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Lighting Control - IEA

1. DALI line __ Interface CPU EXO line Power Interface Supply Figure 5 3 Block diagram of the DALI master unit 60 CHAPTER 5 PRACTICAL IMPLEMENTATION Controller The ATmega 168 is an 8 bit low power microcontroller The ATmega 168 has 512 bytes EEPROM 1 Kbyte Internal SRAM and 16 Kbytes of In System Self Programmable Flash progam memory Connection to the two interfaces is obtained by using a Programmable Serial USART I O pins and an interrupt input EXOline interface The EXOline interface is a circuit built around the Differential Bus Transceiver integrated circuit SN75176A The details are shown in Figure 5 4 5V C1 Atmel ATmega 168 Ri e R3 R5 oV ART RXD EXO line I SES pos Di pa USART TXD USART E IC1 ol gi Figure 5 4 EXOline interface The EXO line interface is connected to the USART pins of the microcon troller 5 3 Implementation 61 DALI interface The DALI line interface is constructed with two separate circuits a trans mitting circuit and a receiving circuit These two circuits are connected in parallel at the DALI line end The transmitting circuit shown in Figure 5 5 consists mainly of a power transistor T1 to switch the power on and off The other two transistors T2 and T3 are used to regulate T1 A low signal from the microcontroller opens T3 and switches of
2. Figure 4 12 LON media types Figure 4 12 shows different properties of some of the media most frequently used in LON systems The LON system structure is hierarchically subordi nate and can be classified in networks domains subnets groups channels and devices In Table 4 1 the size limitations of the system is listed 49 Protocol All LON devices communicate with each other using the LonTalk protocol which is also known as ANSI EIA CEA 709 1 The protocol is a layered packet based peer to peer protocol and as Ethernet and Internet protocols it is a published standard that utilizes the OSI reference model LonTalk 4 2 Protocols 35 Devices in a subnet 127 Subnet in a domain 255 Devices in a domain 32385 Domains in a network 948 Groups in a domain 255 Channels in a network No limit Table 4 1 LON structure limits implements all the seven layers of the OSI model but since it is media in dependent it has several physical layers dependent on the communication medium In Figure 4 13 a typical EIA 709 1 packet is presented Laver 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 6 DATA Header Address Information Service Type Header 2 Bytes Unsigned Network Long 2 Bytes Variable Selector 2 Bytes Service Type ID Transaction Num gt 1 Byte Addr Format Domain Length 1 Byte Source Addr Subnet Node 2 Bytes Dest Addr Group 1 Byte Domain ID Zero Len Domain 0 Bytes Backlog Priority gt 1 Byte Alt
3. DATA_BYTE1 DATA BCE I DATA_BYTEO ID_BYTE3 L ID BYTE2 gt ID_BYTE2 ID_BYTE1 ID_BYTEO STATUS CHECKSUM Figure 4 20 An EnOcean data packet The packet starts with some synchronization bytes and information about its type if it is a send packet or receive packet and then follows information about the packet s length This is followed by 8 bits noted as ORG which describes the packet type The different types are listed in Figure 4 21 After the type description there are four bytes containing the actual data to be transmitted The data bytes are then followed by the identification of the sender a status information and a checksum 20 ORG Description RRT TRT Acronym 0x05 Telegram from a PTM switch module received RPS original or repeated message 0x06 1 byte data telegram from a STM sensor module 185 received original or repeated message 0x07 4 byte data telegram from a STM sensor module 4BS received original or repeated message 0x08 Telegram from a CTM module received original or HRC repeated message 0x0A 6byte Modem Telegram original or repeated 6DT 0x0B Modem Acknowledge Telegram MDA Figure 4 21 EnOcean protocol functions The send and receive telegrams have the same structure The only difference is that a send telegram is identified by 3 in H_SEQ instead of 0 for the receive one 4 2 Protocols 43 Cost As EnOcean systems are both wirel
4. Ss A SS 15 output power ANS Active zone Figure 3 2 The Schenkers warehouse different light level for different zones Figure 3 3 illustrates the lighting control strategy in the warehouse where workers must use zone 9 to move between zones to prevent activating addi tional zones Since the zones are not divided in any physical way the zones are indicated by painted lines on the floor In other rooms of the warehouse such as the forklift storage a standalone occupancy control system with on off function was installed so that workers do not have to switch lights on and off 3This figure is only for illustrating purpose and does not represent the actual layout of the warehouse 3 2 Case studies 17 T VO T YR T KTA SY wy wy Door L Pa Occupancy sensor _ Zone 7 Zone 5 Zone 3 Zone 1 Zone 9 Zone 8 Zone 6 Zone 4 Zone 2 GD GD US GD LO mma NT WI Figure 3 3 Illustration of the lighting control strategy in the warehouse 18 CHAPTER 3 EMPIRICAL STUDIES Results One part of Schenker s environmental awareness is to document all their use of resources such as electricity hot and cold water Thomas Sandstr m was kind enough to provide access to these numbers and the electrical energy consumption was of special interest Figure 3 4 is based on these numbers and shows how the Schenker office in Vaxj has reduced its electrical use during the first two quarters of the y
5. 3 2 Case studies o a Ade a Ye eee 3 2 1 Schenker logistics terminal in V xj 33 Conclusi n e ga Tanedo l e be ae Ped em Se Market study 4 1 Communication networks i 4 1 1 Network topology o AWD e i dei te S taa de it ee AS BUSES L e L R E N A e ER a 4 1 4 Transmission Media e Le OS modelo a ad a ta AE te ns d d 4 25 PrOvOCOlS 2 e ds e ta Chace Al de A NX er Arie D T E A GAE e t N fs vin n A AE reg BO e e A AQ e ar ta Ee aye es de AD As EnOcean e ev E da A et Bok ita de 4 NN a ta ka GO WO D 11 11 11 12 13 15 15 20 CONTENTS vii AQ O MIGBEC A a a a ya 43 4 2 6 Modbus sar e Gae 00000 2 eee 46 ADs Net o de lead Petes ale do to in Ao 48 4 2 8 0 10V Analog 0 0 0 000000 eee 52 4 3 Other systems si os bows apa E lo aay Bee Bee woh PRIA 54 AA Eyaluation 2 Zen tee Aer a e Be he Dun 55 4 4 1 Selection criteria 0004 55 4 4 2 Selection matrix 0004 55 4 4 3 Chosen solution 0004 56 5 Practical implementation 57 5 1 Proof of concept 57 A Method A e a eee ee St 57 5 3 Implementation e 58 531 DALI lami 7 8 eet e ee ho ee ir De 58 5 3 2 EXOCOMPact sasad ew da da 58 5 3 3 DALI master unit 59 E 63 I e e a a an AE AE LA 63 6 Conclusions and future work 65 GT Conclusions La r do 65 6 2 Future work a s ao per le t E nte RU aa 66 Appendix 72 A Circuit drawings 72 B DALI
6. HH Operation Light and or Remote Buttons Presence Detection Control Figure 4 29 The DALI as a standalone sub system with wired or wireless external units connected to the DALI controller In this configuration only the most important information fault status central switch functions etc will be communicated with the BAS This communication can be of a very simple form such as simply yes or no to some fault conditions External devices such as sensors control elements programming units and remote controllers can be connected as usual wired or wireless 31 Subsystem In Figure 4 30 the system is configured as a subsystem with the BAS When this is done a gateway must be included for the communications between these systems Building Management DALI Area Area H H We H H DALI Control Unit Multisensor Building Management Connection IR Receiver Operation uttons Y Remote Control Figure 4 30 The DALI as a subsystem The gateway then translates from BAS to DALI and reverse to establish the communication between these two systems This is often applied e g in 4 2 Protocols 51 EIB KNX systems where the system uses its own sensors and switches but the DALI system controls the lamps 31 DALI defines the system s maximum size as 64 single units individual ad dresses 16 groups group addresses and the topology of the system can be bus star or a com
7. but there are factors such as location and orientation that will affect the amount of daylight in the room For new installations the designer might consider to redirect the sunlight into the building with special mirrors to maximize the daylight and minimize artificial lighting This type of control system might be one of the most costly due to the number of dimmable ballasts light sensors and controllers 5 Occupancy The concept of the Occupancy control is to limit the use of artificial lighting when there is no occupancy This method is often used in small rooms or restrooms and then as a standalone system and also in larger areas with some central controller Almost any lamps can be used with this type of control system especially in systems where the light is either turned on or off In larger systems it is possible that dimmable ballasts for fluorescent lamps would be used for dimming the system to a certain value when that area is unoccupied Tests show up to 20 energy savings using this system and it can also be very inexpensive and simple 5 Personal control Many modern lighting control systems offer the user the possibility to man ually adjust the amount of dimming they prefer in their offices or work areas within globally set system limits The user controls the system through in dividual software clients web based interfaces or remote controllers The actuators may be dimmable ballasts or simple relays The energy saving
8. ernments Sustainability and green buildings is not just the media s darling but a new way of thinking of preserving the resources and designing build ings Electrical energy consumption can be related to COz emission and countries are looking in that direction when making standards and direc tives to fulfill their international environmental commitments Converting to high efficiency lamp and combining it with energy efficient lighting control system has proven to be a very efficient way of reducing energy consump tion What properties should then the ideal lighting control system have The answer to this question will always depend on the installations scope but the system should at least be able to e handle the most efficient lamps such as fluorescent compact fluores cent and LED e turn lights on off and dim e connect to different kind of sensors such as occupancy and photocell e handle time scheduling e interact with other systems such as HVAC and building systems Moreover the system should be e user friendly for operation and programming e flexible with respect to complexity and price Chapter 4 Market study In this chapter the available lighting control solutions on the market will be investigated Different protocols will be compared with respect to param eters such as data rate power consumption versatility cost etc To give the reader some background knowledge and a better understanding of the c
9. link Physical level in BACnet layers it does not mean that BACnet is able to communicate with any devices using LonTalk BACnet uses LonTalk to convey BACnet messages in an identical manner to the way BACnet mes sages are transported by Ethernet ARCNET and MS TP So even though both BACnet and LonMark uses Lon Talk they are using different languages and can not interoperate Figure 4 15 shows the BACnet based building au tomation system architecture and how it is divided in different levels of the BAS model 38 CHAPTER 4 MARKET STUDY ES Sa Ni ei 7 D Dd Operator Workstation Operator Workstation Operator Workstation Operator Workstation Level HVA Lighting Fire Safety Access E BACnet Ethernet 0 Building Controller N Busting Controller T Building Controller ds BACnet Su Router S Router a Router a Gateway Controller Level Aavarced Power E et L Fire Safety H Application Contrate Controller ve a Aere gene a g Le 5 Spect di grtrg x Controller a P Spe lt 2 5 H D a Non BACnet L S Aca E e SH is H Fa Controller and Party ren D System Field 5 i Level D A Lighting Control Panes lt EI Access Guat Controler E Senso LCE a ford Security Suar ce Contoller Aan HVAC Lighting Fire Safety Access Security Figure 4 15 BACnet based building automation system architecture The figure shows how a BACnet system can be constructed Where for example the MS TP data link
10. 1900 1925 1950 1975 2000 2025 Year Figure 2 1 Progressions of some common light source s efficiency 2 2 Lighting control systems A lighting control system could in it simplest form just be one manual switch for turning the lights on and off Here we will however refer to more sophis ticated system when we discuss Lighting Control System often known as Smart Lighting Control System or Robust Lighting System The objec tives of such a system are to e Provide visual comfort e Minimize the energy consumption e Preserve the quality of the work environment Figure 2 2 shows the structure of a Lighting Control System with one con troller often a microcontroller that has some embedded control algorithm External devices such as sensor to detect light level or occupancy and timing device for scheduling are connected to the controller Human machine inter face HMI where the user can interact with the system can be a button display or even a computer program are also connected to the controller The controller then sends signals to ballasts and actuators that control the lights CHAPTER 2 TECHNICAL BACKGROUND Lighting circuit Switched circuit gt MASTER LIGHTING LIGHTING LOAD CONTROLLER INTERFACE Control wire DISPLAY SENSORS OCCUPANCY DIMMING EXTERNAL TIMING DEVICE ON OFF SYSTEM Figure 2 2 Example
11. MARKET STUDY bus is free the Telegram is sent out to the bus This is only required for the transmission and when a telegram is received it is sent straight to the microcontroller 19 Cost The KNX system is built up by technically complex system parts which can be quite expensive Since there are different installation modes where one is a plug and play mode the installation cost can be reduced by reducing the need for specific knowledge In most cases a special software is required which increases the installation cost Due to the wide spread use of KNX and especially the EIB protocol in Europe the knowledge of installing and maintaining the system is available from many installers 4 2 2 LonMark In 1994 LonMark was established as an international unincorporated orga nization and since then LonMark and its member companies have created 80 functional profiles and over 750 products have been certified Its platform LonWorks or Local Operating Network LON provides a fully open system of components for multiple sources The main focus is set on creating a well structured system where all proprietary hooks are forbidden and the end user is provided with wide variety of options 41 Functionality One of the major advantages of LON is that any device can communicate with any other device on the net There are no masters or slaves in the system and interfaces are treated as any system controller This is similar to the functional
