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Chapter 6: Groundwater

1. Input as a constant value Constant Input by point values SrcParado Input by polygons Arpadi Parameters for boundary conditions type boundary Input as a constant value Const Input by linked points ParBou Input by polygons Arpadi Input based on one or more other parameters Expression Application of expressions Triwaco User s Manual The Expression allocator evaluates an expression and calculates creates a new Adore block An expression may contain set names numbers functions factors and operators Three types of operators may be distinguished mathematical operators relational operators and logical operators Definition Description Parameter names as defined in Triwaco consisting of a combination of Saknames alphanumeric characters The parameter may be preceded by the name of one of the project s data sets and a sign e g cal TX1 Numbers integer and real numbers e g 15 0 456 Factors Consist of numbers expressions functions or identifiers Mathematical operators and Relational operators gt gt lt and lt Logical operators AND amp amp OR and NOT and IF THEN and ELSE 6 Groundwater 55 Roval Haskoning Triwaco User s Manual simple mathematical functions abs x Returns
2. Time Dependency Selert the tre dependency of the parameter here Time Dependency Input at sprohed stress pensds HE 91011597 2002 1997 ELAM 997 1191 1997 0203 1597 FIA LGT 2101 1997 LYN 1597 OLS EST Dear Al soy sas re LGG EOSTA INGE 1997 OLA 1597 21 05 1997 m Then select next and follow the instructions for the 271 window select Type of Input Table Then in the Provider field select Microsoft Excel Then select Connect and in the next window select Browse and locate and select the file AbstractionAq2 xls in the directory My Models TutorialData You can leave the other fields as they are they are updated automatically by Triwaco Close this window You are now back in the 2 window Select the Table in this case worksheet with abstraction rates that is Abstraction aq 2 To check if the correct sheet is selected select Show Table This comes in very handy since it helps to identify the fields ID and Values Close this window and select the fields as shown in the figure above Select Next You are now in the 3 window Select Input as specified stress periods the periods will appear for which we have to specify the specified stress periods Mark the time steps for which the SQ2 ON will be active You only have to mark the first time step from which on the parameter is active SQ2 ON is active until it is deactivated by the activation of SQ2 OFF So only select 01 01 1997 as shown in the 3 window above
3. Abstraction aq 2 To check if the correct sheet is selected select Show Table This comes in very handy since it help to identify the fields ID and Values Close this window and select the fields as shown in the figure above Note that a filter can be applied to a table as well as we saw for a vector map when we defined the watercourse in the discretisation dataset Close the Properties window Data Table A SQO2Scenl 0 200 400 Now you are back in Triwaco in the design data set The final thing to do is define the allocator Select in this case for a source parameter Parado You now have defined the parameter Any changes to values have to be made in the file AbstractionAq1 XLS If you open the context menu for the parameter SQ1 and select Edit you will find yourself again in the Data Table You can view the data but not make changes 6 3 4 Input of parameters for watercourses type river The parameters of the linear surface watercourses brooks rivers canals are RAn River acivity HRn Water levels RWn Width of the water course CDn and Cln Drainage and Infiltration resistance respectively for exchange of groundwater and surface water se e There are several more parameters to be assigned to a line element These are used for either more advanced options definition of a river bottom river clusters and horizontal wells To learn more about these options look into the next part of this chapter expl
4. Now you can allocate the parameter Select the parameter open the context menu and select Allocate The allocation process will start The progress is shown in the Jobs pane and depending on the type of allocator also information is provided in the Output pane If all went well the status indicator turned green e If parameters are related to other parameters by means of an Expression the independent parameters must be allocated first and the dependent parameters after that Triwaco will give a warning in the output pane or when you test the expression 6 Groundwater 31 Roval Haskoning Triwaco User s Manual 6 4 4 Allocating an entire dataset Build making all parameters up to date Since modelling is a process of entering data calibration adapting and changing maps and parameters keeping track of all changes made is difficult Triwaco alreadv provides a lot of usefull information via the status indicator and dependencies However with a lot of data vou want as quickiv as possible allocate all necessarv parameters to do another simulation For this there is the option Build This option checks the status of all parameters in the dataset and allocates them if necessarv It will also check the dependencies of parameters and will in order of dependencies allocate them So with one push of the button the entire dataset is up to date You may test this option even though all parameters at the moment are up to date From the pull down menu Datase
5. Generate This will create the input file for the grid generator Triwaco will show in the Jobs pane if not available do so by View Jobs the progress of generating the grid input file In the Output pane the log of the grid generator is shown Note that three rivers are incorporated in the grid So the filter step 3 did the job Also notice three sources and three density polygons were created as we did in the previous steps To view the input file Dataset View Input This will open the text editor By default this is Notepad an open source editor But you may define your favourite of course lts Og x Output Job Path Argument Status Started Elapsed Done GenTei version 1 0 Oct 10 2007 erte ere C Program Filed C MyMode Compl 13 46 Ken ER SE AE a i i Generating Tesnet input file grid tei T nt ge aT Pl ti Compl 13 59 0 7 79s TL boundary point 3 rivers 63 points 3 Sources d pointa 3 density polygons 26 points Job create grid Job generate grid input is Dane is completed completed To create the grid Dataset Run Again information is provided in the Jobs and Output pane When an error occurs this is mentioned in the job pane or an error message may appear due to incorrect input To find out where it went wrong look into the log file To view the log file Dataset View Print To view the resulting grid Dataset View Outpu
6. Idrisi and ERDAS In the dataset select the parameter RL1 which defines surface level top of aquifer 1 and open the context menu select Properties The parameter properties window has two tabs General and Input The General tab gives general information which is also shown in the dataset For now you can leave this tab as it is Now go to the second tab Input The figure below shows the properties Input tab Select Type of Input Raster map Then select Browse and locate and select the file DEM asc in the directory My Models TutorialData Triwaco automatically selects the Driver from the OpenGIS database and if there is only one Rasterband it selects Rasterband 1 This can be different if you use satellite imagery Below this field a summary of the map is given And close the window 6 Groundwater 21 Roval Haskoning Triwaco User s Manual gl Parameter Properties Type of Input Raster map Driver ArcInfo ASCII Grid Dataset CAMy Models TutarialData DEM asc Rasterband 1 F5 rows x 74 cols x I bands x 32 bits Now you are back in Triwaco in the design data set The final thing to do is define the allocator Select in this case for a raster map Regado You now have defined the parameter We will now have a look at the parameter map Open the file in DIGEDIT as described before or simply double click You will now see raster map In this case the map can only be viewed not edited For editin
7. Annex 2 Lav out calibration file measured heads The file with the measured heads should have the following lav out title code well 1 x co ordinate y co ordinate cluster no Ino aquifer measured head code well 2 x co ordinate y co ardinate cluster no na aquifer measured head code well 3 x co ordinate y co ordinate cluster no no aquifer measured head code well 4 x co ordinate y co ordinate cluster no no aquifer measured head l BIC For phreatic heads you fill in a O for the number of the aquifer With the cluster number one can assign certain wells to a specific group for statistical analyses The well data has to be entered in a fixed format A10 F10 F10 15 15 F10 where A10 a text with a maximum of 10 characters incl Spaces IF10 7 a number with a decimal point 10 characters long 15 an integer number without a point 5 characters long The name of the file with calibration values is by definition calib chi An Example spaces are designated as measurements 1995 me 2 APOD 14 1 42057 00325998 Dee ee eA 1 Poze PU As 206 Ne GE ese Jr 2 oa SAU Ge LE re Is2 AP ID55 137 224 FAT ANT Je eee eet GE 6 Groundwater 58 Roval Haskoning Triwaco User s Manual Annex 3 Lay out time series files Below an example of a RP1 tim file is given In the first column the date is stated In the second one the time In the final column the
8. FHIL Ne PHI2 Ns NO0002E nom oad0moadomoadndo dodoaddnddoadadda Triwaco User s Manual ID Mame coordinates km T coordinates Y Time Time sl Measured values Valuel Aquifer Aquifer Save Settings SSE A ATT A AAAI An animation can be created provided that transient parameters or transient simulation results are loaded To create an animation first create a contour or classified map of the parameter used in the animation Then 6 Groundwater 52 Roval Haskoning Triwaco User s Manual select Time Animate from the menu bar or simplv IE The following dialog box will appear E Animation Properties XI Start time Stop time 265 Cancel Time step 98611111 Number of steps G NIE Delay me TI OG F Dutput to disk Advanced Filename CA Projdire tk HBF av Browse di Specify the start time stop time time step or number of steps Delay is used to set the delay time for the frames Close the dialog box by OK To start the animation push the play button in the following box One may also use the time bar to show individual frames Frame U of 36 time 10 00 days flua TT To create a title and to insert dates in each frame first define the start time by Time Starting date One is prompted to define date and starting time Next step is to open the properties window which can be accessed selec
9. Finite difference steadv state and transient groundwater flow for multi lavered svstems 6 4 SEAWAT USGS Finite difference steadv state and transient variable densitv groundwater flow and solute transport for multi lavered svstems three dimensional combinations of MODFLOW and MT3D 6 5 6 Groundwater 3 Roval Haskoning Triwaco User s Manual 6 2 Walk through example with FLAIRS tutorial There are several possibilities to get to know Triwaco The most extensive information on the software package can be found in the next chapters of the manual that includes not only an explanation of how to run the software but also contains extensive background information of the different modules and supported model codes This information can also be accessed by the Help function This tutorial gives an introduction on how to set up and run a groundwater model in Triwaco It is meant for those who are familiar with groundwater modelling and wish to get a quick view of the normal method to set up and to run a groundwater model and the standard possibilities of Triwaco A complete view is obtained by using the manual It is strongly recommended that prior to starting this exercise one first reads through the previous chapters which explain the general philosophy and handling of the Triwaco modelling environment Especially chapters 3 4 and 5 is recommended to read first The model set up in this tutorial will be
10. This time however we will look at the change in water level through time Bv defining the input on the specified stress input periods same periods of 10 davs as the time steps defined above a parameter can be switched on and off In this wav the abstraction rate before and after shutting down the well can be defined This can be done by the use of a tilde within a parameter name Triwaco will not use the information which is behind this tilde but it will enable vou to maintain different values for different periods of time for the same parameter Define two different abstraction rates by adding two new parameters SQ2 ON and SQ2 OFF In this case SQ2 ON is identical to SQ2 used in the steady state calculation SQ2 OFF contains an abstraction rate of 0 for well number 1 since it will be shut down By indicating the valid stress period for both parameters Triwaco will tell the model code FLAIRS to read SQ2 ON for the parameter SQ2 for the situation whereby the well is still in use and SQ2 OFF is read for SQ2 when the well is shut down not active First we will create the parameter SQ2 ON This is done in three steps of which the first two you have done before Select Parameter New In the wizard copy everything from the 1 window shown below Enter ganer al information about the parameter ip create LSE Fees Type Source locator Parad C My Modei FutorisiData Tahe Vole Cer Bode Tutnrisfrojedt Fars rana
11. 0 lt x lt 1 4 1 lt x lt 2 Inspector With the inspector you can point at any location in the model and get a list of values for each parameter loaded The inspector is started by selecting so Pointing at various locations causes the program to display coordinates element and node numbers and values of all loaded parameters for the selected location Also useful You will frequently use the properties window View Properties or click right hand mouse button somewhere in the map The left part of the window is a list of items shown on the screen the right part gives a list of all other items that are hidden You will find among others the node values of the chosen parameters Node labels You can also select an item in the list of Visible items and change the appearance Some other options Enter a background map in the menu View Background map similar to loading a backgroundmap in DIGEDIT One may for instance also load a parameter input map to check the allocated parameter The parameter maps can be found in the Initial data set directory it s a file consisting of the code name of the parameter and the extension ung e An extra dimension to the presentation of parameters can be given by the option Parameters Shading e Measure lengths and areas by selecting Pal and pointing the corner points by clicking in the map The lines will remain on the screen until you zoom in or out or rewrite
12. DIGEDIT A boundarv or anv map watercourses sources etc can directiv be defined in Triwaco from several file formats see text box like a shape file set up in ArcView or ArcGIS MapInfo or any other GIS software For the model boundarv we will define the model boundarv ourself using standard map editor of Triwaco DIGEDIT How to define parameters directiv from the different file formats will be explained in other steps of creating the calculation grid and model OpenGIS in Triwaco For definition of parameters the modelling environment follows the specifications provided bv the Open GIS Consortium OpenGIS or Open GeoSpatial using the Open Source Geospatioal Data Abstraction Library GDAL The implementation of GDAL into our software opens the world of all sorts of data file formats that can directly can be read bv the modelling environment It can handle almost all known GIS formats and the Dutch standards like Aquo INTWIS and IRIS The list of supported formats is ever growing a selection Raster maps over 64 formats Idrisi ESRI grids Erdas Vector maps over 16 format ESRI shape MapInfo AutoCAD Data bases such as Oracle MySQL en Access Other well known formats such as Excel txt en csv Data processing in the modelling environment using expressions and Spatial Queries Data files in one of these formats can be used as model input without any conversion prior to use in the modelling environment
