the full ITEP workshop booklet
Contents
1. s5 640000 FEET 1247 500 METERS 1260000 FEET 98500 METERS 1320 000 FEET 273 269 40 RIVERS LAKES AND CANALS continued Perennial lake pond Pr Intermittent lake pond Dry lake pond Narrow wash i Wide wash West Canal flume or aqueduct with lock Elevated aqueduct flume or conduit Aqueduct tunnel Water well geyser fumarole or mud pot Spring or seep ROADS AND RELATED FEATURES Please note Roads on Provisional edition maps are not classified as primary secondary or light duty These roads are all classified as improved roads and are symbolized the same as light duty roads Primary highway Secondary highway Light duty road Light duty road paved Light duty road gravel Light duty road dirt Light duty road unspecified Unimproved road Unimproved road 4WD road 4WD road Trail Highway or road with median strip Highway or road under construction Sz Highway or road underpass overpass Highway or road bridge drawbridge Highway or road tunnel ang gt 2 me Road block berm or barrier E Gate on road Trailhead Ma USGS USDA Forest Service Single Edition Quadrangle maps only In August 1993 the U S Geological Survey and the U S Department of Agriculture s Forest Service signed an Interagency Agreement to begin a single edition joint mapping program This agreement established the coordination for producing and maintaining singl2. YES what do you think this might be What do you think the RPI Sensor might detect here that is related to climate change Step 5 Document and mark this field site location on the map V Check off each as you go _ Camera using your digital camera take 3 photographs of this field site _ Map estimate your current location and mark it on the map you drew above Sources Field Site Form adapted from Clarkson University s SENSE IT workshops 23 Class Activity 4 Mapping Field Sites What is a map A map is a way of representing on a two dimensional surface a paper a computer monitor etc any real world location or object Many maps only deal with the two dimensional location of an object without taking into account its elevation Topographic maps on the other hand do deal with the third dimension by using contour lines to show elevation change on the surface of the earth or below the surface of the ocean Pasaz t Eig sev Why are maps made Some maps are made for general purposes and may show roads towns and cities rivers and lakes parks and State and local boundaries Other maps are much more specific conveying information primarily on a single topic A map that depicts earthquake occurrences throughout the United States is a good example of a special purpose map Cartographers decide how to generalize and symbolize what they are trying to show They select features to show and omit oth
3. closer together on hill A or hill B 25 Look at this picture above It shows a river valley and several nearby hills On the illustration locate the following things e A bridge over the river e An oceanside cliff e A stream that flows into the main river e A hill that rises steeply on one side and more smoothly on the other Here is a topographic map of the same place Find the items you located on the illustration on the topographic map 26 Topographic Scale 1 24 000 One inch equals 2 000 feet Contour interval 20 teet Dotted lines represent 5 foot contour Railroad single track Primary highway multiple track i Dual highway Bridge J Secondary highway Buildings dwelling place BEZ Light duty road of employment etc Keg SS Unimproved road Buildings Z z barn warehouse etc Zi Trail School Church Topographic symbols Index contour Intermediate contour Cemetery thi Cem Supplementary contour Tanks oil water etc gt Water D ion contour labeled only if water 2 Tink iis Checked spot elevation Purple indicates revisions from aenal photographs and other sources not field checker Above is the symbol legend for this topographical map Answer the following On the topographic map above put a square around the map symbol for a bridge Now draw the symbol for a bridge here Put an X on the ocean si
4. elevation aM aM aian Gaging station s with tablet 9134 Located or landmark object feature as labeled Third order or better elevation ko 4 recoverable mark no tablet Boat ramp or boat access With number and elevation 67 open Roadside park or rest area Horizontal control p Third order or better permanent mark A Neace whe Neace Picnic area A With third order or better elevation BMA oy d ONE Campground lA i With checked spot elevation 1092 gt ee l Winter recreation area Ea Coincident with found section comer z Cemetery Cem 4 Unmonumented o 39 CONTROL DATA AND MONUMENTS continued Vertical control Third order or better elevation with tablet Third order or better elevation recoverable mark no tablet Bench mark coincident with found section corner Spot elevation GLACIERS AND PERMANENT SNOWFIELDS Contours and limits Formlines Glacial advance Glacial retreat LAND SURVEYS Public land survey system Range or Township line Location approximate Location doubtful Protracted Protracted AK 1 63 360 scale Range or Township labels Section line Location approximate Location doubtful Protracted Protracted AK 1 63 360 scale Section numbers Found section corner Found closing corner Witness corner Meander corner Weak corner Other land surveys Range or Township line Section line Land grant mining claim donation land claim or tract Land gr