12. O Batteryless a O radio sensor Star Temperature Receiver for controller heating control Figure 4 19 Mesh routing concept In a normal line powered system the routing concept is based on bidirec tional transmission between all devices In the EnOcean system this is not possible due to energy aspects This calls for a Mesh Routing concept as shown in Figure 4 19 Here the line powered end node also acts as a router and or gateway Even in this case the routing does not call for any special configuration and the network is self organizing 21 Protocol The energy minimization aspect of EnOcean s system is the main factor behind the construction of the protocol The basic energy equation shown below illustrates the concept Energy Power x Time 4 1 EnOcean uses the 868 3 MHz transmission frequency which guaranties a 30m indoor distance between communication nodes and up to 300m in open area In order to be able to transmit a signal over this distance sufficient power is required so reducing the power is not an option for energy reduction Reducing the time it takes to send the signal is however an option This is the reason for EnOcean s short data packet which is only 112 bits and can be transmitted in only lms In Figure 4 20 a normal 14 byte EnOcean data packet is illustrated 20 42 CHAPTER 4 MARKET STUDY Bit 7 Bit 0 SYNC_BYTE1 A5 Hex SYNC_BYTEO 5A Hex H_SE LENGTH DATA_BYTE3 DATA_BYTE2
13. SEND DATA DATA ON DALI NO WRITE YES ANSWER ANSWER AI TO EXO VARIABLE VVRITE ERROR CODE TO EXO VARIABEL
14. Systems usually have some specialties some focus on covering the whole BAS model while others are more spe cialized and focus on things like energy efficiency and transport methods Sometimes the system also blend into one another because of their different specialities It is therefore essential to recall the findings from the previ ous chapter and use it along with some new factors to create some selection criteria 4 4 1 Selection criteria The findings from the empirical studies stated that the lighting control sys tem should be able to handle all of the most efficient types of lamps It should also be able to interact with different kinds of sensors and input devices and perform the most common lighting control strategies The system should be user friendly regarding installation and operation and have the possibility to be connected to a second system such as BAS These requirements were used as guidelines for selecting the discussed systems in this chapter As stated in the introduction the result from this chapter should provide a selection of a lighting control system to be implemented on one of AB Regin s plat form It is therefore obvious that in addition to the previously mentioned requirements the properties of AB Regin s system must be taken into con sideration The fact that AB Regin has its own BAS implemented in the EXO system motivates the selection of a system at the lower levels in the BAS model in Figure 4 5 i e the fiel
15. master unit program 74 List of Figures 2 1 2 2 2 3 3 1 3 2 3 3 3 4 3 9 4 1 4 2 4 3 4 4 4 5 4 6 4 7 4 8 4 9 4 10 4 11 4 12 4 13 4 14 4 15 4 16 4 17 4 18 4 19 4 20 4 21 4 22 Progressions of some common light source s efficiency 7 Example of robust lighting control system 8 Common lighting control strategies for energy saving 8 Graphical representation of the ELI index and examples of two different installations aa 14 The Schenkers warehouse different light level for different zones 16 Illustration of the lighting control strategy in the warehouse 17 Electrical use in MWh for the first two quarters of each year 18 Light sources in normal office space at Schenker 19 The four most common types of network topology 22 Classes of transmission media o a a a 24 Optic fiber cable ies ms a rs EEN 25 The 7 layer OSI model i o ee 26 Standards in building automation ST The KNX stacks nise RE de E der t S E a beard d 20 Logical topology of the KNX system 30 KNX s individual numbering system 30 KNX TP1 data packet ai E A 31 Functional profile of LON object 33 Block diagram of a normal LON device 33 LON media types e 34 A typical EIA 709 1 packet o o 35 The four layer BACnet model and equivalent OSI layers 37 BACnet based buil
16. of this method depends partly on the user but since he may often choose to use less light output than is defined by standards the saving might be considerable 14 10 CHAPTER 2 TECHNICAL BACKGROUND Time sheduling Time scheduling can provide the appropriate light level for different parts of the building during work days holidays and through different seasons by using advanced scheduling 14 Task tuning In modern office buildings it has become more common that the same room is used for different types of work and therefore the lighting requirements vary a lot Task Tuning allows lighting designers to control lighting according to task and working environments and save energy by designing it in the way that the system only uses the energy needed for each task This method is often referred to as scenes and is quite popular in conference rooms bigger offices etc 14 Variable load control In some cases it can be very efficient to reduce power consumption caused by lighting for a specific time in order to reduce the overall energy consumption Load shedding is a method to reduce the building electrical consumption during demand peaks or energy price spikes The system will then based on either fixed priority or dynamic response shed the lighting loads selectively and in varying degrees for different areas of a building 14 Other types In addition to what was previously mentioned there are some other strategies in lightin
17. office in V xj includes a hub for the transport network where trucks bring in and pick up goods The facility for this trade is a warehouse that is divided into zones based on the destination of the goods The activity within each zone is different during the day because trucks mostly arrive in the morning and then again in the afternoon The warehouse is lighted with fluorescent lights mounted on wires hanging from the ceiling which used to be manually controlled with normal light switches In 2007 the Schenker office in Vaxj took a step towards its environmental objectives by installing a lighting control system to reduce the electrical energy consumption The system is an occupancy based control system that utilizes the zone division of the building Each zone is monitored by a motion detector and if there is no motion detected for a few minutes the light output in that zone is set to 15 of full output by a central lighting controller When someone enters the zone the motion detector sends a signal to the controller which then sets the light output to 95 of full output The reason for not setting the output to 100 is to increase the life span of the fluorescent lamps All activity in the system is automatically logged and can be viewed on a computer online or as a collection of data Figure 3 2 shows different light levels between zones The inactive zone is marked with dark color for illustration 16 CHAPTER 3 EMPIRICAL STUDIES SH
18. provide the reader with sufficient knowledge to be able to easily read the following chapters 2 1 Lighting systems One important thing in every building is the lighting system whether it is a window passing the sunlight into the room or a lamp lighting it up But having some amount of light is just not enough the lighting system has to fulfill some characteristics to provide us with the right luminance lux lm m colour temperature Kelvin and colour rendering index CRI The CRI is often denoted as Ra and indicates how accurately the light source renders colours compared to the ideal light source 45 2 1 1 Light sources When lighting up a building there are numerous light sources available both natural and artificial In the subsections below some of the most common ones will be introduced Daylight The first and most desirable light source is the light from the sun here re ferred to as daylight The sun is in fact a huge nuclear fusion reactor which radiates energy by its high surface temperature approximately 6000 C Black bodies such as the sun or tungsten halogen lamps render colours accurately because they emit a continuous spectrum 4 CHAPTER 2 TECHNICAL BACKGROUND One of the most desirable properties of daylight is how wide spectrum of wavelength it spans from long wave infrared about 1500nm to ultraviolet 350nm This gives a colour rending index Ra of 100 which is the reference value as mentione
19. speed or fading can also be adjusted In a DALI system there are two types of devices the Master controller and Electronic Control Gears ECG An increasing number of lighting producers produce lighting equip ment for DALI such as HELVAR TRIDONIC PHILIPS OSRAM and many other 31 Logarithmic dimming behavior aims at matching the eye s sensitivity 4 2 Protocols 49 Structure Due to the simplicity of DALI which is in fact its intention it is not suitable for building automation or similar complex operations Its main focus is on lighting control and to work as such The three structure variations that are most common are standalone standalone subsystem and subsystem 31 Standalone In Figure 4 28 DALI is shown in its simplest form as a standalone system In this case all functions including startup is done locally Building Management DALI Area Area E Light and or Presence Detection Operation Buttons Figure 4 28 The DALI as a standalone system All actuators sensors and switches wired or wireless are connected to the control unit either in analog or digital form This setup shows how simple this system can be 31 Standalone subsystem An example of DALI as a standalone subsystem within a BAS is shown in Figure 4 29 50 CHAPTER 4 MARKET STUDY Building Management DALI Area Area H Building Management DALI Control Unit Connection
20. studies showed the increasing demand on reducing energy con sumption and thereby the possibility to reduce carbon dioxide emission A case study at Schenker office in V xj showed how a simple occupancy based lighting control system can save electrical energy and has a short payback pe riod After examining different control strategies within the lighting control 1t is obvious that even more savings can be accomplished without increasing the payback time significantly The marketing study revealed the characteristics of some of the most com mon lighting control systems available today It also became obvious that the systems in question can easily be divided into groups based on their spe cialities and coverage of the building automation model From a selection criteria partly based on the intention to implement the selected one on AB Regin s BAS DALI was chosen The implementation of the DALI protocol on AB Regin s system EXOcom pact was carried out by building a DALI Master Unit around Atmel AT mega186 microcontroller The reason for choosing this microcontroller was mainly that it was already used in some of AB Regin s product and well known by the development team Demonstrating the concept that a DALI slave could be controlled by sending commands from the EXO system was proven before the actual deadline of the project but further implementations were left for the development team at AB Regin For a company such as AB Regin which i
21. the producer down and can possibly mean increased cost Installing and maintaining a system of such advanced type as LonMark requires a special knowledge by the installer and thereby increased cost LonMark has a fairly good market position in Europe with many products from numerous vendors available 4 2 3 BACnet A Data Communication Protocol for Building Automation and Control Net works BACnet is an American national standard a European standard and an ISO global standard Founded by the American Society of Heating Refrigerating and Air conditioning Engineers ASHRAE It has been under constant development since 1987 and is defined for all three levels of build ing automation i e Field Automation and Management One of the things that distinguish BACnet from many other protocols is the fact that from the very beginning it was intended to be a standard Another speciality of BACnet compared to other protocols in this report is that it is mostly used on the management level as shown in Figure 4 5 Its Ethernet transport medium allows a straightforward integration of the BAS management with an office network 30 Functionality The main goal with the establishment of BACnet protocol was to create in teroperability between devices from different vendors This goal is achieved by an interface with a standardized set of data types that are independent of industry and applications This is an abstract object orientated representa tion
22. used A timer interrupt is used to provide the 1200 baud transmission speed and in order to establish the Manchester encoding each data bit is constructed by eight interrupts For this reason the timer gives 9600 interrupts every second which is used for encoding and decoding of messages on the DALI line The other interrupt used by the DALI line is an external interrupt triggered by the interrupt pin on the microcontroller PD3 in Figure 5 6 When messages arrive from a DALI slave the interrupt pin triggers an interrupt routine in the program This routine then enables the receiving part in the time based interrupt routine which then encodes the This has previously been used by Regin in other projects and the methods are well defined by them P Manchester encoding is a line encoding method where each data bit has a transition that occupies the same time Clock signal is therefore unnecessary as the transitions can be used for synchronization 5 4 Testing 63 receiving messages and stores the value in a memory The workflow of the main function is illustrated in a flowchart in Appendix B 5 4 Testing To test the functionality of the implementation a simple operation is carried out The setup of the testing is shown in Figure 5 7 where a computer running EXO software is connected to the EXOcompact controller using a RS232 RS485 converter By using a test program from Regin on the PC called EXOtest 1t is then possible to pipeli
23. 0 mA For a controller with 50 mA output capacity this would mean a maximum of 25 ballasts per output Figure 4 32 shows the connection of a controller and a few ballasts 42 4 2 Protocols 53 MAA MAA nd gf al MAMA Ballast Ballast Ballast Ballast 10 V 10 V 1 10V 1 10V L N 0 10V Control voltage Controller Figure 4 32 Controller and ballasts using the 0 10V protocol Protocol The protocol has two current control variations one is the so called current source which is used within the theatrical dimming The other one used with dimmable ballasts is called current sink and means that the controller is not required to provide the voltage source The protocol requires the ballast to produce full power at the control voltage of 10V With reduced control voltage the light intensity is reduced until the minimum is reached at the control voltage of 1V It varies between drivers ballasts whether this minimum is the lowest light output or off and therefore it is sometimes necessary to have a separate relay to switch the driver off 42 Cost Because of the simplicity of this protocol it can be combined with many controllers and lighting solutions Therefore the overhead cost can be re duced and tailor made solutions obtained The fact that each ballast must have its own control wire from the control
