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User`s manual FLIR Reporter Building

1. Copper oxidized heavily 20 T 0 78 2 Copper oxidized to black T 0 88 1 ness Copper polished 50 100 T 0 02 1 Copper polished 100 T 0 03 2 Copper polished commer 27 T 0 08 4 cial Copper polished mechan 22 T 0 015 4 ical Copper pure carefully 22 T 0 008 4 prepared surface Copper scraped 27 T 0 07 4 Copper dioxide powder T 0 84 1 Copper oxide red powder T 0 70 1 Ebonite T 0 89 1 Emery coarse 80 F 0 85 1 Enamel 20 T 0 9 1 Enamel lacquer 20 T 0 85 0 95 1 Fiber board hard untreated 20 SW 0 85 6 Fiber board masonite 70 LW 0 88 9 Fiber board masonite 70 SW 0 75 9 Fiber board particle board 70 LW 0 89 9 Fiber board particle board 70 SW 0 77 9 Fiber board porous untreated 20 SW 0 85 6 Gold polished 130 T 0 018 1 Gold polished carefully 200 600 T 0 02 0 03 1 Gold polished highly 100 T 0 02 2 Granite polished 20 LLW 0 849 8 Granite rough 21 LLW 0 879 8 Granite rough 4 different 70 LW 0 77 0 87 9 samples 134 Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 20 Emissivity tables Granite rough 4 different 70 SW 0 95 0 97 samples Gypsum 20 T 0 8 0 9 Ice See Water Iron cast casting 50 T 0 81 Iron cast ingots 1000 T 0 95 Iron cast liquid 1300 T 0 28 Iron cast machined 800 1000 T 0 60 0 70 Iron cast oxidized 38 Ji 0 63 Iron cast oxidized 100 T 0 64 Iron cast oxidized 260 T 0 66 Iron cast oxidized
2. ssssse eene 104 16 1 Introduction s s s 104 16 2 ErnisSiVily ree EC ERRUT 1104 16 2 1 Finding the emissivity of a sample sess we 105 16 2 1 1 Step 1 Determining reflected apparent temperature 105 16 2 1 2 Step 2 Determining the emissivity sesssssss 107 16 3 Reflected apparent temperature ssssssssssssseeeeennneennenrenenre nnns 108 16 4 BIStanCe sene ertet mE EPUONPESRUGRRC SHINE HRCREee 108 16 5 Relative humidity 108 16 6 Otlier parateters emer pivara nasari s runeko EROR RON IHRER 108 History of infrared technology sssssssseene emnes 109 Theory of thermography neskia naasna eiaa einiaid 113 18 41 IMrOdUCUOR sisean aee abr neto aes eive pe E eene rp oec v Eea a Mrs aE 113 18 2 The electromagnetic spectrum ssssssssseeneeeeneee e ennemi 1138 18 3 Blackbody radiation 18 3 1 Planck S JAW ayero reaa e a eta rons a qe e apex E a a 115 18 3 2 Wien s displacement law essen eene 116 18 3 3 Stefan Boltzmann s law ssssssssesssseeeeenenenennennenennenetnennnnenn enne nnnnna 118 18 3 4 Non blackbody emitters sssssssssssseeeeeeneenneeennennennennnnnnnnene 119 18 4 Infrared semi transparent materials sess 121 The measuremient formula mtt t RE Head ainai saka Siaa na 123 Emissivity ta
3. d unti or with simplified notation U ue CW source source where C is a constant Should the source be a graybody with emittance the received radiation would consequently be W ource We are now ready to write the three collected radiation power terms 1 Emission from the object TWop where is the emittance of the object and T is the transmittance of the atmosphere The object temperature is Topj 2 Reflected emission from ambient sources 1 TW ef where 1 is the re flectance of the object The ambient sources have the temperature T efl It has here been assumed that the temperature Tr is the same for all emitting surfaces within the halfsphere seen from a point on the object surface This is of course sometimes a simplification of the true situation It is however a necessary simplification in order to derive a workable formula and T _ can at least theoretically be given a value that represents an efficient temperature of a complex surrounding Note also that we have assumed that the emittance for the surroundings 1 This is correct in accordance with Kirchhoff s law All radiation impinging on the surrounding surfaces will eventually be absorbed by the same surfaces Thus the emittance 1 Note though that the latest discussion requires the complete sphere around the object to be considered 3 Emission from the atmosphere 1 T TW atm where 1 T is the
4. A building s degree of insulation is often stated in the form of a thermal resistance or a coefficient of thermal transmittance U value for the various parts of the building However the stated thermal resistance values rarely provide a measure of the actual energy losses in a building Air leakage from joints and connections that are not airtight and insufficiently filled with insulation often gives rise to considerable deviations from the designed and expected values Verification that individual materials and building elements have the promised prop erties is provided by means of laboratory tests Completed buildings have to be checked and inspected in order to ensure that their intended insulation and airtightness functions are actually achieved In its structural engineering application thermography is used to study temperature variations over the surfaces of a structure Variations in the structure s thermal resis tance can under certain conditions produce temperature variations on its surfaces Leakage of cold or warm air through the structure also affects the variation in surface temperature This means that insulation defects thermal bridges and air leaks in a building s enclosing structural components can be located and surveyed Thermography itself does not directly show the structure s thermal resistance or air tightness Where quantification of thermal resistance or airtightness is required addi tional measurement
5. ri Area tool You use this tool to click and drag within the image to create an area The minimum and maximum temperatures in the area will be displayed in the measurement results table To move the area use the Select tool to select the area tool then click drag the tool v Line tool You use this tool to create a line within the image The minimum and maximum temperatures along the line will be displayed in the measure ment results table To move the line use the Select tool to select the line tool then click drag the tool ay Grid tool You use this tool to create a grid on the image You can set the grid properties using the Grid settings tool The grid will not be stored with the image when you save it Note The grid tool has on off functionality You need to click the toolbar button to disable the tool Show hide overlay graphics tool You use this tool to display and hide the overlay graphics that are asso ciated with the image from the infrared camera Rotate counter clockwise tool You use this tool to rotate an image counter clockwise in 90 increments Rotate clockwise tool You use this tool to rotate an image clockwise in 90 increments Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 7 Screen elements aii Palette tool You use this tool to change the color palette within an image Invert palette tool You use this tool to invert the currently selected palette A
6. then click the o toolbar button In the right pane you can now see that a measurement area has been created a For an accurate calculation it is very important that you record the correct distance to the object at the time of inspection You can do this in the camera or on paper a Foran accurate calculation it is very important that the image is taken at a 90 angle to the object e g the wall Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 10 Using the tools When you change a value you can also change it by click dragging the value s label See the figure below T630333 a1 Bi SEE For an introduction to building thermography see section 13 Introduction to building thermography on page 51 Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 33 10 Using the tools 10 8 Using the sensor tool General You can include data from data loggers in your report The user scenario suggests using an Extech RHT10 Humidity and Temperature USB Data Logger or Extech TH10 Temperature USB Data Logger but other data loggers capable of outputting the same data in Microsoft amp Excel format are suitable see section 10 8 1 Structure of the data logger file on page 35 for more information Procedure Follow this procedure to create a graph based on the logging data Add the Microsoft Excel file to your collection by following the procedure in section 9 2 Choosing image
7. 10399403 a1 Figure 18 5 Wilhelm Wien 1864 1928 The sun approx 6 000 K emits yellow light peaking at about 0 5 um in the middle of the visible light spectrum At room temperature 300 K the peak of radiant emittance lies at 9 7 um in the far infrared while at the temperature of liquid nitrogen 77 K the maximum of the almost insignificant amount of radiant emittance occurs at 38 um in the extreme infrared wavelengths Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 117 18 Theory of thermography 10327203 a4 10 104 10 Figure 18 6 Planckian curves plotted on semi log scales from 100 K to 1000 K The dotted line represents the locus of maximum radiant emittance at each temperature as described by Wien s displacement law 1 Spectral radiant emittance W cm um 2 Wavelength um 18 3 3 Stefan Boltzmann s law By integrating Planck s formula from 0 to A we obtain the total radiant emittance W of a blackbody W oT Watt m This is the Stefan Boltzmann formula after Josef Stefan 1835 1893 and Ludwig Boltzmann 1844 1906 which states that the total emissive power of a blackbody is proportional to the fourth power of its absolute temperature Graphically W represents the area below the Planck curve for a particular temperature It can be shown that the radiant emittance in the interval A 0 to Amax is only 25 ofthe total which represents about the
8. 13 3 8 5 Conditions and equipment To achieve best results from a thermal insulation survey it is important to consider the environmental conditions and to use the most appropriate thermographic technique for the task Thermal anomalies will only present themselves to the thermographer where temper ature differences exist and environmental phenomena are accounted for As a mini mum the following conditions should be complied with Temperature differences across the building fabric to be greater than 10 C 18 F Internal air to ambient air temperature difference to be greater than 5 C 9 F for the last twentyfour hours before survey External air temperature to be within 3 C 5 4 F for duration of survey and for the previous hour External air temperature to be within 10 C 18 F for the preceding twentyfour hours In addition external surveys should also comply with the following Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 91 13 Introduction to building thermography Necessary surfaces free from direct solar radiation and the residual effects of past solar radiation This can be checked by comparing the surface temperatures of opposite sides of the building No precipitation either just prior to or during the survey Ensure all building surfaces to be inspected are dry Wind speed to be less than 10 metres second 19 5 kn As well as temperature there are other environme
9. 25 26 27 Calculate Annual Cost Button to update the calculation if any energy type input data have been changed Comment If an infrared image has a text annotation and the text annotation has a label Comment the value of that label will populate this field Recommendation If an infrared image has a text annotation and the text annotation has a label Recommendation the value of that label will populate this field Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 43 11 Creating the report 11 1 2 Formulas used for calculations General This table lists the formulas that are used in the template The numbers in the left column refer to corresponding parameters in the previous section Formulas Est R value a EstRValue IndoorTemperature OutdoorTempera ture RadiativeLossEstimate ConvectiveLossEsti mate AmericanEstRValue 5 678269 x MetricEstRValue Est U value l EstRValue Thermal index ThermalIndex WallSurfaceTemperature Out doorTemperature IndoorTemperature OutdoorTem perature Convection Calculated according to Eq 2 in White paper on R values on the Help menu Radiation Calculated according to Eq 3 in White paper on R values on the Help menu Cost Unit a CostPerUnit RawCost Efficiency x HeatingPower 44 Annual cost AnnualCost CostPerUnit x EnergyConsumption where EnergyConsumption is calculate
10. Brick refractory corun 1000 T 0 46 1 dum Brick refractory magne 1000 1300 T 0 38 1 site Brick refractory strongly 500 1000 T 0 8 0 9 1 radiating Brick refractory weakly 500 1000 1 0 65 0 75 1 radiating Brick silica 95 SiO 1230 T 0 66 1 Brick sillimanite 33 1500 T 0 29 1 SiO 64 Al Os 132 Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 20 Emissivity tables Brick waterproof 17 SW 0 87 Bronze phosphor bronze 70 LW 0 06 Bronze phosphor bronze 70 SW 0 08 Bronze polished 50 T 0 1 Bronze porous rough 50 150 F 0 55 Bronze powder XE 0 76 0 80 Carbon candle soot 20 T 0 95 Carbon charcoal powder T 0 96 Carbon graphite filed sur 20 T 0 98 face Carbon graphite powder T 0 97 Carbon lampblack 20 400 T 0 95 0 97 Chipboard untreated 20 SW 0 90 Chromium polished 50 T 0 10 Chromium polished 500 1000 T 0 28 0 38 Clay fired 70 T 0 91 Cloth black 20 T 0 98 Concrete 20 T 0 92 Concrete dry 36 SW 0 95 Concrete rough 17 SW 0 97 Concrete walkway 5 LLW 0 974 Copper commercial bur 20 T 0 07 nished Copper electrolytic careful 80 T 0 018 ly polished Copper electrolytic pol 34 T 0 006 ished Copper molten 1100 1300 T 0 13 0 15 Copper oxidized 50 T 0 6 0 7 Copper oxidized black 27 1 0 78 Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 133 20 Emissivity tables
11. ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 21 9 Choosing and linking images 9 1 Choosing images and files using the file explorer pane General This section describes how you choose images and files using the file explorer pane Using this method you can only work with images and files in one folder at a time Procedure Follow this procedure to choose images and files using the file explorer pane On the main menu bar click the Organize tab In the file explorer pane select the folder or storage device where you have put your images and files The images and files will now be displayed as thumbnails or in the detail view in the middle pane 22 Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 9 Choosing and linking images 9 2 Choosing images and files using Quick Collection General This section describes how you choose images and files using Quick Collection You can think of the Quick Collection as a temporary workspace The images and files you add to the Quick Collection are essentially shortcuts to their original loca tions and this lets you add images and files from several different locations such as your local hard disk drive external storage devices etc This also means that if you delete an image or a file from its original location it will also be deleted from the Quick Collection Procedure Follow this procedure to choose images and files using Quick Collection On the main menu bar c
12. We an ticipate market demand by constantly improving our existing cameras and developing new ones The company has set milestones in product design and development such as the introduction of the first battery operated portable camera for industrial inspec tions and the first uncooled infrared camera to mention just two innovations FLIR Systems manufactures all vital mechanical and electronic components of the camera systems itself From detector design and manufacturing to lenses and system electronics to final testing and calibration all production steps are carried out and supervised by our own engineers The in depth expertise of these infrared specialists ensures the accuracy and reliability of all vital components that are assembled into your infrared camera 14 1 More than just an infrared camera At FLIR Systems we recognize that our job is to go beyond just producing the best infrared camera systems We are committed to enabling all users of our infrared camera systems to work more productively by providing them with the most powerful camera software combination Especially tailored software for predictive maintenance R amp D and process monitoring is developed in house Most software is available in a wide variety of languages We support all our infrared cameras with a wide variety of accessories to adapt your equipment to the most demanding infrared applications 14 2 Sharing our knowledge Although our cameras are desi
13. gt a Click the toolbar button Click the toolbar button Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 10 Using the tools 10 10 Panning over images General You can pan over images using the image navigator Procedure Follow this procedure to pan over images On the Tools tab click the s toolbar button in the bottom right corner of the image The toolbar button is normally hidden but will be displayed when you hover over it with the cursor This will display an image navigator of the following shape T630334 a2 In the image navigator click drag the zoomed in area to pan over the image Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 37 10 Using the tools 10 11 Using the Panorama tool General Some cameras from FLIR Systems support taking several smaller images that later can be stitched together into one large image This feature is called Panorama FLIR Reporter Building is one of the programs in which you can carry out the actual combining of the images This procedure shows how Procedure Follow this procedure On the Organize tab go to the folder where you keep the images that you want to combine into a larger image Optional Add the images to the Quick Collection Go to the Tools tab and select Panorama In the film strip view select one of the tagged images and wait until all the associated images are displa
14. length and height A 2h L w Lw Identify the critical defect area A Provisionally this is set at one thousandth or 0 1 of the total surface area Ac A 1000 If Aq lt A the building as a whole can be considered to have reasonably contin uous insulation 13 3 8 7 Reporting Reports should certificate a pass fail result comply with customers requirements and as a minimum include the information required by BSEN 13187 The following data is normally required so that survey can be repeated following remedial action Background to the objective and principles of the test Location orientation date and time of survey A unique identifying reference Thermographer s name and qualifications Type of construction Weather conditions wind speed and direction last precipitation sunshine degree of cloud cover Ambient temperatures inside and outside before at the beginning of survey and the time of each image Air temperature and radiant temperature should be recorded Statement of any deviation from relevant test requirements Equipment used last calibration date any knows defects Name affiliation and qualifications of tester Publ No 559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 93 13 Introduction to building thermography Type extent and position of each observed defect Results of any supplementary measurements and investigations Reports should be indexed and archived
15. near the surface of the wall is a straightforward radiation and convection calculation One needs to know the indoor outdoor wall surface and reflected temperatures and the wall emissivity One does not need to know the wall construction The challenge is especially for well insulated walls that the difference in temperature between the room and wall surface can be small sometimes only a degree or two sometimes even less Calculations based on small delta T s can result in large errors For steady state conditions and proper measurement the R Value should remain constant Measurement uncertainties were using the Standard Deviation to Average Value ratio for various measurement techniques and weather conditions Insulation retrofits cost money and one could reasonably ask what the cost benefit ratio is for doing this To this end the author has developed an algorithm that estimates the R Value of a wall section then estimates savings in energy cost by improving the Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 45 12 Excerpts from whitepaper on R values insulation level to a higher value The user has control over the input variables includ ing R values energy costs efficiencies affected area and degree days Uncertainties exist at every turn so the estimates aren t going to be to the nearest dollar but should give a reasonable guideline The algorithm only does insulation retrofit It does not include air inf
16. resolved by your IR camera Re flatten and attach to a piece of paper or thin cardboard For most IR cameras a standard paper size with half covered with the foil and the other half bare suffices 6 Support this target 12 to 18 inches from the surface to be measured and allow to come to thermal equilibrium with the room air This should only take a few minutes A person could hold this but the fewer hot bodies in the scene the better 7 Take an IR image of the wall target wall surface including your standard target Continue until all the areas of interest are covered Be sure your paper foil standard target is in all the images Avoid human heat reflection off the foil by viewing at an angle to the IR camera In fact for IR cameras with periodic save feature putting your IR camera on a tripod and using periodic save mode is the preferred ap proach Set the period to something like 30 seconds and let the IR camera take 2 or 3 images with no one in the room 8 Finally go outside and take one more IR image of the standard target after it has come to thermal equilibrium with the outdoor air temperature 9 For Treflect Set your IR camera emissivity to 1 0 and take an average temperature reading of an area on the foil target for each wall surface measured This complies with ASTM 1862 97 and ISO 18434 1 standards Also input this value for getting the temperatures of the paper indoor air and wall wall surface 10 With proper Trefiect aka Tra
17. 11 one would prefer a 30 or even 40 F delta T 12 7 Summary and conclusions Measuring R Value requires close to steady state conditions and following a good procedure to get meaningful results But steady state conditions may not be the most significant culprit for error contribution The real world example showed lack of steady state conditions still allowed good results The procedure of using the same high quality IR camera for all temperature measurements is an extremely important factor in obtaining these results 50 Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 13 Introduction to building thermography 13 1 Important note All camera functions and features that are described in this section may not be sup ported by your particular camera configuration 13 2 Typical field investigations 13 2 1 Guidelines As will be noted in subsequent sections there are a number of general guidelines the user should take heed of when carrying out building thermography inspection This section gives a summary of these guidelines 13 2 1 1 General guidelines The emissivity of the majority of building materials fall between 0 85 and 0 95 Setting the emissivity value in the camera to 0 90 can be regarded as a good starting point An infrared inspection alone should never be used as a decision point for further actions Always verify suspicions and findings using other methods such as con struction drawings moisture mete
18. 1822 The discovery was made accidentally during the search for a new optical material Sir William Herschel Royal Astronomer to King George III of England and already famous for his discovery of the planet Uranus was searching for an optical filter material to reduce the brightness of the sun s image in telescopes during solar obser vations While testing different samples of colored glass which gave similar reductions in brightness he was intrigued to find that some of the samples passed very little of the sun s heat while others passed so much heat that he risked eye damage after only a few seconds observation Herschel was soon convinced of the necessity of setting up a systematic experiment with the objective of finding a single material that would give the desired reduction in brightness as well as the maximum reduction in heat He began the experiment by actually repeating Newton s prism experiment but looking for the heating effect rather than the visual distribution of intensity in the spectrum He first blackened the bulb of a sensitive mercury in glass thermometer with ink and with this as his radiation de tector he proceeded to test the heating effect of the various colors of the spectrum formed on the top of a table by passing sunlight through a glass prism Other ther mometers placed outside the sun s rays served as controls As the blackened thermometer was moved slowly along the colors of the spectrum the temperature