5. four sections based only on chemical composition Greenhouse gases GHGs act like a blanket in the atmosphere trapping TRUE FALSE heat and warming the planet The following gases are not GHGs nitrous oxide N20 methane CH4 TRUE FALSE water vapor H20 and chlorofluorocarbons CFCs Climate change refers only to the increasing temperature of the earth s TRUE FALSE surface 6 Without the human race GHGs would not exist TRUE FALSE 7 Human caused emissions of carbon come from both the burning of fossil TRUE FALSE fuels and from land use changes such as deforestation and land clearing 8 The majority of human caused carbon emissions come from the burning TRUE FALSE of fossil fuels 9 Climate change is predicted to greatly affect the natural resources such TRUE FALSE as water that people depend on 10 Individual actions such as replacing all of your old light bulbs with TRUE FALSE Compact Fluorescent light bulbs will help reduce the amount of GHGs in the atmosphere Sources World Wildlife Fund Curriculum for Teachers The Cooperative College UK Teacher Resources for Climate Change Class Activity 1 What is Climate Change The Greenhouse Effect The Earth s greenhouse effect is a natural occurrence that helps regulate the temperature of our planet When the Sun heats the Earth some of this heat escapes back to space The rest of the heat also known as infrared radiation is trapped
6. frequently measured quantities in science The temperature of the air is directly related to the amount of energy that is derived from the sun s solar radiation The higher the temperature the higher the amount of energy in the air Temperature is measured using a thermometer with units in degrees Celsius or Fahrenheit Humidity Humidity is a measure of amount of water vapor or moisture in actually in the air at a certain temperature At higher temperatures air can hold more humidity The amount of water vapor in the air varies The percentage of water vapor in the air compared to what the air can hold at that certain temperature is called the relative humidity Humidity is measured using an instrument called a hygrometer A hygrometer measures the difference in temperature of the air and that of a dry thermometer to a wet thermometer For clouds to for and rain to start the air has to reach 100 relative humidity but only where the clouds are forming M Use Worksheet 2 Measuring Relative Humidity to complete this exercise 10 Soil Moisture Soil moisture is the water that is held in the spaces between soil particles Surface soil moisture is the water that is in the upper 10 cm of soil whereas root zone soil moisture is the water that is available to plants which is generally considered to be in the upper 200 cm of soil Compared to other components of the hydrologic cycle the volume of soil moisture is small nonetheless it of funda
7. in the atmosphere by clouds and greenhouse gases such as water vapor and carbon dioxide If all of these greenhouse gases were to suddenly disappear our planet would be 60 F colder and would not support life as we know it Human activities have enhanced the natural greenhouse effect by adding greenhouse gases to the atmosphere very likely causing the Earth s average temperature to rise These additional greenhouse gases come from burning fossil fuels such as coal natural gas and oil to power our cars factories power plants homes offices and schools Cutting down trees generating waste and farming also produce greenhouse gases E The Greenhouse Effect Some solar radiation is reflected by the Some of the infrared radiation earth and the passes through the atmosphere atmosphere Some is absorbed and re emitted in all directions by greenhouse gas molecules The effect of this is to warm the earth s surface and the lower atmosphere Infrared radiation a Most radiation is absorbed by the earths surface and warms it How much will the earth warm if emissions of greenhouse gases continue to rise If humans continue to emit greenhouse gases at or above the current pace we will probably see an average global temperature increase of 3 to 7 F by 2100 and greater warming after that Even if we were to drastically reduce greenhouse gas emissions returning them to year 2000 levels the Earth would still warm about 1 F over t
8. or focus on areas of special significance Part 4 Ownership and Access Who owns the data Who owns the maps Who benefits or is empowered by these changes and why Who loses or is disempowered by these changes and why 32 Worksheet 7 Workshop Survey Participant s Name s How concerned are you about the possibility of global climate changes notconcerned slightly concerned concerned _ very concerned When people talk about climate change what kind of change do you think they are talking about List the top 3 sources you believe could contribute to global climate change These could be countries organizations businesses industries people etc 1 Where do you receive most of your information about the environment Select three Write a 1 by the most important a 2 by the second most important and 3 by the third most important source Community information meetings Conversations with friends Environmental groups Radio or television The Internet World Wide Web Conversations with family members Newspaper or magazines School 33 Who do you most trust to give you correct information about climate change Rate on a scale of 1 least trusted to 5 most trusted bod Nm Ne ed a a a UF U U Ww Nm Ne ed a a a UF OU U W OW Nm Ne ed a a a UF U U Ww Nm Ne ed a a a UF OU U Ww C1 Nm Ne ed UF a a a O U W Teachers Scientists Newspaper and magaz