24. 3 Protocol The Modbus protocol is an application protocol positioned at level 7 in the OSI model The protocol defines a simple protocol data unit PDU which is independent of the communication layers used The mapping of the protocol on a specific communication network can add some fields on the application data unit ADU as shown in Figure 4 26 In the RTU protocol each word size is 8 bits which consists of two 4 bit hexadecimal characters and the messages is transmitted in a continues stream 43 Figure 4 26 General Modbus frame The Modbus protocol is a request reply protocol and its service is specified by so called function codes The function code field of the data unit is coded in one byte and when a message is sent from a client to a server the function code field tells the server what kind of action is to be performed Figure 4 27 shows how these transactions are performed 43 Client Server Figure 4 27 Modbus transaction error free 48 CHAPTER 4 MARKET STUDY In addition to the function codes there are sub function codes that are added to define multiple actions When a server sends a response to a client it uses the function code field to indicate the nature of the response It can be either a normal response or an exception response when some kind of error has occurred In the case of a normal response the server just echoes to the client the original func
25. 4 20mA standard which allows longer distances to devices which also can be powered by the bus The High Speed Ethernet HSE runs on Ethernet at 100 Mbits sec and is ideal for backbone control One great advantage of HSE is that it supports the use of standard Ethernet equipment which can reduce the installation cost 37 Ethernet has in recent years become an alternative to the special buses in industrial networks It runs on fiber copper or wireless Local Area Networks LAN with a speed from 10 Mbits sec up to 10 Gbits sec depending on the medium The fact that it is not vendor centric its relatively low cost and its widespread use makes it an attractive alter native Since Ethernet is not a protocol but a physical layer existing automation protocol like the ones mentioned before are ported to Ethernet and thereby some data format agreement is accomplished 13 4CAN was originally designed for use in cars but has then also spread out to other industries 24 CHAPTER 4 MARKET STUDY 4 1 4 Transmission media A transmission media can be defined as anything that is able to carry in formation from sender to receiver In data communication it is however common to divide it in two categories guided and unguided media as shown in Figure 4 2 Guided Unguided wired wireless Twisted pair Coaxial Fiber optic Free space cable cable cable S Figure 4 2 Classes of transmissio
26. CODEN LUTEDXATEIE 5267 1 86 2009 Lighting Control Possibilities in Cost and Energy Efficient Lighting Control Techniques C H 15 0 S O SE lt O 0 LI E d 0 LI LLI be U je J U E LLI Gu mundur Benediktsson Division of Industrial Electrical Engineering and Automation Faculty of Engineering Lund University Industrial Lighting control possibilities in cost and energy efficient lighting control techniques Gudmundur Benediktsson Industrial Electrical Engineering and Automation IEA AB Regin December 2009 Abstract In a modern society there is a constant increase in electrical use but at the same time the environmental awareness among consumers is rising This master theses aims at investigating the possibilities in cost and energy efficient lighting control techniques This master thesis is written for the Measurement Technology and Indus trial Electrical Engineering division IEA within the Faculty of Engineering of Lund University in cooperation with AB Regin in Landskrona Lighting control systems are studied from an energy saving perspective and the relation to reduction of carbon dioxide emission is addressed Designing tools such as LENI and ELI are introduced and their relation to inter national standards in electrical and lighting design To illustrate the cost efficiency of lighting control systems a case study is conducted at Schenker lo
27. DALI master unit schematic 73 List of Tables 2 1 3 1 4 1 4 2 The EU phase out of incandescent lamps 4 Saving on electrical energy consumption compared to the year LON structure limits 35 Wiring table for DALI media 51 Abbreviations COz ADU ASHRAE BACnet BAS C CPU CRI DALI DSI ECG EEPROM EHS EIB ELI FFD HMI HVAC I O ISO Carbon dioxide Application Data Unit American Society of Heating Refrigerating and Air conditioning Engineers Building Automation and Control Networks Building Automation Systems A general purpose computer programming language Central Processing Unit Color Rendering Index Digital Addressable Lighting Interface Digital Signal Interface Electronic Control Gears Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory European Home Systems European Installation Bus Ergonomic Lighting Indicator Full Function Device Human Machine Interface Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning Inputs Outputs International Standards Organization xii Abbreviations KNX RF KNX Radio Frequency LAN Local Area Network LED Light Emitting Diodes LENI Light Energy Numeric Indicator LON Local Operating Network MAC Medium Access Control MPDU MAC Protocol Data Unit MS TP Master Slave Token Passing OSI Open System Interconnection PDU Protocol Data Unit PHY PHysical Layer PICS Protocol Implementation Conformance Statement PPDU Phy
28. Modbus is an open protocol and has been implemented by hundreds of vendors on thousands of different devices The protocol can be translated to almost any other protocol through gateways and most indus trial devices are available with a Modbus option There are many variations of Modbus but the focus of this report is on the Modbus Remote Terminal Unit RTU which is based on serial twisted pair communication like RS485 and RS232 43 Functionality Modbus is a protocol that provides client server communication between devices connected on different types of buses or networks It supports one master node and up to 246 slave nodes but the distance of the bus varies according to the baud rate The baud rate in a RTU system is then based on the limitation of RS232 and RS485 43 Structure Modbus is usually structured according to the bus topology as can be seen in Figure 4 25 LT Line Terminator LT a UJ pl UJ 1 y LT M Modbus RTU Master S Modbus Slave Figure 4 25 Modbus with master and slave units on bus topology The master communicates with a specific slave by placing the 8 bit slave address in the address field of the message The address field contains 8 4 2 Protocols A binary bits Valid addresses are from 1 247 When the slave responds it places its own address in this field to let the master know which device is responding 4
29. Path 12 Bytes Figure 4 13 A typical ETA 709 1 packet The packet is built up as it passes the layers and information is added Layer 3 holds the address information and the protocol supports several types of addresses such as Physical address Device address Group Address and Broadcast address One of LON s methods in the direction of interoperability are the network variables A network variable is any data item that a particular program of a network device expects to get from some other device e g switching lights on or off With this method sensors publish information but actuators subscribe to the information of their interest Devices are then logically connected by the application program stored in the microprocessor In addition to the network variables LON also supports the use of eXtensible 36 CHAPTER 4 MARKET STUDY Markup Language XML XML is a meta markup language that provides a format for describing structured data and LON uses it to retrieve data from the network and populate it to databases 49 Cost The flexible structure of LonMark makes it quite scalable and therefore the installation cost depends partly on the requirement and the extent of the system Since each device is a fully functioning network device they are quite complex and expensive Each device is equipped with a microcontroller which in most cases is the Neuron Chip or some other microcontroller that is supported by LonMark This ties
30. TI 24 12V DALI line Atmel a TI ATmega 168 pe T2 PD5 d M E a Ch ICH H R1 OI lt Figure 5 5 DALI transmit circuit The values of the resistors are chosen such that when the current exceeds 250mA the voltage level across the resistor will cause T2 to open This will then in turn cause T1 to close and therefore the current is limited to 250mA which is according to the DALI protocol The receiving circuit shown in Figure 5 6 uses a comparator IC2 to handle the reception of a signal from the DALI line and to send it to the micro controller The inverter converts the signal to the correct logical level but to achieve a more accurate voltage level the resistors needs to be calibrated 24 02 CHAPTER 5 PRACTICAL IMPLEMENTATION 12 Vo R3 gt Atmel R2 ATmega 168 DN R PD4 aly ICH DALI line INT1 PD3 Es o R4 OI lt Figure 5 6 DALI receive circuit The DALI interface is electronically isolated from the Master Controller by using an inverting optocoupler The total construction of the circuitry is shown in Appendix A Master Unit program The program for the Atmel ATmegal68 processor is written in C language and compiled and debugged with Atmel debugging tool The program uses interrupts for communications on both lines For EXOline communication the USART functionality is used For the DALI line two types of interrupts are
31. al halide lamp has similar colour rending as mercury lamp but much better efficiency which is about 20 better than that of Fluorescent lamp 40 LED lamps Light Emitting Diodes LED which are often referred to as the light source of the future are one of the potential replacement of the incandescent lamp Based on the semiconductor technology which has been a hot topic for the last decades these lamps have evolved at great speed regarding power con sumption colour saturation and compactness LED lamps are superior to conventional lamps in many ways such as energy efficiency wide colour palette and excellent colour saturation but also the fact that they have such compact dimensions that they can be fitted in almost any structure 40 More and more producers and suppliers are betting on LED as the light source of the future One of them is the European service company YIT a leading company in Nordic Countries in the field of Building Systems Ac cording to them it is possible to save up to 15 30 energy by using LED instead of Fluorescent lamps However it is not only energy efficiency that is gained by the use of LED The quality of the light is close to daylight and colour rendering is very good and according to YIT the consumers are pleased with the LED lighting 9 Figure 2 1 shows the progressions in efficiency of the most common types of lamps 40 2 2 Lighting control systems 7 Luminous Efficiancy Lm W 0 1875
32. and 300 GHz and above that and up to 400 THz are the infrared waves Another thing that distinguishes these categories is the usage where radio waves are used for multicasting and sometimes addressed multicasting Mi crowaves are used for unicast communications as in wireless LANs cellular telephones and satellite networks Infrared transmission is used for short distance communication and requires a line of sight 1 4 1 5 OSI model In digital communication processes a large number of steps may be involved before data reaches its destination This calls for some standardization and in the late 1970s the International Standards Organization ISO introduced the Open System Interconnection OSI model 1 Transmit Receive Application layer Presentation layer Session layer Transport layer Network layer Data link layer Physical layer Physical link Figure 4 4 The 7 layer OST model The model is composed of seven different layers where each layer defines what 4 2 Protocols 27 should be done at each level of the communication process When data is sent down the layers from the sender information is added in each layer involved and removed at analogues layers at the receiver side Even though the layers are seven some may be combined into one or even omitted like in the case of communication in industrial automation It should be made clear that the OSI model is not a communication standard but a framework for communi
33. application program running on the BACnet device sends service requests and receives replays to process Within each device the application program is the actual software that performs the operations 30 Cost Event though BACnet originates in America it is widespread in Europe and as a European standard it is supported by many vendors The fact that BACnet provides six wired data link layer options makes it very scalable and therefore the installation cost can vary due to the extension of the instal lation The system is however very technically advanced and the need for specific knowledge by the installer as well as specialized software is needed 4 2 4 EnOcean EnOcean technology is a maintenance free wireless sensor solution for use in building automation and industrial installations produced by the German company EnOcean The company was established in 2001 as a spin off from Siemens AG The product range of EnOcean has grown enormously in the last years and today wireless modules from EnOcean are used worldwide by more than 100 vendors to enable their system ideas for BAS 35 Functionality The basic idea behind EnOcean technology is the fact that when a sensor measures a value the energy state constantly changes When a switch is pressed the temperature changes or the luminance level variations generate enough energy to transmit wireless signals So instead of using batteries linear motion converters solar cells and thermal c
34. at reducing the reflection of the light from objects such as com puter screens by controlling the angle which the light is able to leave the luminaire 3 2 Case studies 15 By applying both these indexes LENI and ELI we can calculate the Energy to ergonomic ratio of an installation which is simply done by dividing the LENI index with the ELI index The values of the LENI and ELI indices vary according to installation and operation in the building as the requirements differ In a normal office building lower Energy to ergonomic ratio means better balance between energy efficiency and ergonomic quality 12 3 2 Case studies DB Schenker is a leading company in transport and logistics worldwide on land on sea and in air In Sweden Schenker AB has 4000 employees in 30 offices and an annual turnover of 15 billion SEK One of Schenker s goals is to become the most environmentally sustainable logistics provider in Sweden and therefore they have set a goal to reduce their carbon dioxide emission per ton km by more than 20 by 2020 This does not only concern the actual transportation because the company has taken a step towards more energy efficient offices as well 32 For a case study on energy efficient lighting control the opportunity arose to visit one of Schenkers offices which is located in V xj and to meet the local director Thomas Sandstr m 3 2 1 Schenker logistics terminal in V xj Methodology The Schenker
