Internet and Data Connectivity Using Optical Fiber and RF Signal
Contents
1. Access Point Module AP One module that distributes network or Internet 33 services in a 60 sector to 200 subscribers or fewer Access Point cluster AP cluster Subscriber Module SM Two to six APs that together distribute network or Internet services to a community of 1 200 or fewer subscribers Each AP covers a 60 sector This cluster covers as much as 360 A customer premises equipment CPE device that extends network or Internet services by communication with an AP or an AP cluster Cluster Management CMM Module A module that provides power GPS timing and networking connections for an AP cluster If this CMM is connected to a Backhaul Module BH then this CMM is the central point of connectivity for the entire site BRAID BRAID is a stream cipher that the TIA Telecommunications Industry Association has standardized Standard Canopy APs and SMs use BRAID encryption to calculate the per session encryption key independently on each end of a link e provide the digital signature for authentication challenges DES Encryption Standard Canopy modules provide DES encryption DES performs a series of bit permutations substitutions and recombination operations on blocks of data DES Encryption does not affect the performance or throughput of the system AES Encryption Motorola also offers Canopy products that provide AES encryption AES uses2. Comment DS device information Current WDS Device List MAC Address Comment Select Delete A Figure 5 7 Bridge Mode setting 5 5 Bandwidth Control Bandwidth Control is a great tool to control the bandwidth of the WISP subscribers Therefore the WISP operators can offer different class of connection speeds for different subscription fees just like the ADSL service The AIRLIVE advance firmware can control the bandwidth by Interface or IP MAC AP DC E ET V D TU ampi AirMax2 Ps l 312 Subscriber B AT Ae Subscriber B UEBESH RUEHEU FERGEN EREERR LLERA ESSENS MAC Address 1 f MAC Address 00 04 8F 11 11 11 00 04 6A 88 88 88 Figure 5 8 Bandwidth Control 5 5 1 Interface Control The interface QoS controls the data rate at the WLAN and LAN interfaces Therefore all traffics are controlled the same way This type of Bandwidth Control is suitable 3l when AP is used as a Client AP in Client Mode and WISP mode So WISP can control the maximum 5 5 2 Individual IP MAC Control The AP can set the maximum data rate for each IP or MAC addresses This type of Bandwidth Control is most suitable for outdoor AP in AP or Gateway mode d AirMax2 i di FB IP1 IP2 MAC Figure 5 9 IP amp MAC Control 5 5 3 Password Settings The AIRLIVE password protection is turned off by default To enable password protection or change password just enter your username and password
3. Daffodil International University gt Internal Member Md Mirza Golam Rashed Assistant Professor Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering Daffodil International University 2 7 Internal Member Daffodil International University ii DECLARATION I hereby declare that the work presented in this Internship report titled Internet and Data Connectivity using Optical fiber and RF Signal is done by us under the supervision of Mr A K M Fazlul Haque Assistant Professor Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering Daffodil International University partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering We also declare that this project is our original work As far as our knowledge goes neither this report nor any part there has been submitted elsewhere the award of any degree or diploma Supervised by A K M Fazlul Haque Assistant Professor Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering Daffodil International University Signature Submitted by Nurul Amin ID 071 19 609 Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering Daffodil International University 00000 Signature Daffodil International University iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First I express my heartiest thanks and gratefulness to a
4. and click on Apply Change button Operation Mode System Configuration Device Status Reboot English v LAN Interface Setup 2 Saa User Name Time Settings New Password m Confirmed Password Password Settings System Management SNMP Settings Figure 5 10 Password setting 32 5 6 Canopy System Motorola Canopy Wireless system provides cost effective high speed Internet access to residential and business customers alike The Canopy family of products can help service providers deliver broadband service to local customers as well as improve the utilization of their exiting network The Canopy broadband wireless platform is highly scaleable and exhibits low susceptibility to interference requiring no elaborate frequency planning and coordination The Canopy hardware draws little power and its packaging is unobtrusive The equipment uses antennas of only moderate gain resulting in minimal requirements for aiming the units Hence installation is easy in contrast to many of the higher frequency solutions currently available Finally the built in visual feedback installation indicators allow the unit to be installed by virtually anyone Figure 4 11 illustrates how the Canopy system with its simple equipment makes it easy to build your own Internet access network 6 di DS m om Figure 5 11 Canopy Wireless System 5 6 1 Definitions of Canopy components Component Definition
5. radius A single SM is capable of a maximum effective data rate of 512 Kbps 6 3 3 Channel Plans Whether utilizing 5 2 GHz or 5 7 GHz modules frequencies should never be placed closer than 20 MHz The Canopy modules allow the operator to choose frequencies every 5 MHz This is so that in the event of co location with other equipment the operator can customize the channel layout for interoperability 6 34 RSSI RSSI is initializing for Received Signal Strength Indication RSSI is a measurement of the received radio signal strength energy integral not the quality All 802 11 cards measure 43 RSSI in dBm or mW then use a mathematical formula to covert that to the RSSI value required by 802 11 RSSI is not measured in any sort of unit as are dBi and dBm 6 3 5 Custom RF Frequency Scan Selection List Specify the frequency that the SM scans to find the Access Point The frequency band of the SM affects what channels you should select In a 2 4 GHz SM this parameter displays all available channels but has only three recommended channels selected by default In a 5 2 or 5 4 GHz SM this parameter displays only ISM frequencies In a 5 7 GHz SM this parameter displays both ISM and U NII frequencies If all the frequencies are selected that are listed in this field default selections then the SM scans for a signal on any channel If only one is selected then the SM limits the scan to that channel Since the frequencies that this p
6. 1 1 2 Objective of the present work 2 1 3 Organization of the project 2 Chapter 2 Optical Fiber Communication 2 1 Optical Fiber 3 2 2 History 3 2 2 1 First Generation 3 2 2 2 Second Generation 4 2 2 3 Third Generation 4 2 2 4 Forth Generation 4 2 3 Application 4 2 4 Technology 5 2 5 Material amp Structure of Optical Fiber 5 6 2 6 Types of Optical Fiber 6 2 6 1 Multimode Optical Fiber 6 7 2 6 2 Single Mode Optical Fiber 8 2 6 3 Special purpose Optical Fiber 8 Chapter 3 Optical Fiber Equipment amp WAN Connectivity 3 1 Optical Time Domain Reflect Meter 9 3 1 1 Use of OTDR 9 3 1 2 Operation of OTDR 9 11 Daffodil International University V 3 2 Media Converter 3 3 Splicing Machine 3 4 Splicing Method 3 4 1 Stripping 3 4 2 Cleaving 3 4 3 Fusion 3 5 Internet amp Data connectivity using Optical Fiber Chapter 4 Radio Frequency 4 1 Radio Frequency 4 2 Radio Frequency Identification 4 2 1 Modulation 4 2 2 Demodulation 4 2 3 Radio Communication 4 3 Properties of RF signal 4 4 RF Antenna 4 4 1 Omni Directional Antenna 4 4 2 Semi Directional Antenna 4 4 3 High Directional Antenna 4 5 Antenna Gain 4 6 Antenna Spectrum 4 6 ITU Band Chapter 5 RF Equipment 5 1 RF Equipment 5 2 AIRLIVE 5 2 1 AIRLIVE Features 5 2 2 Access Point Mode 5 2 3 Client Mode 5 3 4 Bridge Mode 5 4 Configuring of AIRLIVE 5 5 Bandwidth Control 5 5 1 Interface Control Daffodil International University vi 11 12 12 13 13 13 14 14 15 15 16
7. 17 17 18 18 18 19 19 19 20 20 21 21 22 22 23 23 23 24 24 25 26 26 26 27 27 27 28 28 29 31 31 31 32 5 5 2 Individual IP MAC Control 5 5 3 Password Settings 5 6 Canopy System 5 6 1 Definitions of Canopy components 5 6 2 Types of BH Application 5 6 3 Security Feature 5 7 Backhaul BH Module 5 8 Bandwidth Management Uplink Downlink with Access Point 5 9 GPS Meter Chapter 6 Site Survey and Radio Connectivity 6 1 Site Survey 6 1 1 Preparing for a Site Survey 6 1 2 Outdoor Surveys 6 2 Line of Sight LOS 6 2 1 Fresnel Loss 6 2 2 Loss Due to Foliage 6 3 Canopy Configurations 6 3 1 Point to Point System 6 3 2 Point to Multipoint System 6 3 1 Channel Plans 6 3 2 RSSI 6 3 3 Custom RF Frequency Scan Selection List 6 3 4 Color Code 6 3 5 Downlink Data 6 3 6 High Priority Uplink Percentage 6 4 Radio link Point to Point AP SM Configures 6 5 Configure Master End Chapter 7 Conclusion Reference Daffodil International University vii 32 32 33 33 34 34 35 35 37 37 38 38 39 39 40 40 40 4l 4l 4l 42 42 43 43 43 43 44 44 48 48 49 50 51 LIST OF FIGURES FIGURES Chapter 2 Figure 2 1 Structure of Optical Fiber Figure 2 2 Multimode Optical Fiber Figure2 3 Graded index fiber Figure2 4 Single mode Fiber Chapter 3 Figure 3 1 Block Diagram of OTDR Figure 3 2 Fiber Media Converter Figure 3 3 Splicing Machine Figure 3 4 Splicing Method of Optical Fiber Figure 3 5 Splicing Method of Optical