9. CULTURALLY SITUATED COMMUNITY SENSING A project by Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Northern Arizona University Summer Scholars July 24 29 2011 Grades 6 8 and 9 12 Acknowledgements This workbook was constructed over the period of Summer 2011 to assist in teaching a series of workshops on environmental sensing These workshops were conducted on the Navajo Reservation in collaboration with Dine College Shiprock NM Din Environmental Institute Topic air quality monitoring and GIS July 5 8th 2011 Northern Arizona University Flagstaff AZ EEOP Summer Scholars Topic climate change and youth activism July 24 29th 2011 Significant portions of this workbook were adapted from existing educational materials made available by organizations to assist teachers in engaging students in topics of environmental studies We would like to acknowledge the following sources and organizations for providing this content for public use Additional sources for these materials are noted throughout the workbook Environmental Sensing e Clarkson University SENSE IT program This project is available at http www senseit org e University of Massachusetts Lowell iSENSE project This project can be found at http isense cs uml edu e Georgia Institute of Technology and Carnegie Mellon University Neighborhood Networks Project This project can be found at http www neighborhood networks net e Burke J Estri
10. N OOV Sources EPA About Global Warming and Climate Change Back to Basics 2009 B o Vie Bu D D lt E Th oh op coeu a wk we Bw me 5 What is the purpose of this workshop Using environmental sensors often require the use of maps in order to make sense of sensor data Mapping is also a gateway to thinking about how climate change can influence a community Useful maps not only include things like statistics but also locations of cultural and social value such as historical sites nearby schools and protected land These kinds of maps have a number of advantages over generic maps Not only are they made to answer certain questions about a community but they also contain information that might otherwise not be included on generic maps The workshops described in this booklet use environmental sensing and mapping to ask questions about what it means to survey our environment These workshops include activities that use sensor technology but also rely on our observations of the environment In these workshops we will learn how sensors work how maps are constructed and how data is collected We will use a portable sensor unit call the RPI Community Sensor to collect this data Worksheet 1 Climate Change Quiz Participant s Name s Grades 6 12 DIRECTIONS Check the correct answer for the following questions 1 What effect traps heat next to the Earth l The refrigeration effect Ll The greenhouse effect Ll The hothou
11. NORTH SOUTH EAST WEST What sort of land use is within view check all that apply ____ FARMS _____LIVESTOCK FARMING _____ HOUSES _____ FACTORIES _____ STORES _____ PARKING LOT _EMPTY LOT __ CARS ____ TRUCKS ____ CONSTRUCTION ____WALKWAY _____ WOODS ____ PLANTS _____HISTORIC SITE Do you think there is evidence of climate change at this site YES NO If YES what do you think this might be What do you think the RPI Sensor might detect here that is related to climate change Step 3 Document and mark this field site location on the map V Check off each as you go _ Camera using your digital camera take 3 photographs of this field site L Map estimate your current location and mark it on the big map you drew above 22 Step 4 Go to your SECOND location at the field site low soil moisture General Description of the site Inspect this location and write down your observations Current weather circle one CLEAR PARTLY CLOUDY CLOUDY FOG RAIN Wind speeds circle one CALM SLIGHT BREEZE MODERATE BREEZE WINDY Wind coming from which direction NORTH SOUTH EAST WEST What sort of land use is within view check all that apply ____ FARMS _LIVESTOCK FARMING HOUSES FACTORIES STORES _____ PARKING LOT ____EMPTYLOT __ CARS ____ TRUCKS ____ CONSTRUCTION ____WALKWAY _____ WOODS ____ PLANTS _____HISTORIC SITE Do you think there is evidence of climate change at this site YES NO If