35. bination of these two but a ring topology is to be avoided DALI communicates in serial mode and the medium supported by the system is a two wire control lead where control and supply leads can be wired together the minimum lead diameter according to Table 4 2 must be fulfilled Lead length Minimum lead diameter up to 100 meters 0 5 mm 100 150 meters 0 75 mm above 150 meters 1 5 mm Table 4 2 Wiring table for DALI media The maximum lead length between two connected systems must not exceed 300 meters 31 Protocol The DALI system installation is based on the master slave principle where the user operates the system through the controller master The controller sends messages to all the individual devices containing an address and a command Then the address determines whether the device should listen or not 31 Address Byte Command Byte S 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 17 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 S S L Start bit Stop Bits J DALI Forward Frame Response Byte S 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 S S a Start bit Stop Bits E DALI Backward Frame Figure 4 31 The DALI forward and backward frame 52 CHAPTER 4 MARKET STUDY All communications are controlled by the master Slaves are silent until the master sends a request to them In Figure 4 31 the forward frame shows a messages structure sent by the master T
36. cation standards 1 4 2 Protocols There are numerous lighting control systems on the market today Dedicated lighting control system exist which are often produced by the illuminator producers In addition to them many Building Automation Systems BAS support lighting control among other operations Since the aim of this the sis is to implement a lighting control protocol on AB Regin s BAS these systems are of special interest To investigate the different parts of BAS a hierarchical model is introduced which structures the automation field in three layers Figure 4 5 shows the mapping of the systems covered in this report onto the architectural levels of BAS BACnet A KNX Vd LonMark __ LT Vd kd EIB EHS BatiBUS LonWorks ZigBee Figure 4 5 Standards in building automation At the Field level a data collection is performed metering counting mea suring and the process is controlled setting values and switching Here the data quantity is in bits and response time and frequency in ms The Automa tion level handles the aspects of automatic control e g executes the control loops On this level the data quantity is measured in bytes and response time and frequency in ms to seconds The highest level of the hierarchical structure is the Management level where global configuration and manage ment tasks are handled Here the data quantity is measured in Mbytes and response time and frequency in days 3 As shown in Fig
37. cement for the incandescent lamp in peoples home 33 Fluorescent lamps The fluorescent lamp is the type of lamp that accounts for a greater amount of artificial light produced than any other about 70 This lamp uses the same principles as the compact one mentioned previously except that the ballast is not a part of the actual lamp Therefore it is possible to make all sorts of combinations with lamps and ballasts The glass tube is filled with gas and a small quantity of mercury The tube is coated with a thin phosphorous layer and the ends of the tube are the electrodes When electricity passes between them a mercury vapor emits UV radiation When this radiation hits the phosphorous it emits visible light with a colour that varies with different phosphorous mixes Fluorescent lamps are very energy efficient and only need around 15 energy of an incandescent lamp and have a very long lifetime A great effort has gone into the development of electronic ballasts for this type of lamps and therefore they are dimmable and the ballasts are in fact a major part of modern lighting control Because of how popular these lamps are they are available in many variations regarding colour temperature and colour rending index 25 Halogen lamps The halogen lamp is known for having a much higher luminous intensity than that of the incandescent lamp It is this type of lamp along with the daylight that sets the reference value for the colour rending ind
38. cture of the KNX system is shown in Figure 4 7 19 30 CHAPTER 4 MARKET STUDY N ee a e e PVP e mm ml e s m rra an rr Figure 4 7 Logical topology of the KNX system Couplers join together lines or segments both within certain media or dif ferent media together 19 Each device must have its own address to distinguish it in the system as shown in Figure 4 7 This individiual number system is constructed from 16 bits that are divided in three numbers representing the hierarchical structure 22 Bit 15 Bit 0 ujmjim ije je Je ojo jojo jojojojo Main Line Line Device number number number evice numbe Figure 4 8 KNX s individual numbering system 4 2 Protocols 31 The individual number is written as M L D where M is the number of the main line that the device is hierarchically connected to L stands for the line that the device is physically connected to and D is a unique number of that device within the 255 devices on that line The device number 0 is reserved for backbone and line couplers which are the connecting devices between the different types of lines In addition to this an area domain and subnetwork may be defined An area consists of one main line the subordinated Lines and all devices connected to them Domain is a part of the network connected together with one type of media A subnetwork is defined as having the same main line and line number and therefore a maximum numb
39. d and automation level It is also im portant to know what communication protocols are supported by the EXO system This information is summarized as Integration with EXO systems and used as a selection criteria in the following selection matrix along with the criteria discussed in the beginning of the chapter 4 4 2 Selection matrix To sum up some of the common key factors of the systems covered a selection matrix has been constructed Figure 4 33 shows each system in the upper 56 CHAPTER 4 MARKET STUDY row and the compared properties in the column to the left In the cases where no actual numbers are usable a grading system is used The grades range from Sufficient up to Best as shown in the legend on the right KNX LonMark BACnet EnOcean ZigBee DALI Modbus 0 10 V 9 6kbps 1 25 Mbps 78 4 kbps 120 kbps 250 kbps 1 2 kbps 38 4 kbps N gt wo N 2 16 64 24 N nl e o OO OO 0 OOl lOl Ol O OO 0 010 BIO ver 200 o GJO 010 O QU cu a Gei O O o O O Sutficient O O 00 00 00 so 00 Figure 4 33 Selection matrix for protocols 4 4 3 Chosen solution When observing the selection matrix one might see that the systems listed can be divided into three groups The first group contains the three systems to the left a full functioning BAS where lighting control is included as one of many possible options The n
40. d in the previous section It is therefore desirable that the artificial light sources have the same properties as daylight 2 p 21 Incandescent lamps The incandescent light bulb better known as the conventional light bulb is the type of lamp we can expect to find in most homes but has almost disappeared from office buildings and factories This lamp is constructed with a very fine wire that is sealed of by a glass bulb and when electricity runs through the wire it heats up and emits light The disadvantage with this light source is that only around five percent of the electrical energy consumed is converted into light and the rest emitted as heat This makes this type of lamps the least luminous and energy efficient Because of this many countries have decided to eliminate this type of lamps by setting legislation to prohibit their sale and thereby enforce the transition to more energy efficient alternatives The advantages of the incandescent lamp is its price its pleasant warm light the fact that it do not need any extra equipment to operate and how easily it can be dimmed to give different light output 40 25 In Table 2 1 17 we see how the EU has set a regulation that will within the next three years eliminate these old types of incandescent lamps Date Action Ban on sale of incandescent lamps 100W and above and all frosted incandescent lamps 01 09 2010 Ban on sale of incandescent lamps 75W and above 01 09 2011 Ban on sa
41. ding automation system architecture 38 BACnet service requests and replies 39 Self povvered wireless sensor technology from EnOcean 40 EnOcean smart repeating concept 40 Mesh routing Concept 41 An EnOcean data packet a 42 EnOcean protocol function 42 ZigBee topology e 44 LIST OF FIGURES ix 4 23 ZigBee model stack architecture o o 45 4 24 Aig Bee PLD Guess a A RA ne 45 4 25 Modbus with master and slave units on bus topology 46 4 26 General Modbus frame o e 47 4 27 Modbus transaction error free 47 4 28 The DALI as a standalone system 49 4 29 The DALI as a standalone sub system with wired or wireless external units connected to the DALI controller 50 4 30 The DALI as a subsystem o 50 4 31 The DALI forward and backward frame 51 4 32 Controller and ballasts using the 0 10V protocol 53 4 33 Selection matrix for protocols aa a 56 5 1 Diagram of the implementation including mains line EXO line and DALI lines o a 58 5 2 EXOcompact a controller from AB Regin 59 5 3 Block diagram of the DALI master unit 59 5 4 EXOline interface e 60 5 5 DALI transmit circuit 2 2 ee ee 61 5 6 DALI receive circuit aa 2002000048 62 5 7 Setup of testing equipment e 63 A 1 DALI master unit on a project board 72 A 2
42. e Jonas M ller my supervisor at AB Regin Landskrona For his endless en thusiasm for this project which has been very inspiring and given me the extra power sometimes needed Without his unselfishness regarding his lim ited time this work would never have gone so smoothly Thanks Jonas Lars Mattsson at AB Regin for his tremendous help with protocols and mi crocontroller programming Carl Hansson at AB Regin for his help with circuit design and component selection Other staff at AB Regin in Landskrona for the help they were always ready to provide and a warm welcome to their office Gunnar Lindstedt my supervisor at LTH for the confidence he showed in me when appointing me for this work and all the help he has provided Finally I would like to thank my family and friends for their support during my university studies Lund December 2009 Gudmundur Benediktsson Contents Introduction bel ODJECIVES ep lt te eh be BLS Be E A 1 2 Backeround og Shwe bE a EE NEE 1 3 Methodology 2 20000 200004 PAX TEH e K N ED its EAM tet Technical background 2 1 Lighting systems tah pO ea a 2 1 1 AS t SOUTG S age die n e Ba ace ne Rae RG ka 2 2 Lighting control systems i 200004 2 2 1 Types of systems 00000000 2 ee Empirical studies 3 1 Energy efficiency in modern buildings 3 1 1 Green buildings aaa aaa a 3 1 2 Environmental economics 3 1 3 Standards and regulations
43. e Second is the Easy mode which does not require a PC tool The mechanism is defined on the basis of so called functional blocks channels and connection codes that describes the functionality of the device Easy Mode devices are pre programmed and loaded with a default set of parameters With a simple configurator each device can be partly reconfigured This mode has however less functionality than the System mode The third mode is the Automatic mode which is a plug and play mode 22 The three standards combined in KNX are European Installation Bus EIB European Home Systems EHS and BCS BatiBUS 4 2 Protocols 29 SR pe PL110 ron pos PL132 DES Ethernet Figure 4 6 The KNX stack In Figure 4 6 a normal KNX stack is demonstrated At the lowest level different types of media used by KNX are presented The most common type is the KNX TP1 around 90 of KNX buses are of this type It was introduced by EIB and uses twisted pair cables and free topology with a maximum bandwidth of 9 6 Kbit sec 22 Structure The KNX system s topology is media independent and built up using three different transmission paths backbone line main lines and lines In every system there can only be one backbone line Up to 15 main lines are then hierarchically subordinate to the backbone line Each main line is then able to connect 15 lines at the most Up to 256 KNX end devices can be connected to each line This hierarchical stru
44. e demonstrated e In Chapter three the lighting control systems are studied from an en ergy saving perspective and questions regarding their efficiency how they relate to carbon dioxide emission and how they appear in stan dards and regulations are addressed Chapter three aims at answering the questions what types of light sources can be controlled and what the main controlling strategies are e In Chapter four the available lighting control solutions on the market are investigated Different protocols are compared with respect to pa rameters such as data rate power consumption versatility cost etc At the end of Chapter four the available solutions are evaluated and one selected as the candidate for implementation on one of AB Regins platforms e Chapter five describes the implementation of the chosen lighting pro tocol on AB Regin s platform Individual steps of the implementation are described with text and schematics and finally a result will be pre sented based on testing of individual parts and overall performance Chapter 2 Technical background In this chapter some technical background to lighting systems and lighting control systems will be provided The most common light sources will be introduced and compared with respect to some key factors The different approaches in lighting control systems will be introduced and evaluated with respect to factors such as simplicity cost and efficiency This chapter is intended to
45. e main control strategies This will provide the background knowledge to define a selection criteria for the available lighting control system reviewed in Chapter 4 3 1 Energy efficiency in modern buildings As a consequence of global warming and increasing pollution in the world people and governments have become more aware of how our life habits affect the environment The relation between global warming C O2 emission and the production of electricity has led to new thinking in the way we consume energy and how we can reduce it One of recent concepts in the environmental field is the green concept which is more often used as a prefix for various environmental matters 3 1 1 Green buildings Green buildings is a concept we hear more often but what makes a building a green one The definitions of green buildings vary between sources but they have one thing in common being green is being sustainable One good definition for sustainability is according to Dan Bulley Use the resource now materials utilities energy etc so they have zero to minimal impact on future generations resource 10 p 12 Many would like to argue that the green building concept is just a trendy and politically correct thing to state and will only mean more cost for the building owner or tenants If it costs 12 CHAPTER 3 EMPIRICAL STUDIES more why is this then considered an alternative In addition to the energy saving there are at least two reason
