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1. 18 Example Map Valdosta GA Quadrangle Provided by ADC in AutoCAD Drawing Format 20 GIS KeyTM View Showing the Valdosta Airport and Geodetic Control Points 22 Map Showing the Four Intermediate zone Wells in the Intwells Symbol List 46 Posted Elevation ft Values for the Wells Selected to Build the Formation Structure M ap 53 Geologic Structure Map Showing Grid and Contour Limes 54 Example Geologic Formation Structure Map cocinas 56 Example Geologic Formation Structure Map Showing the Results of Editing a Posted Value 57 Generation of a New Grid and Contour Lines Based on the Addition of Four Contour Control PO ee 58 Structure Map Reflecting New Contour Lines Generated from Original Data Points Plus Four Contour Control Points Il III U U 59 Contour M ap of Benzene Concentration mg l Using Log QuickSurf 60 Contour Map of Benzene Concentration mg l Created Without Running Log QuickSurf 61 Contour Map Produced with Log QuickSurf When a Well MW 06A Has a Concentration NEE 63 Creating a Section Line B and B Across the Site ceras cerrar 65 Geologic Section B B Displaying Stick 66 Geologic Section B B Displaying H atch Data III T 67 GIS Key provided Soil Hatch Patterns rra 68 Geologic Section
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3. 46 Table 6 Comparison of Well Elevation vs Posted Values After the wells are selected GIS Key leaves the AutoCAD environment and displays a text based menu to guide the user through data selection These text based menus are quite similar regard less of the type of map selected GIS Key obtains a data subset based on the user menu selections and then returns to the graphical AutoCAD environment with the selected data values posted next to the sampling locations GIS Key IM does not provide any method to perform ad hoc or user defined database queries The advantage of this design is that the user does not need to know a database language such as SQL Since no special database training is required to select data from the database individuals with little computer expertise can select data subsets If an ad hoc database query is desired the open nonproprietary nature of GIS Key M makes it easy for database savvy users to implement their own queries outside of GIS Key Testing of the GIS Key M demonstration database provided the following findings GIS Key M allows more than one laboratory result for a given well and chemical combination to be within the same 47 sampling event For example benzene could have been measured in well MW 06B on four different dates in 1990 Also a sampling event could have been defined to include all of 1990 In this example four laboratory results f
4. 2 aeos oymado s de AN 19487 PINI SB yequozuopH sdey sudden degen guoqoes sujedos sdey aanjoruig sdey S3955 daten sue Joer Soe syjejdos log suoyoeg syjejdos pog sdey enekioet JajeM sde sudu M3HOS date Wid ed Rid mo pug ured O AB OM lp MeL auo opg met 500 91 94S NUS aseqeied ASDASD RUSA GvOoonmny INAO GIS Key indudes features that help the user identify erroneous or questionable data Data validation routines include graphical display of summary statistics and user alerts when QA QC results fall outside data quality objectives sample results fall outside historical ranges sample results exceed applicable regulatory standards and ionic balances fall outside data quality objectives The following is a brief description of the types of products that are available through the GIS Key software A list of GIS Key M chemical geologic and hydrologic products that GIS Key provides is shown in Table 1 1 4 1 Boring Logs GIS generates well logs and boring logs that use graphical patterns to depict soil types and details of well construction The log reproduces the field geologist s written description of soils encountered during drilling Graphic log formats can be designed to customer specifications 1 4 2 Structure Maps GIS Key H can creat
5. 12 4 GIS Utilities Menus and Dialog Boxes The current release of GIS Key includes full utilization of the dialog boxes and menu design that AutoCAD 12 has to offer For example the addition and editing of map symbols is now performed through dialog boxes instead of separate prompt driven routines for editing the location name elevation etc of each borehole The custom borehole routine discussed previously is another excellent example of the use of dialog boxes In response to client feedback the menu structure for contouring has been consolidated and simplified The user now has better control of the addition and visibility of control symbols and posted values Additional improvements have become available with the incorporation of Release 5 0 of QuickSurf see Subsection A 2 7 GISVKeyTM now supports up to 26 aliases or names for each sample location any of which can be selected for reporting purposes For example private domestic wells are often sampled and given names like DW 01 An alias category called owner can be created and tabular and graphical work products can use the site owner s name rather than DW 01 The site alias feature is particularly useful in tracking the nomenclature changes to wells at large sites In many cases wells have been repeatedly renamed to avoid duplication or suggest current hydrogeologic interpretations 124 1 2 5 Stand Alone Database Modifications The GISVKeyTM database is now
6. 126 1 3 GIS Key Features Currently Under Development 126 131 Field Module 127 1 3 2 Support of Multiple Databases 127 133 Air Module ir 127 134 Bisk E DEE 127 1 4 MEHN Ee 128 Appendix Il A Method for Determining Digitizing Accuracy GIS KeyTM en 131 LIST OF TABLES Number Page 1 AN el eee des a BOL 10 2 items Evaluated for GIN EE 15 3 Historical Ranges Cheka n 39 4 Holding Time Check EN 40 5 SS E 42 6 Comparison of Well Elevation vs Posted Values aa 47 7 AutoCAD Supported Peripherals EE 74 8 Types of Contour Mp Attias 80 9 RE EE El 84 10 Reporting Elements and Associated GIS Key Modules 97 11 Configurations and tee 98 12 Recommended and Minimum Hardware Configurations for GIS Key Release 1 1 2 99 13 Selected Processing TIME iii its 99 14 Project Data Management Costs l Year Basis aimara 108 15 GIS KeyTM System and Accessory COSS ti 111 16 GIS KeyIM Support Software test O 0 e 113 17 Labor Requirements Using GIS KeyIM Eeer EE 113 18 Labor Requirements Using the Alternative System 114 19 GIS Key Support o Pu 115 Number o y GO um P N gt gx o 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 LIST OF FIGURES Page GIS Key Database M enu Structure T T Q 6 GIS Key Graphics Menu Structure JII 8 015
7. for several fields simplifying the entry of sequential data Online help is not available during data entry Data Import Routines Electronic import routines allow the input of data in a wide range of formats A utility routine called GIS Build allows laboratory data to be downloaded into GIS Key An instruction set to guide the labs in preparing the import file for GIS Build is available from GIS Solutions The utility routine and instruction set were not evaluated Data Integrity Checks GIS Key performs some data quality checks for consistency and reasonableness as part of the data entry screens and data import routines on all key fields and selected attribute fields Third party data manage ment tools are needed to prepare data files for GIS Key import routines and for data integrity checks beyond those included with GIS Key M The system tracks the significant figures of all chemical concentrations and reporting limits Data Validation GIS Key can be used to compare QA QC laboratory results to user defined QC objectives Reports are automatically generated outlining exceptions to project data quality objectives Built in routines are available to identify chemical concentrations that fall outside historical ranges identify concentrations in excess of action levels check ionic balances and compare QC results against QC objectives for method and field blanks duplicates splits matrix spikes control samples surrogates
8. Different screens are used to enter each type of QC result These screens require different data fields depending on the type of QC information For example since laboratory control samples are not associated with any particular sample location the data entry screen does not have a field for sample location However laboratory control samples have other attributes that are used to associate them with the primary samples GIS Key requires that the user provide sufficient information to link QC results to the primary samples GIS Key performs certain QC calculations at data entry For example spike percent recoveries are calculated automatically from spike concentrations Matrix spike duplicate relative percent differ ences are also calculated upon entry of concentration information Field Measurements A standard GIS Key data entry screen is used for input of field measurements For soil and water possible entries are pH temperature organic vapor and specific conductance In addition dis solved oxygen turbidity well purging information and water removal and disposal methods with look 33 up lists can be added for water Hydrogeologic Data Entry GIS Key provides data entry screens for several categories of hydrogeologic information flow rate information fluid level information and well attributes GIS Key calculates flow rate values upon data entry For example the average flow rate and cumulative
9. chapter was very helpful in getting started with GIS Key and provides a well organized tutorial guiding the user through many of the commands necessary for generating maps well logs sections viewing the database working with map symbols and views plotting graphics and printing tables It was observed that certain portions of the documentation did not coincide with the displays generated by the software For example a figure illustrating the modify layers command page 3 13 of the User Guide did not resemble the screen display when this command was invoked There were other similar discrepancies The User Guide printed for Version 1 1 needs to be updated to reflect accurately the latest version of the software Version 1 1 2 Release notes for Version 1 1 2 were provided and did document several updates to the software but did not cover all the discrepancies that were observed The appendices were useful by providing graphics showing the GIS Key standard map symbols soil hatch patterns and well cover symbols The section on troubleshooting gave some sugges tions on how to resolve certain problems that might arise during a GISVKeyTM session The glossary served as a useful reference to the terminology found throughout the User Guide During installation and execution of the software several errors i e incorrect paths to font file locations occurred that could not be resolved by reading the User Guide The GISVKeyTM staff
10. inte grated design allows data to be entered only once Numerous data validation and error checking routines are incorporated into GISVKey1M These routines protect the integrity of databases whether site or laboratory data is being manually entered or electronically imported Every time data must be copied there is the opportunity for a transcription error GISVKeyTM data entry validation features and automated data transfers for graphics preparation effectively minimize transcription errors and associated liabilities The fully integrated design of GIS Key means that geologic hydrologic and chemical data can be viewed and evaluated collectively leading to improved data interpretation For example automated routines allow display of soils data well construction data water level data and chemical data in cross section view 128 GIS Key encourages project managers to take ownership of a project Provid ing a tool that makes it easier to produce reports on time and on budget im proves employee morale and pride in their work By implementing GIS Key on a company wide basis the format of report graphics could be quickly standardized between offices The high quality graph ics produced by GIS Key help to establish a reputation for consistent superior work GISVKeyTM provides a cost effective mechanism for peer review and or project reassignment GISVKeyTM encourages timely peer review and inter office cooperation by
11. B B Showing the Results of Changing the Hatch Scale Factor 70 Soil Isopleth Cross Section with Benzene Concentration Contours mg l mmama 71 3 Dimensional Orthographic Display of the Grid and Contour Lines Generated by NE Neon Ao O O O O O 76 LIST OF FIGURES ConTINUED Number Page 23 GIS KeyTM Map Symbols 78 24 Plot of Concentration vs Time for Benzene Toluene and Xylene Well 85 25 Plot of Benzene vs Toluene for Monitoring Well MW O6A III uQ 86 26 Plot of Toluene Concentration at Wells MW 06A and MW O7A J J 87 27 Plot of Benzene Toluene and Xylene Concentration Along a User Defined Profile 88 28 Plot Showing Toluene Concentration vs Time and Statistical Summary Results 89 29 Plot of Concentration vs Depth for Benzene Toluene and Xylene 90 30 Trilinear Piper Diagram for Well MW O6A rre errar 91 31 Hydrograph for Site M W OZA III T T QQ 92 32 Plow Rate for Site UE TN 93 33 Cumulative Plow for Site MW OZA I L a I U U KIA akakaza Q 94 34 Flux for Xylene at Site KOENEN 95 35 Project Cost With and Without GIS 108 ADC ADS ARARs ATTIC CAS CERCLA CERI CD ROM DBF DEM DLG DOS DWG DXF ESRI FIPS GIS GMS GRITS STATS ITER ITIR mg l NBS NPDES ORD OSC ABBREVIATIONS American Digital Cartography AutoCAD Develop
12. DA UONDA r3 92 6 Site gpm 1 000 0 900 0 800 0 700 MW 02A Flow Rate Bl ki i u j 0 300 0 200 0 100 10 01 89 00 00 8 5 57 N 1 07 89 12 14 89 01 20 90 02 26 90 04 05 90 05 12 90 Figure 32 Flow rate for site MW 02A 06 18 90 07 25 90 08 31 90 10 08 90 00 00 r6 Site VW 02A gol Curnulative Flow 50000 49000 40000 30000 20000 150090 5000 07 07 90 01 29 90 02 26 90 05 26 90 04 23 90 05 21 90 06 18 90 07 76 90 08 13 90 09 10 90 10 08 90 00 00 00 00 Figure 33 Cumulative flovv for site MVV 02A VZO M A 915 Je SUIJ X 103 xN 4 FE 31313 00 00 io xniz Suawos pakiw aus Ax VE MA 00 00 06 80 01 06 01 60 06 1 80 06 9 40 06 8 90 06 52 50 06 22 70 06 92 20 06 92 2720 06 62 10 06 10 0 0006 US 00 00 00002 00 092 00005 00 0S 00 007 00057 00008 Kop a 95 mined an RI FS is undertaken where the site conditions are assessed and remediation alternatives are evaluated Field investigations are conducted to assess the characteristics of the site including important surface features soils geology hydrogeology meteorology ecology and exposure pathways OSWER has defined certain critical data elements that should be included during the submittal of site characterization data These elements should help site managers thoroughly and accurately charac terize the
13. accidentally attempting to move before the first entry then GIS Key will display the second well construction screen The user can no longer see nor edit the first data entry screen Data that had been previously entered is displayed as appropriate on subsequent screens It is displayed in a contrasting color and cannot be edited For example borehole and well names x y loca tions and elevations are shown in this fashion on the database data entry screens this information is entered in the graphical AutoCAD environment when adding or modifying well locations GIS Key function key use is fairly consistent For example the lt F2 gt key provides a look up list and the lt F3 gt key skips over any optional data entry fields Pressing undefined function keys some times results in an error beep sometimes is ignored and sometimes simulates pressing the lt Enter gt key GIS Key uses the lt Escape gt key inconsistently For example after entering program code definitions the lt Escape gt key will cancel any changes after entering primary chemical data the lt Escape gt key is used to save changes and exit Default menu options are presented in the database differently than the way they are presented in the graphical environment In the graphical environment a default choice on the AutoCAD command line is displayed surrounded by brackets pressing the lt Enter gt key will select the bracketed default Howeve
14. and holding times Seven data validation fields are available to store data qualifiers reported by the lab or assigned by the user Data Queries The ability of GIS Key to query data is one of the most power ful and often used tools available to the user Data queries are prompt driven therefore knowledge of a data query language is not required The software conducts queries in such a manner that product quality and accuracy are main tained GIS Key is capable of performing both spatial and non spatial queries GIS Key spatial data retrieval capabilities are provided by AutoCAD GIS Key supplements AutoCAD spatial data selection using symbol lists which are user defined subsets of frequently used sample locations that can be grouped together and retrieved by name Contouring Contouring geology hydrology and chemistry data is carried out by QuickSurf a third party software package that is integrated with GIS Key Version 2 91 of QuickSurf was evaluated as part of this demonstration This version works well for surfaces that are continuous with respect to slope and curvature first and second derivatives but it cannot accurately represent surfaces which contain breaks or faults A number of structure maps were X V successfully constructed to test the effect of editing posted values and adding contour control points Calculations During the entry of flow rate fluid level and QC data GIS KeyTM automatically
15. expert codes The expert codes can be easily modified Milliequivalents GIS Key supplies a table of ionic milliequivalents that are used for checking ionic balances The user may edit and add to this list at any time This list is shared by all projects managed by a single GIS Key installation No users contacted indicated that they used GIS Key to check ionic balances 2 3 2 Data Entry GIS Key provides data entry screens to assist input of user data These screens are available under the GIS Key Database Menu option in the AutoCAD graphical environment or by entering the database directly from DOS Separate modules for data entry only are available The user therefore has the flexibility to have several data entry modules in use which could all provide data files to a full graphical GIS Key installation For larger projects these modules can be used to optimize capital costs No direct support is provided for double key entry The data entry modules require fewer computer resources for operation and they will run on machines that cannot support the full GIS Key product User Interface Menus Graphic Displays Overall the user interface is well organized and easy to operate It is necessary to frequently switch between GIS Key and AutoCAD menus A mouse driven menu toggle switch made this relatively easy Within the GIS Key graphics environment as well as AutoCAD functions were executed by
16. surface elevation layer were chosen The cross sections of these layers are shown in Figures 17 and 18 a a Q OLS OLU ii i OPIS v SSODL g pur g utl ur uon s 3une r OL YT z A s Ad Haas Nama Aen N dondoud FINA AVL MOLYMVd38 1 1 yous Zuttetdetp 9 8 vottzag 218301039 128 E on E E Togt Ost 170 150 130 NN EES CG L S Figure 18 Geologic section B B displaying hatch data E ER 0111 H YA ZA 011 ES Fill Clay Silty Clay Gravelly Clay Sandy Clay Silty Clay Clay Clayey Gravel Silty Gravel Gravel Sandy Gravel Gravel Sandy Gravel Sit Clayey Silt Silt Clayey Silt Sandy Silt Organic Clay Organic Silt Organic Silt Organic Clay Peat Clayey Sand Silty Sand Gravelly Sand Sand Gravelly Sand Sand Concrete K13 Aggregate AS SH Artificial Surface Bedrock Shale Figure 19 GIS Key provided soil hatch patterns 68 One drawback to the cross section display is that the section lines are not labeled or symbolized to indicate what they represent It would be helpful to the user if each section line could be plotted with a different line type or color and a legend provided to relate the symbolization to the layer it represents S
17. Identified wells flashed in a red color and a report was written to the GIS Key exchange directory i e for historical ranges the report filename was hrcheck rpt Tables 3 through 5 show examples of reports for the historical range check holding time check and action level check When the ionic balance check is invoked the user is prompted to choose the percentage difference threshold to report on If no alerts are found the system displays the message nothing to report and on the AutoCAD command line the message no user alerts found is displayed This occurred when the ionic balance check was run with a threshold of 10 percent The historical range check report see Table 3 is confusing Hyphens in front of the high histori cal range value may be misinterpreted as minus signs It is not clear if zeros indicate no data or an actual measurement of zero In the holding time check report see Table 4 each monitoring well is listed twice 38 Constituent MW 05A 01 01 90 71 43 2 108 88 3 100 41 4 1330 20 77 86290 81 5 sk 5 01 01 90 Benzen Toluene Ethylbenzene Xylene total TPH as gasoline 11 43 2 108 88 3 100 41 4 1330 20 7 86290 81 S 01 01 90 Benzene Toluene Ethylbenzene Xylene total TPH as gasoline 71 43 2 108 88 3 100 41 4 86290 81 S Mw 06B 01 01 90 Benzene Toluene Ethylbenrene TPH as gasoli
18. In general correct definition and maintenance of these codes are essential to proper functioning of GIS Key Each list or code is discussed separately below The various lists and codes may be specific to each project Chemical Names and Aliases GIS Key stores chemical information according to Chemical Abstracts Service CAS Registry Numbers CAS numbers are used in many menu prompted database queries and a look up list is available to obtain the needed CAS numbers by typing the beginning of the chemical name GIS Key allows the user to add new chemicals and alternative chemical names at any time Chemicals or materials that do not have CAS numbers can also be added to the list provided that an artificial CAS number is used GIS Key documentation provides useful guidance on the use and generation of artificial CAS numbers Several users report that a common use for these numbers is to store the tentatively identified compounds sometimes reported by laboratories Chemical name identifications and CAS numbers are shared by all projects managed by a single installation of GIS Key Action Level Codes Source References and User Alerts GIS Key supplies many lists of regulatory thresholds primarily based on Federal and California 21 28 sjutod poguos n po pue podary v 3uruous MAJA wa SID S md3iq 7 O 22 standards GIS Key includes a disclaimer
19. Key selects the maximum concentration observed for display and analysis GIS Key does not indicate that multiple results were found or which preparation fraction provided the result for display It is not possible to instruct GIS Key to select an average or minimum concentration Preparation fraction codes can be rede fined or deleted but are not propagated throughout the database Summary of Menu Prompted Database Queries GIS Key menu prompted database queries allow users with little computer expertise to retrieve and use information from the project database The menus guide the user through criteria selection with structured and ordered steps Look up lists are available as appropriate to simplify user choices GIS Key does not support ad hoc queries and no on line help is available Proper project setup and data entry are essential to ensure accurate queries It is possible to set up projects incorrectly so that certain data are not retrieved The user must understand GIS Key concepts such as program cr type preparation fraction and sampling event The user must also be aware of how GIS Key presents data when the selection criteria include multiple results for the same well Manipulation and Analysis of Spatial and Attribute Data GIS Key supports calculation of areas perimeters and lengths through standard AutoCAD commands Volume calculations are supported by QuickSurf for
20. Point GISK L44 GISK L45 Sediment Sample Cone Penetro meter Point GISK L49 GISK L50 A A User Defined User Defined Figure 23 GIS Key map symbols continued 79 Table 8 Types of Contour Maps 1 Hydrogeologic Maps Determine which way and how fast the groundwater is moving Fluid level elevation water table contour maps Fluid level elevation potentiometric surface maps Equivalent freshwater head Hydraulic conductivity Specific storage Specific yield Show elevation data hydraulic head from unconfined water beanng units where the fluid surface is in equilibrium with atmospheric pressure Show elevation data from confined water bearing units where the fluid surface is under pressure because of the presence of a confining geologic unit Fluid level elevation map which takes into account the specific gravity of both the floating product and water in a well plus the base elevation of the water bearing zone that the well intersects Show the rate of water flow through soil under a unit gradient per unit area Portray the variations in the water bearing properties of materials which comprise each water bearing zone Show the volume of water released from storage by a unit volume of saturated aquifer under a unit decline in hydraulic head Show the volume of water released from storage by an unconfined aquifer of unit area of aquifer under a unit decline in the
21. System Applicable Relevant and Appropriate Requirements Alternative Treatment Technology Information Center Chemical Abstracts Service Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act Center for Environmental Research Information Compact Disc Read Only Memory dBASE Database File Digital Elevation Model Digital Line Graph Disk Operating System AutoCAD Dravving File AutoCAD Drawing Exchange File Environmental Systen Research Institute Inc Federal Information Processing Standard Geographic Information Systems Geographic Names Information System Ground Water Information Tracking Systemy Statistics Innovative Technology Evaluation Report Informal Technical Information Report Milligrams per liter National Bureau of Standards now NIST National Institutes of Standards and Technology National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Office of Research and Development Onsite Coordinator OSWER PC QA QC RCL RCRA RD RA RI FS RMS RPM SITE SARA SQL TCL TCLP TIN TPM TSCA TSD USGS UTM VGA VISIT I ABBREVIATIONS CONTINUED Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response Personal Computer Quality Assurance Quality Control Reporting Constituent List Resource Conservation and Recovery Act Remedial Design Remedial Action Remedial Investigation Feasibility Study Root Mean Square Remedial Project Manager Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation Supe
22. a column summarizing field pH measurements may be appropriate With the GIS Key custom log routine log templates with company logos can be created in less than an hour to create presentation quality well and borehole logs Several important changes to the geology database were made to support the custom log tem plate feature Users are now allowed to enter the type diameter and depth interval of an infinite num ber of well screen sand pack and seal intervals Packers and centralizer information can be added to the database and graphically depicted in the finished logs as can equilibrium and first encountered water levels and organic vapor concentrations Three user definable fields have been added to the database that can be optionally depicted on the finished logs These borehole specific fields can be used to present field chemical analysis results such as the pH example or geotechnical test results Drilling remarks can be separated from material description calls and presented in separate columns The custom borehole routine is available as a stand alone package It is included with the pur chase of each complete copy of GIS Key 122 1 2 2 Hydrology Database Modifications A few minor changes to the hydrology database and tabular reporting routines were made in response to client feedback Feedback basically involved the inability to note unsuccessful attempts to make water level measurements More specifically consulting