8. 2 GHz Point to Point system which has a range of two miles without the reflector kits 9 Access Points To From Base Station MV Subscriber Module gt p Computer Wireless Base Station Ethernet CATS Cable Figure 6 3 Backhaul Module of CANOPY 6 3 2 Point to Multipoint System The Canopy Point to Multipoint Cluster Management Module Subscriber Module Equipped Households Network Connection configuration is available in either the 5 2 GHz or the 5 7 GHz frequency bands Figure 6 4 Point to Multipoint system of CANOPY The 5 7 Point to Multipoint configurations can support a 5 7 SM with the reflector kit 27RD The reflector kit increases the transmit and receive gain of the SM by approximately 17 dB thereby increasing the range between the AP Module and the SM to approximately 10 miles LOS The Point to Multipoint system enables the delivery of broadband access to multiple locations from a single AP Module The figure show the point to multipoint system Therefore a Canopy Point to Multipoint configuration can be deployed in both rural and metropolitan environments A wireless AP Cluster can contain anywhere from one to six AP Modules Each AP Module can deliver up to 6 Mbps of effective data throughput with connectivity to a maximum of 200subscribers Six AP Modules in a cluster can deliver 360 degree coverage with approximately two mile 5 2GHz or ten mile 5 7GHz with a reflector
9. 765 5 785 5 805 5 750 5 770 5 790 37 5 755 5 775 5 795 5 760 5 780 5 800 5 8 Bandwidth Management Uplink Downlink with Access Point e Communications to from AP are named the uplink and downlink e Uplink Downlink bandwidth is a network operator setting Downlink uplink bandwidth is stated as a ratio Although the default ratio is 75 25 the ratio is operator configurable Many internet applications will use a large downlink and small uplink This represents normal internet data flows Applications like surveillance will need larger uplink versus downlink Low bit rate video works well in this scenario Two way video or voice services use symmetrical bandwidth A system can be configured to offer 50 50 ratios for bandwidth 5 9 GPS Meter The Global Positioning System GPS is a satellite based navigation system that allows land sea and airborne users to determine their exact location velocity and time 24 hours a day in all weather conditions anywhere in the world 24 GPS satellites 21 active 3 spare are in orbit at 10 600 miles above the earth The satellites are spaced so that from any point on earth four satellites will be above the horizon Each satellite contains a computer an atomic clock and a radio With an understanding of its own orbit and the clock the satellite continually broadcasts its changing position and time On Of
10. Contact NA Rie bewanse DCA Barisal Figure 6 5 b Power Control 5 Power Control Low for Sort distance amp Normal for high distance Figure 5 5 b Keep information in site information 6 Then start the spectrum analysis for find the low interference frequency Which frequency is the low interface select it amp select other two preceding amp following frequency of the selected frequency Figure 6 5 c 100 95 85 30 E75 70 60 55 50 45 40 dBm Figure 6 5 c Spectrum Analysis Figure 6 5 d Frequency Selection 7 Select the frequency from frequency list after spectrum analysis show figure 6 5 d 8 Change IP to 10 10 12 11 255 255 255 248 GW 10 10 12 9 Save and Reboot 5 2GHz BackHaul Timing Slave 0a 00 3e 01 2b 98 foao 255 255 255 248 ddress 10 10 11 9 E Save Changes l Undo Saved Changes Setto Factory Defaults c E 4 B Rx Figure 6 5 e Changing IP amp Subnet 9 Now have to go to client Roof with SM and face it to Alap Tower from laptop browse modem IP and have to see the status if status is REGISTERED then link is 47 UP Now to try to increase RSSI and have to try to decrease jitter with SM tuning RSSI 21200 Jitter lt 2 figure 6 5 f For short distance RSSI must be 43db 60db For long distance point to point link RSSI 60db to 65db acceptable Figure 6 5 f Link Status Distance Coverage Up to
11. antennas 21 Usages Semi directional antennas are ideally suited for short and medium range bridging In some cases semi directional antennas provide such long range coverage that they may eliminate the need for multiple access points in a building In some cases semi directional antennas have back and side lobes that if used effectively may further reduce the need for additional access points 4 4 3 Highly directional antenna Highly directional antennas emit the most narrow signal beam of any antenna type and have the greatest gain of these three groups of antennas Highly directional antennas are typically concave dish shaped devices as can be seen Figures 3 3 and 3 4 These antennas are ideal for long distance point to point wireless links Some models are referred to as parabolic dishes because they resemble small satellite dishes Others are called grid antennas due to their perforated design for resistance to wind loading Figure 4 4 Radiation pattern of a highly directional antenna Usages High gain antennas do not have a coverage area that client devices can use These are used for point to point communication links and can transmit at up to 25 miles Potential uses of highly directional antennas might be to two buildings that are miles away from each other but have no obstructions in path Additionally these antennas can be aimed directly at each other within a building in order to blast through an obstruct
12. as well The core of a conventional optical fiber is a cylinder of glass or plastic that runs along the fiber s length The core is surrounded by a medium with a lower index of refraction typically a cladding of a different glass or plastic Light traveling in the core reflects from the core cladding boundary due to total internal reflection as long as the angle between the light and the boundary is less than the critical angle As a result the fiber transmits all rays that enter the fiber with a sufficiently small angle to the fiber s axis The limiting angle is called the acceptance angle and the rays that are confined by the core cladding boundary are called guided rays The core is characterized by its diameter or cross sectional area In most cases the core s cross section should be circular but the diameter is more rigorously defined as the average of the diameters of the smallest circle that can be circumscribed about the core cladding boundary and the largest circle that can be inscribed within the core cladding boundary This allows for deviations from circularity due to manufacturing variation 1 Another commonly quoted statistic for core size is the mode field diameter This is the diameter at which the intensity of light in the fiber falls to some specified fraction of maximum usually 1 e 13 5 For single mode fiber the mode field diameter is 5 larger than the physical diameter of the core because the light pe
13. capacitor of the tuned circuit is adjustable allowing the user to change the frequencies at which it resonates The resonant frequency of a tuned circuit is given by the formula 18 1 f NTa Where fo is the frequency in hertz L is inductance in henries and C is capacitance in farads 4 3 Special properties of RF electrical signals Electrical currents that oscillate at RF have special properties not shared by direct current signals One such property is the ease with which they can ionize air creating a conductive path through it This property is exploited by high frequency units used in electric arc welding although strictly speaking these machines do not typically employ frequencies within the HF band Another special property is that RF current cannot penetrate deeply into electrical conductors but flows along the surface of conductors this is known as the skin effect Another property is the ability to appear to flow through paths that contain insulating material like the dielectric insulator of a capacitor The degree of effect of these properties depends on the frequency of the signals 4 4 RF Antennas An RF antenna is a device used to convert high frequency RF signals on a transmission line a cable or waveguide into propagated waves in the air The electrical fields emitted from antennas are called beams or lobes Antennas generally deal in the transmission and reception of radio waves and are a necessary
14. legacy 1 OBASE T network segments to more recent IOOBASE TX or 1OOBASE FX Fast Ethernet Infrastructure Figure 3 2 Fiber Media Converter 11 For example existing Half Duplex hubs can be connected to 100BASE TX Fast Ethernet network segments over 1 OOBASE FX fiber Media converters can extend the reach of the LAN over single mode fiber up to 130 kilometers with 1550 nm optics As well as conventional dual strand fiber converters with separate receive and transmit ports there are also single strand fiber converters which can extend full duplex data transmission up to 70 kilometers over one optical fiber 3 3 Splicing Machine If you want to join two lengths of optical fiber together with the least possible loss of optical power the method to choose is fusion splicing In fusion splicing the cores and claddings of the two fibers are actually melted together Because the core has a very small diameter it requires a very precise instrument to join the cores in a way that lets the most light pass through the point of joining For single mode fiber the diameter is about 1 100 of a millimeter For multimode fiber the diameter is 1 16 of a millimeter Figure 3 3 Splicing Machine The new rugged construction adds improved reliability by resisting shock dust and rain and can withstand a 30 drop test The splices a fiber in 8 10 seconds and heats a 60mm splice sleeve in 30 40 seconds for a total cycle time of only 39 45
