRA USER MANUAL Global Ballast Water Programme Page 5 of Appendix 5 VLCC Very Large Crude Carrier oil tankers bigger than Super Tankers used mostly for carrying crude oil in the 290 000 300 000 DWT range As with ULCCs VLCCs are too large to transit the Suez or Panama canals having lengths 330 meters beams of 58 meters and laden drafts of 21 meters 2 FACTORS INFLUENCING BW DISCHARGE VOLUME AND LOCATION The amount of BW a vessel needs to discharge when visiting a port depends on its type size and most importantly the amount of cargo to be loaded versus the amount of cargo already on board The BW is carried in various tanks which vary in number type and distribution according to ship type and individual design These tanks are flooded by a combination of gravity feed and pumping usually through a single o
94. f achieving either intra national or international uniformity or understanding For convenience the above terms can be considered interchangeable and may be defined in line with Carlton s 2002 call to clarify features and processes For example A harmful marine species or pest is one that has demonstrably Reduced native biodiversity via competition habitat alteration infection or diverting food chains e Infected parasitised or otherwise directly or indirectly damaged a commercial or recreationally important fish stock e Caused gross fouling to vessel hulls seawater intakes jetty piles navigation infrastructure mariculture equipment etc e Disrupted aquaculture activities and caused increased public health risk by infection or release of toxins eg toxic dinoflagellate blooms and or Degraded a locally important public amenity or aesthetic value It has been suggested that any invasive species which is defined by a spread criterion must pso facto be exerting unwanted ecological impacts in which case all invasive species should fall under the harmful pest nuisance umbrella see Carlton 2002 However there are many examples of invasions which have not reduced native biodiversity particularly where they have occupied vacant ecological space Eltonian niches e g in the Eastern Mediterranean and Hawaii Bouderesque amp Verlaque 2002 Coles amp Eldredge 2002 Leppakoski et al 2002 Some have e
95. fix for Prefix for AL Faeroe Islands FO 2 Falkland Islands Malvinas FK AS Fiji EP O AO Finland Argentina AR French Guiana AW French Polynesia PF O AU Gabon GA AZ Gambia GM BS Georgia GE BH Germany Federal Republic Of DE BD Ghana GH Belgium BE Greece BZ Greenland BJ Grenada Gp BM Guadeloupe GP BR Guam GU BN Guatemala BG Guinea GN KH Guinea Bissau GW Cameroon CM Haiti HT CA Honduras HN Hong Kong HK CL Iceland Hs CN India IN O Cx Indonesia D cc Iran Islamic Republic of IR Comoros KM Ireland CG Israel cD Italy cK Ivory Coast CR Jamaica M HR Japan JP CU Jordan J Denmark DK Kenya DJ Kiribati KI j DM Korea Dem People s Rep KP O DO Korea Republic of KR EC Kuwait KW EG Latvia SV Lebanon Eritrea ER Liberia LR December 2003 v 1 4 URS Meridian GIS BWRA USER MANUAL Global Ballast Water Programme Page 2 of Appendix 2 Prefix for Prefix for EE Lithuania Lybian Arab Jamahiriya LY Singapore Macau MO Slovenia E Madagascar MG Solomon Islands MY Somalia SO MT South Africa ZA MH Spain ES MR Sri Lanka MU St Helena SH MX St Kitts Nevis KN MC St Pierre and Miquelon PM MA St Vincent and The Grenadines vc MZ Sudan S MM Suriname SR NA Sweden SE NR Syr
96. formation on normalised Euclidean distance d PRIMER will now undertake the similarity analysis and provide two new windows The first window shows a saveable text file called Results This contains a log of your calculations and option selections in rich text format rtf which can be read by MS Word The log provides a record of the options selected for the analysis It is not necessary to save this file unless you are exploring different options and methods The second window is called Sheet1 Similarity Matrix This is the matrix which shows the environmental similarity distances between all of the ports This matrix has the same structure as a City to City distance table in a Road Map Tourist Guide Book The first column lists the environmental distances between the Arrival Port and all of the source ports provided Excel s Worksheet 3 had the correct structure see Section 5 3 e Save the Similarity Matrix firstly as a PRIMER file Sheet1 pri then again as an Excel file Sheeti xls For example select Save As from the File drop down menu then choose Excel xls in the Save as Type drop down list then the pathway to your BWRA Directory Folder 5 4 4 Checking the ESA results by Clustering and Ordination plots A simple mistake in the Port Environmental Data can produce a big difference in the ESA results particularly a decimal point error e g 2 50 instead of 25 0 for summer water temper
97. ges of the selective approach are 1 it requires the port state to implement an information management system whose effectiveness depends on the quality of the supporting information computer systems and management infrastructure 2 it requires an organized defensible means of evaluating the risk posed by each route or vessel 3 it may leave the port state more vulnerable to introduction risks from non targeted or unknown species To help the pilot countries evaluate the choice of adopting either a uniform or selective approach the GloBallast Programme included a first past BWRA for their demonstration sites Activity 3 1 The assessment undertaken for each of these sites used the same Access ArcView system described in this User Guide The system allows operators to identify shipping arrival patterns and sources of imported ballast water Section 4 and gives an indication of the relative risk posed by each trading route by integrating this information with source port demonstration site environmental similarity Section 5 and the regional locations of risk species Section 6 1 3 IMPORTANCE OF GIS COMPONENT The GIS component is invaluable for graphically displaying key information and results in a user friendly and interactive fashion using its Port and World maps It is possible to collate all the shipping environmental and species data and calculate the first pass risk assessments without installing or using the A
98. harges of some 10 1296 of merchant ships arriving from overseas ports December 2003 v 1 4 URS Meridian GIS BWRA USER MANUAL Global Ballast Water Programme Page 7 of Appendix 1 Hayes et 2 2002 and Williamson et a 2002 the deductive and inductive criteria used to justify a species inclusion on these lists comprised 1 A demonstrable invasive history 2 One or more relevant transport vectors are still operating 3 A demonstrable impact in either their native or invaded ranges on economy environment human health and or amenity 4 Predicted to have potential major impacts in Australia as inferred from overseas data and the characteristics of Australian marine environments and their communities In 2003 CSIRO completed Australia s web based National Introduced Marine Pests Information System NIMPIS while the National Introduced Marine Pests Coordinating Group NIMPCG reviewed the outcomes of the DSS experiment It was concluded that the DSS was not useful for overseas arrivals due to the problem of obtaining reliable species presence absence data for many overseas ports the DSS defaults to high risk when key data are absent However the committee recognised the DSS should be useful for managing ballast water discharges by ships trading on Australia s domestic routes Australian port survey and environmental data are far more complete provided Australia s seven coastal States would agree to implementing a un
99. hat carries the implicit assumption that establishment of any non native species is unwanted However even this is difficult to predict with useful certainty for a particular port or harbour A more achievable end point is Inoculation of any known or suspected harmful NIS into a port where its life cycle stages are likely to tolerate local conditions and reproduce This defines the release of specifically unwanted NIS into an environmentally similar port as the risk which needs to be managed e g Hewitt amp Hayes 2002 Australia has experimented with quantitative risk assessment for targeted marine pests assuming these may also act as surrogates for unknown harmful NIS using the same pathways Constraining the end point to a small subset of total available NIS makes the task of acquiring reliable data on the environmental tolerance ranges for the principal life cycle stages of each species more achievable although it can still be a lengthy and expensive process Inoculation by one or more of a short list of targeted species is the end point taken by Australia s Decision Support System DSS The DSS is the first BWRA system in the world to experiment with a fully quantitative approach It was developed to assess the risk of specific ballast tank discharges following individual ship voyages and was first implemented in July 2001 It was installed by AQIS to assess the likelihood that particular ballast tank discharges by a vessel arriving fro
100. he reported BW exchange Sea height is typically between 0 and 6 metres maybe up to 20 metres for a severe winter storm or cyclone which ships always try to avoid Anything greater than 10 metres on the BWRF very probably represents a mistake or misunderstanding and large values should not be entered High seas and rough weather provide a genuine reason for a ship not exchanging ballast en route However it is common for a Ship s officer to think that Sea height refers to water depth at the time of the exchange and not to the wave height e Sea temperature values if present should lie between 1 minimum to about 32 C maximum e Check that all BW discharges recorded on the BWRF are actually for the correct arrival port i e the port where the ship submits the BWRF For example if a ship arrives at Sepetiba and submits a BWRF that includes tank s discharges at the port of Santos these discharge volumes should not be entered into the Sepetiba Database e Salinity units are usually recorded as SG Specific Gravity often 1 025 for coastal port waters The units may be g L about 35 g L for typical ocean water or uS cm After a salinity unit has been entered to the database the first time it will always appear in the drop down list The first pass BWRA does not use salinity in the calculations Section 4 1 After the BW History details for the first Tank have been entered for a particular Visit e
101. he ship s Total Number of BW Tanks Ballast Tank volumes declared for intended discharge versus the ship s Total BW Capacity its DWT and its cargo loading requirement at the Receiving Port Care is needed to interpret and enter all dates correctly For example 01 02 03 could be 01 Feb 2003 or 02 Jan 2003 or 03 Feb 2001 depending on the date format system i e typical European American and Asian respectively It is therefore important to check if all dates written on any BWRF conform with the Database s fixed dd mmm yyyy format December 2003 v 1 4 URS Meridian GIS BWRA USER MANUAL Global Ballast Water Programme Page 7 Apart from checking the dates on a BWRF Data Entry Operators must also check the logical sequence of the BW source date BW exchange date the ship arrival date and the intended or known BW discharge date It is obviously impossible for a ship to arrive or discharge its BW before it has taken it up or made an exchange For example if the BW tank exchange date s are recorded on the BWRF these must be after the BW source date date of uptake and before the ship s arrival date and BW discharge date Data Entry Operators must be alert for these surprisingly common errors which are often caused by haste unfamiliarity and confusion when a ship s officer is completing the BWRF Dates recorded on the BWRF for the BW uptake and subsequent possible BW exchange at sea must also be consistent with th
102. hecking system to reduce the incidence of incomplete incorrect forms during Activity 3 1 While future BWRFs should be more complete and have fewer mistakes Data Entry Operators should maintain the habit of carefully examining every BWRF before starting to enter its data into the Database To help Data Entry Operators understand English phrases commonly used in shipping and ballasting requirements Appendix 5 contains a glossary of Maritime Jargon including the factors which influence the timing and volumes of BW discharges 2 3 MANDATORY DATA REQUIRED BY DATABASE Not all of the data entry fields need be completed in order for the Risk Assessment to function However some data entry fields are Mandatory and the Database will not allow a new Visit Record to be saved until these fields are entered The following mandatory fields are labelled in red text on the Add and Edit Print Visit Record windows IMO Number e Arrival Date e Tank Code e Tank Volume December 2003 v 1 4 URS Meridian GIS BWRA USER MANUAL Global Ballast Water Programme Page 8 The IMO number is the unique 7 digit identifier of the vessel This ID number remains the same for the whole life of the ship irrespective of any changes to its name Other fields which should be completed are the Arrival Port in the Vessel Information sub window and the unit of discharged BW in Specify units in the Ballast Water Tanks sub windo
103. hree sub windows follow the same structure of the IMO standard BWRF Appendix 6 This allows the BWRF data to be entered and or edited conveniently Ballast Water Reporting Form Dalian Liaoning Ivi December 2003 v 1 4 URS Meridian GIS BWRA USER MANUAL Global Ballast Water Programme Page 6 It is important to recognise that some BWRFs issued by Port States or used by shipping companies may not be exact replicas of the IMO BWRF These forms may contain a different number of questions and or the questions may be located on different places on the form Extra care is required when entering data from different types of BWRFs to ensure the information is entered into the correct data entry field of the Input interface 2 2 CHECKING AND AVOIDING ERRORS BWRFs handed to Port Officers without any checking system are very likely to be incomplete and or contain errors These errors usually represent mistakes or misunderstandings by the ship s officer or agent when filling out the form Data Entry Operators need to use their experience and judgement when entering BWRF records and must not enter information into the Database if it is clearly wrong or illogical There are four types of errors a Missing information empty cells on the BWRF b Illegible unreadable and misspelled information e g from a poor photocopy fax or bad writing misspelled port or ship names c Factual mistakes in the BWRF data i