23. a constituent is shown at every depth where a soil sample was taken Using QuickSurf contour lines can be added to depict the diffusion of a chemical through the soil Figure 21 shows a soil isopleth cross section for benzene concentration mg l Since the data spread was over several orders of magnitude log QuickSurf was used to construct the contour lines This procedure worked well and appeared to be a useful visualization of the diffusion of a chemical through the soil 69 opa pey ayy jo sy ness ayy a a u n s 301035 gz 2814 Oil OK 014 ofi 021 4 l m 5 a y w e 091 6 061 Aa YA 7 BLO MA 15 890 MA SS Dit 021 70 IL 160 140 58 02 58 04 SB Figure 21 Soil isopleth cross section with benzene concentration contours mg L gt Miscellaneous Graphics Procedures GIS Key provides several utility graphics procedures for the preparation of report ready graphics control of sampling site location layer display and rapid display of a particular portion of the basemap a view These elements are investigated in this subsection Title Block and Borders Any of the maps cross sections well logs or plots can be made report ready by adding a title block and border This is one of the GIS Key utility functions Figure 9 illustrates the results of adding a title block and bor
24. accuracy and quality of environmental data I Provide highly qualified professional scientists geologists and engineers for technical training and client support to enhance the efficiency of the software further Build market strengths and sustain growth so that GIS Solutions will be viable in the long term GIS Solutions products are sold to industry environmental consultants government owners operators and regulatory agencies directly and through distributors All modules are designed to address different aspects of compliance reporting and data evaluation The core product is a fully inte grated GIS and data management system which consists of chemical geologic and hydrologic modules Time and materials technical services such as software customization client site data manage ment and other requested technical support are also provided at the client s request Technical support packages such as annual software maintenance and GIS Key Mtraining are combined with each soft ware sale 119 APPENDIX I DEVELOPER S CLAIMS FOR GIS KEY SOFTWARE 1 1 Developer s Claims This appendix summarizes claims made by GIS Solutions Inc in regards to the GIS Key Environmental Data Management System The information presented herein represents the developer s point of view its inclusion in this appendix does not constitute U S Environmental Protection Agency EPA approval or endorsement 1 1 1 Introduction GIS So
25. alternative system For example the repetitiveness of the projects impacts the cost comparison The impact of this factor has not been quantified but the GIS Key system is expected to be more cost effective for highly repetitive work Similarly GIS Key should be more cost effective in reviewing different scenarios such as contour interval number of wells to include and or to include or not include grids etc 3 4 Results of Economic Analysis 3 4 1 System and Accessories This cost analysis treats the purchase prices of both the GIS Key system and the alternative system as one time costs The total cost of the GIS Key system evaluated in this analysis is 12 500 This price includes one copy each of the GIS Key Basic Version User Guide and Training Guide itemized costs are presented in Table 15 As discussed in Subsection 3 2 up to nine projects similar to the project evaluated in this analysis can be completed in 1 year using one copy of GISVKeyTM If necessary 110 Table 15 GIS Key System and Accessory Costs Item Cost GIS Key Basic Version 12 500 2 GIS Key Database 5 500 GISVKeyTM User Guide GIS Key M Training Guide Prices effective through December 31 1993 and subject to annual update thereafter Price for the first copy purchased by a given company The next five copies purchased by the company have a cost of 15 percent less and copies after the sixth a cost of 30 percent le
26. clients wanted to be able to document an attempt to collect data even when field conditions prevented a measurement from being taken Users are now allowed to record in the database that a water level measurement was attempted but that the well was obstructed or in some way blocked In addition a field was added to record the presence of a hydrocarbon sheen too small to measure These hydrology module modifications are a response to client suggestions 12 3 Chemistry Database Changes and ITIR Reporting ITIRs use four tabular reporting formats for chemical data required by the Air Force The tables combine chemical analysis results of primary results and associated QC data for ease of review GIS Solutions has developed an ITIR reporting package that has been Beta tested at NASA s Cape Canaveral site in Florida The ITIR reporting package includes a preprocessor for importing field and laboratory data files in the IRPIMS Installation Restoration Program Information Management System formats into GIS Key Following the import of data into the GIS Key Database numerous data validation and reporting options are available in addition to the ITIR reporting formats Data import and verification are performed in three phases In the first phase field sample information and IRPIMS laboratory downloads are combined and compared exception reports are generated when laboratory results are incomplete or inconsistent with work order spe
27. data integrity rules so its use can improve overall project data quality GIS Key relates data across data categories improving report and map consistency For example monitoring well measuring point elevation is entered once for each well during well construc tion data entry This single value will be used for all groundwater contour maps well logs cross sections and tables GIS Key reviews chemical laboratory QC data and generates exception reports Also sample xvi locations that provided samples which fail to meet QC objectives are indicated visually to the user 1 e they flash red This feature helps the user to avoid using suspect data in maps and reports GIS Key provides a predefined database design that can be used in other contexts This could be very beneficial to users that currently do not have a comprehensive environmental database design GIS Key provides several reference lists including a list of regulatory thresholds with refer ences and a list of chemical names aliases CAS registry numbers and test methods These tables are used internally by GIS Key but they can be used independently For example the registry numbers supplied by the chemical laboratory can be compared to the GIS Key list to verify their accuracy GIS Key produces presentation quality graphics The tables generated by GIS Key are designed to be included directly into reports The maps sections and well logs
28. evaluation was performed based on Version 2 91 of QuickSurf QuickSurf Version 5 0 is now available and includes many additional features including break lines kriging and continuous coloring of contoured data 1 2 8 Third Party Software Integration GIS Solutions works closely with other third party software vendors to integrate GIS Key TM 125 software with other specialized applications that depend on the input of reliable validated data from a site A good example of current integration efforts is reflected by the export function of chemical data to GRITS STAT the statistics module developed under contract to EPA for the evaluation of data under RCRA and CERCLA GISSolutions is working to develop export functions to other statistical packages such as GSAS from Intelligent Decisions Technology and The Monitor System from Entech Inc As mentioned in this report GIS Solutions is working closely with ESRI to integrate GIS Key TM and ArcINFO using ArcCAD Current integration efforts allow users to create work products that combine GIS Key data and ArcINFO data For example it is possible to prepare a map showing areas with sandy soil types where chemical concentrations in soil or groundwater exceed a specified level and the distance to the nearest domestic well is less than 1000 feet For advanced visualization of hydrogeologic and chemical data GIS Key currently supports various export functions to Dynamic Graphics EarthVision
29. for a single query For example benzene could have been measured in well MW 02A under both routine monitoring and the extraction test If the user selects both program types then GIS Key selects the maximum concentration observed in the two program types for display and analysis GIS Key does not indicate that multiple results were found It is not possible to instruct GIS Key to select an average or minimum concentration instead of the maximum Following the program type selection the user selects the chemical to be included A look up list is available allowing the user to select chemicals easily by typing the initial letters of the chemical name This list includes all the chemicals known to GISVKey TM No preselection of chemicals is possible 48 More than one chemical may be selected for a single query Graphs will display up to five individual chemicals maps will display the sum of up to ten chemical concentrations Preparation fraction types are typically defined as a part of new project setup After selection of the chemical as part of a menu prompted query the user is presented with a listing of all existing preparation fractions to aid selection GIS Key allows selection of multiple preparation fractions for a single query For example dissolved toluene could have been measured in a well and also analyzed for EP toxicity If the user selects both preparation fraction codes GIS
30. geology hydrology and plume development found at a site with groundwater contamination Table 10 lists these reporting elements and the GIS Key module that would be used to generate the report When a hazardous waste management unit is being closed it must meet the closure and post closure requirements found in 40 CFR 264 or 265 These requirements include monitoring groundwater if residues remain and if a release was detected from a surface impoundment semi annual reporting of the progress of the corrective action program and groundwater monitoring data All surface impoundments waste piles land treatment units and landfills receiving waste after July 26 1982 must be able to detect characterize and respond to releases of hazardous constituents to the uppermost aquifer Sections 40 CFR 264 91 through 264 100 include requirements for conducting a compliance groundwater monitoring program whenever hazardous constituents are detected General groundwater monitoring requirements 40 CFR 264 97 include provisions for a sufficient number of wells installed at appropriate locations and depths determination of background concentrations and sampling of the wells at least four times per year It is in the interest of the responsible party to collect and compile all of the site data in such a way as to make it understandable to the public and EPA The GIS Key Environmental Data Management System can greatly assist in this undertaking Topogra
31. grid and contour map was produced see Figure 15 It was not obvious how this zero value was treated Clarification should be provided to explain how zero concentrations are treated The contouring configuration file qs cfg is an ASCII file that can be edited to allow the user to have some control over the contouring algorithm Three variables weight derive and honor provide control over respectively the degree to which the contour is influenced by outlying control points whether first second or no derivatives are calculated for each point and whether local maxima and minima of the generated surface occur at the places as the input data The user should be aware of the variable values when creating contours In addition to the specific contouring elements discussed above GIS Key provides the follow ing capabilities Archiving a GRID allows grids to be removed from the basemap and stored on disk in a compressed form By archiving a grid disk space is saved and the grid can be accessed faster if its values are to be extracted when building a cross section Archiving also reduces the size of the basemap Labeling Contours elevation labels can be interactively placed on the contour lines The user has control of placement and text size Cross Section Geologic and soil isopleth cross sections can be created in GIS Key For geologic sections the lithology of individual wells and soil borings can be portrayed on the s
32. gridding and contouring the input data the DeLaunay triangulation This is a widely known and universally accepted algorithm for computing a TIN a set of adjacent non overlap ping triangles computed from irregularly spaced points with x y coordinates and z values QuickSurf constructs triangular frameworks using observed data as the vertices or nodes of the framework The contouring process interpolates between nodes in the mesh so interpolation is implicitly bounded by the data Triangular mesh systems are good at interpolating point data but generally only project beyond the data when the analyst has provided boundary conditions at dummy locations GIS Key allows for this through two means 1 adding contour control points and 2 creation of artificial boundary locations with values stored in the database The procedures for contouring chemistry and hydrology data are similar to the geology example that follows The QuickSurf algorithm works well for surfaces that have continuous slopes and curva ture but does not accurately represent surfaces that contain breaks or faults This requires the analyst to recognize such situations when interpreting the resultant contour map A geologic structure map is a contour map in which each line represents the top of a geologic formation or facies The test data set used to evaluate the procedure contained sample elevation data for a hypothetical geologic structure the Reid formation In the firs
33. in the following paragraphs Added features have been grouped into the following categories 121 Custom Boring Logs and Geology Database Modifications Hydrology Database Modifications Chemistry Database Changes and ITIR Reporting GIS Key Utilities Menus and Dialog Boxes Stand Alone Database Modifications AutoCAD Improvements Oe ADE Contouring Package Improvements Third Party Software Integration e 0 2 e e 1 2 1 Custom Boring Logs and Geology Database Modifications Users are now able to create their own custom templates for well and borehole logs easily To create a new template the user picks the Create New Template option from the geology pull down menu names the template selects the data fields to be shown in the header and body from a list and then snaps the fields into the desired locations The user is given options to control all aspects of the final appear ance of the log including text style height and width of all field and column displays text lines per foot feet per page number of remark lines and so on Users can design these templates to match the formats currently used exactly or use GIS Key to improve current designs or create custom templates for specific applications For example it may be desirable to include a column for Organic Vapor Concentra tions on a log template to be used for petroleum hydrocarbon investigations Alternatively at a site involving a release of acid a template with
34. individuals are typically more knowledgeable about site condi tions than staff computer programmers GIS Key encourages interactive data analysis Since contours and cross sections are easy to generate users are able to refine their analyses Assumptions views and queries can be modified and alternative views of the data are produced in little time GIS Key en hances the ability to perform a thorough exploration of site information The open nonproprietary nature of GIS Key and use of industry standard DBF files greatly simplify and encourage the use of third party tools to query data and produce custom made reporting formats GIS Key has a comprehensive scope it includes chemistry geology and hydrology modules The chemistry module includes review of QC parameters and checks against historical ranges The geology module includes lithology user defined formations and blow counts The hydrology module includes derived aquifer parameters such as vertical and horizontal permeability GIS Key is a turnkey environmental data management system GIS Key stores information in a unified database that provides several validity and consis tency checks To use the system users must manage and improve project data quality For example sample results must be associated with a sample location before they can be entered into GISVKeyTM Also each sample location must have a single location in X Y Z space GIS Key enforces many
35. modification This allows for the unintentional loss of the relationship between particular data and a redefined sampling event 41 Table 5 Action Level Check GIS Key Demo 3 30 92 Action Level Check Action Constituent Name Level Code Action Level Tested Conc MW O2A 10 01 90 71 43 2 Benzen ADV EPA C 1 ug 1 3 3 mg 1 71 43 2 Benzen ADV EPA NC 200 ug 1 3 3 mg 1 71 43 2 Benzen EBE CA HH 21 ug 1 3 3 mg 1 71 43 2 Benzen ISW CA DW 0 34 ug 1 3 3 mg 1 71 43 2 Benzene ISW CA NDW 21 ug l 3 3 mg 71 43 2 Benzen CLG EPA 0 ug 1 3 3 mg 1 71 43 2 Benzen 0 66 ug 1 3 3 mg 1 71 43 2 Benzen NAWQC SAL7 700 ug 1 3 3 mg 71 43 2 Benzen OP CA HH 5 9 ug 1 3 3 mg 71 43 2 Benzene PMCL CA 1 ug 1 3 3 mg 1 71 43 2 Benzen PMCL EPA 5 ug 1 3 3 mg 1 71 43 2 Benzen PROP65 CA 3 5 ug 1 3 3 mg 1 108 88 3 Toluene ADV EPA NC 1 mg 1 321 mg 1 108 88 3 Toluene AL TOX CA 100 ug 1 3 1 mg 108 88 3 Toluene CLG EPA 1 mg l 3 1 mg 1 108 88 3 Toluene PMCL EPA mg 1 3 1 mg 1 108 88 3 Toluene SMCL EPA 40 ug l 3 1 mg 1 108 88 3 Toluene SNARLS NC 340 ug 1 3 1 mg 1 100 41 4 Ethyl benzene SMCL EPA 30 ug 1 0 41 mg 1 1330 20 7 Xylene total SMCL EPA 20 ug l 0 33 mg 1 xx MW 06A 10 01 90 71 43 2 Benzen ADV EPA C 1
36. performs specific calculations average flow rate cumulative flow spike percent recoveries and matrix spike duplicate relative percent differences GIS KeyTM calculates areas perimeters and lengths using standard AutoCAD commands Volume calculations are supported through QuickSurf Advanced statistical functions are also available by exporting data to the EPA Groundwater Information Tracking System Statistics GRITS STAT program This capability of GIS KeyTM was not evaluated as part of the demonstration Products GIS KeyTM provides an effective way to produce contour maps tabular chemistry reports geology tables hydrogeologic tables geologic logs and chemistry and hydrogeology graphs Standard formats are available from the software however it can be custom tailored by GIS Solutions staff or by the user through third party software The products produced by the system are of high quality Hardware Configurations GIS KeyTM performs its functions on standard PC class systems in the DOS environment When using the recommended hardware proposed by GIS Solutions the system works more effectively Separate GIS KeyTM modules for data entry only may be used to optimize the capital costs for large projects Project Planning One real challenge at any site is associated with determining how to manage the data being generated Through proper project planning GIS KeyTM can be used to define codes and lists to categorize project data sampli
37. prefixed with the character e g the second MW 06 in the database will be stored as MW 06 Relational database and AutoCAD skills as well as good familiarity with GIS Key are needed to identify and correct such errors in the project The user may need tabular reports that are different from those supplied by GISVKeyTM Two options are available custom reports may be purchased from the GIS Key developers or the user may choose to use third party Data Management System software to run queries and generate custom reports ASCII output formats for all tables are provided to assist in the latter approach Separate GIS Key data entry modules may be purchased from GIS Solutions Inc However no native support for double key data entry is provided by GIS Key Specialized database skills and third party database software may be needed to use these techniques Ad hoc queries require specialized database management skills third party database software and a good familiarity with the GIS Key database structure For example as discussed in Subsection 4 3 5 ad hoc queries such as what is the second highest soil concentration of benzene ever found onsite cannot be directly answered using GIS Key It is possible to browse the database tables using GIS Key but manual browsing can be inefficient and error prone Third party database software can provide the ability to perform arbitrarily complex ad hoc quer
38. prompt restores the previous command Error messages are not always clear For example when attempting to process a QuickSurf file for gridding and contouring a filename with the qs extension was entered in response to a GIS Key prompt The QuickSurf software processed the data but failed to display the grid and contour layers An error message was displayed with no indication on how to solve the problem Through trial and error it was determined that the filename had to be specified without the qs extension In the example error message described above a soft error recovery was possible The program did not fatally terminate but allowed the user to respecify the filename In several instances during the evaluation process GIS Key terminated prematurely and fatally in the middle of a database query or in the generation of a contour map the error messages usually indicated a memory or page fault problem had occurred probably related to the fact that a 386 PC with only 4 Mb of RAM was being used 26 GIS Key had to be restarted however the drawing file could not be opened until it was unlocked using an AutoCAD utility function To alleviate memory problems GIS Solutions recommends a mini mum of 8 Mb of RAM User Interface Data Entry GIS Key data entry screens are text based rather than graphical and no mouse support is available User input must usually be provided in a specific order This is in contras
39. publications some were obtained from standard software testing and evaluation guidance USGS 1988 and Mosley 1993 Emphasis was placed on analyzing several proce dures and capabilities common to GIS Key chemistry geology and hydrology modules Ultimately the evaluation sought to determine how well the various procedures and capabilities associated with GIS Key performed during collection reporting and analysis of a set of site management data Table 2 is a listing of items evaluated The specific elements examined during evaluation were agreed upon by the EPA Technical Project Manager TPM and GIS Solutions prior to the evaluation Because GIS Key Software is an environmental database management system it can be used at any Superfund site The system handles both soil and groundwater contaminants but does not provide a means for managing ecological assessments or air pollutant data The GIS Key Environmental Data Management System is presently being used commercially at a number of hazardous waste and Superfund sites The software can be obtained through direct purchase from GIS Solutions The computer hardware required to operate the system efficiently is standard off the shelf equipment The vendor s claims are provided in Appendix 1 2 1 1 Key Features of the GIS Key Environmental Data Management System GIS Key Environmental Data Management System fulfills a set of needs that are often per formed by m
40. require little editing before submittal GIS Key provides a wide variety of output formats and menu selections automate output production GIS Solutions the developers of GIS Key provide excellent technical support and they operate a bulletin board to facilitate exchange of files Callers are typically put through to the system programmers so detailed and responsive help is available to solve any problem GIS Key uses industry standard file formats for data storage DXF DWG and DBF Knowl edgeable users can readily exchange GIS Key data with other applications Third party graphics tools can be used to modify or enhance GIS Key graphic output GIS Key uses AutoCAD for its graphic capabilities AutoCAD provides very powerful and complete graphic editing capabilities AutoCAD graphics are well suited to the scientific and engineering environment in which GIS Key is typically used Many potential users of GIS Key are already familiar with AutoCAD thus reducing training costs Overall GIS Key is very efficient Many predefined routines and queries are included For example a well log can be produced from the GIS Key database with selection of a few menu options xvil GIS Key automatically performs the tedious data retrieval and standard log preparation steps GIS Key eliminates much duplication of effort For example borehole lithology must be entered only once these data will be reused for
41. software For advanced visualization on a PC platform export routines to Entec Inc SURPAC software are currently being developed In the area of groundwater modeling GIS Key M has developed pre and post processors to the USGS flow model MODFLOW These processors allow the user to define variable length grid arrays on the basemap graphically define MODFLOW input parameters and when the modeling run is completed graphically present the modeling ouput on the basemap GJS Solutions is currently investigating the integration of other flow and transport models into GIS Key TM 12 9 Data Security The GIS Key software includes password protection to prevent unauthorized edits 13 GIS Key Features Currently Under Development In addition to the improvements listed above that have been added since the release of the GISVKeyTM version used for this evaluation GIS Solutions is actively working on other modules Brief descriptions follow 126 1 3 1 Field Module The GIS Key field module will allow project managers to create field sampling instructions from the GIS Key database and transfer these instructions in electronic form to a pen based computer ruggedized for field use The pen based computer will record all field activities and prepare sample bottle labels and chain of custody forms In addition it will create field activity summary files in a format suitable for direct import into GIS Key or for use with the GIS Build util
42. summarized information on innovative treatment technolo gies The system operator can be reached at 301 670 6294 The Vendor Information System for Innovative Treatment Technologies Hotline 800 245 4505 database contains information on 154 technologies offered by 97 developers The OSWER CLU IN electronic bulletin board contains information on the status of SITE technology demonstrations The system operator can be reached at 301 585 8368 Technical reports can be obtained by contacting the Center for Environmental Research Informa tion CERI 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati Ohio 45268 at 513 569 7562 SECTION 2 SOFTWARE APPLICATION ANALYSISAND EFFECTIVENESS 2 1 Background GIS Key is an environmental data management system that consists of custom developed software that integrates several commercial off the shelf products AutoCAD FoxBASE and QuickSurf This system which is compatible with 386 and 486 personal computers DOS facilitates the collection reporting and analysis of site management data Digital map data is imported into GIS Key This data can be made up of USGS 7 5 minute quadrangle digital data and site specific i e RCRA facilities and CERCLA site digital data With GIS Key users add graphic points representing wells borings and sampling locations on to the basemap along with the pertinent chemical geologic or hydrologic information Geologic cross sections boring logs potentiom