15. power optical pulse width input sensitivity and signal integration time A longer laser pulse improves dynamic range and attenuation measurement resolution at the expense of distance resolution For example using a long pulse length it may possible to measure attenuation over a distance of more than 100 km however in this 9 case an optical event may appear to be over 1 km long A short pulse length will improve distance resolution of optical events but will also reduce measuring range and attenuation measurement resolution The apparent measurement length of an optical event is referred to as the dead zone The theoretical interaction of pulse width and dead zone can be summarized as follows Table 3 1 The theoretical interaction of pulse width Pulse length Event Dead zone nsec 0 15 m theoretically 10 nsec 1 5 m theoretically 100 nsec 15m 1 usec 150m 10 usec 1 5 km 100 usec 15 km Dead Zone Dead zone is classified in two ways Firstly an Event Dead Zone is related to a reflective discrete optical event osa l Domain Reflectometer ime os Fiber Spool Test Figure 3 1 Block Diagram of OTDR In this situation the measured dead zone will depend on a combination of the pulse length and the size of the reflection Secondly an Attenuation Dead Zone is related to a non reflective event 10 The theoretical distance measuring accuracy of an OTDR is ext
16. refraction between the core and cladding materials Cladding Acceptance cone Cladding Figure 2 2 Multimode Optical Fiber Rays that meet the boundary at a low angle are refracted from the core into the cladding and do not convey light and hence information along the fiber The critical angle determines the acceptance angle of the fiber often reported as a numerical aperture A high numerical aperture allows light to propagate down the fiber in rays both close to the axis and at various angles allowing efficient coupling of light into the fiber Index of refraction Input pulse Output pulse A ZAN rOSD Step index fiber Lhe gt Graded index fiber l1 35 m Figure2 3 Graded index fiber In graded index fiber the index of refraction in the core decreases continuously between the axis and the cladding This causes light rays to bend smoothly as they approach the cladding rather than reflecting abruptly from the core cladding boundary The resulting curved paths reduce multi path dispersion because high angle rays pass more through the lower index periphery of the core rather than the high index center This ideal index profile is very close to a parabolic relationship between the index and the distance from the axis 2 6 2 Single Mode Optical Fiber Fiber with a core diameter less than about ten times the wavelength of the propagating light cannot be modeled using geometric optics
17. site survey process the surveyor will ask many questions about a variety of topics which are covered in this chapter These questions allow the surveyor to gather as much information as possible to make an informed recommendation about what the best options are for hardware installation and configuration of a RF Connection Though a surveyor may be documenting the site survey results another individual possibly the RF design engineer may be doing the site survey analysis to determine best placement of hardware Therefore all of the results of the entire survey must be documented A proper site survey provides detailed specifications addressing coverage interference sources equipment placement power considerations and wiring requirements Furthermore the site survey documentation serves as a guide for the network design and for installing and verifying the wireless communication infrastructure 39 6 1 1 Preparing for a Site Survey The planning of a RF Connection involves collecting information and making ecisions The following is a list of the most basic questions that must be answered before the actual physical work of the site survey begins e Existing Networks e Area Usage amp Towers e Purpose amp Business Requirements e Bandwidth amp Roaming Requirements e Available Resources 6 1 2 Outdoor Surveys Outdoor site surveys will take more time effort and equipment than will indoor surveys which is another r
18. television signals Due to much lower attenuation and interference optical fiber has large advantages over existing copper wire in long distance and high demand applications Since 1990 when optical amplification systems became commercially available the telecommunications industry has laid a vast network of intercity and transoceanic fiber communication lines By 2002 an intercontinental network of 250 000 km of submarine communications cable with a capacity of 2 56 Tb s was completed and although specific network capacities are privileged information telecommunications investment reports indicate that network capacity has increased dramatically since 2004 2 4 Technology Modern fiber optic communication systems generally include an optical transmitter to convert an electrical signal into an optical signal to send into the optical fiber a cable containing bundles of multiple optical fibers that is routed through underground conduits and buildings multiple kinds of amplifiers and an optical receiver to recover the signal as an electrical signal 2 5 Material amp Structure of Optical Fiber An optical fiber consists of a core cladding and a buffer a protective outer coating in which the cladding guides the light along the core by using the method of total internal reflection The core and the cladding which has a lower refractive index are usually made of high quality silica glass although they can both be made of plastic
19. the Rijndael algorithm and 128 bit keys to establish a higher level of security than DES 5 6 2 Types of BH Application 34 Backhaul modules are available in e 2 4 GHz 5 2 GHz and 5 7 GHz frequency bands 10 and 20 Mbps data transfer rates in each of these bands The planner should select BH based on desired data handling capability desired link range and whether the BH will either operate in a network environment or be collocated with an AP or AP cluster 2 4 and 5 7 GHz BH can be used with a reflector on either or both ends In the U S A and Canada regular 5 2 GHz backhauls cannot be used with a reflector due to regulatory agency restrictions However Extended Range ER 5 2 GHz BH uses very low transmits power and are permitted with a reflector in the U S A and Canada as well as elsewhere Where this Extended Range BH is deployed reflectors on both ends are recommended 5 6 3 Security Feature Canopy systems employ the following forms of encryption for security of the wireless link e BRAID a security scheme that the cellular industry uses to authenticate wireless devices DES Data Encryption Standard an over the air link option that uses secret 56 bit keys and 8 parity bits AES Advanced Encryption Standard an extra cost over the air link option that provides extremely secure wireless connections RJ45 Connector Base Cover Base Cover Release Lever Ethernet Cable 35 Fi
20. 2 42 45 45 46 46 47 47 48 48 49 LIST OF TABLES TABLES Table 3 1 The theoretical interaction of pulse width Table 4 1 ITU Radio Frequency Table 4 2 IEEE Frequency Band Table 4 1 2 4 BH Channel Frequencies Table 4 2 5 2 BH Channel Frequencies Table 4 3 5 7 BH Channel Frequencies Daffodil International University x PAGES 10 24 25 25 36 37 37 Abstract This report presents the Internet and Data Connectivity using Optical Fiber and RF Signal especially for RANKS ITT LTD This kind of connectivity helps the whole nation or multi company to provide best quality of service to the consumer Using optical fiber it is possible to connect the clients device by means of media converter To perform this conversion some essential devices such as optical fiber media converter OTDR and splicing machine have been used Point to point connection by means of Canopy Airlive has been used for client satisfaction In this report the requirements of installation amp configuration are also described Bandwidth controlling system has also been considered to optimize the performance of the system Daffodil International University xi Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION I have completed my internship successfully in Ranks ITT Ranks ITT is the largest data network in terms of geographic coverage in Bangladesh spanning 6 Divisions and 64 Districts with 30 PoPs nationwide Operating on a single plat
21. 40 Km good performance max 45 50 Km but low performance Performance Half duplex low quality bandwidth high ping time 22 ms low data capacity 512 kbps single modem required because it connects with AP at ISP end 6 5 Configure Master End It is similar to slave end configuration 1 In master end configuration we selected the timing master 2 Put the same frequency following salve end and same color code 3 Then test the link by link test option 4 Put the ip address in same series 5 Download amp Upload efficiency minimum 97 excitable 48 Duration 2 Seconds Packet Length 1522 Bytes Start Test Figure 6 5 g Link Efficiency 6 Need to ping both Ends with load for Point to Point test Then we through traffic in our network 7 After establish point to point link both end can change the parameter remotely WINDOWS system t 1 5000 Reply from 16 14 11 es 5606 time 16ms R From 10 10 11 16 5000 tim rom 10 10 11 3 58000 ti rom 16 16 11 58 3 10 10 11 5666 7 16 16 11 s 10 10 11 Ce T Ti m m Tn 9S n m TX 99595959 S m m eos S9 MR m me 16ms 16ms MH pub ok fh ok a fh pak ak 999595595959 MR puh ak ak fk ob ak fd S959595959 S9 ak fk fk fk RR RR j FH feh ei foh pah peh m HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH MENENENENENENENENENENENENENENENENENENE al aloof wl ala p 9 m 3 m RM M MM MM MM MM MM Pre 50900 35000 from from from fron fr