104. hts which are used on the suspected w1 and known w2 pest species are changed this will differentially change the C4 values according to the numbers of these species types in each bioregion Section 6 1 see also the BWRA Country Report for Sepetiba Brazil for a summary of the types of outcomes that can occur by manipulating the C4 weights http globallast imo org 7 5 DISPLAYING AND EXPORTING THE BWRA RESULTS Every time the Display Port Risk Assessment button is clicked in the BW Risk Analysis sub menu the Database will re calculate the BWRA and regenerate the results table If an change had been made in a BWRA formula or weighting cell make sure the Factor Formulae window is closed before re running the BWRA The results table automatically ranks the ROR results for each BW Source Port in descending order i e from Highest to Lowest risk ports The ROR values are listed on the right side beyond the various columns which list the port details the C1 C4 coefficients and the risk reduction factors R1 R2 The results are calculated using the default project standard methods unless these have been changed Section 7 4 The Next Ports of Call results are not listed in this table because there are no data for calculating the C2 R1 R2 and C4 values see Section 7 6 The results table can be copy pasted into a MS Word document or an Excel spreadsheet for convenient storage and review on PCs which do not have
105. ially with ocean carriers The largest conference is the FEFE Far Eastern Freight Conference for carriers operating between Europe and Asia followed by TACA Trans Atlantic Carrier Agreement At present there is no conference for the transpacific market instead there are eastbound and westbound discussion agreements that are much looser in structure and have no antitrust protection for joint rate making Combo Combi Ships that can carry either liquid or dry bulk cargoes see also OBOS Container Ships carry standards size ocean containers either TEUs or FEUs Most container cargo consists of finished products capital goods or higher value semi manufactured goods Cube the volumetric capacity of a container A TEU offers an internal volume of approximately 1 150 cubic feet while an FEU offers approximately 2 300 cubic feet Dead Weight Tonnage see DWT December 2003 v 1 4 URS Meridian GIS BWRA USER MANUAL Global Ballast Water Programme Page 2 of Appendix 5 Density the number of kilograms per cubic meter or in the USA pounds per cubic foot Density matters because Containers often are full before they reach their weight bearing limits Density is measured in two ways product density represents the density of a particular product in its packaging weight divided by volume whereas stowed density represents the density of a loaded ship net payload divided by cubic capacity Stowed density is usually low
106. ian Arab Republic NL Taiwan Province of China Netherlands Antilles AN Tanzania United Republic Of TZ New Caledonia NC Thailand TH New Zealand NZ Togo TG NI Tonga NG Trinidad and Tobago NF Tunisia NO Turkey OM Turks and Caicos Islands Pakistan PK Tuvalu TV Panama PA Ukraine UA Papua New Guinea PG United Arab Emirates AE PE United Kingdom GB PH United States US PL United States Virgin Islands VI PT Uruguay PR Vanuatu vU QA Venezuela RO Virgin Islands British RU Yemen ws Yugoslavia Fed Rep Of ST IRE SA PT SN Hs Seychelles 5 Sierra Leone SL December 2003 v 1 4 URS Meridian GIS BWRA USER MANUAL Global Ballast Water Programme Page 1 of Appendix 3 APPENDIX 3 Use and Origin of the Bioregion System 1 USE OF BIOREGIONS Bioregions serve multiple purposes and are required for several reasons For example many marine regions of the world remain poorly surveyed with a limited marine taxonomy literature This results in a patchy and artificial distribution of recorded marine species distributions In addition few marine species surveys have been undertaken in port environments and rarely have all ports been surveyed within one bioregion Bioregions represent environmentally similar geographic areas Thus if a species is present in one part of a Bioregion there is a good chance it can spread via natural or human mediated processes to other sites in the same bioregion A conservati
107. ic e g Gower 1971 PRIMER Manual Manhattan distance is equivalent to moving between points along the axes only in the same fashion a person in Manhattan cannot take diagonal short cuts from one building to another but must use elevators and grid of streets i e X value Y value Z value etc Normalised refers to the need to convert a variety of scalabe integer and even categorical variables into a uniform set of variables with unitless values For example the port environmental variable Distance to nearest river mouth is measured in kilometres while Tidal range is measured in metres rainfall variables are measured in millimetres of precipitation and temperature variables are measured in degrees etc Because apples cannot be compared with oranges the scale of each variable needs to be normalised to prevent it biasing the distance measure A categorical variable can be treated as a normalisable integer provided its numerical labelling follows a step wise logical sequence For example the variable Port Type is a category which progressivelly moves from inland to open coastal waters in six steps River port 1 Estuary port 2 Tidal Creek port 3 Breakwater Harbour port 4 Natural Bay port 5 and Offshore jetty Mooring terminal port 6 December 2003 v 1 4 URS Meridian GIS BWRA USER MANUAL Global Ballast Water Programme Page 10 of Appendix 1 The normalisation step is automatically unde
108. ific Pacific Science 56 223 233 Lepp koski E Gollasch S amp S Olenin 2002 Invasive Aquatic Species of Europe Distribution Impacts and Management Kluwer Academic Publishers Dordrecht Netherlands 583 pp OTA 1993 Harmful non indigenous species of the United States Office of Technology Assessment US Congress Report OTA F 565 US Government Printing Office Washington DC 391 pp Patterson D amp Colgan 1998 Invasive Marine Species An International Problem Requiring International Solutions Paper presented at the Alien Species amp Marine Litter Seminar Lisbon published by Australian Quarantine amp Inspection Service Canberra ACT June 1998 Raaymakers S amp Hilliard RW 2003 Harmful Aquatic Organisms in Ships Ballast Water Ballast Water Risk Assessment In Alien Marine Organisms introduced by ships in the Mediterranean and Black Seas workshop proceedings 6 9 November 2002 Istanbul CIESM Workshop Monographs No 20 Monaco pp 103 110 http ciesm org publications Istanbul02 pdf Ruiz GM Carlton JT Grosholz ED amp AH Hines 1997 Global invasions of marine and estuarine habitats by non indigenous species mechanisms extent and consequences American Zoologist 31 621 632 Ruiz GM amp C Hewitt 2002 Toward understanding patterns of coastal marine invasions a prospectus In Leppakoski E Gollasch S amp Olenin S eds Invasive Aquatic Species of Europe Distribution Impacts and Manage
109. iform national system The more rigorously and explicitly can a port state identify high risk ballast water the more justification it gains for applying rigorous control and management measures on vessels intending to discharge it The targeted DSS approach is therefore attractive to developed countries wishing to reduce the spread of declared pests particularly via domestic port hopping and other secondary pathways in their coastal or inland waterways The DSS approach appears most likely to suitable for countries and states with long and or relatively isolated coastlines such as Australia Brazil Canada Chile Iceland Hawaii New Zealand South Africa and the United States Most of these countries have busy ports located in several or more bioregions many of which are already suffering damage from harmful invasive species However a ballast water DSS is expensive and its usefulness and cost effectiveness remains to be proven since it e requires a large amount of data covering a range of specific vessel port voyage BW exchange target species life cycle stages and environmental parameters e places a high information technology and management cost burden on the port state e can leave the state vulnerable to the introduction or spread of non targeted organisms unless other surveillance and response measures are implemented A DSS also ignores hull fouling plus other vectors associated with fishing and pleasure craft but this
110. ils The Last Visit button in the Vessel Information sub window accelerates the data entry task The Last Visit will display all information concerning the last visit made by the selected ship to the Arrival Port This is very useful for ships which make regular port visits on scheduled services for example Odessa Bourgas Khark Island Ain Sukhna Dalian Pusan Mumbai Colombo Saldhana Bay Rotterdam Sepetiba Taranto etc 2 4 4 Port Information e Ensure that the Arrival Port name is correct and is ticked in the Set as default tick box This saves time as well as ensuring the Database will use the Visit Record If this box is not ticked the Visit Record will not be included in the Database risk calculations e Similiarly the name of the Berth should be selected only from the berth or terminal names already used by the ArcView GIS Port Map These names will be available for quick selection in the drop down box NOTE Although Berth is not specifically requested in the IMO BWRF it asks for the location of the BW discharge A Receiving Port can request all ships to enter the number or name of their planned berth terminal or anchorage as the Discharge Location plus a Lat Long position if a discharge is to be made in the port s approach channel or in an emergency anchorage etc 2 4 5 Last Port Next Port and Add New Port A large number of ports and associated details are alread
111. irolanidae Cirolana hardfordi Storage Risk Reduction 0 60 Serpulid tube worm K Annelida Polychaeta Serpulidae Hydroides elegans Env Matching Coefficient 0 32 Sea flea NS Arthropoda Amphipoda Ischyroceridae Jassa marmorata Number of Introduced Pests 6 bamacle K Arthropoda Cirripedia Megabalanidae Megabalanus tintinnabt Number of Suspect Pests 2 Combtooth blenny NS Chordata Pisces Blennidae Omobranchus punctate Number of Known Pests 2 Sea Lice NS Arthropoda Isopoda Sphaeromatidae Paradella dianae Risk Species Weighting Value 32 Sea jelly NS Cnidaria Scyphomedusae Phyllorhiza punctata Relative Risk Species Weighting Value 0 00 Sedentary spionid worm NS Annelida Polychaeta Spionidae Pseudopolydora paucib Risk Coefficient Value 0 08 yster NS Mollusca Bivalvia Ostreidae Saccostrea cucullata Relative Risk Ratio 0 40 Sea Lice NS Arthropoda Isopoda Sphaeromatidae Sphaeroma walkeri Proportion Total Risk 0 58 Risk Assessment 4 Low Coefficient Calculated 1 December 2003 v 1 4 URS Meridian GIS BWRA USER MANUAL Global Ballast Water Programme Berth Summary Information This tool is available only when the Port Map is displayed Selecting this tool allows the User to click on any berthing areas in the Arrival Port to launch a summary results table for that berthing area The table presents a summary of the BWRA Database statistics for the berthing area Berth Information Select Berth Ch
112. is true of any risk assessment method that is focussed on the factors which influence ballast mediated introductions December 2003 v 1 4 URS Meridian GIS BWRA USER MANUAL Global Ballast Water Programme Page 8 of Appendix 1 SEMI QUANTITATIVE RISK ASSESSMENT A 3 1 Pros and Cons BWRA approaches which rank the relative risk posed by trading routes and vessel types do not attempt to quantify the risk posed by individual ballast tank discharges The main features of a useful semi quantitative approach for estimating the relative overall risk ROR of ballast mediated introductions from particular trading routes are that it should e follow objective principles allowing the data to speak for itself e minimise subjective input Where this type of input cannot be avoided it needs to logical and defensible on biological grounds such as use of the logarithmic principle e treat the main coefficients of risk equally e produce ratio or proportional result values e g 0 1 0 100 which permit categorisations into easily understood simple levels of risk There are several reasons why a semi quantitative approach can be more preferable than a targeted DSS approach These include e Avoids the detailed data requirements and the infrastructure and manpower costs required for developing installing operating and responding to a 24 hour DSS e The end point can cover both anticipated and unanticipated invaders e ide
113. is surprisingly common error probably caused by haste or confusion by ship s officer with the form Also if a BW exchange has been reported then the date s of this exchange must logically be after the date of uptake and before the dates of arrival and subsequent discharge e The date s recorded on the BWRF for the BW uptake and possible BW exchange must be consistent with the voyage time from the BW source location to the arrival port e Latitude longitude positions for the BW source and discharge locations are only required if these operations were not conducted in the usual port locations the Database and GIS use and display only pre determined discharge locations such as berths terminals anchorages see Section 3 e Latitude longitude positions are usually provided for the voyage sector where BW was reported to be exchanged Data Entry Operators need to remember that even small ships may require 24 hours to complete a 95 BW exchange for all tanks For large bulk carriers and crude carriers which use the x3 flow through method a complete exchange often requires 4 6 days or more if bad weather and seas interrupt the exchange reported method of BW exchange should be recorded in the Database If an exchange is reported but no method was recorded on the BWRF use the Not Specified option in the drop down window for BW Exchange Method Sea height refers to the height of waves and swells at the time of t