43. supplying a convenient platform for modem transfer of project data between offices In an industry where the average length of employment at any one office is less than 3 years GIS Key provides a data management bridge between one project manager and the next 129 APPENDIX II A METHOD FOR DETERMINING DIGITIZING ACCURACY WITHIN GIS KEY 1 A hard copy basemap of the Valdosta Georgia quadrangle 1 24 000 scale was obtained from the USGS 2 A view was created in GIS corresponding to a region in the vicinity of the Valdosta airport see Figure 5 3 Four control points of knovvn latitude longitude vvere marked on the hard copy map Their latitude longitude coordinates were converted to Georgia West state plane coordinates feet using map coordinate transformation procedures in an external software system ARC INFO GIS 4 The portion of the hard copy map corresponding to the Valdosta airport view was placed on the digitizer and the AutoCAD tablet command was invoked in its calibration mode The four control points were digitized and their x y coordi nates keyed in 5 The tablet calibration mode supports three transformation types orthogonal affine and projective The affine transformation was chosen since it provides an arbitrary linear transformation in two dimensions independent of x and y scaling rotation and skewing The RMS error associated with this transforma tion as computed by AutoCAD was 2 6 feet Given the di
44. these titles are named according to GIS Key conventions After creation the title and legend information can be easily edited by a skilled AutoCAD user A very wide range of character font functions are supported by AutoCAD Third party AutoCAD fonts are available but are seldom needed by GIS Key users Text size and position can be modified in numerous ways using standard AutoCAD commands It provides the capability to store often used entities in blocks that can be easily imported and modified Assignment of style characteris tics and batch patterns is very flexible and straightforward Display and Product Generation Through AutoCAD GIS Key can generate displays on graphic terminals digital plotters inkjet printers color ribbon printers matrix printers laser printers electrostatic printers character printers and film recorders Output from GIS KeyTM can be directed to any of the AutoCAD supported video displays and plotters Table 7 provides a list of these devices The capability to generate maps via copy of the display screen is supported by GIS Key using the MSLIDE command within AutoCAD Through the AutoCAD plot function standard A E size plots can be generated In addition custom sizes larger than the maximum size supported by the output display device can also be specified 73 Table 7 AutoCAD Supported Peripherals Video Displays Protected mode ADI version 4 2 and previous Real mode ADI v
45. water table level Help to evaluate the direction of ground water flow and the energy gradient under which it is flowing Essentially a density corrected water elevation map GIS Key stores vertical and horizontal conductivity data for up to five water bearing zones Necessary parameter for computing ground water flow rates which is important since groundwater velocity exerts a major control on plume shape Graphically shows the variations in potential water release for each defined water bearing zone Commonly referred to as the amount of water that can be drained from a soil by gravity Chemical Concentration Zsopleths Plan view isopleths Section view isopleths Portray areas of equal concentration for one or more chemicals Show chemical concentration in either soil or water samples For visualizing the diffusion of a chemical through soil 80 If the chemical concentration ranges over several orders of magnitude log transformed isopleths can be generated Isopleth maps can be generated in both plan and section view Figure 14 is an example plan view log transformed isoplet map for benzene concentration in water Created only for soil samples Table 8 Types of Contour Maps continued Structure Contour maps in which each line represents AAA AAA can produce these Elevation Maps the elevation of the top of a geologic material maps based on the selection of one or fac
46. were responsive in addressing these errors through telephone support In addition GIS Solutions operates an electronic bulletin board which was used to download several software modules i e the lab data module which is used to assist in loading laboratory data in electronic format 2 4 References Guptill Stephen C 1988 A Process for Evaluating Geographic Information Systems U S Geological Survey Open File Report pages 88 through 105 Mosley Daniel J 1993 The Handbook of MIS Application Software Testing Methods Techniques and Tools for Assuring Quality Through Testing Prentice Hall XXVIII 106 SECTION 3 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS The primary purpose of this economic analysis is to evaluate the costs associated with using GISVKeyTM to manage environmental data This section discusses conclusions of the economic analysis basis of the analysis issues and assumptions and results of the analysis The economic analysis is based on the results of a SITE evaluation of the GISVKeyTM system and on comments provided by individuals who work with the GIS Key system on a regular basis All costs used in this analysis were as of July 1993 The assumptions made to arrive at various cost components are detailed within this section thereby allowing variations to be made to develop costs to conform with a specific situation 3 1 Conclusions of Economic Analysis This analysis presents the estimated cost of using the GIS Key system to m
47. 40 seconds 14 seconds Swap out to database I s 2 seconds Plot 19 Mb drawing 14 minutes 1 minute 28 seconds A 1 minute 22 seconds NA Not available 99 which was satisfactory but lacked sufficient resolution to display readable text when zoomed out The 17 1024 x 768 256 color monitor provided a much better display A standard 101 keyboard and Logitech mouse were also considered satisfactory Initially the mouse was used as the pointing device in GISVKeyTM Later the Summagraphics tablet and cursor were substituted for the mouse This change was easily accomplished by substituting the proper digitizer driver in AutoCAD A 300 Mb internal Seagate hard drive proved satisfactory for the evaluation but may be inad equate for projects with large data requirements Tape backup is recommended to avoid data loss due to hard disk failure A CD ROM reader would be useful since many digital data sets are now being released on this medium Hard copy can be output by GISVKeyTM to a variety of devices which are supported by AutoCAD see Table 7 A Hewlett Packard Paintjet plotter proved to be quite satisfactory for making 8 5 x 11 inch plots In addition to the plotters listed in Table 7 Postscript files can also be created by AutoCAD through the psout command This function was tested and worked well output was sent to an Apple Laserwriter H printer 2 3 9 System Training and Support Two levels of training are availa
48. Dial xii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The GIS Key Environmental Data Management System was selected for SITE Program testing to assess its ability to provide useful and effective information to aid in site investigations and remedial activities GIS Key is an integrated system for the management of chemical geologic and hydrologic data developed by GIS Solutions Inc of Concord California During the evaluation emphasis was placed on evaluating the system s performance with respect to ease of use system requirements person nel requirements data entry and database creating procedures data integrity procedures and electronic data exchange capabilities This SITE project is a departure from the normal type of evaluation in that it involves a data management system not a hardware system Two Visitor s Days were held in San Francisco and in Washington DC During each Visitor s Day the software was demonstrated and third party vendors explained and demonstrated how their software related to GIS Key This environmental data management system has been used at a number of sites including NASA s Moffett Field and King Samosa AFB Alaska The evaluation found that GIS Key is an effective way to prepare the wide variety of maps graphs tables sections and logs required at a typical hazardous waste site These products were gener ated with relative ease Because of the open architecture of GIS Key and its use of commercial
49. E ili L ST OF TABLES tte WA AA AAA a aka aputaq dan vii LIST Oi en VIII ABBREVIATIONS u uyu 2202 a a hayk Maysa a a a X ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ed xi EXECUTIVE SUM MARY u unu AA A Ae xii 1 ITOUCH li 70 1 11 Background EE 1 12 Brief Description of Program and Reports 25 2 13 Purpose of the ul 4 1 4 Technology Description in acia 4 141 RE E 9 142 Structur Maps aasan asas EAN ER 9 143 Geologic Cross Sections vic Ee det eater 9 144 lsopleth Maps III 9 1 4 5 Chemistry and Hydrology Graph emana 10 14 6 Reports scr 11 1 5 Key 11 2 Software Application Analysis and Effectiveness im 13 21 Ghd AAA AAA 13 211 Key Features of the 615 KeyTM Environmental Data Management System 14 22 Methodology uu III ee 16 2 2 1 Test D ata Set HELLEGE 17 23 E Results 17 2 31 New Project Setup JII IIIQ N III II aa 17 23 2 Data Entry e deele AU 25 2 33 Data Checks QA QC Analysis Updates and Edits T 38 234 Data Processing minima 44 2 3 5 Graphical Procedures 50 236 Products AAA 77 2 3 7 Software Products vs Reporting Requirements sms 83 2 3 8 Hardware Considerations mmm 96 2 3 9 System Training and Support cin ras 100 2 4 Retro 106 TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTINUED 3 EconomicAnalysis sssmmemm
50. EPA 540 R 94 505 Office of Research and March 1994 Development Washington DC 20460 United States Environmental Protection Agency SEPA GiS Key l Environmental Data Management System Innovative Technology Evaluation Report 015 Key e 3rd Pa a F g Output Output SUPERFUND INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY EVALUATI ON EPA 540 R 94 505 March 1994 GIS Key Environmental Data Management System INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION REPORT Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory Office of Research and Development U S Environmental Protection Agency Cincinnati Ohio 45268 ES Printed on Recycled Paper NOTICE The information in this document has been prepared for the U S Environmental Protection Agency s EPA Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation SITE Program under Contract No 68 C0 0048 This document has been subjected to EPA s peer and administrative reviews and has been approved for publication as an EPA document Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute an endorsement or recommendation for use FOREWORD The Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation SITE Program was authorized by the Super fund Amendments and Reauthorization Act SARA of 1986 The program is administered by the EPA Office of Research and Development ORD The purpose of the SITE Program is to accelerate the devel opment and use of innovative cleanup technologies applicable to Superfund a
51. FO The exchange of spatial data between the two systems was accomplished using standard AutoCAD and ARC INFO functions to import and export DXF files A DXF file constructed within GIS Key containing only well data was imported by ARC INFO without error The file was exported out of ARC INFO as a DXF file and read in by AutoCAD without error 36 To take advantage of the full capabilities of 6191 and ARC INFO the attributes i e geology chemistry hydrology data associated with the well locations must also be exchanged This is not a straightforward procedure within the current version of GIS Key The user would have to export the non spatial data in the GIS Key DBF files into a flat text file load the text files into an INFO table and then join the INFO table to the spatial entities The attribute item DXF TEXT is imported into ARC INFO from the AutoCAD DXF file and can be used to join the INFO table non spatial data to the spatial data GIS Key provides an optional program called LABDATA EXE that is designed to prepare electronic laboratory data for import into GIS Key A simplified flat file structure is available to laboratories to supply data The GIS Key user would take the file from the laboratory add additional information not provided to the laboratory such as sample location and then use this GIS Key program This program checks the single file for internal consistency and accuracy before it pr
52. ISK L03 Municipal Well GISK L08 Intermediate Monitoring Well GISK L13 Intermediate Extraction Well GISK LI8 Intermediate Injection Well GISK L23 Shallow Piezometer GISK L28 O Shallow Lysimeter GISK L04 Process VVater Sompie Point GISK L09 oe Deep Monitoring Well GISK L14 Deep Extraction Well GISK L19 Deep Injection Wel GISK L24 Intermediate Piezometer GISK L29 O Intermediote Lysimeter Figure 23 GIS Key map symbols 78 GISK L05 NPDES Surf Water Discharge Point GISK L10 Multiple Zone Monitoring Well GISK L15 Multiple Zone Extraction Well GISK L20 Multiple Zone Injection Well GISK L25 Deep Piezometer GISK L30 Deep Lysimeter GIS KEY MAP SYMBOLS GISK L31 User Defined Lysimeter GISK L36 x Dry Natural Gas Well GISK L41 m Process Vapor Sample GISK L46 Ale UN Ghost Well Boring GISK L51 A User Defined GISK L32 O User Defined Lysimeter GISK L37 Y Natural Gas Well GISK L42 Soil Boring GISK L47 A Survey Point GISK L52 A User Defined GISK L33 V Vapor Well GISK L38 V Vapor Probe Point Sample GISK L43 Surface Soil Sample GISK L48 A User Defined GISK L53 A User Defined GISK L34 GISK L35 e x Vapor Vapor Extraction Well Injection Well GISK L39 GISK L40 A Kg Ambient Air Air Discharge Sample
53. MW 01A A 10 01 90 01 01 1 1 8 1 7 4 10 01 90 01 01 1 1 8 es 7 MW 04B A 10 01 90 01 01 St 1 8 1 7 MW 04B A 10 01 90 01 01 1 1 8 el 7 MW O5A A 10 01 90 013011 1 1 8 ml 7 MW 05A A 10 01 90 01 01 1 1 8 Sch 7 05 10 01 90 01 01 1 1 8 l 7 MW 05B A 10 01 90 01 01 1 1 8 1 7 MW 06A A 10 01 90 01 01 ei 1 8 1 7 MW 06A A 10 01 90 01 0 1 1 8 7 MW 06B A 10 01 90 01 01 1 1 xi 7 MW 06B A 10 01 90 01 01 Sl 8 1 7 MW O7A A 10 02 90 01 01 i 1 11 1 11 MW O7A A 10 02 90 01 01 St 11 St 11 MW 07B A 10 02 90 01 01 i 1 22 1 21 MW 07B A 10 02 90 01 01 L 1 22 El 21 MW 08A A 10 02 90 01 01 Sch 1 22 la 18 MW 08A A 10 02 90 01 01 e ER 1 18 MW 09A A 10 02 90 01 0 1 22 17 MW 09A A 10 02 90 01 0 1 22 17 MW 10A A 10 02 90 01 01 sch 1 22 17 MW 10A A 10 02 90 01 01 1 1 22 1 17 MW 11A A 10 02 90 01301 22 17 MW 11A A 10 02 90 01 01 1 22 17 MW 12A A 10 02 90 01 01 1 d 22 z l 21 MW 12A A 10 02 90 01 01 1 22 1 21 40 and negative values and zeros need to be explained A legend needs to be provided to explain the time held days columns i e C gt E time from sample collection to extraction The action level check report see Table 5 is straightforward except that the units are not consistent between action levels and tested concentrations GIS KeyTM has the capability to compare QA QC laboratory results to user defined QC objec tives GIS KeyTM can prepare exception reports an
54. NO 3 sjurod mo uo moj JO UOHIPPY ay UO p seq s uyi MOJUO pue Mau e yo Tt m3iq 58 nynas 21310814 no uo moj snyd sjujod ejep wos 8 Sun y r dew m ni s 21 gyujod 1 AZ 5 H383S RHOI OE To x IM at es 25 p m 0 a 1 GE ch AF Lot la 2 za x gong N Loqo 334 E b NKV HOLY Y das QO Y ea At Apes l 129 N 2 23 20 45 ed r y0 3 ve 20 DEI ar 8 0 4 a z K 5 Jinsi mo 30 Zuten 8 uonenu suo u zu q dew mojuo Et am8ry 2010 YIMIS 15 OL oct i 1 1 19720 1 i 1 60 ymspmg 30 Suruuni Jnoult 1y2u1 uonenu suos 00 N ss RAGIS OL u zu q yo dew mo uo pI am 314 61 The GIS Key User Guide warns against having zero concentration values in the data passed to log contouring To test the behavior of log contouring when a zero value occurs the original value at MW 06A 125 mg l was changed to 0 and log contouring was run There were no warnings issued during the processing and a
55. Reporting Constituent Lists are used to deter mine which chemical results should be tabulated This allows user defined groups of chemicals to be easily selected Units of measurement can be specified GIS Key automatically performs any necessary unit conversions 81 Although the variety of tabular formats is fairly large many users expressed the need for addi tional selection criteria and greater flexibility in table presentation Many users reported that they needed to use third party database tools to perform such complex queries and to design their own report format The chemistry data tables supported by GIS Key include the following Sample Summary Sample Detail Holding Times Blanks Matrix Spikes Control Samples Duplicates z Surrogates Splits Action Level Summary Reporting Limit Summary Field Measurements purge vvater recovery Geology Tables Well construction and borehole summary tables can be prepared using GIS Key menu com mands Format flexibility is similar to the chemistry tables Many users reported that they used third party database tools to design their own report format Hydrogeologic Tables A flow data and a fluid level table design is available as output from GIS Key Options available include the following Inclusion of floater thickness and equivalent freshvvater head Sort by date or by site Date interval Units of measureme
56. The default GIS Key value to represent no data is 9999 This no data value was posted when the default was chosen Figure 8 shows the grid and contour lines for a geologic structure map produced from the posted elevation values Editing a posted value changes the data in the contourtmp file this is an ASCII file which contains the data points to be contoured In order for this changed data to be reflected in the contour map the update contour file procedure which is part of the maps structure menu must be invoked This procedure transfers the data in contourtmp to contour qs which is read by the contouring software It is important to note that editing posted values does not change the original database only the contourtmp file is modified GIS Key provides a command called Add Audit Trail that allows users to add comments and rationale to the text file containing contour data Users will need to rename and manage these files should they wish to maintain a permanent record of edited values the audit trail is not stored in the GIS Key database The save data file command on the maps structure menu allows the user to save the contents of the contourtmp file under a different file name The contour tmp file used to build the structure map for this example was saved in a file called struct dat GIS Key prompts the user to specify whether the data is for a map or graph and in which subdirectory Chem Geo Hydro the file shoul
57. agraphics MicroGrid Tablet series II or later GIS Key uses the AutoCAD point command command line input or item selection from the contour menu to produce a 3 D orthographic view of a gridded surface created by QuickSurf see Figure 22 GIS Key provides no direct capability to produce a two point perspective view The AutoCAD DVIEW command provides the capability to specify a camera and target position to view objects in 3 D perspective GIS Key allows users to add interactively a map border and title block to any of the generated maps cross sections logs or plots In addition the user has control over which layers to display symbol ization and placement of points lines and areas text font and size map scale and north arrow AutoCAD provides many interactive commands to control the display and layout of the spatial data Figure 22 3 dimensional orthographic display of the grid and contour lines generated by QuickSurf GIS Key provides no capabilities to specify the location size scale and orientation of multiple view ports on a single display The AutoCAD view ports command allows for the designation of non overlapping multiple view ports on the display screen GIS Key displays point Oe wells line Oe streams roads contours and polygon Oe lake building outline data GIS KeyTM can display many map elements neat lines grid lines tick marks in a latitude longitude state plane or Universal T
58. alternative scenario data is manually entered into the database which is used to sort the data and prepare tables The data can be exported to the spreadsheet which is used to manipulate the data and create graphs Maps and figures describing site geology and hydrology are prepared manually using the drafting package It is estimated that the project evaluated in this analysis requires the use of the drafting package the spreadsheet and the database for 416 hours 34 hours and 130 hours respectively As a result using the assumptions employed in the GIS Key scenario this analysis indicates that four projects of this magnitude can be completed in 1 year using one copy each of the three software packages Five to nine projects can be completed in 1 year if a second copy of the drafting package is purchased The overall costs for both scenarios are broken down into four categories 1 system and accesso ries 2 hardware and support software 3 labor and 4 training and maintenance The four cost catego ries examined as they apply to the GIS Key system and the alternative system are discussed individu ally in Subsections 3 4 1 through 3 4 4 3 3 Issues and Assumptions Certain differences between the GIS Key system and the alternative system cannot be effec tively compared on a cost basis For example the GIS Key data entry routines check the validity of 109 data as it is entered GIS Key M may detect errors that wo
59. anage environmen tal data The estimated cost of using the GISVKeyTM system is compared to the estimated cost of complet ing the same project using an alternative system consisting of three independent pieces of software a spreadsheet a database and a computer drafting package Table 14 presents per project costs for use of GIS Key and alternative systems for one to nine projects per year As shown in Table 14 the cost effectiveness of the GISVKeyTM system is strongly influenced by the number of projects for which it is used The relationship between the number of projects completed in 1 year and the cost per project is presented as a graph in Figure 35 When a time period of 1 year is evaluated the GIS Key system is more cost effective than the alternative system when two or more projects of this magnitude are conducted If the GIS Key system was evaluated for smaller projects more projects would be required to make the system cost effective For this cost analysis all projects are assumed to be of the same magnitude as the project evalu ated in this analysis The project evaluated in this analysis uses geology hydrology and contaminant concentration data for 40 wells and 4 sampling events The project includes data entry and preparation of well logs contour maps cross sections time series plots concentration versus distance plots concentra 107 Table 14 Project Data Management Costs 1 Year Basis Number o
60. annot be created for these example wells Ac ceptable well naming conditions are discussed in the User Guide Chemical Data Entry GIS Key provides data entry screens for several categories of chemical information These categories include the following Primarv Results Laboratory results from the analysis of field samples Primary results are used to characterize site conditions QC Results Laboratory results from the analysis of blanks control standards duplicates spikes and surrogates QC results are used to assess the performance of the laboratory and field procedures Field Measurements Results from the field measurements of parameters such as tem perature pH turbidity and purge volume Field measurements provide supplemental characterization of site conditions Several codes which were discussed previously in Subsection 2 3 1 must be defined by the user before chemical data can be entered GIS Key uses these codes to organize or group related data and to simplify data entry GIS Keyf enforces database integrity for the entry of certain data elements by accepting only valid or predefined values However GIS Key does not check the validity of all data input Details regarding input data validity checks are provided below for each category of chemical information Primary Results Two preliminary data entry screens must be completed before the user is able to enter actual chemical data These preliminary s
61. any grids created in GISVKeyTM Descriptive statistics such as means medians and ranges are available for chemical data only and presented in graphical form These statistics are displayed on time domain graph of concentration at a single well The advanced statistical functions are available by exporting to the EPA GRITS STAT program These include t tests analysis of variance tests for normality confidence intervals tolerance 49 intervals and prediction intervals Parametric and non parametric versions are available Using QuickSurf GIS Key can generate contours from either randomly spaced data or regu larly spaced gridded data or data extracted from contours QuickSurf uses a single algorithm to generate the grid and subsequent contour lines from randomly spaced data using a triangulated irregular network TIN The TIN is generated by QuickSurf using the randomly spaced input data The AutoCAD component of GIS Key provides direct capabilities for mathematical adjustment of vector data or control points using rotation translation scale in x and y four parameter local area rubber sheeting polynomials and other types of least squares adjustment As discussed in the digitizing section of the report the AutoCAD tablet calibration command provides the capability to transform coordinates from a digitizer to the drawing coordinate system using one of three transformation types Orthogonal a transformation consisting of ar
62. are incorrect or misleading see Subsection 2 3 3 GIS Key includes default codes for all projects for the following preparation fractions total dissolved TCLP California wet extraction procedure STLC acid rain extract EPTox and water extract GIS Key users indicate that these categories are suitable and rarely need to be modified Sampling Events GIS Key uses the term sampling event to refer to date intervals that encompass field sam pling activities For example the user can define a sampling event called 93 FALL to refer the date interval between September 1 1993 through September 14 1993 The user may define an unlimited number of sampling events using a single menu option Overlaps or gaps between sampling events can exist and sampling events can be easily redefined at any time This flexibility may benefit certain project situations but if not handled carefully can cause incorrect results when using menu prompted database queries Test Methods GIS Key uses test methods to indicate which chemicals and units of measure are associated with which laboratory methods GIS Key supplies a lengthy list of test methods and the user can easily add to this list at any time Template Constituent Lists GIS Key uses a concept called template constituent list TCL to simplify laboratory data entry and reporting of quality control data A TCL actually consists of several associated
63. at they exported data indicated that they used third party database programs that can readily handle such data manipulation operations Spreadsheet files cannot be directly imported or exported However most modem spreadsheet software has the capability to import or export DBF files this limitation has little practical importance In general because of the need to manage the import or export process carefully the DBF file format is selected by most users Most database management programs can use these files and provide the degree of control over the data that is needed to reliably manipulate complex datasets Data subsets can be exported in a format compatible with the EPA GRITS STAT program GRITS STAT is a program developed to manage RCRA groundwater monitoring data and it includes powerful statistical routines that conform to RCRA guidance This export capability provides the oppor tunity to perform statistics more complicated than supported directly by GIS Key M Because GIS KeyTM is an integration of AutoCAD and FoxPRO the data exchange formats supported by these products e DBF and DXF files are supported by GIS With respect to GIS the ability to exchange data between GIS Key M and ARC INFO was investigated GIS Key and ARC INFO manage both spatial and attribute data The components of each system that handle these data types are as follows SYSTEM SPATIAL DATA ATTRIBUTE DATA GIS Key AutoCAD FoxPRO ARC INFO ARC IN