13. Excel Datasource C My Models TutorialLlata AbstractionAqi xis Table Abstraction ag 25 Ids ID Values Filter Select Type of Input Table Then in the Provider field select XLSfiles Then select Connect and in the next window select Browse and locate and select the file AbstractionAq2 xIs in the directory My Models TutorialData You can leave the other fields as they are they are updated automatically by Triwaco Close this window You are now back in the Properties Window in the tab Input Select in the Table the sheet Abstraction aq 2 To check if the correct sheet is selected select Show Table This comes in very handy since it help to identify the fields ID and Values Close this window and select the fields as shown in the figure above Close the Properties window Now you are back in Triwaco in the Scenario1 data set The allocator still is Parado so the only thing to do now Is to allocate the parameter 6 5 3 Run the Scenario simulation In the dataset Scenario1 select Dataset Explore This will open the windows explorer in the dataset directory Notice that only the modified parameter SQ2 is physically present in the Scenario data set directory In the input file for the model code all other parameters will be referenced to the Simulation1 dataset To run the simulation choose Dataset Generate creates an model code input file based on the modified parameters in the set and the parameters referen
14. If you want you can of course create a different boundary condition Open for instance the IB1 map file in DIGEDIT select in the Properties Window as input Vector Map then click Close and open DIGEDIT via Parameter Edit Ignore the map soes not exist Next step is adding the model boundary map previously made for grid generation File Append Look for the file BND ung in the directory Flairs Discretisation1 The linked points by definition always are linked to 1 since there is only one boundary Now follow the same steps as explained for the river parameter HR1 After you finished you are back in Triwaco in the design data set The final thing to do is define the allocator Select in this case for a raster map ParBou You now have defined the parameter e Ifthe type of boundary condition fixed head flux should be different at a certain location or stretch of boundarv put two points with different values for IB at both sides of this location grid node 6 Groundwater 27 Roval Haskoning Triwaco User s Manual 6 4 Setting up a simulation data set first simulation Up to now the parameter values are stored independentiv of the calculation grid in tables and maps The advantage is that the grid can be changed without a change of the original input The original input is linked allocated to the grid in a separate data set the simulation dataset This is done only for the conceptual model design dataset for sc
15. Select Next and Finish 6 Groundwater 47 Roval Haskoning Triwaco User s Manual e As you may have noticed the parameter SQ2 ON identical to SQ2 However SQ2 will be overruled by the transient parameter e Since SQ2 ON is the same as SQ2 the parameter can also be created with an expression where the expression is Simulation SQ2 Second we will create the parameter SQ2 OFF This is done in three steps the same way Select Parameter New In the wizard copy everything from the 1 window shown below O01 iret SSO jie OLIT urt ak PRE Fa ZL 1997 HAUST fay et eal ire bo DL iT Then select next and follow the instructions for the 275 window select Type of Input Table Then in the Provider field select Microsoft Excel Then select Connect and in the next window select Browse and locate and select the file AbstractionAQ2 xIs in the directory My Models TutorialData You can leave the other fields as they are they are updated automatically by Triwaco Close this window You are now back in the 2 window Select the Table with abstraction rates that is Abstraction aq 2 To check if the correct sheet is selected select Show Table This comes in very handy since it helps to identify the fields ID and Values Close this window and select the fields as shown in the figure above Select ID for field ID and select SQ2Scen1 for field Values Select Next Vou are now in the 3 window Select Input as specified stress periods the
16. aquifer 2 also using a table in this case an excel file In the directory My models TutorialData the CSV file AbstractionAq2 xIs is located Before we proceed have a look at the XLS file and note there are two columns both with abstraction rates for aquifer 2 SQ2 The first one is the current abstraction injection used in this dataset and the second column gives the values which will be used for the Scenario simulation later on Note that abstraction is negative and injection is a positive value Rates are in m3 dav In the dataset select the parameter SQ2 which defines abstraction rate in aquifer 2 and open the context menu select Properties Directly go to the second tab Input The figure below shows the properties Input tab 6 Groundwater 23 Roval Haskoning Triwaco User s Manual ft Parameter Properties Type of Input Table Frovider Microsoft Excel Datasource C My Models Tutorial Data AbstractionAg xs Table Abstraction aq 25 Ids ID Values Filter Select Type of Input Table Then in the Provider field select Microsoft Excel Then select Connect and in the next window select Browse and locate and select the file AbstractionAq2 xIs in the directory My Models TutorialData You can leave the other fields as they are they are updated automatically by Triwaco Close this window You are now back in the Properties Window in the tab Input Select in the Table with abstraction rates the correct sheet
17. calculated and measured heads are compared automatically by FLAIRS The results stored in the file calib cho can be viewed in TRIPLOT Select Dataset View Output This will load all results into TRIPLOT In TRIPLOT the calibration results are loaded by View Checkpoint Browse and locate and load the file calib chi from the Simulation1 dataset directory this loads the file calib cho into triplot Next the properties window is opened If you like change the settings e g the selected aquifer The values represent the difference of the calculated value with respect to the measured value negative value means that the measured head is higher than the calculated head The result should then look something like this T Triplot C AProjdirsy Tutorial bGridt Grid teo E File View Param Window Help x SaS RA eiea Contour map PHI EN Checkpoint Aquifer 10000000001 2 00 1 00 1 00 0 50 0 50 0 25 0 25 0 10 0 10 0 05 0 05 0 05 0 04 0 10 0 10 0 25 0 24 0 50 0 50 1 00 1 00 2 00 2 00 100000 q 4 145981 8 409468 0 6 Groundwater 38 Roval Haskoning Triwaco User s Manual 6 5 Setting up a Scenario data set In most cases a groundwater model or anv other model is used to predict consequences of changes made to the water system These changes usually concern only a few model parameters Therefore Triwaco has introduced the so called Scenario dataset For a
18. conditions meaning confined e Density conditions this option is used when calculations are carried out whereby the groundwater has a variable density or when used with a sharp interface In this model no variable density is used e top system number type of topsvstem see manual for an explanation of the various Triwaco topsystems In this case select topsystem no 11 This type of topsystem is relatively simple and is often used it contains precipitation excess drainage and infiltration resistance and a controlled water level 6 Groundwater 17 Roval Haskoning Program Options Review or change the pre Model code Flairs Compl Compl Flairs Flairs Flairs 13 48 13 59 OL General options Main settings Top layer phreatic others fied transmissivity Triwaco User s Manual Humer of aquifers Phreatic conditions Constant density m Density conditions ad Iteration Inner iteration Outer iteration Convergence Relaxation Topsystem e Note for users experienced with MODFLOW Contrary to most user interfaces in Triwaco the physical features are defined instead of definition of the packages of a model code When the model input is created this is translated to the appropriate packages of the model code The advantage is that a model can be set up without hassle of knowing how things are defined in that specific model code The lower part of the general options specifies parameters
19. distance of the selected density area in the field Value usually in meters Choose the same areas and node densities as shown in the figure For changing deleting or moving a density polygon click the icon k first and then IE start editing the polvgon or if you want to move a vertex To change node distances select the polygon by clicking the icon first and then and change the value Deleting polygons can be done by select the polygon and press Del on the keyboard e The polygon of the last area must be placed completely outside the model boundary e Ifyou move the corner point of a density polygon where the boundary was closed i e the first corner point entered you may risk to open the boundary In that case delete the line and enter a new polygon e Adding a vertex to a line vertex can be accomplished by selecting a line or polygon and then Edit Add Vertex or just by using the Insert key Then you can indicate the location of the vertex to be added 6 Groundwater 14 Roval Haskoning Triwaco User s Manual ii Digedit C AProjdirskD emokGridiPOL UNG File Edit View Optons Help jejas ob 1 84 18 1J je Values 150618 3 4087bd 0 6 2 9 Step 6 Generating the grid Now all data is entered all status bullets are green the grid can be generated This is done in two steps First the grid input file is generated after which the grid is created To generate the grid input file Dataset
20. eee bee Model boundary Background map ids 151086 0 409076 0 Now save the model boundary B click Ok Click refresh symbool invoegen Note that the status bullet in the dataset for the boundary parameter is now green You can check to see if the files are stored in the right directory the name of which must be the same as the name of the grid dataset Select and open the context menu for the parameter BND Right hand mouse button select Explore The windows explorer is opened in the directory where the file should be located e Itis in DIGEDIT also possible to import a boundary file from a shapfile set up in ArcView or ArcGIS e ltis also possible to load a second background map as follows File Background Append 6 2 6 Step 3 Defining the position of watercourses fixed lines define a vector map shape file The model boundarv was created with the standard map editor DIGEDIT As mentioned before we can also define parameters directly from several file formats see text box like a shape file set up in ArcView or ArcGIS MapInfo or any other GIS software In this case we will define the watercourses directly using a shape file which is provided in the directory My Models TutorialData Watercourses shp There is no need for copying the files in this directory to the project You could even leave it there for use in a GIS project in the same time In the dataset select the parameter RIV which defines th
21. final two options The first one is the maximum head change that is allowed per time step If the head change is larger then the time step size is reduced The second is the initial time step size For each time step the model code evaluates how the model converges If all goes well the time step size is doubled If not the time step size is halved So in practical terms it is better to choose a smaller value In most cases the default values are sufficient Close the window and select next until the final window since we leave evervthing as it is from the Parent model Simulation1 and finish The dataset is now created Notice that the column Regime is transient We will now have a look at the input of the different parameters First the transient parameters constant in time and then to transient parameter that change over time The latter ones can be defined in two different wavs e Specified stress periods e Time series A specified stress period is used when a parameter is changed only a few times during the simulated period For example controlled water level or stopping the abstraction from a well Time series allocation is used for parameters that change with almost every time step For example water levels in a river or precipitation excess In the following sections we will define all three types 6 6 2 Input of transient parameters constant in time initial head storage coefficient and porosity The dataset consists for the most part of
22. finite elements only By selecting the appropriate items from the dialogue window under the button Advanced allows the user to add one or more Support circles to the source nodes The user can choose from a number of predefined radii and sets the number of nodes to be generated on the support circles The third option in the program options finally defines the number of nodes on the density circle Since we will use the model to carry out pathline calculations Copy the values from the figure and select Next The next window is used to define parameters for the specified dataset In this case the parameters model boundary fixed points and lines stresses and node density define the calculation grid BND model boundary POL density areas node density cell size RIV fixed lines linear surface water brooks canals rivers or other line elements faults etc SRC fixed points sources wells Usually there is no need to make changes to this so select Next and Finish The dataset is now created and appears as part of the model if the dataset Discretisation1 isn t visible double click Flairs1 To show the content of the dataset Discretisation1 double click the dataset or right click and Open The screen shot below explains the information that is provided by Triwaco about the status of the model datasets and parameters As well information that defines the parameters Currently all parameters have a bad status in our case m
23. in a map the default value is taken defined in the info definition screen e Onaconfluence or division point of two watercourses you need to enter values for each of the two As you cannot stack the input points you put the points on or next to the watercourse at a short distance of the confluence or division point If the points are merged change the Snap distance Options delete the points and enter them again e The River Activity RA is a special parameter that normally has a value 0 inactive or 1 active e By default the watercourses are active in the first aquifer only the number in the parameter codes HR1 marks this If a watercourse works in a second aquifer too you must add some parameters Choose Parameter Add Internal and look in the parameter list for the parameter type River activity in aquifer select this type The parameter is added to the data set with the code name RA Change this in the info definition screen to RA2 the 2 indicates that the parameter is related to the second aquifer Do the same for the other parameters HR Water levels in rivers in aquifer RW River widths in aquifer CD Drainage resistance of rivers in aquifer and CI Infiltration resistance of rivers in aquifer add a 2 in all cases Then you enter the values The water level HR2 may be taken equal to the level in the first aquifer HR1 In the info definition screen you choose as an allocat
24. not shown on the screen change it in the menu Options Setup Label Ids and not Hide labels If vou wish to change the value of a linked point click the icon first and then hic start editing the linked points Now save the file This is done in the standard Triwaco map file format ung because linked points are stored in a different way In this case the river number to which the point is linked the coordinates as well as the parameter value are stored in the ungenerated file format e g HR1 ung You are now back in the data set Define as allocator Parriv if not already done this one is specifically developed for assigning linked point values to line elements fi Digedit C Projdirs Den File Edit View Options Help k Cancel Values 147859 4 409361 2 6 Groundwater 25 Roval Haskoning Triwaco User s Manual If you did not succeed or don t now what water levels to choose a HR1 ung is prepared and ready to use in the directory My models TutorialData Simply change in the Properties Window the location of the HR1 ung to this one e Each watercourse must be given at least one value entered by one linked point e Linked points do not need to be placed exactly on the watercourse a short distance from it will work too e Ifthe value changes within a short distance e g over a weir then you place the linked points at the start and end of this short section e Ifyou do not enter a value