19. 20 C 68 F 50 C 122 F At 0 6 Atm D A Figure 19 3 Relative magnitudes of radiation sources under varying measurement conditions SW camera 1 Object temperature 2 Emittance Obj Object radiation Refl Reflected radiation Atm atmosphere radiation Fixed parameters T 0 88 T e 20 C 68 F Tatm 20 C 68 F Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 127 19 The measurement formula 10400703 a2 1 0 C 32 F 20 C 68 F 50 C 122 F DD D 2929 9 Figure 19 4 Relative magnitudes of radiation sources under varying measurement conditions LW camera 1 Object temperature 2 Emittance Obj Object radiation Refl Reflected radiation Atm atmosphere radiation Fixed parameters T 0 88 T ef 20 C 68 F Tay 20 C 68 F 128 Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 20 Emissivity tables This section presents a compilation of emissivity data from the infrared literature and measurements made by FLIR Systems 20 1 References Mika l A Bramson Infrared Radiation A Handbook for Applications Plenum press N Y William L Wolfe George J Zissis The Infrared Handbook Office of Naval Research Department of Navy Washington D C Madding R P Thermographic Instruments and systems Madison Wisconsin Univer sity of Wisconsin Extension Department of Engineering and Applied Science Willi
20. 22 9 2 Choosing images and files using Quick Collection 23 9 3 Be seiner EE 24 Using the tools 2 etc eene ee ege eg UM tel ve tees 25 10 1 Laying out a spotmeter an area or a line ssssse een 25 10 2 Detecting a temperature interval ssssssseseeee eene 26 10 8 Detecting a temperature below a set temperature ssssss e 28 10 4 Detecting a temperature above a set temperature sssssssssee 29 10 5 Detecting an insulation deficiency 30 10 6 Detecting a humidity problem sse 31 10 7 Analyzing building structures using the Grid settings tools 32 10 8 Using th sensot toOl reete te ee ee eee e ete EE Ls 34 10 8 1 Structure of the data logger file seesssseeeeenneenntnnnnees 35 10 9 Zooming into or out of images Haina a a a tnter tn tna aiaiai 36 10 10 Panring over Images 4 5 enter tete een ee eee di aoa taret 37 10 11 Using the Panorama t60l nee ee e e eee eM REA 38 Creating the report s erepti e e ne den ded eoe de ee te eae agains 39 11 1 Understanding the Energy Cost report template essent 41 11 1 1 Explanation of the template essent retenta tetnnnnnna 41 11 1 2 Formulas used for calculations sssssssssseeeenennnnnnnens 44 Excerpts from whitepaper on R values sssssssssssee een e
21. 36 1 Tungsten 200 T 0 05 1 Tungsten 600 1000 Jp 0 1 0 16 1 Tungsten 1500 2200 T 0 24 0 31 1 Tungsten filament 3300 P 0 39 1 Varnish flat 20 SW 0 93 6 Varnish on oak parquet 70 LW 0 90 0 93 9 floor Varnish on oak parquet 70 SW 0 90 9 floor Wallpaper slight pattern light 20 SW 0 85 6 gray Wallpaper slight pattern red 20 SW 0 90 6 Water distilled 20 T 0 96 2 Water frost crystals 10 T 0 98 2 Water ice covered with 0 T 0 98 1 heavy frost Water ice smooth 10 T 0 96 2 Water ice smooth 0 T 0 97 1 Water layer 20 1 mm 0 100 T 0 95 0 98 1 thick Water snow T 0 8 1 Water snow 10 T 0 85 2 Wood 17 Sw 0 98 5 Wood 19 LLW 0 962 8 Wood ground T 0 5 0 7 1 Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 143 20 Emissivity tables pine 4 different samples pine 4 different samples planed planed oak 70 20 20 0 81 0 89 0 67 0 75 0 8 0 9 0 90 planed oak 70 0 88 planed oak 70 0 77 plywood smooth dry 36 0 82 plywood untreat ed 20 0 83 white damp 20 0 7 0 8 oxidized at 400 C 400 0 11 144 oxidized surface polished sheet 1000 1200 200 300 50 0 50 0 60 0 04 0 05 0 20 Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 A note on the technical production of this manual This manual was produced using XML the eXtensible Markup Language For more information
22. Follow this procedure to detect all areas below a set temperature level in an infrared image On the main menu bar click Tools In the Images pane click the image you want to work with Click Detect below Select a temperature level Select an isotherm color The isotherm color will now cover all areas below the set temperature level You can choose between three different types of isotherm colors Solid Contrast a Palette You will need to test different settings to see which type is the most suitable for your application When you change a value you can also change it by click dragging the value s label See the figure below T630333 a1 Level w 2004 a For an introduction to building thermography see section 13 Introduction to building thermography on page 51 Foran explanation of isotherms see section 15 Glossary on page 100 Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 10 Using the tools 10 4 Detecting a temperature above a set temperature General This section describes how you detect all areas above a set temperature level in an infrared image Procedure Follow this procedure to detect all areas above a set temperature level in an infrared image On the main menu bar click Tools In the Images pane click the image you want to work with Click Detect above Select a temperature level Select an isotherm color The isotherm
23. a few minutes to register online If you only want to search the knowledge base for existing questions and answers you do not need to be a registered user When you want to submit a question make sure that you have the following informa tion to hand The camera model The camera serial number The communication protocol or method between the camera and your PC for example Ethernet USB or FireWire Operating system on your PC Microsoft Office version Full name publication number and revision number of the manual On the customer help site you can also download the following Firmware updates for your infrared camera Program updates for your PC software User documentation Application stories Technical publications Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 3 Documentation updates General Our manuals are updated several times per year and we also issue product critical notifications of changes on a regular basis To access the latest manuals and notifications go to the Download tab at http flir custhelp com It only takes a few minutes to register online In the download area you will also find the latest releases of manuals for our other products as well as manuals for our historical and obsolete products Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 3 4 What is FLIR Reporter Building FLIR Reporter Building is a software package specifically designe
24. about XML please visit http www w3 org XML A note on the typeface used in this manual This manual was typeset using Swiss 721 which is Bitstream s pan European version of the Helvetica typeface Helvetica was designed by Max Miedinger 1910 1980 The following file identities and file versions were used in the formatting stream output for this manual 20235103 xml a24 20235203 xml a21 20235303 xml a17 20236703 xml a41 20237103 xml a10 20238503 xml a9 20238703 xml b8 20250403 xml a17 20254903 xml a57 20257003 xml a33 20275203 xml a12 20287303 xml a7 20290503 xml a7 20290603 xml a7 20290703 xml a10 20290903 xml a7 20291003 xml a7 20291103 xml a9 20291203 xml a6 20291303 xml a6 20291403 xml a2 20291603 xml a2 20292403 xml a4 R116 rcp a3 config xml a5 Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 145 146 Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 AUSTRALIA FLIR Systems 10 Business Park Drive Nottinghill Victoria 3168 Australia Tel 61 3 9550 2800 Fax 61 3 9558 9853 Email infoGflir com au Web www flir com BELGIUM FLIR Systems Uitbreidingstraat 60 62 B 2600 Berchem BELGIUM Phone 32 0 3 287 87 11 Fax 32 0 3 287 87 29 E mail info flir be Web www flir com BRAZIL FLIR Systems Av Antonio Bardella 320 CEP 18085 852 Sorocaba Sao Paulo BRAZIL Phone 55 15 3238 8070 Fax 55 15 3238 8071 E mail flir flir com br Web www flir com
25. amount of the sun s radiation which lies inside the visible light spectrum 118 Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 18 Theory of thermography 10399303 a1 Figure 18 7 Josef Stefan 1835 1893 and Ludwig Boltzmann 1844 1906 Using the Stefan Boltzmann formula to calculate the power radiated by the human body at a temperature of 300 K and an external surface area of approx 2 m we obtain 1 kW This power loss could not be sustained if it were not for the compensating absorption of radiation from surrounding surfaces at room temperatures which do not vary too drastically from the temperature of the body or of course the addition of clothing 18 3 4 Non blackbody emitters So far only blackbody radiators and blackbody radiation have been discussed However real objects almost never comply with these laws over an extended wave length region although they may approach the blackbody behavior in certain spectral intervals For example a certain type of white paint may appear perfectly white in the visible light spectrum but becomes distinctly gray at about 2 um and beyond 3 um it is almost black There are three processes which can occur that prevent a real object from acting like a blackbody a fraction of the incident radiation a may be absorbed a fraction p may be reflected and a fraction v may be transmitted Since all of these factors are more or less wavelength dependent the subscript A is
26. by thermographers 13 3 8 7 1 Considerations and limitations The choice between internal and external surveys will depend on 94 Access to the surface Buildings where both the internal and the external surfaces are obscured e g by false ceilings racking or materials stacked against walls may not be amenable to this type of survey Location of the thermal insulation Surveys are usually more effective from the side nearest to the thermal insulation Location of heavyweight materials Surveys are usually less effective from the side nearest to the heavyweight material The purpose of the survey If the survey aims to show risk of condensation and mould growth it should be internal Location of glass bare metal or other materials that may be highly reflective Surveys are usually less effective on highly reflective surfaces A defect will usually produce a smaller temperature difference on the outside of a wall exposed to external air movement However missing or defective insulation near the external surface can often be more readily indentified externally Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 13 Introduction to building thermography 13 4 Disclaimer 13 4 1 Copyright notice Some sections and or images appearing in this chapter are copyrighted to the follow ing organizations and companies FORMAS The Swedish Research Council for Environment Agricultural Sciences and Spatial Planning Stoc
27. closest to 12 18 g This would be 14 0 C 57 2 F which is the approximate dew point 13 3 8 Excerpt from Technical Note Assessing thermal bridging and insulation continuity UK example 13 3 8 1 Credits This Technical Note was produced by a working group including expert thermogra phers and research consultants Additional consultation with other persons and or ganisations results in this document being widely accepted by all sides of industries The contents of this Technical Note is reproduced with kind permission from and fully copyrighted to United Kingdom Thermography Association UKTA 86 Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 13 Introduction to building thermography UK Thermography Association c o British Institute of Nondestructive Testing 1 Spencer Parade Northampton NN1 5AA United Kingdom Tel 44 0 1604 630124 Fax 44 0 1604 231489 13 3 8 2 Introduction Over the last few years the equipment applications software and understanding connected with thermography have all developed at an astonishing rate As the technology has gradually become integrated into mainstream practises a correspond ing demand for application guides standards and thermography training has arisen The UKTA is publishing this technical note in order to establish a consistent approach to quantifying the results for a Continuity of Thermal Insulation examination It is in tended that specifiers
28. color will now cover all areas above the set temperature level You can choose between three different types of isotherm colors Solid Contrast a Palette You will need to test different settings to see which type is the most suitable for your application NOTE When you change a value you can also change it by click dragging the value s label See the figure below T630333 a1 Level w 2004 SEE a For an introduction to building thermography see section 13 Introduction to building thermography on page 51 Foran explanation of isotherms see section 15 Glossary on page 100 Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 29 10 Using the tools 10 5 General Procedure NOTE SEE 30 Detecting an insulation deficiency The Detect insulation tool can detect areas where there may be an insulation defi ciency in the building It will trigger when the thermal index falls below a preset value of the energy leakage through a wall Different building codes recommend different values for the thermal index but typical values are 60 80 for new buildings Refer to your national building code for recom mendations Follow this procedure to detect an insulation deficiency On the main menu bar click Tools In the Images pane click the image you want to work with Click Detect insulation Select an isotherm color You can choose between three different types of isot
29. emittance of the atmosphere The temperature of the atmosphere is Tq The total received radiation power can now be written Equation 2 Wa ETW Se TW Lr W atm We multiply each term by the constant C of Equation 1 and replace the CW products by the corresponding U according to the same equation and get Equation 3 Uo ETU gb Se Ue LU atm Solve Equation 3 for Up Equation 4 124 Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 19 The measurement formula Usu nece Le X obj atm ET io eT This is the general measurement formula used in all the FLIR Systems thermographic equipment The voltages of the formula are Figure 19 2 Voltages Calculated camera output voltage for a blackbody of temperature T pj i e a voltage that can be directly converted into true requested object temperature Measured camera output voltage for the actual case Theoretical camera output voltage for a blackbody of temperature Tes according to the calibration Theoretical camera output voltage for a blackbody of temperature Tatm according to the calibration The operator has to supply a number of parameter values for the calculation the object emittance the relative humidity Tatm object distance Dopj the effective temperature of the object surroundings or the reflected ambient temperature Taf and the temperature of the atmosphere Tatm This task could sometimes be a heavy
30. on the facade and penetrates the plaster and masonry by absorption which eventu ally leads to frost erosion 59 13 Introduction to building thermography 13 2 4 3 Commented infrared images This section includes a few typical infrared images of moisture problems on commercial amp residential facades Infrared image Comment 10554703 a1 Improperly terminated and sealed stone veneer to window frame and missing flashings has resulted in moisture infiltration into the wall cavity and inte rior living space 10554803 a1 Moisture migration into drywall from capillary drive and interior finish components from inadequate clearance and slope of grade from vinyl siding facade on an apartment complex 13 2 5 Moisture detection 3 Decks amp balconies 13 2 5 1 General information Although there are differences in design materials and construction decks plaza decks courtyard decks etc suffer from the same moisture and leaking problems as low slope commercial roofs Improper flashing inadequately sealed membranes and insufficient drainage may lead to substantial damage in the building structures below Balconies although smaller in size require the same care in design choice of mate rial and workmanship as any other building structure Since balconies are usually supported on one side only moisture leading to corrosion of struts and concrete re inforcement can cause problems and lead to hazardous s
31. pixel Stands for picture element One single spot in an image radiance Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time area and angle W m sr radiant power Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time W radiation The process by which electromagnetic energy is emitted by an object or a gas radiator A piece of IR radiating equipment range The current overall temperature measurement limitation of an IR camera Cameras can have several ranges Expressed as two blackbody temperatures that limit the current calibration reference temperature reflection relative humidity A temperature which the ordinary measured values can be compared with The amount of radiation reflected by an object relative to the received radiation A number between 0 and 1 Relative humidity represents the ratio between the current water vapour mass in the air and the maximum it may contain in satu ration conditions saturation color span spectral radiant emittance temperature difference or difference of temperature temperature range The areas that contain temperatures outside the present lev el span settings are colored with the saturation colors The sat uration colors contain an overflow color and an underflow color There is also a third red saturation color that marks every thing saturated by the detector indicating that the range should probably be changed The interval of
32. readings showed a steady increase from the violet end to the red end This was not entirely unexpected since the Italian researcher Landriani in a similar experiment in 1777 had observed much the same effect It was Herschel Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 109 17 History of infrared technology however who was the first to recognize that there must be a point where the heating effect reaches a maximum and that measurements confined to the visible portion of the spectrum failed to locate this point 10398903 a1 Figure 17 2 Marsilio Landriani 1746 1815 Moving the thermometer into the dark region beyond the red end of the spectrum Herschel confirmed that the heating continued to increase The maximum point when he found it lay well beyond the red end in what is known today as the infrared wavelengths When Herschel revealed his discovery he referred to this new portion of the electro magnetic spectrum as the thermometrical spectrum The radiation itself he sometimes referred to as dark heat or simply the invisible rays Ironically and contrary to popular opinion it wasn t Herschel who originated the term infrared The word only began to appear in print around 75 years later and it is still unclear who should receive credit as the originator Herschel s use of glass in the prism of his original experiment led to some early controversies with his contemporaries a
33. should refer to this document as a guide to satisfying the re quirement in the Building Regulations therefore enabling the qualified thermographer to issue a pass or fail report 13 3 8 3 Background information Thermography can detect surface temperature variations as small as 0 1 K and graphic images can be produced that visibly illustrate the distribution of temperature on building surfaces Variations in the thermal properties of building structures such as poorly fitted or missing sections of insulation cause variations in surface temperature on both sides of the structure They are therefore visible to the thermographer However many other factors such as local heat sources reflections and air leakage can also cause surface temperature variations The professional judgement of the thermographer is usually required to differentiate between real faults and other sources of temperature variation Increasingly thermo graphers are asked to justify their assessment of building structures and in the ab sence of adequate guidance it can be difficult to set definite levels for acceptable or unacceptable variation in temperature The current Standard for thermal iamging of building fabric in the UK is BS EN 13187 1999 BS EN 13187 1999 Thermal Performance of Buildings Qualitative de tection of thermal properties in building envelopes Infrared method ISO 6781 1983 modified However this leaves interpretation of the thermal image to
34. surface temperatures on the same material in an area near the anomaly on the inside and the outside of the fabric Together with the temperature of the anomaly a threshold level can be set dependent on these temperatures using the critical surface temperature factor These arguments do not obviate the need for the thermographer to beware of re flections of objects at unusual temperatures in the background facing the building fabric surfaces The thermographer should also use a comparison between external faces facing different directions to determine whether there is residual heat from solar gain af fecting the external surfaces External surveys should not be conducted on a surface where T Tso on the face is more than 10 greater than Tsi Tso on the north or nearest to north face For a defect that causes a failure under the 0 75 condition of IP17 01 the critical surface factors are 0 78 on the inside surface and 0 93 on the outside surface The table below shows the internal and external surface temperatures at an anomaly which would lead to failure under IP17 01 It also shows the deterioration in thermal insulation that is necessary to cause this Publ No 559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 89 13 Introduction to building thermography Example for lightweight built up cladding with defective Good area Failing area insulation Outside temperature in C Inside surface temperature in C Outside s
35. the dark However the sensitivity of the image converter was limited to the near infrared wavelengths and the most interesting military targets i e enemy soldiers had to be illuminated by infrared search beams Since this involved the risk of giving away the observer s position to a similarly equipped enemy observer it is understandable that military interest in the image converter eventually faded The tactical military disadvantages of so called active i e search beam equipped thermal imaging systems provided impetus following the 1939 45 war for extensive secret military infrared research programs into the possibilities of developing passive no search beam systems around the extremely sensitive photon detector During this period military secrecy regulations completely prevented disclosure of the status of infrared imaging technology This secrecy only began to be lifted in the middle of the 1950 s and from that time adequate thermal imaging devices finally began to be available to civilian science and industry 112 Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 18 Theory of thermography 18 1 Introduction The subjects of infrared radiation and the related technique of thermography are still new to many who will use an infrared camera In this section the theory behind ther mography will be given 18 2 The electromagnetic spectrum The electromagnetic spectrum is divided arbitrarily into a number of wavele
36. the highest calibration point what we call extrapolation Imagine that we in a certain case measure Uo 4 5 volts The highest calibration point for the camera was in the order of 4 1 volts a value unknown to the operator Thus even if the object happened to be a blackbody i e Uopj Ui we are actually performing extrapolation of the calibration curve when converting 4 5 volts into tem perature Let us now assume that the object is not black it has an emittance of 0 75 and the transmittance is 0 92 We also assume that the two second terms of Equation 4 amount to 0 5 volts together Computation of Uopj by means of Equation 4 then results in Uopj 4 5 0 75 0 92 0 5 6 0 This is a rather extreme extrapolation particularly when considering that the video amplifier might limit the output to 5 volts Note though that the application of the calibration curve is a theoretical procedure where no elec tronic or other limitations exist We trust that if there had been no signal limitations in the camera and if it had been calibrated far beyond 5 volts the resulting curve would have been very much the same as our real curve extrapolated beyond 4 1 volts pro vided the calibration algorithm is based on radiation physics like the FLIR Systems algorithm Of course there must be a limit to such extrapolations 126 Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 19 The measurement formula 10400603 a2 1 0 C 32 F
37. the professional expertise of of the thermographer and provides little guidance on the demarcation between acceptable and unacceptable variations Guidance on the appearance of a Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 87 13 Introduction to building thermography range of thermal anomalies can be found in BINDT Guides to thermal imaging Infrared Thermography Handbook Volume 1 Principles and Practise Norman Walker ISBN 0903132338 Volume 2 Applications A N Nowicki ISBN 090313232X BINDT 2005 13 3 8 3 1 Requirements A thermographic survey to demonstrate continuity of insulation areas of thermal bridging and compliance with Building Regulations should include the following Thermal anomalies Differentiate between real thermal anomalies where temperature differences are caused by deficiencies in thermal insulation and those that occur through con founding factors such as localised differences in air movement reflection and emissivity Quantify affected areas in relation to the total insulated areas State whether the anomalies and the building thermal insulation as a whole are acceptable 13 3 8 4 Quantitative appraisal of thermal anomalies A thermographic survey will show differences in apparent temperature of areas within the field of view To be useful however it must systematically detect all the apparent defects assess them against a predetermined set of criteria reliably discoun