64. ayer name remains To completely remove a layer from the AutoCAD drawing the purge command must be executed Views Views are pre defined rectangles that specify the minimum and maximum x y extents of a portion of the basemap When a view is selected only that portion of the basemap within the view extents is displayed This is a useful function that allows for rapid display of a section of the basemap 72 where the site under investigation is located Frequently when a lot of zooming in or out is taking place it is desirable to return to the portion of the basemap that contains the site by having a saved view the user can easily accomplish this Multiple views can be defined that pertain to different portions of the basemap Map and Map Feature Annotation In general GIS Key map annotation capabilities are very good since all of the AutoCAD features are available Final production and editing of maps can be performed by a user trained only in AutoCAD GIS Key is not needed for map annotation To make full use of the AutoCAD capabilities skills beyond those taught in basic GIS Key training are needed No limitations or flaws in GIS Key map annotation capabilities were noted during testing The user has almost complete control over titles legends and scales Custom title blocks and borders can be easily created by modifying those supplied by GIS Key These titles will be automati cally used if the files containing
65. bitrary translation uniform scaling and rotation Affine a transformation consisting of translation independent x scaling and y scaling rotation and skewing i e an arbitrary linear transformation in two dimensions Projective a transformation equivalent to a perspective projection of one plane in space onto another plane This transformation provides a limited form of rubber sheeting in that different portions of the digitizer surface get stretched by different amounts The transformation only works from the digitizing tablet to AutoCAD drawing Transformation of the coordinates of an existing digitized map would have to be accomplished outside of GIS Key Data Processing Speed A query was performed by an independent user on a 486 66 Hz PC with 16 Mb of RAM and a 1 Gb hard drive The size of the basemap for this query was 1 7 Mb The database included 2224 wells sample locations and over 10 years of chemistry data Included in the database were approximately 443 000 primary result records for soil and water quality chemistry The elapsed time for completing the decision criteria to posting TCE concentration under each map symbol was 25 seconds 2 3 5 Graphical Procedures Contouring General Procedures Contouring geology hydrology and chemistry data in GIS Key is carried out by QuickSurf a 50 third party software package developed by Schrieber Instruments Denver Colorado QuickSurf pro vides only one algorithm for
66. ble in the database menu However the GIS Key User Guide warns that several issues must be considered before data transfer is attempted For example care must be taken that field types are converted correctly Also the data import command only adds new records it does not update existing records with new data Finally the user is responsible for ensuring that imported data exactly simulates data content and structure that would be created by using the GIS Key data entry screens Direct data import and export requires an operator with database management expertise Testing verified the User Guide warnings that the input file must match exactly the file content and structure that would be generated through the use of the data entry screens Data export routines are limited to creation of relational projections of data This means that the user is limited to one table at a time can select either all fields or a subset of fields and cannot pro vide any row selection criteria For example it is not possible to select for export only names and mea suring point elevations for monitoring wells that are located within certain X and Y coordinates This 35 type of export is not possible directly from 19 for two reasons no geographic selection criteria i e location coordinates are available and these data are stored in two separate files as required by sound database design For these reasons all users who reported th
67. ble with GIS Key basic and advanced Basic training takes 3 1 2 days of hands on practice while advanced training involves 2 more additional days Basic training is designed for users of all levels of computer expertise advanced training is designed for users who need to know more about GISVKeyTM internal design and functions At appropriate points throughout the text the potential need for users to have different skill levels is defined The following discussion of the basic training provided by GIS Solutions is based on attendance at two training courses and on user inter views Basic training typically starts at a very fundamental level Essential elements of DOS e g directories starting programs etc are covered first The majority of the first day is spent on AutoCAD this reflects the absolute necessity of knowing basic AutoCAD in order to use the graphic component of GISVKeyTM AutoCAD topics covered include simple drawing and editing commands views and zooms 2246 layer control and basic system commands open file list status etc The material covered is sufficient to enable users to perform basic GIS Key functions but more advanced AutoCAD skills will be needed to maintain site basemap and prepare final production maps and figures Proper use of AutoCAD commands to maintain links between the basemaps and database are reviewed The remainder of the training is essentially a detailed walk through
68. bol lists Circles irregular shapes and spatial operators cannot be used for sample location selection For example 019 Key cannot automatically select all wells within 1 000 feet of a stream nor automatically select all soil borings within a 500 foot radius of a given well Sample locations meeting these criteria would need to be selected manually GIS Keyf does not support general GIS spatial analysis operators Although polygons can be created using the AutoCAD graphics capabilities polygon operations are not available For example GIS Key cannot determine which wells are located within the intersection of two arbi trary polygons The GIS Key database has certain inherent limits Only a limited amount of location informa tion i e SITE ID symbol lists only can be stored Work arounds may be needed if a site is divided into several areas and subareas GIS Key imposes certain limits on well construction and log information that can be stored e g maximum of five screen intervals Certain OAI QC data cannot be stored in the GIS Key database these include 2nd column confirmations and QC data pertaining to other QC data eg Surrogate results of blanks xix GIS Key is limited to post project data analysis only no planning capabilities are provided No tools or forms are provided that would allow data gathering in a manner that would optimize input into GIS Key at a later date GIS Key does not inc
69. cifications Field information can be hand entered or electronically downloaded from files gener ated using the Contractors Data Loading Tool CDLT In phase two the combined field and laboratory data is converted into GISVKeyTM format with the resulting file checked for completeness and internal consistency using the GIS Build utility i The third phase occurs as the data files are imported into the project database Primary and secondary relationships of the GIS Key database are checked during this phase 123 Once the data has been imported into the project database any of the ITIRs can be generated by selecting the desired format from a pull down menu and responding to a series of prompts To accommodate the preparation of ITIRs several significant features were added to the GIS Key Database First GIS Key is now structured to receive multiple results from the same test for the same sample Whether these multiple results are from different columns different dilutions or some combination of both GIS Key can now store and report all of this data Second GIS Key can now store and report the practical quantitation limits for each chemical analysis result in addition to the detection limit Third GIS Key can now receive QC data e g surrogate results of a matrix spike sample Fourth additional fields were added to allow the separate association of field travel and rinseate blanks with primary result samples
70. code letter R the laboratory result databases are not updated Routine monitoring data originally stored with the code letter A will be considered to be from the audit program after the example code redefinition GIS KeyTM also allows the user to delete the program type and preparation fraction defini tions from the list of code letter definitions after data has been entered using the code Later when performing a menu prompted query it will appear to the user that no data had bem entered using the now undefined code GIS KeyTM does not issue a warning message if the user redefines or deletes a program type associated with sample results in the database In summary database update capabilities and procedures are essentially identical to regular data entry However extra care needs to be taken when modifying certain database tables GIS KeyTM does not check all database updates for consistency and reasonableness There is a danger that project codes can be redefined in a way that decreases the accuracy and usefulness of subsequent menu prompted database queries For certain codes such as preparation fraction and program type which are not stored in dBASE compatible DBF files the user can create a DBF file and recreate it after any code redefinitions in order to use third party database software Paradox FoxPRO DB2 2 to check and verify the project database Basemap modifications such as ne
71. creens require entry of sample description information including sampling locations and dates Data entry and input validation findings for these initial screens are described below GIS Key enforces the requirement that primary results can be entered for only existing sample locations However it does not require that sample type corre spond to sample location type For example GIS Key will not allow the user to enter primary water sample results for a well that does not exist but has the 31 ability to allow entry of primary water sample results for a borehole should this be appropriate GIS Key requires a sampling date for all primary results but does not require that the date fall within one of the predefined sampling event intervals For example GIS Key will not allow the user to enter an impossible date of February 31 1993 but it will allow entry of sampling data from outside the predefined sampling event ranges Valid program type code letters are required for GIS Key data entry GIS Key allows the user to set a default code which saves time if most of the data belongs to the same program type GIS Key also provides a look up list for this field which appears if the user attempts to enter an invalid code GIS Key allows entry of sample case and sample delivery group informa tion This information is optional since it is required only of QC data validation Look up
72. d be stored in Since this was geologic map data the file was stored in the demo geo maps subdirectory The file can be read back in by using the update contour file procedure Run QuickSurf Once the data has been retrieved from the database and any editing and updating performed the grid and contour lines are generated by the Run QuickSurf procedure The user is prompted for several parameters that control the x and y dimensions of the grid contour interval and names of the grid and contour layers QuickSurf then executes and the layers are generated 52 deur ampnays q Pina o p f s q 3201 s nfeA 33 paysog m3iq 0 CSI NZ HARAS 5 OL E AN o 10 D eg 140 A 1541 Y m Ma lt va Y 65 usa 299 d a 80 AW 1930094 3384 EX0 Mw YAYLI HOLYMYdAS e J 1 Ka 81911 0291 econ en S091 e 26 cos I 1291 bo od A vin 8 e 20 as 2491 0 45 I C N x 291 ere e0 MReS SS en 0661 WA LEE aco w ITM 7 2 A Ka 0 2 BEA BE ys get N Z AN 53 m LA E Ed x x Ka Figure 8 Geologic structure map showing grid and contour lines a army When Run QuickSurf is invoked GIS Key shells out of AutoCAD QuickSurf takes over and disp
73. d signal to the user those sample locations associated with samples that failed to meet QC objectives The types of QC objectives that GIS Key can review include the following Method Rinsate Travel and Field Blanks Duplicates Splits Matrix Spikes Lab and Field Control Samples Known and Blind Surrogates Holding Times QC objectives are user defined and can be specific to each project GIS Key cannot store or review second column confirmation samples It also cannot handle sample results that may fall into more than one category e g surrogate results in a sample that also was a matrix spike duplicate Perhaps the most important limitation is that GIS Key can review only one QC objective at a time If it is necessary to review certain QC results within the context of other QC results this must be done manually GIS Solutions indicates that these limitations have now been addressed GIS Key uses the data entry screens for database updates and edits With a few exceptions the database menu options provide the ability to delete data For example options exist for deleting the results from one chemical in a test all chemicals in a test or all chemicals in all tests associated with a particular sample Sampling event information Oe date intervals encompassing field sample retrieval activities can be quickly and easily redefined GIS Key does not check for the existence of samples affected by sampling event
74. der to a geologic structure map The procedure was easy to use and was flexible in that 1 the map border area could be specified interactively 2 A E size drawings are supported 3 the determination and placement of the scale and north arrow is under user control 4 the user is prompted for each item in the title block and 5 a company logo can be placed in the title block Sampling Site Location Control Within the GIS Key Utilities menu the site map symbols submenu provides the capability to change symbol location To change the location of a well the well symbol is selected and the user can either type in new x y coordinates or pick a new location with the mouse Prior to completing the change the user is warned that the database will also be altered and the user is required to confirm that this location change should take place Layer Control GIS Key stores the spatial themes associated with a project on different layers The modify layer menu item allows the user to examine and change the characteristics of each layer The modify layer command is easy to use and allows control over 1 which layers to display freeze and thaw 2 color and line type and 3 which layer is active It does not allow the user to delete or purge a layer To delete a layer the user must first load the AutoCAD application DELLAYER and use it to specify which layers to delete Deleting only removes the data contained in the layer the l
75. e skills and appropriate software The following are typical tasks and situations that require the ability to use more advanced AutoCAD or third party database management skills They are briefly described below For the more advanced user GIS KeyTM provides a platform from which the user may integrate third party software to achieve desired reporting results Preparation and Review of Laboratory Data Prior to Batch Loading Basemap Preparation and Maintenance System Installation Advanced Data Visualization Skills Contour Control Point Management Error Recovery and TroubleShooting Hard Copy Report Generation Beyond the Limits of GIS Key Prepared Report Formats Electronic Data Entry Ad hoc Queries Multiple Posting Location Designation Data Maintenance Management of Graphic Images Project Planning Before electronic data can be imported into GISVKey TM field information needs to be combined with the electronic data from the laboratory For example the laboratory does not generally know the name of the well from which a sample was retrieved The GIS Key TM batch loading routine expects this information prior to import A person with general relational database skills is required to join the field 102 information to the laboratory database Also relational database skills are required to manage and review the submission of electronic data from the laboratory Any errors need to b
76. e EE EES 107 31 Conclusions of Economic Analys 107 32 Basis of Economic Analysis EE 109 3 33 Issues and Assumptions iii mimi mme meme meme 109 3 4 Results of Economic Analysis 110 34 1 System and Accessories 9 9 110 342 Hardware and Support Software 111 3435 EE EE 112 3 4 4 Training and Maintenance 112 35 EE 116 4 OtherTechnology Requirements E 117 41 Personnel ISSUES sepia leader 117 Software Aere EE 119 Appendix Developer s Claims for GIS Key Software 121 1 1 Developer S ET 121 LEL Inttodudtigh cti desa 121 12 New Features of GIS Key Software 25 121 121 Custom Boring Logs and Geology Database Modifications 122 1 2 2 Hydrology Database Modifications 222200000222 meme eee 123 1 2 3 Chemistry Database Changes and ITIR Reporting 123 124 6015 Utilities Menus and Dialog Boxes 124 1 2 5 Stand Alone Database Modifications 125 1 2 6 AutoCAD Improvements cccceece cece ee eee ee neta eee ire 125 1 2 7 Contouring Packagelmprovements 125 1 2 8 Third Party Software Integration gt lt o oooororoccocnncconananaos 125 129 Data Security andi
77. e contour maps for structural interfaces based on soil unit geologic forma tion blow counts or user defined flags Structural elevation is stored in the 19 Database These elevations are used to generate contour lines and the result is stored as a three dimensional grid A feature of GIS Key is that any type of contoured structural information such as top and bottom water bearing units or equilibrium water levels can be stored as a three dimensional grid GIS Key inte grates this grid information into geologic cross section routines allowing the user to visualize the struc tural interfaces along any cross section line 14 3 Geologic Cross Sections Cross sections show selected wells and borings along with the soil units encountered in each Sections can include structural information such as the ground surface layer water bearing zones or any other surface that has been contoured and saved as a three dimensional grid 1 4 4 Isopleth Maps Isopleth maps depict areas of equal chemical concentrations in soil or water samples GIS can generate isopleths in plan view and section view Isopleths are represented as contours drawn on either a linear or a logarithmic scale An isopleth map is based on the media sample locations chemical s and time period Table 1 GIS Key Products Isopleth maps of soil or water Boring logs with company logos Density corrected water level contour quality plan section v
78. e identified and corrected early in the project Basemap preparation and maintenance often require AutoCAD skills beyond those required to operate GIS Key For example AutoCAD block imports and exports as well as external references are often required to maintain a reasonably small basemap drawing file Basemaps may be provided by the client or other third party sources these often need substantial revision before use System installation may require skills more advanced that those required for the routine use of GISVKeyTM For example DOS memory configuration may require modification and AutoCAD video and printer drivers may require extra effort to optimize Advanced data visualization skills beyond those provided by GIS Key may be required For example contouring of several formations or aquifers in the same region independently may provide misleading results that can only be resolved using more advanced AutoCAD techniques Ifa groundwa ter potentiometric surface contour and a contour map of the top of the aquitard i e the bottom of the aquifer are both generated it is possible that the contoured surfaces will intersect since GIS Key M generates these two maps independently Either map alone may appear reasonable but if they are combined e g in a cross section then anomalies may become evident The contoured bottom of the aquifer may appear to rise above the groundwater level More advanced three dimensional AutoCAD t
79. e with the GIS Key system These applications are described in Subsection 1 4 and their purchase prices are presented in Table 16 This cost estimate assumes that AutoCAD Version 12 QuickSurf Version 4 5 Cadvert PKZIP JetForm and FoxPRO are purchased as support software for the GIS Key system The total cost of support software for the GIS Key scenario is 5 395 For the alternative scenario this cost estimate assumes that no support software is required 3 4 3 Labor For both scenarios it is assumed that the work is performed by technicians and engineers or scientists This analysis assumes loaded labor rates of 30 per hour and 65 per hour for technicians and engineers scientists respectively Tables 17 and 18 summarize estimated labor requirements to complete the listed tasks under both scenarios Data entry labor in the GIS Key scenario may be significantly reduced if an efficient system is established to allow the user to import electronic laboratory data directly into the system 3 44 Training and Maintenance Support services including employee training telephone support custom programming data 112 Table 16 GISVKey M Support Software Cast AutoCAD Version 12 3 025 3 QuickSurf Version 2 91 499 1 QuickSurf Version 3 2 999 1 QuickSurf Version 4 5 1 500 1 Cadvert 29911 47 1 JetForm 19911 No muna needed with current release Table 17 Labor Requirements Usi
80. echniques can be used to resolve these situations In this example these techniques may show that the aquitard really does rise above the interpolated groundwater elevation or it may be that insufficient data were available to interpolate these surfaces adequately within the anomalous region GIS Solutions reports that export functions to such higher end graphic packages such as Dynamic Graphics EarthVision are now available GISVKeyTM provides the ability to add control points to capture professional judgment that can improve computer generated contour maps Control points may be entered directly onto the basemap in the AutoCAD environment but they are not entered into the GIS Key database If the user needs to track and manage these control points e g in a database then additional AutoCAD and database skills 103 are required Error recovery and troubleshooting will eventually be needed AutoCAD may abort in the middle of an operation possibly due to a lack of swap space After such a crash lock files may need to be deleted This is not part of routine GIS Key operation and is not discussed in the training manual However system errors of this type can occur with any software and expertise is generally required to solve or prevent them If duplicate well names have been entered into a project then the basemap drawing will contain two well symbols of the same name but the second one will be stored in the data base under a name
81. ection In addition profiles of previously created surfaces such as the top of a water bearing zone can be displayed on the section For soil isopleth sections chemical concentrations at individual soil borings and wells can be displayed along with contour lines The evaluation of this GIS Key function focuses on the following elements cre ation of section lines selection of stick data versus hatch patterns grid selection apparent borehole width and scale control To create a section line the following menu items are selected GIS Geo Sections Get Stick Data 62 IMO Sot ym 4 dew xmo uo St amii 0 JO Y sey V90 MMI TPM FNS 200 YIAIS 5 OL At this point either a new section line can be created or an existing section line can be selected using the mouse Figure 16 shows an example section line BB created by the process described above The user then selects the wells to be projected onto the section line No problems were encountered during this process The following observations were noted 1 sections do not have to be straight lines 2 the user controls how many segments to divide up the section line 3 the user controls whether to display the ground surface profile as well as profiles of any other previously created layers i e water bearing zones etc 4 wells are projected at right angles to the section line and 5 if the we
82. ed in the alternative scenario On the job training costs associated with both scenarios are not included in this cost estimate 115 3 5 References GIS Solutions Inc Software License and Support Services Fee Schedule 1993 Misco Computer Products Catalog Fall 1993 Price quote provided by A E Microsystems November 1993 116 SECTION 4 OTHER TECHNOLOGY REQUIREMENTS 4 1 Personnel Issues As mentioned in Section 2 GIS Key users fall within two categories general users and system administrators General users responsible for the day today operation of the GIS Key system i e information retrieval do not need specialized computer skills to operate the software As a result their training requirements should be met by the basic training course offered by GIS Solutions Inc Project administrators on the other hand will need to understand the inner data structure of GIS Key in order to perform some of the more advanced project setup and maintenance tasks As a result in addition to the basic training provided by GIS Solutions project administrators will probably need to take the advanced training course on the inner data structure of the software All GIS Key operators must be familiar with AutoCAD General users usually require only a basic knowledge of AutoCAD which can be obtained from the basic training course Project administra tors however require an more advanced understanding of AutoCAD which in genera
83. ements for a site are not as dependent upon the specific legislation but are generally established by the needs of the state and local regulatory authorities For a Superfund site specific stages in the remedial activity have been outlined under CERCLA For preliminary assessments site characterization data including topography geology hydrology and location of the release are generally required Once the preliminary site characteristics have been deter 83 Table 9 Types of Graphs Chemistry Graphs Concentration vs time Chemical vs chemical Site vs site Distance concentration Statistics Depth vs constituent Trilinear Pipers Hydrology Graphs Hydrograph Cumulative flow Flux rate Cumulative flux Floater thickness Sinker thickness Shows the variation in the concentration of one or more chemicals over time see Figure 24 Shows the correlation between the concentrations of two chemicals at the same sampling site see Figure 25 Shows the correlation between the concentrations of the same chemical at two different locations see Figure 26 Shows how chemical concentration varies with distance along a user defined profile see Figure 27 Creates a statistical summary of chemical concentration over time showing mean standard deviation and confidence interval see Figure 28 Shows the variation in concentration as a function of depth for one or more chemicals see Figure 29 Creates a t