114. its Latitude Longitude and Bioregion before clicking on the Add New Port button to add these details e Apart from a port s Bioregion all port details can be obtained from publications such as the Fairplay Port Guide CD e All Bioregions in the GIS World Map Section 3 are already listed in the drop down list inside the Add New Port subwindow Use the World Map to find the correct Bioregion A copy of this map is in a zoomable Adobe file of the Utilities Folder Bioregions pdf as well as on the ArcView GIS Section 3 e Not every port in the world has been assigned a UN Port Code including many domestic ports in China For ports without a UN Port Code the first three letters of the port s name may be added behind the two letters of its Country code prefix Appendix 2 to form a unique port code If the grouping of letters is already used for another port the Database will not accept it In this case the 3 4 or 5 letter of the new code can be altered to make a unique combination that the Database will accept Alternatively numbers can be used e g CN008 for a small port in China e As with all latitude longitude entries to the Database the latitude and longitude should be entered in the Decimal Degree format i e not as Degrees Minutes Seconds Latitudes South and Longitudes West are entered as negatives e g 30 25 December 2003 v 1 4 URS Meridian GIS BWRA USER MANUAL Global Ballast Water
115. king the Add Species button which takes you to the oem window Clicking the Edit Species button will launch the same Species window but this will display the details of the species selected in the general list for editing The Delete button allows a species that has been entered twice or more e g because of a species name synonym or misspelling to be deleted The following graphic shows the window displaying information previously entered for the European shore crab 8 Species uropean shore crab Broad temperature range can reproduce at 18 260C Aggressive scavenger in sheltered intertidal shallow subtidal rocky shores The numbers in the References box refer to the list of references stored in an Excel spreadsheet file which is kept in the Risk Species Master List v1 xls This Excel file contains a list of the risk species in the Database including their taxonomy status comments and references Using an Excel file allows convenient sharing and updates of risk species information between marine scientists involved in Port Baseline Surveys and BWRAs The Excel file has no automatic link to the Database Therefore any updates made to the Excel file should be highlighted to facilitate making additions or edits to the BWRA Database December 2003 v 1 4 URS Meridian GIS BWRA USER MANUAL Global Ballast Water Programme Page 45 7 RUNNING THE BW RISK ASSESSMENT 7 1 OVERVIEW The BWRA
116. king the oil terminal s trading records and cargo manifests However this may be difficult for commercial confidentiality reasons e Large tankers and bulk carriers may also visit one or more terminals to part load cargo before arriving at the Receiving Port having discharged some or all of their BW at the previous stops If only a top up cargo is loaded at the Receiving Port this operation may involve a small or zero discharge of BW If the BWRF has been entered clearly and correctly any BW discharge associated with a part loading operation can be interpreted without a problem If there are doubts Data Entry Operators should refer to port trading records and cargo loading lists or try contacting the local Shipping Agent for advice 2 5 EDITING AND PRINTING THE SHIP VISIT RECORDS After a Ship Visit Record has been added to the Database it can be edited or printed by going to Edit Print Ship Visit Records from the main menu Find the Record by selecting the ship s IMO Number and or its Arrival Date from the Search Window 7392866 SS w E If the particular Arrival Date is not known leave the Date field empty and click the Search button If the Arrival Date is known but not the IMO Number leave the IMO Number field blank enter the Date and click the Search button Both methods take you to the Edit Print window which has blue scroll buttons to locate the specific Arrival Date for a selected
117. l Files Microsoft Excel Driver xls Microsoft Access Driver mdb Microsoft Visual FoxPro Driver Visual FoxPro Tables Microsoft Visual FoxPro Driver m ODBC User data source stores information about how to connect to the indicated data provider A User data source is only visible to you and can only be used on the current machine OK Cancel Help December 2003 v 1 4 URS Meridian GIS BWRA USER MANUAL Global Ballast Water Programme Page 2 of Appendix 4 3 Select the Microsoft Access Driver mdb and click Finish Create New Data Source Driver para o Microsoft Visual FoxPro MapInfo Oracle Driver 4 00 MapInfo SOL Server Driver 4 00 Microsoft amp ccess Driver Microsoft Access Driver mdb Microsoft Access T reiber mdb Microsoft dBase Driver Microsoft dBase VFP Driver dbf ft dBase Treiber dbf Fb E mel ule lt Manone Pm CD 4 Add a Data Source Name i e BWRA Database or BWRA Dalian and then click Database Select ODBC Microsoft Access Setup Data Source Name BWRA Database Description Cancel m Database Database He Select Create Compact Advanced System Database None C Database System Database Options gt gt 5 Navigate to the appropriate BWRA database Select Database Database Name Directories template BWwRF mdb c bwra template database c
118. ld be below 0 2 preferably below 0 15 You can select the 3D ordination option to reduce the stress value go to Graph drop down menu select Properties and click the 3D button The stress number for 3D plots is provided only in the log file the text file in the other window The 3D plot can also be rotated click and drag but it cannot show the port labels Therefore you will have to identify the different ports using colours and symbol shapes for each group level you make inside a FACTOR see the PRIMER manual for details If there is an unusual pattern in 2D or 3D or a strange group of ports within the pattern go back to the Excel PED file and carefully check the environment data of the suspect port s in Worksheets 1 and 3 December 2003 v 1 4 URS Meridian GIS BWRA USER MANUAL Global Ballast Water Programme Page 38 If the port labels on the Ordination Plot are too small to read go to The Options drop down menu select the Graphs tab and change the Display Scale and Print Scale values e g from 0 5 to 1 or from 1 to 1 5 etc Now repeat the MDS and print the new plot see the PRIMER manuals for details Generally any unusual pattern in the MDS Ordination will also show in CLUSTER but sometimes a peculiar feature may not be easily seen in one of them It is therefore wise to check the outputs of both methods To gain an insight of how the ESA and Ordination methods work
119. llast carried by empty bulk carriers or tankers is typically discharged when alongside the berth almost always in close coordination with the cargo loading program Deballasting must be closely co ordinated with loading to avoid placing dangerous stresses on the hull particularly in the forward sections as a consequence of potential uneven distribution of cargo and remaining ballast A key exception can be an outer anchorage area if there are regular or occasional tanker to tanker transfers of liquid petroleum gas LPG which require BW discharge by the loading tanker For container ships general cargo ships or bulk carriers arriving at a port to top off a part loaded cargo taken at a previous port there is often no need to discharge any BW In summary deballasting is usually pre programmed and carefully monitored with respect to the anticipated and actual weather and sea state conditions that occur during the arrival possible anchoring and berthing phases vessel manoeuvrability safety and port regulations on draft and trim of ballasted vessels including possible air draft restrictions due to gantries or bridges the amount and type of cargo to be loaded and the need to record the ship s fore and aft draft at rest December 2003 v 1 4 URS Meridian GIS BWRA USER MANUAL Global Ballast Water Programme Page 1 of Appendix 6 BALLAST WATER REPORTING FORM To be provided to the Port State Authority upon request
120. ls and Pilot Country BWRA reports A major objective of Activity 3 1 was to provide for each Demonstration Site a user friendly Database GIS system that can manage and integrate key shipping environmental and risk species data for undertaking first pass risk assessments The BWRA Database is operated by MS Access 2000 and allows users to 1 Store edit and manage all data recorded on IMO BW Reporting Forms Task 5 of BWRA Activity 3 1 2 List all source ports from which BW is imported by the demonstration site and tabulate the frequencies and amounts of ballast water discharged from each these ports Tasks 2 and 3 of BWRA Activity 3 Interact with Excel and PRIMER applications for calculating storing and using results from multivariate environmental similarity analysis Task 6 of BWRA Activity 4 Store and edit the types regional locations and status information of risk species which have been transferred between ports by ships ballast water and other vectors Task 8 of BWRA Activity 5 Undertake first pass risk assessments using a semi quantitative method that minimises subjective input Task 9 of BWRA Activity The graphical information system GIS is operated by ArcView 3 2 and allows users to 6 Map and display all coastal and marine resources biological social cultural and commercial in and around the demonstration port that might be impacted by introduced marine species Task 1 of BWRA Activity
121. m an overseas port could inoculate one or more of 12 declared pest species into a port where they could survive Hayes amp Hewitt 1998 Patterson amp Colgan 1998 Colgan 1999 Hewitt amp Hayes 2002 In response to the issue of using a limited targeted species approach for vessels carrying overseas BW with a wide range of untargeted species a national taskforce on marine pest incursions recommended an interim trigger list of additional pest species in 2000 while CSIRO Marine Research compiled a list of predicted next pests during 2001 2002 Hayes et a 2002 Williamson et a 2002 Both lists contain species whose impacts reported elsewhere warranted their treatment as unwanted next pests and were produced to help evaluate the priority and scale of a rapid emergency response following discovery of an incursion and some may be added to a future version of the DSS As described by 8 The DSS can use several levels of assessment with the level applied for a particular vessel and voyage determined by the amount of available data The more quantitative upper levels require detailed data about the BW source uptake and voyage conditions The lower levels invoke an environmental matching component overlap of temperature amp salinity ranges when key data are absent a typical situation for international voyages The DSS was started in 2001 and by the second half of 2002 was using its lower levels to assess the intended BW disc
122. mactic event or extrema and which may be capable of spreading by natural and or human mediated Invasive species are a subset of established introduced species However increasing ad hoc use of the term invasive to convey a sense of impact and urgency for virtually any introduction is now diluting its meaning Carlton 2002 The IUCN 2000 definition of an invasive species an alien species that becomes established in natural or semi natural ecosystems or habitat is an agent of change and December 2003 v 1 4 URS Meridian GIS BWRA USER MANUAL Global Ballast Water Programme Page 3 of Appendix 1 threatens native biological diversity is unhelpful because it invokes unclear and indistinct concepts Carlton 2002 Similarly Boudersesque amp Verlaque 2002 define an invasive species to be an introduced species that is ecologically and or economically harmful species This definition provides a no differentiation between transitional or established introductions and b no bearing regarding the capacity to spread into undisturbed semi natural and natural habitats either naturally by themselves or by local human mediated vectors Following Thomson 1991 Hilliard et a 1997 and Ruiz et a 1997 it is more useful to define an invasive species as An established introduction which e has good natural dispersal characteristics e tolerates a range of localised environmental conditions e forms a common
123. me regional topographic data is supplied with ArcView and more can be obtained by web searches Electronic versions of many nautical charts are available from such companies as C Maps www c map com Government agencies universities survey companies and local GIS specialists can hold significant quantities of useful data The trick is to find the people who are keeping it or know where to find it The protocols for each thematic layer are outlined in the following subsections December 2003 v 1 4 URS Meridian GIS BWRA USER MANUAL Global Ballast Water Programme Page 20 3 2 2 Base Layer The base layer can be derived from nautical charts of the port and its approaches It should include the bathymetry seafloor contours and other key p animetric features such as lighthouses important channel markers and other permanent or near permanent features Planimetric data include ground reference features which are unlikely to change or move frequently such as main roads railway lines large chimneys mountain peaks hill tops bridges TV Radio towers bridges and other prominent structures or buildings All the other geophysical environmental cultural and commercial features of the port and its sourrounding area the port catchment can be layered over this base Some pilot countries already have access to electronic data suitable for the base layer such as CAD Computer Aided Drawing bathymetry maps If electronic charts