38. the report page that you want to work with This will display the report page in the middle pane 4 From the Images pane at the bottom of the screen move images onto the report page using a drag and drop operation As you will see a number of fields on the report page will be populated by the information that is stored inside the image files In other fields you can add information by simply typing text in the field On some report pages you can also update the calculated output values by changing the input values 5 Repeat Steps 2 4 until you have added as many report pages and images as you want in your report If you want to change the page order you can do so by moving the report pages in the left pane Publ No 559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 39 11 Creating the report Do one of the following To create the report immediately click Create Report This will open FLIR Reporter and create the report as a Microsoft Word document Creating a report may take several minutes depending on its complexity To save the report in an intermediate report format bsw click Save As and save the report to a location of your choice You can then open the intermediate report file again at a later time and continue working on it 40 Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 11 Creating the report 11 1 Understanding the Energy Cost report template 11 1 1 Explan
39. 0 Convection is a heat transfer mode where a fluid is brought into motion either by gravity or another force thereby transferring heat from one place to another An isotherm with two color bands instead of one The amount of radiation coming from an object compared to that of a blackbody A number between 0 and 1 Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time and area W m Objects and gases that emit radiation towards the object being measured Atransmission value supplied by a user replacing a calculated one Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 15 Glossary Term or expression Explanation external optics Extra lenses filters heat shields etc that can be put between the camera and the object being measured filter A material transparent only to some of the infrared wavelengths FOV Field of view The horizontal angle that can be viewed through an IR lens FPA Focal plane array A type of IR detector graybody An object that emits a fixed fraction of the amount of energy of a blackbody for each wavelength IFOV Instantaneous field of view A measure of the geometrical reso image correction internal or external infrared IR isotherm isothermal cavity Laser LocatlR lution of an IR camera A way of compensating for sensitivity differences in various parts of live images and also of stabilizing the camera Non visible radiation having a w
40. 0 1732 843 707 E mail sales flir uk com Web www flir com HONG KONG FLIR Systems Room 1613 15 Tower 2 Grand Central Plaza 138 Shatin Rural Committee Rd Shatin N T HONG KONG Phone 852 27 92 89 55 Fax 852 27 92 89 52 E mail flir flir com hk Web www flir com ITALY FLIR Systems Via L Manara 2 20051 Limbiate MI ITALY Phone 39 02 99 45 10 01 Fax 39 02 99 69 24 08 E mail info flir it Web www flir com FLIR JAPAN FLIR SYSTEMS Japan KK Nishi Gotanda Access 8F 3 6 20 Nishi Gotanda Shinagawa Ku Tokyo 141 0031 JAPAN Phone 81 3 6277 5681 Fax 81 3 6277 5682 E mail info flir jp Web www flir com SWEDEN FLIR Systems Worldwide Thermography Center P O Box 3 SE 182 11 Danderyd SWEDEN Phone 46 0 8 753 25 00 Fax 46 0 8 753 23 64 E mail sales flir se Web www flir com USA FLIR Systems Corporate headquarters 27700A SW Parkway Avenue Wilsonville OR 97070 USA Phone 1 503 498 3547 Web www flir com USA Primary sales amp service contact in USA FLIR Systems USA Thermography Center 25 Esquire Road North Billerica MA 01862 USA Phone 1 978 901 8000 Fax 1 978 901 8887 E mail marketing flir com Web www flir com USA FLIR Systems Indigo Operations 70 Castilian Dr Goleta CA 93117 3027 USA Phone 1 805 964 9797 Fax 1 805 685 2711 E mail cbi flir com Web www corebyindigo com USA FLIR Systems Indigo Opera
41. 100 T 0 05 4 ished Lead red 100 T 0 93 4 Lead red powder 100 T 0 93 1 Leather tanned T 0 75 0 80 1 Lime T 0 3 0 4 1 Magnesium 22 T 0 07 4 Magnesium 260 T 0 13 4 Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 137 20 Emissivity tables Magnesium 538 T 0 18 4 Magnesium polished 20 T 0 07 2 Magnesium pow T 0 86 1 der Molybdenum 600 1000 T 0 08 0 13 1 Molybdenum 1500 2200 T 0 19 0 26 1 Molybdenum filament 700 2500 T 0 1 0 3 1 Mortar 17 SW 0 87 5 Mortar dry 36 SW 0 94 7 Nextel Velvet 811 Flat black 60 150 LW gt 0 97 10 and 21 Black 11 Nichrome rolled 700 T 0 25 1 Nichrome sandblasted 700 T 0 70 1 Nichrome wire clean 50 T 0 65 1 Nichrome wire clean 500 1000 T 0 71 0 79 1 Nichrome wire oxidized 50 500 T 0 95 0 98 1 Nickel bright matte 122 T 0 041 4 Nickel commercially 100 T 0 045 1 pure polished Nickel commercially 200 400 T 0 07 0 09 1 pure polished Nickel electrolytic 22 T 0 04 4 Nickel electrolytic 38 y 0 06 4 Nickel electrolytic 260 iT 0 07 4 Nickel electrolytic 538 T 0 10 4 Nickel electroplated pol 20 d 0 05 2 ished Nickel electroplated on 22 T 0 045 4 iron polished Nickel electroplated on 20 T 0 11 0 40 1 iron unpolished 138 Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 20 Emissivity tables Nickel electroplated on 22 T 0 11 iron unpolished Nickel oxidiz
42. 3 2 4 2 Commented building structures occ eee eects 58 13 2 4 3 Commented infrared images 0 cece eect eee ete teeeeeaeeee 60 13 2 5 Moisture detection 3 Decks amp balconies 0 0 0 ce eceeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaeeaeeaes 60 13 2 5 1 General information teeta ih deh eed tees 60 13 2 5 2 Commented building structures 61 13 2 5 3 Commented infrared images 68 13 2 6 Moisture detection 4 Plumbing breaks amp leaks 68 13 2 6 1 General information iet denen et tee ede 63 13 2 6 2 Commented infrared images sse 64 139 2 7 Ain infiltration aT cent nite ete a t t ete eed 66 13 2 7 1 General information vic eei t tte teh eee 66 13 2 7 2 Commented building structures 66 13 2 7 3 Commented infrared images 68 13 2 8 Insulation deficiencies 69 13 2 8 1 General information 2 iie ettet ette ede he ea 69 13 2 8 2 Commented building structures see 69 13 2 8 3 Commented infrared images sse 71 13 3 heory of b ildihig Science sresti ssn te eet qe e dL n deh ae dd 73 13 3 1 General information 73 13 3 2 The effects of testing and checking es 74 13 3 3 Sources of disruption in thermography nib 13 3 4 Surface temperature and air leaks sees 77 13 3 4 1 Pressure conditions in a building seees 7T 13 3 5 Measuring conditions a
43. 538 T 0 76 Iron cast oxidized at 600 C 200 600 T 0 64 0 78 Iron cast polished 38 T 0 21 Iron cast polished 40 T 0 21 Iron cast polished 200 T 0 21 Iron cast unworked 900 1100 T 0 87 0 95 Iron and steel cold rolled 70 LW 0 09 Iron and steel cold rolled 70 SW 0 20 Iron and steel covered with red 20 T 0 61 0 85 rust Iron and steel electrolytic 22 T 0 05 Iron and steel electrolytic 100 T 0 05 Iron and steel electrolytic 260 T 0 07 Iron and steel electrolytic careful 175 225 T 0 05 0 06 ly polished Iron and steel freshly worked 20 T 0 24 with emery Iron and steel ground sheet 950 1100 Ji 0 55 0 61 Iron and steel heavily rusted 20 T 0 69 sheet Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 135 20 Emissivity tables Iron and steel hot rolled 20 T 0 77 1 Iron and steel hot rolled 130 T 0 60 1 Iron and steel oxidized 100 T 0 74 1 Iron and steel oxidized 100 T 0 74 4 Iron and steel oxidized 125 525 T 0 78 0 82 1 Iron and steel oxidized 200 RD 0 79 2 Iron and steel oxidized 1227 T 0 89 4 Iron and steel oxidized 200 600 T 0 80 1 Iron and steel oxidized strongly 50 T 0 88 1 Iron and steel oxidized strongly 500 P 0 98 1 Iron and steel polished 100 T 0 07 2 Iron and steel polished 400 1000 T 0 14 0 38 1 Iron and steel polished sheet 750 1050 JT 0 52 0 56 1 Iron and steel rolled freshly 20 T 0 24 1 Iron and steel rolled sh
44. 638032 a1 Detect interval Color Solid D Contrast E Palette Level 20 0 39 Width 5 0 c Follow this procedure to detect all areas within a set temperature interval in an infrared image On the main menu bar click Tools In the Images pane click the image you want to work with Click Detect interval Select a temperature level Select a temperature width Select an isotherm color The isotherm color will now cover all areas within the temperature width and above the set temperature level You can choose between three different types of isotherm colors a Solid a Contrast a Palette You will need to test different settings to see which type is the most suitable for your application When you change a value you can also change it by click dragging the value s label See the figure below T630333 a1 Bh Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 10 Using the tools SEE a For an introduction to building thermography see section 13 Introduction to building thermography on page 51 Foran explanation of isotherms see section 15 Glossary on page 100 Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 27 10 Using the tools 10 3 General Procedure NOTE SEE 28 Detecting a temperature below a set temperature This section describes how you detect all areas below a set temperature level in an infrared image
45. 93 1 lacquer Paper green T 0 85 1 Paper red T 0 76 1 Paper white 20 T 0 7 0 9 1 Paper white 3 different 70 LW 0 88 0 90 9 glosses Paper white 3 different 70 SW 0 76 0 78 9 glosses Paper white bond 20 T 0 93 2 Paper yellow 1 0 72 1 Plaster 17 SW 0 86 5 Plaster plasterboard un 20 SW 0 90 6 treated Plaster rough coat 20 T 0 91 2 Plastic glass fibre lami 70 LW 0 91 9 nate printed circ board Plastic glass fibre lami 70 SW 0 94 9 nate printed circ board 140 Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 20 Emissivity tables Plastic polyurethane isola 70 LW 0 55 9 tion board Plastic polyurethane isola 70 SW 0 29 9 tion board Plastic PVC plastic floor 70 LW 0 93 9 dull structured Plastic PVC plastic floor 70 SW 0 94 9 dull structured Platinum 17 T 0 016 4 Platinum 22 T 0 08 4 Platinum 100 T 0 05 4 Platinum 260 T 0 06 4 Platinum 538 T 0 10 4 Platinum 1000 1500 T 0 14 0 18 1 Platinum 1094 T 0 18 4 Platinum pure polished 200 600 F 0 05 0 10 1 Platinum ribbon 900 1100 T 0 12 0 17 1 Platinum wire 50 200 T 0 06 0 07 1 Platinum wire 500 1000 T 0 10 0 16 1 Platinum wire 1400 T 0 18 1 Porcelain glazed 20 T 0 92 1 Porcelain white shiny T 0 70 0 75 1 Rubber hard 20 JE 0 95 1 Rubber soft gray rough 20 iT 0 95 1 Sand T 0 60 1 Sand 20 T 0 90 2 Sandstone polished 19 LLW 0 909 8 Sandstone rough 19 LLW 0 935 8 Silver polished 100 T 0 03 2 Silv
46. CANADA FLIR Systems 5230 South Service Road Suite 125 Burlington ON L7L 5K2 CANADA Phone 1 800 613 0507 ext 30 Fax 905 639 5488 E mail IRCanada flir com Web www flir com CHINA FLIR Systems Beijing Representative Office Room 509 Building C Vantone Center No A 6 Chaoyangmenwai Ave Chaoyang District Beijing 100020 PRG Phone 86 10 5979 7755 Fax 86 10 8532 2460 E mail beijing flir com cn Web www flir com CHINA FLIR Systems Shanghai Representative Office Room 6311 West Building Jin Jiang Hotel 59 Maoming Road South Shanghai 200020 PRC Phone 86 21 5466 0286 Fax 86 21 5466 0289 E mail shanghai flir com cn Web www flir com CHINA FLIR Systems Guangzhou Representative Office 1105 Main Tower Guang Dong International Hotel 339 Huanshi Dong Road Guangzhou 510098 PREG Phone 86 20 8333 7492 Fax 86 20 8331 0976 E mail guangzhou flir com cn Web www flir com FRANCE FLIR Systems 10 rue Guynemer 92130 Issy les Moulineaux Cedex FRANCE Phone 33 0 1 41 33 97 97 Fax 33 0 1 47 36 18 32 E mail info flir fr Web www flir com GERMANY FLIR Systems Berner Strasse 81 D 60437 Frankfurt am Main GERMANY Phone 49 0 69 95 00 900 Fax 49 0 69 95 00 9040 E mail info flir de Web www flir com GREAT BRITAIN FLIR Systems 2 Kings Hill Avenue Kings Hill West Malling Kent ME19 4AQ UNITED KINGDOM Phone 44 0 1732 220 011 Fax 44
47. NGLISH EN June 8 2009 99 15 Term or expression Glossary Explanation absorption absorption factor The amount of radiation absorbed by an object relative to the received radiation A number between 0 and 1 atmosphere The gases between the object being measured and the camera normally air autoadjust A function making a camera perform an internal image correc tion autopalette The IR image is shown with an uneven spread of colors display ing cold objects as well as hot ones at the same time blackbody Totally non reflective object All its radiation is due to its own temperature blackbody radiator calculated atmospheric transmission cavity radiator color temperature An IR radiating equipment with blackbody properties used to calibrate IR cameras Atransmission value computed from the temperature the relative humidity of air and the distance to the object A bottle shaped radiator with an absorbing inside viewed through the bottleneck The temperature for which the color of a blackbody matches a specific color conduction continuous adjust The process that makes heat diffuse into a material A function that adjusts the image The function works all the time continuously adjusting brightness and contrast according to the image content convection dual isotherm emissivity emissivity factor emittance environment estimated atmospheric transmission 10
48. User s manual User s manual Benu rhandbi Publ No T559081 Revision 8348 Language English EN Issue date June 8 2009 FLIR Reporter Building Program version 1 1 FLIR Reporter Building User s manual FLIR Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 Legal disclaimer All products manufactured by FLIR Systems are warranted against defective materials and workmanship for a period of one 1 year from the delivery date of the original purchase provided such products have been under normal storage use and service and in accordance with FLIR Systems instruction All products not manufactured by FLIR Systems included in systems delivered by FLIR Systems to the original purchaser carry the warranty if any of the particular supplier only and FLIR Systems has no responsibility whatsoever for such products The warranty extends only to the original purchaser and is not transferable It is not applicable to any product which has been subjected to misuse neglect accident or abnormal conditions of operation Expendable parts are excluded from the warranty In the case of a defect in a product covered by this warranty the product must not be further used in order to prevent additional damage The purchaser shall promptly report any defect to FLIR Systems or this warranty will not apply FLIR Systems will at its option repair or replace any such defective pr
49. agement System under which these products are developed and manufactured has been certified in accordance with the ISO 9001 standard FLIR Systems is committed to a policy of continuous development therefore we reserve the right to make changes and improvements on any of the products described in this manual without prior notice iv Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 Table of contents 10 11 12 Notice to User onec mi P i ee rete Le ar teet nde avete de a 1 Customer help ee een e e eM e vede e dista e TL LV nat ed dei De vd td d 2 Documentation Updates erect tee tae eene 3 What is FLIR Reporter Building 4 A note about training and applications sssssse nnn 5 Installation e dete eoe eoe cred ird 6 6 1 System requirements 6 6 2 Installation of FLIR Reporter Building sseeeenennhennnnna 7 Screen elements er Ea n ARUBA to TEE He ETE AED ta tata 8 7 1 Organize tabr Hirte aan Ao annA Ae E MENA ANE NEIEN AE 8 7 2 Tools tab gt Image Editor subtab 10 7 8 Tools tab gt Panorama subtab 12 7 4 Tools tab gt Sensor Tool subtab 14 7 5 FREDO AD me C 16 7 6 Toolbar buttons on the Tools tab gt Image Editor subtab sssese 18 b DI die m T 20 Choosing and linking images sssssnennenennnnenennnenennenetneneene nennen 21 9 1 Choosing images and files using the file explorer pane
50. aining com The technique outlined in this manual has been successfully applied to light frame construction stud frame walls note 1 below and studies are currently underway to validate usage on SIP construction note 2 below and concrete block wall construction note 3 below All tests were done in real world conditions over a 24 hour period under semi optimal conditions no wind no direct solar loading on the wall surfaces Indoor air temperature kept as constant as heating system allowed Outdoor air temperature varied several degrees Preliminary results are promising for the latter construction types note 2 and 3 below Other types of walls have not yet been inves tigated so FLIR Systems cannot document how well the technique will work with them 1 4 stud wall with fiberglass batts and sheathing drywall both sides 2 4 SIP Structured Insulated Panel construction with T amp G wood tongue amp groove inside and vinyl siding 3 6 ICF Insulated Concrete Form with 2 1 2 foam board on each side and drywall in vinyl out Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 5 6 6 1 Operating system Software Hardware NOTE Installation System requirements Microsoft Windows XP with Service Pack 2 SP2 Microsoft Windows XP with Service Pack 3 SP3 Microsoft Windows Vista with Service Pack 1 SP1 Note Run Windows Update before you install FLIR Reporter Building a M
51. ainty analysis section shows that it takes a very good NETD to get decent measurements on well insulated areas even with moderate AT Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 47 12 Excerpts from whitepaper on R values 12 4 R value calculator and energy savings estimation Users of this estimator should be familiar with operational caveats to the systems displayed and have a good understanding of COP EER and SEER coefficient of performance energy efficiency ratio and seasonal energy efficiency ratio The spreadsheet gives result of energy cost per million BTU energy usage before and after and estimated savings based on these values This is just for heat loss through the wall by conduction It does not include air leaks which are often reduced substantially by adding insulation There are a lot of variables for homeowners to consider so while the energy estimator gives reasonable estimates of potential savings there are numerous additional factors to consider to achieve real savings The key element here is the energy savings calculator directly relates what one finds with the IR camera and calculates for R Value to potential savings for specific insulation retrofit actions taken for the homeowner s specific environment and conditions As such it is a very useful tool for the building IR thermographer 12 5 R value measurement procedure 1 The wall to be measured is an outside wall Best to measure from ins
52. al cooling of the body s surface caused by a excessive air movements in the occupied zone with normal air temperature normal air movements in the occupied zone but a room temperature that is too low substantial radiated heat exchange with a cold surface It is difficult to assess the quantitative effects of testing and checking a building s thermal insulation Investigations have shown that defects found in the thermal insulation and airtightness of buildings cause heat losses that are about 20 30 more than was expected Monitoring energy consumption before and after remedial measures in relatively large complexes of small houses and in multi dwelling blocks has also demonstrated this The figures quoted are probably not representative of buildings in general since the investigation data cannot be said to be significant for the entire building stock A cautious assessment however would be that effectively testing and checking a building s thermal insulation and airtightness can result in a reduction in energy consumption of about 1096 Research has also shown that increased energy consumption associated with defects is often caused by occupants increasing the indoor temperature by one or a few de grees above normal to compensate for the effect of annoying thermal radiation towards cooled surfaces or a sensation of disturbing air movements in a room 13 3 3 Sources of disruption in thermography During a thermographic survey the ri
53. am L Wolfe Handbook of Military Infrared Technology Office of Naval Research Department of Navy Washington D C Jones Smith Probert External thermography of buildings Proc of the Society of Photo Optical Instrumentation Engineers vol 110 Industrial and Civil Applications of Infrared Technology June 1977 London Paljak Pettersson Thermography of Buildings Swedish Building Research Institute Stockholm 1972 Vicek J Determination of emissivity with imaging radiometers and some emissivities at A 5 um Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing Kern Evaluation of infrared emission of clouds and ground as measured by weather satellites Defence Documentation Center AD 617 417 hman Claes Emittansm tningar med AGEMA E Box Teknisk rapport AGEMA 1999 Emittance measurements using AGEMA E Box Technical report AGEMA 1999 Mattei S Tang Kwor E Emissivity measurements for Nextel Velvet coating 811 21 between 36 C AND 82 C Lohrengel amp Todtenhaupt 1996 ITC Technical publication 32 ITC Technical publication 29 20 2 Important note about the emissivity tables The emissivity values in the table below are recorded using a shortwave SW camera The values should be regarded as recommendations only and used by caution Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 129 20 Emissivity tables 20 3 Figure 20 1 T Total spectrum SW 2 5 um LW 8 14
54. are intended for use as comparison infrared images then the structure s composition the way it was built and the measurement conditions at the time the infrared image was taken must be known in detail and documented In order during thermography to be able to comment on the causes of deviations from the expected results the physical metrological and structural engineering pre requisites must be known The interpretation of infrared images taken during field measurements may be de scribed in brief as follows A comparison infrared image for a defect free structure is selected on the basis of the wall structure under investigation and the conditions under which the field mea surement was taken An infrared image of the building element under investigation is then compared with the selected infrared image Any deviation that cannot be ex plained by the design of the structure or the measurement conditions is noted as a suspected insulation defect The nature and extent of the defect is normally determined using comparison infrared images showing various defects If no suitable comparison infrared image is available evaluation and assessment are done on the basis of experience This requires more precise reasoning during the analysis When assessing an infrared image the following should be looked at Uniformity of brightness in infrared images of surface areas where there are no thermal bridges Regularity and occurrence of cool
55. at radiation from the target is absorbed by the athmosphere between the object and the camera That radiation from the atmosphere itself is detected by the camera 16 5 Relative humidity The camera can also compensate for the fact that the transmittance is also dependent on the relative humidity of the atmosphere To do this set the relative humidity to the correct value For short distances and normal humidity the relative humidity can nor mally be left at a default value of 5096 16 6 Other parameters In addition some cameras and analysis programs from FLIR Systems allow you to compensate for the following parameters Atmospheric temperature i e the temperature of the atmosphere between the camera and the target External optics temperature i e the temperature of any external lenses or windows used in front of the camera External optics transmittance i e the transmission of any external lenses or win dows used in front of the camera 108 Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 17 History of infrared technology Before the year 1800 the existence of the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum wasn t even suspected The original significance of the infrared spectrum or simply the infrared as it is often called as a form of heat radiation is perhaps less obvious today than it was at the time of its discovery by Herschel in 1800 10398703 a1 Figure 17 1 Sir William Herschel 1738