25. or by using queries expressions processing other allocated data or scripts Transformation to model parameter input is usually in the triwaco file format ado or adox The reason for using this standard file format is that data can easily be exchanged between models all tools and processors can access It automatic calibration tools will always work with any model etc Also very important is that all transformed input data can be visualised with the built in viewers The transformation or allocation is handled by GDAL OpenGIS described earlier The open and modular structure of triwaco allows to develop and implement programs and allocation techniques of third parties or by the modeller him herself You can choose different allocators depending on the type of input see annex 1a In this case for polygons select Arpadi other allocators giving the same result are Warp and Kriging Close the properties window You now have defined the first parameter e The polygons may overlap A grid node that is situated in two planes will be given the parameter value belonging to the polygon with the smallest area the polygons are sorted by the allocator Example 3 Raster map to define the Surface level RL1 In the directory My models TutorialData a digital elevation model is located with the file name DEM asc This raster file is in standard ASCII format However also several other raster files are supported including ESRI
26. particular scenario data set the model parameters are inherited from the parent data set on which it is based and oniv the parameters that need to be changed for that scenario have to be defined 6 5 1 Creating a scenario dataset Go back a higher level to the level of the model Flairs This can be achieved by double clicking on it in the project tree or bv opening the context menu of the model Flairs and selecting Open all Triwaco Integrated Modelling Environment Model Flairsi sd File Edit View Model Dataset Tools Windows Help Fu Project a TutorialProjectl 33 Select type of dataset and enter a name a f Fiairst fej Discretisationl Installed Dataset Types 7 Desigril i Simulation imulati i HH HH m a Design Discretisation Simulation Dataset name Scenariol Location C My Models TutorialProject1 Alairs 1 Scenario1 cane The Scenario data set is created by Dataset Add Dataset A pup up window will appear the same as when we created the other data sets Again in the first window select next to continue In the second window one can choose the type of dataset There are four types of datasets each with its own characteristics and purpose e Discretisation Defines the calculation grid boundaries and stresses like watercourses and wells e Design Defines the conceptual model using GIS maps and tables e Simulation Here is where the data from the conceptual model is linked to the calculation gr
27. periods will appear for which we have to specifv the specified stress periods Mark the time steps for which the SQ2 OFF will be active You only have to mark the first time step from which on the parameter is active SQ2 OFF is active until it is deactivated bv another parameter In this simulation we want to shut down the abstraction from well wit ID 1 for the remainder of the simulation period So only select 12 03 1997 as shown in the 3 window above Select next and finish Both parameters are now defined Vou mav now allocate them 6 6 4 Input is variable through time definition bv time series precipitation excess To illustrate the use of input that is variable through time we will use the most common parameter that is defined in this wav precipitation excess or groundwater recharge The precipitation excess is defined bv the parameter RP1 we used that one when setting up the Design dataset The RP1 is present in the inherited tab and is still a parameter that is constant in time To change it 6 Groundwater 48 Roval Haskoning Triwaco User s Manual into a parameter variable in time we have to modify it Select the parameter RP1 choose Modify from the context menu Now the parameter is moved to the Parameters tab Go to the Parameter tab and select the parameter RP1 once more Open the context menu and open the Properties window Fortunatelv we have precipitation excess values from a gauging station in the area Since it is a one
28. related to the iteration process of the model code For now leave this as it is and we will come back on this when the simulation data set is created Now select Next The next window summarizes the parameters that will be generated The amount of parameters and the type of the parameters are based on the settings chosen in the former definition screen There is no need to make changes here So select Next and Finish The design data set Design1 is now created and filled with the parameters Except for the topsvstem parameter the names of parameters for FLAIRS and several other model codes used in Triwaco are standardized with two characters and one or two values The characters is the name of the parameter The numbers designate the model layer For example SQ4 where SQ stands for abstraction rate and the value 2 shows it concerns aquifer 2 Parameter name Status indicator Project tree with model D icir oy Mei a u Brana Gy GL biwraler GE TF bi Prier la Bonar aker gla SE PE E BEI Bee e BB Prarie a Fil ar Tj EG nar im al Nag x i Eee and datasets with status indicators Type of input Type also used to group parameters r P L i edi panaan I patani L emar Linnea oy it Ba B qa e Bini ue mg dl al Fu mis Parameters groups Type ofallocator Location of dataset where parameter is Drapa Deb ge Tare Deeg 6 Groundwater 18 Roval Haskoning Triwaco User s Manual
29. the absolute value of x atan y x Returns the arc tangent of y x BND x Returns the value of x at boundary nodes COS X Returns the cosine of x deg x Converts radians x to degrees exp x Returns the value of e raised to the power x Evaluates the logical expression IF x THEN y ELSE z IF y Z Equivalent to the expression x 2 y 2 In x Returns the natural logarithm of x Functions log x Returns the 10 log of x max x y Returns the largest value of x and y min x y Returns the smallest value of x and y Returns the value of x at all Nodes if the value of x does not NODE x exist at a Node a zero value 0 is assumed rad x Converts degrees x to radians RIV x Returns the value of x at river nodes sign x Returns the sign of x 1 0 or 1 sin x Returns the sine of x sqr x Returns the square of x sqrt x Returns the square root of x SRC x Returns the value of x at source nodes tan x Returns the tangent of x Important note The setname or data set name should NOT contain an underscore data_set set_name Examples of expressions In the following table examples of the more or less frequently used expressions are listed adore block with values equal to those of the set with the matching PHIT a set name PHIT Result PHI1 or block with values equal to those of set PHI1 belonging to the ata set with the name result 12 adore b
30. values To load observations Time Observations from the menu bar A file observations csv is available in the directorv Mv Models TutorialData Indeed the observations can simply be created in Excel and saved as a comma delimited file 6 Groundwater 51 Roval Haskoning MM Observations 148155 6 148155 6 148158 6 148158 6 148158 6 148158 6 148158 6 148158 6 148158 6 148158 6 148158 6 148158 6 148158 6 148158 6 146158 6 148158 6 T 408845 1 4085405 1 405545 1 4055405 1 408845 1 405545 1 405545 1 405545 1 408545 1 405545 1 408545 1 405545 1 408848 1 405545 1 408845 1 408845 1 Hame NO0001800 OOO001400 OOO001400 OOO001400 OOO001 400 OOO001400 OOO001 400 OOO007400 OOO00T A400 OOO001400 OOO001400 OOO001400 OOO001 400 OOO001400 OOO007400 OOO001400 i Column names are in the first row Cancel The observations points are plot in the same manner as described in paragraph 6 4 10 To create a time series graph Time Time series from the menu bar Select parameters for time series The time series for each selected parameter is loaded from the transient file Then point and select near the observation to create the time series graph To create another graph for another location simply point and select that location The current time series graph will be refreshed C My Models Tutor E a OOOO A402 ogor 4 00 Creating an animation x Timeseries PHIT Ne
31. watercourses and wells e Design Defines the conceptual model using GIS maps and tables e Simulation Here is where the data from the conceptual model is linked to the calculation grid The model is now prepared to run with the modelcode e Scenario Is similar to the simulation dataset It is base upon the simulation dataset or another scenario dataset The dataset is created with parameters linked to the parent dataset Only parameters that need to be altered for that scenario have to be specified Each of these will be created in this tutorial and will make clear the differences between them For now select Discretisation and select Next 89 TutorialProjectl CI Flairsi New Dataset New Dataset Select type of dataset and enter a name Cescre Ges Gon Samulabor Instafed Dataset Types Datasetname Disoretisationi Location C My Models Tutorial TutorarPraject 1 Flairs 1 Desc Seon x Bawk Mest gt In the next window on may want to select a parent dataset This is only of importance when a new grid is created based on an existing dicretisation dataset like a scenario For instance for telescoping window model or simply changing the model boundary or stresses The nice thing about this option is that a new model can be creating based on an existing conceptual model For now we leave this option and select Next The following window appears for the definition of program opt
32. willbe used in creating the grid You will now notice that the status bullet of the parameter is green We will now have a look at the parameter map Open the file in DIGEDIT as described before or simply double click In DIGEDIT mark all check boxes so that all parameter data is loaded Be shore that ID ID Value Value and Names Type You will now see three major watercourses and several smaller ones The names type can be shown by Options Setup and check the following check boxes Hide labels and Names And close the window You will now see the same watercourses but with a label In this model we only want to incorporate the Major watercourses Instead of deleting the watercourses in the map we leave it intact and will use the filter option Close DIGEDIT and return to the dataset in Triwaco File Edit View Options Help BT ET L ET kf A a 2 Ti or ST Bi ji PAET ret a Ya Saas tl ae ml a ik i FF EG i oi i se AT L ae P A pl FORS ji sl VE amis fs alues g 150263 38 p 408596 78 Select the parameter RIV and go to Properties In the properties window Input Tab define the filter as shown in the figure above With the button Table one can look into the database file of the vector map Find the column where the labels Major and Minor are defined You will find that the column is named Type So to filter the major watercourses the query is as follows Type Major use single quotation marks for text us
33. 6 Groundwater MAN IA MM ROVAL HASKONING Chapter 6 Groundwater G I Supported MOJE S ii ae SR 2 3 6 2 Walk through example with FLAIRS tutorial rrrrrrrnnrrrnnnrrvnnnrnranrnrnnrrnrnnrernnnernnnrrnnnernernnnnnnrnnennene 2 4 6 2 1 Definition of a Triwaco Proje ct cccccccccssceccesceceeceeceneeceuseccuecssueesseusecsaeessueeesuesaeeeessansesaenes 2 5 6 22 Setting up groundwater model vane 2 6 6 2 3 Setting up a discretisation dataset calculation grid rrnnrrnnnnnrnnrrnrnnrnrnnnrvnnnrrrnnrnnrvnennrernennnn 2 7 6 2 4 Step 1 Creating a discretisation dataset ss nnnnnnnnne nar nn rna rna n nanna nn nanna 2 8 6 2 5 Step 2 Defining the model boundary define a vector map with DIGEDIT ranurnnnnrnnnnnennnr 2 10 6 2 6 Step 3 Defining the position of watercourses fixed lines define a vector map shape file 2 11 6 2 7 Step 4 Defining the position of sources fixed nodes define a vector map shape file 2 13 6 2 8 Step 5 Defining the position of node density areas define a vector map with DIGEDIT 2 14 6 2 9 Slap 6 Generating Wie eee 2 15 6 3 Setting up design dataset the conceptual model set Up rrrarrrnnrrranarrnnernnrrrnnrrnnrnrnnennarnaeraannennenne 2 17 09 I Creating a DES MN data Svarva in a g ada tub fa 2 17 6 3 2 Input of parameters covering the whole model area type node rrrrrrrnrrvrnnrevrnnrrvnnnrvarnnnener 2 19 6 3 3 INput of sour
34. AbstractionAqi csv Ids ID Values Sa1 Filter Select Type of Input Table Then in the Provider field select CSV files Then select Connect and in the next window select Browse and locate and select the file Abstraction csv in the directory My Models TutorialDatal You can leave the other fields as they are they are updated automatically by Triwaco Close this window You are now back in the Properties Window in the tab Input Select the Table with abstraction rates that is again AbstractionAq1 csv To check if the correct sheet is selected select Show Table This comes in very handy since it help to identify the fields ID and Values Close this window and select the fields as shown in the figure above Note that a filter can be applied to a table as well as we saw for a vector map when we defined the watercourse in the discretisation dataset Close the Properties window ad Data Table Now vou are back in Triwaco in the design data set The final thing to do is define the allocator Select in this case for a source parameter Parado You now have defined the parameter Any changes to values have to be made in the file AbstractionAq1 CSV If you open the context menu for the parameter SQ1 and select Edit you will find yourself again in the Data Table You can view the data but not make changes Example 3 Table to define the abstraction rate in aquifer 2 XLS file We will now define the abstraction and injection rate for
35. ERATION 4 MAXIMUM 500 INACCURACY REQUIRED CURRENT PREVIOUS PREV 1 PREV 0 000010 0 000010 0 000013 0 000018 0 000041 OUTER ITERATION NUMBER 1 INNER ITERATIONS USED 39 6 6 6 Viewing results Viewing the results works the same way it did in the other calculation data sets With the difference that the flairs output file contains information for every stress period The results may be contoured or classified for any individual stress period Results may also be presented using time series and animation Creating time series A time series graph can be created provided that transient parameters or transient simulation results are loaded To create a time series graph Time Time series from the menu bar Select parameters for time series The time series for each selected parameter is loaded from the transient file Then point and select the location click with the left mouse button in the map to create the time series graph To create another graph for another location simply point and select that location The current time series graph will be refreshed Note that more than one time series graphs can be opened with different parameters Timeseries Ioj x FHIL ga FHIT a FHI i Often however vou also want to compare the results for interpretation purposes or processing Comparing time series with measured values In addition to the before described manner to visualize time series we will now add measured
36. I HE 02 03 BTI 03 04 CI 04 05 C 05 05 06 07 07 08 CI 08 08 bl 04 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Eh Ja Ca f 4 146662 5 407562 8 6 Groundwater 35 Roval Haskoning Triwaco User s Manual 6 4 8 Make results available in the dataset as parameter Verv often the results from the simulation vou mav want to have available as a parameter so it can be used for post processing or used in expressions In this case we will show it for PHI1 calculated head for aquifer 1 Select Parameter New In the wizard copy evervthing from the figure below Allocator and Input are set to none The data is extracted from the flairs output file FLAIRS FLO Bs New Parameter br ce Enter general information about the parameter to create Name PHI1 Dataset Simulation 1 Description PHI1 Type Node Allocator None Input None Value 0 Output C My Models TutorialProject1 Flairs 1 Simulation 1Flairs flo Your first parameter PHI1 is now created Now select this file in the dataset and copy and paste it buttons just above the list of parameters Select the copied file and change the name and description in the properties window to PHIT Do the same for PHI2 and the other result parameters fluxes like QRCH QKWx and QRIx 6 4 9 Speed up the calculation time of a simulation extra FLAIRS computes groundwater heads flow by iteration starting from groundwater heads equal to 0 0 A quicker calculation proce