124. ment Kluwer Academic Publishers Dordrecht Netherlands pp 529 547 December 2003 v 1 4 URS Meridian GIS BWRA USER MANUAL Global Ballast Water Programme Page 16 of Appendix 1 Ruiz G Rawlings TK Dobbs FC Drake LA Mullady T Huq A amp RR Colwell 2000 Global spread of microorganisms by ships Mature 408 49 50 2 November 2000 Thompson JD 1991 The biology of an invasive plant What makes Spartina anglica so successful BioScience 41 6 Walters S 1996 Ballast Water Hull Fouling and Exotic Marine Organism Introductions via Ships A Victorian Study Environment Protection Authority of Victoria Publication 494 May 1996 Department of Natural Resources and Environment Melbourne Williamson AT Bax NJ Gonzalez E amp W Geeves 2002 Development of a Regional Risk Management Framework for APEC Economies for Use in the Control and Prevention of Introduced Marine Pests Final Report of APEC Marine Resource Conservation Working Group MRCWG Marine and Waters Division Environment Australia Canberra 182 pp Zaitsev Yu P amp B Oztiirk 2001 Exotic Species in the Aegean Marmara Black Azov and Caspian Seas Publication No 8 Turkish Marine Research Foundation Turk Deniz Arastirmalari Vakfi Istanbul Turkey 267 pp December 2003 v 1 4 URS Meridian GIS BWRA USER MANUAL Global Ballast Water Programme Page 1 of Appendix 2 Appendix 2 Country Prefixes used in UN Port Codes Pre
125. n algorithm Journal of Vegetation Science 2 491 496 Belbin L 1995 PATN Pattern Analysis Package Users Guide and Technical Reference Manual CSIRO Division of Wildlife and Ecology Lyneham Canberra ACT 18 May 1995 75 and 204 pp December 2003 v 1 4 URS Meridian GIS BWRA USER MANUAL Global Ballast Water Programme Page 14 of Appendix 1 Belbin L Faith DP amp GM Milligan 1992 A comparison of two approaches to beta flexible clustering Multivariate Behavioural Research 27 417 433 Bouderesque CF amp M Verlaque 2002 Biological pollution in the Mediterranean Sea Invasive versus introduced macrophytes Marine Pollution Bulletin 44 32 38 Carlton JT 1985 Transoceanic and interoceanic dispersal of coastal marine organisms the biology of ballast water Oceanography and Marine Biology Annual Review 23 313 371 Carlton JT 1987 Patterns of Transoceanic marine biological invasions in the Pacific Ocean Bulletin of Marine Science 41 2 452 465 Carlton JT 1992 Introduced marine and estuarine molluscs of North America An End of the 20th Century Perspective Journal of Shellfish Research 11 2 489 505 Carlton JT 1996 Biological invasions and cryptogenic species Ecology 77 1653 1655 Carlton J 1999 Molluscan invasions in marine and estuarine communities Ma acologia 41 2 439 454 Carlton JT 2002 Bioinvasion ecology assessing impact and scale In Invasive aquatic species of Europe Distribution impacts a
126. n at the Atlantic end and the Pacific end has much greater tides Lake Gatun is 26 meters above sea level and fed by the Chagres River which was dammed to make the lake during canal construction The Gaillard Cut located between Miraflores and Pedro Miguel is 9 meters above sea level Panamax The largest types of vessel capable of transiting the Panama Canal i e can just fit into the locks Panamax vessels do not exceed 80 000 DWT and are less than 294 m 965 feet long and 32 3 m 106 feet wide and must have a transit draft no more than 12 04 metres 39 5 feet December 2003 v 1 4 URS Meridian GIS BWRA USER MANUAL Global Ballast Water Programme Page 4 of Appendix 5 Reefer A refrigerated cargo vessel Refrigerated cargo may be carried in Reefer vessels fast ships with insulated cold storage holds or cargo spaces within their hull or inside Reefer Containers Container Ships carrying reefer containers may also carry standard containers but must provide sufficient electric power to each slot which is designated for accommodating a Reefer Container Ro Ro Ships Roll On Roll Off ships are designed to load cargo from front or rear ramps Designed to carry heavy cargoes of odd shapes but requiring additional rigging or protection from weather within decks May be used for automobiles trucks tractors machine tools generators etc Short ton a United States unit of weight equivalent to 2000 pounds see Long ton
127. n list e Ifthe ship is already on the Database its IMO Number should be selected from the drop down list This will cause the ship s Name DWT Owner GT Flag and Call Sign to automatically appear in the respective data entry fields e If the IMO Number is not present or appears incorrect on the BWRF e g not 7 digits use the Vessel Name or its Call Sign to obtain or confirm the IMO Number from the Lloyds Ship Finder CD The Lloyds Ship Finder also lists other valuable information including shipType GT and DWT If the IMO number is not in the drop down list then click on the Add New Vessel button in the Vessel Information subwindow to enter the new ship information in the cells of the Add Vessel subwindow Use the oyd S Ship Finder to check and fill any data gaps December 2003 v 1 4 URS Meridian GIS BWRA USER MANUAL Global Ballast Water Programme Page 10 Be careful with the vessel s name spelling especially on hastily written BWRFs For example the correct official name of Tokyo Maru IIT may be Tokyo Maru 17 Tokyo Maru No 11 or Tokyo Maru No Z Similarly the correct name of the tanker M7 Tokyo Maru is probably Tokyo Maru This is because MT means motor tanker and is not part of the ship s registered name Similar abbreviations include MV motor vessel SS steam ship RV research vessel etc In the case of company names or initials
128. n the Vessel Information sub window which opens the smaller Update Vessel subwindow Update Vessel Crude Oil Tanker Chinese Petroleum Corp BHBG Tawa 0 1 5mm 122447 224738 ZU December 2003 v 1 4 URS Meridian GIS BWRA USER MANUAL Global Ballast Water Programme Page 17 Any update to the Vessel details will apply to all of its previous and future Ship Visit Records Note that the Vessel s unique IMO Number cannot be changed in this window If a Vessel has been entered with an incorrect IMO number it is necessary to 1 Add a New Vessel using the correct IMO Number and vessel details click the Add New Vessel button near the bottom left of the Edit Print Records window 2 Re assign all Visit Records which are linked to the incorrect IMO Number to the new vessel which has the correct IMO Number Do this re assignation by locating all Visits assigned to the incorrect IMO Number i e select the incorrect IMO Number in the Search entry window to Edit Print Visit Records using the blue FWD REV scroll buttons go to each Visit Record and select the correct IMO Number from the drop down list then Save each new Visit Record by clicking the Save Visit Details button in the Ballast Water History sub window 3 After all Visits have been saved to the correct IMO Number return to the incorrect IMO Number and delete the unwanted Visits use the Del
129. ncluding illogical dates conflicting BW volumes BW tank numbers etc and d Transcription errors made by the Data Entry Operator when entering or editing the BWRF data a b Missing and Unreadable Information These errors are common and will always occur unless adequate BWRF checking procedures have been implemented at the Receiving Port Much of the critical information about a particular ship can be found or checked if the Data Entry Operator has access to a recent Lloyds Ship Finder CD as provided by the GloBallast PCU to the Demonstration Sites International Port Guides e g the Fairplay Ports Guide CD or hard cover directory are also invaluable for checking the correct spelling of source port and destination port names their UN port codes and geographic coordinates all of which are used by the Database Where the BW discharge volume is missing unreadable or illogical an Excel file is available in the Utilities Folder Estimating BW discharges from port records xls for estimating typical discharge volumes for different vessel types based on their deadweight tonnage DWT and cargo loading unloading behaviour DWTs can be found in the L oyds Ship Finder CD for all listed ships c Factual and Logical Errors These BWRF errors typically comprise conflicting information with respect to the Logical sequence of BW Source Exchange Ship Arrival and Intended Discharge dates Number of Ballast tanks containing BW versus t
130. nd management E Lepp koski S Gollasch amp S Olenin eds Kluwer Academic Publishers Dordrecht Netherlands pp 7 19 Carlton JT amp JB Geller 1993 Ecological Roulette the global transport of non indigenous marine organisms Science 261 79 82 Cohen AN amp JT Carlton 1995 Vonindigenous aquatic species in a United States estuary a case study of the biological invasions of the San Francisco Bay and Delta Report to the US Fish amp Wildlife Service Washington and the National Sea Grant College Program Connecticut Sea Grant December 1995 211 pp electronic file version down loaded 1996 from http nas nfreg gov sfinvade htm Coles SL amp LG Eldredge 2002 Nonindigenous species introductions on coral reefs a need for information Pacific Science 56 191 209 Colgan 1999 The Ballast Water Decision Support System Design and Implementation In S Hillman Ed The Ballast Water Problem Where to from Here FcoPorts Monograph Series No 19 Ports Corporation of Queensland Brisbane pp 51 58 Gollasch S 2002 Hazard analysis of aquatic species invasions In Leppakoski E Gollasch S amp Olenin S eds Invasive Aquatic Species of Europe Distribution Impacts and Management Kluwer Academic Publishers Dordrecht Netherlands pp 447 455 Gower JC 1971 A general coefficient of similarity and some of its properties Biometrics 27 857 871 Hay CH amp M Talyor 1999 Pros and cons of an Insurance
131. nd often small It is rare for these ship types to discharge all their cargo at a single port and depart in full ballasted condition Some of the problems in determining how much BW may be taken up and where and when the ballasted or part ballasted tanks are eventually discharged are described in Section 7 2 December 2003 v 1 4 URS Meridian GIS BWRA USER MANUAL Global Ballast Water Programme Page 52 A prelimnary evaluation is possible using the ArcView GIS as this displays the two coefficients which give an indication of the forward risk i e the percentage of vessels departing to each Next Port of Call C1 Forward and the environmental matching of these destination ports with the Receiving port C3 Forward The GIS can also display tables of the species assigned by the Database to the Bioregions of the Receiving Port and its Next Ports of Call The NextPorts xls file also contains the list of all Next Ports of Call plus the proportional frequency of departures to these ports Section 7 3 2 The preliminary forward assessment can therefore be undertaken by identifying the most frequent destination ports which have a moderate to high environmental matching then cross checking the vessel types and probable trading patterns to these ports The aim is to remove any apparently high risk destination port which is a bunkering or direction port plus ports that are the frequent destination
132. ne species may be used to describe a NIS which was originally imported by the Aquaculture or Aquarium trade but then escaped to establish self maintaining populations in the wild This usage is the same as that to describe previously domesticated animals or plants which have established wild populations A feral species is therefore one which before escaping from a mariculture operation or aquarium had previously undergone some form of selective breeding for improved growth and husbandry e g the Pacific oyster Crassotrea gigas and the aquarium strains of Ca aupera taxifolia December 2003 v 1 4 URS Meridian GIS BWRA USER MANUAL Global Ballast Water Programme Page 2 of Appendix 1 A Cryptogenic Species is neither demonstratively native nor introduced Cohen amp Carlton 1995 Carlton 1996 Many of the widespread and so called Cosmopolitan species are cryptogenic because their original natural distribution has been blurred by centuries of transfers via sail ships canoes canal building aquaculture etc In some regions several historical introductions had been assumed to be part of the native marine community until fossil bed and genetic studies have shown otherwise or at least invoked doubt Examples include some common foulers and wood borers such as the infamous bivalve shipworm Teredo navalis the striped barnacle Ba anus amphitrite the blue mussels Mytilus spp complex the brown muss
133. ng the Slide Bar under the window of columns then Shift Key Select this last column all unwanted columns will become dark shaded Now click the Do Not Import Column Skip radio button The word Skip will now show in the header of the unwanted columns v Now Finish the Wizard Box A simple spreadsheet will appear with the UN Port Codes in column and the distance values in column B Save this as Sheet1 xls f From the Sheet1 xls file select all Port codes and distance values starting with the first port name in the first column the Arrival Port and its blank distance value in second column Copy this selection using Control C or clicking on the Copy button B3 if this is present in your toolbar g Open the Excel PED file go to Worksheet 5 called PRIMER Output and select highlight the first White cell in Column F Row 2 i e the start of the Port code list h Go to the Paste Special command in the Edit drop down menu Note This command may not be visible if your Excel customisation has been set to show Recently used commands only To show the full list of commands in the Edit menu click on its double vertical arrows i In the Paste Special box select the Values button then hit OK The paste values option maintains the User Friendly colours and formats in Worksheet 5 j After pasting the port label and distance values
134. ntering data for the subsequent tanks can be accelerated by clicking on the Add Previous Tank Details button This will populate the new tank sheet with the same details and the operator can quickly change minor details such as tank name BW source source date BW volume exchange details This removes the need to re enter the same information for every tank 2 4 8 Bunkering and Part Loading Cargos When interpreting BWRFs it is important to remember that port and BW details may be influenced by previous temporary port calls to obtain fuel change crews or part load a cargo December 2003 v 1 4 URS Meridian GIS BWRA USER MANUAL Global Ballast Water Programme Page 15 e BWRFs for crude oil tankers operating to the Sea Area commonly present this last port of call BW source port problem Many tankers including VLCCs and ULCCs Appendix 5 often stop at Fujairah or Khor Fakkan for bunkering stores and or a crew change usually on their inbound voyage but sometimes on their outbound voyage The BWRF entries for last port and next port can be therefore be these ports although they may not be a true BW source or destination port While the true source port should normally be identified from BW Source field Part 4 of the BWRF the Next Port for a true BW destination can only be deduced for tankers involved in a liner trade Such as Ain Sukhna Khark Island Ain Sukhna or by chec