56. ation of the template Figure Teas Energy Cost Estimate Date 2008 07 11 e 10 Image Time 1128 53 e 11 Input Values Result Values 1 9 Select Area for R U Values an z Est R Value 438 ernu e 12 2 9 Aim temp 2 p Est U Value fo 23 srumrO e 13 3 Reflected Temperature a f Thermal Index 08 4 Outdoor Temperature 464 F Convection 13 BTUIR hr 5 Emissivity 0S5 Radiation 455 eruen e 16 6 9 ri Average Temperature 66 8 p Total Heat Transfer 5 g5 atuen e 17 Input Energy Cost Calculations Energy Cost 7 Heating Degree Days 6300 Energy Type Electric Heat Resistan 19 8 9 Cooling Degree Days 600 Raw Cost 0 16 z 20 9 9 wall Area 000 re Efficiency noo le 21 Heating Power o 8 e 22 Cost Unit 47 e 23 Annual Cost 1777 e 24 Calculate Annual Cost g L 25 Analysis Comment A Comment le 26 Recommendation A Recommendation e 27 Explanation This table explains the figure above 1 Drop down menu to select the area on which the calculation shall be based 2 Atm temp The temperature of the atmosphere between the camera and the target 3 Reflected Temperature This parameter is used to compensate for the radiation reflected by the object If the emissivity is low and the object temperature relatively far from that of the reflected temperature it will be important t
57. avelength from about 2 13 um infrared A function highlighting those parts of an image that fall above below or between one or more temperature intervals A bottle shaped radiator with a uniform temperature viewed through the bottleneck An electrically powered light source on the camera that emits laser radiation in a thin concentrated beam to point at certain parts of the object in front of the camera laser pointer level manual adjust An electrically powered light source on the camera that emits laser radiation in a thin concentrated beam to point at certain parts of the object in front of the camera The center value of the temperature scale usually expressed as a signal value Away to adjust the image by manually changing certain param eters NETD Noise equivalent temperature difference A measure of the image noise level of an IR camera noise Undesired small disturbance in the infrared image object parameters object signal Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 A set of values describing the circumstances under which the measurement of an object was made and the object itself such as emissivity reflected apparent temperature distance etc A non calibrated value related to the amount of radiation re ceived by the camera from the object 101 15 Glossary Term or expression Explanation palette The set of colors used to display an IR image
58. bles oo eee ee Bact Sinead rd 129 201 a REANGA IR 129 20 2 Important note about the emissivity tables sssssseeeen nn 129 20 37 TADS th IET 130 Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 vii viii Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 Typographical conventions User to user forums Additional license information Notice to user This manual uses the following typographical conventions Semibold is used for menu names menu commands and labels and buttons in dialog boxes Italic is used for important information Monospace is used for code samples UPPER CASE is used for names on keys and buttons Exchange ideas problems and infrared solutions with fellow thermographers around the world in our user to user forums To go to the forums visit http www infraredtraining com community boards This software is sold under a single user license This license permits the user to install and use the software on any compatible computer provided the software is used on only one computer at a time One 1 back up copy of the software may also be made for archive purposes Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 1 2 General Submitting a question Downloads Customer help For customer help visit http flir custhelp com To submit a question to the customer help team you must be a registered user It only takes
59. bout the actual existence of the infrared wavelengths Different investigators in attempting to confirm his work used various types of glass indiscriminately having different transparencies in the infrared Through his later experiments Herschel was aware of the limited transparency of glass to the newly discovered thermal radiation and he was forced to conclude that optics for the infrared would probably be doomed to the use of reflective elements exclusively i e plane and curved mirrors Fortunately this proved to be true only until 1830 when the Italian investigator Melloni made his great discovery that naturally occurring rock salt NaCl which was available in large enough natural crystals to be made into lenses and prisms is remarkably transparent to the infrared The result was that rock salt became the principal infrared optical material and remained so for the next hundred years until the art of synthetic crystal growing was mastered in the 1930 s 110 Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 17 History of infrared technology 10399103 a1 Figure 17 3 Macedonio Melloni 1798 1854 Thermometers as radiation detectors remained unchallenged until 1829 the year Nobili invented the thermocouple Herschel s own thermometer could be read to 0 2 C 0 036 F and later models were able to be read to 0 05 C 0 09 F Then a breakthrough occurred Melloni connected a number of thermocoupl
60. burden for the operator since there are normally no easy ways to find accurate values of emittance and atmospheric transmittance for the actual case The two temperatures are normally less of a problem provided the surroundings do not contain large and intense radiation sources A natural question in this connection is How important is it to know the right values of these parameters It could though be of interest to get a feeling for this problem already here by looking into some different measurement cases and compare the relative magnitudes of the three radiation terms This will give indications about when it is important to use correct values of which parameters The figures below illustrates the relative magnitudes of the three radiation contributions for three different object temperatures two emittances and two spectral ranges SW and LW Remaining parameters have the following fixed values T 0 88 Tre 20 C 68 F Tatm 20 C 68 F Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 125 19 The measurement formula It is obvious that measurement of low object temperatures are more critical than measuring high temperatures since the disturbing radiation sources are relatively much stronger in the first case Should also the object emittance be low the situation would be still more difficult We have finally to answer a question about the importance of being allowed to use the calibration curve above
61. d gases as cooling agents such as liquid nitrogen with a temperature of 196 C 320 8 F in low temperature research In 1892 he invented a unique vacuum insulating container in which it is possible to store liquefied gases for entire days The common thermos bottle used for storing hot and cold drinks is based upon his invention Between the years 1900 and 1920 the inventors of the world discovered the infrared Many patents were issued for devices to detect personnel artillery aircraft ships and even icebergs The first operating systems in the modern sense began to be developed during the 1914 18 war when both sides had research programs devoted to the military exploitation of the infrared These programs included experimental systems for enemy intrusion detection remote temperature sensing secure commu nications and flying torpedo guidance An infrared search system tested during this period was able to detect an approaching airplane at a distance of 1 5 km 0 94 miles or a person more than 300 meters 984 ft away The most sensitive systems up to this time were all based upon variations of the bolometer idea but the period between the two wars saw the development of two revolutionary new infrared detectors the image converter and the photon detector At first the image converter received the greatest attention by the military because it enabled an observer for the first time in history to literally see in
62. d in the report However a commonly 90 Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 13 Introduction to building thermography used value of 0 1 of the building exposed surface area is generally accepted as the maximum combined defect area allowable to comply with the Building Regulations This represents one square metre in every thousand 13 3 8 4 4 Measuring surface temperature Measurement of surface temperature is the function of the infrared imaging system The trained thermographer will recognise account for and report on the variation of emissivity and reflectivity of the surfaces under consideration 13 3 8 4 5 Measuring area of the defects Measurement of defect area can be performed by pixel counting in the thermal anal ysis software or most spreadhseet packages provided that the distance from camera to object is accurately measured probably using a laser measurement system the target distance should take into account the IFOV of the imaging system any angular change between the camera and the object surface from the perpen dicular is accounted for Buildings consist of numerous construction features that are not conducive to quan titative surveys including windows roof lights luminaries heat emitters cooling equipment service pipes and electrical conductors However the joints and connec tions between these objects and the building envelope should be considered as part of the survey
63. d temperature Tsoa is Tsoa fso Tso Ts Tsi The thermographer will be looking for evidence of surface temperature above this threshold Images of anomalies must be captured in such a way that they are suitable for analysis The image is square to any features of the wall or roof 92 Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 13 Introduction to building thermography The viewing angle is nearly perpendicular to the surface being imaged Interfering sources of infrared radiation such as lights heat emitters electric conductors re flective elements are minimised The method of analysis will depend somewhat on analysis software used but the key stages are as follows Produce an image of each anomaly or cluster of anomalies Use a software analysis tool to enclose the anomalous area within the image taking care not to include construction details that are to be excluded Calculate the area below the threshold temperature for internal surveys or above the threshold temperature for external surveys This is the defect area Some anomalies that appeared to be defects atthe time of the survey may not show defect areas at this stage Add the defect areas from all the images A Calculate the total area of exposed building fabric This is the surface area of all the walls and roof It is conventional to use the external surface area For a simple shape building this is calculated from overall width
64. d to carry out ad vanced analyses of building structures You can use FLIR Reporter Building to analyze images that you have taken in the field with your infrared camera and create inspection reports based on these images Examples of analyses that you can carry out include the following detect humidity problems find insulation deficiencies calculate R and U values For more information refer to the white paper about R values on the Help menu estimate annual energy costs and savings find air infiltration work with data logging results easily and conveniently create professional looking inspection reports analyze building structures e g undertake a quantitative analysis of fastenings in insulation batts calculate the necessary amount of building material to carry out a repair or quantify insulation and humidity problems Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 5 A note about training and applications Infrared inspection of building structures including infrared image and other data acquisition analysis diagnosis prognosis and reporting is a highly advanced skill It requires professional knowledge of thermography and of the building trade and is in some countries subject to certification and legislation Consequently we strongly recommend that you seek the necessary training before carrying out inspections Please visit the following site for more information http www infraredtr
65. d using Eq 5 and 6 in White paper on R values Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 12 Excerpts from whitepaper on R values Note The complete whitepaper is available on the Help menu in FLIR Reporter Building 2009 Robert P Madding Director ITC FLIR Systems Inc 12 1 About the author Robert P Madding Director ITC FLIR Systems Inc Bob is a graduate of the University of Missouri with a BS in Physics and a Masters and Ph D in Physics from the University of Wisconsin Madison He began the first infrared thermography seminar at the University of Wisconsin Extension UWEX in 1978 At the UWEX he worked with colleagues to develop the first residential and commercial building energy audit programs and courses In 2000 he founded the Inframation Conference the largest annual IR conference for thermographers He has published numerous technical papers on infrared thermography applications as well as contributing chapters to textbooks such as Applied Thermal Design and the Encyclopedia of Optical Engineering Bob has over 25 years experience in infrared thermography applications and training 12 2 General One can calculate the R Value for an exterior wall segment by estimating the heat flow between the interior of a room and the interior wall surface In steady state heat transfer conditions all the heat that flows to the wall flows through the wall Quantifying the heat flow through the air film
66. ding is heated the structure s warm surfaces are exam ined Outdoor thermography is only used to obtain reference measurements of larger fagade surfaces In certain cases e g where the thermal insulation is very bad or where there is an internal positive pressure outdoor measurements may be useful Even when investigating the effects of installations located within the building s climatic envelope there may be justification for thermographic imaging from outside the building The following conditions are recommended The air temperature difference within the relevant part of the building must be at least 10 C 18 F for a number of hours before thermographic imaging and for as long as the procedure takes For the same period the ambient temperature difference must not vary by more than 30 of the difference when the thermo graphic imaging starts During the thermographic imaging the indoor ambient temperature should not change by more than 2 C 3 6 F For a number of hours prior before thermographic imaging and as long as it con tinues no influencing sunlight may fall upon the relevant part of the building Negative pressure within the structure 10 50 Pa When conducting thermographic imaging in order to locate only air leaks in the building s enclosing sections the requirements in terms of measuring conditions may be lower A difference of 5 C 9 F between the inside and outside ambient temperatures ought t
67. e Comment Air infiltration from behind a skirting strip Note the typical ray pattern a Air infiltration from behind a skirting strip Note the typical ray pattern The white area to the left is a radiator eae Air infiltration from behind a skirting strip Note the typical ray pattern 68 Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 13 Introduction to building thermography 13 2 8 Insulation deficiencies 13 2 8 1 General information Insulation deficiencies do not necessarily lead to air infiltration If fiberglass insulation batts are improperly installed air pockets will form in the building structure Since these air pockets have a different thermal conductivity than areas where the insulation batts are properly installed the air pockets can be detected during a building ther mography inspection As a rule of thumb areas with insulation deficiencies typically have higher temperatures than where there is only an air infiltration When carrying out building thermography inspections aimed at detecting insulation deficiencies be aware of the following parts in a building structure which may look like insulation deficiencies on the infrared image Wooden joists studs rafter beams Steel girders and steel beams Water piping inside walls ceilings floors Electrical installations inside walls ceilings floors such as trunking piping etc Concrete columns inside timber fra
68. e to which an image is linked the linked image will be displayed in the Linked images pane at the bottom of the screen NOTE Some infrared cameras support linking so images may already be linked when they are imported from the camera 24 Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 10 Using the tools 10 1 Laying out a spotmeter an area or a line General This section describes how you lay out a spotmeter an area or a line Procedure Follow this procedure to lay out a spotmeter an area or a line On the main menu bar click Tools gt Image Editor In the Images pane at the bottom click the image you want to work with On the main toolbar click one of the following toolbar buttons A Spotmeter toolbar button 9 ri Area toolbar button Line toolbar button On the image click where you want to place the spotmeter or click and drag to lay out the area or the line The measurement results will now be displayed in the Measurement and Alarms pane to the right SEE For an introduction to building thermography see section 13 Introduction to building thermography on page 51 Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 25 10 Using the tools 10 2 General Figure Procedure NOTE 26 Detecting a temperature interval This section describes how you detect all areas within a set temperature interval in an infrared image T
69. ed 200 T 0 37 Nickel oxidized 227 T 0 37 Nickel oxidized 1227 T 0 85 Nickel oxidized at 600 C 200 600 T 0 37 0 48 Nickel polished 122 T 0 045 Nickel wire 200 1000 T 0 1 0 2 Nickel oxide 500 650 T 0 52 0 59 Nickel oxide 1000 1250 T 0 75 0 86 Oil lubricating 0 025 mm film 20 T 0 27 Oil lubricating 0 050 mm film 20 T 0 46 Oil lubricating 0 125 mm film 20 T 0 72 Oil lubricating film on Ni base Ni 20 T 0 05 base only Oil lubricating thick coating 20 T 0 82 Paint 8 different colors 70 LW 0 92 0 94 and qualities Paint 8 different colors 70 SW 0 88 0 96 and qualities Paint Aluminum various 50 100 T 0 27 0 67 ages Paint cadmium yellow T 0 28 0 33 Paint chrome green T 0 65 0 70 Paint cobalt blue T 0 7 0 8 Paint oi 17 SW 0 87 Paint oil black flat 20 SW 0 94 Paint oil black gloss 20 SW 0 92 Paint oil gray flat 20 SW 0 97 Paint oil gray gloss 20 SW 0 96 Paint oil various colors 100 T 0 92 0 96 Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 139 20 Emissivity tables Paint oil based average 100 T 0 94 2 of 16 colors Paint plastic black 20 SW 0 95 6 Paint plastic white 20 SW 0 84 6 Paper 4 different colors 70 LW 0 92 0 94 9 Paper 4 different colors 70 SW 0 68 0 74 9 Paper black io 0 90 1 Paper black dull T 0 94 1 Paper black dull 70 LW 0 89 9 Paper black dull 70 SW 0 86 9 Paper blue dark T 0 84 1 Paper coated with black T 0
70. ed surface areas e g at studding and corners Contours and characteristic shapes in the cooled surface area Measured temperature differences between the structure s normal surface temper ature and the selected cooled surface area a Continuity and uniformity of the isotherm curve on the surface of the structure In the camera software the isotherm function is called Isotherm or Color alarm de pending on camera model 84 Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 13 Introduction to building thermography Deviations and irregularities in the appearance of the infrared image often indicate insulation defects There may obviously be considerable variations in the appearance of infrared images of structures with insulation defects Certain types of insulation defects have a characteristic shape on the infrared image Section 13 2 Typical field investigations on page 51 shows examples of interpreta tions of infrared images When taking infrared images of the same building the infrared images from different areas should be taken with the same settings on the infrared camera as this makes comparison of the various surface areas easier 13 3 7 Humidity amp dew point 13 3 7 1 Relative amp absolute humidity Humidity can be expressed in two different ways either as relative humidity or as absolute humidity Relative humidity is expressed in percent of how much water a certain volume of air can hold at a certa
71. eet 50 T 0 56 1 Iron and steel rough plane sur 50 T 0 95 0 98 1 face Iron and steel rusted heavily 17 SW 0 96 5 Iron and steel rusted red sheet 22 T 0 69 4 Iron and steel rusty red 20 T 0 69 1 Iron and steel shiny etched 150 T 0 16 1 Iron and steel shiny oxide layer 20 T 0 82 1 sheet Iron and steel wrought carefully 40 250 T 0 28 1 polished Iron galvanized heavily oxidized 70 LW 0 85 9 Iron galvanized heavily oxidized 70 SW 0 64 9 Iron galvanized sheet 92 T 0 07 4 Iron galvanized sheet burnished 30 T 0 23 1 Iron galvanized sheet oxidized 20 T 0 28 1 1938 11111 Pub NoTSS9081 Rev 2948 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 20 Emissivity tables Iron tinned sheet 24 T 0 064 4 Krylon Ultra flat Flat black Roomtemperature LW Ca 0 96 12 black 1602 up to 175 Krylon Ultra flat Flat black Roomtemperature MW Ca 0 97 12 black 1602 up to 175 Lacquer 3 colors sprayed 70 LW 0 92 0 94 9 on Aluminum Lacquer 3 colors sprayed 70 SW 0 50 0 53 9 on Aluminum Lacquer Aluminum on 20 T 0 4 1 rough surface Lacquer bakelite 80 T 0 83 1 Lacquer black dull 40 100 T 0 96 0 98 1 Lacquer black matte 100 T 0 97 2 Lacquer black shiny 20 T 0 87 1 sprayed on iron Lacquer heat resistant 100 T 0 92 1 Lacquer white 40 100 T 0 8 0 95 1 Lacquer white 100 T 0 92 2 Lead oxidized gray 20 T 0 28 1 Lead oxidized gray 22 T 0 28 4 Lead oxidized at 200 C 200 T 0 63 1 Lead shiny 250 T 0 08 1 Lead unoxidized pol
72. er pure polished 200 600 T 0 02 0 03 1 Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 141 20 Emissivity tables Skin human 32 T 0 98 2 Slag boiler 0 100 T 0 97 0 93 1 Slag boiler 200 500 T 0 89 0 78 1 Slag boiler 600 1200 T 0 76 0 70 1 Slag boiler 1400 1800 T 0 69 0 67 1 Snow See Water Soil dry 20 T 0 92 2 Soil saturated with wa 20 T 0 95 2 ter Stainless steel alloy 8 Ni 18 500 T 0 35 1 Cr Stainless steel rolled 700 T 0 45 1 Stainless steel sandblasted 700 T 0 70 1 Stainless steel sheet polished 70 LW 0 14 9 Stainless steel sheet polished 70 SW 0 18 9 Stainless steel sheet untreated 70 LW 0 28 9 somewhat scratched Stainless steel sheet untreated 70 SW 0 30 9 somewhat scratched Stainless steel type 18 8 buffed 20 T 0 16 2 Stainless steel type 18 8 oxi 60 T 0 85 2 dized at 800 C Stucco rough lime 10 90 T 0 91 1 Styrofoam insulation 37 SW 0 60 7 Tar T 0 79 0 84 1 Tar paper 20 T 0 91 0 93 1 Tile glazed 17 SW 0 94 5 Tin burnished 20 50 T 0 04 0 06 1 Tin tin plated sheet 100 T 0 07 2 iron 142 Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 20 Emissivity tables Titanium oxidized at 540 C 200 T 0 40 1 Titanium oxidized at 540 C 500 T 0 50 1 Titanium oxidized at 540 C 1000 T 0 60 1 Titanium polished 200 T 0 15 1 Titanium polished 500 T 0 20 1 Titanium polished 1000 RD 0
73. es in series to form the first thermopile The new device was at least 40 times as sensitive as the best thermometer of the day for detecting heat radiation capable of detecting the heat from a person standing three meters away The first so called heat picture became possible in 1840 the result of work by Sir John Herschel son of the discoverer of the infrared and a famous astronomer in his own right Based upon the differential evaporation of a thin film of oil when exposed to a heat pattern focused upon it the thermal image could be seen by reflected light where the interference effects of the oil film made the image visible to the eye Sir John also managed to obtain a primitive record of the thermal image on paper which he called a thermograph 10399003 a2 Figure 17 4 Samuel P Langley 1834 1906 Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 111 17 History of infrared technology The improvement of infrared detector sensitivity progressed slowly Another major breakthrough made by Langley in 1880 was the invention of the bolometer This consisted of a thin blackened strip of platinum connected in one arm of a Wheatstone bridge circuit upon which the infrared radiation was focused and to which a sensitive galvanometer responded This instrument is said to have been able to detect the heat from a cow at a distance of 400 meters An English scientist Sir James Dewar first introduced the use of liquefie