37. The modelling environment also supports the conversion of model results to several data file formats Select BND and open a context menu Right hand mouse button select Edit Even faster is by just double clicking on the dataset to be opened The default editor will open the map The type of editor may be changed by the user see chapter 3 this may be ArcGIS or Maplnfo as well In this case we will use the standard map editor that is provided with Triwaco DIGEDIT DIGEDIT is a simple but effective graphical editor that is capable of creating im ex porting Triwaco maps ung or ESRI shape files Ignore click Ok reports as Cannot open this message is generated because no map exists yet Now you find yourself in the digitising module DIGEDIT It is easy if you can work with a topographical background map for orientation File Background Open and select the background map located My Models TutorialData topo bmp Topo bmp is a geo referenced map 6 Groundwater 10 Roval Haskoning Triwaco User s Manual Draw the boundarv bv drawing a polvgon La Create the model boundary by clicking the corner points in the area enter the last point that doesn t need to be the same as the first point with the right hand mouse this will close the boundary polygon id and value should be 1 name isn t neccesary Digedit C iProjdirsiD emokGridhBHD UNG File Edit View Options Help gt EE see al ata eae fak fi
38. The parameters can be divided in 4 tvpes e Node parameters covering the whole model area e River linear surface water parameters or line elements like a horizontal well e Source source parameters e Boundary boundary conditions Every type has a specific way of definition which is made clear in the next paragraphs Within this design data set all parameter information is stored In other words this data set is your meta database for maps which are independent from the modelling grid For definition of parameter the modelling environment follows the specifications provided by the Open GIS Consortium OpenGIS or Open GeoSpatial using the Open Source Geospatioal Data Abstraction Library GDAL The implementation of GDAL into our software opens the world of all sorts of data file formats that can directly be read by the modelling environment It can handle almost all known GIS formats and the Dutch standards like Aquo INTWIS and IRIS The list of supported formats is ever growing a selection Raster maps over 64 formats Idrisi ESRI grids Erdas Vector maps over 16 format ESRI shape MapInfo AutoCAD Data bases such as Oracle MySQL en Access Other well Known formats such as Excel txt en csv Data processing in the modelling environment using expressions and Spatial Queries Data files in one of these formats can be used as model input without any conversion prior to use in the modelling environment In the
39. aining the use of model codes 6 Groundwater 24 Roval Haskoning Triwaco User s Manual Example Vector map water level HR1 As an example we take the parameter defining the water level of the rivers HR1 Right click HR1 then select Properties We enter the parameter values using a vector map with so called linked points Select for input Vector Map and for allocator Parriv Then Close the properties window Now open the HR1 map file in DIGEDIT Parameter Edit Ignore the map does not exist Next step is adding the surface water map that was previously made for grid generation File Append Look for the file watercourses shp in the directory My models TutorialData Mind the fact that you did not open this map as a background map this time Instead you opened it to perform operations on it The values of the river parameters are defined by so called linked points These linked points are placed on or within a short distance of each watercourse The allocator interpolates between these points or extrapolates outside these points Now enter the position of the linked points LE For each point vou will be asked for the ID of the line to be linked to and a value Choose as link the ID of the watercourse that is why we appended the watercourses shp and enter the parameter value The ID of the linked point is not important see for an explanation on Linked Points the next page If the watercourse numbers are
40. all parameters except the controlled water level RP5 which will be defined and allocated using an expression If you accidentally allocated this parameter that is not a problem Simply proceed to the next paragraph If parameter HR1 gives the error message Skipping linked point this means a linked point isn t used for the allocation In this case check the location and links of the linked points in DIGEDIT open the parameter HR1 in DIGEDIT Then allocate parameter HR1 again 6 Groundwater 30 Roval Haskoning Triwaco User s Manual 6 4 3 Definition and allocation of an expression to the grid When we were defining the data in the design dataset the controlled waterlevel RP5 was postponed because we want to introduce a powerful allocator the Expression allocator The expression allocator evaluates mathematical expressions between given allocated parameters It can also be used to convert river node source parameters to river node source parameters Here we will use a very simple example to define the controlled water level This is the topsystem parameter RP5 controlled waterlevel In the dataset select the parameter RP5 and open the context menu select Properties The parameter properties window has three tabs General Input and Output Go to the second tab Input The figure below shows the properties Input tab gl Parameter Properties Type of Input Expression Parameters Functions H Fairs 1 Discretisation 1 H Hairs 1 D
41. arameter dPHI2 e A full explanation of the application of expressions can be found in the manual A selection of often used expressions can be found in annex 1a 6 Groundwater 43 Roval Haskoning Triwaco User s Manual 6 6 Setting up a Transient data set What we have seen until now was creating an calculation grid creating the conceptual model in the Design dataset and ran the model in the Simulation dataset and also created a Scenario All of which were simulations in steadv state Verv often however that is not enough and a transient simulation is needed In this paragraph we will create a transient dataset and make a transient model based on the steadv state model We will add transient parameters like the storage coefficient and we will also explore two wavs of defining parameters that change over the simulation period 6 6 1 Creating a Transient dataset Go back a higher level to the level of the model Flairs This can be achieved by double clicking on it in the project tree or bv opening the context menu of the model Flairs and selecting Open a Inwaco Integrated Modelling bmironment Model asil od File Edit View Model Dataset Tools Windows Help ja Project Flairsi New Dataset ef TutorialProjectl Select type of dataset and enter name S E Flairst fie Discretisationl flg Installed Dataset Types A Design B Simulationi a Scenariol Discretisation Scenario Dataset name TransientSimulation
42. aset the conceptual model set up The conceptual model is defined in the Design data set This data set contains the input parameters needed to run the model The data in this data set is independent from the grid and consists of data like vector maps ArcGIS mapinfo Raster files excel sheets etc The characteristics of each parameter are entered using maps which may contain point values polvgons lines or constants or a combination The parameters may also depend on each other using expressions The default length and time units are meters and davs 6 3 1 Creating a Design data set Go back a higher level to the level of the model Flairs This can be achieved by double clicking on it in the project tree or bv opening the context menu of the model Flairs and selecting Open all Triwaco Integrated Modelling Environment Model Flairs1 ad File Edit View Model Dataset Tools Windows Help i Project EF TutorialProjectl a f Flairst ghi New Dataset New Dataset Select type of dataset and enter a name Hd NESE TE Installed Dataset Types E Discretisation Simulation Scenario Datasetname Designi Location C My Models TutorialProject1 Flairs 1Design1 Job Path Arguments gentei exe C Program Files CAMy Mode Next gt Tesnet C Program File The Design data set is created by Dataset Add Dataset A pup up window will appear the same as when we created the discretisation data set Again in the first window selec
43. average water level in the small surface water ditches etc RP5 that is related to the ground level is defined by an expression Example 1 Constant used to define parameters with a constant value throughout the model domain By default the type of input for each parameter is set to constant To assign a constant value to a parameter is relatively simple to achieve We will do this for one parameter the values for the other parameters with a constant value are listed in annex 1b In the data set Design one can directly change properties of values The constant value is defined in the column Default Select the parameter RP2 by clicking once on it Now click once in the cell with the Default value You are now able to enter a value In this case 20 days for RP2 Do the same for the other constant values 6 Groundwater 19 Roval Haskoning Triwaco User s Manual vironment Dataset Flairsl Designl ad File Edit View Dataset Parameter Tools Windows Help U0 2 bl Flairsi Designi 1G TutorialProjecti O IBBRB Q 5 Flairsl Type Description Input Value Field Allocator Default Dataset Parameter G RP2 Mode Hydraulic resistance Constant 0 tu 20 Designi amp RP3 Node Drainage resistance b Constant 0 Constant 0 Designl RP4 Node Infiltration resistance Constant 0 Constant 0 Designl l Example 2 Vector map used to define precipitation excess RP1 The first thing to do is to set the default value
44. ce dala type SOULE Lupen 2 22 6 3 4 Input of parameters for watercourses type rIver 00 ccc ennnnnnnznnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnanznnannnnanznnna 2 24 6 3 5 Input of boundary conditions type boundary arrrrrnnnnrnnnrvrnnrrrnnnennnnnrnnnrenvannnnnerrnnnrrernnnnnenner 2 26 6 4 Setting up a simulation data set first simulation rarrrrrnrrrnnnrrrnnnrrnnnrrranrnrrarrnrnnrernnnernnnernnnennnnnenn 2 28 6 4 1 Creating a Calibration data SE vvs de 2 28 6 4 2 Allocation of parameters defined by a constant vector map raster map or table to the grid 2 30 6 4 3 Definition and allocation of an expression to the grid rrrrarrrrraravrnrrrvrnnrrrnnrennnrerrnnrnnernnrnnsener 2 31 6 4 4 Allocating an entire dataset Build making all parameters up to date rrrarrrarrarvarrarvarvernr 2 32 6 4 5 Viewing and checking allocated data in Triwaco and TRIPLOT L nnenenenznnnnnnnnnnnza 2 32 70 FIS SUN g eee ce eer 2 34 6 4 7 Viewing and presenting reSults cccccccsccsescecseeseececssecseeecsecsaeeceueeseeeecseesseseseceesecseeseceeees 2 35 6 4 8 Make results available in the dataset as parameter sse enennnnnnzennnnnzznnnnnznnznazzennenzzznz 2 36 6 4 9 Speed up the calculation time of a Simulation extra ss nnnnenznennnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnznnnznznn na 2 36 6 4 10 Comparing simulation results with measurements Calibration cccseceeseeeseeeeeeeeeneeeees 2 37 6 5 Setting up a Scenario data Saa
45. ced to the Simulation1 dataset and then Dataset Run A simulation window is opened showing the progress of the simulation When ready it closes You can now view the results with Dataset View Output For a little help on how to modifv parameters presenting the results and in an efficient wav combining and processing of data proceed to the next paragraph 6 5 4 Combining and processing of model output and parameters Vou can combine and process data files in Triwaco subtract add multiplv or divide input data with input output with output and input with output The result is a new parameter that is stored in one of the data sets or a speciallv created data set The parameters defined for processing have to be defined in one of the data sets except grid and initial data set since no triwaco input file in the adore format ado are present We will create a parameter that represents the difference between the simulated head in aquifer 2 for Scenario1 and the Simulation1 in other words the change in head when the groundwater abstraction of the well with ID 1 is reduced from 2000 m3 d to 0 m3 d We will do the same as you may remember from paragraph 6 4 8 where we made results available as 6 Groundwater 41 Roval Haskoning Triwaco User s Manual parameter We showed it for the result parameters PHIT PHI1 and PHI2 It is very easy now to create them for Scenario1 The parameters for Simulation1 are as you may have noticed are shown i
46. ctory My Models TutorialDataltopo bmp The bitmapfile can be used in either the editor DIGEDIT or the viewer TRIPLOT triwaco works with a clear hierarchical data storage structure The entrv alwavs is a project that can contain several models Everv model consists of different connected datasets that contain different parameters 6 Groundwater 4 Roval Haskoning Triwaco User s Manual 6 2 1 Definition of a Triwaco Project Now we show vou the steps to take for making a groundwater model using Triwaco We keep to the main route extra options are mentioned with the letter E and shown in italic Important notices are indicated with NB Modelling with Triwaco always starts by defining a project File New if you set up a new modelling project otherwise Open and look for the name of your project A wizard will pop up which will guide you through setting up de project You now see the start window of the modelling environment lt gives all information of the modelling project models datasets and parameters For more information on the modelling environment see chapter 5 In the figure below some important information is given about what can be displaved when working with the modelling environment Triwaco To add or remove windows 90 to view in one of the pull down menus The modelling environment is fully customizable and each window can be put at any location by simply drag and drop Projecttree with modelFLAIRS List
47. d to each time step If you have the following tim file Date Time Value parameter 01 01 2002 00 00 5 11 01 2002 00 00 10 Then for calculation time t 2 days corresponding with the date 03 01 2002 the value of the parameter is 6 IMPORTANT to remember is that conversion to intensities is used for parameters like precipitation excess units X meters per time Conversion to averages is used for parameters like water levels units X meters 6 6 5 Transient simulation To run the transient simulation choose Dataset Generate creates a model code input file based on the transient parameters in the dataset and the parameters referenced to the Simulation1 dataset and then Dataset Run A simulation window is opened showing the progress of the simulation Be aware that a transient simulation takes some time Flairs will show a window which shows the progress of the simulation When ready it closes You can now view the results with Dataset View Output This will load all results of the simulation into TRIPLOT The next paragraphs give a quick reference on how to view transient results For more comprehensive explanation is referred to the part of the manual about TRIPLOT 6 Groundwater 50 Roval Haskoning Triwaco User s Manual MFlairs version 3 1 mar2003 JO x File Aun Help timestep number bf current time 120 00000000 timestep size 2 69975 time nextifo 120 00000000 OUTER ITERATION 7 MAXIMUM 1001 INNER IT
48. defined in the tim file not necessarily have to correspond to time steps defined in the transient simulation Triwaco will interpolate Now select if not yet selected the Time dependency Variable Select Browse and locate and select the file PrecipitationExcess tim in the directory My Models T utorialDatal You can choose to either convert the values of the time series to intensities or to values to be converted to averages see text box In this case we will use precipitation excess RP1 by converting time series to intensities since precipitation is in m day 6 Groundwater 49 Roval Haskoning Triwaco User s Manual Prezi son 200233 CM Model Tuia Oaa PrecpitsteonBantds sho CM Models Tutorial Data FreoptstorEacess sho Vaciar bag Fria 1108 2008 2045 General input Cutgat Time Tre Dependency Variat e defined by bestsenes Tmas CM kodeks Tua Preacpistbonbooess im a Lorrst bo niar Curent lt All Oda dq b 4 en oyoyiss M 04 1997 01 07 1997 101997 01 01 1938 Try the Show Graph to preview the time series Now close the Parameter Properties You are back in the dataset and ready to allocate the final transient parameter Allocate the parameter This may take some time since it has to allocate for the entire simulation period Concert to averages or intensities Another possibility is to convert to averages In that case the time dependent values are averaged and appointe