135. ntifying high risk routes allows more effective focussing of available resources often limited on data gap filling ballast exchange compliance monitoring verification sampling and research e be readily used or shared a regional basis by neighboring coastal states which share a common sea sea lanes and or inland waterways Because of the wide knowledge gaps on the types and precise distributions of risk species semi quantitative approaches rely on environmental matching as a surrogate indicator of invasion risk The disadvantages of semi quantitative rankings of route and vessel type risks include e they require regular updates to incorporate changes in shipping trade and pertinent information from the rapidly expanding invasive species databases and publications e they may produce overly conservative ranking results which unless interpreted carefully could invoke unnecessary compliance monitoring costs e their results provide less robust evidence for politically and economically justifying tank discharge management controls ship inspections and associated shipping delays or penalty schemes etc e over reliance on matching temperature and salinity ranges can miss invasive species which have unusually broad temperature or salinity tolerances e g the Asian bag mussel Musculista senhousia has a range reported to extend from Vladivostok to Singapore although it is unclear if there are two or more races or su
136. o collate BW discharge estimates for a period before the regular use of BWRFs the most common problem is identifying true BW source ports For somes types of bulk cargo trade the recorded Last and Next Ports of Call may be obvious unloading or loading terminals In the case of oil tankers and bulk carriers however their voyages often involve Last and or Next ports of call which involve a fuel bunkering stop requiring a relatively minor 500 1800 tonnes or no BW discharge acrew change supply and or in water maintenance port no discharge or uplift of BW e dry docking for repainting and heavy maintenance all BW will be discharged before and during docking then up lifted during and after the re floating operation strategic route or hub port to wait for new sailing orders usually no discharge uptake the first or last of 1 3 terminals for cargo part loading e g at some shallow water crude oil terminals in the ROPME Sea Area Black Sea Nigeria Venezuela etc or for part cargo unloading e g product tankers and bulk carriers visiting coastal and river ports in many parts of the world In the case of bulk carriers these may be spot chartered from a strategic bunkering and regional hub such as Singapore but may still be carrying BW from a different Asian port which was the final destination of its previous charter For both liquid and dry bulk carriers departing an import berth in b
137. of Tubar o was 13 in the rank of all source ports exporting BW to Sepetiba Such outcomes are not uncommon since the default estimation of ROR Equation 1 uses the simple mean of the C1 C4 coefficients and C3 is often the largest of these This is because the C3 value represents a direct measure of port similarity and is unaffected by the number or bioregional location of other source ports In contrast the C1 C2 and C4 values represent proportional measures of the total inoculation frequency volume and risk species threat posed by all BW source ports with C4 operating at the bioregion level Until the resolution and reliability of the C4 values can be improved it is logical to allow the port specific C3 values to markedly influence the ROR results For BWRAs involving a limited number of BW source ports for which there is reasonable risk species data it is simple to alter the ROR formula to allow the relative level of threat posed by these species C4 to occupy a more focal point in the risk calculation In this case a marine scientist may prefer to alter the ROR formula so it can i treat C3 as a risk reduction factor which influences the size of C4 rather than using it as an independent surrogate measure of unidentified and unknown risk species and or ii increase the influence of C4 by raising the value of W3 C4 s overall weighting factor from its default level of 1 see User Guide Section 6 for explanation of the W1 W3
138. of laden ships i e departing from cargo export terminals and carrying little or no BW It is also possible to evaluate the types of species which are present in the bioregion of the Receiving Port and possibly absent in the bioregion of the remaining high risk destination ports December 2003 v 1 4 URS Meridian GIS BWRA USER MANUAL Global Ballast Water Programme Page 53 8 EVALUATING THE PROJECT STANDARD BWRA RESULTS The BWRA Database provides first pass risk assessment results for training demonstration and evaluation for BW management and research purposes The project standard default BWRA provides a semi quantitative method which removes as much subjective decision taking as possible from calculating the risk rankings Appendix 1 However the reliability of the various risk coefficient values and port rankings remains heavily dependent on the quality of the input data Accuracy of the Database outputs relies particularly on the number of collected BWRFs and the quality of these records as well as on the amount and quality of the port environmental data and risk species taxonomic and presence absence data as sought and collated from a wide range of published non published and scientist sources Responsibilty for a Pilot Country applying the BWRA Database and its results for any BW management purpose rests with the Country Focal Point CFP of that country In the case of the first pass results produced by th
139. olume recorded for vessels arriving from each BW source port as a second measure of voyage survivability Using the MAX discharge is precautionary since average AVG tank discharge could yield an unreliable picture where various vessel types and sizes are discharging significant quantities of BW from a particular source port The BWRA Database automatically assigns a risk reduction factor R1 to each MAX number using the following default set of inverse logarithmic categories MAX tank discharge volume lt 100 100 500 500 1000 gt 1000 tonnes Risk reduction factor R1 0 4 0 6 0 8 1 These default values can be readily altered Section 7 4 However R1 comes into play only if ships correctly record their individual tank discharge on the BWRFs and these are entered into the database If combined or total tank discharges have been recorded then the value of R1 will most probably remain at 1 i e providing no influence to the BWRA calculation and results 4 3 2 Minimum BW Tank Storage Time R2 The longer BW is stored in a tank the smaller will be the number of surviving plants and animals as a consequence of the lack of light and decline in water quality especially from falling oxygen and pH levels due to biological respiration and rusting iron oxidation Even relatively short storage periods 5 days cause noticable declines in the density of many planktonic plant and animals e g Oemcke 1999 Long storage periods gt
140. olving BW tank discharges from a particular source port the greater the chance of successful transfers and subsequent introduction of at least one Non Indigenous Species NIS The proportional frequency of such voyages from each source port is automatically calculated by the Database for use and display by the GIS Section 3 3 and Section 7 Calculating this risk coefficient C1 for each source port is shown as follows Source Port XXX Source Port YYY Receiving Port Source Port WWW Source Port ZZZ The sum of the coefficients for all the source ports amounts to 1 total hazard due to BW discharge frequency with the size of the individual C1 coefficients in the above example between 0 5 and 0 1 In terms of discharge frequency number of inoculations tank discharges from Port XXX 0 5 provide five times more chance of causing an introduction than tank discharges from Port YYY 0 1 and twice as many as tank discharges from Port ZZZ 0 25 This assumes the BWRF data provide a reliable picture of the receiving port s current shipping trade e g all vessel arrivals for at least one and preferably two or three years Since the BWRF Database also contains the records of BW Exchanges these could be added to the risk assessment calculation to provide a hazard reduction function However the December 2003 v 1 4 URS Meridian GIS BWRA USER MANUAL Global Ballast Water Programme Page 29 current BW exchange data are n
141. onus Butis koilomatodon Cavolinia tridentate Neibuhr 1775 Chama elatensis Charybdis hellerii Cilicaea lateraillei Cochlodinium polykrikoides Gymnodinium catenatum Gyrodinium impudicum gt Gyrodinium instriatum When a Bioregion is selected in the left table the various species assigned to that region are listed in the centre table When a particular species is selected A exandrium tamarense in above example the radio buttons in the upper right box show its origin Status in the AG 1 bioregion i e if it is a cryptogenic native or introduced species in AG 1 The radio button in the lower right box shows its threat Status as a pest which remains the same for all bioregions unless it is native in the bioregion of the Receiving Port Section 6 1 Note that the Cryptogenic Native Introduced Status of a species changes according to the particular bioregion and these differences are stored in the Database but its pest status remains the same for all bioregions Both the bioregion origin and global pest status of a species selected in this window can be changed by clicking a different radio button in the boxes Clicking on a different button and closing the window will automatically save the status change No separate Save command is needed since the radio buttons which are on when the window is closed will store both statuses in the Database To add or remove a species from the selected Bioregion click on
142. ot particularly reliable for the first pass risk assessments for various reasons including e not all ships can undertake ideal blue water exchanges due to constraints imposed by their route weather vessel design pump condition etc e systematic compliance monitoring is required to check the truth of claimed BW exchanges not yet commenced e the success of exchanges is highly variable and their ability to eliminate organisms depends on many factors the best reported removal rates are in the 50 90 range e many organisms can avoid removal by various behaviours including sediment burial swimming up current and or seeking quiescent areas within the tank the objective of the first pass risk assessment is to identify the most hazardous trading routes and associated vessel types irrespective of the proportion of ships which regularly achieve effective risk reduction exchanges on each route The Database also stores the reported Salinity of the discharged BW source water and this could similarly be used for a risk reduction function e g discharges of BW from a freshwater river port present lower risk to an open coastal port Again there are several reasons why the Database does not attempt to use the salinity values of the BWRFs for the first pass BWRAs not all ships are reporting the salinity value or measuring it reliably e there is a need to standardise the meaning and use of this value it
143. p of known pests Methods to segregate harmless from harmful NIS require clear cut definitions good data and reliable bioinvasion models all of which are currently lacking Carlton 2002 It is therefore not possible to use a simple dichotomous approach harmful harmless other than for convenient administrative political or public awareness purposes A more precautionary basis for the end point is needed This is also appropriate for any ports which have nearby mariculture operations and or sites declared or informally recognised for local fish nursery public recreation nature conservation or wildlife biodiversity values It was therefore considered appropriate for the first pass GloBallast BWRAs to categorise NIS into three groups those with known suspected or apparently no harmful credentials based on a subjective evaluation of available species lists and reports comparable to the deductive inductive Of the large numbers of introduced marine species now documented for the coastal waters of Australasia Europe and North America it is generally acknowledged that between 5 and 15 have typically achieved an invasive if not harmful status in most regions and there is consensus regarding the validity of the 1096 rule of thumb noted for terrestrial introductions This informal measure predicts that 10 of introduced terrestrial plants and animals will spread and 10 of these will become pests e g Ruiz et a 1997 Lepp
144. phy of the Sea Academic Press San Diego CA Sherman K Alexander LM and Gold BD 1990 Large Marine Ecosystems Patterns Processes and Yields AAAS Press Washington DC USA December 2003 v 1 4 URS Meridian GIS BWRA USER MANUAL Global Ballast Water Programme Page 1 of Appendix 4 APPENDIX 4 Creating an ODBC Connection To display the BWRA results using the GIS it is necessary to establish a connection between the BWRA Database and ArcView An ODBC Open Database Connectivity link is used to do this Information on ODBC is also at http webopedia internet com TERM O ODBC html Follow these steps to permanently establish the ODBC connection 1 In Control Panel gt Administrative Tools double click Data Sources ODBC Administrative Tools DEAR B L le Edit View Favorites Tools Help Search Folders F Address 449 Administrative Tools k4 Component Services Shortcut 2 KB File and Folder Tasks Share this Folder Data Sources ODBC Shortcut Other Places 2KB gt Control Panel Local Security Policy Shortcut My Documents 2 KB My Computer q Services amp My Network Places Shout 2 KB Details 2 Choose Add ODBC Data Source Administrator User DSN System DSN File DSN Drivers Tracing Connection Pooling About User Data Sources Name 0 Dive 3 dBASE Files Microsoft dBase Driver Exce