46. ear during the last three years MWh 220 Year Figure 3 4 Electrical use in MWh for the first two quarters of each year It is also interesting to see how much money has been saved during the last years Table 3 1 shows the savings in SEK of electrical energy for the first two quarters of the years compared to the first two quarters of the year 2006 1 e before the lighting control system was installed Year Savings SEK Savings in 2007 15000 4 9 2008 23000 7 5 2009 51000 16 7 Table 3 1 Saving on electrical energy consumption compared to the year 2006 If we assume that the energy use is similar for the last two quarters of the year the total saving from the installation of the system until the end of this year would be around 178 000 SEK According to Thomas Sandstr m 3 2 Case studies 19 lighting accounts for 80 of the total electrical energy use so by the end of this year Schenker has saved 142 000 SEK by installing the lighting c
47. en used for Ethernet LANs where it can carry up to 4 1 Communication networks 25 10 Mbits sec of digital data The maximum length for coaxial cables is in 10Base 2 Ethernet 185m but in 10Base 5 Ethernet it is 5000m The latter system requires much thicker coaxial cable In many applications the coaxial cable has been replaced by the fiber optical cable 1 Fiber optic cable A fiber optic cable transfers signals as light through a glass or plastic core The core is surrounded by cladding which guides the light through the cable The cladded core is surrounded by plastic coating to cushion the fiber Out side this plastic coating Kevlar strands are located to strengthen the cable Finally there is a outer jacket made of PVC or Teflon Figure 4 3 shows how a signal is sent as light through the cable 1 Cladding Sender Receiver MO pag T N Cladding Figure 4 3 Optic fiber cable There are two types of fiber optic cables single and multimode In multi mode cables many beams of light go through the core along different patha The advantage of fiber optics is its wide bandwidth and therefore these cables are often found in backbone networks By using wavelength division multi plexing it is possible to transfer data at 1600 Gbits sec Other advantages of using fiber optic cables are less signal attenuation immunity to electro magnet interference and light weight Disadvantages are for example the cost whic
48. ers of devices in such a network is 255 The smallest domain is a subnet but may span over more than one subnet KNX supports the use of twisted pair cables power lines and a wireless method called KNX Radio Frequency KNX RF 22 Protocol The data packet shown in Figure 4 9 includes among others the actual data and the source and destination address of the data The two latter fields then include a zone line and device number The source address field always contains the physical address The physical address is only used as destination address for initialization programming and diagnostic operations Functions of devices that belong to the same group can be controlled by sending just one message a group message from the source device In this case the destination address contains the group address A sensor can therefore only transmit on one group address but an actuator can receive on many 19 8 16 16 8 Up to 16x8 8 Control Source Destination Lenath LSDU Check field Address Address 9 data byte Figure 4 9 KNX TP1 data packet When two devices want to exchange information it is achieved by transmis sion of data packets Each data packet must be acknowledged and therefore it is encapsulated into the telegram which adds delay and acknowledge data to the packet The telegram is sent to the TP UART memory of the phys ical layer When the whole telegram is received into the memory and the 32 CHAPTER 4
49. ess and basically self powered the in stallation cost is mainly the cost of the system units and the startup of the system The operation cost is minimized by the self powering units where no batteries are needed nor the work of replacing them With the emergence of EnOcean Alliance wireless standard more producers are producing EnOcean equipment which will lead to lower price 34 4 2 5 ZigBee ZigBee is a wireless network standard based on IEEE 802 15 4 Physical Layer PHY and Medium Access Control sub layer MAC The ZigBee pro tocol is defined by ZigBee Alliance which is a group of global companies sharing the interest in creating wireless solutions for residential commercial and industrial applications 50 Functionality The main focus of ZigBee is to create a low power consumption low cost wireless control sensor network that has high density of nodes By introduc ing an active send receive and sleep mode ZigBee manages to keep power consumption at the minimum which is crucial for battery operated devices The simplicity of ZigBee s protocol and its small data packets makes it suit able for control sensor network and in the same time it reduces cost and power consumption In order to make it possible for vendors to supply the lowest possible cost devices IEEE standard defines two types of physical devices full function devices FFD and reduced function devices RFD The full functioning one works on any topology ca
50. ex as they have such a wide colour spectrum This is the reason for how popular they have been in spot lighting lighting in exhibitions in shops offices hotels and of course throughout the home One of their advantages is the lifetime which is as much as five times more than that of an incandescent lamp Following the elimination of incandescent lamps they have become an alternative with their easy dimming and feel good light 25 6 CHAPTER 2 TECHNICAL BACKGROUND High intensity discharge HID lamps This group includes sodium vapor mercury vapor and metal halide lamps All these lamps are so called discharge lamps and like other gas filled lamps they require a special ballast and fixture depending on type and power rating Unlike the fluorescent lamp these lamps require a warmup period HID lamps have mostly been used for outdoor lighting such as street and arena lighting or as factory lighting They are active for long periods due to the warmup and sometimes cool down time required Another thing these lamps have in common beside being discharge lamps is their great energy efficiency where the sodium vapor lamp is dominating which is almost twice as efficient as the fluorescent lamp The disadvantage of sodium lamp is that it has very little colour rendering and shorter lifetime than any other HID lamp The mercury lamp has better colour rendering but the lowest efficiency of all HID lamps and even lower than Fluorescent lamp The met
51. ext group includes EnOcean and ZigBee wireless systems that mainly focus on energy consumption of system parts and ease of implementation The last group contains the systems covering the lowest two levels of the BAS model DALI Modbus and 0 10V protocols are field level protocols and require in many cases additional systems to work as fully functioning lighting control system As AB Regin has its own BAS and is only looking for a lighting control addition to that system with no special attention on wireless systems the focus is set on the last group After evaluation of the systems in question the DALI system has the highest potential with a good market position within EU and an increasing number of producers supporting the protocol both for drivers and sensors Part of the system is integrated in the lamps supported where as well part of the software is stored The power consumption of the system is moderate as the slave devices are asleep until the master wakes them up with a request The protocol is quite simple and there already exists gateways to DALI from many other protocols It should therefore not be to much of a problem to implement it on AB Regin s system Chapter 5 Practical implementation In this chapter the process of implementing the DALI protocol on AB Regin s platform will be illustrated Individual steps of the implementation will be described with text and schematics The chapter ends by showing results from the implemen
52. g control which are not directly related to savings or at least not energy saving One is the so called Dynamic Lighting where the idea is to let the artificial interior lighting both brightness and warmness follow the rhythm of the light outside Employees experience the dynamics indirectly and they feel good and active Combinations of lighting control system with HVAC systems Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning is also possible and could be very inter esting Regarding load control it is powerful to have control over as many power consuming parts of the building as possible One possible interaction is between passing as much light as possible through a window to reduce ar tificial lighting but on the other hand we might have to increase ventilation and air conditioning because of heat passing through the uncovered window It would then be the lighting controller s job to optimize the position of sun curtains ventilation and light output to minimize the cost Chapter 3 Empirical studies In this chapter the Lighting control system will be studied from an energy saving perspective and questions regarding its efficiency how it relates to carbon dioxide emission and how it appears in standards and regulations will be addressed Some environmental definitions will be discussed as well as the relation to environmental economics The chapter aims at answering the questions what types of light sources can be controlled and what are th
53. gistics in V xj revealing the payback time of the lighting control instal lation A market study is carried out where available lighting control systems are investigated Different protocols are compared based on parameters such as data rate power consumption and cost The aim of this study is to select one existing system to be implemented on one of AB Regin s platforms For this purpose a selection criteria is composed Digital Addressable Lighting System DALI is chosen for implementation along with the EXOcompact controller from AB Regin The implementation deals with building an interface between the EXOline used by AB Regin and the DALI line defined by the DALI protocol A DALI Master Unit is built around an Atmel ATmega186 microprocessor and some testing of send ing messages from the EXO system to a DALI enabled lamp is performed Based on the case study conducted and other sources the cost and energy efficiency of lighting controle systems are proven The concept of controlling lights from AB Regin s EXOSystem is also proven with implementation and testing Preface This report is a result of my master thesis project carried out at AB Re gin Landskrona with supervision from Industrial Electrical Engineering and Automation IEA at Lund University Faculty of Engineering The work was carried out from May to December 2009 and during this time I have received help from many persons The people I want to thank especially ar
54. h is relatively the highest of all guided media and the requirement for specialized expertise of the installer 1 Power lines Power Line Carrier transmission is a method that uses the existing power lines to transmit data together with the electrical power This method is popular in home control systems Data is transmitted by super positioning the low energy data signal on the power wave 46 Since the powerlines are designed to transmit electrical power with a frequency of 50 60 Hz and at The 10BASE is an Ethernet variant where 10 stands for the maximum speed 10 Mbits sec Base stands for Baseband signaling and the following number represents the maximum length in this case 200m although it was later changed to 185m Kevlar is very strong material and is for example used in bulletproof vests 20 CHAPTER 4 MARKET STUDY most 400Hz there are some physical drawbacks in its use as a data trans mission media The data that is to be transmitted is in constant danger of electrical disturbance caused by the power line and the equipment connected to it 23 Wireless In unguided media transport the signal is transmitted without using any physical conductor The wireless transmission methods are further divided into three categories Radio waves Microwaves and Infrared This classifi cation is based on division of the frequency band where radio waves spread from 3 kHz to 1 GHz Microwaves span the frequency band between 1
55. he lighting is a good place to start In a store for example the lighting often accounts for over 40 of the energy bill By making the lighting more energy efficient it is possible to reduce the electricity cost considerably There are many low cost tips of how to reduce the electricity cost such as teaching the employees to adjust the lighting according to actual conditions These kind of methods are very good but the most effective one is to combine them with the use of energy efficient light sources and a well designed lighting control system 11 CO emission Greenhouse gases include methane halocarbons nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide which all have different effects on the climate The one we are mostly concerned about is the carbon dioxide CO2 not because it is more harmful than the others but because it is the dominating quantity The main source for the emission of CO is combustion and not only the combustion of gas 3 1 Energy efficiency in modern buildings 13 oil and coal but all combustion including the combustion of biofuel 18 So why look into more efficient lighting when dealing with CO9 emission Ac cording to the International Commission on Illumination lighting accounts for about 19 of the electricity used in the world and therefore the OO emission related to electricity production for lighting is approximately 1 775 billion ton of CO per year 7 3 1 3 Standards and regulations EN 15198 Energy Perf
56. hese always begin with a start bit which is then followed by an 8 bit address part and then another 8 bits of command part The messages ends with two stop bits The slave answers with a backward frame which starts and ends in the same way as the Forward Frame but with an 8 bit response in the middle 31 Cost Because of simplicity widespread market positions and scalability of the system its installation cost can be moderate The cost is also low compared to 0 10V systems that operate in the same level of building automation and DALI has much more functionality then those systems 4 2 8 0 10V Analog The 0 10 V analog protocol is one of the simplest ones and has been used for many years in lighting control The original 0 10V protocol comes from theater lighting but with some changes a new protocol was created for dim ming fluorescent ballasts and now even for controlling LED lighting drivers 42 Functionality The basic functionality of 0 10V lighting control is that the controller outputs a control voltage from 0 to 10V to the dimmable ballast of the fluorescent lamp or LED driver to produce a varying light output The controller can therefore be of any type as long as it is able to output an 0 10V analog signal 42 Structure The controller of some type needs to be connected by one separate wire to the ballast and by one common wire to all the ballasts According to IEC standard the ballast should not draw more current than 2