84. entered into the GIS Key Database either manually or electronically Existing databases can be converted into GIS Key format and laboratory reports on magnetic media can be directly imported Pull down menus data entry forms and look up lists for frequently used values aid manual data entry The lists store such information as EPA test methods practical quantification limits Chemical Abstract Service CAS numbers chemical aliases and regulatory threshold values for over 3 500 chemicals INNIS NUJU aseqeyep p A SIS Tansy SH AA Byoyesog Seige pepurng sun eu Buljeq SHUN 105 euyeg suonsuno 4 Gute uonduos q pO uonduoeeq uonduoss q BueJey uononusuoo BAA meg sloq log saida suen ge Sale KHEN prota sayidg xul w sope DIPpuejo Beg versa Beg S H L SUDSP Y py S OHUOD pulg 69 1902 UMOL soidweg 101002 Ares a aidues eg aides ejdwues sajeboung sajdiweg ponuoo soode XUN sidis seypoydng Seu syuejg sesapoelao 90 sayeborng sadweg jonvor sendos xulew 5809 sepang sei Sumo S AHO QO 20 sepeGoung sajdweg 09007 xinew sjuejinsuoo jee sjueynsuo huet SIUSUISINSPAA Arsumins mur ide Areunung 19497 UOHOY sinds sejebonns sajeoydng sadweg jonuoo sdonds xuen Sue sawi Amunung ajduwes synsay AUNA Pahl EES
85. epares the individual files needed by GIS Key In practice it requires special effort to work with the laboratory to ensure that its files are usable by this program Checking the laboratory file format names and types of fields only is not sufficient the data within the format must be consistent accurate and complete for this method of data import to be usable Data Consistency A primary benefit of GIS Key is that nearly all project data is stored in a single unified and structured database Data redundancy is reduced or eliminated providing a greater ability to manage data quality For example USGS soil types for a borehole are stored one time in one location Several types of GIS Key output may use this data These output types include structure maps isopach maps geographic cross sections and well logs Users report that prior to using GIS Key they often used one program to prepare well logs another program for contouring another for map preparation and yet another system for cross sections In this approach there is a greater opportunity for error as data is manually moved from one application to the next Since GIS Key stores data in a consistent and unified manner it requires that data input be consistent and unambiguous Prior to input into GIS Key the data must be critically examined and made consistent Users report that the process of gathering data and ensuring its consistency and quality 37 is o
86. eport from a menu picks a location from the map and then follows the prompts to create a variety of output GIS Key can prepare geologic cross sections boring logs potentiometric maps isopleth maps structure maps Summary tables hyrodrographs chemical time series graphs and numerous other maps and line graphs QuickSurf Version 2 91 a third party contouring program developed by Schrieber Instruments is used to contour geology hydrology and chemistry data stored in GIS Keyf M Database The GIS Key Database Menu Structure is shown in Figure 1 The GIS Keyf Graphic Menu Structure is shown in Figure 2 These figures provide an overview of the types of procedures used and products available through GIS Key Software Digitized regional basemaps typically USGS 7 5 minute quadrangle maps provide the back ground basemap for the GIS Key data management system Project maps i e RCRA facilities and CERCLA sites are stored inside the regional basemaps and act as the visual starting points from which users can obtain specific chemical geologic and hydrologic data for each well location During the generation of a project map GIS Key symbols representing wells borings and other sampling loca tions are placed on the basemap The data for each map point is related by location media sample number date and depth The geographic organization of information allows data to be displayed as discrete points on the map Data can be
87. ersion 4 1 and 4 0 or earlier COMPAQ Portable III Plasma Display obsolete Hercules Graphics Card obsolete t XGA Display Adapter 8514 A IBM Enhanced Graphics Adapter obsolete TARGA I Video Graphics Array VGA and Super VGA SVGA VESA compliant display Null displayt ER Plotters Null plotter none t Protected mode ADI version 4 2 and previous Real mode ADI version 4 0 and 4 1 or earlier u AutoCAD file formats Plotters CalComp Colormaster Plotters 7 CalComp DrawingMaster Plotters CalComp Electrostatic Plotters Canon Laser Beam Printer CalComp Pen Plotters nsn 0 Hewlett Packard Laserjet PCL Hewlett Packard Paintjet PCL Houston Instrument DMP Series Hewlett Packard HP GL and HP GL 2 Plotters IBM 7300 Series IBM Graphics Printer obsolete IBM ProPrinter JDL 750 Printer obsolete NEC Pinwriter P5 P5XL and P9XL obsolete 50 PostScript Laser Printer 74 Table 7 AutoCAD Supported Peripherals continued Digitizers Null digitizer none o Protected mode AD1 version 4 2 and previous Real mode ADI version 4 0 and 4 1 or earlier Kurta Tablet IS THREE Logitech Logimouse Microsoft Mouse Mouse Systems Mouse and IBM PS 2 Mouse supported with this driver Numonics 2200 Series Tablet obsolete Summagraphics SummaSketch MM Series Tablet Summ
88. etric maps isopleth maps structure maps summary tables hydrographs chemical time series graphs tables and other maps and line graphs meeting RCRA and CERCLA reporting requirements can be produced using GIS KeyTif The GIS Key Environmental Data Management System was selected for SITE testing to assess its ability to provide useful and effective information to aid in site investigations and remediation activi ties The specific objectives of the evaluation were to Determine if the software performs the functions that are claimed by GIS Solutions Assess the accuracy of the GIS Key output including figures and tables and review GIS Key procedures used to ensure the data integrity Review the general usability of GIS Key including ease of use system re quirements personna requirements data entry or database creation procedures and electronic data exchange capabilities Compare GIS Key features to user requirements Requirements were based on both user interviews and a review of general software evaluation guidelines developed by the USGS and other government agencies The steps used to evaluate GIS Key mirrored in some respects the guidance developed by the USGS for evaluating geographic information systems GIS products Many of the evaluation criteria 13 were compiled from relevant Federal Information Processing Standard FIPS and National Institutes of Standards and Technology NIST
89. f Cost per Project Using Cost per Project Using Projects GIS Key System Alternative System 44 457 20 789 19 211 a aa a 30 304 s 30 210 Using System for One Year Cost per Project in Thousands 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 Number of Projects per Year lll With GiSAKey y Without GIS Key Figure 35 Project cost with and without GIS Key 108 tion versus depth plots contaminant concentration tables and QA QC tables The basis of this cost analysis and the assumptions used are further discussed in Subsections 3 2 3 3 and 3 4 3 2 Basis of Economic Analysis In this economic analysis the user has one copy of the GISVKeyTM system In this scenario a technician is the primary operator of the system and an engineer or scientist evaluates the output It is assumed that the GIS Key system is in use 8 hours per day every day except weekends holidays and days when the technician is sick or on vacation It is estimated that the project evaluated in this analysis requires the use of the GISVKeyTM system for 196 hours As a result this analysis indicates that nine projects of this magnitude can be completed in 1 year using one copy of the GISVKeyTM system The economic analysis compares the use of GIS Key in this scenario to performance of the same project using an alternative system consisting of three independent software packages a spread sheet a database and a computer drafting program In the
90. flow is calculated from input time internal and meter reading information Defaults are provided by GIS Key for several fields simplifying the entry of sequential data GIS Key also performs validity and consistency checks for the time interval data However GIS Key does not prevent the user from entering flow measurements or fluid level information for a borehole GIS Key provides data entry screens containing several defaults to simplify entry of fluid level information GIS Key stores the current measuring point elevation with each depth of water measure ment and calculates water level elevation relative to the current measuring point elevation entered in the well construction data entry screens If the elevation measuring point changes due to settling or heave then future measurements reflect this change while past measurements remain unchanged Accordingly if historical water elevation contour maps need to be produced no change in the measuring point eleva tion is required GIS Key does not perform data validity or consistency checks on depth or thickness input For example the user may mistakenly enter a water depth greater than the well depth Errors of this type would normally be obvious on contour maps GIS Key provides a screen for entry of aquifer attributes including hydraulic conductivity vertical conductivity specific storage and yield GIS Key has a limit of five water bearing zones Upon firs
91. ften the most time consuming part of a GIS Key project but forces them to address and correct data quality problems 2 3 3 Data Checks QA QC Analysis Updates and Edits GIS Key provides routines that allow the user to verify the quality of data imported and provides alerts when data falls outside predetermined levels or ranges These QC procedures as well as the ability to edit and to update the database and basemap were assessed and are discussed in this section Using the Tables User Alerts option on the GIS Chem menu the user can run built in routines that identify the location date time and depth of samples with the highest reported concentration of each chemical chemical concentrations that fall outside historical ranges look for concentrations in excess of action levels check ionic balances and compare QC results against QC objectives If a problem is de tected GIS Key flags it by generating a report The affected sites are highlighted by changing the color of their map symbols to red For example if a field blank alert report is run all samples collected on the same day or in the same batch as a failed field blank for a specified test are highlighted on the map In addition a report is prepared that provides a list of the associated samples which can in turn be used to assign data review qualifiers The user alerts function was tested for all the monitoring wells in the sample database and it ran without error
92. gitizer resolution 500 dpi the x and y paper space dimensions of the view 6 5 x 7 5 inches and the x and y model space dimensions of the view 13 208 x 13 259 feet the x and y ground resolution of the digitizer was computed as follows Xres 13208 ft 6 5 in x 500 dots in 4 06 ft dot Yres 13259 ft 7 5 in x 500 dots in 3 54 ft dot Thus an RMS error of 2 6 feet is consistent with the ground resolution for this digitizer setup and probably could not be improved upon significantly without increasing the resolution of the digitizing tablet 6 Once the map transformation was established the accuracy of a given point being digitized could be determined This was done by digitizing a geodetic control point point 0300831 which appeared both on the hard copy map and the AutoCAD DWG file The latitude longitude of this point 30 47704 N 83 16734 W was converted to Georgia West state plane coordinates x 779648 1 feet y 286382 2 feet The cursor was placed on the hard copy map at this point and its x y coordinates were read off the AutoCAD display These coordinates were x 779649 5 feet y 286384 8 feet resulting in a delta of 1 4 feet in x and 2 6 feet in y 131 Tr U S GOVERNMENT PRINTING
93. he ITER and the SITE Technology Capsule The ITER provides a comprehensive description of the evaluation and its results The SITE Technology Capsule is a concise summary of the ITER Both the SITE Technology Capsule and the ITER are intended for us by RPMs and others who are making a detailed evaluation of the technology for a specific site and waste The GIS Key ITER includes information on cost perfor mance implementation problems limitations and an evaluation of the software in relation to RCRA and CERCLA reporting requirements during the RI FSand RD RA processes The ITER also describes the evaluation the developer s experience prior to the evaluation and the flexibility of the software The purpose of this ITER is described in greater detail in the following subsection The second component of the SITE Program is the Emerging Technologies Program which fosters the investigation and development of treatment technologies that are still at the laboratory scale Success ful validation of these technologies can lead to the development of a system ready for fidd demonstration and participation in the Demonstration Program The Measurement and Monitoring Technologies Program the third component of the SITE Program provides assistance in the development and demon stration of innovative techniques that better characterize Superfund sites The fourth component of the SITE Program is the Technology Transfer Program which reports and distr
94. he option of contouring the logarithm of the data To test this procedure a water isopleth map was constructed for benzene values in the test data set During the test of this procedure a contouring dataset was created and then edited to contain concentrations ranging over several orders of magnitude These edited values are not physically reasonable but were used to evaluate log contouring capabilities The posted values were edited and are shown in Figure 13 Figure 13 shows the water isopleth map produced by running log contouring on the posted benzene concentration data note that soil borings SB 01 through SB 05 as well as MW 03A had no values and were not included as data points for contouring Compare this set of contours with those in Figure 14 which wee produced from the same data without running log contouring Because the data range is so wide the map in Figure 14 is difficult to read 55 9S P BR T of PRODUCT GAC s TE Rd Formation Elevation ft Formation Structure Map Figure 9 Example geologic formation structure map PROJECT NO FIGURE NO 2 48 EPARAT FREE PRODUCT Gac dom i 04A 4 Rd Formation Elevation ft Formation Structure K REV changed SB 05 from 161 3 to 162 0 E ee SOLUTIONS Figure 10 Example geologic formation structure map showing the results of editing a posted value FIGURE
95. his Innovative Technology Evaluation Report and describes the GIS Key Environmental Data Man agement System developed by GISiSolutions Inc GIS Solutions Additional information about the SITE Program this software and the evaluation process can be obtained from the contacts listed at the end of this section 1 1 Background The GIS Key Environmental Data Management System was selected for SITE testing to assess its ability to provide useful and effective information to aid in site investigations remediation activities and reporting on those activities This system which is compatible with 386 and 486 personal computers PCs using Disk Operating System DOS facilitates the collection reporting and analysis of site man agement data The GIS Key Software System can produce geologic cross sections boring logs poten tiomehic maps isopleth maps structure maps summary tables hydrographs chemical time series graphs tables and other maps and line graphs meeting Resource Conservation and Recovery Act RCRA and Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act CERCLA reporting requirements According to the developer built in checks are provided to ensure the quality of the data Checks include comprehensive quality assurance quality control QA QC protocols Any AutoCAD compatible digital basemaps can be imported into GIS Key There are a number of vendors who can provide general basemap data usua
96. ibutes the results of both Demonstration Program and Emerging Technology studies through ITERs and SITE Technology Capsule reports Abbreviated bulletins are issued to inform the public of SITE project completion 1 3 Purpose of the ITER This ITER provides information on the GIS Key Environmental Data Management System including a comprehensive description of the evaluation and its results The ITER is intended for use by EPA RPMs on scene coordinators OSCs contractors and others involved in the remediation decision making process and in the implementation of specific remedial actions The ITER is designed to aid decision makers in determining whether this specific software warrants further consideration as an aid in data management during investigation and cleanup operations To encourage the general use of evalu ated software EPA provides information regarding applicability of the software to a generalized set of site data and the type of reporting products and data management techniques provided by the software The ITER includes information on cost and application of the software It also discusses advantages disadvantages and limitations of the software This report is a critical step in the development and commercialization of the GIS Key Environmental Data Management System This software evaluation examines the performance of the software in managing data typical of a Superfund site The data reporting requirements of other
97. ies GISVKeyTM data retrieval methods post only a single value beneath the sample location symbol If multiple chemicals are selected during the menu prompted query then the sum of the individual concentrations is posted as a single value If for example the user would like to post the individual 104 concentrations of benzene toluene and xylene more advanced techniques and computer skills are needed Use of site or sample location designations beyond those incorporated into GIS Key may require additional database skills Large sites may be divided into regions and subregions often because of site history or client needs GIS Key provides limited region and subregion categorization Sample locations are distinguished in the database by Site ID A free form text field Location is also avail able however this field cannot be used as selection criteria for analysis or reporting The graphical AutoCAD environment provides the ability to create symbol lists to manage regions and location subsets These symbol lists are integrated with site groups in the GISVKeyTM database but must be manually created and maintained However if a project requires a greater degree of subset location management i e another finer level of subregion then an independent database using third party database software may be required Maintenance of data source information is sometimes required For example several consul
98. ies of four structure parameters Geologic formations Contours the top of a user defined geologic formation Blow counts Contours the top of a structure identified by A blow count is defined as the the first second or third occurrence of a number of standard blows specified range of blow counts required to advance a sampling device into six inches of soil Other units Contours a structure surface identified via user defined characteristics i e top and or bottom of a water bearing zone Geologic Structure Contour maps that show the thickness of a They can be created for the same Thickness Zsopach specified feature structure parameters described Maps above To compute thickness the top and bottom of the desired layer must be identified Contours the top of a structure identified by the first second or third occurrence of one or more soil types The choices to specify the data to be reported are presented in a way similar to those required to perform a menu prompted database query Differences between table selection criteria and database queries are outlined below These differences correspond to the need to tabulate a variety of data re quired for tables rather than select a specific subset of data required for contour map generation A range of dates or sampling events can be specified for tables rather than the single sampling event available during menu prompted database query Template Constituent Lists and
99. iew maps Chemical concentration time Geologic cross section maps Floating product contour maps series graphs Chemical versus chemical Isopach maps Hydraulic conductivity contour maps graphs inter and intra well Trilinear Piper diagrams Structure maps Water elevation versus time graphs Chemical concentration versus Presentation quality data tables Floating product thickness versus distance graphs time graphs flow versus time concentration versus time Presentation quality data tables Extraction well graphs chemical flux versus time Presentation quality data tables 14 5 Chemistry and Hydrology Graphs GIS Key makes available a number of different types of graphs for displaying chemical constituents and hydrologic properties The GIS Chem Menu displays the concentrations of one or more constituents over time correlating the concentrations of two chemicals at the same sampling station comparing concentrations at two different sites showing variation in concentration at different distances from a sampling site generating trilinear Piper diagrams and displaying a variety of statistical param eters Under the GIS Hydro Menu hydrographs or flux graphs can be plotted To create a graph the type of graph is chosen and then GIS Key guides the user through a series of well selections and prompts For example to prepare a chemical time series graph the user selects the time period chemi cals of interest and defa
100. in the documentation warning the user to verify the appro priateness of these action levels prior to use GIS Key allows users to modify existing action levels and add new ones to make them specific to their project New action levels are added using three database menu options To do this the user must understand several GIS Key concepts including action level 2266 2266 codes source reference codes source reference levels user alerts and action levels The GIS Key documentation for this process could be improved For example the GIS Key User Guide discusses how to enter action level codes before it describes how to enter new source reference codes A brief note in the margin of the documentation indicates that this order is incorrect that is the source reference codes must actually be entered before entering action level codes Testing showed that if the user attempts to use a nonexistent source reference code while entering a new action level code then GIS Key will warn the user that the source reference code is invalid but it will accept it if the user insists Geologic Formation and Soil Classifications GIS Key supplies USGS soil classification codes that can be used via a look up list for data entry of borehole soil material descriptions The user can also add additional soil material descriptions to the look up list The user may define a li
101. ince the diameter of a borehole is very small in comparison to the length of a profile line few details would be visible if the width of the borehole were drawn to scale on the section GIS KeyTM allows the user to draw boreholes and wells as if they had a much larger diameter thereby making the lithology and construction details easier to see Figure 17 shows three monitoring wells drawn with an apparent borehole width of 5 feet The well sand pack dot pattern on one side of the hole is visible There is no indication on the plot of the apparent borehole width used or the true width Scale control is provided by GIS Key in three areas 1 vertical exaggeration 2 scaling the hatch pattern and 3 changing the default scale of the section when a title block is added to prepare the cross section for plotting Figures 17 and 18 were prepared with a vertical exaggeration factor of 2 This is not indicated on the plot nor is the horizontal distance presented with a scale symbol but is added when a block and border are placed on with plot This information should be added to the cross section display Figures 18 and 20 show the results of changing the hatch scale factor note that a legend is not provided that relates the hatch patterns to the soil types GIS Key makes it possible to display chemical concentrations in soil samples on geologic cross sections as well as on plan views For each well and borehole selected the concentration of
102. is displayed on the data entry screen after the user selects a template constituent list Often the hard copy laboratory results show a majority of non detects and only a few compounds are detected The user needs only to enter these few detection compounds using the data entry screen Detection limits for non detects will be automatically determined by GIS Key through reference to the TCL defaults Reported detection limits can be changed by the user if necessary 32 The user may enter data for chemicals not included on the template constituent list A look up list is available for this purpose This ability is useful for example in entering tentatively identified compounds QC Results Entry of QC data is optional GIS Key requires separate entry of QC laboratory data this data cannot be entered along with the primary data For analysis of the QC data GIS Key requires that the user initially specify control limits as described in Subsection 2 3 1 Codes and Lists GIS KeyTM allows entry of the following types of QC results a Method Rinsate Travel and Field Blanks Duplicates Splits Matrix Spikes Lab and Field Control Samples Known and Blind Surrogates Holding Times Second column confirmation results cannot be stored and analyzed Also certain QC data cannot be stored and analyzed For example an individual result can be either a surrogate or a duplicate but not both
103. ists The database queries are conducted through a series of menu prompts Spatial Queries GIS Key spatial data retrieval capabilities are provided by AutoCAD Spatial queries operate by allowing the user to select objects displayed on the map graphically AutoCAD handle IDs of the selected objects are passed to the GIS database module thus allowing extraction of data GIS Key provides for all of the AutoCAD spatial query capabilities the creation of selection sets as well as a specific function the creation of a symbol list which increases the efficiency of well selection When the user selects one or more entities for processing the collection of entities is called a selection set The selection set window operation was used quite often within GIS Key for selecting all or a subset of wells AutoCAD and the GIS Key System are limited to rectangular selection windows Arbitrary polygon or circle selection is not supported AutoCAD highlights the selected entities as a cueing aid AutoCAD is flexible the user can select objects first and then enter a command to process them or enter the processing command first and then select the objects Entities can be interactively added or removed from the selection set GIS Key supplements AutoCAD spatial data selection by providing symbol lists These are user defined subsets of frequently used sample locations that can be grouped together and retrieved by name Au