145. r 2003 v 1 4 URS Meridian GIS BWRA USER MANUAL Global Ballast Water Programme Page 46 If the collection of BWRFs involves targeting only vessels that intend to discharge BW the results will not provide a true picture of the risk associated with all trading routes Limiting the collection or data entry of BWRFs to vessels discharging BW will also prevent a Forward risk assessment since this must focus on ships which uplift and export BW from the Receiving Port to its trading ports For unchecked and incomplete BWRFs critical gaps can be filled for a percentage of these forms by careful analysis of previous visits made by repeat arrival vessels plus their type size and pattern of trade as determined from port records The value of reliable computerised port records the Lloyds Register of Ships and international port and terminal guides such as Fairplay cannot be overestimated when undertaking a gap filling analysis see Section 2 2 Gap filling exercises are likely to be most reliable and fruitful for crude oil tankers product tankers gas tankers and bulk carriers which are engaged on regular trade between single commodity export and import terminals Even with these vessel types however the true sources and volumes of deballasted water may be hidden in confidential commercial records although interviews with shipping agents and ship s officers will improve estimates or guesses When trying to use port records t
146. r duplicate opening located on the underside and immediately below the pump room sea chest In the case of typical bulk carriers and some types of tankers the ballast tanks are the topside wing tanks These are a series of tanks which are usually triangular in cross section and located high up along both sides of the hull They typically carry 10 20 of the fair weather ballast capacity and are designed to inhibit severe undue rolling when the vessel is empty by raising the centre of gravity Ballast water from the topside wing tanks can be released by gravity flow from a series of ports located 2 4 m below the moulded deck line but on many vessels it can also be released via internal piping to the pump room and side ports the fore and aft peak tanks These carry a further 10 20 of the fair weather ballast capacity and are located in the bow and stern sections the deep double bottom tanks sometimes connected to the side hopper tanks These are located deep within the hull and hold some 60 70 of the fair weather ballast capacity They comprise either separate or confluent compartments depending on the type size and age of the vessel BW from these and the peak tanks must be pumped out through side ports located near the pump room a compartment usually located immediately in front of the engine room In addition to the normal fair weather ballast capacity one or more of the cargo holds of bulk carriers and oil tanks of empty
147. r naturlised organisms To avoid ambiguities and acknowledge that transitory marine introductions are known from Australia America and Europe definitions in Carlton 1985 and Hilliard et a 1997 may be modified to define an introduced marine species as A species which by human mediated transfer has formed at least a transitory population in a region beyond its native range This population may or may not develop into a viable long term population owing to local factor s that may affect some aspect of growth reproduction or recruitment In these cases only repeated inoculations may allow the continued or sporadic presence of a detectable population Cohen amp Carlton s 1995 described an established introduction as an introduced species that is present and reproducing in the wild and whose numbers age structure distribution and persistence over time suggest that they will continue to be present barring eradication efforts or a major natural catastrophic event This needs to be modified to include regions where major natural catastrophic events are not rare e g cyclone flood severe winter etc plus the potential ability of the naturalised self sustaining population to spread Hilliard et a 1997 Bouderesque amp Verlaque 2002 Thus an established population is introduced species with self sustaining population s that have persisted in the wild by natural means for several years including at least one natural cli
148. rcView GIS However checking and interpreting the results in the large output tables produced by the Access database is difficult and time consuming Displaying results with ArcView GIS helps results checking and evaluation and it provides convenient graphic outputs for BWRA demonstrations and training It is also possible to link the outputs from the Access database to other GIS packages such as ArcInfo or MapInfo However the ESRI ArcView 3 2 has been used for the following reasons e it is an affordable widely used well tested and stable platform for the Windows operating system it remains a de facto industry standard for GIS tasks that is well supported by ESRI and the global user community various types of geographic files and data produced by ERSRI and ArcView users are easy to acquire from the web and share e there is excellent product and distance support including a wide variety of help and training resources on the internet e it is easy to customise its user interface and tailor its functionality therefore permitting an uncluttered application that facilitates BWRA training use and demonstration December 2003 v 1 4 URS Meridian GIS BWRA USER MANUAL Global Ballast Water Programme Page 4 1 4 SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The system was developed by the following team at URS Australia Pty Ltd and Meridian GIS Pty Ltd Dr Rob Hilliard Tteam leader and calculation and treatment of risk co
149. rtaken by PRIMER when its normalised Euclidean distance metric is selected for the environmental similarity analysis A set of unitless variables is generated for the distance calculations with each value of a particular variable representing the number of standard deviations from the mean value of that variable The unitless values may be calculated before input e g using the formula in the PRIMER manual in which case PRIMER s Euclidean Distance should be used However this is unnecessary except for teaching or demonstration purposes It is worth noting that a small set of samples ports may yield a number of variables with highly skewed or bimodal distributions which will add little to if not reduce the outcome of the similarity analysis These problematic distributions can be avoided by either increasing the number of ports to provide a more global range using a suitable transformation before the normalisation step or substituting them with an equivalent but more normally distributed parameter A3 3 End Point of the GloBallast BWRA Environmental matching allows semi quantitative BWRAs to include both targeted and untargeted species but the end point has to accommodate the current inability to predict the possible establishment and consequences of transferring particular NIS Thus the end point is more constrained than in the targeted DSS approach which is aimed at identfiying and so avoiding high risk inoculations for a small grou
150. s NVOCCs generate the majority of containerized ocean traffic GDP Gross Domestic Product the total value of all goods and services produced in a particular country but excluding earnings remitted from abroad Geared ships are equipped with their own cranes for loading and off loading containers at smaller ports Generally handimax ships under 50 000 DWT that carry cranes on board or off loading conveyer belts and other bulk discharge systems can be used in smaller ports especially ports in developing regions GNP Gross National Product the total value of all goods and services produced in a particular country including earnings remitted from abroad by individuals or enterprises Gross payload includes the tare weight of containers Gross Registered Tonnage is a theoretical estimate of a ship s maximum carrying capacity as it is derived from the total volume of enclosed spaces which are available for cargo stores crew December 2003 v 1 4 URS Meridian GIS BWRA USER MANUAL Global Ballast Water Programme Page 3 of Appendix 5 passengers etc within the hull and superstructure GRT does not permit reliable estimates of ballast water capacity Handysize Bulk carriers between 10 000 DWT and 35 000 DWT 48 of world bulk fleet Handymax Bulk carriers of between 35 000 and 50 000 DWT 24 of world bulk fleet Laden or Un laden A maritime freight term describing if the voyage included cargo or
151. s measured on the Vertical Axis only there is no Horizontal axis The dendrogram is like a mobile hanging from the ceiling of a child s bedroom the vertical strings holding each group can rotate around each other If there is any unexpected or peculiar grouping you should go back to the Excel PED file and carefully check the port s environment data in Worksheets 1 3 for suspicious values ORDINATION a Make sure the PRIMER Similarity Matrix Window is selected highlighted b Go to the Analyse drop down menu and select MDS c In the options box select Number of restarts 6 minimum Plot graph Y yes OK d PRIMER will now perform a 2D ordination of the non metric dimensionless scaling of the similarity results The position of each port is an estimate in 2 dimensions of the actual distance between each port as measured in the 34 dimensions representing each environmental parameter The MDS ordination plot can be rotated by click and drag This allows you to check for any peculiar feature in the general pattern Look for ports that are very isolated all by themselves or inside a group ports which you do not believe to be very similar Remember that the Stress of trying to show true positions of all ports in only 2D may be high The blue Stress Number is on the upper right corner of the 2D plot and it is also listed in the log file The Stress shou
152. s of thousands or millions of gametes if sufficient spawning cues and water quality are present The result could be a successful if not massive settlement on relatively vacant artificial substrates in the harbour A 2 QUANTITATIVE RISK ASSESSMENTS Risk is a measure of the likelihood of an event and magnitude of its consequences Risk can be estimated by qualitative semi quantitative or quantitative means depending on the type and amount of available information and the completeness of the model of the hazard under investigation e g Hayes 1997 Hay amp Talyor 1999 In a typical quantitative risk assessment QRA undertaken by engineers risk is a measured social economic consequence of an identified hazard multiplied by the probability of the hazard occurring a hazardous situation is one waiting for the circumstances and events to occur that produce the unwanted outcome Careful identification of all hazards including evaluation of the possible circumstances and consequences is the first step in any risk assessment process and is usually termed a detailed hazard analysis For example to quantify the risk of an explosion occuring inside a complex petrochemical plant the potential consequences end points of an explosion at particular sites within the plant need to be determined by identifying and evaluating a the site of each hazardous activity or process within the plant including its proximity to unprotected workers and o
153. s original intent was to check if ships are performing an adequate blue water ocean exchange which would reduce the risk of invasions for BW discharges into permanently fresh lakes and waterways such as the Great Lakes system some euryhaline species can survive in both freshwater and brackish water ports e g the golden Asian mussel Limnoperna fortune Some ports are highly freshwater during their local wet season but become salty during their dry season e g Montevideo Buenos Aires Karumba Rotterdam etc To use salinity the Database would therefore need a risk reduction function that is customised to fit the salinity regime of the Arrival Port Demonstration Site The port would also need to arrange a ship education programme and compliance monitoring to ensure all visiting ships were reliably reporting the BW salinity after uptake at the source port and after any BW exchange that was attempted during the voyage 4 2 DISCHARGE VOLUME C2 RISK COEFFICIENT The C2 coefficient assumes there is a simple linear relationship between the amount of BW imported from a source port and the number of organisms transferred with this water inoculation size Appendix 1 For example if overall average plankton nekton densities at two source ports are similar then inoculations from the port which annually exports say ten times more BW tonnage may be expected to supply ten times more organisms Water quality in
154. se sensitive areas should include any locally or nationally recognised site for seabirds turtles or sea lions e g breeding or nesting sites feeding sites loafing areas haul out sites Declared wildlife reserves nature sanctuaries and fish nursery areas are often prohibited to trawling netting or boating so their boundaries are shown on nautical charts Boundaries of other wildlife conservation reserves MPAs and parks are usually shown on maps produced by Environment Natural Resource and or Fishery departments and sometimes by the local office of a national or international NGO such as WWF December 2003 v 1 4 URS Meridian GIS BWRA USER MANUAL Global Ballast Water Programme Page 23 3 2 7 Active Berth Layer This layer shows all the berthing mooring and anchoring areas at the Arrival port The names or numbers of the berths and berthing areas can be obtained from the Harbour Master or a detailed port chart It is important that the names used by the GIS for the different berthing areas ArcView s Attributes are identical to the names of the same berthing areas used in the Access Database so that summary tables of the BW discharge data can be automatically taken from the Database and displayed in the correct locations via the ODBC Section 3 4 3 2 8 Other Geophysical and Biological Data This data includes topographic land contours as well as hydrographical information such as local streams tidal creeks rivers and can