57. ing communication be tween lighting control devices a role for IEEE P1451 Industry Appli cations Conference 2003 Conference Record of the 38th IAS Annual Meeting 2 805 811 vol 2 2003 International Energy Agency Energy Conservation Requires Smart Lighting E3Light 2 2007 retrieved 20 08 2009 http lightinglab fi TIEAAnnex45 publications News6 pdf K Field Environmental Economics making the business case for sus tainability in shopping centers Chain Store Age Jan 2009 85 1 p 54 K Hemmil LED Illuminates the Office and Saves Energy E3Light 1 2009 retrieved 20 08 2009 http lightinglab fi IEA Annex45 publications News9 pdf 68 BIBLIOGRAPHY 10 M Skaer Ten Questions Regarding Green Building Air Conditioning Heating amp Refrigeratioin News March 3 2008 233 10 p 10 11 M Wilson Saving on Energy Using lighting efficiently can have a big impact on the bottom line Chain Store Age Aug 2008 84 8 p 114 12 P Dehoff Management of Lighting Efficiency and Human Needs E3Light 2 2006 retrieved 20 08 2009 http lightinglab fi TIEAAnnex45 publications News4 pdf 13 P Sink Which bus when Machine Design July 12 2001 73 13 p 61 14 T Mocherniak Lighting Technologies Produce Energy Savings retrieved 01 09 2009 http www sustainablefacility com 15 T Park S Hong Experimental Case Study of a BACnet Based Light ing Control System IEEE transactions on automation science a
58. is connected accord ing to the network topology In an industrial control network these nodes represent sensors and actuators Similarly these nodes represent occupancy sensors photocells switches lamps etc in a lighting control network 4 1 3 Buses In an industrial network buses are used to establish a connection between sensors actuators and controllers i e nodes Even though these buses are in fact protocols since they agree on media transmission and how data is handled it has become a custom to classify them separately The term 4 1 Communication networks 23 field buses has been used to distinguish the industrialized ones from other network buses but unfortunately it has proven to be hard to standardize them Therefore there exists quite many field buses on the market many quite similar Profibus is the most commonly used fieldbus in industry and even though it has been developed significantly from its foundation in 1985 the most used version is a simple one using polled master slave I O 13 DeviceNet is based on CANT technology with 24 V on the cable Its low cost widespread use and efficient use of bandwidth is a big advantage but its drawback is its small messages size 13 The Foundation Fieldbus is one of the newest industrial buses it has become the leading digital protocol for process automation There are two types of protocols within the Foundation Fieldbus H1 and HSE The Foundation Fieldbus H1 uses
59. is followed by a command that is called a direct com mand and is predefined by DALI The possible direct commands are both instructions like step up step down off recall max recall min and queries such as query status query ballast query lamp failure query power fail ure etc These query commands will then be responded by the DALI slave For testing both types of broadcast addresses were used ordinary and di rect By entering the ordinary broadcast and a command on the interval 0 to 254 in EXOtest and execute the command the light output of the lamp varied The direct broadcast address was also used with different types of direct commands except queries with success The query commands are aimed at a specific slave and therefore it is not possible to get any answer from a broadcast address The slave unit come with a preprogrammed 24 bit address long and needs to be programmed with the 8 bit address short used in DALI protocol In order to program the slave with a short address a special programming interface is required or possibly some more advanced program in the DALI Master Unit Due to lack of time neither of these options were used and the success so far was considered enough to prove the concept Chapter 6 Conclusions and future work 6 1 Conclusions This master thesis has tried to shed some light on the possibilities to make lighting systems more cost and energy efficient by applying lighting control The empirical
60. ity of the Internet and in many ways LON operates and follows the same rules as the Internet The main difference lies in the real time demand design of LON 41 4 2 Protocols 33 Type of object Index on device Mandatory Network Variables NET CES EC Minimum implementation 1 Use SNVTs Mandatory Configuration Properties Optional Configuration Properties Optional Network Variables 1 Implemented in standardized manner 1 Use SNVTs Configuration Properties 1 Applies to device object or network variable 4 Manufacturer defined section 1 Manufacturer defined network variables and types 1 Proprietary non interoperable interface Figure 4 10 Functional profile of LON object By publishing so called Functional Profiles which are similar to objects in object orientated language a set of basic generic functions are provided These functions can then be used to implement a broad set of applications Figure 4 10 shows how these profiles describe in detail the application layer interface 47 Each device on the LON is a fully functioning network object Figure 4 11 shows how a normal LON device is constructed The microcontroller can almost be of any type as long as it meets the requirements set by Lon Mark but in most cases a Neuron Chip microcontroller is used The Neuron Chip has the OSI layers 2 6 embedded and an application layer in on chip application CPU 48 Sensor Actuator Microcontroller Mem
61. layer with a data rate of 9 6 78 4 kbps is used to communicate with the HVAC and lighting equipment MS TP or ARCnet is used for fire safety access and security and any 3rd party system is linked through BACnet gateways For a backbone communication the BACnet Ethernet is used which is the strength of BACnet providing a robust connection at the management level 15 Protocol All information within the BACnet network is encapsulated in BACnet ob jects a data structure that is spread out on the network These objects represent environmental parameters trend analysis calculation result etc By using a mechanism called service request all nodes in the network can access this informations BACnet currently defines 35 message types di vided into 5 classes like alarm and event service In order to guarantee that BACnet devices from different vendors will function and interoperate on the network BACnet requires a so called protocol implementation conformance statement PICS from the vendor It is basically a BACnet specification sheet containing a list of a device s BACnet capabilities 30 4 2 Protocols 39 BACnet Device request ack E Bao ll Service request 5 request ReadProperty Application Object ack Network program 5 Service reply Object Data is fe Object Figure 4 16 BACnet service requests and replies In Figure 4 16 the
62. le of incandescent lamps 60W and above 01 09 2012 Ban on sale of incandescent lamps 40W and below 01 09 2009 Table 2 1 The EU phase out of incandescent lamps Compact fluorescent lamps Due to the low energy efficiency of the incandescent lamps and the fact that they will eventually be banned in many countries producers have come up with some alternatives One of these alternatives is the compact fluorescent lamp which can be used to replace almost any incandescent lamp The main advantages of the compact fluorescent lamp is that it lasts up to 15 times longer than the incandescent light bulb and it consumes around 80 less power for the same amount of light These lamps are a type of fluores cent lamps with a built in electronic ballast and starting equipment The 2 1 Lighting systems 5 lamps have evolved greatly in the last years and are now available in a broad variety of design colour temperature colour rending index and of course price Older versions used to be equipped with magnetic ballast which made a buzzing sound startup time was long and they did not look so good but now many of these things have been fixed and these lights are quite com petitive with other types of lamps Not all types are however dimmable nor suited for rapid on off switching The fact that these lamps contain mercury has been one of the things that consumers find hard to accept since these lamps are mostly used as a repla
63. ler or at least each lighting group increases the installation cost This also makes any modifications more com plex for example to move one ballast from one group to another would require rewiring 42 54 CHAPTER 4 MARKET STUDY 4 3 Other systems Beside the systems covered so far in this report there exists quite a lot of specialized lighting system from some of the illuminant producers To give an overview of these systems some of the most common ones will be intro duced here but this is far from being an exhaustive list DIGIDIM DIGIDIM is a lighting control system from the Finnish company Helvar which is one of Europe s leading company in the production of dimmable ballasts The DIGIDIM system includes dimmers output units contactors and input units The system is controlled via pushbutton sliders or rotating knobs and also supports a DIGIDIM router that uses standard Ethernet communication to combine multiple DALI networks 38 LUXMATE LUXMATE is a product from the Austrian illuminant producer Zumtobel Zumtobel offers three version of LUXMAT BASIC EMOTIN and PRO FESSIONAL LUXMATE BASIC offers two lighting groups and three lighting scenes It is available for DALI and D I versions and with the DALI version it supports up to 64 lamps The system is programmed and controlled via the DALI CSx control panel LUXMATE EMOTIN supports up to 128 DALI electronic ballasts using two DALI lines It can handle up to 32 g
64. n be the network coordinator and is able to talk to any other device The reduced function device can not become the network coordinator is limited to star topology and can only talk to the network coordinator 27 Structure The ZigBee topology is determined by the devices included As previously mentioned there are two types of nodes FFD and RFD and the composition of these types determines the structure as can bee seen in Figure 4 22 44 CHAPTER 4 MARKET STUDY Network n Full Function Device e Reduced Function Device Star Topology Peer to Peer Topology Cluster Tree Topology Figure 4 22 ZigBee topology In Figure 4 22 it is shown how FFD can act as coordinator and router for the network but a RFD can only work as end devices with no routing possibil ities and therefore limited to star topology The coordinator is responsible for starting and maintaining the devices on the network 27 Protocol The ZigBee network technology is based on the seven layer OSI model The lower layers are defined by the IEEE 802 15 4 standard but the network layer and framework for the application layer are provided by ZigBee Alliance The application layer and profiles at the top are left for the user or vendor to implement Figure 4 23 shows the structure of the ZigBee stack architecture 26 4 2 Protocols 45 Compliant Figure 4 23 ZigBee model stack architecture The frame structure of the ZigBee
65. n media Twisted pair As the name suggests the twisted pair cable consists of two wires that are each isolated by plastic material and twisted together One of these wires is used to carry the signal and the other one provides a ground reference The reason for twisting the wires is to divide the noise that the cable may be affected by more equally on both the signal wire and the reference wire and therefore maintaining better signal quality Some Twisted Pair Cables also provide extra shielding from environmental disturbances The twisted pair cables have been classified in seven categories by the Electrical Industries Association These categories are determined by the quality of the cable where 1 is the lowest in quality and 7 the highest Each of them is suitable for certain use where for example the Category 7 cable has the data rate of 600 MHz and is suited for LANs 1 Coaxial cable The coaxial cable consists of a central core a copper wire which is enclosed in an insulating sheath This sheath is then also enclosed in a metallic wrapping which serves both as a shield against noise and as a second conductor Finally there is an insulating sheath that encloses the whole cable The coaxial cable is able to carry much higher frequency signals than the twisted pair cable The coaxial cable has mostly been used for transmission of analog signals for example in Cable TV Networks In digital communication networks the coaxial cable has be
66. nd en gineering Vol 6 No 2 April 2009 Manuals and documents 16 DALI Manual retrieved 30 09 2009 http www dali ag org 17 European Commision European lamps become more energy efficient re trieved 07 09 2009 http ec europa eu 18 Fagerhult The Energy Directive retrieved 04 09 2009 http www fagerhult se 19 EIB Introduction to the System retrieved 10 10 2009 http www knx developer de online data introduc pdf 20 EnOcean TMC120 User Manual v1 53 August 2008 EnOcean 2008 http www enocean com en enocean_modules tcm 120 21 EnOcean Radio sensors powered by ambient energy from strange ideas to mass market products retrieved 10 10 2009 http www enocean com en white papers 22 KNX KNX Standard FAQ Logical Topology retrived 10 10 2009 http www knx org downloads support downloads 23 L F Montoya Power Line Communications Performance Overview of the Physical Layer of Available protocols retrieved 21 10 2009 http www masters donntu edu ua 2006 kita avramenko library lib9a pdf BIBLIOGRAPHY 69 24 M Grampp Digitally Addressable Lighting Interface retrieved 03 11 2009 http www freescale com files microcontrollers doc ref_manual DRM004 pdf 25 Osram Product catalog retrieved 01 09 2009 http catalog myosram com 26 ZigBee ZigBee SoCs provide cost effective solutions retrived 10 10 2009 http www zigbee org LearnMore WhitePapers tabid 257 Default a
67. ne HUN lelsely va en ou a AO gjen E von s MA vum vu ER a E C e on vino S Y o lw l Anez o 068 E S m 100970t4 H SC Se gjy me afefe 30004 Set Wa E oR A gt ae e E a o Le O E A Le 2 XOL AZ VILISINS L o 5 St C E sh e 8 Su oxa NA EN BE nm Sano ts P E Soe n 2 Ba ES J WA a SZ ni z a e Js le see CK 4 V ep 2 ml 4 D 1 Hon E oon L 16609 fecoa L S p 9 Smt TT o gje ki T EN sed ui SES ttt ano Hesa tool 6 N Sy Sm ino N ZE l o saa au ISO 5 A i L Hetz JuUQOL kar oz seraa ae 8 q S T T S 55 Tae 2 1 4u004 d Zen E 104 T ZLSO SNIL eo mwa 7 SE Zen wett KI 28 toi ad 1 L V L A z ZE LG sod sa A se H AS ac DALI master unit schemat Figure A 2 Appendix B DALI master unit program The flowchart below illustrates the functionality of the main loop in the microprocessor program INITIALIZE VARIABLES l INITIALIZE MODULES l INITIALIZE TIMERS l ENABLE INTERRUPTS i YES