74. f the roof for structural integrity prior to walking on it Avoid stepping on blisters that are common on built up bitumen and gravel roofs Have a cell phone or radio available in case of emergency Inform local police and plant security prior to doing nighttime roof survey 54 Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 13 Introduction to building thermography 13 2 3 3 Commented building structures This section includes a few typical examples of moisture problems on low slope commercial roofs Structural drawing Comment Inadequate sealing of roof membrane around conduit and ventilation ducts leading to local leakage around the conduit or duct E Roof membrane inadequately sealed around roof access hatch Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 55 13 Introduction to building thermography Structural drawing Comment Drainage channels located too high and with too low an inclination Some water will remain in the drainage channel after rain which may lead to local leakage around the channel Inadequate sealing between roof membrane and roof outlet leading to local leakage around the roof outlet 13 2 3 4 Commented infrared images How do you find wet insulation below the surface of the roof When the surface itself is dry including any gravel or ballast a sunny day will warm the entire roof Early in the evening if the sky is clear the ro
75. face we re viewing sees all other surfaces equally at temperature T 4 the reflected apparent temperature This is a good approximation when measuring indoors as most of the surfaces surrounding an outside wall will be nearly the same temperature From the outside a different scenario is seen as a clear sky can be 60 F making the view factor equal one approx imation inaccurate The author strongly recommends performing these measurements from the inside during the heating season for this and other reasons such as acces sibility and better control of other environmental parameters Heat transfer by convection is given by Eq 3 46 Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 12 Excerpts from whitepaper on R values Qon h AAT where h is the convective coefficient and AT the temperature difference between the wall surface and bulk room air temperature The value of h depends on several factors including the wall height and room air temperature For tall walls and large AT one can have turbulent flow which is a different h from laminar flow There are different values of h given by different references Units of Q are BTU hr or Watts Substituting into Eq 1 results in an equation with known constants and measurable variables Eq 4 AT R Value 4gO0T AT h AT One needs to know the temperature difference between the wall surface and inside air AT4 between wall surface and
76. fferent building codes recommend different values for the thermal index but typical values are 0 6 0 8 for new buildings Refer to your national building code for recom mendations 15 Convection A calculated estimated value indicating the heat transfer as convection 16 Radiation A calculated estimated value indicating the heat transfer as ra diation 17 Total Heat Transfer The total heat transfer including both convection and radiation 18 Calculate R and U Button to update the calculation if any input data have been changed Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 11 Creating the report 19 20 21 22 Energy Type How the building is heated Options include Electric Heat Pump Electric Heat Resistance Fuel Oil a Hardwood Natural Gas a Propane Raw Cost The raw cost of the selected energy type See the White paper on R values on the Help menu for more information Efficiency The efficiency of the selected energy type See the White paper on R values on the Help menu for more information Heating Power See the White paper on R values on the Help menu for more information 23 Cost Unit The cost per unit of the selected energy type See the White paper on R values on the Help menu for more information 24 Annual cost The annual cost of the selected energy type See the White paper on R values on the Help menu for more information
77. formula when plotted graphically for various temperatures produces a family of curves Following any particular Planck curve the spectral emittance is zero at A 0 then increases rapidly to a maximum at a wavelength max and after passing it approaches zero again at very long wavelengths The higher the temperature the shorter the wavelength at which maximum occurs 10327103 a4 Figure 18 4 Blackbody spectral radiant emittance according to Planck s law plotted for various absolute temperatures 1 Spectral radiant emittance W cm x 109 um 2 Wavelength um 18 3 2 Wien s displacement law By differentiating Planck s formula with respect to A and finding the maximum we have 2898 Aus 3 T Lum This is Wien s formula after Wilhelm Wien 1864 1928 which expresses mathemati cally the common observation that colors vary from red to orange or yellow as the temperature of a thermal radiator increases The wavelength of the color is the same as the wavelength calculated for Ajax A good approximation of the value of Ajax for a given blackbody temperature is obtained by applying the rule of thumb 3 000 T 116 Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 18 Theory of thermography um Thus a very hot star such as Sirius 11 000 K emitting bluish white light radiates with the peak of spectral radiant emittance occurring within the invisible ultraviolet spectrum at wavelength 0 27 um
78. gned to be very user friendly there is a lot more to thermography than just knowing how to handle a camera Therefore FLIR Systems has founded the Infrared Training Center ITC a separate business unit that provides certified training courses Attending one of the ITC courses will give you a truly hands on learning experience The staff of the ITC are also there to provide you with any application support you may need in putting infrared theory into practice 14 3 Supporting our customers FLIR Systems operates a worldwide service network to keep your camera running at all times If you discover a problem with your camera local service centers have all the equipment and expertise to solve it within the shortest possible time Therefore there is no need to send your camera to the other side of the world or to talk to someone who does not speak your language Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 97 14 About FLIR Systems 14 4 A few images from our facilities 10401303 a1 Figure 14 2 LEFT Development of system electronics RIGHT Testing of an FPA detector 10401403 a1 Figure 14 3 LEFT Diamond turning machine RIGHT Lens polishing 98 Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 14 About FLIR Systems 10401503 a1 Figure 14 4 LEFT Testing of infrared cameras in the climatic chamber RIGHT Robot used for camera testing and calibration Publ No T559081 Rev a348 E
79. he leaks are on the windward side the internal pressure increases somewhat In the opposite case with most of the leaks on the leeward side the internal pressure falls Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 79 13 Introduction to building thermography 10551903 a1 v 2047 0 01 2 V 90 ne 0 65 0 47 4 0 65 0 43 0 77 0 50 0 60 T 0 72 M v 30 0 18 0 63 0 45 0 45 0 39 0 11 Figure 13 4 Stress concentration factor C distributions for various wind directions and wind velocities v relative to a building Wind conditions can vary substantially over time and between relatively closely situ ated locations In thermography such variations can have a clear effect on the mea surement results It has been demonstrated experimentally that the differential pressure on a facade exposed to an average wind force of about 5 m s 16 3 ft s will be about 10 Pa Mechanical ventilation results in a constant internal negative or positive pressure depending on the direction of the ventilation Research has showed that the negative pressure caused by mechanical extraction kitchen fans in small houses is usually between 5 and 10 Pa Where there is mechanical extraction of ventilation air e g in multi dwelling blocks the negative pressure is somewhat greater 10 50 Pa Where there is so called balanced ventilation mechanically controlled supply and extract air this is n
80. hen moving your images into your report using a drag and drop operation On the Report tab click Create Report This will open FLIR Reporter and create the report as a Microsoft Word document SEE For more information see the following sections Section 9 Choosing and linking images on page 21 Section 10 Using the tools on page 25 Section 11 Creating the report on page 39 20 Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 9 Choosing and linking images General You can choose images and files using one of two different methods Choosing images and files using the file explorer pane Using this method you can only work with images and files in one folder at a time Choosing images and files using Quick Collection Using this method you can choose images and files from several different locations in the file explorer and add these images and files to a collection It is then that collection of images and files that you work with You can also link i e associate two images to each other A situation when you would wantto link images is for example associating a digital photo with an infrared image SEE For more information see the following sections Section 9 1 Choosing images and files using the file explorer pane on page 22 Section 9 2 Choosing images and files using Quick Collection on page 23 Section 9 3 Linking images on page 24 Publ No T559081 Rev a348
81. herm colors Solid a Contrast a Palette You will need to test different settings to see which type is the most suitable for your application Select values for the following Indoor temperature recorded at the time of inspection Outdoor temperature recorded at the time of inspection Thermal index see discussion above refer to your national building code for recommendations The alarm temperature will now be calculated and the isotherm color will mark the areas suspectible to an insulation deficiency When you change a value you can also change it by click dragging the value s label See the figure below T630333 a1 Level w 20084 a For an introduction to building thermography see section 13 Introduction to building thermography on page 51 Foran explanation of isotherms see section 15 Glossary on page 100 Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 10 Using the tools 10 6 General Procedure NOTE SEE Detecting a humidity problem The Detect humidity tool can detect areas suspectible to a humidity problem If you use this tool and set the relative humidity level to 100 you will detect areas where there is a risk of humidity resulting in the condensation of liquid water i e the dewpoint temperature However depending on the building materials and the presence of organic matter humidity levels as low as 7096 can provide sufficient m
82. icrosoft Office 2003 with Service Pack 3 SP3 or a Microsoft Office 2007 with Service Pack 1 SP1 Aninstalled version 8 2 or later of FLIR Reporter Microsoft Windows XP Personal computer with an Intel 800 MHz Pentium processor or an AMD Opteron AMD Athlon 64 or AMD Athlon XP processor 512 MB of RAM minimum 20 GB of available hard disk space CD ROM or DVD ROM drive Super VGA 1024 x 768 or higher resolution monitor Internet access required for web updates Keyboard and Microsoft mouse or a compatible pointing device Microsoft Windows Vista Personal computer with a 1 GHz 32 bit x86 processor 1 GB of RAM minimum 40 GB hard disk with at least 15 GB available hard disk space DVD ROM drive Support for DirectX 9 graphics with a WDDM driver 128 MB of graphics memory minimum a Pixel shader 2 0 in hardware 32 bits per pixel Super VGA 1024 x 768 or higher resolution monitor Internet access fees may apply Audio output Keyboard and Microsoft mouse or a compatible pointing device a Microsoft Windows XP 64 bit is not supported Microsoft Windows Vista 64 bit is not supported Actual requirements and product functionality may vary based on your system configuration Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 6 Installation 6 2 Installation of FLIR Reporter Building NOTE a Installation may take up to 90 minutes depending on the c
83. ide the home The procedure is based on this 2 Wall must be free of pictures furniture clocks or other objects that preclude a direct view of the walls surface If these must be removed do it 2 to 4 hours prior to measurement Avoid measuring wall surfaces with conditioned air blowing di rectly on them Avoid measuring solar loaded walls Do them before the sun hits them or wait several hours after the sun is off the wall Avoid rainy and windy conditions 3 Inside to outside temperature difference should be at least 18 F 10 C higher for well insulated walls 4 Steady state conditions strongly preferred You would like the inside to outside temperature difference to be reasonably constant for at least 3 to 4 hours prior to measurement Look at the plots in figures 3 and 4 to see how the R Value calcu lation changes with variations in temperature For the real world calculation figure 3 and table 1 there was about a 7 F variation that gave values with a 12 uncer tainty Selecting a time frame with about half the variation improved the uncertainty significantly Note inside to outside delta T was about a 30 F You are going to get one number so you won t have the luxury of the intensive data analysis done here Use it though as a guideline 48 Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 12 Excerpts from whitepaper on R values 5 To get Treflect crumple a piece of aluminum foil of an area large enough to be
84. iltration exfiltration effects which can be 3096 to 7096 of the heat loss lifestyle effects extreme weather conditions beyond recorded historical averages and So on 12 3 R value measurement R Value is the resistance to heat flow for a building element Insulating materials are rated in R Value in the U S and other countries The higher the R Value the better the insulating material Many countries also use the reciprocal of R Value called U Value U 1 R In steady state conductive heat flow through an area such as that de picted in Figure 1 R Value is given by equation 1 where A is the surface area the heat Q is flowing through driven by temperature difference between inside air and outside air ATi Eq 1 R Value Aal Q Steady state heat flow through the internal air film is by convection and radiation The classic Stefan Boltzmann radiative heat transfer equation that varies as the fourth power of the high temperature minus the fourth power of the low temperature T i4 T 4 can be well approximated in our case by a simpler equation where the emissivity Stefan Boltzmann constant 0 and absolute average temperature cubed Tm all multiply AT the temperature difference between the wall surface low temper ature in heating season and the inner room surface temperatures also called reflected apparent temperature high temperature in heating season Eq 2 Ona 4 c A T AT Unity view factor is assumed meaning the sur
85. in an intermediate floor structure The deficiency may be due to either missing insulation batts or improperly installed in sulations batts air pockets 10553403 a1 Improperly installed fiberglass batts in a suspend ed ceiling Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 71 13 Introduction to building thermography Infrared image Comment 10553503 a1 Insulation deficiencies in an intermediate floor structure The deficiency may be due to either missing insulation batts or improperly installed in sulations batts air pockets 72 Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 13 Introduction to building thermography 13 3 Theory of building science 13 3 1 General information The demand for energy efficient constructions has increased significantly in recent times Developments in the field of energy together with the demand for pleasant indoor environments have resulted in ever greater significance having to be attached to both the function of a building s thermal insulation and airtightness and the efficiency of its heating and ventilation systems Defective insulation and tightness in highly insulated and airtight structures can have a great impact on energy losses Defects in a building s thermal insulation and airtight ness do not merely entail risk of excessive heating and maintenance costs they also create the conditions for a poor indoor climate
86. in temperature while absolute humidity is expressed in percent water by weight of material The latter way to express humidity is common when measuring humidity in wood and other building materials The higher the temperature of air the larger the amount of water this certain volume of air can hold The following table specifies the maximum amounts of water in air at different temperatures Figure 13 6 A Temperature in degrees Celsius B Maximum amount of water expressed in g m3 at sea level Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 85 13 Introduction to building thermography Figure 13 7 A Temperature in degrees Fahrenheit B Maximum amount of water in gr ft at sea level Example The relative humidity of a certain volume of air at a temperature of 30 C 86 F is 40 96 RH Amount of water in 1 m 35 31 ft3 of air at 30 C 30 44 x Rel Humidity 30 44 x 0 40 12 18 g 187 96 gr 13 3 7 2 Definition of dew point Dew point is the temperature at which the humidity in a certain volume of air will condense as liquid water Example The relative humidity of a certain volume of air at a temperature of 30 C 86 F is 40 96 RH Amount of water in 1 m 35 31 ft of air at 30 C 30 44 x Rel Humidity 30 44 x 0 40 12 18 g 187 96 gr In the table above look up the temperature for which the amount of water in air is
87. is does mean however that defects that are relatively minor but at important locations e g leaking joints or incorrectly installed insulation can have considerable conse quences in terms both of heat and comfort Verification tests e g by means of ther mography have proved their value from the point of view both of the designer and the contractor and of the developer the property manager and the user For the designer the important thing is to find out about the function of various types of structures so that they can be designed to take into account both working methods and functional requirements The designer must also know how different materials and combinations of materials function in practice Effective testing and checking as well as experiential feedback can be used to achieve the required development in this area The contractor is keen on more testing and inspection in order to ensure that the structures keep to an expected function that corresponds to established require ments in the regulations issued by authorities and in contractual documents The contractor wants to know at an early stage of construction about any changes that may be necessary so that systematic defects can be prevented During construction a check should therefore be carried out on the first apartments completed in a mass production project Similar checking then follows as production continues In this way systematic defects can be prevented and
88. ith low nighttime temperatures 0 C 32 F and high daytime temperatures 14 C 57 F are especially risky 13 2 2 About moisture detection Moisture in a building structure can originate from several different sources e g External leaks such as floods leaking fire hydrants etc a Internal leaks such as freshwater piping waste water piping etc Condensation which is humidity in the air falling out as liquid water due to conden sation on cold surfaces Building moisture which is any moisture in the building material prior to erecting the building structure Water remaining from firefighting As a non destructive detection method using an infrared camera has a number of advantages over other methods and a few disadvantages Advantage Disadvantage The method is quick The method only detects surface temperature The method is a non intrusive means of investi differentials and can not see through walls gation The method can not detect subsurface damage The method does not require relocation of the i e mold or structural damage occupants The method features an illustrative visual pre sentation of findings The method confirms failure points and mois ture migration paths 13 2 3 Moisture detection 1 Low slope commercial roofs 13 2 3 1 General information Low slope commercial roofing is one of the most common roof types for industrial building such as warehouses industrial plants machine
89. ituations 60 Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 13 Introduction to building thermography 13 2 5 2 Commented building structures This section includes a few typical examples of moisture problems on decks and balconies Structural drawing Comment 10555203 a2 Improper sealing of paving and membrane to roof outlet leading to leakage during rain 10555103 a2 No flashing at deck to wall connection leading to rain penetrating the concrete and insulation Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 13 Introduction to building thermography Structural drawing Comment Water has penetrated the concrete due to inade quately sized drop apron and has led to concrete disintegration and corrosion of reinforcement SECURITY RISK 10554903 a2 Water has penetrated the plaster and underlying masonry at the point where the handrail is fastened to the wall SECURITY RISK 62 Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 13 Introduction to building thermography 13 2 5 3 Commented infrared images This section includes a few typical infrared images of moisture problems on decks and balconies Infrared image Comment 10555303 a1 Improper flashing at balcony to wall connections and missing perimeter drainage system resulted in moisture intrusion into the wood framing support structure of the exterior walkway balcony of a l
90. ive effect Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 57 13 Introduction to building thermography 13 2 4 Moisture detection 2 Commercial amp residential facades 13 2 4 1 General information Thermography has proven to be invaluable in the assessment of moisture infiltration into commercial and residential facades Being able to provide a physical illustration ofthe moisture migration paths is more conclusive than extrapolating moisture meter probe locations and more cost effective than large intrusive test cuts 13 2 4 2 Commented building structures This section includes a few typical examples of moisture problems on commercial and residential facades Structural drawing Comment Pelting rain penetrates the facade due to badly executed bed joints Moisture builds up in the masonry above the window Pelting rain hits the window at an angle Most of the rain runs off the window edge flashing but some finds its way into the masonry where the plaster meets the underside of the flashing 58 Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 13 Introduction to building thermography Structural drawing Comment Rain hits the facade at an angle and penetrates the plaster through cracks The water then follows the inside of the plaster and leads to frost erosion Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 Rain splashes
91. kholm Sweden ITC Infrared Training Center Boston MA United States Stockton Infrared Thermographic Services Inc Randleman NC United States Professional Investigative Engineers Westminster CO United States United Kingdom Thermography Association UKTA 13 4 2 Training amp certification Carrying out building thermography inspections requires substantial training and experience and may require certification from a national or regional stan dardization body This section is provided only as an introduction to building thermography The user is strongly recommended to attend relevant training courses For more information about infrared training visit the following website http www infraredtraining com 13 4 3 National or regional building codes The commented building structures in this chapter may differ in construction from country to country For more information about construction details and standards of procedure always consult national or regional building codes Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 95 14 About FLIR Systems FLIR Systems was established in 1978 to pioneer the development of high performance infrared imaging systems and is the world leader in the design manufacture and marketing of thermal imaging systems for a wide variety of commercial industrial and government applications Today FLIR Systems embraces four major companies with outstanding achievements in infrared techno