155. sed for other port environmental management purposes including Oil Spill Contigency Plans OSCPs In these cases the Infrastructure Layer should include the sites of storage sheds for oil combat equipment and command nodes Pop up tables providing telephone numbers emergency radio channels and communication command procedures can also be added as may available for copying from a local OSCP 3 2 6 Social Cultural Layer Significant social cultural resources at risk from introduced species include recreational artisanal and or commercial fishing areas plus aquaculture and mariculture facilities i e trawling grounds shrimp ponds fish traps fish cages seaweed growing areas and popular angling sites etc They also include declared or known fish nursery areas popular recreational or swimming beaches boating areas and culturally significant sites e g historic shipwrecks archaeological sites coastal memorials places of worship etc A specific layer may be created to display all these resources or they may be added to the Infrastructure layer e g mosques shoreline memorials the Habitat Layer e g fishery and aquaculture resources or the Navigation Layer e g historic shipwrecks as appropriate The social cultural layer should also show the boundaries of conservation sites including Wildlife Reserves Fish Nursery Areas Marine Protected Areas MPAs Coastal Nature Reserves Special Conservation Zones or Marine Parks The
156. sels using an intermediate port of call would produce a bimodal distribution of tank storage time If inspection of the database shows that the majority of source ports are represented by gt 15 voyages with a similar voyage time the default MIN can be readily substituted with AVG Section 7 4 to determine how much it influences the results 3 The air pocket between the water level and ballast tank ceilings head space is usually minimised pressed up to prevent dangerous water slamming and slop effects December 2003 v 1 4 URS Meridian GIS BWRA USER MANUAL Global Ballast Water Programme Page 32 5 ENVIRONMENTAL MATCHING COEFFICIENT 5 1 OVERVIEW OF THE COEFFICIENT The Environmental Matching coefficient C3 provides an indirect measure of the likely survivorship of organisms following their discharge into the receiving port plus their potential to establish a new population Appendix 1 The following graphic portrays a simple example Source Port XXX Source Port YYY Receiving Port Source Port WWW Source Port ZZZ Essentially the more the receiving port is environmentally similar to a BW source port the greater the chance that an introduction from the source port will survive and reproduce to establish a viable population The C3 coefficients are derived from the results of a multivariate Environmental Similarity Analysis ESA which is conducted outside the BWRA Database
157. ship or the specific ship for a selected Arrival Date These forward reverse buttons are at the bottom left corner of the Edit Print window this window is shown at the top of the next page After locating the Visit Record details in the three tab sub windows can be changed including individual BW tanks which can be edited deleted or added in the Ballast Water History sub window To remove a complete BW tank and all of its details select the tank then click the Remove Tank button December 2003 v 1 4 URS Meridian GIS BWRA USER MANUAL Global Ballast Water Programme 02 Jan 2002 LWW Islamic Republic of Islamic Republic of Republic of KharkIsland E Island Onsan E Saudi Arabia After making the edits save the amended Visit Record by clicking the Save Visit Details button in the bottom right of the Ballast Water History sub window To make an A4 size print out of the selected Visit Record click on the Print Current Visit button in the Vessel Information subwindow The page layout landscape and format closely resembles the standard IMO BWRF It may be necessary to adjust your Printer Properties settings to prevent the printed record using two portrait pages go to Print in the Access File menu then click Properties and check the paper size layout etc To update the Vessel Details click the Edit Vessel button o
158. source port Bioregions Dividing by the Total Value does not include every bioregion in the world produces a relative measure of the total risk C4 values are between 0 1 Thus each C4 value represents a proportion of all risk species that could be transported and discharged into the Receiving Port via its contemporary BW importation routes Note that the C4 values of BW source ports located in the same bioregion are identical The C4 graphic box shows how the Database calculates the relative risk species threat for the example which has four BW source ports Note there is third weighting value w3 This can be used to uniformly increase all C4 values by altering its default setting of 1 Using w3 to increase or decrease the influence of C4 in the calculation relative overall risk is addressed in Section 7 4 Example of C4 Calculating the Risk Species Coefficient Bioregion of Port XXX contains Bioregion of Port YYY contains 23 introduced species NIS no status 15 introduced species NIS 4 suspected pests S includes natives 3 suspected pests S 1 known pest K includes natives 0 known pests K Source Port XXX Source Port YYY C4 NIS w1 xS w2xK xui Total value for risk species in b Bioregions of all Source Ports Default values for Weightings Receiving Port wi z3 w2 10 w3 1 Source Port WWW Source Port ZZZ Bioregion of Port WWW contains Bioregion of
159. stuaries The subtidal habitats displayed by a typical Port Map are e muddy seafloor muds sandy muds shelly muds middle brown colour Sandy seafloor sands muddy sands shelly sands pale brown colour e rocky seafloor rocky pavement and subtidal rock reefs dark grey colour coral reef true carbonate reef built by corals and coralline algae pink or red colour significant seagrass or seaweed beds e g Zostera Laminaria Dictyotis mid green colour The intertidal habitats displayed by a typical Port Map are e high intertidal salt flats sabkahs marsh areas may extend to supratidal zone white sand beaches and sand spits often occur along the back edges of bays and beside a sandy seafloor in the shallow subtidal area strong yellow colour mangrove forests these usually occupy middle to high tide area dark green colour low tide mud flats become fully exposed only during low spring tides Often wide with a gentle slope and along the edges of estuaries lagoons river channels and or a shallow muddy seafloor of the subtidal zone olive brown colour Cliffs rocky coastline where the gap between the low and high tide marks does not exist or is very small because of the almost vertical slope into the subtidal zone black lines for vertical cliffs medium grey colour for rocky platforms and terraces e Stony beaches predominantly boulders cobbles stones or gravel with
160. t file txt to avoid the problem and allows the correct similarity values to be quickly placed into Worksheet 5 of the Excel PED file a Check the PRIMER Similarity Matrix window is active its top border is highlighted b Go to the File drop down menu and select Save As to display the file box c Go to Save as type and select Text Files txt from the drop down list d Browse to your Directory Folder containing the port environment data Excel file and save the Similarity Matrix as a Text file called Sheet1 txt in the usual manner e Close PRIMER and open the Excel PED file select Worksheet 5 then open the new Sheet1 txt text file select All files in Excel s File Open window to see the file i When you open Sheet1 txt Excel will display a WOAS box to help you import text into a new Excel spreadsheet ii In of the Wizard Box check the Delimited radio button go to the Start Import Row and replace the 1 with a 2 then press the Next gt button ii In 3 the Tab delimiter should be checked and Text qualifier should be iv In PPE select all columns in the Wizard Box after the 2 column Do this quickly by selecting the 3 column it will become dark shaded Then go to the December 2003 v 1 4 URS Meridian GIS BWRA USER MANUAL Global Ballast Water Programme Page 39 end of the columns usi
161. tankers can be flooded to further deepen the ship and provide increased stability and handling characteristics during periods of storm induced high seas and large swells These temporary heavy weather compartments comprise pre designated holds which can be filled with 8 000 15 000 tonnes of seawater which can increase the ballasted weight to 50 6096 of DWT Table 1 The following table compares the fair and heavy weather ballast water capacities of common ship types Comparison of typical Ballast Water capacities among different Ship Types DWT Fair weather of Heavy weather of Vessel Type tonnes ballast tonnes DWT ballast tonnes DWT Bulk Carrier 250 000 75 000 30 113 000 45 150 000 45 000 30 67 000 45 70 000 25 000 36 40 000 57 x 35 000 10 000 30 17 000 49 Oil Tanker 100 000 40 000 40 45 000 45 Product Tanker 40 000 12 000 30 15 000 38 Container ship 40 000 12 000 30 15 000 38 D 15 000 5 000 30 General cargo ship 17 000 6 000 35 i 8 000 3 000 38 RoRo Pass ferry 3 000 1 000 Ships encountering heavy weather en route usually have plenty of opportunity to discharge any extra ballast in deep water prior to approaching the port Discharge of heavy weather ballast is done as soon as possible to a reduce the amount of immersed surface and so improve fuel efficiency and b maximise the amount of cargo hold drying and airing time Some ports have air draft limitations that require inbound v
162. the MS Access 2000 application TIP To avoid importing non standard characters and attributes into an Excel spreadsheet it is best to first copy the table into a Word document Use Se ect A in Access Edit drop down menu then Copy and paste into a blank Word document Then select and copy the rows of the new Word table and paste these into an empty Excel spreadsheet This two step process will provide a clean worksheet that is amenable to all Excel format and calculation commands A copy of the results table can also be saved by the Database as a new Excel file if the Database is opened using the S h ft Key Oper method This method gives the Database manager access to all Access functions including the use of the Query Records Filter Sort and Export features to assemble new tables There is no need to copy or transfer any results to the ArcView GIS The GIS will access all BW Database tables automatically if there is an ODBC connection Section 3 Appendix 4 7 6 FORWARD RISK ASSESSMENT The Forward Risk Assessment examines the relative risk of introducing unwanted species via BW uplifted at the Receiving Port and exported to other ports The largest single quantities of ballasted water will be uplifted by large liquid and bulk carriers when offloading their cargo at a dedicated import facility The ballasting requirements of general cargo ships container vessels Ro Ro vessels vehicle carriers are variable a
163. the lower bar ArcView GIS 3 2 File Edit View Theme Graphics Window BWRA Help Cz 875708 AEN w Risk Assessment Information This tool is available only when the World Bioregions Map is displayed Selecting this tool allows a User to click on any port displayed in any layer of the World Map to launch a summary results table for that port The table includes a list of the risk species present in the bioregion of that port Risk Analysis for EGSUZ E Risk Species Present Source Port Suez El Suweis Common Name Species Current Status Phylum Division Family Species Name Country Egypt Crab NS Arthropoda Decapoda Brachyura Ashtoret lunaris BioRegion R5 3 Striped barnacle 5 Arthropoda Cirripedia Balanidae Balanus amphitrite ampl Latitude 29 966600 bamacle NS Arthropoda Cirripedia Balanidae Balanus amphitrite cirral Longitude 32 550000 barnacle NS Arthropoda Cirripedia Balanidae Balanus trigonus Percentage of Tank Discharges 0 00 Sleeper goby NS Chordata Pisces Eleotridae Butis koilomatodon Percentage of BW Volume Discharges 0 00 Red Sea Jewel Box shell NS Mollusca Bivalvia Chamidae Chama elatensis Max BW Volume Discharge Per Tank 94472 Swimming crab 5 Arthropoda Decapoda Charybdis feriatus Tank Vol Size Risk Reduction 1 00 Swimming crab K Arthropoda Decapoda Portunidae Charybdis hellerii Min Bw Storage Days 10 Sea Lice NS Arthropoda Isopoda Flabillifera C
164. ther sensitive plant structures the nearest public street and houses and the combinations of equipment failures and human errors that would cause an explosion at each site b the possible events and circumstances that could cause these failures and errors to coincide and c the number of deaths and injuries and extent of plant and property damage from the resultant explosion at each site The consequences are typically measured and compared in terms of the costs associated with compensation payments legal fees rebuilding lost production loss of reputation and marketing losses based on long established guidelines and dollar values used by insurance companies A fully quantitative risk assessment will also provide measures of certainty of the calculated risks In the case of assessing the biological risk from introducing a marine species attempting a conventional quantitative risk assessment is impractical as bioinvasion models remain incomplete and there are rapidly increasing uncertainties with each step of the invasion process i e from ballast uptake ballast tank infection through voyage survival release inoculation and survival in a new environment to population establishment spread impacts and outcomes e g Hayes 1997 Hay amp Taylor 1999 Hilliard amp Raaymakers 1997 Hayes amp Hewitt 1998 2000 Hewitt amp Hayes 2002 Quantifying the risk for unwanted marine species introductions is possible only if each potenti