22. Fiber Figure 3 6 Splicing Method of Optical Fiber Figure 3 7 Data Connectivity using optical Fiber Chapter 4 Figure 4 1 Dipole doughnut amp Omni Directional Antenna Figure 4 2 A amp B Sample amp Coverage area semi directional antennas Figure 4 3 Sample of a highly directional grid antenna Figure 4 4 Radiation pattern of a highly directional antenna Chapter 5 Figure 5 1 Air live setup Figure 5 2 Access Point Mode Figure 5 3 Clients mode Figure 5 4 Bridge Mode Of AIRLIVE Figure 5 5 IP Setup Figure 5 6 IP Setup in AIRLIVE Figure 5 7 Bridge Mode setting Figure 5 8 Bandwidth Control Figure 5 9 IP amp MAC Control Figure 5 10 Password setting Daffodil International University viii PAGES on N A 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 20 21 22 22 27 27 28 28 29 30 31 31 32 32 Figure 5 11 Canopy Wireless System Figure 5 12 Canopy BH Base Figure 5 13 GPS meter Chapter 6 Figure 6 1 Ling of Sight Figure 6 2 Fresnel zone Figure 6 3 Point to Point system CANOPY Figure 6 4 Point to Multipoint system of CANOPY Figure 6 5 Block Diagram of RF connectivity Figure 6 5 a Canopy Configuration Figure 6 5 b Power Control Figure 6 5 c Spectrum Analysis Figure 6 5 d Frequency Selection Figure 6 5 e Changing IP amp Subnet Figure 6 5 f Link Status Figure 6 5 g Link Efficiency Figure 6 5 h Point to Point test Daffodil International University ix 33 35 39 40 41 4
23. Internet and Data Connectivity Using Optical Fiber and RF Signal An Internship report presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering SUBMITTED BY Nurul Amin ID 071 19 609 SUPERVISED BY A K M Fazlul Haque Assistant Professor Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering Daffodil International University DAFFODIL INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY DHAKA BANGLADESH Daffodil International University i APPROVAL This Internship titled Internet and Data Connectivity using Optical fiber and RF Signal submitted by Nurul Amin to the Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering Daffodil International University has been accepted as satisfactory for the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering and approved as to its style and contents The presentation was held on 27 February 2011 Board of Examiners Dr Md Golam Mowla Chowdhury Professor and Head Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering Daffodil International University 0 we Chairman Dr Subrata Kumar Aditya Professor and Chairman Department of Applied Physics Dhaka University 0000000000000 cem External Member A K M Fazlul Haque Assistant Professor Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering
24. Reflect Meter OTDR is an optoelectronic instrument used to characterize an optical fiber An OTDR injects a series of optical pulses into the fiber under test It also extracts from the same end of the fiber light that is scattered Rayleigh Backscatter or reflected back from points along the fiber The strength of the return pulses is measured and integrated as a function of time and is plotted as a function of fiber length 2 3 1 1 Uses of OTDR OTDR are commonly used to characterize the loss and length of fibers as they go from initial manufacture through to cabling warehousing while wound on a drum installation and then splicing The last application of installation testing is more challenging since this can be over extremely long distances or multiple splices spaced at short distances or fibers with different optical characteristics joined together OTDR are also commonly used for fault finding on installed systems In this case reference to the installation OTDR trace is very useful to determine where changes have occurred 3 1 2 Operation of OTDR OTDR are available with a variety of fiber types and wavelengths to match common applications In general OTDR testing at longer wavelengths such as 1550 nm or 1625 nm can be used to identify fiber attenuation caused by fiber problems as opposed to the more common splice or connector losses The optical dynamic range of an OTDR is limited by a combination of optical pulse output
25. Repeater WDS Station 10Bi Integrated Patch Antenna Vertical Polarization 70 degree Horizontal and 38 Degree Vertical coverage in the forward direction Power by passive PoE 12V Adapter and injector included Slide out housing design for easy maintenance Pole Mount strap included Optional metal mount and wall mount available Interface and IP MAC Bandwidth Control Site Survey Signal Survey and Signal Strength LED indicator Clear Signal Interference Resistant Technology 26 Emergency firmware recovery mode Web HTTPS SSH Telnet managements o Figure 5 1 Air live setup 5 2 2 Access Point Mode When operating in the Access Point mode the AIR live becomes the center hub of the wireless network All wireless cards and clients connect and communicate through AIRLIVE This type of network is known as Infrastructure network Other AIRLIVE or 802 11a CPE can connect to AP mode through Client Mode Client Infrastructure AP Mode f y o Ce PC vo AirMax5 Bridge Infrastructure Eod my Figure 5 2 Access Point Mode 5 2 3 Client Mode This mode is also known as Client mode For AIRLIVE there are 2 types of Client modes Infrastructure and Ad hoc mode In Infrastructure mode the AIRLIVE acts as if it is a wireless adapter to connect with a remote Access Point Users can attach a 27 computer or a router to the LAN port o
26. The electromagnetic analysis may also be required to understand behaviors such as speckle that occur when coherent light propagates in multi mode fiber As an optical waveguide the fiber supports one or more confined transverse modes by which light can propagate along the fiber Fiber supporting only one mode is called single mode or mono mode fiber 2 Core Light source d Light ray Cladding Figure2 4 Single mode Fiber The waveguide analysis shows that the light energy in the fiber is not completely confined in the core Instead especially in single mode fibers a significant fraction of the energy in the bound mode travels in the cladding as an evanescent wave he most common type of single mode fiber has a core diameter of 8 10 micrometers and is designed for use in the near infrared The mode structure depends on the wavelength of the light used so that this fiber actually supports a small number of additional modes at visible wavelengths Multi mode fiber by comparison is manufactured with core diameters as small as 50 micrometers and as large as hundreds of micrometers 2 6 3 Special purpose Optical Fiber Some special purpose optical fiber is constructed with a non cylindrical core and or cladding layer usually with an elliptical or rectangular cross section These include polarization maintaining fiber Chapter 3 Optical Fiber Equipment amp WAN Connection 3 1 Optical Time Domain Reflect Meter Optical Time Domain
27. although mechanical RF systems do exist 4 2 Radio frequency identification Radio frequency identification RFID is a technology that uses communication via radio waves to exchange data between a reader and an electronic tag attached to an object for the purpose of identification and tracking Some tags can be read from several meters away and beyond the line of sight of the reader The application of bulk reading enables an almost parallel reading of tags Radio frequency identification involves interrogators also known as readers and tags also known as labels Most RFID tags contain at least two parts One is an integrated circuit for storing and processing information modulating and demodulating a radio frequency RF signal and other specialized functions The other is an antenna for receiving and transmitting the signal The first patent to be associated with the abbreviation RFID was granted to Charles Walton in 1983 17 4 2 1 Modulation In telecommunications modulation is the process of conveying a message signal for example a digital bit stream or an analog audio signal inside another signal that can be physically transmitted Modulation of a sine waveform is used to transform a base band message signal to a pass band signal for example a radio frequency signal RF signal In radio communications cable TV systems or the public switched telephone network for instance electrical signals can only be transferred over a limite
28. arameter offers for each of these two bands are 5 MHz apart a scan of all channels does not risk establishment of a poor quality link as in the 2 4 GHz band 6 3 6 Color Code It is a means for the Canopy System operator to segregate an individual network or neighbor Canopy networks Also color code can be used to force a subscriber module to only register to a specific access point module even though the subscriber module may be able to see multiple access point modules value of color code must be in the range of 0 254 The color code on the subscriber module and the access point module must match in order for registration to occur Color code is not a security feature The default value for this parameter is 0 on all Canopy modules 6 3 7 Downlink Data Have to choose the percentage of the aggregate throughput that is needed for the downlink i e going from the access point module to the subscriber For example if the aggregate throughput on the access point module is 6 Mbits then have to configuring this parameter for 75 will allocate 4 5 Mbits for the downlink and 1 5 Mbits for the uplink If the access point module is in a cluster with other modules then this parameter on all units must be set exactly the same The default for this parameter is 75 6 3 8 High Priority Uplink Percentage 44 High Priority Uplink Percentage describes the percentage of the uplink bandwidth that will be dedicated to low latency traffic When set