12. ant homestead mineral or other special survey monument Fence or field lines MARINE SHORELINES Shoreline Apparent edge of vegetation Indefinite or unsurveyed MINES AND CAVES Quarry or open pit mine Gravel sand clay or borrow pit Mine tunnel or cave entrance Mine shaft Prospect Tailings Mine dump Former disposal site or mine tl a RIE T2N 1 36 i A WC SE 2 AA 4 MC 4 gt a IT j aAInysS PROJECTION AND GRIDS Neatline Graticule tick Graticule intersection Datum shift tick State plane coordinate systems Primary zone tick Secondary zone tick Tertiary zone tick Quaternary zone tick Quintary zone tick Universal transverse metcator grid UTM grid full grid UTM grid ticks RAILROADS AND RELATED FEATURES Standard guage railroad single track Standard guage railroad multiple track Narrow guage railroad single track Narrow guage railroad multiple track Railroad siding Railroad in highway Railroad in road Railroad in light duty road Railroad underpass overpass Railroad bridge drawbridge Railroad tunnel Railroad yard Railroad turntable roundhouse RIVERS LAKES AND CANALS Perennial stream Perennial river Intermittent stream Intermittent river Disappearing stream Falls small Falls large Rapids small Rapids large Masonry dam Dam with lock Dam carrying road 3915 90 37 30
13. can be contacted at wilsoa4 rpi edu 42
14. de cliff What is the elevation of the contour line at the top of that cliff Locate a stream that flows into the main river Draw a pencil line down that stream Put an X where the stream joins the main river On a real topographic map streams are shown in blue and contour lines are shown in brown Find the hill that rises steeply on one side and more smoothly on the other On the topographic map draw a path up the gentler slope of the hill to the highest point Hint remember that when contour lines are close together the ground is very steep Drawa path showing a very steep way up the hill Sources USGS Teacher activity packet How to Read a Topographic Map 2007 27 OO Class Activity 5 How Data is Mapped Data Maps Information that used to be collected little by little from ground observations can now be collected by remote sensing devices like the RPI Community Sensor Cartographers now can gather spatial data and make maps faster than ever before within hours and the accuracy of these maps is excellent Moreover digital mapping enables mapmakers to experiment with a map s basic characteristics for example scale or projection to combine and manipulate map data to transmit entire maps electronically and to produce unique maps on demand Geographic information systems GIS Geographic information systems GIS are computer systems that store manipulate and display geographic information in layers sets of da
15. ding here Dry Soil _ kohms What weather factors might determine the moisture of soil How might soil go from being wet to dry in an outdoor environment Which of the three soil scenarios do you think would prevent wind from turning soil into dust particles Why do you think this is the case Which of the three soils scenarios do you think would best support heavy rainfall without creating runoff or flash floods 16 Class Activity 3 Field Measurements and Sensors What is Environmental Sensing A sensor is a device that detects or measures a physical quantity and converts the measurement into a signal that can be read in a different way For example a typical garden thermometer converts the measured temperature into a moving red colored liquid that can be read on a glass tube When we talk about the usefulness of a sensor there are a few key terms we must understand e Accuracy is the degree to which conformity of a measurement to its actual value For example if the temperature outside is 90 F but your thermometer reads 80 F this is not accurate e Precision is the degree to which a measuring device repeatedly gives the same result For example if the temperature outside is 90 F but your thermometer reads 80 F every time for 20 different tests it might not be accurate but it is precise This means a useful sensor will be both accurate and precise This is often not the case with most sensors which means t
16. dwork Computer Activit N Activi Activit f id Culturally Situated Community Sensing What is Climate Change Many human activities release greenhouse gases into the atmosphere The levels of these gases are increasing at a faster rate than at any time in hundreds of thousands of years We know that greenhouse gases trap heat If human activities continue to release greenhouse gases at or above the current rate we will continue to increase average temperatures around the globe Increases in global temperatures will most likely change our planet s climate in ways that will have significant long term effects on people and the environment How do scientists measure and predict climate change The Earth s climate is very complex and involves the influences of air land and oceans on one another Scientists use computer models to study these interactions The models Projected Change in Precipitation 1950 2000 to 2021 2040 project future climate changes based on expected 100 2000 changes to the atmosphere Though the models are FA not exact they are able to simulate many aspects of k SN the climate Scientists reason that if the models can mimic currently observed features of the climate then they are also most likely able to project future changes Much of the information used in these computer models is collected using remote sensors which take different measurements in our environment Percent of gt O N U A A