165. ting Common Carrier NVOCCs act as freight forwarders that consolidate multiple shipper s traffic into large consolidations that command lower rates from ocean carriers NWS New Worldscale New World Wide Tanker Nominal Freight Scale A pricing scale used for measuring daily average lease rates for vessels over 10 000 DWT The NWS is a table used by ship owners for representative routes for showing time charter rates using a common set of cost calculations Included in the scale are distance port costs port time standardized four days bunker oil costs and other costs plus 12 000 per day A daily rate of 8 NWS e g for a representative 75 000 DWT tanker means 80 of its daily standard rate for a standard round trip voyage OBO s Ore Bulk or Oil carrier which is a vessel capable of carrying dry or wet bulk cargoes that can be used for triangular trades Ore or Oil carriers vessels similar to OBOs Panama Canal vital 82 km long international shipping lane which crosses the narrowest part of central America Built by US Army Engineers and opened in 1914 this canal markedly shortens the distances and voyage times between Pacific and Atlantic ports Unlike the Suez Canal the Panama has three sets of locks and a freshwater lake sector Two sets of locks are on the Pacific side Miraflores and Pedro Miguel Locks and one set is on the Atlantic side Gatun Locks Sea level at the Pacific end is 24 cm higher tha
166. training demonstration and evaluation purposes The accuracy and reliability of its output depends heavily on the quality of data entered from ship s Ballast Water Reporting Forms published and unpublished reports and inputs from marine scientists Responsibilty for applying the BWRA database and or its results for any ballast water management purpose by a Pilot Country rests with the Country Focal Point CFP of that country December 2003 v 1 4 URS Meridian GIS BWRA USER MANUAL Global Ballast Water Programme Contents Table of Contents INTRODUCTION ottobre dri ipa eee pn t ded aeta 1 1 1 BWRA System Overview eee eee eee 1 1 2 Rationale for First Pass Risk Assessments U 2 1 3 Importance of GIS Component I U enne 3 1 4 System Development and 4 BW REPORTING FORMS DATA ENTRY AND MANAGEMENT 5 2 1 Database OVerVieW voices ett eene dr ee dere ERR E Y XE ERR E Ter EX Ye 5 2 2 Checking and Avoiding Errors U emen 6 2 3 Mandatory Data Required by Database 7 2 4 Entering the Vessel Visit and Ballast Tank 9 2 5 Editing and Printing the Ship Visit 15 2 6 Database Management
167. ts and statistics on the World and Port Maps In Help World Bioregions Port Map View Relative Overall Risk View C1 Frequency of Discharges View C2 Volume of Discharges View C3 Environmental Matching View C4 Risk Species Threat View Mean Volume per Tank Discharge View Next Port Frequency 2 View Next Port Environmental Matching View Demonstration Port Save Legend Select Bw R Database World Bioregions Toggles from the Port Map to the World Bioregions Map Port Map Toggles from the World Bioregions Map to the Port Map Berth Information Launches the Berth Information dialog window which shows summary BWRA statistics for each berthing area that is used by the Access Database Berth Information Select Berth Berth Ballast Water Discharge Information Arrival Berth Berth Chemical Jetty Number BW Tank Discharges 1413 Sea Island Sum BW Vol Discharged 50105447 Mean BW Vol Discharged per Visit 59226 Mean BW Vol Discharged per Tank 35460 Max BW Vol Discharged per Tank 156162 Min BW Vol Discharged per Visit 1730 Min BW Storage Days 0 Mean BW Storage Days 14 Max BW Storage Days 374 First Visit 1999 01 11 00 00 00 Last Visit 2002 12 02 00 00 00 NOTE This Berth Information option is active only when the Port Map is being displayed December 2003 v 1 4 URS Meridian GIS BWRA USER MANUAL Global Ballast Water Programme Page 25 Vie
168. uations i e when no BW source port has C1 or C2 values larger than 0 5 Relative Proportion of Proportion of Enviro Relative Overall discharge discharge mental Risk species Risk Frequency Volume matching threat ROR C1 C2 C3 C4 ROR C1 C2 4 4 Equation 1 0 150 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 2 ROR C2 x C4 3 Equation 2 0 080 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 2 ROR C1 C2 4 4 Equation 1 0 200 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 C2 C3 x C4 3 Equation 2 0 147 0 2 0 2 0 0 2 ROR C1 C2 C3 C4 4 Equation 1 0 350 0 5 0 5 0 2 0 2 ROR C1 C2 x C4 3 Equation 2 0 347 0 5 0 5 02 li 0 2 ROR C2 C3 C4 4 Equation 1 0 400 0 6 0 6 0 2 0 2 ROR C2 C3 x C4 3 Equation 2 0 413 0 6 0 6 0 2 0 2 ROR C1 C2 C4 4 Equation 1 0 450 0 7 0 7 0 2 0 2 ROR 1 C2 x C4 3 Equation 2 0 480 0 7 0 7 0 2 0 2 Option ii above was to leave the default ROR calculation unchanged but increase the size of C4 Note that any weight change to C4 is more sensitive in Equation 1 because C3 has less influence on C4 size than in 2 Because C4 typically exerts less influence on the ROR result than C3 in the default GloBallast BWRA Brazilian counterparts undertaking the BWRA Activity for the Port of Sepetiba explored the effect of altering all three default weights used for calculating C4
169. use thousands of cars Mainly used on routes from Europe Japan Korea and United States to countries with a significant demand for automobile importations Ballast Non revenue producing weight used to balance a ship when it has little or no cargo Bulk carriers and tankers often make the return trip in ballast i e empty without a cargo Bulk Carriers Bulkers or Bulkies Ships designed to load carry dry cargoes in bulk such as grains oil seeds ores and coal from point to point Bulkies may be geared has a set of cranes for self loading unloading or ungeared relies on port equipment to load unload cargo Bunker fuel Bunkers typically a standard medium weight fuel oil MFO used by ships Cape Size Cape Class A type of Bulk Carrier too large for the Suez Canal and used to carry heavy cargoes mainly iron ore around the Cape of Good Hope to and from Asia Cape Class ships typically weigh between 80 000 199 000 DWT with a beam between 40 to 50 meters CIF Cost Insurance and Freight The cost of a product plus insurance and freight charges required to deliver the shipment to a specified point Conferences Groupings of carriers designed to limit competition and insure stability by setting and publishing rates for specific trade lanes Since the U S enacted OSRA Ocean Shipping Reform Act in 1998 conferences have become largely ineffective with most shippers contracting confident
170. ve approach can therefore be adopted for a Ballast Water Risk Assessment whereby a species if recorded in at least one location in a Bioregion is considered potentially present at all ports within the boundaries of the same Bioregion 2 ORIGINS OF BIOREGIONS The Bioregions in the World Map largely follow those adopted by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature IUCN to define areas for marine biological conservation purposes Kelleher et al 1995 with specific alterations made by CSIRO CRIMP They als follow the recent National Introduced Marine Species Information System NIMPIS developed in Australia to help reduce the spread of introductions Section 3 The nearshore bioregions are based on Kelleher et a 1995 who used groups of local marine experts within 18 separate ocean regions to identify nearshore bioregions based largely on environmental and biological characteristics The offshore bioregions are derived from Longhurst 1998 who primarily identified oceanic regions using their physical characteristics In this context it is worth noting the following rules of thumb with respect to seawater temperature in commonly used regional labels Cold Regions seawater regularly freezes in winter rarely exceeds 10 C in summer e Cool Temperate Regions inshore seawater occasionally freezes in winter rarely exceeds 18 C in summer except in shallow zones of inland seas e g Black Sea Caspian Sea e Warm
171. ven become a beneficial part of a local fishery It therefore seems prudent to allow the division between invasive and harmful at least for the time being Terms such as suspected pest suspected harmful species or potential next pest can be used when their predicted or deduced impacts have not been demonstrated through scientific research reports refereed publications or government regulations and guidelines Vectors and Pathways these are the physical means or agents by which a species is transferred Ballast water ships hulls and the movements of commercial oysters and baitfish in the aquaculture industry are examples The particular geographic routes taken by these vectors are sometimes termed pathways although pathway is used by some agencies to refer to the combined vector and route Evaluating the characteristics of vectors and their routes is an integral part of NIS risk management and their routes can be divided into primary and secondary categories Primary routes transfer aquatic NIS across significant natural barriers i e trans oceanic and intercontinental routes while secondary routes help spread and disperse their initial incursion s between points within a region i e via routes used by domestic and local hub shipping coastal fishing vessels pleasure craft river barges etc In line with use of vector a medical term for the agents such as mosquitos which introduce disease organisms to
172. w Ballast Water Reporting Form The unit of BW discharge is recorded on the IMO BWRF and is specificed for each ship visit record by selecting from the drop down list either m3 cubic metres MT metric tonnes LT long tons or ST short tons see Section 2 4 6 and Appendix 5 Until a unit is selected the other data entry fields for Total Ballast Water On Board and Total Ballast Water Capacity will remain unavailable in the Ballast Water Tanks sub window If no unit is present on the BWRF select MT as the default unit this is the most common unit used by ships The Database will not save a Ship Visit Record until all Mandatory fields have been completed and the Save Visit Details button is clicked at bottom right of the Ballast Water History subwindow Ballast Water Reporting Form Tank Code December 2003 v 1 4 URS Meridian GIS BWRA USER MANUAL Global Ballast Water Programme Page 9 Similarly no BallastTank details will be saved unless the Save Tank Details button is clicked This button is located in the bottom right corner of the Add Tank sub window Dalian Liaoning pe 2 4 ENTERING THE VESSEL VISIT AND TANK INFORMATION 2 4 1 IMO Number and Vessel Name e Always check and enter the ship s unique IMO Number first This mandatory ship identifier is used by the Database to identify all Visit Records The ship s IMO Number may already be present in the drop dow
173. w Relative Overall Risk Displays the Relative Overall Risk as calculated by the BWRA Database Section 6 This option is active only when the World Bioregions Map is displayed View C1 Frequency of Discharges Displays the Frequency of BW Discharges from each source port Risk Coefficient C1 Active only when the World Bioregions Map is displayed View C2 Volume of Discharges Displays the Volume of Discharges from each source port Risk Coefficient C2 Active only when the World Bioregions Map is displayed View C3 Environmental Matching Displays the Environmental Matching Coefficient Risk Coefficient C3 Active only when the World Bioregions Map is displayed View C4 Risk Species Threat Displays the Risk Species Threat from each source port Risk Coefficient C4 Active only when the World Bioregions Map is displayed View Mean Volume per Tank Discharge MT Displays the mean volume per Tank Discharge as converted to metric tonnes from each source port Active only when the World Bioregions Map is displayed View Next Port Frequency 9 o Displays each Next Port of Call and the vessel departure frequency to each of them Active only when World Bioregions Map is displayed View Next Port Environmental Matching Displays the Environmental Matching Risk Coefficient C3 for each Next Port of Call Active only when World Bioregions Map is displayed View Demonstration Port Highlights the location of D
174. where BWRFs are added to the Database By using the Excel PED file in the Utilities Folder Port Environmental Data for PRIMER xlIs the environmental data collating and ESA work can proceed independently to avoid clashing with Database activities such as BWRF data entry editing Using the Excel files allows convenient analysis and review of the PED ESA work without the need to install MS Access 2000 The Excel PED file contains five interconnected Worksheets used for the following tasks 1 Input Port Enviro Data here This sheet is formatted to enable convenient entry review and editing of the 34 PED variables The variables are stored in a port samples by rows format The Port name UN Port Code and location inputted as degrees minutes seconds occupy the first 8 columns of each row 2 Lat Long Decimal data This sheet automatically calculates and displays the Decimal Degree positions for each port Section 2 4 5 and is formatted to provide an optional export to PRIMER e g for geographically plotting the port positions by 2D Ordination 3 WkSht3 PRIMER Input This sheet automatically presents the values placed Worksheet 1 in the format that permits their direct import by PRIMER for the ESA 4 WkSht4 Transform Input This sheet provides a location to investigate the distributions of the variables and the effect of variable transformations on the ESA results The format permits the dir
175. y present in the Database and these can be quickly selected by using the Country then Port drop down lists e Ifthe name of the Last Port or Next Port was not written on the BWRF but the next or last Country is present then only Country name may be entered by going to the Port drop down box for that Country and selecting Not Reported at top of Port list e If the Country of the missing Last Port or Next Port is also absent on the BWRF then Not Reported needs to be selected from the Country drop down menu at top of Country list Visit Records that have a Not Reported Last Port will not be listed in the risk calculation outputs but they will be used by the Database for compiling accurate statistics and reports about the Receiving Port s vessel visits etc e Some Country and Port names may appear to be absent from the Drop down lists because of different spellings Data Entry Operators need to understand that some Country names may be spelled in English or in the language of that country e g Spain Espagna Ivory Coast Cote D Ivoire e Similarly the port of Vlissingen in the Netherlands may be written on BWRF as Flushing which is not the official name Therefore Data Entry Operators should refer to an international Port Guide before entering the name and details of any new port e Another problem is that a port name hastily written on a BWRF may actually refer to two

BWRA User Guide _version 1-4 - Biosafety Clearing

Contents

Download Pdf Manuals

Related Search

Related Contents