29. d pass band frequency spectrum with specific non zero lower and upper cutoff frequencies Modulating a sine wave carrier makes it possible to keep the frequency content of the transferred signal as close as possible to the centre frequency typically the carrier frequency of the pass band When coupled with demodulation this technique can be used to among other things transmit a signal through a channel which may be opaque to the base band frequency range for instance when sending a telephone signal through a fiber optic strand 4 2 2 Demodulation Demodulation is the act of extracting the original information bearing signal from a modulated carrier wave A demodulator is an electronic circuit or computer program in a software defined radio that is used to recover the information content from the modulated carrier wave These terms are traditionally used in connection with radio receivers but many other systems use many kinds of demodulators Another common one is in a modem which is a contraction of the terms modulator demodulator 4 2 3 Radio communication In order to receive radio signals an antenna must be used However since the antenna will pick up thousands of radio signals at a time a radio tuner is necessary to tune in to a particular frequency or frequency range This is typically done via a resonator in its simplest form a circuit with a capacitor and an inductor forming a tuned circuit Often the inductor or the
30. eason that planning ahead will greatly improve productivity once on site If a survey to create an outdoor RF link is being done obtain the appropriate antennas amplifiers connectors cabling and other appropriate equipment before arriving Generally the more experienced site surveying professionals do the outside site surveys because of the more complex and involved calculations and configuration scenarios that are necessary for outdoor connection 6 2 Line of Sight LOS An RF signal in space is attenuated by atmospheric and other effects as a function of the distance from the initial transmission point The further a reception point is placed from the transmission point the weaker is the received RF signal 6 Tx antenna Rx antenna loss gain free space signal TX cable loss distance Tx power receiver or amplifier transmitter or amplifier 40 Figure 6 1 Ling of Sight Free space path loss is a major determinant in Rx received signal level Rx signal level in turn is a major factor in the system operating margin fade margin which is calculated as follows System operating margin Rx signal level Rx sensitivity 6 2 1 Fresnel Loss The Fresnel Zone is a theoretical three dimensional area around the line of sight of an antenna transmission Objects that penetrate this area can cause the received signal strength of the transmitted signal to fade Out of phase reflections and absorption o
31. ement and finally checked the status of network whether it was operative In this report the overall all theoretical and technical details of the given company have been introduced and finally the problem solution of the project has been tested and verified using simulation tool 1 2 Objective of the work To provide internet and data service using optical fiber we use various devices such as media converter OTDR Splicing Machine For Clients requirement we provide wireless connectivity In wireless system we use various devices such as Canopy AIRLIVE and GPS The require installation amp configuration are describe in this report 1 4 Organization of the Report This internship report has seven chapters in total Chapter 1 reviews on the Introduction of this internship report definition of the internet and data how to provide internet and data service Chapter 2 reviews of optical fiber communication history Application of the optical fiber Material of optical fiber types of optical fiber Chapter 3 reviews Optical fiber equipment Describer and configuration of optical fiber device also show the process of data service Chapter 4 reviews of RF signal Modulation amp Demodulation types of antenna Chapter 5 review of RF equipment Describe about RF devices Chapter 6 reviews of Site survey RF connectivity In this chapter also describe how configure the radio device Chapter 7 brings out the conclusion of the e
32. enter Backbone i MSA Main Server Area i DSE MFA Dhaka Stock exchange Main Farm Area i TWSA Trade Work Station Area Figure 3 7 Data Connectivity using optical Fiber Sub Branch to Dhanmondi Pop connected by Optical Fiber Dhanmoni to Motijheel Pop is the backbone Motijheel to Clients MSA Connected By Optical fiber Cliens MSA to DSE NOC Connected by UTP Cable DSE NOC to DSE MFS connected by UTP Cable a op B 6 Foronline trading need minimum 256 kbps speed For path test first need check pop gateway than need to check head office MSA Gateway If every thing then we need to test DSE MFS Server 16 Chapter 4 Radio Frequency 4 1 Radio Frequency Radio frequency abbreviated RF rf orr f is a term that refers to alternating current AC having characteristics such that if the current is input to an antenna an electromagnetic EM field is generated suitable for wireless broadcasting and or communications These frequencies cover a significant portion of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum extending from nine kilohertz 9 kHz the lowest allocated wireless communications frequency it s within the range of human hearing to thousands of gigahertz GHz Radio frequency RF is a rate of oscillation in the range of about 30 kHz to 300 GHz which corresponds to the frequency of electrical signals normally used to produce and detect radio waves RF usually refers to electrical rather than mechanical oscillations
33. er High 3 to 30 GHz 1 to 10 cm DBS satellite Frequency WLAN Wi Fi 802 11 a 11 Extra High 30 to 300 GHz 1 to 10 mm WiMAX high Frequency resolution radar Table 4 2 IEEE Frequency Band Band Frequency Origin of name range HF 3 to 30 MHz High Frequency VHF 30 to 300 MHz Very High Frequency UHF 300 to 1000 MHz Ultra High Frequency L band 1 to 2 GHz Long wave S band 2 to 4 GHz Short wave Cband 4 to 8 GHz Compromise between S and X X band 8 to 12 GHz Used in WW II for fire control X for cross as in crosshair K band 12 to 18 GHz Kurz under K band 18 to 27 GHz German Kurz short K band 27 to 40 GHz Kurz above V band 40 to 75 GHz W band 75 to 110 GHz W follows V in the alphabet mm band 110 to 300 GHz 25 Chapter 5 RF Equipment 5 1 RF Equipment 1 Radio Device AIRLIVE Canopy 2 Reflector 3 GPS 5 2 AIRLIVE The Airlive is a wireless outdoor multi function device based on IEEE 802 11g b 2 4GHz radio technologies When installed in upright position it is rain and splash proof It features an integrated 10dBi patch antenna and passive POE to simplify the installation The built in antenna can provide up to 3km of distance depending on conditions 7 5 2 1 AIRLIVE Features 802 11g b Hi Powered Chipset 4MB Flash and 16MB SDRAM 9 wireless multi function modes Access Point Client Mode WDS Repeater WDS Bridge Universal Repeater WISP Router AP Router WISP Universal
34. f the signal result in signal cancellation An unobstructed line of sight is important but is not the only determinant of an adequate placement Even where the path has a clear line of sight obstructions such as terrain vegetation metal roofs or cars may penetrate the Fresnel zone and cause signal loss an ideal Fresnel zone Figure 6 2 Fresnel zone 6 2 2 Loss Due to Foliage The foliage of trees and plants causes additional signal loss Seasonal density moisture content of the foliage and other factors such as wind may change the amount of loss Caution should be exercised when a link is used to transmit though this type of environment 41 6 3 Canopy Configurations The Motorola Canopy Wireless Internet Platform is available in two baseline configurations Point to Point and Point to Multipoint The following sections detail these baseline configurations 6 3 1 Point to Point System The Canopy RF Platform can be configured to form a Point to Point network connection that can be used in wireless backhaul bridging and other data applications Figure 5 3 shows the point to point system can span distances up to 35 miles using the Reflector Kit The Reflector Kit also can significantly reduce external interference issues Distances of greater than 35 miles can be achieved by daisy chaining the units The Point to Point system operates at 5 7 GHz with a measurable data throughput rates of 2 Mbps Motorola also offers a 5