49. dow There are three tabs The second and third tab are for more advanced simulations The tab SF is to activate the SF module This module can be used to simulate infiltration from lakes or hollows in the dunes and superficial discharge or can be used to simulate surface water flow in the line elements rivers The Unsaturated tab can be used to couple the transient groundwater model with an unsaturated zone model for the definition of groundwater recharge parameter RP1 We will not use these options and they are explained in more detail in other parts of the manual The first tab concerns which result parameters will be saved during the simulation For every aquifer including the top system the user has to indicate which parameters he wants to be saved on every time step This is done under the pull down menu print option You can specify if you want the head in the aquifer the flux over the top and bottom of the aquifer and the two way fluxes to rivers and sources At the Points for time lines the user can indicate for which locations the change in groundwater head will be followed during the transient calculation This will result in an ASCII file which can easily be imported into Excel for example This way you can create graphs of groundwater head against time We will do it in another way 6 Groundwater 45 Roval Haskoning Triwaco User s Manual The maximum head change per time step and the initial time step size are the
50. e data set to which the new parameter is added in this case Scenario1 The parameter Simulation1 PHI2 means the parameter PHI2 from dataset Simulation1 So what we have here is that we take the calculated head of aquifer 2 for the Scenario1 simulation and subtract the calculated head of aquifer 2 for the Simulation giving the difference dPHI2 between the two simulations ad New Parameter Expression Enter the expression for the parameter here Parameters Functions PHI EXP Expression text l Q ra b PiiI Simulationl PHI2 Select next and finish The parameter is now added to the Parameters tab Allocate the parameter and view the result in TRIPLOT select Param Contour select dPHI2 Ok and set the properties of the contour map The resulting dPHI2 may look something like the figure shown below For other scenario simulations 6 Groundwater 42 Roval Haskoning Triwaco User s Manual repeat the above described steps start bv creating a new scenario data set T Triplot C YProjdirsYDemotGridiGrid teo Cy File View Param Window Help 0 x MS AE DRY Ee laa RS oer A Contour map dPHI2 D 0 05 0 05 0 1 0 1 0 14 0 14 0 2 O 2 O25 0 25 0 3 0 3 0 38 0 54 0 4 0 4 0 45 0 45 0 5 0 5 0 55 0 55 0 6 gg Boundary 4 d 148195 6 409419 6 e The next time you do a simulation run with this scenario the difference is simply obtained by re allocating the p
51. e date it was last modified With Edit the file is opened in the text editor Below are given the statistics which you can check to see if everything went well when the parameter was allocated Checking and viewing the allocated data in the viewer TRIPLOT Another way more often used is to use the viewer TRIPLOT To view a parameter or set of parameters in TRIPLOT select it or them and then open the context menu and select Parameter View TRIPLOT is opened the calculation grid is loaded together with the selected parameters TRIPLOT offers many options of which a few will be dealt with here For a more elaborate explation on the use and application of TRIPLOT make use of the manual Vou can present the parameter values in several wavs Isolines contours Classes Inspector 6 Groundwater 32 Roval Haskoning Triwaco User s Manual Isolines In TRIPLOT choose Param Contour select the parameter An input screen will appear The commands in the corner left below Level are the most important A default set of isoline values levels has been filled in already from the minimum to the maximum parameter value e Change the total set using Level You ll get equal differences between the isoline values e Change an individual level using Modify the value and the colour can be changed and the colour too click the coloured field to change the colour Change the default series of colours using Colour command right of Level Ins
52. e location of watercourses and on the context menu select Properties The parameter properties window has two tabs General and Input The General tab gives general information which is also shown in the dataset For now you can leave this tab as it is Note that the Status of the parameters says the parameter does not exist Now go to the second tab Input The figure below shows how to define a vector map In most cases the parameters that are used to create the grid are vector maps Use of other type of inputs will be explained when defining model parameters Select Browse and locate and select the file watercourses shp in the directory My Models TutorialData The fields Filename and Datasource will now be the same as shown in the figure Next thing to do is to define the data that is to be extracted from the vector map Select the same fields as shown below Leave the file for filter open for now And Close the window 6 Groundwater 1 1 Roval Haskoning Triwaco User s Manual Definingthe tvpeinput vedor Twovectormaps may be joined The maps remain intact joining map table constant is carried outin the input file forcratingthe grid expression rastermap C My Models Tu orisi ista Vilsterooures shp Coy Models Tutorial Data Wilatercourses shp Watercourses ID Values One may wantto use a filter query onthe Defining the data to be data In this case onlythe watercourses with extracted fromthe vector map label Major
53. e no quotation marks for numbers So it only will make use of the watercourse with the label Major to create the grid 6 Groundwater 12 Roval Haskoning Triwaco User s Manual watercourses of tvpe minor will remain visible in digedit Close the properties window e Try to filter this file in another way Create a filter with ID lt 4 which should give the same result Of course a watercourse map file can be created using DIGEDIT like we did for the model boundary Draw the water courses by drawing a line LA Now enter the position of the linear surface water canals rivers by clicking the corner and connection points You are allowed to place line element outside the model boundary This is recommended if the surface water crosses the boundary Each line element is closed in the same manner as for the polygon right hand mouse button Then DIGEDIT presents you a window in which you can enter the name of the surface water if you like Save the data You can enter as many rivers as you like Simply repeat the above steps e Delete a water course Select the river activating the selection mode for line elements first and then and then drag the select the water course and press Del on your keyboard e Select the river activating the selection mode for line elements first watercourse e Move a point of a water course fs E Undo Ctrl Z or or Edit Undo When no points on the lines are visible select Options Sh
54. eaning the parameter maps still have to be defined The thing to do in the next steps 6 Groundwater 9 Roval Haskoning Triwaco User s Manual Grid does not exist or parameters defining the gnd are changed not exist Map defining this parameter does nog exist Tees Wieder kwint g Deontisstaset Parameter FA Deienptbes Input Vakt Field Alles phe Oe ult De 1 iE bell ef Ir ml a TEN m l 1u arnt M l FELT PE FSB JE Fil knelte Turi vik jif AT The het emilre Furl Detretrater VBA does net est a Dra trast EG and Kreis Vector map KI RIV Mone 0 Qes i kristen ey SAC Gnd Seances Verter map SRL SEC Mone 0 Orecretriabordd Parpareter Projecttree showing the models b Tabs for grouping type of parameters In this data set and data sets and their status no inherited andall parameters are Grid parameters column Type Parameter Parameter name Type Type of parameter Description Description ogthe parameter Input Definingthe type input vector map table constant expression raster map Value and Field Used to difine what data to read from the input file Allocator Defines the allocator to assign data to the model grid By definition setto none Default Default values if no inputis definedfor part ofthe grid Is notusedhere Dataset Location data set ofthe input file forthe spedfied parameter 6 2 5 Step 2 Defining the model boundary define a vector map with
55. ecked Calculations will proceed until the number of inner iterations during a single outer iteration equals 2 or less or until the maximum number of outer iterations is reached Apart from the maximum number of iterations the user has to specify a criterion for convergence The program checks whether or not differences are less than the criterion specified The initial conditions for each outer iteration depend on the head change between outer iterations In case of badly converging systems a relaxation factor may be defined In that case the head change between outer iterations is multiplied with the relaxation factor This causes a more stable iteration process but also results in smaller head changes thus requiring more iterations to reach a solution 6 Groundwater 29 Roval Haskoning Triwaco User s Manual For now leave the default values as they are usually no changes to these values are needed So select Next The next window that appears will show the message that no new parameters were created and that all parameters were inherited from the design dataset Select Next and Finish Vou are now back in the list of datasets in the model Flairs Note that the dataset Simulation has a red status indicator Also notice that it is depending on Design1 dataset Parent and Discretisation1 dataset Grid Name of dataset Regime in this case Modified date and Type of dataset Steady or Transient timelastchanges were made l D
56. enario calculations the changed basic data maps and tables and their allocated values are stored in the corresponding scenario dataset as we will see later on 6 4 1 Creating a calibration data set Go back a higher level to the level of the model Flairs This can be achieved by double clicking on it in the project tree or bv opening the context menu of the model Flairs and selecting Open ad Triwaco Integrated Modelling Environment Model Flairs1 of File Edit View Model Dataset Tools Windows Help D ee led 4 Select type of dataset and enter a name EJ TutorialProjecti Flairsl a Discretisationi Installed Dataset Types l Discretisation au Design l gt Designi Discretisation Simulation Scenario Dataset name Simula tioni Location C My Models TutorialProject1 Flairs 1 Simulation 1 The Simulation data set is created by Dataset Add Dataset A pup up window will appear the same as when we created the discretisation data set Again in the first window select next to continue In the second window one can choose the type of dataset There are four types of datasets each with its own characteristics and purpose e Discretisation Defines the calculation grid boundaries and stresses like watercourses and wells e Design Defines the conceptual model using GIS maps and tables e Simulation Here is where the data from the conceptual model is linked to the calculation grid The model is now prepa
57. ependence of Flo p x hf G Refresh is E HRP l uaind jit rhe Desc Medel Parent Gord Regme Modified eger EG fig Discretasbsni Decsetsstbor Sarp Fara Deresan Seedy D amp 062008 1358 RE Deyi JE Deeg M op G ulabenl Aan Fiia 7 Dees 1 Final Dream Sead Rie aoe 11 42 ali EE EE EE ee A Projecttree with model FLAIRS Parent datasetit Grid calculation grid Dependency pane and datasets with status is based on itwill use showing depencies indicators of datasets Open the dataset Simulation You will automatically be directed in the Inherited tab The parameters are shown in a different font italic than what you have seen before The reason for this is that it is immediately clear that you are dealing with inherited parameters Also notice that all status indicators are red which means they either need to be updated or allocation is not carried out yet Allocation is translating parameter values defined by maps or tables to a calculation grid Allocation is carried out by allocators Allocation is the spatial or temporal interpolation or up down scaling Allocation may be done directly by assigning values or be done by interpolation Kriging TIN Inverse Distance or by using queries expressions processing other allocated data or scripts Transformation to model parameter input is usually in the triwaco file format ado or adx The reason for using this standard file format is that data can easily be
58. ert a level by clicking Insert Delete will delete a level If you want to save a set of levels choose Save and enter a file name with the extension IVI Load the saved set of levels using Load Default restores the original set of levels See the manual for the other possibilities of TRIPLOT If absent add a legend choosing View Legend and the parameter shown If you want to change the isolines you can do so by Param Contour or View Properties T Triplot C AProjdirsVDemotGridiyGrid teo DO File View Param Window Help 5 x IE ENE FEES Ps r Contour map AL 146655 4 409767 1 Classes The definition of classes is nearly the same as the isoline definition Choose Param Classify and do the same as described here before for isolines If you want to change the classes you can choose Param Classify or View Properties T Triplot C AProjdirsyYDemotGridiGrid teo L Eile View Param Window Help x s le JR OPA 3 fax Pal er al Classes AL MW 24 27 MW 27 3 DE 3 33 IMW id 35 L 38 34 39 42 CJ 42 45 Boundary h 146433 4 409009 9 6 Groundwater 33 Roval Haskoning Triwaco User s Manual e The numbers in the input table are always the upper limits of the classes A number equal to a limit is classified into the class with higher values So if you enter class limits 1 0 1 2 the classes will be 1 x lt 1 2 1 lt x lt 0 3
59. esign 1 El Fairs 1 Simulation 1 Expression text EL1 0 8 Choose the type of input Expression Note later that the allocator is automatically changed to expression as well In the field Expression enter a relation the relation RL1 0 8 This relation means that the level of the small surface water modelled with the topsvstem is taken at a level 80 cm below the surface level RL1 Note that in this case it is assumed that the level of the top of the first aquifer is equal to the surface level It is done by selecting the parameter RL1 from the list under Parameter and locate it under Flairs Simulation1 and double click on RL1 The parameter will now appear in the Expression text box Now add the rest of the relation Expressions can get as complicated as you desire an example IF RL1 gt TH1 RL1 TH1 0 01 See also annex 1a For which the Functions in this input tab can be used to create these expressions Close the window You are now back in the dataset The only parameter with a red status indicator is now RP5 You can also see that in the column Value the expression is shown You may change the expression by selecting the parameter open the context menu window similar to input tab is opened There is one difference there is now a button called Validate In more complicated models and expressions it is a nice options to test if the expression is defined correctly Press this button en see whether the expression is correct
60. exchanged between models all tools and processors can access it automatic calibration tools will always work with any model etc Also very important is that all transformed input data can be visualised with the built in viewers We will now allocate the parameter data to the grid First we will allocate parameters defined by a constant vector map raster map or table Then we will focus on allocation using an expression 6 4 2 Allocation of parameters defined by a constant vector map raster map or table to the grid Allocation for constant tables vector and raster maps itself is straightforward since the parameters including the data and allocator were already defined in the design dataset Allocation is done as follows Single parameter Select the parameter open the context menu and select Allocate The allocation process will start The progress is shown in the Jobs pane and depending on the type of allocator also information is provided in the Output pane If all went well the status indicator turned green Group of parameters Since it would take a lot of time to allocate each and single parameter you can also select a group of parameters open the context menu and select Allocate Again the progress is shown in the Jobs pane and depending on the type of allocator also information is provided in the Output pane If all went well the status indicators turned green Entire dataset build Shown in next paragraph Now allocate