92. larms pane On this pane you can review the measure ment and alarm results for a selected image Division lines to resize windows and panes Annotations pane On this pane you can review and play back annotations such as text annotations image descriptions voice annotations etc Thumbnail view of the selected folder You can also change this view to display the files in detail mode or filmstrip mode Button to link images Buttons to add images to and remove images from Quick Collection 8 Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 7 Screen elements NOTE You can expand compress the right panes by clicking the arrows symbol See the image below T630332 a2 File properties Filename IR_BUILDING jpg Created 2006 01 03 10 39 AM Modified 2009 02 02 2 02 PM Size 80 KB Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 9 7 Screen elements 7 2 Tools tab gt Image Editor subtab General This section explains the screen elements on the Image Editor subtab of the Tools tab Figure T630314 a2 10 Explanation This table explains the figure above Measurement and analysis tools Main toolbar Submenu bar Main menu bar Properties pane On this pane you can review the properties for a selected image such as file properties camera properties and object parameters Measurement and Alarms pane On this pane you can review
93. lick the Organize tab In the file explorer pane go to the folders or storage devices where you have put your images and files In the middle pane select the images and files that you want to add to your collection Click Add to Quick Collection to add the images and files to the collection Repeat Steps 2 4 for all folders and storage devices containing images and files that you want to add to your collection NOTE When you are ready to analyze your images and files make sure that you click Quick Collection at the top of the file explorer pane before clicking the Tools tab Toremove images and files from the Quick Collection click Remove from Quick Collection Images and files added to the Quick Collection will stay there between program sessions Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 23 9 Choosing and linking images 9 3 Linking images General This section describes how you link two images Linking images simplifies organizing and makes it easier to drag and drop the images onto the report pages Procedure Follow this procedure to link two images Choose your images according to the procedures in section 9 1 Choosing images and files using the file explorer pane on page 22 or section 9 2 Choosing images and files using Quick Collection on page 23 Select two images and click Link files The images are now linked On the Report tab when you select an imag
94. lly 0 97 Measure the temperature of the tape using one of the following measurement functions a Isotherm helps you to determine both the temperature and how evenly you have heated the sample Spot simpler Box Avg good for surfaces with varying emissivity Write down the temperature Move your measurement function to the sample surface Change the emissivity setting until you read the same temperature as your previous measure ment Write down the emissivity Note Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 107 16 Thermographic measurement techniques Avoid forced convection Look for a thermally stable surrounding that will not generate spot reflections Use high quality tape that you know is not transparent and has a high emissivity you are certain of This method assumes that the temperature of your tape and the sample surface are the same If they are not your emissivity measurement will be wrong 16 3 Reflected apparent temperature This parameter is used to compensate for the radiation reflected in the object If the emissivity is low and the object temperature relatively far from that of the reflected it will be important to set and compensate for the reflected apparent temperature cor rectly 16 4 Distance The distance is the distance between the object and the front lens of the camera This parameter is used to compensate for the following two facts Th
95. logy since 1965 the Swedish AGEMA Infrared Systems formerly AGA Infrared Systems and the three United States companies Indigo Systems FSI and Inframetrics 10722703 a2 o 2S I LNL as gt lt L cse SFT Sx gt lt cs 2 Ny Figure 14 1 LEFT Thermovision Model 661 from 1969 The camera weighed approximately 25 kg 55 Ib the oscilloscope 20 kg 44 Ib and the tripod 15 kg 33 Ib The operator also needed a 220 VAC generator set and a 10 L 2 6 US gallon jar with liquid nitrogen To the left of the oscilloscope the Polaroid attachment 6 kg 13 Ib can be seen RIGHT FLIR i5 from 2008 Weight 0 34 kg 0 75 Ib including the battery The company has sold more than 40 000 infrared cameras worldwide for applications such as predictive maintenance R amp D non destructive testing process control and automation and machine vision among many others FLIR Systems has three manufacturing plants in the United States Portland OR Boston MA Santa Barbara CA and one in Sweden Stockholm Direct sales offices in Belgium Brazil China France Germany Great Britain Hong Kong Italy Japan Sweden and the USA together with a worldwide network of agents and distribu tors support our international customer base 96 Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 14 About FLIR Systems FLIR Systems is at the forefront of innovation in the infrared camera industry
96. low is so far a fairly true description of the real conditions What has been neglected could for instance be sun light scattering in the atmosphere or stray radiation from intense ra diation sources outside the field of view Such disturbances are difficult to quantify however in most cases they are fortunately small enough to be neglected In case they are not negligible the measurement configuration is likely to be such that the risk for disturbance is obvious at least to a trained operator It is then his responsibil ity to modify the measurement situation to avoid the disturbance e g by changing the viewing direction shielding off intense radiation sources etc Accepting the description above we can use the figure below to derive a formula for the calculation of the object temperature from the calibrated camera output 10400503 a1 1 Wien 1 T Wien 1 1 Watm 1 Tam Tren fre 1 o Figure 19 1 A schematic representation of the general thermographic measurement situation 1 Surround ings 2 Object 3 Atmosphere 4 Camera Assume thatthe received radiation power W from a blackbody source of temperature T source ON short distance generates a camera output signal Us ource that is proportional to the power input power linear camera We can then write Equation 1 Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 123 19 The measurement formula U CW source
97. mage below T630332 a2 File properties Filename IR_BUILDING jpg Created 2006 01 03 10 39 AM Modified 2009 02 02 2 02 PM Size 80 KB Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 13 7 Screen elements 7 4 Tools tab gt Sensor Tool subtab General This section explains the screen elements on the Sensor Tool subtab of the Tools tab Figure T630315 a2 Explanation This table explains the figure above Button to select which range from the data logging to use Data logging source Submenu bar Main menu bar Data logging range Graph Properties pane On this pane you can review and edit the properties for the currently displayed graph File Properties pane On this pane you can review the properties for the currently displayed graph file Button to save the graph Plotted graph based on the data logging source Images pane Here you will also find files that are used for the plotted graph 14 Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 7 Screen elements NOTE You can expand compress the right panes by clicking the arrows symbol See the image below T630332 a2 File properties Filename IR_BUILDING jpg Created 2006 01 03 10 39 AM Modified 2009 02 02 2 02 PM Size 80 KB Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 15 7 Screen elements 7 5 Report tab General This
98. med walls Ventilation ducts amp air ducts 13 2 8 2 Commented building structures This section includes a few typical examples of details of building structures with in sulation deficiencies Structural drawing Comment 10553203 a2 Insulation deficiencies and air infiltration due to improper installation of insulation batts around an electrical mains supply This kind of insulation deficiency will show up as dark areas on an infrared image Publ No 559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 69 13 Introduction to building thermography Structural drawing 10553103 a2 Comment Insulation deficiencies due to improper installation of insulation batts around an attic floor beam Cool air infiltrates the structure and cools down the in side of the ceiling This kind of insulation deficiency will show up as dark areas on an infrared image 70 Insulation deficiencies due to improper installation of insulation batts creating an air pocket on the outside of an inclined ceiling This kind of insulation deficiency will show up as dark areas on an infrared image Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 13 Introduction to building thermography 13 2 8 3 Commented infrared images This section includes a few typical infrared images of insulation deficiencies Infrared image Comment 10553303 a1 Insulation deficiencies
99. mnes 45 12 1 About the author 12 2 General 12 3 R value measurement Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 V 13 vi 12 4 R value calculator and energy savings estimation ssssssee 48 12 5 R value measurement procedure 48 12 6 Uncertainty analysis 12 7 Summary arnd conclusions tr eme ee e eae eee deret 50 Introduction to building thermography 19 1 Important note 51 13 2 Typical field investigations eint rte tenente e bebes 51 13 2 1 Guidelines aede ettet eb ee ee redi 51 13 2 1 1 General Quidelin s icc tects ered aden td rrt tede cs 51 13 2 1 2 Guidelines for moisture detection mold detection amp detection of Water GAMAQES 0e rte ied ee pte a eet 52 13 2 1 3 Guidelines for detection of air infiltration amp insulation deficiencies 52 13 2 2 About moisture detection m 13 2 3 Moisture detection 1 Low slope commercial roofs sssees 53 13 2 3 1 General information ice 5 22 1e ered ete ete edet ere 53 13 2 3 2 Safety precautions ede i estre ede rode 54 13 2 3 3 Commented building structures oer teens 55 13 2 3 4 Commented infrared images 56 13 2 4 Moisture detection 2 Commercial amp residential fa ades 58 13 2 4 1 General information sess 58 1
100. mp measuring season ssssseseeeee 83 13 3 6 Interpretation of infrared images sss 83 13 3 7 Humidity amp dew point 85 13 3 7 1 Relative amp absolute humidity 13 3 7 2 Definition of dew point 13 3 8 Excerpt from Technical Note Assessing thermal bridging and insulation continuity UIC example 3 etie beiden rte eee tre eit 86 13 3 8 1 Credits entres nec heec lente tese tH e pb ted dita 86 13 3 8 2 Iritt dUcCtlon ac eee te e ies ts Lt le 87 Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 13 3 8 3 Background information sse 87 13 3 8 4 Quantitative appraisal of thermal anomalies 13 3 85 Conditions and equipment 13 3 8 6 Survey and analysis 92 13 3 8 7 aciem 93 UU Eternal Ee 95 13 4 1 Copyright NOCE arre nete e tee eren iet 95 13 44 20 TraininigracCertifiCation cause tote aUe Paese edente emeh 95 19 4 8 National or regional building codes sen 95 About FLIR Systems uc DR et e eR Ee e AUR 96 14 1 More than just an infrared camera 97 14 2 Sharing our knowledge 97 14 3 Supporting our customers 97 14 4 A few images from our facilities essent tntnrnntnnnntnnnnn netta 98 ICE M 100 Thermographic measurement techniques
101. n have a definite effect on heat transfer at the surface and the surface temperature Where there is moisture on a surface there is usually some evaporation which draws off heat thus lowering the temperature of the surface by several degrees There is risk of surface condensation at major thermal bridges and insulation defects Significant disruptions of the kind described here can normally be detected and eliminated before measuring If during thermography it is not possible to shield surfaces being measured from disruptive factors these must be taken into account when interpreting and evaluating the results The conditions in which the thermography was carried out should be recorded in detail when each measurement is taken 13 3 4 Surface temperature and air leaks Defects in building airtightness due to small gaps in the structure can be detected by measuring the surface temperature If there is a negative pressure in the building under investigation air flows into the space through leaks in the building Cold air flowing in through small gaps in a wall usually lowers the temperature in adjacent areas of the wall The result is that a cooled surface area with a characteristic shape develops on the inside surface of the wall Thermography can be used to detect cooled surface areas Air movements at the wall surface can be measured using an air velocity indicator If there is a positive pressure inside the building being investi gated warm r
102. n considering refurbished or extended buildings for example swimming pools internal surveys may need to account for unusal circumstances 13 3 8 4 2 Alternative method using only surface temperatures There are strong arguments for basing thermographic surveys on surface temperatures alone with no need to measure air temperature Stratification inside the building makes reference to air internal temperatures very difficult Is it mean air temperature low level high level or temperature at the level of the anomaly and how far from the wall should it be measured Radiation effects such as radiation to the night sky make use of of external air temperature difficult It is not unusual for the outside surface of building fabric to be below air temperature because of radiation to the sky which may be as low as 50 C 58 F This can be seen with the naked eye by the fact that dew and frost often appear on building surfaces even when the air temperature does not drop below the dewpoint tshould be noted that the concept of U values is based on environmental temper atures on each side of the structure This is neglected by many inexperienced analysts The two temperatures that are firmly related to the transfer of heat through building fabric and any solid are the surface temperatures on each side Therefore by referring to surface temperatures the survey is more repeatable The surface temperatures used are the averages of
103. n object The fact that radiation is a function of object surface temperature makes it possible for the camera to calculate and display this temperature However the radiation measured by the camera does not only depend on the tem perature of the object but is also a function of the emissivity Radiation also originates from the surroundings and is reflected in the object The radiation from the object and the reflected radiation will also be influenced by the absorption of the atmosphere To measure temperature accurately it is therefore necessary to compensate for the effects of a number of different radiation sources This is done on line automatically by the camera The following object parameters must however be supplied for the camera The emissivity of the object The reflected apparent temperature The distance between the object and the camera The relative humidity Temperature of the atmosphere 16 2 Emissivity The most important object parameter to set correctly is the emissivity which in short is a measure of how much radiation is emitted from the object compared to that from a perfect blackbody of the same temperature Normally object materials and surface treatments exhibit emissivity ranging from approximately 0 1 to 0 95 A highly polished mirror surface falls below 0 1 while an oxidized or painted surface has a higher emissivity Oil based paint regardless of color in the visible spectrum has an emissi
104. nce standards in the laboratory for calibrating thermo graphic instruments such as a FLIR Systems camera for example 114 Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 18 Theory of thermography If the temperature of blackbody radiation increases to more than 525 C 977 F the source begins to be visible so that it appears to the eye no longer black This is the incipient red heat temperature of the radiator which then becomes orange or yellow as the temperature increases further In fact the definition of the so called color temperature of an object is the temperature to which a blackbody would have to be heated to have the same appearance Now consider three expressions that describe the radiation emitted from a blackbody 18 3 1 Planck s law 10399203 a1 Figure 18 3 Max Planck 1858 1947 Max Planck 1858 1947 was able to describe the spectral distribution of the radiation from a blackbody by means of the following formula Ihe x 10 Watt m um Blackbody spectral radiant emittance at wavelength A Velocity of light 2 3 x 108 m s Planck s constant 6 6 x 1034 Joule sec Boltzmann s constant 1 4 x 10 23 Joule K Absolute temperature K of a blackbody Wavelength um Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 115 18 Theory of thermography The factor 10 is used since spectral emittance in the curves is expressed in Watt m um Planck s
105. nd where the external temperature is lower than the internal temperature 1 Neutral zone 2 Positive pressure 3 Negative pressure h Distance from the neutral zone in meters The position of the neutral zone may vary depending on any leaks in the building If the leaks are evenly distributed vertically this zone will be about halfway up the building If more of the leaks are in the lower part of the building the neutral zone will move downwards If more of the leaks are in the upper part it will move upwards Where a chimney opens above the roof this has a considerable effect on the position of the neutral zone and the result may be a negative pressure throughout the building This situation most commonly occurs in small buildings In a larger building such as a tall industrial building with leaks at doors and any windows in the lower part of the building the neutral zone is about one third of the way up the building 82 Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 13 Introduction to building thermography 13 3 5 Measuring conditions amp measuring season The foregoing may be summarized as follows as to the requirements with regard to measuring conditions when carrying out thermographic imaging of buildings Thermographic imaging is done in such a way that the disruptive influence from ex ternal climatic factors is as slight as possible The imaging process is therefore carried out indoors i e where a buil
106. ngth re gions called bands distinguished by the methods used to produce and detect the radiation There is no fundamental difference between radiation in the different bands of the electromagnetic spectrum They are all governed by the same laws and the only differences are those due to differences in wavelength 10067803 a1 D DI 3l 4 10m 100m 1km 10 nm 1mm 10mm 100mm 1m 2um 13 um Figure 18 1 The electromagnetic spectrum 1 X ray 2 UV 3 Visible 4 IR 5 Microwaves 6 Radiowaves Thermography makes use of the infrared spectral band At the short wavelength end the boundary lies at the limit of visual perception in the deep red At the long wave length end it merges with the microwave radio wavelengths in the millimeter range The infrared band is often further subdivided into four smaller bands the boundaries of which are also arbitrarily chosen They include the near infrared 0 75 3 um the middle infrared 3 6 um the far infrared 6 15 um and the extreme infrared 15 100 Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 113 18 Theory of thermography um Although the wavelengths are given in um micrometers other units are often still used to measure wavelength in this spectral region e g nanometer nm and ngstr m A The relationships between the different wavelength measurements is 10 000 1 000 nm 1 u 1 pm 18 3 Blackbody radiation A blackb
107. ntal conditions that should also be taken into account when planning a thermographic building survey External inspec tions for example may be influenced by radiation emissions and reflections from adjacent buildings or a cold clear sky and even more significantly the heating effect that the sun may have on surface Additionally where background temperatures differ from air temperatures either inter nally or externally by more than 5 K then background temperatures should be mea sured on all effected surfaces to allow surface temperature to be measured with suf ficient accuracy 13 3 8 6 Survey and analysis The following provides some operational guidance to the thermographic operator The survey must collect sufficient thermographic information to demonstrate that all surfaces have been inspected in order that all thermal anomalies are reported and evaluated Initially environmental data must be collected as with any thermographic survey in cluding Internal temperature in the region of the anomaly External temperature in the region of the anomaly Emissivity of the surface Background temperature Distance from the surface By interpolation determine the threshold temperature to be used For internal surveys the threshold surface temperature Tsia is Tsia fgi T si Tso Tso The thermographer will be looking for evidence of surface temperature below this threshold For external surveys the threshol
108. num sheet 4 samples 70 SW 0 05 0 08 differently scratched Aluminum vacuum deposited 20 T 0 04 Aluminum weathered heavily 17 SW 0 83 0 94 Aluminum bronze 20 T 0 60 Aluminum hydrox powder T 0 28 ide Aluminum oxide activated powder T 0 46 Aluminum oxide pure powder alu 3H 0 16 mina Asbestos board 20 T 0 96 Asbestos fabric T 0 78 Asbestos floor tile 35 SW 0 94 Asbestos paper 40 400 T 0 93 0 95 Asbestos powder T 0 40 0 60 Asbestos slate 20 T 0 96 Asphalt paving 4 LLW 0 967 Brass dull tarnished 20 350 T 0 22 Brass oxidized 70 SW 0 04 0 09 Brass oxidized 70 LW 0 03 0 07 Brass oxidized 100 T 0 61 Brass oxidized at 600 C 200 600 T 0 59 0 61 Brass polished 200 T 0 03 Brass polished highly 100 T 0 03 Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 131 20 Emissivity tables Brass rubbed with 80 20 T 0 20 2 grit emery Brass sheet rolled 20 1 0 06 1 Brass sheet worked with 20 T 0 2 1 emery Brick alumina 17 Sw 0 68 5 Brick common 17 Sw 0 86 0 81 5 Brick Dinas silica 1100 T 0 85 1 glazed rough Brick Dinas silica refrac 1000 T 0 66 1 tory Brick Dinas silica 1000 T 0 80 1 unglazed rough Brick firebrick 17 SW 0 68 5 Brick fireclay 20 T 0 85 1 Brick fireclay 1000 iT 0 75 1 Brick fireclay 1200 i 0 59 1 Brick masonry 35 SW 0 94 7 Brick masonry plas 20 T 0 94 1 tered Brick red common 20 T 0 93 2 Brick red rough 20 T 0 88 0 93 1
109. o be sufficient for detecting such defects To be able to detect air leaks certain requirements must however be made with regard to the differential pressure about 10 Pa should be sufficient 13 3 6 Interpretation of infrared images The main purpose of thermography is to locate faults and defects in thermal insulation in exterior walls and floor structures and to determine their nature and extent The measuring task can also be formulated in such a way that the aim of the thermography is to confirm whether or not the wall examined has the promised insulation and air tightness characteristics The promised thermal insulation characteristics for the wall according to the design can be converted into an expected surface temperature dis tribution for the surface under investigation if the measuring conditions at the time when the measurements are taken are known Publ No 559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 83 13 Introduction to building thermography In practice the method involves the following Laboratory or field tests are used to produce an expected temperature distribution in the form of typical or comparative infrared images for common wall structures com prising both defect free structures and structures with in built defects Examples of typical infrared images are shown in section 13 2 Typical field investi gations on page 51 If infrared images of structural sections taken during field measurements
110. o grow 10556003 a1 Figure 13 2 Microscopic view of mold spore 13 2 1 3 Guidelines for detection of air infiltration amp insulation deficiencies For very accurate camera measurements take measurements of the temperature and enter this value in the camera t is recommended that there is a difference in pressure between the outside and the inside of the building structure This facilitates the analysis of the infrared images and reveals deficiencies that would not be visible otherwise Although a negative pressure of between 10 and 50 Pa is recommended carrying out the inspection at a lower negative pressure may be acceptable To do this close all windows doors and ventilation ducts and then run the kitchen exhaust fan for some time to reach a negative pressure of 5 10 Pa applies to residential houses only 52 Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 13 Introduction to building thermography Adifference in temperature between the inside and the outside of 10 15 C 18 27 F is recommended Inspections can be carried out at a lower temperature difference but will make the analysis of the infrared images somewhat more difficult Avoid direct sunlight on a part of a building structure e g a facade that is to be inspected from the inside The sunlight will heat the facade which will equalize the temperature differences on the inside and mask deficiencies in the building structure Spring seasons w