104. itor that is a part of FoxBASE for entry of this information The GIS Key manual recommends that a familiar word processor be used instead since unlike the FoxBASE editor they support line numbering and spell checking Line numbering is especially important since the line number determines the depth interval at which the free form text appears on the well logs For example a soil description entered on the third line will be displayed on the well log three foot depth interval It is not possible to enter the USGS soil unit classifications and the free form textual descriptions at the same time The free form textual descriptions are kept in a DOS file that has the same name as the sample location ID with a file extension of MAT For example the text for well MW 06B will be stored in a DOS file named MW 06B MAT A major implication of this design is that wells and boreholes should have names where the first eight characters are unique and conform to DOS naming limitations Well names are entered in the graphical AutoCAD environment but no warning is issued if invalid DOS names are used for well names GIS Key will use only the first eight characters of a well name to 30 create a text file For example if two wells are named LF MW 06A and LF MVV 06B nine character names then GIS Key will create only a single DOS name LF MW 06 MAT to store the textual material descriptions for both wells Separate text files c
105. ity for the electronic download of laboratory data The use of a pen based computer to record field sampling activities has long been recognized as a field need As hardware prices continue to decline such systems will become economically viable 13 2 Support of Multiple Databases GIS Solutions as part of the Cordant Inc team was awarded a 12 year contract by the Naval Information Technology Aquisition Center for the Naval Facilities Engineering Command Computer Aided Design Second Acquisition Program NAVFAC CAD 2 The total delegation authority under this contract is 550 million dollars GIS Key is the only PC based environmental data managaement software selected under this contract As a condition of the award GIS Solutions is committed to the development of a client server product Accordingly GIS Solutions plans to introduce support for Oracle Sybase and Informix during the latter part of 1994 13 3 Air Module The GIS Key Air Module will allow the entry of air chemistry data and compressible flow data into GISWKeyTM It will also include interfaces to selected flow models The Air module is slated for completion during the fourth quarter of 1994 1 3 4Risk Module The GIS Key Risk Module will allow the user to define exposure pathways and assumptions for chemical intake and associated risks It is slated for completion during the second quarter of 1995 127 1 4 Summary GIS Key is an innovative and c
106. l cannot be ob tained in either the basic or advanced courses These advanced AutoCAD skills will help project admin istrators during basemap preparation and maintenance as well as final map and figure production In addition to computer skills project administrators should have some experience in evaluating subsurface conditions Project administrators must be able to tell if the maps obtained using GISWKeyTM are reasonable or useful They must be able to determine if the correct assumptions and methods were used and whether there is an adequate amount of data of sufficient quality to generate reliable maps and other outputs 117 SECTION 5 SOFTWARE STATUS GIS Solutions Inc a California corporation was organized in July 1990 to provide an integrated comprehensive map based relational database and engineering analysis software product to manage interpret and report environmental data This product named GISVKeyTM enhances the cost effective ness of performing hazardous waste site feasibility studies remedial investigations and design and long term monitoring In fulfilling this need GIS Solutions objectives related to development and continued support of the software are as follows Establish GIS Solutions as an innovative technical leader in environmental data management and analysis software Develop user friendly software products which offer significant reductions in environmental compliance costs while improving
107. lays status messages regarding which processing step is running and its associated CPU time A file is produced and is automatically imported to AutoCAD Two layers are generated within the current drawing one for the grid and one for the contours If no ghost walls or contour control points are in cluded in the data then the grid extents are formed by the minimum and maximum coordinates of the wells see Figure 8 A number of structure maps were constructed to test the effect of editing posted values and adding contour control points With respect to editing posted values Figures 9 and 10 show the struc ture maps generated from the original data SB 05 161 3 ft and the edited data SB 05 162 0 ft respectively For both maps the posted values lie within the correct contour interval and contour lines pass through data points wells that match the contour value When four contour control points were added see Figure 7 the grid constructed by QuickSurf extended out to these points see Figure 11 The new contours produced see Figure 12 extend out to reflect the values at these control points It was noted that after the grid and contours are produced the control points disappeared from the screen diminating the reminder to the user where they were placed and what ther values were Chemistry data can often range over several orders of magnitude within a site To accommodate this situation GIS Key M provides the user with t
108. lists a target constituent list and lists of matrix spikes control samples and surrogates TCLs are unique for each combination of matrix lab and test method A TCL is first selected by the user to initiate data entry the data entry screens then have the proper lists of chemicals with their detection limits displayed The user needs to enter less data since most defaults are set by the TCL The process of setting up TCLs involves naming the TCL identifying the lab and test method and then selecting individual chemicals and detection limits associated with the TCL The User Guide provides clear step by step instructions on this essential task The documentation warns against modifying TCL lists since they provide a record of useful laboratory information such as detection limits 24 Reporting Compounds Reporting constituent lists RCLs are used by GIS Key for hard copy report production They provide the user with the flexibility to prepare a report showing results from more than one TCL and specific chemicals can be included in or suppressed from any RCL The process of creating RCLs is well described in the documentation and is very similar to the process used for creating template constituent lists Review Codes GIS Key allows the user to store laboratory QA QC data validation qualifiers with the chemi cal results Two categories of these codes can be used standard EPA Contract Laboratory Program codes and user defined
109. lists are available for these fields GIS Key does not check to deter mine whether valid case and sample delivery group information has been entered by the user but does check for duplication between sampling events GIS Key uses template constituent lists TCLs to simplify entry of laboratory data ATCL is essentially a set of user defined defaults for a laboratory method or group of methods As described in Subsection 2 3 a user defines a list of related chemicals methods and detection limits during project setup These lists can be defined specific to each project and provide limited ability to customize data entry For example a user working on a fuel tank project may ask the laboratory to report concentrations of benzene toluene xylenes diesel and total petroleum These fuel components are typically measured using different lab methods The user could request that the laboratory report results for all methods on the same printed report page and also set up a GIS Key TCL including these constituents with their laboratory specific detection limits These lists are only a data entry aid menu prompted database queries cannot use template constituent lists as selection criteria Findings related to data entry using template constituent lists are shown below GIS Key requires a valid TCL prior to chemical data entry A look up list is available I The default list of chemicals and detection limits
110. ll can be projected orthogonally at two locations on the section line the user has the option to pick either location An additional capability to allow for the projection along the strike of a geologic formation should be included this would allow for a more realistic portrayal of the geologic profile The data associated with the wells or boreholes projected onto the section line can be displayed as either stick or hatch If stick is chosen then the two letter USGS abbreviation for the soil type is written along the vertical profile If hatch is chosen then predefined hatch patterns are displayed along the vertical profile Figures 17 and 18 show respectively the stick and hatch profiles for section BB No problems were encountered in creating these sections GIS Key provides standard soil hatch patterns see Figure 19 The user can also define custom soil hatch patterns using AutoCAD In addition to vertical profiles of wells profiles of user selected grid layers can also be displayed on the section The user is prompted for the individual layer names to be displayed During the creation of the section line the user specifies the number of intervals to divide the section line into At each interval point GIS Key averages the values of the four closest grid nodes and then connects the interval points to draw the cross section For this test four grid layers the top and bottom of water bearing zones 1 and 2 and the ground
111. lly based on the U S Geologic Survey USGS 7 5 minute quadrangle maps Additionally users usually import specific project map data 1 RCRA facility and CERCLA sites which provide greater detail and resolution necessary for comprehen sive studies With GIS Key users add graphic points representing wells borings and sampling locations on to this basemap GIS Key provides the ability for one time entry and verification of the chemical geologic or hydrologic information GIS Key M ties this information to specific wells placed on the basemap 1 2 Brief Description of Program and Reports In 1986 EPA s Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response OSWER and Office of Research and Development ORD established the SITE Program to promote the development and use of innova tive technologies to clean up Superfund sites across the country Now in its eighth year the SITE Pro gram is helping to provide the treatment technologies necessary to implement new Federal and state cleanup standards aimed at permanent remedies rather than quick fixes The SITE Program is composed of four major elements the Demonstration Program the Emerging Technologies Program the Measure ment and Monitoring Technologies Program and the Technology Transfer Program These programs are briefly discussed below The major focus has been on the Demonstration Program which is designed to provide engineer ing and cost data for selected treatment technol
112. lude audit or transaction logging capabilities If an error occurs it is not possible to roll back the database to a previous known and verified state Also it is not possible to store rationales nor dates of changes to the database or map GIS Key does provide a very limited audit trail command for contouring data However this information is stored in plain ASCII text files so use of this feature requires the user to develop additional auditing techniques outside of GIS Key to maintain and track these files The ease of use of the data entry screens is limited Users accustomed to modern graphical VVindovvs like dialog boxes may feel uncomfortable with the GIS Key text based screens GIS Key has certain limitations related to DOS For example the user can individually exam ine the map in AutoCAD or the database in FoxBASE but cannot view both simultaneously Also DOS filename limitations may require use of valid DOS filenames for sample locations that have textual lithology data GIS Key stores only limited meta data For example it is not possible to store sample location data source information Site data related to ecological assessments and air emissions is not managed by this software SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION This section provides background information regarding the U S Environmental Protection Agency EPA Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation SITE Program discusses the purpose of t
113. lutions is very appreciative of the honor of being the first software developer to be accepted into the EPA SITE Program We believe that GISVKeyTM software represents a state of the art advance in the integrated management of environmental data As concluded in this SITE Program report GISVKeyTM dramatically reduces the cost of managing and reporting environmental data at sites ranging in size from comer gas station investigations to large Superfund sites At the same time the data integra tion validation and reporting features of GIS Key significantly improve data quality and any resulting decisions pertaining to this data This SITE Program report provides a comprehensive overview of the many features of GISVKeyTM software and where appropriate its limitations Accordingly these features and limitations will not be repeated in this appendix Rather the focus of this section is on the new features that have been added to GIS Key in the year since the release of the version used as a basis for this evaluation These features were added primarily in response to feedback received from our existing clients which we a client service driven company in this rapidly evolving field constantly encourage You will note that many of the limitations noted in this report have been addressed by our current version of GIS 1 2 New Features of GISVKeyTM Software Recently added features to GIS Key and integrated third party software are described
114. mportant aspect in the design of any landfill holding or disposal pond or reclamation project Four types of contour maps can be pro duced by GIS Key to assist in groundwater mapping hydrogeologic maps chemical concentration isopleths geologic structure elevation maps and geologic structure thickness isopach maps The compo nents of each of these contour maps and their uses are provided in Table 8 Tabular Chemistry Reports Several standard chemical reports are available through GIS Key standard menus The report generation process provides the user with several standard options For example on the primary results table the user can choose whether or not to display the printing date on a tabular report to filter the results for selected test methods portrait or landscape orientations to show Contract Laboratory Program CLP and expert Oe user defined review qualifiers or to screen out chemicals that are non detects for all wells and sampling points detected 77 GIS KEY MAP SYMBOLS GISK L01 O Domestic Well GISK L06 Surface VVater Sample Point GISK L11 User Defined Vell GISK L16 User Defined Extraction Well GISK L21 User Defined Injection Well GISK L26 Nested Piezometer GISK LO2 Irrigation Well GISK L07 Shallow Monitoring Well GISK L12 Shallow Extraction Well GISK LI7 Shallow Injection Well GISK L22 Water Probe Point Sample GISK L27 User Defined Piezometer G
115. nd other hazardous waste sites This purpose is accomplished through technology demonstrations designed to provide performance and cost data on selected technologies This project consisted of an evaluation under the SITE Program of the GIS Key Environmental Data Management System developed by GIS Solutions Inc The software evaluation was conducted on data typical of a Superfund site The evaluation provided information on the performance and cost of the software This Innovative Technology Evaluation Report provides an interpretation of the data and discusses the potential applicability of the software A limited number of copies of this report will be available at no charge from EPA s Center for Environmental Research Information 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati Ohio 45268 Re quests should include the EPA document number found on the report s front cover When the limited supply is exhausted additional copies can be purchased from the National Technical Information Service NTIS Ravensworth Building Springfield Virginia 22161 703 487 4600 Reference copies will be available at EPA libraries in the Hazardous Waste Collection You can also call the SITE Clearinghouse hotline at 800 424 9346 or 202 382 3000 in Washington D C to inquire about the availability of other reports E Timothy Oppelt Director Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory Section TABLE OF CONTENTS Page NOTICE EE EE ii FOREWORD xo a E
116. ne 71 43 2 108 88 3 100 41 4 1330 20 7 MW O7A 01 02 90 Benzen Toluene Ethylbenzene Xylene total 108 88 3 Toluene MW 09A 1102 90 71 43 2 Benzen 108 88 3 100 41 4 1330 20 7 Toluene Ethylbenzene Xylene total Table 3 Historical Ranges Check GIS Key Demo 3 30 92 Historical Ranges Check PF Historical Range Low High Tested Conc 0 0 mg l 0 1 mg 1 0 0 mg l 0 08 mg l 0 0 mg l 0 06 mg l 0 0 mg 1 0 1 mg 1 0 0 mg 1 0 61 mg l 0 0 mg 1 0 022 mg 1 0 0 mg 1 0 03 mg 1 0 0 mg l 0 009 mg 1 0 0 mg l 0 004 mg l 0 0 mg l 0 19 mg 1 14 28 1 mg 1 6 mg 1 4 1 Z mg l 3 7 mg 1 0 36 1 4 mg l 0 32 mg 1 70 140 mg 1 35 mg l 0 0016 0 022 mg l 0 03 mg l 0 0 009 mg l 0 01 mg 1 0 0 001 mg l 0 0018 mg l 0 0 002 mg l 0 003 mg 1 T 0 6 2 2 mg l 3 3 mg 1 0 005 0 39 mg l 0 82 mg l 0 0 28 mg l 0 42 mg 1 0 0 01 mg 1 0 04 mg 1 0 0 02 mg l 0 09 mg 1 39 Table 4 Holding Time Check GIS Key Demo 3 30 92 Holding Time Check Sampled Time Held days Site Prog Date Time Depth C gt E E gt A C gt A R gt E R gt A Water BTEX TPHG Allowed Holding Times 0 0 14 0 0 MW O1A A 10 01790 01 01 ed 1 8 1 7 MW 01A A 10 01 90 01 01 8 1 7
117. ng GIS Key M Cross sections im Time Series Plots 20 4 860 Concentration versus Distance Plots 4 1 185 Concentration versus Depth Plots Contaminant Concentration Tables xu 12 900 113 Table 18 Labor Requirements Using the Alternative System Technician Labor Engineer Scientist Loaded Labor Cost Task Product hours Labor hours Data Entry ell Logs Contour Maps Cross Sections Series Plots B Concentration versus Distance Plots Concentration versus Depth Plots Contaminant Concentration Tables QA QC Tables otals 29 455 x x x x management and system maintenance are available from GIS Solutions Costs for these services are summarized in Table 19 Services not listed in Table 19 are priced at cost plus 15 percent The economic analysis assumes that the user purchases the GIS Key annual maintenance contract which includes 10 hours of free telephone support and a periodic freshening of the program code Other than training this maintenance contract is assumed to be the only technical support cost associated with the GIS Key system For the GIS Key scenario it is assumed that the engineer scientist is sent to GIS Solutions for 3 1 2 days of basic training and 2 days of advanced training The technician receives on the job training from the engineer scientist in the use of the GIS Key system The total co
118. ng events preparation fractions program types for storage and retrieval GIS KeyTM uses this information to organize or group related data and to simplify data entry With a good data management perspective and the use of third party software these codes can be managed to avoid update and query anomalies Training Users can obtain basic and advanced training Training covers AutoCAD and a detailed walk through of GIS Key capabilities Users are guided through the creation of GIS Key outputs The training is well pre sented but needs additional emphasis on project planning and setup Documentation and Support Services The User Guide is well prepared and covers the system s modules and activities It does not represent in all cases the changes that occured as new versions of software were incorporated into GISVKeyTM The call in support offered was readily available and of great help in understanding issues The benefits and limitations that were determined during the evaluation of the software are GIS Key does not require specialized computer skills to use its powerful and comprehensive XV data management capabilities GIS Key includes menu driven routines that simplify complex tasks such as generating contours adding title blocks to maps and reviewing QC results Advanced database and AutoCAD skills are not needed for routine use of GISVKey TM Geologists and engineers can analyze data and produce reports directly these
119. nt cubic feet or gallons Program type Geologic Logs GIS Key can prepare well and borehole logs based on the information in the project database Standard borehole logs include a comprehensive amount of information Location drilling methods and dates A depth scale 82 Soil sample information Blovv counts Graphic soil hatch patterns Textual lithology descriptions Well construction logs additionally include i Casing diameters and lengths Pack and seal information Perforation descriptions Measuring point information The user cannot prespecify any well or borehole log options However logs generated from the graphical GIS Key environment can be edited with AutoCAD GIS Key does not check all well construction parameters for consistency during data entry Incorrectly entered well data may cause well log production routine failure In addition several user fields have been added that can be incorporated into the custom templates Types of Graphs A variety of chemistry and hydrology graphs can be produced by GIS Key A description of the various graphs and their components that can be generated is listed in Table 9 2 3 7 Software Products versus Reporting Requirements The subsection discusses the general reporting requirement associated with a hazardous waste site and how the GIS Key software can assist in making these reports Reporting varies for each site The reporting requir
120. o gt 5 u nio SULMOYS olq 82 AMI 06 0 10 68 gt 2 1 68 Z1 0 1 68 0 80 68 81 40 68 50 90 68 22 7 0 68 01 O 68 92 10 88 v Z i i i 1 H H 1 Li med mman e i i I m 1 1 i A CH LA 00179 voIpay y Se 4 1 570 88 10 Een tail 990 mex UZ PAN 1 5 Zu 89 Depth ft 0 0 2 5 5 0 7 9 10 0 12 5 15 0 i 5 20 0 22 5 Period 1 01 88 PF Code 1 Site SB 02 mg kg 200 0 10 07 90 y Benzene T Toluene d m Xylene total Depth vs Constituent m T i i 1 A e 400 0 600 0 800 0 1000 0 1200 0 1400 0 Figure 29 Plot of concentration vs depth for benzene toluene and xylene 1600 0 20 4 1800 0 2000 0 DIA ME Figure 30 Trilinear Piper diagram for Well M W 06A 91 00 00 06 80 01 9437 43 00 4 06 62 40 06 61 50 VE MI ag te m3iq 06 0 0 68 62 21 AyisuaG 68 02 0 68 0 80 68 S50 00 00 68 22 0 68 01 10 88 10 51 0162 o tb OTP A Ov O SP KEE O r 4 os EE pea amp oer Aq p sio2 usali lJu loAInb3 u UONDA T3 BOOJING 48 0014 77 A T J
121. of GIS Key capabilities The GISVKeyTM demonstration map and database are used often since they contain data of sufficient quantity and complexity to demonstrate realistic situations Users are guided through the creation of the types of outputs GIS Key can produce A portion of the training is devoted to data entry where the user is guided through the steps required to enter various types of data that GIS Key stores One significant area that may need additional emphasis is project planning and setup Users get an opportunity to start a new project the second day of training This project setup training takes place o 669 cr before the user is introduced to GIS Key concepts of program codes preparation fraction sam pling events and template constituent lists These important details regarding new project setup are not discussed before the new setup instruction Users generally found the GIS Solutions trainers to be patient flexible and helpful Training most often occurs at the user s location Users reported universally that on the job use of the software system was the only way to become proficient in its execution The call in support offered by GIS Solutions was readily available and of great help in understanding issues that arose while working with the software User Requirements GISVKeyTM menus both graphical and text based guide the user through complex data manipu lation and dis
122. off the shelf products Oe AutoCAD graphics and FoxBASE database numerous third party database tools are available to perform queries and to create report formats not included with GIS Key The system can be a cost effective time saving method for managing large volumes of environmental data A number of issues relating to the general usability of GIS Key were addressed during the generation of the various GIS Key products The following functions and capabilities were assessed New Project Setup It was relatively easy to set up a new project a project directory structure and a project basemap during the evaluation However since all the project directories must be on the same drive as the GIS Key directory mass storage difficulties can arise as project files grow xili Map Management Standard AutoCAD drawing files are used for all GIS Key basemaps The utilities provided for the addition and editing of map symbols were tested and no problems were encountered During the generation of the project basemap the basemap and symbols were digitized using two methods Satisfactory accuracy of the coordinates of map symbols was obtained Data Entrv Screens Data entry screens are available for geological chemical and hydrogeological data processed by GIS KeyTM These screens provide several time saving features including dynamic look up lists and quick return to the most recent item accessed Defaults are provided by GIS Key
123. offered as a stand alone package Site sample locations and chemical geologic and chemical data relative to these locations can be added to the database without the use of th eGIS Key Graphic component or other third party tools 1 2 6 AutoCAD Improvements 1 2 6 1 AutoCAD Data Extension AutoCAD has recently released a new product called AutoCAD Data Extension This product removes the previous barriers to managing large AutoCAD basemaps ADE allows the user to load only the portions of a large map needed for a particular task Using ADE a current GIS Ktey TM customer is managing environmental data on a 92 Mb site map Another customer recently ordered over 20 USGS quadrangle maps for an area wide environmental investigation being managed with GIS Key TM 1 2 6 2 AutoCAD 12 for Windows With the release of AutoCAD 2 for Windows GIS Key TM now runs in the Windows environ ment The current Windows release supports many of the features associated the windowing environ ment such as DDE document linking For example users now have the ability to cut a report ready graph boring log cross section or contour map into a word processing document Alternatively by clicking on a well from a basemap they are now able to show a picture of the well video taken during its construction or a document summarizing permit conditions or other applicable information in text or spreadsheet format 1 2 7 Contouring Package Improvements The SITE Program
124. ogies To date the Demonstration Program projects have not involved funding for technology developers EPA and developers participating in the program share the cost of the demonstration During treatment technology demonstrations developers are responsible for demonstrating their innovative systems at chosen sites usually Superfund sites EPA is responsible for sampling analyzing and evaluating all test results The final product of each demonstration is an assessment of the treatment technology s performance reliability and cost This information is used in conjunction with other data to select the most appropriate treatment technologies for the cleanup of Superfund sites Recently however the Demonstration Program expanded its scope to include the evaluation of innovative technologies or systems used to support remedial activities These support systems may be used to hdp Remedial Project Managers RPMs evaluate treatment alternatives during the Renedial Investigation Feasibility Study RI FS and Remedial Design Remedial Actio n RD RA phases The GIS Key software falls within this program category Like remedial technology demonstrations the final product of a support system evaluation is an assessment of the system s performance rdiability and cost Developers of both treatment technologies and support systems apply to the Demonstration Program by responding to EPA s annual solicitation EPA also accepts proposals fo
