User`s Manual - manuals.decagon.com
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1. are made too rapidly in succession the sam ple s temperature will not have had enough time to equilibrate from the previous reading and the resulting measurement will be inaccurate For best results the sample should be as close to equilib rium as possible An ideal environment for equili bration can be accomplished by placing the KD2 probe and sample in an isothermal chamber or sty rofoam box Thermal Grease Thermal grease is provided as part of your KD2 system in order to maximize contact with certain samples For example contact resistance with gran 6 KD2 Operator s Manual Operation ule materials increases with particle size and parti cle conductivity This can be minimized by coating the probes with thermal grease as per ASTM D 5334 Section 7 For wet soil thermal grease is not as necessary since it can have little or no effect due to the already optimized contact between the probe and sample When in doubt about whether or not to use the thermal grease take some measurements without it then take some with the thermal grease If the results show a higher thermal conductivity dower thermal resistivity when using the thermal grease then we recommend that you use it for that particular sample How to Start the Measurement Once the instrument is on do the following 1 Carefully insert the entire needle of the probe completely into your medium 2 Press the left button to begin the measure me2. KD2 Thermal Properties Analyzer User s Manual version 6 Decagon Devices Inc 2008 Decagon Devices Inc All rights reserved Decagon Devices Inc 2365 NE Hopkins Court Pullman WA 99163 KD2 User s Manual Table of Contents Table of Contents 1 1 1 About the KD2 1 KD2 Specifications 2 Contact Information 2 44444434 2 Warranty Information 3 Seller s Liability 3 2 Operation tea REUS 5 HUTS ON si ee 5 Taking Measurements How the KD2 takes measurements 3 Care and Maintenance 13 GIG EINE aaa A tae 13 Battery Replacement 13 Caring for the Probe 15 Troubleshooting 15 De ee eRe Ee oe eee 16 Verifying Probe Function 16 4 Theory 18 KD2 User s Manual Table of Contents Further 20 Appendix A Table of Thermal Units 22 Declaration of Conformity 23 KD2 Operator s Manual Introduction 1 Introduction Welcome to your new KD2 Thermal Properties Analyzer This guide is designed to help you under stand and use your instrument to the best of its capability About the KD2 The KD2 is a compact portable meter used to measure thermal prope
3. Operation When you begin a measurement the microcontrol ler waits for 30 seconds for temperature stability then applies a known amount of current for 30 sec onds to a heater in the probe that has an accurately known resistance The microprocessor calculates the amount of power supplied to the heater The probe s thermistor measures the changing tempera ture for 30 seconds while the microprocessor stores the data It then monitors the rate of cooling for 30 seconds At the end of the reading the con troller computes the thermal conductivity using the change in temperature AT vs time data Thermal resistivity is computed as the reciprocal of thermal conductivity 12 KD2 Operator s Manual Care and Maintenance 3 Care and Maintenance Your KD2 should require a minimum amount of maintenance Following are instructions for clean ing and battery replacement as well as consider ations for the KD2 probe Cleaning The KD2 s controller is stainless steel If it needs cleaning do so with a damp cloth Do not immerse it in water Clean the LCD readout with a soft damp cloth moistened with water or a glass cleanser Do not use tissue or other wood based fibers as they can scratch the plastic LCD screen Battery Replacement The KD2 uses a 3 0V CR 2 type Lithium ion bat tery It typically should last for about 1000 mea surements If the battery charge is getting low a low battery indicator icon will appea