61. file for the model code based on the parameters defined in the dataset Selecting Dataset View Input will open the input file created in the text editor To start the simulation Dataset Run A simulation window is opened showing the progress of the simulation When ready it closes You can now view the results in TRIPLOT Select Dataset View Output When a simulation is finished the following files are produced located in Simulation e Flairs flo result file with piezometric heads and fluxes e Flairs flg log file with a description of the calculation process 6 Groundwater 34 Roval Haskoning Triwaco User s Manual e Flairs flp print file with water balances for all aquifers rivers and sources e When all input data is defined correctly the model runs without problems Often however the model will not run because of some errors in the input parameters There is no standard method for finding the error in the input that causes a problem Often reading the file FLAIRS LOG Dataset View Log where error messages are being displaved can solve the problem In the log file it is recorded which parameter causes the problem Contact the Triwaco Helpdesk if vou are stuck e For viewing the water balances open the Flairs flg into a texteditor Dataset View Print The water balances show vou how well the conceptual model is and thus the model itself is For a good model the error in the water balance sh
62. find yourself in the same properties window when defining the design dataset Leave everything as it is All information was inherited from the Design dataset Select the Advanced button We will now focus on the iteration The lower part of the general options specifies parameters related to the iteration process of the model code all New Dataset C Senete options Main settings Program Options Review or change the pre Humer of aquifers Top laper phreatic others fixed transmissivit i iH Model code Flairs ax kal y Phreatic conditions section Constant density Density conditions IAT P wid A PF T opspstem Flairs li Flairs Iteration Flairs Inner teratior FOO Outer iteration 1 OG Convergence 0 00001 Relaxation 00000 le Compl 13 48 Compl 13 59 X ZZZZ The user can specify parameters related to the iteration process Description Function Inner iteration Sets the maximum number of inner iterations Outer iteration Sets the maximum number of outer iterations Convergence Sets the criterion for convergence Relaxation Sets the relaxation factor During calculations the model code FLAIRS will pause and display a warning if the maximum number of linear or inner iterations is exceeded If the user decides to continue calculations FLAIRS automatically doubles the number of inner iterations For each outer iteration the number of inner iterations will be ch
63. g a raster map other GIS software has to be used Close DIGEDIT and return to the dataset in Triwaco Example 4 Expression to define the topsystem parameter controlled water level RP5 A powerful allocator is the Expression allocator The expression allocator evaluates mathematical expressions between given allocated parameters It can also be used to convert river node source parameters to river node source parameters Here we will use a very simple example to define the controlled water level This is the topsystem parameter RP5 controlled waterlevel Since an expression allocator uses allocated parameters we will define expressions when we create the simulation dataset So for now we leave this parameter as it is 6 3 3 Input of source data type source Vou can choose between sources with a fixed abstraction rate parameters with code name SQn or a fixed head parameters with code name SHn Either one is activated by the value of the parameter ISn the default value is 0 fixed rate if you enter value of 1 a fixed head is expected In our model we use a fixed abstraction rate so there is no need to define the parameter SHn Since ISn in this case is 0 fixed rate Triwaco will ignore any value defined for SHn The data to be entered for the different source parameters can be carried out in two ways 1 Constant Most other parameters are defined by a constant a constant value 2 Table The abstraction rate in aquifer 1 SQ1
64. he Parent dataset Flairs1 Simulation1 the steady state model and of course the existing calculation grid Flairs1 Discretisation1 IMPORTANT is to specifv the dataset is Time dependent Select next Enter the start and end of simulation as given in the figure below The simulation starts on Januarv 1 1997 and ends on January 1 1998 We will use time steps of 10 days Notice that Triwaco sets the end date to 27 of December because of the time step size of 10 days Time spazifiv hu bre derre ba ban below End of simulator Start of senulaton Date 1011997 EF Date 01 01 1598 IT gi 01 F 557 3 F abi E 11011997 21 01 1897 31 01 1397 27 12 1957 We 10 02 1997 20 02 1997 21997 1203 1997 22 0 1587 e Itis also possible to import the simulation period and time step size from a txt of CSV file In that case the time step size can vary throughout the simulated period For instance when simulation a pumping test With small time steps in the beginning of the test and larger steps later in the simulation period Select Next and find yourself in the same properties window when defining the design simulation dataset Leave everything as it is All information was inherited from the Simulation1 dataset Select the Advanced button The information in the first window is the same as the the Parent dataset Simulation1 Press OK a second window will appear We will now focus on this win
65. i Location C My Models TutorialProject 1 Flairs 1 TransientSimulation 1 The Transient data set is created by Dataset Add Dataset A pup up window will appear the same as when we created before Again in the first window select Next to continue In the second window one can choose the tvpe of dataset There are four tvpes of datasets each with its own characteristics and purpose e Discretisation Defines the calculation grid boundaries and stresses like watercourses and wells e Design Defines the conceptual model using GIS maps and tables e Simulation Here is where the data from the conceptual model is linked to the calculation grid The model is now prepared to run with the model code e Scenario Is similar to the simulation dataset It is base upon the simulation dataset or another scenario dataset The dataset is created with parameters linked to the parent dataset Only parameters that need to be altered for that scenario have to be specified Since we alreadv have a steadv state model we will create the transient model based upon the existing model So we will select the Simulation dataset and give it the name TransientSimulation1 Select Next Associated Datasets The following dataset are related Parent Dataset Flairs 1 Simulation 1 Discretization Dataset Flairsi Discretisationl Dataset is time dependent 6 Groundwater 44 Roval Haskoning Triwaco User s Manual In the next window define as t
66. ialData RP1 ung and RP1 par In that case in DIGEDIT choose File Append and select the file Then save and close DIGEDIT Filename CAMv Models TutorialData RP1 ung Datasource CAMv Models Tutorial Data RP 1 ung 3 Ids _ 6 Groundwater 20 Roval Haskoning Triwaco User s Manual Now vou are back in Triwaco in the design data set The third thing to do is link this parameter to the vector map created Select the parameter and open the properties window Select the file in the input tab In the General tab select the appropriate Allocator So the question now is what is an allocator used for An explanation is given in the text box below Transformation of input data to model input Triwaco s traditional strength is the GIS based model conceptualization So a model can be set up using maps and tables without link to a calculation grid as is the case in most other modelling environments It is not until the detail level of the model is defined by creating the calculation grid that the data has to be translated and converted to values for each cell or node of the calculation grid Translating parameter values defined bv maps or tables to a calculation grid is carried out bv the modelling environment bv what we have named allocation Allocation is the spatial or temporal interpolation or up down scaling Allocation may be direct assigning values or by interpolation Kriging TIN Inverse Distance
67. id The model is now prepared to run with the model code e Scenario Is similar to the simulation dataset It is base upon the simulation dataset or another scenario dataset The dataset is created with parameters linked to the parent dataset Only parameters that need to be altered for that scenario have to be specified Select Scenario We will use the de default name Scenario1 so leave as it is and select next Associated Datasets The following dataset are related Parent Dataset Discretization Dataset Flairsi Discretisationl ITFI Dataset is time dependent 6 Groundwater 39 Roval Haskoning Triwaco User s Manual The Scenario dataset is based upon a Simulation dataset or other Scenario In the following window that appears select Simulation1 as the Parent dataset Note that this means you can easily create several scenarios without copying entire directories This strongly enhances the reproducibility of you modelled results In the same window one may also specify whether the Scenario model should be transient This will be done later so we leave as it is as shown in the figure previous page Also in case the Scenario concerns a transient data set you can inherit the time discretisation or create a new one e Note that the datasets are defined as Model name Dataset name so here for the Parent Dataset Flairs1 Simulation1 Select next and find yourself in the same properties window when defining the design and simulat
68. inherited parameters of Simulation like a Scenario dataset However in the Parameter tab there are some new parameters The first set are the initial groundwater heads HT HH1 and HH2 Perhaps in paragraph 6 4 9 you created them already to speed up the simulation In that case they are located in the Inherited tab and you have to move them to the Parameter tab context menu Modify For each of them go to the Properties window Input and define by an expression the initial head which is the calculated head of the steady state Parent model Simulation1 ull Parameter Properties Type of Input Expression Parameters Hairs 1 Simulation 1 b PHIT ii PHI Expression text Simulationl PHIT You are now back in the dataset The other two new parameters are the storage coefficient SC1 and SC2 and effective porosity PE These parameters are given a constant value As done and explained before directly enter a value of 0 001 for the SC1 and SC2 elastic storage coefficient and a value of 0 3 for PE porosity of phreatic aquifer 1 Click refresh refresh icon to show if the status bullets are green Allocate all six parameters 6 Groundwater 46 Roval Haskoning Triwaco User s Manual 6 6 3 Input of specified stress periods abstraction well To illustrate a specified stress period in the model we will shut down the abstraction well number 1 This is in fact the same calculation as in the formerly described Scenario1
69. ion dataset Leave everything as it is All information was inherited from the Simulation dataset Select next and finish 6 5 2 Create a scenario by modifying a parameter You are now back in the list of datasets in the model Flairs Note that the dataset Scenario has a red status indicator Also notice that it is depending on Simulation1 dataset Parent and Discretisation1 dataset Grid Open the dataset Scenario1 You will automatically will be directed in the Inherited tab This is because in fact for the Scenario dataset no parameters are defined all parameters at this moment would be used from the Simulation dataset So if you would run a simulation now the outcome is exactly the same as for the Simulation1 dataset the Parent Notice that all status indicators are green which means they are up to date Which is no surprise since the dataset Simulation1 is up to date e Note that all inherited parameters are in italic and all modified parameters are in normal font In the Scenario1 dataset there is a tab Parameters however it is empty All the parameters of the Parent data are located in the inherited tab In the Parameters tab only parameters that are modified with respect to the Parent data set are stored E g if you want to calculate the effect of a different abstraction rate in a source you only have to modify this parameter which then will be moved to the Parameter tab This is what we will do in this case we will stop the abstract
70. ion from well with ID 1 First thing to do is to move parameter SQ2 abstraction rate in aquifer 2 from the inherited tab to the Parameter tab all other parameters remain the same as in the Parent Siumulation1 data set This is done as follows Open the Scenario data set Select the parameter s that is to be modified with respect to the Simulation dataset set by choosing Modifv from the context menu Now the parameter is moved to the Parameters tab Flairsi Scenarioi Ogaa Edit Type Source E Paramete Add Parameter Ins arameter c Views Explore Clean Allocate Build GAGE i Inhemted j km ke f f Parameters inh ented Fi and locatedin Parameters modified Farent dataset and locatedin simulatiomi scenarioi dataset 6 Groundwater 40 Roval Haskoning Triwaco User s Manual Next we need to define the abstraction parameter SQ2 again using a table in this case the scenario is alreadv prepared in the existing xls file AbstractionAq2 xIs Before we proceed have a look at the XLS file and note that in the third column SQ2Scen1 the abstraction rate of well with ID 1 is set to zero previously 2000 In the dataset select the parameter SQ2 which defines abstraction rate in aquifer 2 and open the context menu select Properties Directly go to the second tab Input The figure below shows the properties Input tab ali Parameter Properties Type of Input Table Provider Microsoft
71. ions These are options for the programme TESNET that will generate the calculation grid for FLAIRS The first option defines the EPFIX Minimal distance between Fixed points e g points defined as vertices of the boundary and the rivers or as sources The value 10 means that when two or more fixed points are closer than 10 meters they are snapped to one fixed point The second option defines the EPPOL Minimal distance of points within a density polygon expressed as fraction of the nominal distance defined for the polygon 6 Groundwater 8 Roval Haskoning Triwaco User s Manual all New Dataset Program Options Review or change the program options here Options for Discretisation Program Tesnet Section Option Value Description La MinDist 10 Epfix Grid Eppol 0 5 Grid Number of point 6 Radius of circle Defined circles ma Femove Number of points on circle 6 qf OK XM Cancel For grid generation and better description of groundwater flow near sources is possible by appending support circles It is recommend though not necessary when the model is going to be used for pathline calculations The Support circles allow the user to define a locally very dense grid which improves the results of the calculation of groundwater flow in the vicinity of abstraction or infiltration wells Because of the nature of the finite difference grid this option is available for
72. located in the directory C My Model TutorialProjectii All data referred to in the text is available in the directory C My Models TutorialData A resulting version of the model is located in the directory C My Model Tutorial So when things go wrong or you don t know what to do one can alwavs refer to this working model Below an overview of the successive steps of building a model in Triwaco is given 6 2 1 Setting up a triwaco project 6 2 2 Setting up a groundwater model 6 2 3 Setting up a discretisation dataset 6 2 4 Setting up a design dataset 6 2 5 Setting up a simulation dataset steadv state 6 2 6 Setting up a simulation dataset transient 6 2 7 Setting up a scenario dataset Additional steps mav include solute transport transient or other calculations In this tutorial one often occurring additional calculations will be explained 6 2 8 Setting up an effect model 6 2 9 Setting up a pathline dataset Model building starts with the choice of boundaries and collection of data This is done without the use of the software and will not be discussed here We advise vou to make a topographical background map that will help you orientate while using the digitising and presentation modules of triwaco A background map can have different formats such as a picture bmp jpg Arcinfo ungenerated ung and DXF An example of a background map is available after installing triwaco on vour hard drive The file is located in the dire