125. ommand will destroy the links between the map and the database Also sample locations can be deleted using the AutoCAD erase command creating inconsistencies between the map and the database Third party tools are needed for ad hoc queries For example after sample locations have been xviii selected a predefined GIS Key query is available to display the concentrations of a specific chemical measured within a specific time interval However it is not possible to query for the maximum concen tration of a specific chemical ever measured at the site TheGIS Key database structure is incompletely documented The developer will supply a listing of the physical schema but relationships key rules domain rules and triggering operations are not documented This lack of documentation limits usefulness of electronic data transfer Flexibility of printed report format and appearance is limited under GIS Key The user select the subset of chemicals that will be printed but cannot choose the location of the date on the printed page No general report writing capabilities are provided However ASCII option outputs are offered for all tables allowing the user to custom design tables using a familiar spreadsheet program such as Lotus Excel or Quattro GIS Key has three spatial entity selection techniques AutoCAD individual entity selection AutoCAD rectangular selection windows and manually created GIS Key sym
126. or plotter 180 dpi printer 300 dpi 4 Mb connected to the parallel memory connected to the port parallel port Summagraphics Summasketch MM II digitizing tablet 500 dpi 12 x 12 surface connected to the second serial port COM2 Processing large gt 1 Mb AutoCAD drawing files was slow due to the limited memory available Table 13 presents timing results for several processes on three different platform configurations Al though GIS Key performed all its functions on a 386 class PC 4 Mb RAM the timing results shown in Table 13 indicate that the optimum hardware configuration should be used to achieve work efficiency Table 1 lists the video displays supported by AutoCAD The configuration using a VGA card 98 Table 12 Recommended and Minimum Hardware Configurations for GIS Key Release 1 1 2 Recommended Hardware Minimum Hardware Configuration Configuration 486 66 Motherboard with 256K Cache 386 20 Motherboard with 387 20 Coprocessor 16M bRA M 4Mb RAM 8 Mb for AutoCAD release 12 20 Monitor 14 VGA Monitor 1 2 Gb SCSI Hard Drive 100 Mb IDE Hard Drive 3 5 and 5 25 Floppy Drives 3 5 Floppy Drive 101 Keyboard and Mouse Digitizer m Keyboard amp Mouse SCSI Controller 250 Mb Tape Backup Table 13 Selected Processing Times ro Process 386 33 4Mb RAM 486 33 8Mb RAM 486 33 16Mb RAM Open a 19 Mb drawing 3 minutes 45 seconds 1 minute 21 seconds Open a 322 Kb drawing
127. or this well and chemical concentration would be included within the sampling event Under these circumstances GIS Key will select the maximum concentration observed in the sampling event for display and analysis GIS Key does not provide any indication to the user that multiple results were found within the sampling event It is not possible to instruct GIS Key to select an aver age or minimum concentration instead of the maximum GIS Key does not provide any means to determine which data is outside of any sampling event GIS Key provides flexibility to quickly and easily redefine sampling events Since sampling event information is not stored with the chemical result information the user can unintentionally lose the relationship between particular data and the redefined sampling event for samples originally included but redefined outside the sampling event GIS Key does not provide the means to check for samples orphaned this way In summary the sampling event selection criteria provide a useful way to group related samples together based on sampling date However GIS Key does not provide the direct means to check for sampling event definition ambiguities or conflicts Program types are typically defined as a part of new project setup After selection of the sampling event the user is presented with a listing of all existing program types to aid selection GIS Key allows selection of multiple program types
128. orehole drilling start dates and drilling method GIS Key will check to make sure that entered drilling dates are valid and that the completion depth is less than the total depth Error messages are generated if these constraints are not met GIS Key stores sample descriptions and blow counts obtained during soil borings Well Construction Data Well construction information is entered into the database using two data entry screens The first screen is used to enter general information such as depths dates and names the second screen is used for detailed screened interval information The first data entry screen has fields to describe blank casing tail pipe conductor casing and seal material Look up lists are available for well cover type casing material and seal material GIS Key will prompt the user for information for all of these fields During data entry GIS Key does not check for conflicts or inconsistencies with the lengths depths and diameters of blank casing tail pipe or conductor casing It is possible to enter invalid data using these screens For example it is possible to enter a conductor casing depth that is greater than the depth of the borehole The completion depth which the GIS Key manual defines as total depth of well as applicable does not appear on the well completion data entry screens and it does not appear to be used for consistency checks 29 The second data entry screen i
129. orrelation Period 11 01 88 10 07 90 Coefficient Constituent vs Constituent 0 9080 30 000 27 000 24 000 21 000 uu s 18 000 gt See 15 000 577 1 i 12 000 L i 9 000 4 mu 6 030 T i 7 55 3 000 0 L j mg l 3 000 6 000 9 000 12 000 15 000 18 000 21 000 24 000 27 000 30 000 Figure 25 Plot of benzene vs toluene for monitoring well 28 Constitutents Toluene Code 1 52170 Y MW 07A Event 66 S 01 thru 90 0 04 Correlation Period 11 01 88 10 07 90 Coefficient 0 0479 Site vs Site WW o 2 m M A l m EES 5 ui m o 12 000 n J RTE 6 000 4 000 al 5 2 000 _ F A v p SS m b mu a 4 mg L 2 000 4 000 6 000 8 000 10 000 12 000 14 000 16 000 18 000 20 000 Figure 26 Plot of toluene concentration at wells MW 06A and MW 07A 169 MW 08A 130 MW 07A 126 MW 01A A Benzene A Y Toluene 80 MW 03A Xyiene mixed isomers 77 MW 04A B xy BCEE Event 90 Q 01 01 01 90 01 07 90 mg 31 VW 054 Concentration vs Distance 60 000 54 200 8 000 42 320 00 36 000 30 000 24 000 A vot wet NT OLH NI SE 2 Figure 27 Plot of benzene toluene and xylene concentration along a user defined profile 19 JOR Areurums PUR IWH SA uonenu j5su
130. orting formats Repetitive reporting requirements often become simpler exercises In general GIS Key reduces most of the mechanical drudgery associated with database import export management maintenance and report generation and facilitates engineering and scien tific interpretation thereby allowing the user to focus on analysis and site management 2 2 M ethodology Two analysts experienced in GIS and environmental database management performed the evaluation One analyst had previous experience with GISVKey TM the other did not This allowed for two differing perspectives a new user versus an experienced user A third analyst with an environmen tal database background and previous GIS experience served as the QA QC officer reviewing both the evaluation protocol and the results The evaluators were provided with a condensed version of the GIS Key basic training course The full course 3 1 2 days was completed in 2 1 2 days and covered the following topics AutoCAD essentials new project setup geology hydrology and chemistry modules and GIS Key utilities A detailed discussion of the GIS Key training course is addressed in Subsec tion 2 3 9 The evaluation included obtaining information on performance from a limited number of current users through telephone interviews The GIS Key software runs on DOS based personal computers For this evaluation which occurred between April and December 1993 GIS Key was ins
131. ost effective tool for managing the wealth of data generated from environmental investigations ranging from small property site assessments to major Superfund sites GIS Key M leads to higher quality and lower costs for the following reasons 2 GISVKeyTM improves efficiency and reduces costs by providing a work product oriented tool Report ready graphics can be created by simply selecting a desired graphic from a pull down window and responding to a series of prompts GIS Solutions customers report a 25 to 75 reduction in data management costs using GIS Key The intuitive design of GISVKeyTM requires no previous computer background to prepare report ready graphics and tables The desired product is selected from a pull down window and the user then responds to prompts A query language does not have to be mastered to get results The user friendly design means all data management training costs can be standardized and controlled Its comprehensive user guide is an excellent aid for training new employees GIS Key combines proven third party software packages such as AutoCAD FoxPlus QuickSurf and JetForm under one seamless graphic interface GIS Key runs on 286 386 and 486 PCs Additional investments in computer hardware are not required for the implementation of the GISVKeyTM Contour maps geologic cross sections graphs boring logs and tables can be created without data having to be reentered or reformatted GIS Key
132. phical and geological features can be depicted hydrogeological characteristics can be shown locations of contaminants within the soil and groundwater can be described and contaminant pathways can be predicted 2 3 8 Hardware Considerations The three hardware configurations used during the evaluation of GIS Key at the SAIC offices in McLean Virginia San Francisco California and Cincinnati Ohio are listed in Table 11 The details of 96 Table 10 Reporting Elements and Associated GIS Key Module Critical Element GIS Key Module Depict significant geologic or structural trends and 6151 Geo Sections geologic and structural features relative to groundwater flows GIS Geo Maps Structure features water bodies wells site boundaries RCRA units and waste management areas ADC basemaps imported to GIS Key as dwg files User digitized map layers Utilities Site map symbols Groundwater direction and variation hydraulic GIS Hydro Maps fluid level horizontal conductivities of hydrogeologic units conductivity specific storage specific yield GIS Hydro Graphs hydrograph flow rate cumulative flow flux rate cumulative flux Identification of the uppermost aquifer and the GIS Geo Maps structure confining layer GIS Geo M aps isopachs Surface topographic features like contours man made Contouring the minimum and recommended hardware configurations for running GIS KeyT M as well as peripheral de
133. play steps While performing these actions the user does not need to have detailed knowl edge of the inner workings of the software For example the user can easily prepare a map of the portion of the site complete with a title block and border without knowing many AutoCAD details To prepare such a map manually the user would need to be familiar with AutoCAD concepts such as model space versus paper space block import and export tilemode view ports attribute editing and zooming relative to paper space The GIS Key M menu driven procedure is much simpler and more accessible to the casual user 101 Another example of accessibility is provided by the retrieval of specific chemical concentration data and these posting values on a map To perform such a query manually the user would need to know a computer data manipulation language such as SQL or FoxBASE The user would then need to import the data values onto the basemap using AutoCAD commands Although GIS Key information retrieval often requires little computer expertise preparation of a GISVKeyTM system for use can require special computer skills For example basemap preparation can require specialized AutoCAD skills Field and laboratory data import may require that users have Data Management System skills Most GISVKeyTM project data is stored in industry standard database DBF files so these data are generally accessible outside of GIS Key to users with more advanced databas
134. r in the database the first letter of every option is surrounded by brackets pressing the lt Enter gt key generally selects the first item in the list In summary GIS Key data entry screens are functional and provide several time saving features These include look up lists and quick return to the most recent item accessed Data entry screen 28 functionality and user interface is fairly consistent throughout the database but is quite different from the graphical AutoCAD GIS Key environment These screens are fairly typical for text based screens but have some idiosyncrasies that need to be learned Users accustomed to graphical user interface methods of data entry e g dialog boxes pop up menus radio buttons check boxes etc may need additional time to feel comfortable with GIS Key data entry screens Geologic Data Entry Geologic data tracked by GIS Key includes information about boreholes well construction material description i e lithology sample retrieval and formation Geological information needs to be entered before chemical or hydrogeological information since samples and water level measurements can only be taken from existing boreholes or wells Borehole Data The primary data that is entered using this screen is borehole type total depth and completion depth Optional fields include free form textual descriptions of borehole location names of companies and individuals responsible for the b
135. r treatment technology demonstrations any time a developer has a Superfund waste treatment project scheduled To qualify for the program a new technology must be available as a pilot or full scale system and offer some advan tage over existing technologies Mobile treatment technologies are of particular interest to EPA Once EPA has accepted a proposal EPA and the developer work with the EPA regional offices and state agencies to identify a site containing waste suitable for testing the capabilities of the technology However since GIS Key is used to manage and analyze site data EPA and developer efforts were instead directed toward generating a data set that could be used to test the unit s effectiveness During the demonstration of a treatment technology EPA prepares a detailed sampling and analysis plan designed to evaluate the technology thoroughly and to ensure that the resulting data are reliable The duration of a demonstration varies from a few days to several years depending on the type of technology and the quantity of waste needed to assess the technology A similar process and time frame applies to the evaluation of a support system However durin the GIS Key evaluation instead of developing a detailed sampling and analysis plan emphasis was placed on developing evaluation criteria that would thoroughly test the software s performance Results of the SITE Demonstration evaluations are published in two documents t
136. ransverse Mercator UTM coordinate reference with annotation at specified scale if they are digitized and included as separate layers in the AutoCAD drawing file The coordinate system is predetermined by the user conversions between different coordinate systems have 76 to be done outside of GIS Key The AutoCAD GRID command can display a reference grid of dots no automatic annotation of the grid with any desired spacing GIS Key provides a set of 47 predefined map symbols which the user can choose from for symbolizing wells and other point data see Figure 23 In addition a set of 20 different soil hatch pat terns is provided see Figure 23 AutoCAD also provides a variety of point symbol types line types selectable color and width fill patterns and text fonts all selectable from existing tables 2 3 6 Products The ability of GIS Key products to assist analysts in achieving the goals of the site character ization were assessed Definition of the hydrogeological regime identification of the uppermost aquifer and evaluation of potential pathways for chemical migrations are the foundation for groundwater monitoring programs and are crucial to the placement of monitoring wells This subsection discusses the following products contour maps tabular chemistry reports geology tables hydrogeologic tables geologic logs and types of graphs Contour Maps The mapping of movement of contaminated groundwater is an i
137. requires the user to input data in a certain order Once the essential data fields are completed the remaining optional fields can be skipped with a single keystroke 1 the lt F3 gt key The distinction between essential fields and optional fields is not always consistent For example the first well construction data entry screen has a field for the well tailpipe material of construction This field can be skipped over and left blank by using the lt F3 gt key to skip to the second data entry screen However if the cursor arrow keys are used instead to move past the tailpipe material of construction field then GIS Key will display a look up list and will require completion of this field before data entry can proceed In this example tailpipe material of construction is required even 27 though no tailpipe was used Selection of the choice unknown NA is the equivalent of a null entry The documentation does not clearly indicate which fields are optional and which are required If the user notices that a mistake has been made the cursor keys can usually be used to return to the entry and correct the error before it has been committed to the database It is not always possible to correct a minor error by returning to a field using the cursor keys For example assume that the user notices a minor error on the first well construction data entry screen If the user presses the back arrow cursor key too many times i e
138. rfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act Structured English Query Language Template Constituent List Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure Triangulated Irregular Network Technical Project M anager Toxic Substances Control Act Treatment Storage and Disposal U S Environmental Protection Agency U S Geological Survey Universal Transverse Mercator Variable Graphics Array Vendor Information System for Innovative Treatment Technologies xi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This report was prepared under the direction and coordination of Mr Richard Eilers Environ mental Protection Agency EPA Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation SITE Program Manager in the Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory RREL Cincinnati Ohio EPA RREL contributors and reviewers for this report were Dr Ronald F Lewis Mr Randy A Parker Mr Gordon M Evans and Mr Robert L Stenburg Other contributors and reviewers were Mr Gary W Reid and Mr Charles Tupitza of GIS Solutions Inc This report was prepared for EPA s SITE Program by the Technology Evaluation Division of Science Applications International Corporation SAIC in Cincinnati Ohio under Contract No 68 C0 0048 The evaluation of GIS Key was performed by Dr William B Samuels and Mr David Abercombie Mr Neal Panken served as the QA QC Officer Ms Evelyn M eagher Hartzell wrote the report with assistance from the individuals listed above The Work Assignment Manager for the project was Mr Clyde
139. riangular diagram that shows the concentration of cations and anions as percentages allowing major groupings and trends to be identified visually see Figure 30 Shows the variation in fluid levels over time see Figure 31 Included in this graph is water surface elevation floater surface elevation and eguivalent freshwater head Shows average flow rate between measurements during a specified interval of time see Figure 32 Shows total flow to date for a specified period of time see Figure 33 Shows the average flux rate the product of the flow rate and chemical concentration for a single chemical between measurements see Figure 34 Shows the total flux to date for a single chemical for a specified period of time Shows the thickness over time of floating product in a selected well Shows the thickness over time of sinking product in a selected well 84 48 Benzene Y Toluene E Site MW O7A Xylene mixed isomers PRET AUER 8 Constituent vs Time AENA a 7209 0 Tx O Tina Y 3 900 0 11 01 88 01 10 89 03 22 89 05 31 89 08 10 89 10 19 89 12 29 89 03 09 90 05 19 90 07 28 30 10 07 90 Figure 24 Plot of concentration vs time for benzene toluene and xylene Well MW 07A PF Code T Site MW 06A X Benzene Y Toluene Event 88 S 01 thru 90 Q 04 C
140. rocessing was examined by reading in the two well lists created to select data for a structure map The results of reading in symbol list inhvells are shown in Figure 6 only the four wells in the list MW 04B MW 05B MW 06B MW 07B are shown The wells from symbol list wells were also read in without error A structure map showing the elevation of the top of water bearing zone 2 was created from the wells in these two symbol lists The elevations posted at the selected wells corresponded exactly to information in the database for this structure Table 6 Symbol lists can be modified by changing wells included and saving it with a new name Alter natively the symbol list ASCII file can be edited outside of GIS Key Menu Prompted Database Queries GIS Key provides a set of menus to retrieve subsets of data from the project database for use in display or analysis For example to prepare a chemical concentration contour map the user starts by selecting the sampling locations by using spatial query techniques The user then selects the chemicals sampling programs and time periods that are needed for contouring and display GIS Key uses menu prompted database queries to solicit this information from the user 45 is JOQUI S y uf uoz eIp uus lju ay Juimoys dew 9 m3iq YIMAS HUOLS DI 0 Al e LINA OVD ve ES 120484044 3444 ANVA
141. roject directories must be on the same drive as the GISKEY directory this may pose limitations as project files grow and if the hard drive is formatted into relatively small partitions ROOT DEMO DATABASE CHEM GRAPHS MAPS REPORTS GEO GRAPHS MAPS REPORTS HYDRO GRAPHS MAPS MODFLOW INPUT S OUTPUT TERTIARY REPORTS GROUPS BLOCKS EXCHANGE PROFINFO SURFACE GISKEY BLOCKS DATABASE LISP FORMS MENU UTILITY Figure 3 GIS Key directory structure Creating a Basemap After successful installation of the new project data files and directories the project map is created Any map in DWG format is an acceptable basemap many users insert their site map into a digitized USGS quadrangle map These maps in DWG format can be obtained from American Digital Cartography a vendor that can supply USGS DLG GNIS Digital Elevation Model DEM and other spatial data products in DWG format To test the incorporation of a basemap into GIS Key a DWG file was obtained from ADC for the USGS 7 5minute quadrangle for Valdosta Georgia This file was 1 5 Mb consisting of 47 layers of DLG and GNIS data and 20 geodetic control points in the Georgia West state plane coordinate system see Figure 4 This dataset was successfully loaded with no problems Adding Well Locations Well locations and other features buildings tanks etc can be added to the basemap Adding a well location to the map is a two
142. s SITE demonstration the performance of the system was evaluated using three computer configurations The results of the performance comparison are tabulated in Subsection 111 4 3 7 Purchase prices for the computer systems described in Subsection 4 3 7 can be obtained from any computer supplier The actual hardware cost to a user that adopts the GIS Key system depends on the computer facilities available in that office If GIS Key is used for numerous projects it may be neces sary to place the system on a dedicated machine In some cases it may be necessary or preferable to purchase a new system In other cases it may be possible to use or upgrade an existing computer The hardware requirements for the alternative system are similar to the hardware requirements for the GIS Key system Although the hardware requirements for the alternative system depend on the exact software purchased they are assumed to be slightly lower than the hardware requirements for the GIS Key system However because the alternative scenario requires more computer time it may necessitate the use of more than one computer As in the GIS Key scenario the user may choose to purchase new equipment upgrade existing equipment or use existing equipment without modification This cost estimate assumes that existing hardware is sufficient for both scenarios Several third party software packages can be purchased from GIS Solutions or a local dealer for us
143. s used to enter detailed information on screened intervals and seals GIS Key has a limit of five screens and four seals If more intervals are needed special pro gram code definitions can be used to work around this limitation GIS Key does not check for overlap of the screen and seal intervals GIS Key provides fields for both bentonite seal and grout seals regardless of the type of seal material selected Non zero thicknesses must be entered for the thicknesses of each seal or else the well log production routine will not function properly However GIS Key does not check this condition during data entry Lithological Material Description GIS Key stores lithological material descriptions in two ways For each borehole the depth to the top of USGS soil unit classifications and the depth to the top of user definable formation codes may be entered into a database using data entry screens For each borehole a free form textual description of the lithology may be entered This free form textual information is stored in an ASCII text file which may be edited or produced using third party tools The use of data entry screens for the USGS soil unit classifica tions and user definable formation codes is very similar to other GIS Key screens There are some important limitations to the method GIS Key uses for entry and storage of free form textual description of the lithology By default GIS Key uses the minimal text ed
144. selecting menu items with the mouse In the GIS Key database environment the mouse is 25 not active and as a result users must navigate the menus with letter keys arrow keys tabs and carriage returns Specific user interface elements included in the evaluation are briefly described below The majority of the GIS Key spatial and database module functions are invoked by selecting items from pull down or pop up menus the user then responds to prompts that usually display default answers In AutoCAD most commands can either be invoked through the command line or through menu selection The following user interface elements are not provided by GIS Key but are available in AutoCAD Interactive command language interface Ability to use command abbreviations Online help screens Online user manual and tutorial GIS Key does not provide the capability for building macros shell scripts or batch files to execute complex functions automatically from an aggregate of simpler individual functions but does allow the user to add custom AutoLISP applications to the existing GIS Key functions AutoCAD provides the ability to change menus program dialog boxes and use scripts through AutoLISP Struc tured English Query Language SQL and the AutoCAD development system ADS programming languages GIS Key uses the AutoCAD undo command to retract previous entries In GIS Key pressing the Enter key or space bar at the AutoCAD command