4. for thermal conductivity K and resistivity R by monitoring the dissipation of heat from a line heat source The equation for radial heat conduction in a homo geneous isotropic medium is given by OT HOT r ot or or 1 where T is temperature C 715 time s K is ther mal diffusivity m s D and ris radial distance 7 When a long electrically heated probe is intro duced into a medium the rise in temperature from an initial temperature To at some distance 7 from the probe is 18 KD2 Operator s Manual Theory ATA Art 2 where 4 is the heat produced per unit length per unit time W m is the thermal conductivity of the medium W mC and Eis the exponential integral function 2 9 with a 4K and y is Euler s constant 0 5772 When 715 large the higher order terms can be ignored so combining Eqs 2 and 3 yields 2 T T zi In r y 269 Anh 4k 4 It is apparent from the relationship between ther mal conductivity and AT T T shown in Eq 4 19 KD2 Operator s Manual Theory that AT and 1 are linearly related with a slope q 42A Lineatly regressing AT on yields a slope that after rearranging gives the thermal con ductivity as I 4am A 5 where 4 is known from the power supplied to the heater Assumptions The thermal conductivity
5. hermal 0 578 conductivity thermal 6 93 conductivity thermal 1 73 resistivity thermal 144 resistivity specific heat 239 x 104 Column 1 Column 2 SI Unit English Units Joule BTU Joule cal 2 W m cal cm min Wm C Bthr tr F Btuinhr ft p C m W ft hr F Btu C m W ft hr F Btu in Jkg C BTUIb F To convert Column 2 into Column 1 multiply by 1054 4 186 698 1 73 0 144 0 578 6 93 4179 22 KD2 Operator s Manual Declaration of Conformity Declaration of Conformity Application of Council 89 336 EEC Directive Standards to Which EN55 Conformity is Declared This is to certify that the KD2 Thermal Properties Meter manufactured by Decagon Devices Inc a corporation based in Pullman WA USA meets or exceeds the standards for CE compliance as per the Council Directives noted above All instruments are built at the factory at Decagon and pertinent testing documentation is freely available for verifi cation 23 KD2 Operator s Manual Declaration of Conformity 24 KD2 User s Manual Index Index accuracy 2 battery replacing 13 type 13 CE compliance 23 cleaning 13 contact information 2 email 2 fax number 2 KD2 User s Manual Index K K thermal conductivity 18 KD2 overview 2 specifications 2 low battery indicator 13 low thermal conductivity increasing accuracy 10 maintenance 13 measurement method 11
6. measure ment assumes several things the long heat source can be treated as an infinitely long heat source the medium is both homogeneous and isotropic and a uniform initial temperature Although these assumptions are not true in the strict sense they are adequate for accurate thermal properties mea surements Further Readings Bristow K L White R D Kluitenberg G J 1994 Comparison of Single and Dual Probes for Measuring Soil Thermal Properties with Tran KD2 Operator s Manual Theory sient Heating Australian Journal of Soil Research 32 447 464 Bruijn PJ van Haneghem I A Schenk J 1983 An Improved Nonsteady State Probe Method for Measurements in Granular Materials Part 1 Theory High Temperatures High Pressures 15 359 366 Shiozawa S Campbell G S 1990 Soil Thermal Conductivity Remote Sensing Rev 5 301 310 van Haneghem I A Schenk J Boshoven H P A 1983 An Improved Nonsteady State Probe method for Measurements in Granular Materi als Part II Experimental Results High Temper atures High Pressures 15 367 374 Please visit www thermalresistivity com for more information on thermal properties in relation to density water content and temperature 21 KD2 Operator s Manual Appendix A Table of Thermal Units Appendix A Table of Thermal e Units To convert Column 1 into Column 2 multiply by heat 0 000952 heat 0 239 heat flux 0 00143 density t
7. measurement range 2 off turning off 11 on turning on 5 operation on 5 KD2 User s Manual Index probe maintenance 15 specifications 2 R thermal resistivity 18 range 2 references 20 seller s liability 3 specifications 2 telephone number 3 temperature equilibrium 6 theory 18 assumptions 20 thermal conductivity calculation 20 materials with low 10 27 KD2 User s Manual Index thermal grease 6 thermal resistivity computed 12 units 11 units thermal resistivity 11 W warranty 3 28