17. e edition primary series topographic maps for quadrangles containing National Forest System lands The joint mapping program eliminates duplication of effort by the agencies and results in a more frequent revision cycle for quadrangles containing National Forests Maps are revised on the basis of jointly developed standards and contain normal features mapped by the USGS as well as additional features required for effi cient management of National Forest System lands Single edition maps look slightly different but meet the content accuracy and quality criteria of other USGS products Printed on recycled paper SUBMERGED AREAS AND BOGS Marsh or swamp Submerged marsh or swamp s Wooded marsh or swamp Submerged wooded marsh or swamp Land subject to inundation SURFACE FEATURES Levee Sand or mud amd Disturbed surface Gravel beach or glacial moraine Greve Tailings pond rail ng y TRANSMISSION LINES AND PIPELINES Power transmission line pole tower Telephone line Aboveground pipeline Underground pipeline VEGETATION Woodland Shrubland Orchard Vineyard Mangrove as s Provisional Edition maps only Provisional edition maps were established to expedite completion of the remaining large scale topographic quadrangles of the conterminous United States They contain essentially the same level of information as the standard series maps This series can be easily recognized by the title Pr
18. e main man made greenhouse gas U Oxygen l Hydrogen Carbon dioxide What is the main way that carbon dioxide is made O When it rains When fuel is burnt l When there s a hurricane What is the main way that carbon dioxide is used i When plants use it to make food 0 When animals breathe it in l When fuel is burnt What might happen if there is too much carbon dioxide in the atmosphere The temperature on Earth may go up so there will be global warming L The temperature on Earth may go down so there will be global cooling Ll The oceans may dry up so there will be global drying What do scientists study in order to learn more about past climate Soil sediments and rock formations Ice layers Tree rings Past civilizations All ofthe above What do scientists study in order to learn about current and future climate Weather patterns Seasonal temperatures U Rainfall Greenhouse gases Ll All ofthe above 37 Grades 9 12 only 1 TRUE The difference between climate and weather is that Earth s climate is the average condition in a given place over many years whereas weather includes only the immediate conditions for a specific place 2 FALSE The atmosphere is a relatively thin layer of gas that scientists divide into four sections based only on chemical composition 3 TRUE Greenhouse gases GHGs act like a blanket in the atmosphere trapping heat and warming the planet 4 FALSE The followin
19. ecting data we will also be able to view our data on a detailed map A graph of temperature for example might look like this Fee ae a AR Se a ean oi 42 11 45 07 06 2011 20 14 07 06 2011 20 20 07 06 2011 20 22 07 06 2011 20 27 07 08 2011 20 30 07 06 2011 20 34 07 06 2011 20 38 07 08 2011 20x 97 06 2011 20 45 07 06 2011 20 The RPI site can be accessed at http www communitysensors rpi edu Your instructor will walk you through the process of viewing your data and entering the field site information Follow instructions provided on the site for additional information 29 Class Activity 6 Why Communities Make Maps What is participatory mapping The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NOAA defines participatory mapping as Techniques that can help communities make land use decisions These maps go beyond the physical features portrayed in traditional maps nearly everything valued by the community can be expressed in spatial terms and represented on a participatory map including social cultural and economic features The process used to create these maps is as valuable as the maps themselves Participatory mapping is used for many reasons to represent resources health hazards and community values to gather traditional knowledge and practices to collect information for environmental monitoring or to find gaps in current data to assist in conducting s
20. ers They often generalize the data simplifying the information so that the map is easier to read O RIVERS LAKES AND CANALS Perennial stream _ Perennial river Intermittent stream a Topographic Scale 1 24 000 i Is 2 000 f Intermittent river Se 1 0 1 Mile e 1000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 Feet Disappearing stream Falls small i dilo te A Rapids small i T Rapids large In choosing the scale mapmakers determine how large an area they can map and how much detail they can show The selection of symbols which can include lines patterns and colors also affects the legibility aesthetics and utility of the map Sources USGS Exploring Maps teaching modules 1993 M Use Worksheet 5 Reading Maps to complete this exercise 24 Worksheet 5 Reading Maps Participant s Name s Topographic Maps Topographic maps have contour lines to show the shape and elevation of the land They are sometimes called level lines because they show points that are at the same level Here s how contour lines work The top of this drawing is a contour map showing the hills that are illustrated at the bottom On this map the vertical distance between each contour line is 10 feet 1 7A Which is higher hill A or hill B Which is steeper hill A or hill B How many feet of elevation are there between contour lines How high is hill A How high is hill B Are the contour lines