145. sites may differ from the generalized require ments evaluated in this project Successful evaluation of the software for one set of data does not neces sarily ensure applicability at other sites Only general conclusions relating to data reporting can be drawn from this GIS Key Environmental Data Management System evaluation Site and project specific conditions restrict the conclusions drawn from the SITE evaluation of a support systen such as GIS Key 14 Technology Description GIS Key M is a comprehensive environmental database management system designed to meet the needs of industry and to satisfy RCRA and CERCLA reporting requirements GIS Key is a custom developed software system that uses several commercial off the shelf products eg AutoCAD FoxBA SE and QuickSurf to produce a variety of site specific tables graphs and maps thereby facilitating the collection reporting and analysis of site management data GIS Key and its associated third party software components can be installed and used on 386 and 486 personal computers DOS Environmental data for a project chemical geological and hydrological is stored in the GIS Key Database which is a relational data management application implemented in FoxBASE The database is tied to the graphical component GIS Key Graphics which is built into AutoCAD The GIS Keyf graphical interface depicts wells and boreholes on a map of the site The user chooses a r
146. ss Discounts of up to 50 percent may be negotiated for large purchases Included with the purchase of the basic version of GIS Key GIS Key capabilities can be expanded by the purchase of a second copy of either the GIS Key database or the GISVKeyTM system If the user has one copy of the GIS Key system which includes the GISVKeyTM database and one copy of the GISVKeyTM database the database copy can be used for data entry and table creation while the complete GIS Key system is being used to create contour maps well logs and other products that cannot be created with the database alone As a result the additional copy of the GIS Key database doubles the project capacity for less than half the cost of the entire GIS Key system This makes the system more cost effective when more than nine projects per year are performed In the alternative scenario a spreadsheet database and drafting program were purchased If only one copy of each program is required the total system cost is estimated to be 3 769 As discussed in Subsection 3 2 additional copies of certain programs are required if the work completed in 1 year in cludes more than four projects of the magnitude of the project evaluated The system cost for perfor mance of five to nine projects per year is 6 794 3 4 2 Hardware and Support Software GIS Solutions claims that the GISVKeyTM system runs on 386 and 486 PCs DOS or SUN work stations UNIX During thi
147. st of formations and formation codes For example the user could define the top of the A aquitard to be associated with the code AQTA These codes are easy to define and edit Laboratories Laboratory identifications and associated code letters are required for chemical data entry Laboratory codes are easy to define and edit and can be specific to each project Laboratory codes cannot be used in the menu prompted database queries Preparation Fractions and Program Codes These project specific codes refer to the sample preparation procedure used by the laboratory prior to analysis For example soil samples are often analyzed for total metal content as well as metal concentrations in the water extract of the sample One use of the preparation fraction code is to distin guish these two types of results User defined program codes allow the user to distinguish data obtained for different purposes For example they can be used to distinguish routine water level measurements from aquifer pump test water level measurements The user may define up to 26 preparation fraction and program codes Both codes are very easy to add or modify they are available for editing in a 23 single menu option Proper use of these codes is essential for obtaining accurate results from the menu prompted database queries These codes are almost too easy to modify it is possible for the user to redefine these codes so that query results
148. st of training the engineer scientist is 10 862 which includes round trip airfare 7 nights in a hotel 7 days of per diem 56 hours at the engineer scientist s loaded labor rate and the training fees paid to GIS Solutions As an alternative GIS Solutions will provide training at the customer s facility on a time and materials basis If several employees are to be trained simultaneously onsite training is typically more cost effective 114 Table 19 GIS Key Support Services GIS Key basic training 3 500 for up to 5 people or on a time and materials basis if given at the customer s facility GIS Key annual maintenance contract 2 500 Use of microcomputer and text 15 per connect hour rounded to the processing equipment by modem nearest 30 minutes 0 15 per page In house copying Telephone support Labor is charged at the rates given below Users who have not completed GIS basic training are also charged an additional 50 per call gt 2 LI Clerical 35 per hour IGIS Solutions claims that telephone support is available 24 hours per day In both scenarios it is assumed that the technician s education included training in the use of computer drafting packages In the alternative scenario it is assumed that the engineer scientist is familiar with the spreadsheet and database packages As a result of these assumptions no training is requir
149. step process 1 the map symbol is added using the GIS Key utilities menu and 2 the environmental information is filled in using the GIS Key database menu This subsection of the report discusses methods for accomplishing the first step The procedures required for the second step are discussed in detail in the data entry subsection Subsection 2 3 2 Two alternate methods of digitizing inserting well locations on the map were evaluated In Method 1 it was assumed that the x y z coordinates of the well were known and in the same coordinate system as the basemap In Method 2 it was assumed that wells were marked on a map and their coordi nates needed to be determined Method 1 This method follows the UTILITIES SITE MAP SYMBOL menu selection The user selects one of the predefined well symbols To add the well to the map the user can physically place it with the mouse or enter the x y coordinates at the keyboard Several sample wells were inserted using this method no problems were encountered Method 2 A user faced with determining coordinates for well locations or other features for inclusion in a GIS Key map must rely strictly on AutoCAD and software external to GIS Key to digitize their 19 OAs 24 ll We deg DAN c rE CM B CO 5 H cA AL EW Ke 1 C d Wach Wi u DB OH S lt A Figure 4 Example map Valdosta GA Quadrangle provided by ADC in A
150. subsequent borehole logs cross sections and structure maps An attribute of the system is the speed at which queries and postings can be made GIS Key runs on standard DOS PCs and on local area networks More expensive workstations and operating system software is not required Many potential users of GIS Key already own the necessary hardware Data management costs can be reduced using the GIS Key software especially by using it on multiple projects GIS Key has a modular design Stand alone data entry modules can be purchased separately Limitations Some specialized AutoCAD and database management system skills beyond those required to use GIS Key itself are needed to make full use of GIS Key Additional expertise is needed to manage electronic data transfer or to correct major system crashes GIS Key enforcement of database integrity could be improved It is relatively easy to enter invalid or inconsistent data For example GIS Key allows the user to enter a sample depth greater than the total borehole depth It is also possible to enter or edit data that will cause query anomalies It is possible to enter sampling results for a date outside existing sampling events such results cannot be posted on the site map using the predefined query GIS Key enforcement of basemap integrity is limited Improper use of certain AutoCAD commands can cause a major problem For example the handles off c
151. t entry to the well attribute screen the depth to the top and bottom of the water bearing zone s is derived from the minimum and maximum depths of the well screened intervals These values can be changed by the user but GIS Key does not verify whether user input values are consistent with well construction information e g water bearing zone depths greater than total well depth may be entered 34 Data entry fields for aquifer characteristics are displayed for the five user defined water bearing zones However the documentation does not explain how to enter top to bottom depth information for more than one water bearing zone Electronic Data Transfer The GIS Key database menu provides commands for electronic import and export These menu commands are straightforward and well documented in the User Guide Database files can be imported directly into GIS Key IM Data can also be exported for use in another program Import and export file format options include the following formats Blank Delimited ASCII text files with values separated by single blanks and quotes around character strings Comma Delimited ASCII text files with values separated by commas and quotes around character strings DBF Industry standard dBASE database files SDF System data format i e fixed length fields without delimiters Any of the database files used by 19 be used with the general import and export commands availa
152. t step all wells were moved to the layer wb_zone_on so that they would be included as data points Following the menu prompts all the dis played wells were highlighted to indicate that they were selected and would be included as data points for retrieving structure data Menu Prompted Database Query After the wells have been graphically selected GIS Key shells out to its database module FoxBASE Within the database module the menu prompts will vary depending on the type of data geology hydrology chemistry to be contoured In the example described above contouring structure data one of four parameters can be selected formation blow counts soil units and other units The formation parameter was chosen and the Rd Reid formation was selected from the look up list on the screen No problems were encountered during this procedure Within the database module arrow keys instead of the mouse are used to navigate around the menus 51 After the formation parameter was chosen in the database module GIS KeyTM switches back to AutoCAD and displays the wells with the values for the selected parameter posted to the map see Figure 7 A message at the bottom of the display screen indicates the units of the posted values Figure 7 shows that all the wells selected except E l had values for the elevation of this geologic formation No value was posted under E l since the null value was chosen to represent a data point without a value
153. t to the graphical dialog boxes found in AutoCAD Online help is not available during data entry Look up lists are available for many user responses The look up lists are often dynamic so that when the user enters new data into a field GIS Key will prompt the user to confirm that the new data is actually desired and is not a typing error The new data entered will be added to the look up list and will be available for subsequent data entry For example while entering data about a new well the user is prompted to enter the well type The user may press a key to be shown a list of all well types previously entered and may select one of the previously entered types or choose to type in a new type of well If a new well type is entered GIS Key will ask for confirmation that a new well type was in tended i e that it was not an entry error If the user confirms that a new well type was intended then it is entered for that particular well and is also added to the look up list for subsequent use GIS Key provides a time saving function related to look up lists The user can very easily return to the last item that was edited or entered by pressing the lt F4 gt key This feature is especially useful when entering borehole or well construction data The user can enter borehole information bypass the initial site location look up list and go directly to the well construction data entry screens GIS Key usually
154. talled on three separate computer platforms both 386 and 486 MHz located at SAIC s McLean Virginia Cincinnati Ohio and San Fran cisco California offices GIS Key Release 1 1 2 AutoCAD Release 12 and QuickSurf Release 2 91 were installed and used during the evaluation A description of the hardware configurations used by the three SAIC offices during the evaluation can be found in Subsection 2 3 8 The GIS Key software is evolving and being changed periodically as is typical of such systems As a consequence some of the findings from this evaluation would be modified by an evalution of a later release or version 2 2 1 Test Data Set The test data set used in this evaluation was derived from three sources 1 Sample data supplied by GIS Solutions that consisted of a basemap in AutoCAD drawing format provided by American Digital Cartography ADC which was derived from USGS 1 24 000 scale Digital Line Graph DLG data and the Geographic Names Information System GNIS site map symbols and attribute data i e DBF files for 12 onsite monitor ing wells 4 offsite monitoring wells 5 onsite soil borings and 6 offsite control borings This data set consisted of 339 files organized into 8 directories and totaled over 5 Mb Zi An ADC supplied AutoCAD drawing for the Valdosta GA 7 5 minute guadrangle This data was derived from USGS DLG and GNIS This file was 1 5 Mb x Six QuickSurf test files supplied by Schrieber Ins
155. tants may have worked on a site and sample locations may have been surveyed independently The user may wish to keep track of the source of each data element to provide accountability and an audit trail More advanced database skills will be required to design implement and maintain such a database Management of graphic images may be required on larger projects For example a series of maps may be generated for a single area using different data selection criteria or contouring assumptions GISVKeyTM does not include the capability to manage such meta data about the generated maps Project planning should be done to obtain data elements in the format required by GISVKeyTM For example sample IDs and well names must be carefully planned and managed for efficient use of electronic data GIS Key does not include any project planning tools so special data management system skills and good familiarity with the GIS Key internal database structure will assist in project planning Documentation and Support Overall the GIS Key User Guide was easy to follow and adequately explained the operation of each of the modules It provides the user with a chapter entitled AutoCAD essentials which gives a 105 basic introduction to the primary AutoCAD commands with which a new user should be familiar In addition for users not familiar with DOS Appendix C of the User Guide provides instruction on DOS basics The Guided Tour
156. toCAD categorizes spatial data by layer Entities of similar types are generally placed on a single layer distinct from other layers There is no limit to the number of layers in a drawing AutoCAD 44 prec Release 12 Layers can be activated or deactivated Entities within a layer can either be easily selected by making the layer active and then selecting entities with the mouse or selection can be prevented by deactivating the layer Proper layer management with standardized layer naming schemes can make working with GIS Key maps much more efficient All GIS Key map symbols must be on one of two layers wb_zone_on or wb_zone_off GIS Key surfacing and modeling routines look for map symbols only on these two layers According to the vendor the only correct way to remove a map symbol from the display is by moving it to the invisible layer wb_zone_off Removing map symbols using other AutoCAD techniques will destroy the linkage of the symbol well location to the database The creation of symbol lists was evaluated by using the GIS Key test data set to make two well selection lists 1 intermediate water bearing zone wells and 2 ghost wells wells that define the bound ary conditions of a computational grid that is input to a hydrological model The procedural steps for creating a symbol list were straightforward and were easy to follow and create correctly Use of the symbol list to select data efficiently for further p
157. truments strshale qs the structure of the Opeche shale in NE Wyoming 5 isodolo qs the thickness of a dolomite layer overlying buried sand dunes y isosand qs the thickness of a set of buried sand dunes topo qs the topography overlying the above described geology y hpv qs pore volume of a fluid hpvbig qs same as hpv qs but with more control points 2 3 Evaluation Results The criteria listed in Table 2 were organized under the following major categories to conduct the evaluation New Project Setup Data Entry H Data Checks Updates and Edits Data Processing Graphical Procedures Products Software Products Versus Reporting Requirements Hardware Considerations System Training and Support 2 3 1 New Project Setup Setting up a new project involves a database creation step that includes generation of 1 the project directory tree structure on the hard drive and 2 the project basemap i e an AutoCAD DWG file These two steps are discussed below Creating Project Directories GIS Key facilitates the creation of the project directory tree structure by providing a NEW PROJECT DISKETTE with an INSTALL program This program prompts the user for a project name and then creates the appropriate subdirectories data structures and data files under that project name The end result of the install program is a directory structure similar to the one shown in Figure 3 According to the User Guide all p
158. uld only be detected with considerable effort if the project were conducted using the alternative system Errors or data quality issues may also be detected much earlier in the project when the GISVKeyTM system is used Early detection requires addi tional time at the beginning of the project but is likely to save time overall since errors detected at the end of the project are likely to require changes to plots graphs tables etc that have already been prepared The quality of the output may also differ between the two systems Although no side by side comparison has been made the products generated using the computer drafting package included in the alternative system should be comparable to the products generated using the AutoCAD portion of GIS Key Products that fall into this category include the well logs contour maps and cross sections However the graphs and tables generated by the alternative system may be significantly different from those generated by GIS Key Another difference between the two systems is the flexibility of their output Because GIS Key uses preset formats to reduce labor the output from GIS Key is not as easily modified as the output from the alternative system in which all formats are developed by the user Examples of the flexibility limitations of GIS Key M are discussed further in Subsections 2 2 1 and 4 3 1 There are other factors that affect the cost comparison between GIS Key and the
159. ult values for concentrations less than the detection limit zero one half or full 10 detection limit Either individual or total chemical concentrations are displayed on the graph 1 4 6 Tabular Reports Over 100 tabular reporting formats for chemical test results are available within GIS Key Format options include landscape or portrait views display of chemicals across the top or side presenta tion of data validation qualifiers and listing of only those chemicals with detectable levels in one or more sample sites Tabular data displays are of presentation quality 1 5 Key Contacts For more information on the demonstration of the GIS Key Environmental Data Management System technology please contact 1 EPA Project Manager for the SITE software evaluation Mr Richard Eilers U S Environmental Protection Agency Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati Ohio 45268 513 569 7809 Software Vendor Mr Garry Reid GIS Solutions Inc 1800 Sutter Street Suite 830 Concord CA 94520 510 827 5400 Ext 208 Information on the SITE Program is also available through the following online information clearinghouses The Alternative Treatment Technology Information Center ATTIC is a compre hensive automated information retrieval system that integrates data on hazard ous waste treatment technologies into a centralized searchable source This database provides
160. ultiple independently run pieces of software GIS Key has taken these proven pieces of software and has put them under one shell The results of this integration allow for enhanced database management activities that would otherwise be more difficult or costly to perform GIS Key forces a level of integrity and data consistency upon entry of the information to the database Since environmental data of various classes and categories are collected and maintained by GIS Key in one database management system analysis of the interaction and relationships of the data is more apparent Reporting of information is streamlined and cuts across the data categories Evaluations can be Table 2 Items Evaluated for GIS Key New Project Setup System Database Management User Interface Database Creation Database Development Data Entry Electronic Data Transfer Input Output Updates and Edits Work Flow Query Capabilities and Procedures Manipulation and Analysis of Spatial Data Retrieval Restructuring Transformation and Statistics Menu Prompted Database Queries Sampling Period Program Type Chemical Constituent s and Preparation Fraction Display and Product Generation Map and Map Feature Annotation Contouring General Procedures Cross Section General Procedures Ancillary Graphics Procedures Documentation and Support Hardware Considerations System Training 15 performed in different rep
161. utoCAD drawing format locations For this exercise it was assumed that point locations i e wells geodetic control points needed to be digitized and inserted on the Valdosta Georgia basemap previously described A view was created in GIS Key corresponding to a region in the vicinity of the Valdosta airport see Figure 5 Steps were performed to evaluate this process and to address such issues as coordinate transformation accuracy and resolution see Appendix 11 From this exercise it was found that additional software resources map transformation software were needed to transform geographic coordinates to Georgia West state plane coordinates Sufficient accuracy 3 feet was obtained when using the AutoCAD digitizing and ARC INFO map transformation software to add ground control points Given the limita tions of the hardware software and map scale of the hard copy basemap it is also important to know the level of accuracy associated with the digitizing process specific accuracy objectives may be explicitly required for the project results to be considered useful and valid Lists and Codes GIS Key uses many user defined codes and lists to categorize project data for storage and retrieval Several codes or lists that can be modified are provided with GIS Key others must be defined by the user Some codes are shared among all projects managed by a single installation of GIS Key others are specific to individual projects
162. vice support can be found in Table 12 GIS Key supports data capture indirectly through the AutoCAD supplied drivers for digitizers see Table 7 The one configuration tested included a Summagraphics Summasketch MM Series tablet which could function as a digitizer or a mouse No problems were encountered with this digitizer or its driver The tablet operated in interrupt mode through a serial connection COM2 9600 baud odd parity 8 data bits 1 stop bit binary data stream These specifications are compatible with the AutoCAD driver GIS Key direct data conversion utilities are provided by AutoCAD Using the AutoCAD tablet configuration command a conversion from digitizer x y to map coordinates were established without a problem 97 Table 11 Configurations and Peripherals az McLean Virginia San Francisco California Cincinnati Ohio Configuration 386 33 MHz PC with math 486 33 MHz PC with math 48633 MHz PC with math co processor DOS 5 0 co processor DOS 5 0 co processor DOS 6 0 4MbRAM 8MbRAM 16MbRAM 300 Mb hard drive 230 Mb hard drive 240 Mb hard drive 3 5 and 5 25 floppy drives 3 5 and 5 25 floppy drives 3 5 and 5 25 floppy drives VGA card and 14 color SVGA card and 17 color SVGA card and 14 monitor monitor monitor 0 28 DP Logitech mouse Dexxa MF21 mouse 1 parallel port 1 parallel port 1 parallel port Peripherals Hewlett Packard Paintjet None Hewlett Packard Laserjet II col
163. voll 2 3 mg l 71 43 2 Benzen ADV EPA NC 200 ug 1 2 3 mg l 71 43 2 Benzene EBE CA HH 21 ug 1 2 3 mg 1 71 43 2 Benzen ISW CA DW 0 34 ug 1 2 3 mg 1 71 43 2 Benzen ISW CA NDW 21 ug l 2 3 mg 1 71 43 2 Benzen CLG EPA 0 ug 1 2 3 mg 1 71 43 2 Benzen NAWQC CHH 0 66 ug 1 2 3 mg 1 71 43 2 Benzen NAWQC SAL7 700 ug 1 2 3 mg 1 71 43 2 Benzen OP CA HH 5 9 ug 1 2 3 mg 1 71 43 2 Benzen PMCL CA 1 ug 1 2 3 mg 1 71 43 2 Benzen PMCL EPA 5 ug 1 2 3 mg 1 71 43 2 Benzen PROP65 CA 3 5 ug 1 2 3 mg 1 108 88 3 Toluene ADV EPA NC 1 mg l 1 1 mg l 108 88 3 Toluene AL TOX 00 ug 1 1 1 mg l 108 88 3 Toluene CLG EPA mg l 1 1 mg 1 108 88 3 Toluene PMCL EPA mg l 1 1 mg l 108 88 3 Toluene SMCL EPA 40 ug l 1 1 mg 1 108 88 3 Toluene SNARLS NC 340 ug l 1 1 mg l 100 41 4 Ethylbenzene SMCL EPA 30 ug 1 0 1 mg l 1330 20 7 Xylene total SMCL EPA 20 ug 1 0 5 mg l 42 In a similar manner program type codes can be added or redefined by the user at any time but definition updates are not propagated throughout the database If the program type code letters are later redefined the test result databases will continue to store the old code letter For example the code letter A may initially refer to routine monitoring The user would thus provide the code A while entering routine monitoring data If program type codes are later redefined so that A refers to audit program and routine monitoring becomes associated with the
164. w sample locations or wells must be added to a project through the use of the GIS KeyTM menus After providing a sample location or well name the user is prompted to provide location coordinates creating a situation where the location could be placed beyond the area displayed on the screen If it is not visible on the screen the user might decide to reenter it creating a basemap that contains two well symbols of the same name The second well will be stored with a specially encoded name in the GIS KeyTM database to enable identification of this error However the encoded name is not displayed on the map in such a way as to alert the user to a possible error It may take substantial effort to correct this type of error 43 2 3 4 Data Processing The ability to query the data that has been input to GIS Key is one of the most powerful and often used tools available to the user The integrity of the query is critical because the data that is selected is usually passed on to another procedure for example contouring or is incorporated into a table map or graph If the query does not work correctly the results of the procedures that operate on the selected data are invalid No integrity problems were encountered with the queries tested GIS Key offers the user both spatial and non spatial query capabilities GIS Key has the ability to perform spatial queries through the building of AutoCAD selection sets and the creation of symbol l

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