8. nt process The instrument will first equili brate for 30 seconds During this time you will be able to see that it is equilibrating by the blinking hourglass icon below the value The temperature measured by the probe will be displayed in the lower right corner of the KD2 Operator s Manual Operation screen F3 Tre uC d 25 E hourglass icon temperature Note Make sure to watch the temperature during the equilibration stage to make sure it doesn t drasti cally fluctuate or rapidly change If the temperature is still rapidly changing pull the probe out of the sample and wait until the sample temperature is stable before measuring again After equilibrating it begins its 30 second heating and measurement cycle During this stage of measurement you will see a blinking thermometer icon appear and the temperature KD2 Operator s Manual Operation reading will increase After it has finished heat 10740075 1 4n thermometer icon ing it will cool for 30 seconds When ther reading is finished the checkered finish line flag will blink on the screen anda final reading will be displayed along with the sample temperature 14 LI d E 1 uC K finished icon KD2 Operator s Manual Operation Thermal Conductivi
9. obe needle may not be inserted completely into the sample or 2 the probe may be touching the sides of the pot or container holding the material Verifying Probe Function You can check whether ot not your KD2 probe is functioning correctly by testing it in a reference media with known thermal properties When mea suring liquid media such as water or castor oil in a container take care not to let the probe touch the side of the container to avoid an erroneous reading Below is a table of various materials and their respective thermal properties 16 KD2 Operator s Manual Care and Maintenance Table 1 Thermal Properties of Reference Materials Reference oe od Water 6 Glycerin 20 0 0 286 Castor Oil 19 6 0 17 Laser Comp 12 5 0 032 polystyrene Comp 20 Spring St Saugus 10906 USA 781 233 1717 www lasercomp com Another medium that can be tested is a mixture of water and food thickener such as Hormel Thick and food thickener A mixture of 1 tsp 4 9ml of thickener to 100ml of water will yield a thermal conductivity K of 56 Wm 0018 7 where 715 the temperature of the sample To com pare your results to the factory results taken when the KD2 was shipped please refer to the Certifi cate of Quality Assurance certificate directly fol lowing the index of this manual KD2 Operator s Manual Theory 4 Theory KD2 calculates its values
10. r in the lower right corner of the LCD screen when the heater comes on an occasional low battery indication 13 KD2 Operator s Manual Care and Maintenance does not necessarily mean the battery needs replac ing ALI ve LI 1 If this screen appears continually do the following to replace the battery 1 Unscrew the two small screws on the back of the KD2 case Screws a 2 Lift the back shell off to reveal the battery 14 KD2 Operator s Manual Care and Maintenance 3 Remove the battery and replace it with the new one making sure to orient the battery the same way you removed it Caring for the Probe The KD2 sensor contains a heater and thermistor that are essential for the function of the instru ment Care should be taken to prevent bending the probe The probe itself is stainless steel so it may be cleaned with a wet cloth or sponge if it becomes dirty Troubleshooting The KD2 is a fairly robust instrument that encoun ters very few problems or failures Here is a list of possible problems and solutions 15 KD2 Operator s Manual Care and Maintenance Displaying a reading of 99 9 C accompa nied by no values for thermal properties The thermistor in the probe has failed and you will need a replacement If this occurs within the 1 year warranty contact Decagon for a warranty replacement Pooror inconsistent readings 1 The pr
11. rstandings representations or warranties of any kind express implied statutory or otherwise including but without limitation the implied warranties of mer chantability and fitness for a particular purpose not expressly set forth herein KD2 Operator s Manual Operation 2 Operation The KD2 is designed to be a simple easy to use instrument that will allow you to make quick and accurate thermal properties measurements Follow ing are some instructions on how the instrument functions Turning it On To turn on the KD2 press the left button I once The LCD display will appear showing the previous measurement taken 2L 9 1 1 n Mo Taking Measurements The KD2 measures thermal conductivity and resistivity at the same time from one measurement but can only display one reading at a time after the KD2 Operator s Manual Operation measurement is made The right IT button is used to toggle through the calculated readings after the measurement has been made To begin a measure ment press the left T button to turn on the instru ment The instrument will be in the same measurement mode as it was when it was last used thermal conductivity or thermal resistivity mode and will display the last reading taken NOTE It is important to wait for about 5 min utes between readings if the probe is left in the same location If multiple measurements of a sample