35. f Backlight Belt clip mount Connector for external GPS antenna Connector Connector f for USB F cable and serial for external power supply data transfer Gray scale display with backlight Setup Proninits Calendar Battery cover up Mark position compartment Figure 5 13 GPS meter If the receiver is also equipped with a display screen that shows a map the position can be shown on the map If GPS holder is moving his receiver may also be able to calculate his speed and direction of travel and give him estimated times of arrival to specified destinations Some specialized GPS receivers can also store data for use in Geographic Information System GIS and map making Chapter 6 Site Survey and Radio Connectivity 6 1 Site Survey A site survey is a task by task process by which the surveyor discovers the RF behavior coverage interference and determines proper hardware placement in a facility The site survey s primary objective is to ensure that RF signal strength as they move around their facility At the same time clients must remain connected to the host device or other mobile computing devices and their work applications Proper performance of the tasks listed in this section will ensure a quality site survey and can help achieve a seamless operating environment every time During the
36. f AIRLIVE to get network access This mode is often used by WISP on the subscriber s side 7 AP Mode Client 1 1 Client Infrastructure Infrastructure Multi User K A Single User q B B Z Pc Oc WH 9200AP Figure 5 3 Clients mode In Client Ad Hoc mode AIRLIVE can connect to other wireless adapters without access point Users can attach a computer or a router to the LAN port of AIRLIVE to get network access 5 3 4 Bridge Mode This mode is also known as WDS Pure MAC Bridge mode When configured to operate in the Wireless Distribution System WDS Mode the AIRLIVE provides bridging functions with remote LAN networks in the WDS system The system will support up to total of 8 bridges in a WDS network However each bridge can only associate with maximum of 4 other bridges in the WDS configuration This mode is best used when you want to connect LAN networks together wirelessly If you have more than 2 AP in WDS Bridges mode please remember to turn on the 802 1d Spanning Tree or STP option on to avoid network loop This mode usually delivers faster performance than infrastructure mode Figure 4 4 WDS Bridge WDS Bridge 8021dSTP Office Warehouse 28 Figure 5 4 Bridge Mode of AIRLIVE 5 4 Configuring of AIRLIVE The AIRLIVE can be managed remotely by a PC through either the wired or wireless network The default IP address of the AIRLIVE is 192 168 1 1 with a subnet mask of 255 255 255 0 This means
37. form using RAD and Cisco technology the Network offers a broad range of voice and data solutions to nationals and multinationals in a variety of industries Ranks ITT is the market leader of nation wide data communication network service with over USD 4 million investments Under a strategic infrastructure sharing agreement with Grameenphone GP Ranks ITT retails excess capacity of 1 945 km of GP Fiber Optics Network in 62 districts and operates over 30 Point of Presence PoP through out Bangladesh As a single integrated national network services are fully managed from end to end Offered on an unrivaled national scale these include business intranet and Internet solutions high performance remote access services over local fixed or dial up lines and many other Wide Area Network services As the technology leader Ranks ITT combines its carrier class technology deployment and national coverage with superior A world wide research network sharing a common addressing scheme and using the TCP IP software protocol for data transfer between hosts It is composed of many individual campuses state national and regional networks In computer science data is information in a form suitable for use with a computer Data is often distinguished from programs A program is a set of instructions that detail a task for the computer to perform First I understood the background of the core network of the company then applied to perform the problem stat
38. g of the cable using a rotary stripping tool Cut back the agamid strength member using ceramic or Kevlar scissors Strip the primary 13 buffer from the fiber using fiber strippers not ordinary wire strippers Do this a small section at a time to prevent the fiber breaking about 10mm 3 8 in on each cut is fine until you get used to it Strip back about 35mm 1 5 in 3 4 2 Cleaving The cleaver first scores the fiber and then pulls the fiber apart to make a clean break It is important that the ends are smooth and perpendicular to get a good joint this is why a hand held cleaver will not do Basically the operation consists of putting the fiber into the groove and clamping then close the lid and press the lever Figure 3 5 Splicing Method of Optical Fiber 3 4 3 The Fusion Process Once the fiber ends are prepared they are placed in the fusion splicer Press the button and the machine takes care of the rest of the fusion process automatically Figure 2 7 this on the photo where a much magnified image shows the two fiber ends The display also shows how well the cleaver does its job of producing a perfect 90 degree cut If you watch very carefully in the video you can see the X and Y alignment that takes place The splice aligns the fibers on one axis and then from another camera angle set at 90 degrees it aligns the other axis 14 Figure 3 6 Splicing Method of Optical Fiber Bearing in mind that we are dealing with tw
39. ghnut signal from an omni directional antenna radiates in a 360 degree horizontal If an antenna radiates in all directions equally forming a sphere it is called an 3pic radiator which is the theoretical reference for antennas but rather practical antennas all have some type of gain over that of an isotropic radiator 4 20 Usages Omni directional antennas are used when coverage in all directions around the horizontal axis of the antenna is required Omni directional antennas are most effective where large coverage areas are needed around a central point Omni directional antennas are commonly used for point to multipoint designs with a hub n spoke topology 4 4 2 Semi directional Antenna Semi directional antennas direct the energy from the transmitter significantly more in one particular direction rather than the uniform circular pattern that is common with the Omni directional antenna Semi directional antennas come in many different styles and shapes Some semi directional antennas types frequently used with wireless LANs are Patch Panel antennas All of these antennas are generally flat and designed for wall mounting Each type has different coverage characteristics Figure 3 6 A shows some examples of semi directional antennas Semi directional antennas often radiate in a hemispherical or cylindrical coverage pattern as can be seen in Figure 3 6 B Figure 4 2 A amp B Sample amp Coverage area semi directional
40. gure 5 12 Canopy BH Base 5 7 Backhaul BH Module The BH Module is a Point To Point radio that carries traffic to and from AP Clusters A set of Point to Point BH Modules can also be used as a low latency Ethernet bridge between any two networks or between a network and a single remote computer In the event no convenient fiber or cable connection is available for IP connectivity to an AP Cluster a set of BH Modules can be used Each BH Module 5700BHRF communicates to another BH Module using a highly directional antenna The BH Module operates with a raw data bit rate of 10 Mbps with an approximate throughput of 7 Mbps and has a maximum range of approximately 35 miles The BH uplink downlink bandwidth ratio for a single BH link is configurable by the operator i e 75 percent downlink and 25 percent uplink or 50 percent uplink and 50 percent downlink set at timing master When two BH pairs are configured back to back in a daisy chain configuration they each need to be configured for symmetrical load with 50 percent allocated for uplink and downlink Each BH Module receives its 24VDC power from a 110 power supply or the 90V 230V switching power supplies ACPSSW 01 and associated RJ45 connector The BH Module can also be connected to the CMM which will supply power to the BH Module and networking with the AP Modules at the AP Cluster 2 4 GHz Channels of Canopy Channel selections for the AP in the 2 4 GHz band depend on whether the AP is dep
41. ion 4 5 Antenna Gain An antenna element without the amplifiers and filters typically associated with it is a passive device There is no conditioning amplifying or manipulating of the signal by antenna element itself The antenna can create the effect of amplification by virtue of its physical shape Antenna amplification is the result of focusing the RF radiation into a tighter beam just as the bulb of a flashlight can be focused into a tighter beam eating a seemingly brighter light source that sends the light further The focusing of radiation measured by way of beam widths which are measured in degrees horizontal and vertical For example an omni directional antenna has a 360 degree horizontal beam width By limiting the 360 degree beam width into a more focused beam of say 30 degrees at the same power the RF waves will be radiated further 4 6 Radio Spectrum Radio spectrum refers to the part of the electromagnetic spectrum corresponding to radio frequencies that is frequencies lower than around 300 GHz or equivalently wavelengths longer than about 1 mm Different parts of the radio spectrum are used for different radio transmission technologies and applications Radio spectrum is typically government regulated in developed countries and in some cases is sold or licensed to operators of private radio transmission systems for example cellular telephone operators or broadcast television stations 23 A band is a
42. l 8 http www airlive com 9 Canopy BH_Manuallss5 2 51