73. lock with the constant value 12 PHIT PHIT adore block with values equal to PHIT PHIT being the difference of the adore blocks with set names PHI1 and PHIT respectively Boolean adore block containing integer values QRCH gt 0 equal to 1 where QRCH gt 0 and equal to 0 where QRCH lt 0 PHIT PHIT QRCH90 88 QKW1 gt 0 Real adore block containing values equal to 0 where QRCH lt 0 or QKW1 lt 0 and to PHI1 PHIT where both QRCH gt 0 and QKW1 gt 0 RL1 gt TH1 RL1 TH1 0 01 Real adore block containing values equal to RL1 where RL1 gt TH1 and to TH1 0 01 where RL1 lt TH1 IF RL1 gt TH1 RL1 TH1 0 01 Real adore block containing values equal to RL1 where RL1 gt TH1 and to TH1 0 01 where RL1 lt TH1 sqrt log cos TX1 TH1 1 adore block that contains values equal to the results after evaluating the expression B l Vlog cos TY TH a 1 QRI1 AREA Specific river flux in m d river flux divided by node influence area MIN PHIT RP13 Minimum value of PHIT and RP13 cut off PHIT at surface level PHIT gt RP13 2 RP13 PHIT Same as above IF PHIT gt RP13 RP13 PHIT Same as above Note Using Boolean expressions the result set will contain integer values if the expression starts with the Boolean expression and will contain real values if the Boolean expression is preceded with a real value or another expression Thus PHI1 PHIT QRCH g
74. n the inherited tab So we simply modify them by which they become parameters part of Scenario1 and will be located in the Parameters tab and also physically present in the dataset directory In the same way as before open the Scenario1 data set Select the parameter s PHIT PHI1 and PHI2 that are to be modified with respect to the Simulation1 dataset set by choosing Modifv from the context menu Now the parameters are moved to the Parameters tab Have for each of these parameters a look at the properties window select the parameter Parameter Properties Select the tab Output and check if the Filename output file of FLAIRS Flairs flo is set to the directory Scenario1 if not the case browse to the appropriate folder Since the allocator is None you don t have to do anything further Next thing to do is to create a parameter that represents the difference between the simulated head in aquifer 2 for Scenario1 and the Simulation1 Select Parameter New In the wizard copy everything from the figure below mme ml New Parameter l j General Enter general information about the parameter to create Name dPHI2 Dataset Description dPHI2 Tvpe Node Allocator Input Expression Value a Output C My Models TutorialProjecti Flairs 1 Scenario1 dPHI2 ado The new parameter is named dPHI2 Select next and we will now enter the expression as shown below In the expression the parameter PHI2 is part of th
75. next paragraphs we will show how these different type of file formats are defined e The names of the data sets are used to make directories e The next time you open the definition screen you can change the data set description e Ifyou want to change one of the design settings delete the data set in the list of data sets and start again Select the data set Data set Delete It is there for recommended not to store your data in the design data set or make a back up copy of it 6 3 2 Input of parameters covering the whole model area tvpe node The following parameters are node tvpe parameters The topsystem parameter code RPn The resistance of the aquitards CLn The transmissivity of the aquifers TXn or the permeability PXn The top level of the first aquifer RL1 and the base level of the first aquifer TH1 The data to be entered for the different parameters are listed in annex 3b To help you enter the data four examples are explained in more detail below illustrating different ways of using file formats to define parameters 1 Constant Most parameters in our model are defined by a constant a constant value 2 Vector map The precipitation excess RP1 is in this case entered with a vector map where it is defined by polygons areas with a constant parameter value and a default value for areas where no value is defined 3 Raster map Surface level RL1 defined by a raster map 4 Expression The
76. of the parameter RP1 which is the precipitation excess As shown in example 1 select the parameter RP1 by clicking once on it Now click once in the cell with the Default value You are now able to enter a value In this case we will use a value of 0 001 m day which corresponds to 1mm day the average for the Netherlands Secondiv click once in the cell with Input a pull down menu will appear Select Vector Map In this way most of the general properties for each parameter can be defined E Flalrsi Designi EI TutorialProjectl Oo it n a CC Flairsi L Parameter Type Description Input Value Fld Allecater Default Dataset LS IR Node Recharge parameter Constant u Constant i a resign T f r Node Predpiston bi tti Vector map RFI FET lia oe Vin Vector map Now we will create an Vector Map using DIGEDIT and create a map with polygons Double Click parameter RP1 to open DIGEDIT Enter the desired value of the points enclosed by the polygon Polygons can be changed in the same way as explained for the density areas for the calculation grid You can check at any moment which part of the area is filled with isoplanes by clicking the item Fill polygons that you find in the sub menu Options Setup the white spots will remain white the rest is coloured Save the file RP1 and close DIGEDIT If you are not sure the file used for this tutorial model is enclosed in Tutor
77. oint sources which are active within aquifers and the large selection of different top svstems that control the flux from the surface or confining laver to the first aquifer Hvdrogeological parameters are given at the nodes of a Finite Element Grid g su ni ai Model Code This page enables vou to select the computer code for vour model Installed Groundwater model computer codes FLA JAG Flairs Modflow96 Modflow2000 Flairsv Parent Model Parent Model Code In the window there is also an option for selecting a parent model This is used when setting up a scenario based on a previously created model For now this option is not used Select Next and Finish to create the model The groundwater model with the name Flairs is now added to the project The groundwater model can be opened in several ways In the project tree window double click TurorialProjecti or expand TurorialProjecti or in the project window by opening the context menu and Open or by selecting the pull down menu Model Open The model is currentiv emptv and contains no datasets In the next paragraphs the necessarv datasets will be added to run the first simulation We will start bv setting up a discretisation dataset where the calculation grid is defined 6 2 3 Setting up a discretisation dataset calculation grid For a groundwater model a calculation grid is set up in the following six steps definition of the discretisation dataset defini
78. or Expression and enter the relation in the field Expression HR1 which means HR2 1 0 HR1 The other parameters can be treated in the same way or you can enter new values using a map 6 3 5 Input of boundary conditions type boundary The parameters for boundary conditions are 1 IBn Type of boundary condition 0 fixed head 1 fixed flux 2 BHn Boundary head if boundary condition is a fixed head 3 BAn and BBn Parameters to determine a flux over the boundary both 0 in case of a flux 0 see the manual for other possibilities fi Digedit C Projdirs D emoknitia lB1 ung File Edt View Options Help alejes kal ele e tl a en en condition en en 1 gt fixed flux i ent ri i fm fel cn ee condition ee 0 gt fixed head ali 149384 2 408259 9 2 408259 5 6 Groundwater 26 Roval Haskoning Triwaco User s Manual The boundarv conditions are entered with linked points also similar to the parameters for the linear surface water In our model the boundary condition is a fixed head which means that IBn 0 Consequently you only need to enter values for the head parameter BHn The other parameters remain zero The values are entered similar to those for linear surface water In between linked points the values are interpolated To keep the model simple for boundary conditions we will only enter constant values so for the boundarv head we choose a value 0 5m
79. ouble click TutorialProject Model Add Model or by right mouse click TutorialProject Add Model if you set up a new model otherwise an existing model will be listed in the project Project TutorialProectl Tools Windows Help Properties A wizard will pop up In the first window select Next to continue In the second window one can choose the type of model In our case we want to set up a Groundwater model So select Groundwater model and give it the name Flairs1 since we will be using the model code Flairs General Information Select the type of model to create and enter the name of the model Installed Model Types Groundwater ated Linked model Effectmodel Rainfall Eu model model Zone model model Model name Flairs1 Location C Mv Models TutoriallTutorialProject 1 Flairs1 6 Groundwater 6 Roval Haskoning Triwaco User s Manual In the next window one can select the model code to be used in the simulation Currentiv Triwaco supports FLAIRS a finite element code and a special version of FLAIRS that supports variable densitv as a boundarv condition the USGS modelling code MODFLOW 96 and MODFLOW 2000 In this tutorial we will set up a groundwater model with the model code FLAIRS Flairs Flairs calculates the groundwater heads and fluxes in a groundwater domain that is divided into aquifers and aquitards A so called quasi 3D approach Important features in Flairs are the rivers line source sinks and p
80. ould be small A SET version 3 0 jun2z002 File Kun Help Calibl OUTER ITERATION 3 MAXIMUM 100 INNER ITERATION 4 MAXIMUM 500 INACCURACY REQUIRED CURRENT PREVIOUS PREV 1 PREV 0 000010 0 000168 0 000256 0 000367 0 000669 OUTER ITERATION NUMBER 2 1 INNER ITERATIONS USED bi 88 6 4 7 Viewing and presenting results When the simulation is finished you can view the results Choose Dataset View output again TRIPLOT is opened The simulation results are automatically loaded so you can directly select one of the output variables If the output file appears not to be selected Choose Param Load and select the file flairs flo in the directory of the simulation data set Then you can continue with the presentation of the results Presentation and viewing of the results is carried out in the same way as for viewing allocated data explained earlier The results consist of the following variables PHIT head phreatic aquifer in meter reference level PHIx head aquifer x m reference level QRCH recharge first top aquifer m day positive downward flux QKWx recharge of aquifer x from aquifer below m d positive upward flux QRIx exchange flux between groundwater and the linear surface water in aquifer x in m dav positive from surface water to groundwater T Triplot C Projdirs4 Demo4 Grid Grid teo L Eile View Param Window Help la x Sala SATR Elera Contour map PH
81. ow Vertices 6 2 7 Step 4 Defining the position of sources fixed nodes define a vector map shape file In the same manner as the definition of watercourses we will define the location of the sources We will define the sources directly using a shape file which is provided in the directory My Models TutorialData Sources shp There is no need for copying the files in this directory to the project You could even leave it there for use in a GIS project in the same time In the dataset select the parameter SRC which defines the location of sources and op the context menu select Properties Go to the second tab Input Select Properties and locate and select the file sources shp in the directory My Models TutorialData The fields Filename and Datasource will now be the same as shown in the figure Next thing to do is to define the data that is to be extracted from the vector map Select the same fields as shown below Leave the file for filter open And close the window dl Parameter Properties Type of Input Filename CA My Models Tutorial Data Sources shp Datasource CA My Models TutorialDatatSources shp Layer SOURCES Ids Sources ID Values VALUE Filter 6 Groundwater 13 Roval Haskoning Triwaco User s Manual Of course a source map file can be created using DIGEDIT like we did for the model boundarv Now enter the position of the sources Everywhere you click in the area a source is placed DigEdit will open a wind
82. ow in which you can enter the name or code of the source After which you can carry on an enter a new source Make sure that the sources are not placed outside the model boundary You can change the name of sources by Select the river activating the selection mode for line elements first and then Le and opening the the context menu for that particular source ii Digedit C YProjdirsADemotGrid S RC UNG File Edit View Options Help Dejas olbil zla 1 ede tinlelol Values 150861 3 409276 9 6 2 8 Step 5 Defining the position of node density areas define a vector map with DIGEDIT Since the node density or cell size is model specific it will be created using DIGEDIT like we did for the model boundary Of course one may also use another GIS editor for that Open de POL parameter in DIGEDIT Ignore reports as Cannot open Now load your background map as shown before Also load by appending the map of the model boundary If you wish append the maps of the linear surface water and the sources that are stored in the directory My Models TutorialData Now we will enter the zones with which the node densities are defined for the calculation grid these are called density areas The boundaries of these density areas are entered in the same way as the model boundary by definition of polvgons see Step 2 After closing each boundarv a window pops up with the request to Enter ID and value Enter the required node
83. parameter value is given for the period before the stated moment of time stated on that particular row l 31 14 1456 00 00 0 001 10011997 00 00 0 00055 20011997 00 00 0 00265 31011997 00 00 0 02975 1001997 00 00 0 0439 00221997 00 00 0 00365 20021997 00 00 0 0054 10031997 00 00 0 00095 20031997 00 00 0 0121 207141997 00 00 0 03475 31 14 1947 00 00 0 0234 10011995 00 00 0 05 END END 6 Groundwater 59
84. point data set we first in the tab General change the allocator from Arpadi allocator for polygons to InvDist InvDist uses the inverse distance weighing method But since it is only one point there will be no interpolation and all values will be the same for all nodes cells in the model In the second tab Input define the vector map shown in the figure below Select Browse and locate and select the file PrecipitationExcess shp in the directory My Models TutorialDatal The fields Filename and Datasource should be changed will now be the same as shown in the figure Next thing to do is to define the data that is to be extracted from the vector map Select the same fields as shown below Leave the file for filter open for now We have now again defined a vector map Next thing is to define parameter values variable in time which is done by using a time series file Got to the tab Time where we can define the time series The time series for a given parameter have to be placed in a tim file with a specified format An example of a tim file is given in annex 3 and is included in the directory My Models TutorialData PrecipitationExcess tim And can easily be prepared in Excel The time steps in the tim file make up stress periods for the values defined in these series The standard way is that the parameter on each time step within a stress period is assigned the value specified in the tim file It is IMPORTANT to note that dates and times
85. r HH1 and PHI2 for HH2 We are almost there now Select the new parameters HT HH1 and HH2 and allocate them Select Dataset Generate which creates an input file for the model code based on the parameters defined in the dataset including the ones we added To start the simulation Dataset Run Note that this will speed up the iteration process 6 4 10 Comparing simulation results with measurements calibration For the calibration of the model you compare the results with measurements In most cases a model is calibrated using measured groundwater heads but calibrating using fluxes is also possible In Triwaco comparison between measured and simulated results is automated eee as Showy values from aquifer 2 W Draw Markers Aquiter Marker Style Label Style Draw Labels Label St le Classity deviations W Classify Values Modify Insert Delete Save Settings Load Save dude Defaults 6 Groundwater 37 Roval Haskoning Triwaco User s Manual The only thing you have to do is to create an calibration input file which has a fixed format The measured head should be entered in an ASCIl file named calib chi In annex 2 it is explained how to make calibration input file In the directory My Models TutorialData a predefined calib chi can be found Simply copy this file into the Simulation1 dataset directory Go back to Triwaco After a simulation has run the