21. g gases are not GHGs nitrous oxide N20 methane CH4 water vapor H20 and chlorofluorocarbons CFCs 5 FALSE Climate change refers only to the increasing temperature of the earth s surface 6 FALSE Without the human race GHGs would not exist 7 TRUE Human caused emissions of carbon come from both the burning of fossil fuels and from land use changes such as deforestation and land clearing 8 TRUE The majority of human caused carbon emissions come from the burning of fossil fuels 9 TRUE Climate change is predicted to greatly affect the natural resources such as water that people depend on 10 TRUE Individual actions such as replacing all of your old light bulbs with Compact Fluorescent light bulbs will help reduce the amount of GHGs in the atmosphere Sources World Wildlife Fund Curriculum for Teachers The Cooperative College UK Teacher Resources for Climate Change 38 Appendix C USGS Topographical Map Symbols o BATHYMETRIC FEATURES COASTAL FEATURES Area exposed at mean low tide sounding Foreshore flat Sane wat datum line ayer sein Channel lt Coral or rock reef Steg aw Sunken rock E Rock bare or awash dangerous BOUNDARIES to navigation National AAE See Group of rocks bare or awash ben State or territorial _ Exposed wreck m County or equivalent lt x lt Depth curve soundi Civil township or equivalent os P bees laa Incor
22. hat the completed maps are used to serve the intended purpose s e Who from the community will be involved in making the map e What language will be used to represent the map and legend e Will the map cover a large area or focus on areas of special significance Ownership and Access Once a map has been created it is often put into a public arena It is important that the community is aware of this and develops rules for how the map is used and distributed e Who owns the data Who owns the maps e Who benefits or is empowered by these changes and why e Who loses or is disempowered by these changes and why Sources IFAD Good practices in participatory mapping NOAA Coastal Services Center Stakeholder Engagement Strategies for Participatory Mapping M Use Worksheet 6 Why We Map to complete this exercise M Please complete Worksheet 7 Workshop Survey at the end of this session 31 Worksheet 6 Why We Map Participant s Name s Part 1 Determining the Purpose of the Map Why do we want to make a map What kind of information would be helpful on our map Who do we want to show it to Part 2 Determining the Risks in Mapping What are the risks associated with making maps Who decides on what is important Part 3 Practical Considerations Before Mapping Who from the community will be involved in making the map What language will be used to represent the map and legend Will the map cover a large area
23. he next 100 years This is due to the long lifetime of many greenhouse gases and the slow cycling of heat from the ocean to the atmosphere Warming Projections to 2100 4 variability between models gt Eli 3 i high growth A2 moderate growth A1B gt P y oa _af emission _ scenarios low growth B1 observed 1 warming Global Surface Warming C N9 constant CO a 1900 2000 2100 Year Temperature projections to the year 2100 based on a range of emission scenarios and global climate models Scenarios that assume the highest growth in greenhouse gas emissions provide the estimates in the top end of the temperature range The orange line constant CO projects global temperatures with greenhouse gas concentrations stabilized at year 2000 levels Source NASA adapted from IPCC 2007 How might climate change affect our world Our Health Longer more intense and frequent heat waves may cause more heat related death and illness Declining air quality in cities can also worsen air pollution such as ozone or smog Climate change health effects are especially serious for the very young very old or for those with heart and respiratory problems Agriculture and Forestry The supply and cost of food may change as farmers and the food industry adapt to new climate patterns A small amount of warming coupled with increasing Carbon Dioxide may benefit certain crops plan
24. hey need to be calibrated to correlate the sensor s readings with those of a known standard XX X x X x X y Inaccurate Results Accurate Results Inaccurate but Precise Results e Sensitivity refers to the minimum amount of change that can be measured by the device For example if you are measuring temperature with a thermometer that reads in increments of 1 F then your sensitivity is 1 F e Range refers to the distance between the minimum and maximum reading possible by the sensor For example a typical kitchen thermometer might go from 40 F up to 200 F It is important to choose a sensor that covers the sensitivity and range needed for your experiment If you need to know the temperature of the air to the nearest 1 F and your neighborhood can have temperatures ranging from 10 F up to 120 F then it is wouldn t make sense to use a thermometer accurate to 0 01 F but only works for temperatures between 0 F and 80 F 17 Field Site Visit and Data Collection The purpose of this exercise is to visit field sites we imagine might represent a variety of different environmental characteristics A series of tasks will be assigned to assist your group in exploring these areas In our next classroom exercise the data we gather in this exercise will be used to begin building a data map useful for thinking about climate change The RPI Community Sensor For our field site visit we will be using the RPI Community Sensor