43. lmighty Allah for His divine blessing makes us possible to complete this internship successfully I feel grateful to and wish my profound my indebtedness to Asst Professor A K M Fazlul Haque Department of ETE Department of ETE Daffodil International University Dhaka Deep Knowledge amp keen interest of my supervisor in the field of wireless network influenced us to carry out this project His endless patience scholarly guidance continual encouragement constant and energetic supervision constructive criticism valuable advice reading many inferior draft and correcting them at all stage have made it possible to complete this project I would like to express my heartiest gratitude to Dr Lutfur Rahman Professor and Dean Faculty of science and information technology Dr Md Golam Mowla Chowdhury Professor and Head Department of ETE for his kind help to finish our internship report and also to other faculty member and the staff of ETE department of Daffodil International University I would like to thank my entire course mate in Daffodil International University who took part in this discuss while completing the course work Finally I must acknowledge with due respect the constant support and patients of our parents Daffodil International University iv TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTENTS PAGES Board of Examiners ii Declaration iii Acknowledgements iv Abstract xi CHAPTER Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1 General Introduction
44. loyed in cluster Channel selections for the BH are not similarly limited 2 4 GHz BH and Single AP Available Channels A BH ora single 2 4 GHz AP can operate in the following channels which are separated by only 2 5 MHz increments All Frequencies in GHz Table 4 1 2 4 BH Channel Frequencies 2 4150 2 4275 2 4400 2 4525 36 2 4175 2 4300 2 4425 2 4550 2 4200 2 4325 2 4450 2 4575 2 4225 2 4350 2 4475 2 4250 2 4375 2 4500 5 2 GHz Channels Channel selections for the AP in the 5 2 GHz band depend on whether the AP is deployed in cluster Channel selections for the BH are not similarly limited 5 2 GHz BH and Single AP Available Channels A BH or a single 5 2 GHz AP can operate in the following channels which are separated by 5 MHz increments as advised in the caution above All Frequencies in GHz Table 4 2 5 2 BH Channel Frequencies 5 275 5 290 5 305 5 320 5 280 5 295 5 310 5 325 5 285 5 300 5 315 5 7 GHz Channels Channel selections for the AP in the 5 7 GHz band depend on whether the AP is deployed in cluster Channel selections for the BH are not similarly limited 5 7 GHz BH and Single AP Available U NII Channels A BH or a single 5 7 GHz AP can operate in the following U NII channels which are separated by 5 MHz increments as advised in the caution above All Frequencies in GHz Table 4 3 5 7 BH Channel Frequencies 5 745 5
45. munications system was developed 1 2 2 1 First generation This first generation system operated at a bit rate of 45 Mbps with repeater spacing of up to 10 km Soon on 22 April 1977 General Telephone and Electronics sent the first live telephone traffic through fiber optics at a 6 Mbit s throughput in Long Beach California 2 2 2 Second generation The second generation of fiber optic communication was developed for commercial use in the early 1980s operated at 1 3 um and used In GaAsP semiconductor The bit rates of up to 1 7 Gb s with repeater spacing up to 50 km 2 2 3 Third generation Third generation fiber optic systems operated at 1 55 um and had losses of about 0 2 dB km They achieved this despite earlier difficulties with pulse spreading at that wavelength using conventional In GaAsP semiconductor lasers These developments eventually allowed third generation systems to operate commercially at 2 5 Gbit s with repeater spacing in excess of 100 km 2 2 4 Fourth generation The fourth generation of fiber optic communication systems used optical amplification to reduce the need for repeaters and wavelength division multiplexing to increase data capacity Recently bit rates of up to 14 Tbit s have been reached over a single 160 km line using optical amplifiers 2 3 Applications Optical fiber is used by many telecommunications companies to transmit telephone signals Internet communication data transmission and cable
46. netrates slightly into the cladding as an evanescent wave The structure of a typical single mode fiber 1 Core 8 um diameter 2 Cladding 125 um dia 3 Buffer 250 um dia 4 Jacket 400 um dia Figure 2 1 Structure of Optical Fiber 2 6 Types of Optical Fiber Two main types of optical fiber used in optic communications include multi mode optical fibers and single mode optical fibers A multi mode optical fiber has a larger core gt 50 micrometers allowing less precise cheaper transmitters and receivers to connect to it as well as cheaper connectors The core of a single mode fiber is smaller 10 micrometers and requires more expensive components and interconnection methods but allows much longer higher performance links 2 6 1 Multi mode Optical Fiber The propagation of light through a multi mode optical fiber a laser bouncing down an acrylic rod illustrating the total internal reflection of light in a multi mode optical fiber Fiber with large core diameter may be analyzed by geometrical optics Such fiber is called multi mode fiber from the electromagnetic analysis In a step index multi mode fiber rays of light are guided along the fiber core by total internal reflection 1 Rays that meet the core cladding boundary at a high angle greater than the critical angle for this boundary are completely reflected The critical angle minimum angle for total internal reflection is determined by the difference in index of
47. ntire work Chapter 2 Optical Fiber Communication 2 1 Optical Fiber An optical fiber or optical fibre is a thin flexible transparent fiber that acts as a waveguide or light pipe to transmit light between the two ends of the fiber The field of applied science and engineering concerned with the design and application of optical fibers is known as fiber optics Optical fibers are widely used in fiber optic communications which permits transmission over longer distances and at higher bandwidths data rates than other forms of communication Fibers are used instead of metal wires because signals travel along them with less loss and are also immune to electromagnetic interference Fibers are also used for illumination and are wrapped in bundles so they can be used to carry images thus allowing viewing in tight spaces Specially designed fibers are used for a variety of other applications including sensors and fiber lasers 2 2 History In 1966 Charles K Kao and George Hockham proposed optical fibers at STC Laboratories STL at Harlow England when they showed that the losses of 1000 dB km in existing glass compared to 5 10 db km in coaxial cable was due to contaminants which could potentially be removed Optical fiber was successfully developed in 1970 by Corning Glass Works with attenuation low enough for communication purposes about 20dB km After a period of research starting from 1975 the first commercial fiber optic com
48. o very small glass rods of only 125 microns in diameter it brings it home as to how extremely accurate these machines are Once the fibers are aligned the splice fires an electric arc between the two ends which melts them immediately and pushes them together or fuses them into one piece of fiber The fusion splices then tests for dB loss and tensile strength before giving the OK beeps for you to remove the splice from the machine 3 5 Internet amp Data Connectivity Using Optical Fiber Now Present Share Business is the most popular in Bangladesh In this Business control By Dhaka Stock Exchange DSE DSE need high Speed data service for online trading Because sell or buy signal updated in nanosecond In this System DSE uses Main Frame Server In DSE up to 3000 Branch amp Sub Branch connected to DSE server directly or via head office main server DSE selected 5 Vendor for provide the data service in the branch amp sub branch For Security propose DSE provide own IP series They also provide branch amp sub branch in IP Address Example Greenland Security head office by runs 3 pc He has also other 3 sub branch IP address for head office 150 1 236 3 28 236 is the branch number 3 is the pc number IP address for sub branch 155 236 2 1 24 here 2 is the sub branch number amp is the pc number 15 Optical Fiber Motijheel To Dhanmondi DSE NOC Dhaka Stock Exchange Network Operation C
49. om fr 1 from from from fron fron from PEPR a Pad e Pe e e Pea Pd bd Pd Ee p p p pi p Poh fh ak and and and fk fk fk fh fk fk fk fk fk a fk fk 95595595995599995955 M MM M M M MM M M MM M M MR fod ok ok fo fo fo fh ak a fo ak fo fo ff fo fb fb M M MM M M M MM M M MM M MM Pe rd ddd pad red red Dd bed red ed Dd EE NE NE NE red dd dd Figure 6 5 h Point to Point test 49 Chapter 7 Conclusion In this report point to point fiber optic link install fiber device monitoring the optical fiber splicing process maintenance the OTDR have been described I have initiated the site survey Canopy AIRLIVE installation and install these at difference places in Bangladesh as an assistant Network Engineer in RANKS ITT Ltd Customer support like troubleshooting IP monitoring have also been supported by me At the NOC Network Operation Center we have monitored our whole network system and problem identification initial support to client over phone or physically and update to the responsible supervisor time to time 50 Reference 1 Optical Switching and Networking Handbook New York McGraw Hill 2 Optical_time domain_reflectometer user FXO 200 Manual 2004 3 http www datacottage com nch fiberfusion htm 4 Johnson R Jasik H ed 1984 Antenna Engineering Handbook McGraw Hill pp 27 14 5 http www motorola com canopy 6 Motorola Training Document 7 AirMax2 802 11g Outdoor CPE User s Manua