68. ne commands from EXOtest to the DALI Master Controller through the EXOcompact and back again DALI Master Unit Lamp Ballast Sensor Figure 5 7 Setup of testing equipment The following operations are to be tested e Send address and command from EXOtest to DALI slave e Receive messages from the DALI slave and read them with EXOtest 5 5 Result The design and construction of the needed circuits on a protoboard was quite straightforward as well as establishing the connection between the mi crocontroller and the Atmel programmer After writing the program for 64 CHAPTER 5 PRACTICAL IMPLEMENTATION the microcontroller it was possible to test communications over the EXO line and DALI line Communications over the EXOline worked quite well and initially the testing was carried out by sending a value from EXOtest to the microcontroller that would activate an output and write some value to a memmory location on the microcontroller which was then read by the EXOtest The initial tests performed on the DALI line were to define a fixed address and command in the microcontroller s program that would be executed when started When these communications seemed to work it was time to test the whole communication chain DALI defines two types of addresses ordinary and direct The ordinary is always followed by a com mand from 0 to 254 which indicates the light intensity to be set 0 100 The direct address
69. of robust lighting control system 2 2 1 Types of systems The desired functionality of the lighting control system is very dependent on the installation regarding location operation complexity etc It is therefore convenient to classify these systems according to their main functions Six of the most common strategies used in advanced lighting control to reduce energy consumption is presented below as shown in Figure 2 3 14 Daylight Harvesting Task Tuning Occupancy Sensing Variable Load Shedding Figure 2 3 Common lighting control strategies for energy saving 2 2 Lighting control systems 9 Daylighting The main concept of Daylighting is reducing or eliminating the use of arti ficial lighting when there is an adequate contribution of daylight within a space to maintain recommended light levels i e lighting the building using the sky The traditional way is to use fluorescent lamps with dimmable elec tronic ballast along with light control sensors photocell This method is ideal for offices classrooms and factory floors where one or more sides of the room passes the daylight in through windows To maximize the efficiency of this method a so called Modular Control can be applied In modular control the control system is able to dim small sectors of room independently Mea surements of the light energy savings when using daylight dimming varies a lot and different experiments show savings from around 30 to 70
70. of the equipment in the BAS Every input and output that is connected to the system such as switches sensors actuators dimmers are represented by a BACnet object Concerning the lighting control most inputs and out puts can easily be represented by these objects but when it comes to creating groups of lighting units that should be controlled as a unit it is not as trivial This is also the case with preset scenes where BACnet objects does not in clude this functionality According to the structure of BACnet it would be 4 2 Protocols 37 in the hands of lighting producers to create a robust lighting control object 6 Structure BACnet has a four layer collapsed architecture with physical data link net work and application layers as shown in Figure 4 14 where the BACnet layer model is compared with the OSI layer model BACnet Layers peta BACnet Application Layer Application BACnet Netvvork Layer Netvvork BACnet IP ISO 8802 2 t Type 1 MS TP PTP Data link iso 8802 3 Age kont ale Ethernet net ElA 485 EIA 232 Physical Figure 4 14 The four layer BACnet model and equivalent OST layers BACnet provides six wired data link layer options which are Ethernet ARC net MS TP Master Slave Token Passing PTP Point To Point LonTalk and BACnet TP Unfortunately it has no option for wireless communication except through some gateways Even though LonTalk is defined at the Data
71. ommunication part some basics of such a network will be discussed At the end of this chapter the available solutions will be evaluated and one selected as the candidate for implementation on one of AB Regin s platforms 4 1 Communication networks In smart lighting control systems as in other automation systems sensors are not always directly connected to the actuators as often is the case in traditional electrical installation Instead each sensor and actuator is con nected to some media that transfers signals from one device to another or to some common controller In this way various devices form a network and the controller then make a virtual connection between devices To give some insight into these networks it is essential to look at some of their properties 4 1 1 Network topology A network topology describes the way nodes are interconnected In Figure 4 1 the four most common topologies Bus Star Ring and Mesh are shown 22 CHAPTER 4 MARKET STUDY 7 2 O Ring Mesh full mesh Figure 4 1 The four most common types of network topology In addition to these four there exists a few other topologies such as Tree Linear and Hybrid topology A Hybrid topology is when two or more networks with different topologies are connected together If two or more networks of the same topology are connected the topology structure remains the same 29 4 1 2 Nodes In Figure 4 1 each node is represented by a dot which
72. ontrol system According to Schenker the cost of installing the lighting control sys tem in the office in Vaxj was 159 600 SEK Therefore it can be estimated that around mid 2010 a complete payback has been achieved The payback time is therefore only three and half years with this simple installation Possible improvements Thomas Sandstr m says that they are very pleased with the system it saves energy and money it does not require much maintenance is simple and user friendly The most important thing is according to him to teach the users employees to use and work with the system The lighting control system installed in 2007 only covers the warehouse and not the offices so there might be a possibility to reduce the energy consumption even more The offices are lighted with fluorescent lights in the ceiling and an individual one above each desk and many of the desks are located near a window as Figure 3 5 taken at the office shows Figure 3 5 Light sources in normal office space at Schenker Installing a daylighting or personal lighting control system in this part of Schenker s office in V xj could reduce the electrical energy consumption even further 20 CHAPTER 3 EMPIRICAL STUDIES 3 3 Conclusion The world is always changing and so are the habits of people we produce more consume more and pollute more than we did before This has led to increasing environmental awareness among consumers producers and gov
73. onverters are used to pro duce enough energy to transmit the signal Figure 4 17 demonstrates this method 36 40 CHAPTER 4 MARKET STUDY ENERGY E SENSOR WIRELESS MODULE SYSTEM WIRELESS MODULE Im IS Energy Converter Microcontroller Energy Management et RF Transceiver INFORMATION Figure 4 17 Self powered wireless sensor technology from EnOcean When a button is pressed for example the linear motion can be transformed into enough energy to transmit the information about the action These solutions from EnOcean are used in Lighting HVAC and as a subsystem in BAS such as KNX and LON 36 Structure In a wireless sensor network based on EnOcean technology there are three types of system components sensor repeater and end node as shown in Figure 4 18 21 Batteryless sensor O E 2 level repeater Be d T 4 9 End node Figure 4 18 EnOcean smart repeating concept The Smart Routing or Smart Repeating shown in Figure 4 18 is often suf ficient in small systems such as residential homes The Smart Repeating is a plug and play setup so no complex system configuration is needed For larger system the 2 level repeating is however not sufficient and therefore a mesh routing is required 21 4 2 Protocols 41 Y Dem id f TCPAP A Y EIB KNX K Zigbee J SHT Window e contact Switch receiver Light Line powered router for lamp e Switch or end node
74. ormance of Buildings Energy requirements which was published in November 2007 is a part of EU s measure to satisfy the Kyoto Agreement concerning the reduction of greenhouse gases by improving the energy efficiency within EU With this directive all properties regarding power consumption must be declared By this the focus is set on energy use power use time unit instead of just the installed power output The Eu ropean Performance of Buildings Directive also requires an energy certificate for buildings EPCs This certificate gives information about the energy efficiency and environmental impact of the building In the EN 15193 stan dard the methodology for calculating lighting energy consumption per year is defined LENI The Light Energy Numeric Indicator LENI has been developed to show how much energy is needed each year to light up each square meter in a building so that illumination and specifications are fulfilled This index can be used to compare the energy consumption in lighting between different buildings with the same function These numbers can be used as national recommendations for designers The following formula is used to calculate the LENI index LEN Iealculated VVtotar JA KVV h m year 3 1 where A is the building s total interior area in square meters and Wyozqi is VV total Wright VV parasitic 3 2 Wiigni estimates the energy consumption needed for lighting for a certain period and includes all ligh
75. ory Link layer controller Transceiver Figure 4 11 Block diagram of a normal LON device 34 CHAPTER 4 MARKET STUDY The Neuron chip uses a unique identifier the Neuron ID to be addressed within a network Having all the 7 layers included in the protocol allows the developer to write in high level application programming interface All the layers may be configured at installation time via a network management protocol JASI Structure LON systems are media independent and support the use of twisted pair coaxial fiber optics RF infrared power lines and LonTalk over IP The topology depends on which media is used A free topology allows devices to be connected with one another in bus daisy chain star ring or loop topolo gies or combinations of these It only requires one termination anywhere in the network 48 Name Bit Rate Definition Standard FO 20L Fiber Optic 1 25Mbps ANSI EIA CEA 709 4 FO 20S Fiber Optic 1 25Mbps ANSI EIA CEA 709 4 ElA CEA 852 IP Tunneling ANSI EIA CEA 852 PL 20A CENELEC A band Power ANSI EIA CEA 709 2 Line PL 20C CENELEC C band Power 3987bps ANSI EIA CEA 709 2 Line w access protocol CENELEC C band Power ANSI EIA CEA 709 2 Line w o access protocol TPIFT 10 Free Topology Twisted Pair 78 13kbps ANSI EIA CEA 709 3 TP RS485 39 RS 485 Twisted Pair 39 06kbps EIAJTIA 232 E TP XF 1250 Transformer Isolated 1 25Mbps LonMarx Interoperability Twisted Pair Guidelines
76. owards a final product e Get another DALI slave ballast lamp for testing e Get a programming interface to program the lamps with short ad dresses and perhaps for some other operations e Test the decoding of messages from slaves when they have been pro grammed with short addresses and it is possible to send a query to them e Fully implement the state machine in the program to guarantee the correct data flow in the program e Implement a GUI in the EXO system that is able to execute some sequence to search for available lamps and give each of them a short address Then the GUI could be used to assign the lamps to groups give the light levels etc Bibliography 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Books B Forouzan Data Communication and Networking fourth edition McGraw Hill 2007 ISBN 007 125442 0 G Boyle Renewable Energy power for a sustainable future second edi tion The Open University 2004 ISBN 0 19 926178 4 G Olsson C Rosen Industrial Automation application structure and systems third edition Lund University 2005 Articles A Nalewaik V Venters Cost Benefits of Building Geen Cost Engi neering Feb 2009 51 2 p 28 B Roisin M Bodart A Deneyer P D Herdt Lighting energy savings in offices using different control systems and their real consumption Energy and Buildings 40 2008 p 514 523 F Rubinstein S Treado P Pettler Standardiz
77. rg 44 Moeller An Eaton Brand retrieved 11 10 2009 http www xcomfort com 45 Osram Technical basics of light retrieved 01 09 2009 http osram com 46 PLCForum retrieved 28 09 2009 http www plcforum org 47 Shanghai Tigon Intelligence Technology Introduction to LonWorks Echelon retrieved 06 10 2009 http www stitcs com en LonWorksWorld html 48 Shanghai Tigon Intelligence Technology LonTalk Protocol Seminar Harold Rabbie retrieved 06 10 2009 http www stitcs com en LonWorksWorld html 49 Shanghai Tigon Intelligence Technology LonWorks Technology 101 LonMark Americas retrieved 06 10 2009 http www stitcs com en LonWorksWorld html 50 ZigBee Alliance retrieved 10 10 2009 http www zigbee org 51 Thomas Edison quotation from Wikipedia retrieved 28 10 2009 http en wikipedia org wiki Thomas_ Edison Appendix Appendix A Circuit drawings Figure A 1 shows the wiring of the DALI master unit on a project board In the figure some of the major parts are marked Dragon EXO line programmer Atmel processor DALI line DC DC converter Figure A 1 DALI master unit on a project board On next page the schematic of the DALI master unit can be found In that drawing no connection to the Atmel debugger is shown 73 6002 JAQLISAON ES ON WOSS ERR Y sanbiuyos josuoo Bunuybij jualoyya Abioua pue 1507 u Saai josjuo2 BunyBr ulbey av uosshpausg Inpunup
78. roups addresses for 16 rooms and 16 scenes The system can handle daylight based occupancy and sched uled light control and even 12 hour daylight simulation It supports incan descent halogen lamps fluorescent and LED LUXMATE EMOTIN can be controlled via wireless IR remote controller or the DALI EMOTIN Touch Panel as well as normal switches LUXMATE PROFESSIONAL adds a management level to the other sys tems including both automation servers and PC operating software The system has standardized blinds control and can be configured to control heating and ventilation 28 Xcomfort Xcomfort is a wireless control system from the German Automation producer Moeller The system supports control of lighting temperature ventilation Digital Signal Interface DSI is a lighting protocol from the Austrian company Tri donic ATCO 4 4 Evaluation 55 and blinds An addition also provides fire and burglary alarm and com bines the systems with preprogrammed light routines for comfort and safety The system is controlled by radio frequency and focuses on the simplicity of installation Xcomfort also offers a Home Manager and Room Manager for total control or even the possibility of full control through a personal computer or TV set 44 4 4 Evaluation Having looked at a few of the most common control systems within building automation and especially lighting control it is quite obvious that none of them is much better than the other