25. ines Radio and television The Internet World Wide Web Government officials Environmental groups Friends a el ee ee ee ee ee ee ee a el ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ce LOLOL al el ee ee ee ee a ee ee ae el el ee ee ee ee a ee ee Family members For each of the following statements answer True or False The term Climate means average weather True False Climate often changes from year to year True False Weather often changes from year to year True False Climate means the same thing as weather True False The earth s climate has been the same for millions of years True False If global climate change does occur how will it impact your way of life Is there anything that you personally do in your life that could contribute to global climate change Yes No I don t know If you answered yes what things were you thinking about 34 Grades 9 12 only DIRECTIONS Answer the following questions about climate change When you think about climate change what things are you most concerned about Rate on a scale of 1 least concerned to 5 most concerned bod Nm ee ed ed a a Le OS O Nm ee ed a a a CL CL OO WwW Nm ee ed a a a Le CL SO Nm ee ed ed a a Le CL SO C1 Nm ee ed a a Le Ce OO Global Warming Ozone depletion Deforestation and erosion Wildlife and species loss Pollution Overpopulation Natural disasters flood drought tornados etc Air and water pol
26. lution ae ame Came comme eNom oN me AA i NN ee ee en AA ae am ame ome mee Cam oa NE AR Sa SS aN aN aN aR ANN NNN ecm came aN ata How do you feel about current climate change issues 1 strongly disagree 2 disagree X notsure 4 agree 5 strongly agree Harm to the environment is justified if it brings an economic benefit Itis important to preserve the environment for future generations There is nothing we can do to change environmental conditions Nature is fragile and we should be careful not to harm or disrupt it Technology will be able to make up for environmental harm People should lead simpler lives and use less technology harming the environment Government does a good job of protecting the environment We can trust scientists and experts to make the right decisions to protect the environment We can trust businesses to make the right decisions to protect the environment Small communities better protect the environment than large cities Industrialized nations have exploited non industrialized nations Itis all right to sacrifice other species in order to satisfy human needs Non industrialized nations are not harming the environment Are you aware of any groups that are active on environmental issues on your area Yes No I don t know If you answered yes which groups were you thinking about Do you participate in any of these groups Sources Ada
27. mental importance to many hydrological biological and biogeochemical processes A d cloud formation A 2 gt rain clouds i y evaporation x y pF rey precipitation from soit from oce ion ranspirave A lake 4 k i ip Vitel Mi ia we i MAAN rN Lidia ration PPh i nee ne cee TA Why is Measuring Soil Moisture Important Soil moisture information is valuable to a wide range of groups concerned with weather and climate flood control drought soil erosion and slope failure reservoir management and water quality Soil moisture is a key variable in controlling the exchange of water and heat energy between the land surface and the atmosphere through evaporation and plant transpiration As a result soil moisture plays an important role in the development of weather patterns and the production of precipitation Soil moisture also strongly affects the amount of precipitation that runs off into nearby streams and rivers M Use Worksheet 3 Measuring Soil Moisture to complete this exercise Sources EPA Climate Change and Ecosystems 2010 NASA Soil Moisture 1999 http wwwghcc msfc nasa gov landprocess 11 Worksheet 2 Measuring Relative Humidity Recommended for grades 6 8 Participant s Name s How it works When you go outside on a hot summer day usually your body begins to sweat Why does your body do this Humidity is the amoun