50. part of all radio equipment Antennas are used in systems such as radio and television broadcasting point to point radio communication wireless LAN cell phones radar and spacecraft communication Antennas are most commonly employed in air or outer space but can also be operated under water or even through soil and rock at certain frequencies for short distances The physical dimensions of an antenna such as its length are directly related to the frequency at which the antenna can propagate waves or receive propagated waves The physical structure of an antenna is directly related to the Shape of the area in which it concentrates most of its related RF energy 19 There are three generic categories of RF antennas 1 Omni directional 2 Semi directional 3 Highly directional Each category has multiple types of antennas each having different RF characteristics and appropriate uses 4 4 1 Omni directional Dipole Antenna The dipole is an omni directional antenna because it radiates its energy equally in all directions around its axis Dipole antenna is Simple to design dipole antenna is standard equipment on most access points Directional antennas concentrate their energy into a cone known as a beam antenna Figure 4 1 Dipole doughnut amp Omni Directional Antenna Figure shows that the dipole s radiant energy is concentrated into a region that like a doughnut with the dipole vertically through the hole of the dou
51. remely good since it is based on software and a crystal clock with an inherent accuracy of better than 0 01 OTDR excels at identifying the existence of unacceptable point loss or return loss in cables Its ability to accurately measure absolute end to end cable loss or return loss can be quite poor so cable acceptance usually includes an end to end test with a light source and power meter and optical return loss meter 3 2 Fiber Media Converter Fiber media converters are simple networking devices that make it possible to connect two dissimilar media types such as twisted pair with fiber optic cabling They were introduced to the industry nearly two decades ago and are important in interconnecting fiber optic cabling based systems with existing copper based structured cabling systems Media conversion types Fiber media converters support many different data communication protocols including Ethernet Fast Ethernet Gigabit Ethernet T1 E1 J1 DS3 E3 as well as multiple cabling types such as coax twisted pair multi mode and single mode fiber optics Simple Network Management Protocol SNMP enables proactive management of link status monitoring chassis environmental statistics and sending traps to network managers in the event of a fiber break or even link loss on the copper port Fiber media converters can connect different Local area network LAN media modifying duplex and speed settings Switching media converters can connect
52. seconds New features such as automatic tube heater operation user selectable clamping method automated monitor image orientation and battery charge capability during splice operation provide the end user a productivity tool they can count on New 12 software included provides the ability to download splice data to a PC for splice data reporting download splice operating software via the internet to maintain peak performance and download video images from the splice to enhance technical support 3 4 Splicing Method A fusion splice is a way of joining two fiber cores by melting the ends together using an electric arc A splicing machine is used because an extremely high degree of accuracy is needed the machine first has to align the cores and then apply the exact amount of heat to melt the ends before pressing them together Splicing can be carried out using a mechanical splice but these only hold the fiber ends together precisely aligned but not permanently joined 3 There are four basic steps to J fusion splicing 1 Strip backs all coatings down to the bare fibers and cleans using isopropyl alcohol 2 Cleave the fibers using a precision cleaving tool and put the heat shrink tube on to one of the ends 3 Fuse the fibers together in the fusion splice Figure 3 4 Splicing Method of Optical Fiber 4 Put the heat shrink protector on the fiber joint 3 4 1 Stripping Strip back the external sheathin
53. small section of the spectrum of radio communication frequencies in which channels are usually used or set aside for the same purpose 4 6 1 ITU The ITU radio bands are designations defined in the ITU Radio Regulations Table 3 1 states that the radio spectrum shall be subdivided into nine frequency bands which shall be designated by progressive whole numbers in accordance with the following table Table 4 1 ITU Radio Frequency Band Symbols Frequency Wavelength Range Typical sources Number Range 1 Extremely 3 to 30 Hz 10 000 to 100 000 km deeply submerged Low submarine Frequency communication 2 Super Low 30 to 300 Hz 1000 to 10 000 km submarine Frequency communication ac power grids 3 Ultra Low 300 to 3 kHz 100 to 1000 km earth quakes earth Frequency mode communication 4 Very Low 3 to 30 kHz 10 to 100 km near surface Frequency submarine communication 5 Low 30 to 300 kHz 1 to 10 km AM broadcasting Frequency aircraft beacons 6 Medium 300 to 3000 kHz 100 to 1000 m AM broadcasting Frequency aircraft beacons 7 High 3 to 30 MHz 10 to 100m Skywave long Frequency range radio communication 24 8 Very High 30 to 300 MHz to 10m FM radio broadcast Frequency television broadcast 9 Ultra High 300 to 3000 MHz 10 to 100 cm PMR television Frequency broadcast GPS mobile phone communication 10 Sup
54. the IP address of the PC should be in the range of 192 168 1 2 to 192 168 1 254 To prepare your PC for management with the AIRLIVE please do the following 1 Connect your PC directly to the LAN port on the DC Injector of AIRLIVE 2 Set your PC s IP address manually to 192 168 1 100 or other address in the same subnet Internet Protocol TCP IP Properties 2 x General You can get IP settings assigned autcmatically if pour network supports this capability Otherwise you need to ask your network administrator for the appropriate IP settings Obtain an IP address automatically IP address 192 168 1 100 Subnet mask 255 2585 2hh oO Default gateway 3 3 3 C Obtain DNS server address automatically Use the following DNS server addresses Preferred DNS server T h Alternate DNS server 3 m Figure 5 5 IP Setup We can manage your AIRLIVE by simply typing its IP address in the web browser Most functions of AIRLIVE can be accessed by web management interface To begin simply enter AIRLIVE s IP address default is 192 168 1 1 on the web browser The default username is admin and password is AIRLIVE IP Settings 29 IP Setting page can configure system IP address Default IP address is 192 168 1 20 and Subnet Mask is 255 255 255 0 You can manually input IP address setting or get an IP from a DHCP server If use DCHP to get IP address
55. this percentage of RF link bandwidth will be permanently allocated to low latency traffic regardless of the amount of this kind of traffic present 6 4 Radio link Point To Point AP SM Configures Radio links Point to Point Master and slave configure DCX Khulna N Figure 6 5 Block Diagram of RF connectivity Configure Radio Modem Connect it with PC using Cross Cable and set another IP of Modem Block default 2 169 254 1 1 in your LAN Card and browse modem IP from Internet Explorer without using proxy settings 5 2GHz BackHaul Timing Slave 0a 00 3e 01 2b 98 du Ur ee de Select Slave Clients Figure 6 5 a Canopy Configuration Select all Modulation Scheme Seta same Color Code for both end Select all frequency Channel Frame Timing Pulse Gated Password Authentication Key Using All OxFF s Key Only Used if Authentication Required Webpage Auto Update 3 Seconds 0 Disable Auto Update _ _ _ SM Power Up Mode Power up in Aim Mode With No 802 3 Link O Power up in Operational Mode _ Bridge Entry Timeout 25 Minutes Range 25 1440 Minutes Enable If SM out of sync then dont propagate the frame timing pulse BLO Diable GUYS propagate ihe ane bung pulse O Low Power Control Normal Community String Canopy Accessing Subnet 0 0 0 0 0 Trap Address 0 0 0 0 Permission v Read Only Site Name DCA Barisal Site
56. use Locator utility to find the access point later IP Address The IP address need to be unique to your network We would like to recommend you stay with default IP address 192 168 x x This is private address and should work well with your original environment IP Subnet Mask The Subnet Mask must be the same as that set on your Ethernet network Default Gateway If you have assigned a static IP address to the Access Point then enter the IP address of your network s Gateway such as a router in the Gateway field If your network does not have a Gateway then leave this field blank A A H 5 Powered by OvisLink Corp el System Configuration IP Settings Access Point System Status System Summary Obtain an IP address automatically DHCP 9 Specify an IP address 192 31es Di i20 System Configuration System Properties Administration IP Settings Wireless Network Wireless Security Wireless Advanced Settings Management Wireless Station List Backup Restore Settings Firmware Upgrade Reboot Figure 5 6 IP Setup in AIRLIVE Bridge Mode Settings For Bridge network it is required to enter the Wireless MAC address of all remote bridges that is connecting directly to your AIRLIVE The wireless MAC address is also known as BSSID that is display on your site survey result 30 CI Enable WDS MAC Address 000000000000
Download Pdf Manuals
Related Search