111. o set and compensate for the reflected apparent temperature correctly Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 41 11 Creating the report 42 4 Outdoor Temperature The temperature outside the building 5 Emissivity The most important object parameter to set correctly is the emissivity which in brief is a measure of how much radiation is emitted from the object compared with that from a perfect blackbody of the same temperature 6 Average Temperature The average temperature in the area defined in callout 1 above 7 Heating Degree Days A quantitative index designed to reflect the demand for energy needed to heat a home or business For more information see http en wikipedia org wiki Heating degree day 8 Cooling Degree Days A quantitative index designed to reflect the demand for energy needed to cool a home or business For more information see http en wikipedia org wiki Heating degree day 9 Wall Area This is the total area in the wall of similar structure as the selected area in the infrared image The entire wall does not have to have the same structure 10 Date The date when the report is generated 11 Image Time The time when the image was taken 12 Est R value The result of the calculation as an esitmated R value 13 Est U value The result of the calculation as an esitmated U value 14 Thermal index The insulation level in the wall Di
112. oduct free of charge if upon inspection it proves to be defective in material or workmanship and provided that it is returned to FLIR Systems within the said one year period FLIR Systems has no other obligation or liability for defects than those set forth above No other warranty is expressed or implied FLIR Systems specifically disclaims the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose FLIR Systems shall not be liable for any direct indirect special incidental or consequential loss or damage whether based on contract tort or any other legal theory Copyright FLIR Systems 2009 All rights reserved worldwide No parts of the software including source code may be reproduced transmitted transcribed or translated into any language or computer language in any form or by any means electronic magnetic optical manual or otherwise without the prior written permission of FLIR Systems This manual must not in whole or part be copied photocopied reproduced translated or transmitted to any electronic medium or machine readable form without prior consent in writing from FLIR Systems Names and marks appearing on the products herein are either registered trademarks or trademarks of FLIR Systems and or its subsidiaries All other trademarks trade names or company names referenced herein are used for identification only and are the property of their respective owners Quality assurance The Quality Man
113. ody is defined as an object which absorbs all radiation that impinges on it at any wavelength The apparent misnomer black relating to an object emitting radia tion is explained by Kirchhoff s Law after Gustav Robert Kirchhoff 1824 1887 which states that a body capable of absorbing all radiation at any wavelength is equally capable in the emission of radiation 10398803 a1 Figure 18 2 Gustav Robert Kirchhoff 1824 1887 The construction of a blackbody source is in principle very simple The radiation characteristics of an aperture in an isotherm cavity made of an opaque absorbing material represents almost exactly the properties of a blackbody A practical application of the principle to the construction of a perfect absorber of radiation consists of a box that is light tight except for an aperture in one of the sides Any radiation which then enters the hole is scattered and absorbed by repeated reflections so only an infinites imal fraction can possibly escape The blackness which is obtained at the aperture is nearly equal to a blackbody and almost perfect for all wavelengths By providing such an isothermal cavity with a suitable heater it becomes what is termed a cavity radiator An isothermal cavity heated to a uniform temperature gener ates blackbody radiation the characteristics of which are determined solely by the temperature of the cavity Such cavity radiators are commonly used as sources of radiation in temperature refere
114. of exit in the building structure e g from behind a skirting strip Furthermore areas of air infiltration typically have a lower detected temperature than areas where there is only an insulation deficiency This is due to the chill factor of the air flow 13 2 7 2 Commented building structures This section includes a few typical examples of details of building structures where air infiltration may occur Structural drawing Comment 10552503 a2 Insulation deficiencies at the eaves of a brickwall y house due to improperly installed fiberglass insu 4 lation batts y p The air infiltration enters the room from behind the P cornice 66 Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 13 Introduction to building thermography Structural drawing Comment Insulation deficiencies in an intermediate flow due to improperly installed fiberglass insulation batts The air infiltration enters the room from behind the cornice Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 Air infiltration in a concrete floor over crawl space due to cracks in the brick wall facade The air infiltration enters the room beneath the skirting strip 67 13 Introduction to building thermography 13 2 7 3 Commented infrared images This section includes a few typical infrared images of details of building structures where air infiltration has occurred Infrared imag
115. of will begin to cool down by radiation Because of its higher thermal capacity the wet insulation will stay warmer longer than the dry and will be visible in the infrared camera see photos below The technique is partic ularly effective on roofs having absorbent insulation such as wood fiber fiberglass and perlite where thermal patterns correlate almost perfectly with moisture 56 Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 13 Introduction to building thermography Infrared inspections of roofs with nonabsorbent insulations common in many single ply systems are more difficult to diagnose because patterns are more diffuse This section includes a few typical infrared images of moisture problems on low slope commercial roofs Infrared image Comment 10554003 a1 Moisture detection on a roof recorded during the evening Since the building material affected by moisture has a higher thermal mass its temperature decreas es slower than surrounding areas 10554103 a1 Water damaged roofing components and insula tion identified from infrared scan from the under side of the built up roof on a structural concrete tee deck Affected areas are cooler than the surrounding sound areas due to conductive and or thermal capacitive effect 10554203 a1 Daytime survey of built up low slope commercial roof Affected areas are cooler than the surrounding dry areas due to conductive and or thermal capacit
116. oft complex 10555403 a1 A missing composite drainage plane or medium on a below grade parking garage plaza deck structure resulted in standing water between the structural concrete deck and the plaza wearing surface 13 2 6 Moisture detection 4 Plumbing breaks amp leaks 13 2 6 1 General information Water from plumbing leaks can often lead to severe damage on a building structure Small leaks may be difficult to detect but can over the years penetrate structural walls and foundations to a degree where the building structure is beyond repair Using building thermography at an early stage when plumbing breaks and leaks are suspected can lead to substantial savings on material and labor Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 63 13 Introduction to building thermography 13 2 6 2 Commented infrared images This section includes a few typical infrared images of plumbing breaks amp leaks Infrared image Comment 10555503 a1 Moisture migration tracking along steel joist chan nels inside ceiling of a single family home where a plumbing line had ruptured Water from plumbing leak was found to have mi grated farther than originally anticipated by the contractor during remediation techniques of cutting back carpet and installing dehumidifiers 64 Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 13 Introduction to building thermography Inf
117. oisture for mold to grow To detect these areas set a lower relative humidity level Follow this procedure to detect humidity On the main menu bar click Tools In the Images pane click the image you want to work with Click Detect humidity Select an isotherm color You can choose between three different types of isotherm colors a Solid Contrast Palette You will need to test different settings to see which type is the most suitable for your application Select values for the following Relative humidity recorded at the time of inspection a Relative humidity level see discussion above Atmospheric temperature recorded at the time of inspection The alarm temperature will now be calculated and the isotherm color will mark the areas suspectible to a humidity problem When you change a value you can also change it by click dragging the value s label See the figure below T630333 a1 Ve a For an introduction to building thermography see section 13 Introduction to building thermography on page 51 Foran explanation of isotherms see section 15 Glossary on page 100 Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 31 10 Using the tools 10 7 General Procedure NOTE 32 Analyzing building structures using the Grid settings tools Using the Grid settings tool and knowing the field of view ofthe lens and the distance to the object of in
118. onfiguration of your computer Customers buying FLIR Reporter Building as a separate product i e not as a FLIR Reporter Building FLIR Reporter software suite will need a previous license for ThermaCAM Reporter FLIR Reporter version 8 2 or later Run Windows Update before you install FLIR Reporter Building Procedure Follow this procedure to install FLIR Reporter Building Close all running programs Insert the FLIR Reporter Building installation DVD into the DVD ROM drive The installation should start automatically If the installation does not start automatically follow this procedure 1 Double click My Computer on Desktop 2 Right click the CD ROM drive and click Explore 3 Locate and double click SETUPEXE Follow the on screen instructions Restart the computer if you are asked to do so In some cases the installation continues after the computer is restarted Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 7 7 Screen elements 7 1 Organize tab General This section explains the screen elements on the Organize tab Figure T630313 a2 fs Hi NEU SH RC Wi d EE am dH ED NS d a al a a EEEE EA s ErzEEHEmER Explanation This table explains the figure above File explorer pane Main menu bar Properties pane On this pane you can review the properties for a selected image such as file properties camera properties and object parameters Measurement and A
119. oom air will leak out through gaps in the wall resulting in locally warm surface areas around the locations of the leaks The amount of leakage depends partly on gaps and partly on the differential pressure across the structure 13 3 4 1 Pressure conditions in a building The most important causes of differential pressure across a structural element in a building are wind conditions around the building the effects of the ventilation system temperature differences between air inside and outside thermal differential pres sure The actual pressure conditions inside a building are usually caused by a combination of these factors The resultant pressure gradient across the various structural elements can be illustrated by the figure on page 79 The irregular effects of wind on a building means that in practice the pressure conditions may be relatively variable and complicated Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 7T 13 Introduction to building thermography In a steady wind flow Bernoulli s Law applies pv p constant 2 where Air density in kg m Wind velocity in m s Static pressure in Pa and where pur 2 denotes the dynamic pressure and p the static pressure The total of these pressures gives the total pressure Wind load against a surface makes the dynamic pressure become a static pressure against the surface The magnitude of this static pressure is dete
120. ormally adjusted to produce a slight negative pressure inside 3 5 Pa The differential pressure caused by temperature differences the so called chimney effect airtightness differences of air at different temperatures means that there is a negative pressure in the building s lower part and a positive pressure in the upper 80 Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 13 Introduction to building thermography part At a certain height there is a neutral zone where the pressures on the inside and outside are the same see the figure on page 82 This differential pressure may be described by the relationship Ap 9xp Xh 1 4 Pa 1 Air pressure differential within the structure in Pa 9 81 m s Air density in kg m Thermodynamic air temperature outdoors in K Thermodynamic air temperature indoors in K Distance from the neutral zone in meters If p 1 29 kg m density of air at a temperature of 273 K and 100 kPa this pro duces T Ap x 13x h 1 E T a With a difference of 25 C 77 F between the ambient internal and external tem peratures the result is a differential pressure difference within the structure of about 1 Pa m difference in height 3 28 Pa ft Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 81 13 Introduction to building thermography 10552003 a1 Figure 13 5 Distribution of pressures on a building with two openings a
121. rared image 10555703 a1 Comment The infrared image of this vinyl sided 3 floor apartment house clearly shows the path of a seri ous leak from a washing machine on the third floor which is completely hidden within the wall 10555803 a1 Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 Water leak due to improper sealing between floor drain and tiles 65 13 Introduction to building thermography 13 2 7 Air infiltration 13 2 7 1 General information Due to the wind pressure on a building temperature differences between the inside and the outside of the building and the fact that most buildings use exhaust air terminal devices to extract used air from the building a negative pressure of 2 5 Pa can be expected When this negative pressure leads to cold air entering the building structure due to deficiencies in building insulation and or building sealing we have what is called air infiltration Air infiltration can be expected at joints and seams in the building structure Due to the fact that air infiltration creates an air flow of cool air into e g a room it can lead to substantial deterioration of the indoor climate Air flows as small as 0 15 m s 0 49 ft s are usually noticed by inhabitants although these air flows may be difficult to detect using ordinary measurement devices On an infrared image air infiltration can be identified by its typical ray pattern which emanates from the point
122. reflected apparent temperature AT and between inside air and outside air temperatures AT One also needs a mean temperature Tm and a characteristic length for determining h The IR camera plays a key role here as thermal uniformity of wall surfaces is not realized in many cases Example cases will show this clearly Temperature differences such as AT and AT can be as small as 0 5 F for well insu lated walls and low AT and over 10 F for poorly insulated walls and high AT How can one hope to get decent measurements with such small temperature differences using IR cameras with accuracy specifications of 2 C 3 6 F This is possible as temperature differences are the primary measurements IR camera accuracy specifi cations include both random and systematic errors for absolute temperature measure ment By measuring all the temperature differences with the same device the IR camera at the same time and in the same image one avoids systematic error and need focus only on random error For IR cameras random error is associated with NETD noise equivalent temperature difference typically given in the IR camera specifications Very good NETD is 40 mK For temperature differences milliKelvin is the same as milliCelsius Multiply by 1 8 to convert mK to mF milliFahrenheit Divide by 1000 to get the actual temperature difference in Fahrenheit degrees such as 0 072 F So so NETD is 100 mK and not very good NETD is 200 mK The uncert
123. rmined by amongst other things the shape of the surface and its angle to the wind direction The portion of the dynamic pressure that becomes a static pressure on the surface Pstat is determined by what is known as a stress concentration factor G Pitat pv 2 If p is 1 23 kg m density of air at 15 C 59 F this gives the following local pressures in the wind flow 2 2 pu U a Cx Cx Patat 2 1 63 Pa 78 Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 13 Introduction to building thermography 10551803 a1 1 TT Figure 13 3 Distribution of resultant pressures on a building s enclosing surfaces depending on wind effects ventilation and internal external temperature difference 1 Wind direction T Thermodynamic air temper ature outdoors in K T Thermodynamic air temperature indoors in K If the whole of the dynamic pressure becomes static pressure then C 1 Examples of stress concentration factor distributions for a building with various wind directions are shown in the figure on page 80 The wind therefore causes an internal negative pressure on the windward side and an internal positive pressure on the leeward side The air pressure indoors depends on the wind conditions leaks in the building and how these are distributed in relation to the wind direction If the leaks in the building are evenly distributed the internal pressure may vary by 0 2 para If most of t
124. rs humidity amp temperature datalogging tracer gas testing etc Change level and span to thermally tune the infrared image and reveal more details The figure below shows the difference between a thermally untuned and a thermally tuned infrared image 10552103 a2 21 7 C E 20 18 16 14 9 Figure 13 1 LEFT A thermally untuned infrared image RIGHT A thermally tuned infrared image after having changed level and span 21 7 C r 20 r15 10 0 Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 51 13 Introduction to building thermography 13 2 1 2 Guidelines for moisture detection mold detection amp detection of water damages Building defects related to moisture and water damages may only show up when heat has been applied to the surface e g from the sun The presence of water changes the thermal conductivity and the thermal mass of the building material It may also change the surface temperature of building mate rial due to evaporative cooling Thermal conductivity is a material s ability to conduct heat while thermal mass is its ability to store heat Infrared inspection does not directly detect the presence of mold rather it may be used to find moisture where mold may develop or has already developed Mold requires temperatures between 4 C to 38 C 40 F to 100 F nutrients and moisture to grow Humidity levels above 5096 can provide sufficient moisture to enable mold t
125. ry shops etc Its major ad vantages over a pitched roof is the lower cost in material and building However due to its design where snow and ice will not fall off by itself as is the case for the major ity of pitched roofs it must be strongly built to support the accumulated weight of both roof structure and any snow ice and rain Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 53 13 Introduction to building thermography Although a basic understanding of the construction of low slope commercial roofs is desirable when carrying out a roof thermography inspection expert knowledge is not necessary There is a large number of different design principles for low slope com mercial roofs both when it comes to material and design and it would be impossible for the infrared inspection person to know them all If additional information about a certain roof is needed the architect or contractor of the building can usually supply the relevant information Common causes of roof failure are outlined in the table below from SPIE Thermosense Proceedings Vol 371 1982 p 177 Poor workmanship Roof traffic Poor design Trapped moisture Materials Age amp weathering Potential leak locations include the following Flashing Drains Penetrations Seams Blisters 13 2 3 2 Safety precautions Recommend a minimum of two people on a roof preferably three or more Inspect the underside o
126. s However be aware that there are building defects or problems typically moisture problems that only show up when heat has been applied to the surface e g from the sun For more information about moisture detection see section 13 2 2 About moisture detection on page 53 A hot radiator appears as a bright light surface in an infrared image The surface temperature of a wall next to a radiator is raised which may conceal any defects present For maximum prevention of disruptive effects from hot radiators these may be shut off a short while before the measurement is taken However depending on the con struction of the building low or high mass these may need to be shut off several hours before a thermographic survey The room air temperature must not fall so much as to affect the surface temperature distribution on the structure s surfaces There is little timelag with electric radiators so they cool down relatively quickly once they have been switched off 20 30 minutes Lights placed against walls should be switched off when the infrared image is taken During a thermographic survey there should not be any disruptive air flows e g open windows open valves fans directed at the surface being measured that could affect the surfaces being thermographed 76 Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 13 Introduction to building thermography Any wet surfaces e g as a result of surface condensatio
127. s and files using Quick Collection on page 23 On the main menu bar click Tools then click Sensor Tool Move the Microsoft Excel file from the Images pane to the left pane using a drag and drop operation This will display the data in tabular form A graph of the data will be displayed in the middle pane If you want to limit the data you can do so by click dragging the table at the top or at the bottom An arrow on the graph shows the data that will be trimmed If you want to review or edit the graph properties and file properties you can do so in the right pane To save the graph as an image click Save and save the image to a location of your choice You can now include the graph as an image in your report by following the procedure in section 11 Creating the report on page 39 SEE For an introduction to building thermography see section 13 Introduction to building thermography on page 51 34 Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 10 Using the tools 10 8 1 Structure of the data logger file Figure This figure shows the structure of the data logger file from an Extech RHT10 Humid ity and Temperature USB Data Logger and an Extech TH10 Temperature USB Data Logger T630331 a1 1 Logging Name Logging Name 2 gt gt FROM 09 20 2007 19 45 06 TO 09 20 2007 19 49 34 3 Sample Points 135 4 gt gt Sample Rate 2 sec 5 Temperature Unit Cel
128. s have also to be taken Thermographic analysis of buildings relies on certain prerequisites in terms of temperature and pressure conditions across the structure Details shapes and contrasts in the thermal image can vary quite clearly with changes in any of these parameters The in depth analysis and interpretation of thermal images therefore requires thorough knowledge of such aspects as material and structural properties the effects of climate and the latest measuring techniques For assessing Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 73 13 Introduction to building thermography the results of measurements there are special requirements in terms of the skills and experience of those taking the measurements e g by means of authorization by a national or regional standardization body 13 3 2 The effects of testing and checking It can be difficult to anticipate how well the thermal insulation and airtightness of a completed building will work There are certain factors involved in assembling the various components and building elements that can have a considerable impact on the final result The effects of transport handling and storage at the site and the way the work is done cannot be calculated in advance To ensure that the intended function is actually achieved verification by testing and checking the completed building is required Modern insulation technology has reduced the theoretical heat requirement Th