79. rves as an interface between the two protocols EXOline and DALI line This is the main part of the implantation In addition to the Master Controller there is an EXOcompact controller from AB Regin and a DALI supported sensor and lamp ballast Each of these parts will be explained in more details in the following sections 5 3 1 DALI lamp The Lamp used for this implementation is a 2x28W fluorescent lamp from THORN It has a built in DALI enabled ballast from TRIDONIC ATCO as well as a DALI multi sensor The DALI multi sensor combines a photocell and an occupancy sensor in one The ballast and the sensor are connected in parallel to the DALI line 5 3 2 EXOcompact The controller from AB Regin used in the implementation is the EXOcom pact 5 3 Implementation 59 LA R R 3 Cae lt p y i i I Figure 5 2 EXOcompact a controller from AB Regin The EXOcompact is a freely programmable controller and the one used in the implemetation has 28 I O 2 EXOline communication ports and an integrated display 5 3 3 DALI master unit The DALI Master Unit is built around the ATmega 168 microcontroller from Atmel The reason for choosing this microprocessor is that it has been used by AB Regin in other projects and its properties are well known within the company Connected to the central processing unit CPU are e DALI line interface e EXOline interface The architecture of the DALI Master Unit is shown in Figure 5 3
80. s a leading provider of HVAC systems the addition of a lighting protocol to its system will strengthen its market position as a full scale BAS provider 66 CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK 6 2 Future work With increased demand from governments and consumers to reduce the energy consumption for lighting much work needs to be done The field of cost and energy efficient control is very active and the possibilities for an automation company that can supply a solution which meets these demands are great Some future work for companies such as AB Regin could be to e Include the lighting protocol to their BAS and use the controller to op timize the energy consumption for example by controlling the position of sun curtains heating ventilation and light output e Expand the management tools available in the BAS to conduct a deeper cost analysis for the building based on the use of energy consuming equipment such as lights e Include a DALI line output in each room controller to have complete control of the energy consumed in that room By this each room con troller would be a Dali Master Unit with the capability of addressing 64 devices 16 groups and 16 scenes This would then solve DALI s problem of limited number of devices Event though the basic concept of the implementation has been proved and a prototype exists there is still much work to be done The following list illustrates some thoughts concerning the next steps t
81. s of indoor comfort One of Regin s goal is to be a leading supplier of solutions that contribute to improved energy consumption and sustainable development It is therefore a natural step towards this goal to expand into other fields of building automation In the beginning of 2009 AB Regin contacted LTH offering a master thesis work for a student in the field of automation This thesis and its result is therefore a step for AB Regin towards its goal 2 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 3 Methodology The thesis is divided in three phases where the result of each preceding phase forms the base for the next one Starting with Empirical study on the potential of lighting energy savings by use of different control systems provides the necessary knowledge to select candidates for the next phase the market study The market study then utilizes the knowledge gained from the empirical studies to make an analysis and comparison of the major lighting control protocols on the market today The comparison of these protocols then provides the motive for the selection of one protocol to be the implemented on one of AB Regin s technical platforms 1 4 Outline The report is divided in the following way e Chapter two provides a technical background for further reading The most common light sources and their properties are examined and com pared The basic properties of lighting control systems are defined and the most common procedures of such systems ar
82. s why people would choose to do so One is the possible improvement in human performance Growing evidence show that things like increased air quality daylighting temperature control and reduction of toxic building material may result in better quality of life and therefore less absence of workers and labour turnover The other reason is the so called feel good factor which may cause the owner to select sustainable design due to a social value Within companies this is often related to the environmental image that the companies want to present in order to ensure their market position 4 3 1 2 Environmental economics Cost There are many factors that may become more expensive in design and construction of a sustainable building Environmentally friendly building material more advanced control equipment for lighting HVAC systems and more complicated design are to be mentioned In Section 3 1 1 it was men tioned that companies may expect a better performance and less sickness of employees in green buildings due to a healthier environment It can also affect the customers as a study showed a considerable sales increase in a US store that was lighted with more daylight per year 8 In addition to these indirect payback factors a reduced operational cost may be achieved by reducing energy consumption Energy consumption Energy management is a key for payback of a green building and with the focus on commercial and office buildings t
83. sical Protocol Data Unit PTP Point To Point RFD Reduced Function Device RTU Remote Terminal Unit SRAM Static Random Access Memory USART Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter XML eXtensible Markup Language Chapter 1 Introduction 130 years ago when Thomas Edison demonstrated his invention of the in candescent light bulb he said we will make electricity so cheap that only the rich will burn candles 51 Unfortunately the non rich are still burning candles and the electrical energy cost is still a significant part of the total operational cost of buildings With increasing use of electricity for lighting some action must be taken in order to reduce the cost 1 1 Objectives The objectives of this master thesis is to provide a general understanding of cost and energy efficient lighting control techniques To make an in depth analyze of some of the most common lighting control protocols and compare them with one another The final objective of this thesis is then to implement a lighting protocol on one of AB Regin s platforms 1 2 Background AB Regin was established in 1947 and the first product a humidistat was launched In the early 70s Regin s first controller was introduced It was intended for electrical heating and since then there has been a constant development of controllers and sensors within Regin From the establishment of the company it has always aimed at providing the customers with good level
84. spx 27 ZigBee Wireless Control that Simply Works retrived 10 10 2009 http avyvyr zigbee orgj Learn More VhitePapers tabid 257 Default aspx 28 ZUMTOBEL Product Catalogue 2007 2008 Zumtobel Lighting Gmbh Internet 29 ATIS Telecom Glossary 2007 retrieved 28 09 2009 http www atis org glossary definition aspx id 3516 30 BACnet website retrieved 08 10 2009 http www bacnet org 31 DALI website retrieved 08 10 2009 http www dali ag org 32 DB Schenker retrieved 07 09 2009 http www schenker se 33 Energy Star Compact Fluorescent Light Bulbs retrieved 02 09 2009 http www energystar gov index cfm c cfls pr__cfls 34 EnOcean Alliance website retrived 05 11 2009 http www enocean alliance org 35 EnOcean About EnOcean retrieved 10 10 2009 http www enocean com en company profile 36 EnOcean concept retrieved 10 10 2009 http www enocean com en enocean_ concept 37 Foundation Fieldbus retrieved 29 09 2009 http www fieldbus org 38 Helvar website retrieved 11 10 2009 http www helvar com 70 BIBLIOGRAPHY 39 KNX Association retrieved 08 10 2009 http www knx org 40 Lamptech retrieved 01 09 2009 http www lamptech co uk 41 LonMark International retrieved 06 10 2009 http www lonmark org 42 Lutron Electronics retrieved 30 09 2009 http www lutron com 43 Modbus organization retrieved 04 10 2009 http www modbus o
85. system is designed to provide minimum complexity and maximum robustness for transmission on noisy channels In Figure 4 24 the Physical Protocol Data Unit PPDU is illustrated The PPDU includes the information that is to be transmitted through the air 27 l 2 EAS Le sublayer Control information i MER MSDU MFR Octets 4 5 4 10 20 n 1 1 H PHY Preamble Stan of Frame layer Seguenos Delimiter SHR PHR 11 41020 n Figure 4 24 ZigBee PPDU As can be seen in Figure 4 24 the PPDU adds some physical layer packets to the MAC Protocol Data Unit MPDU The MPDU contains the actual data as well as the destination address and some other overhead bits In summary the total overhead for a single packet is around 120 bits but that depends on the addressing scheme used short or 64 bits addresses 27 46 CHAPTER 4 MARKET STUDY Cost With Zigbee the installation cost mainly rests with the price of products and to start the system Since it is wireless the installation cost is reduced due to less or non cabling requirements If a Zigbee product is to be produced it is required to become a part of the Zigbee Alliance and to do so an admission fee must be paid 50 4 2 6 Modbus The Modbus Protocol is a messaging structure established in 1979 by Mod icon and is therefore celebrating its 30th anniversary this year Modbus is a de facto standard i e it is widely used and recognized by the industry as being a standard
86. t sources and ballasts VVparasitic contains the standby energy consumption that is the energy used by the ballast in standby mode e g when charging batteries for emergency lights ELI Even though the LENT index is important for estimating how much energy is needed for each square meter in a building it does not take things like 14 CHAPTER 3 EMPIRICAL STUDIES appearance and emotion into account Therefore another index the ELI index has been designed to work in parallel with LENI 18 The Ergonomic Lighting Indicator ELI takes into account lighting requirements as stated in standard EN 12464 Lighting of workplaces To form the ELI index five different parameters are observed and graded from 0 to 5 These parameters are Performance where among other the glare control is taken into con sideration Appearance where space and color are inspected Comfort where shadows and modeling are inspected Emotion where light distribu tion and preference are inspected and Individuality where the level of own lighting and personal control for each user are inspected By summing up the values for these parameters we get the ELI index for the building as can be seen in Figure 3 1 where the lower one shows two different examples of installations Performance Individuality Appearance Office Industry Figure 3 1 Graphical representation of the ELI index and examples of two different installations Glare controle aims
87. tation testing of individual parts and overall performance 5 1 Proof of concept The purpose of this implementation is to proof the concept of energy efficient lighting control on one of AB Regin s system The concept is that a light is to be controlled switched and dimmed and monitored from AB Regin s EXOcompact controller All inputs will be handled by the EXOcompact controller which will then send commands to the DALI Master Unit 5 2 Method The implementation of the EXO DALI system is performed in a few steps as listed below e Establish a connection between the microcontroller and a USB con nected programmer Atmel AVR Dragon e Design construct and connect an interface between the microcontroller and EXOline e Design construct and connect an interface between the microcontroller and the DALI line e Write a program for the microcontroller that interprets from EXOline to DALI line and vice versa e Carry out some testing of the system 58 CHAPTER 5 PRACTICAL IMPLEMENTATION 5 3 Implementation The implementation of aa EXO DALI system follows the basic idea as shown in Figure 5 1 Z ri 1 1 Multi EXOcompact 1 sensor CP exc L I L DALI ESSE ae a EXO line Master DALI line Uni Figure 5 1 Diagram of the implementation including mains line EXOline and DALI line The DALI Master Unit se
88. tion code 43 Cost The installation cost of a Modbus system can be moderate because of how widespread the protocol is among producers The simplicity also reduces the overhead and a tailored control system can be accomplished without to much cost The maintenance cost depends mostly on the products used as nodes in the Modbus system but as with the installation cost the simplicity and widespread use reduces the need for highly trained professional skills i e less cost 4 2 7 DALI The Digital Addressable Lighting Interface DALI is an international stan dard that guarantees the exchangeability of dimmable ballasts from different manufacturers The difference with this system compared to the others in this report is that 1t was designed as a protocol purely for lighting control The DALI interface has been described in IEC 60929 the fluorescent lamp ballast standard under Annex E 31 Functionality Today the 0 10V control interface is still the most common standard for dimming ballast for fluorescent lamps It is the goal of DALI s design to replace it DALI offers a simple wiring of control lines that are connected to devices such as DALI ballasts switches and sensors Control of individual units or groups is possible and even simultaneous control of all units through broadcast addressing When selecting a scene automatic and simultaneous dimming of all units as well as logarithmic dimming behavior is possible The dimming
89. ure 4 5 there is a difference between protocols which level they span and in what way The KNX protocol is built up from the field level to the management level but 28 CHAPTER 4 MARKET STUDY BACnet has its focus on the management level and is not as defined in the field level Because of the different emphases of systems regarding levels in the model it is not always easy to compare them In this thesis the focus is set mostly on their lighting control approach as well as implementation or connection to BAS 4 2 1 KNX The history of KNX goes back to 2002 when the standard was defined as a combination of EIB EHS and BCS In 2004 it became a European standard and also an international standard in 2006 Now the KNX is a standardized EN 50090 ISO IEC 14543 open system administered by the Konnex Association 39 Functionality In the KNX system each device sensors and actuators has a built in mi crocontroller and is able to exchange information with other devices on the network without any interference of a central controller The connection of devices supports both wired and wireless media and topologies such as bus star or combinations of these two When an installation of the KNX system is planned the first thing to do is to select a configuration mode Currently there are three possible configuration modes to choose from One is the System mode which is suitable for big installations and requires a database for each devic

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