86. red to run with the modelcode e Scenario Is similar to the simulation dataset It is base upon the simulation dataset or another scenario dataset The dataset is created with parameters linked to the parent dataset Only parameters that need to be altered for that scenario have to be specified Associated Datasets The following dataset are related Parent Dataset Flairs1 Design1 Discretization Dataset Flairsi Discretisationl IF Dataset is time dependent 6 Groundwater 28 Roval Haskoning Triwaco User s Manual Select Simulation We will use the de default name Simulation1 so leave as it is and select next The Simulation set combines the conceptual model Design dataset with a calculation grid Discretisation dataset to create a model Simulation dataset to run with the specified model code In the following window the conceptual model Design dataset is selected as the Parent dataset as well as the calculation grid Discretisation dataset as the Discretisation dataset Note that this means vou can easilv create an alternative grid and create a new simulation dataset thus a model based upon the same conceptual model and visa versa In the same window one may also specifv whether the simulation model should be transient This will be done later so we leave as it is as shown in the figure e Note that the datasets are defined as Model name Dataset name so here for the Parent Dataset Flairs1 Design1 Select next and
87. rem aekunside 2 39 0 51 Cheating ascenatio CalaSe l spe 2 39 6 5 2 Create a scenario by modifying a parameter rrrrnrrnnnnrrnnnnrnrnnnnrnnnenrnnrrrnnnennennnenerrnnrnernnnnnsenee 2 40 055 RUN TE S entario simula ot ee 2 41 6 5 4 Combining and processing of model output and parameters ss ssesssennnnznnzznnnnzenzzzzznnnzzznz 2 41 6 6 Setting up a Transient data Se Laser 2 44 6 6 1 Creating a Transient datas lurrei a aa aeia 2 44 6 6 2 Input of transient parameters constant in time initial head storage coefficient and porosity 2 46 6 6 3 Input of specified stress periods abstraction well ss ss sennennznnnnnznnnnzznnnnnnnnnnnnnnzznnznzznzza 2 47 6 6 4 Input is variable through time definition by time series precipitation excess sssssseeeennn 2 48 065 Transient Simila ee 2 50 0 6 6 VIEWING TESUNS agina a a a a a ktemi abi dietbtagtad boditorbet 2 51 Roval Haskoning 6 1 Supported models The following groundwater models are supported by the triwaco modelling environment Triwaco User s Manual Modelcode Developed bv Description Chapter FLAIRS Roval Haskoning Finite element steadv state and transient groundwater flow for multi lavered svstems 6 3 FLAIRS VD Roval Haskoning Finite element steadv state and transient groundwater flow for multi lavered svstems accounting for variable densitv of groundwater as a boundarv condition 6 3 2 MODFLOW 96 2000 USGS
88. ss may be obtained if you enter initial values for the heads that are closer to the heads to be calculated After the first calculation with reasonable results you can enter these calculated heads as initial values This is done as follows au New Parameter General Enter general information about the parameter to create Name HT Dataset Simulationi Description HT Tvpe Node Allocator Expression Input Expression Value 0 Output C My Models TutorialProject 1Flairs 1 Simulation 1HT ado Browse Create an other set of parameters HT HH1 and HH2 which are the parameters used to speed up the simulation Select Parameter New In the wizard copy everything from the figure below Allocator and Input are set to Expression Then Next and define the expression as we did before and shown below 6 Groundwater 36 Roval Haskoning Triwaco User s Manual Enter the expression for the parameter here Parameters Functions l Flairs 1 Simulation 1 PHIT Expression text PHIT Validate Load Save lt Back Next gt Cancel Your first parameter HT was created Now select this file in the dataset and copy and paste it buttons just above the list of parameters Select the copied file and change the name and description in the properties window to HH1 Also change the output file name in the Output tab Do the same for HH2 and change the expression as well to respectively PHI1 fo
89. t Now you have entered the presentation module TRIPLOT You can zoom in and out to check the grid with the well known icons JE DE Leave the presentation module and close the grid dataset 6 Groundwater 15 Roval Haskoning Triplot C 4Projdirs DemotGrd Grid_teo MAAR mA Wie Nea HE ere Sarat get JR un ac A is i EA OR I Way FAN ge tt ain anti wate ta sl JE TATER ATATA AVAS a ny par ae me NE K LA ee aaa et aaraa ravan arate TH ate Std SATURN ji HAE Hele pt Pre U GR ST feer a Pb jn HHH MRI FAE ujjk Jr SJ k Mg T a Ea Er Tad Ti te B HH HHS TN PP Let ge HH er LI fe l wa Pak ae ha H re HHEH ju Te ae AN dre at oy L ARR OE i Ka a a A AT E He ye a oe ar A Eg ra OA Ti ia or oa l a KEENE Bot npattu CM Ter a EH eien L coral ee pre Ea RAS NE AN VAVAVAVAVLEAVAVAVAY WO AA AAS Triwaco User s Manual Double node density on line elements river courses Resat of support circles around fixed nodes Sources e Visibility of parameters like elements nodes rivers as well as the appearance of parameters can be changed in the properties window context menu or View Properties form the pull down menu will open the properties window 6 Groundwater 16 Roval Haskoning Triwaco User s Manual 6 3 Setting up design dat
90. t select Build The building process starts In the Jobs pane vou will see the progress In the Output pane information is provided for each parameter If one of the parameters fails the reason for this is given so the appropriate action can be taken 6 4 5 Viewing and checking allocated data in Triwaco and TRIPLOT There is always a chance of error in the model input files ado even though the status indicator may be green It is therefore recommended to check all the allocated data adore files before running a simulation There are two ways to check the outcome of the allocation The first one is looking at the summary of the parameter in Triwaco and secondly is using the viewer TRIPLOT Checking the allocated data in triwaco We will check a parameter in this case RL1 but you may also choose another one Select the parameter and open the Properties Window You will now see that next to General and Input tab an additional tab is present Output Go to this tab see figure below for RL1 Pans mis xy C O O Filename C My Models TutorialProject 1Hairs 1 Simulation FLI ado Size 3307 Modified 08 aug 2008 13 16 07 Statistics PRE Count 516 Minimum 2 14182 Maximum 702873 Range 4 88697 verage 3 885 536026201 Sum 3563 03423 The field Filename shows the location of the output file It is located in the directory Simulation1 and is in the standard triwaco output file format ado Also given is the size of the file and th
91. t 0 amp amp QKW 120 results in a real Adore set and QRCH gt 0 amp amp QKW1 gt 0 PHI1 PHIT results in an integer Adore set 6 Groundwater 56 Roval Haskoning Annex 3b Proposed default parameter values for demo model Tvpe of top svstem Triwaco User s Manual 11 Precipitation excess 0 001 m day See description in text Resistance semi pervious layer 20 days Drainage resistance 250 days Infiltration resistance 900 days Drainage level Top aquifer 1 See description in text see MV25 ung en MV25 par Base aquifer 1 10 0 m Permeability aquifer 1 25 m day Transmissivity aquifer 2 3500 m dav IB1 IB2 etc Resistance aquitard 1 Tvpe of Boundarv condition 250 dav 0 fixed head BH1 BH2 etc Boundary Head 0 50 m BAT BA2 etc Boundarv condition for flux 0 only when IB1 1 BB1 BB2 etc IS1 IS2 etc Boundary condition for flux Type of Abstraction 0 only when IB1 1 0 fixed discharge SQ1 SQ2 etc Discharge amount see text values means abstraction SH1 SH2 etc Fixed head in discharge well River activity 0 only when IS1 1 1 all rivers active Water level 0 define with linked points see text River width 15m Drainage resistance river 5 days Infiltration resistance river 25 days 6 Groundwater 57 Roval Haskoning Triwaco User s Manual
92. t next to continue In the second window one can choose the type of dataset There are four types of datasets each with its own characteristics and purpose e Discretisation Defines the calculation grid boundaries and stresses like watercourses and wells e Design Defines the conceptual model using GIS maps and tables e Simulation Here is where the data from the conceptual model is linked to the calculation grid The model is now prepared to run with the model code e Scenario Is similar to the simulation dataset lt is base upon the simulation dataset or another scenario dataset The dataset is created with parameters linked to the parent dataset Only parameters that need to be altered for that scenario have to be specified Select Design We will use the de default name so leave as it is and select next The following window that appears is for the definition of program options This window is for more experienced users We will define the properties of our model via the button Advanced In the definition screen you must define data for the model The choices made here are used to generate the appropriate parameters for the model e number of aquifers obvious The model will contain 2 aquifers so select 2 e phreatic conditions We want the model to calculate with a variable transmissivity of the first top aquifer depending on the groundwater head in this aquifer We will use Top layer phreatic meaning unconfined others fixed
93. the screen in another way e Cross sections can be made by selecting ss and pointing the corner points of the section by clicking in the map To end a section click the righthand mouse button Experiment with the options in the section window Best results are obtained when layer parameters RLn and THn are loaded in TRIPLOT as well e Try the option of transparency for background map or parameters e All parameters can be exported to vector maps shape file or raster maps asc e Visibility of parameters as well as the appearance of parameters can be changed in the properties window via the context menu or by selecting Properties form the pull down menu e Ifyou have loaded more parameters after each other with the same name a serial number is added to the code name e When more than one parameter is contoured classified you can change the order of appearance similar to a GIS system in the properties window 6 4 6 First simulation When all parameters are allocated to the calculation grid and checked the model is ready for the first simulation run The first thing that has to be done is to convert all parameters now in the standard Triwaco file format into modelinput files for the model code as well as creating other input files to run the simulation with the specified modelcode in this case FLAIRS since FLAIRS uses ado files these files are not converted In the Simulation dataset select Dataset Generate which creates an input
94. ting Properties from the View pull down menu or right mouse button Select Ie The following dialog box will appear Check Show title By adding title to the view the date progress is also added to the view The title will appear at the bottom left and the time progress at the bottom right often behind the frame dialog box iii Tite 0 x W Show title Title Animation example title Lancel An animation may also be saved to disk by selecting output to disk Various file compression formats are available 6 Groundwater 53 Roval Haskoning video Compression x Compressor Ok Microsoft MPEG 4 Video Code Microsoft Wideo 1 Microsoft H 263 Video Codec Microsoft H 261 Video Codec Microsoft MPEG 4 Video Coder Cancel Configure About Mill Triwaco User s Manual 6 Groundwater 54 Roval Haskoning Annex 1a Application of the parameter allocators Tvpe of data Use Allocator Parmeters covering the whole model node values Input as a constant value Constant Input by polygons Arpadi Warp Kriging Input by point values InvDist Arpadi Kriging etc Input by a large amount of point values Tin Kriging Parameters for linear surface water type river Input as a constant value Constant Input by linked points ParRiv Input by polygons Arpadi Warp Kriging Parameters for sources type source
95. tion of the model boundary definition of surface water or other line elements faults for instance definition of the position of sources definition of the node density or cell size i ae E When these items are defined the grid can be generated step 6 6 Groundwater 7 Roval Haskoning Triwaco User s Manual 6 2 4 Step 1 Creating a discretisation dataset The data for the generation of a calculation grid is defined in the discretisation dataset You ll need the positions of the boundarv the linear surface water that vou want to include in the model and the sources the grid is taking these elements into account and specified sub areas with a certain densitv of the calculation grid These data are entered successivelv We will introduce the several wavs in which Triwaco can handle multiple tvpe file formats For the discretisation we will use a shape file for the rivers and sources Both the boundarv and densitv polvgons are created by the graphical editor DIGEDIT that comes with Triwaco All data used in this tutorial is available in the directory My Models T utorialDatal Add the dataset Dataset Add Dataset A pup up window will appear similar to that of adding a model Again in the first window select next to continue In the second window one can choose the type of dataset There are four types of datasets each with its own characteristics and purpose e Discretisation Defines the calculation grid boundaries and stresses like
96. using a comma delimited file CSV 3 Table The abstraction and injection rate in aquifer 2 SQ2 using an excel file XLS Example 1 Constant to define ISn As explained above in this model we will define an abstraction rate for the second aquifer only That means that the value for IS1 and IS2 both aquifers is set to a constant value of 0 The constant value is defined in the column Default As you may notice the default value is already set to 0 by when the data set was created So nothing needs to be done Example 2 Table to define the abstraction rate in aquifer 1 CSV file The only type of input we have not used yet is Table We will now define the abstraction rate using a table in this case an comma delimited file In the directory My models TutorialData the CSV file AbstractionAq1 csv is located In this case we used an CSV file but many other formats can be used Before we proceed have a look at the CSV file and note the ID and abstraction rates for aquifer 1 SQ1 are given Note that abstraction is negative and rates are in m3 day In the dataset select the parameter SQ1 which defines abstraction rate in aquifer 1 and open the context menu select Properties Directly go to the second tab Input The figure below shows the properties Input tab 6 Groundwater 22 Roval Haskoning Triwaco User s Manual ad Parameter Properties J A Type of Input Table Provider CSV Files Datasource C My Models TutonalData Table
97. window listofmodels data Dependency andusers and datasets with status sets or parameters Depending panes showing indicators on thetype of list showing dependes anduseof information of the listenitems datasets respectively Nameofdataset Typeofdataset Regime inthiscase Modified date andtime Steady or Transient see ee er ET fasene rier wed nit Se a G Mili 7 Papers af e ay ee ig Vea Dok retention b Fleet E Ferd Cafe Para Far a Aa DEE 5 5 Pan fanl Steir liam e Freed 130908 Ti 6 En Sami B x Giant rd Benn fers DOP aL iieri inane EN biazratimaitigniigrid om Fis grid Soden mer EFL L na NE kn vil Jobs pane Information on jobs carried out during session run simulation allocation Qutput pane Information from programmes writtento screen Often logs of jol carried out Notes pane Notes can beaddedto clarify model premises assumptions and choices 6 Groundwater 5 Roval Haskoning Triwaco User s Manual e Itis possible to use your favourite text editor instead of the standard OpenSource editor that comes with Triwaco Notepad To do this go to Tools in the task bar at the top Select Edit Database This will open the database in Access or other database editor Go to Applications and change the path and location of your favourite text editor 6 2 2 Setting up a groundwater model Adding a groundwater model to the project is done by d

Chapter 6: Groundwater

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