129. section explains the screen elements on the Report tab Figure T630316 a2 Explanation This table explains the figure above Button to create a report Thumbnail view of the report page Add Page button Main menu bar Buttons to create new save and open existing reports bsw Linked images pane Full view of the current report page Images pane Toolbar buttons to fit width and to fit height Delete Page toolbar button 16 Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 7 Screen elements NOTE You can expand compress the right panes by clicking the arrows symbol See the image below T630332 a2 File properties Filename IR_BUILDING jpg Created 2006 01 03 10 39 AM Modified 2009 02 02 2 02 PM Size 80 KB Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 17 7 Screen elements 7 6 Explanation 18 Toolbar buttons on the Tools tab gt Image Editor subtab This table explains the toolbar buttons on the Tools tab gt Image Editor subtab k Select tool You use this tool when you want to move spots areas and lines within an image 4 Spotmeter tool You use this tool to create a spotmeter that you can put anywhere on the image The spotmeter and the temperature it displays will be stored with the image when you save it To move the spotmeter use the Select tool to select the spotmeter tool then click drag the tool
130. sius B gt gt Temperature LowAlarm 20 0 HighAlarm 22 0 Relative Humidity LowAlarm 30 0 Hig ERREGEOMHUDERNUETERTRU ENE 8 INO DATE TIME TEMPERATURE RELATIVE DEW POINT 9 1 2007 09 20 19 45 06 1 00 63 2 22 7 10 2 2007 09 20 19 45 08 2 00 545 20 1 11 3 2007 09 20 19 45 10 3 00 48 3 18 1 12 4 2007 09 20 19 45 12 4 00 46 6 ES 13 5 2007 09 20 19 45 14 5 00 455 74 14 6 2007 09 20 19 45 16 6 00 458 T2 15 7 2007 09 20 19 45 18 7 00 45 6 A 16 8 2007 09 20 19 45 20 8 00 455 17 17 9 2007 09 20 19 45 22 9 00 45 9 74 18 10 2007 09 20 19 45 24 10 00 45 5 7 19 11 2007 09 20 19 45 26 11 00 45 3 16 8 20 12 2007 09 20 19 45 28 12 00 46 1 7 2 21 13 2007 09 20 19 45 30 13 00 46 6 res 22 14 2007 09 20 19 45 32 14 00 45 7 17 23 15 2007 09 20 19 45 34 15 00 45 15 7 24 15 2007 09 20 19 45 36 16 00 455 5 8 25 17 2007 09 20 19 45 38 17 00 452 6 7 26 18 2007 09 20 19 45 40 18 00 45 4 6 8 27 19 2007 09 20 19 45 42 19 00 45 1 16 7 28 20 2007 09 20 19 45 44 20 00 457 6 9 29 Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 35 10 Using the tools 10 9 General Procedure 36 Zooming into or out of images You can zoom into or out of images on the Tools tab To zoom into an image do one of the following ALT left mouse button down SHIFT SCROLL button zoom in zoom out SHIFT left mouse button down move the zoomed area To reset the zoom factor do one of the following
131. sk of confusing temperature variations caused by insulation defects with those associated with the natural variation in U values along warm surfaces of a structure is considered slight under normal conditions Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 75 13 Introduction to building thermography The temperature changes associated with variations in the U value are generally gradual and symmetrically distributed across the surface Variations of this kind do of course occur at the angles formed by roofs and floors and at the corners of walls Temperature changes associated with air leaks or insulation defects are in most cases more evident with characteristically shaped sharp contours The temperature pattern is usually asymmetrical During thermography and when interpreting an infrared image comparison infrared images can provide valuable information for assessment The sources of disruption in thermography that occur most commonly in practice are the effect of the sun on the surface being thermographed sunlight shining in through a window hot radiators with pipes lights directed at or placed near the surface being measured air flows e g from air intakes directed at the surface the effect of moisture deposits on the surface Surfaces on which the sun is shining should not be subjected to thermography If there is a risk of an effect by sunlight windows should be covered up closing Venetian blind
132. ss than 1 A selective radiator for which e varies with wavelength According to Kirchhoff s law for any material the spectral emissivity and spectral ab sorptance of a body are equal at any specified temperature and wavelength That is Ey Ay From this we obtain for an opaque material since a p 1 amp p 1 For highly polished materials approaches zero so that for a perfectly reflecting material i e a perfect mirror we have p l For a graybody radiator the Stefan Boltzmann formula becomes W ec T Watt m This states that the total emissive power of a graybody is the same as a blackbody at the same temperature reduced in proportion to the value of from the graybody 120 Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 18 Theory of thermography 10401203 a2 Figure 18 8 Spectral radiant emittance of three types of radiators 1 Spectral radiant emittance 2 Wavelength 3 Blackbody 4 Selective radiator 5 Graybody 10327303 a4 Figure 18 9 Spectral emissivity of three types of radiators 1 Spectral emissivity 2 Wavelength 3 Blackbody 4 Graybody 5 Selective radiator 18 4 Infrared semi transparent materials Consider now a non metallic semi transparent body let us say in the form of a thick flat plate of plastic material When the plate is heated radiation generated within its volume must work its way toward the surfaces through
133. t Tpackgroung found in step 10 and proper emissivity get the temperatures of other areas of interest 11 From the uncertainty analysis below the most sensitive variables are the emissiv ity and the temperature difference between T eflect and Twa Do these very care fully The emissivity of paper and cardboard is typically 0 95 for long wave IR cameras Most wall surfaces also have an emissivity of 0 95 unless they have a special treatment 12 Use the Excel spreadsheet software developed by the Infrared Training Center to calculate R Value 12 6 Uncertainty analysis Important temperature variables are the temperature differences between inside and outside inside and wall and reflected apparent temperature and wall The absolute temperature is also somewhat important Emissivity value and the characteristic length round out the variables The most sensitive variable is the temperature difference between the reflected appar ent temperature and the wall temperature The emissivity is the next most sensitive variable with the characteristic length L and the inside to outside temperature differences being the least sensitive Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 49 12 Excerpts from whitepaper on R values For the higher R Values a higher delta T is needed to keep the uncertainty at a rea sonable level The 18 F delta T used in many standards isn t bad for moderate R Values but for R Values higher than R
134. t those anomalies that are not real defects evaluate those that are real defects and report the results to the client 13 3 8 4 1 Selection of critical temperature parameter The BRE information Paper IP17 01 Information Paper IP17 01 Assessing the Effects of Thermal Bridging at Junctions and Around Openings Tim Ward BRE 2001 pro vides useful guidance on minimum acceptable internal surface temperatures and appropriate values of Critical Surface Temperature Factor fopsi The use of a surface temperature factor allows surveys under any thermal conditions to show areas that are at risk of condensation or mould growth under design conditions The actual surface temperature will depend greatly on the temperatures inside and outside at the time of the survey but a Surface Temperature Factor fps has been devised that is independent of the absolute conditions It is a ratio of temperature drop across the building fabric to the total temperature drop between inside and outside air For internal surveys fg Ts T9 T Te T internal surface temperature T internal air temperature T external air temperature 88 Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 13 Introduction to building thermography A value for fons of 0 75 is considered appropriate across new building as the upper end usage is not a factor considered in testing for Continuity of Insulation or Thermal Bridging However whe
135. terest you can lay out a grid on an image where each square of the grid represents a known area You can then use the Grid settings tool for a variety of different tasks such as A quantitative analysis of fastenings in insulation batts Calculating the necessary amount of building material to carry out a repair Quantifying insulation and humidity problems Follow this procedure to prepare an analysis of the building structure On the main menu bar click Tools In the Images pane click the image you want to work with Click Grid settings Do one of the following Select values for the distance and field of view S cr Lay out a line using the toolbar button then select the line in the Line box and specify the line length ann jane Click the toolbar button in the main toolbar to enable the grid Set the grid size to a value of your choice Select the r toolbar button and move the grid to the desired position For example you may want to align it with certain structures in the image areas of interest etc Select Linked images to lock the grid relative to the images Depending on your workflow you may now want to do one of the following Leave the grid as is and begin counting fastenings calculating the amount of necessary building material etc Convert grid areas to measurement areas in order to quantify insulation and humidity problems To do that click in a grid area of your choice
136. the material in which it is partially absorbed Moreover when it arrives at the surface some of it is reflected back into the interior The back reflected radiation is again partially absorbed but Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 121 18 Theory of thermography some of it arrives at the other surface through which most of it escapes part of it is reflected back again Although the progressive reflections become weaker and weaker they must all be added up when the total emittance of the plate is sought When the resulting geometrical series is summed the effective emissivity of a semi transparent plate is obtained as t 0 7 10 7 Eo When the plate becomes opaque this formula is reduced to the single formula amp 1 p This last relation is a particularly convenient one because it is often easier to measure reflectance than to measure emissivity directly 122 Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 19 The measurement formula As already mentioned when viewing an object the camera receives radiation not only from the object itself It also collects radiation from the surroundings reflected via the object surface Both these radiation contributions become attenuated to some extent by the atmosphere in the measurement path To this comes a third radiation contribution from the atmosphere itself This description of the measurement situation as illustrated in the figure be
137. the measure ments and alarms results for a selected image Annotations pane On this pane you can review edit and add text annota tions and image descriptions and play back voice annotations Button to save images after editing Controls to change the lower and upper temperature levels in the image Images pane 10 Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 7 Screen elements NOTE You can expand compress the right panes by clicking the arrows symbol See the image below T630332 a2 File properties Filename IR_BUILDING jpg Created 2006 01 03 10 39 AM Modified 2009 02 02 2 02 PM Size 80 KB Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 11 7 Screen elements 7 3 Tools tab gt Panorama subtab General This section explains the screen elements on the Panorama subtab of the Tools tab Figure T630378 a2 Explanation This table explains the figure above Submenu bar Main menu bar File Properties pane On this pane you can review the file properties for a selected image Camera Properties pane On this pane you can review the camera proper ties for a selected image Buttons to combine the images into a panorama image Images pane 12 Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 7 Screen elements NOTE You can expand compress the right panes by clicking the arrows symbol See the i
138. the temperature scale usually expressed as a signal value Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time area and wavelength W m um A value which is the result of a subtraction between two temper ature values The current overall temperature measurement limitation of an IR camera Cameras can have several ranges Expressed as two blackbody temperatures that limit the current calibration temperature scale thermogram The way in which an IR image currently is displayed Expressed as two temperature values limiting the colors infrared image 102 Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 15 Glossary Term or expression Explanation transmission or transmittance factor Gases and materials can be more or less transparent Transmis sion is the amount of IR radiation passing through them A number between 0 and 1 transparent isotherm An isotherm showing a linear spread of colors instead of cover ing the highlighted parts of the image visual Refers to the video mode of a IR camera as opposed to the normal thermographic mode When a camera is in video mode it captures ordinary video images while thermographic images are captured when the camera is in IR mode Publ No 559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 103 16 Thermographic measurement techniques 16 1 Introduction An infrared camera measures and images the emitted infrared radiation from a
139. tions IAS Facility 701 John Sims Parkway East Suite 2B Niceville FL 32578 USA Phone 1 850 678 4503 Fax 1 850 678 4992 E mail cbiGflir com Web www corebyindigo com
140. um LLW 6 5 20 um 1 Material 2 Specification 3 Temperature in C 4 Spectrum 5 Emissivity 6 Reference Tables 3M type 35 Vinyl electrical 80 LW Ca 0 96 13 tape several col ors 3M type 88 Black vinyl electri 105 LW Ca 0 96 13 cal tape 3M type 88 Black vinyl electri lt 105 MW lt 0 96 13 cal tape 3M type Super Black vinyl electri lt 80 LW Ca 0 96 13 33 cal tape Aluminum anodized black 70 LW 0 95 9 dull Aluminum anodized black 70 SW 0 67 9 dull Aluminum anodized light 70 LW 0 97 9 gray dull Aluminum anodized light 70 SW 0 61 9 gray dull Aluminum anodized sheet 100 T 0 55 2 Aluminum as received plate 100 T 0 09 4 Aluminum as received sheet 100 T 0 09 2 Aluminum cast blast cleaned 70 LW 0 46 9 Aluminum cast blast cleaned 70 SW 0 47 9 Aluminum dipped in HNO 100 T 0 05 4 plate Aluminum foil 27 3 um 0 09 3 Aluminum foil 27 10 um 0 04 3 Aluminum oxidized strongly 50 500 T 0 2 0 3 1 Aluminum polished 50 100 iT 0 04 0 06 1 Aluminum polished sheet 100 T 0 05 2 Aluminum polished plate 100 T 0 05 4 130 Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 20 Emissivity tables Aluminum roughened 27 3 um 0 28 Aluminum roughened 27 1Oum 0 18 Aluminum rough surface 20 50 T 0 06 0 07 Aluminum sheet 4 samples 70 LW 0 03 0 06 differently scratched Alumi
141. unnecessary costs and future problems can be avoided This check is of benefit both to manufacturers and to users For the developer and the property manager it is essential that buildings are checked with reference to heat economy maintenance damage from moisture or moisture infiltration and comfort for the occupants e g cooled surfaces and air movements in occupied zones 74 Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 13 Introduction to building thermography For the user the important thing is that the finished product fulfills the promised requirements in terms of the building s thermal insulation and airtightness For the individual buying a house involves a considerable financial commitment and the purchaser therefore wants to know that any defects in the construction will not in volve serious financial consequences or hygiene problems The effects of testing and checking a building s insulation and airtightness are partly physiological and partly financial The physiological experience of an indoor climatic environment is very subjective varying according to the particular human body s heat balance and the way the indi vidual experiences temperature The experience of climate depends on both the indoor air temperature and that of the surrounding surfaces The speed of movement and moisture content of indoor air are also of some significance Physiologically a draft produces the sensation of loc
142. urce Note Using a thermocouple to measure reflected apparent temperature is not recom mended for two important reasons A thermocouple does not measure radiation intensity A thermocouple requires a very good thermal contact to the surface usually by gluing and covering the sensor by a thermal isolator 16 2 1 1 2 Method 2 Reflector method 1 Crumble up a large piece of aluminum foil 2 Uncrumble the aluminum foil and attach it to a piece of cardboard of the same size 3 Put the piece of cardboard in front of the object you want to measure Make sure that the side with aluminum foil points to the camera 4 Set the emissivity to 1 0 106 Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 16 Thermographic measurement techniques 5 Measure the apparent temperature of the aluminum foil and write it down 10727003 a2 4 NM Figure 16 4 Measuring the apparent temperature of the aluminum foil 16 2 1 2 Step 2 Determining the emissivity Select a place to put the sample Determine and set reflected apparent temperature according to the previous procedure Put a piece of electrical tape with known high emissivity on the sample Heat the sample at least 20 K above room temperature Heating must be reasonably even Focus and auto adjust the camera and freeze the image Adjust Level and Span for best image brightness and contrast Set emissivity to that of the tape usua
143. urface temperature in C Surface factor from IP17 01 Critical external surface temperature factor after IP17 01 Insulation thickness to give this level of performance mm Local U value W m K UKTA TN1 surface factor UKTA TN1 surface factor outside Notes to the table 1 Values of surface resistances taken from ADL2 2001 are Inside surface 0 13 m2K W Outside surface 0 04 m K W These originate from BS EN ISO 6946 BN EN ISO 6946 1997 Building components and building elements Thermal resistance and thermal transmittance Calculation method Thermal insulation used here is assumed to have a conductivity of 0 03 W m K 3 The difference in temperature between an anomaly and the good areas is 1 2 de grees on the outside and 4 1 degrees on the inside 4 The UKTA TN1 surface temperature factor for internal surveys is Fsi Tsia Ts0 Tsi Tso where Tia internal surface temperature at anomaly Tso external surface temperature good area T internal surface temperature good area 5 The UKTA TN1 surface temperature factor for external surveys is Fso Tsoa Tsi Tgo Tsi where Toa external surface temperature at anomaly N 13 3 8 4 3 Selecting maximum acceptable defect area The allowable area of defect is a quality control issue It can be argued that there should be no area on which condensation mould growth or defective insulation will occur and any such anomalies should be include
144. used to imply the spectral depen dence of their definitions Thus The spectral absorptance a the ratio of the spectral radiant power absorbed by an object to that incident upon it The spectral reflectance p the ratio of the spectral radiant power reflected by an object to that incident upon it The spectral transmittance T the ratio of the spectral radiant power transmitted through an object to that incident upon it The sum of these three factors must always add up to the whole at any wavelength so we have the relation a p 7 1 Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 119 18 Theory of thermography For opaque materials T 0 and the relation simplifies to a py 1 Another factor called the emissivity is required to describe the fraction e of the radiant emittance of a blackbody produced by an object at a specific temperature Thus we have the definition The spectral emissivity the ratio of the spectral radiant power from an object to that from a blackbody at the same temperature and wavelength Expressed mathematically this can be written as the ratio of the spectral emittance of the object to that of a blackbody as follows e Wy Generally speaking there are three types of radiation source distinguished by the ways in which the spectral emittance of each varies with wavelength A blackbody for which 1 A graybody for which constant le
145. uto adjust tool You use this tool to auto adjust an image for the optimum brightness and contrast 4 Fit width tool E You use this tool to resize the image to fit the width of the image window Fit height tool Lal You use this tool to resize the image to fit the width of the image window 19 Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 8 Workflow General When you use FLIR Reporter Building you follow a standard workflow This workflow is implemented in the software package and is explained in this section Workflow This table explains the workflow At the inspection site carry out your infrared inspection Take advantage of the features in your infrared camera such as analysis tools text annotations voice annotations etc At this point you have also the choice of using additional tools such as temperature and humidity data loggers Move your images from the camera to a location of your choice on your computer using the memory card or a USB cable Start FLIR Reporter Building On the Organize tab choose the images that you want to work with On the Tools tab perform the anayses of your choice You can detect humidity detect insulation deficiencies add spotmeters areas lines and more Here you can also stitch together normal images into larger panorama im ages vertical or horizontal On the Report tab prepare the report by choosing from a variety of page templates t
146. vity over 0 9 in the infrared Human skin exhibits an emissivity 0 97 to 0 98 Non oxidized metals represent an extreme case of perfect opacity and high reflexivity which does not vary greatly with wavelength Consequently the emissivity of metals is low only increasing with temperature For non metals emissivity tends to be high and decreases with temperature 104 Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 16 Thermographic measurement techniques 16 2 1 Finding the emissivity of a sample 16 2 1 1 Step 1 Determining reflected apparent temperature Use one of the following two methods to determine reflected apparent temperature 16 2 1 1 1 Method 1 Direct method 1 Look for possible reflection sources considering that the incident angle reflection angle a b 10588903 a1 Figure 16 1 1 Reflection source 2 If the reflection source is a spot source modify the source by obstructing it using a piece if cardboard 10589103 a2 Figure 16 2 1 Reflection source Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 105 16 Thermographic measurement techniques 3 Measure the radiation intensity apparent temperature from the reflecting source using the following settings Emissivity 1 0 LI Dopj O You can measure the radiation intensity using one of the following two methods 10589003 a2 Figure 16 3 1 Reflection so
147. yed in the image window The image window will now display all the associated images in the same sequence in which they were taken by the camera either horizontally or vertically depending on how they were taken Click the Combine button The images are now stitched together into a larger image Once the operation is complete you can save the large image to any loca tion by clicking Save You can also see the individual images by moving the mouse cursor on the top of the large image Go to the Tools tab gt Image Editor tab to carry out futher analysis of the image 38 Publ No T559081 Rev a348 ENGLISH EN June 8 2009 11 Creating the report General When you have finished the analyses of your images you can now create the report This section describes how you create the report by choosing one or more predefined report template pages Figure This figure shows the predefined report template pages T630327 a2 inion ukingenewope nmg Cost pew Procedure Follow this procedure to create a report 1 On the main menu bar click Report 2 Atthe top ofthe left pane click Add Page and select one of the predefined report template pages You can choose from the following types of pages General Air Tightness pages a Humidity pages Insulation pages A thumbnail view of your report pages will be displayed in the left pane 3 Inthe left pane click the thumbnail of

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