12. rties It consists of a hand held readout and a single needle sensor that can be inserted into the medium you wish to measure A reading is initiated by pressing the left button on the readout The controller waits for 30 seconds to ensure temperature stability then heats the probe for 30 seconds It then monitors the cooling rate for 30 seconds At the end of the reading the con troller computes the thermal conductivity based on the measurements made during the heating and cooling periods of the probe This data is used to calculate thermal conductivity and thermal resistiv ity Further details about the measurements and how they re made are given in chapters 2 and 3 of this guide KD2 Operator s Manual Introduction KD2 Specifications Measurement Speed 1 5 minutes Accuracy e 5 Thermal Conductivity Resistivity Certificate of Quality Assurance is located at the end of the index of this manual Power 3 0V CR2 type lithium ion battery Weight 148g 5 oz Operating Environment 20 to 60 C Range of Measurement thermal conductivity 0 02 2 R thermal resistivity 0 5 50mC w Sensor Needle length 60mm Needle diameter 1 28mm e Cable length 72cm additional lengths avail able upon request Contact Information If you need to contact Decagon for customer sup port or any other questions you can reach us by any of the following E mail us at kd2 decagon com Send u
13. s a fax at 509 332 5158 KD2 Operator s Manual Introduction e Call us at 1 800 755 2751 US and Canada only or 509 332 2756 Warranty Information The KD2 has a 30 day satisfaction guarantee and a one year warranty Seller s Liability Seller warrants new equipment of its own manufac ture against defective workmanship and materials for a period of one year from date of receipt of equipment the results of ordinary wear and tear neglect misuse accident and excessive deteriora tion due to corrosion from any cause are not to be considered a defect but Seller s liability for defec tive parts shall in no event exceed the furnishing of replacement parts FO B the factory where origi nally manufactured Material and equipment cov ered hereby which is not manufactured by Seller shall be covered only by the warranty of its manu facturer Seller shall not be liable to Buyer for loss damage or injuries to persons including death or to property or things of whatsoever kind includ ing but not without limitation loss of anticipated profits occasioned by or arising out of the installa tion operation use misuse non use repair or KD2 Operator s Manual Introduction replacement of said material and equipment or out of the use of any method or process for which the same may be employed The use of this equipment constitutes Buyer s acceptance of the terms set forth in this warranty There are no unde
14. ty To display the measurement in terms of thermal conductivity press the right II button until the thermal conductivity is displayed in Wm c watts per meter degree Celsius 2L 11 2 1 E Materials with Low Thermal Conductivity Since the KD2 only displays three digits some users may want to see a higher decimal accuracy particularly when measuring materials with a low thermal conductivity such as foams insulation materials etc To do this we recommend collect ing the data in the thermal resistivity mode and then converting the data to thermal conductivity by taking its reciprocal 10 KD2 Operator s Manual Operation Thermal Resistivity To display the measurement in terms of thermal resistivity press the right IT button until the ther mal resistivity is displayed in mC meter degrees C per watt M LT DO I uC EEE Lit If the value shown for thermal resistivity is 9 99 this indicates that your sample is out of range for the KD2 to measure Turning it off The KD2 will shut off automatically after 5 min utes of inactivity To turn it back on press the left button once How the KD2 takes measurements The KD2 s sensor needle contains both a heating element and a thermistor The controller module contains a battery a 16 bit microcontroller AD converter and power control circuitry 11 KD2 Operator s Manual
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