28. n D Hansen M Parker A Ramanathan N Reddy S and Srivastava M B SenSys Participatory Sensing ACM 2006 Climate Change e World Wildlife Fund Curriculum for Teachers e The Cooperative College UK Teacher Resources for Climate Change e EPA About Global Warming and Climate Change Back to Basics 2009 e EPA Climate Change and Ecosystems 2010 NSF Digital Library for Earth Systems Education Bristol Univ School of Geographic Sciences NASA Soil Moisture 1999 http wwwghcc msfc nasa gov landprocess GALAXY NET and Explorelearning com humidity sensing activity GardenBot com by Andrew Frueh and Botanicalls com soil moisture activity Geographic Mapping and GIS USGS Exploring Maps teaching modules 1993 ArcGIS software user manual Available at http www arcgis com USGS How to Read a Topographic Map Teacher activity packet 2007 Earth System Science Education program University of Oklahoma 2001 USGS Topographic Map Symbols Pamphlet 1993 Pollution and Air Quality The American Lung Association guide to air quality 1992 Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control Why Study Air Pollution High School and Middle School Air Quality Education Program 2000 Participatory mapping International Fund for Agricultural Development Good practices in participatory mapping 2009 Chaplan L and Threkheld B Indigenous Landscapes A Study in Ethnocartography 2001 Rambaldi G Participa
29. of Geographic Sciences Class Activity 2 Predicting Climate Change Why do scientists take measurements The geographic ranges of plant and animal species are affected by climatic factors such as temperature precipitation soil moisture humidity and wind A shift in the magnitude or variability of these factors in a given location due to global climate change will likely impact the organisms living there Species sensitive to temperature may respond to a warmer climate by moving to cooler locations at higher latitudes or elevations Others may not move to a new location but instead face extinction Scientists study certain aspects of how our climate works to help make global and regional predictions more accurate and useful Data is collected using instruments and this data is then used to evaluate and improve the elements of Global Climate Models large computer programs that simulate how the entire earth s atmosphere behave Data is often collected at different locations to make comparisons Scientists gather and use the data from these sites to study the effects of sunlight radiant heat and clouds on temperature weather and climate By having sites in very different locations we can learn how to improve the accuracy of the models and to understand the difference between weather and climate changes that take place in a local ecosystem What kinds of measurements do scientists make Temperature Temperature is one of the most
30. ore electrons can pass between the probes This reduces the amount of resistance between the probes to the point When the soil is fully saturated the probes have virtually zero resistance By using this range of values you can determine the amount of water that exists in your soil Materials e 2 nails galvanized exterior e 2 lengths of wire with stripped ends e block of packaging foam cardboard or similar e digital multimeter e 1cup of dry soil e 1 cup of semi wet soil e 1cup of very wet soil 14 Instructions 1 Cut two pieces of wire each about 12 long a Strip about 1 of casing from each end of the two wires 3 Score the tops of the nails with a file to make a clean area for connecting the wires 4 Attach the wires to the nails by wrapping the wires tightly around the ends 5 OPTIONAL Cut a block out of packaging thick cardboard or other material Place two holes spaced evenly and insert the nails 6 Set your digital multimeter to a resistance of 200k ohms Q Sources workshop instructions from GardenBot com by Andrew Frueh and from Botanicalls com 15 Now your soil moisture sensor is built let s put it to use 1 Insert the probes into the first cup of DRY soil Record your reading here Dry Soil _kohms 2 Insert the probes into the first cup of SEMI WET soil Record your reading here Dry Soil _kohms 3 Insert the probes into the first cup of WET soil Record your rea
31. ovisional Edition in the lower right hand comer Topographic Bathymetric maps only Topographic Map Information For more information about topographic maps produced by the USGS please call 1 888 ASK USGS or visit us at http ask usgs gov ISBN O bO7 Sb84e 4 DE MI I ET 9 pane Pele 41 Appendix D Warranty and Licensing There is no warranty express or implied included with the RPI sensor technology While much of the text in this document has been borrowed from published teacher material as noted in the sources sections the remainder is released as an Open Source initiative under a version of the Creative Commons License For details please contact us via our website http www communitysensors rpi edu q contact Appendix E Contact Us For comments complaints and general help please contact us via our website http www communitysensors rpi edu q contact For details regarding the RPI Environmental Sensing Group and the NSF Triple Helix project please contact Dr Ron Eglash at eglash rpi edu For details regarding RPI ESOO or the Manufacturing Design Lab at RPI please contact Mark Anderson at anderm8 rpi edu Appendix F The RPI Community Sensor Team Kirk Jalbert is a Ph D student in Science and Technology Studies at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute He received his M F A in interactive media from the SMFA Boston and his B S in Computer Science His research use
32. porated city or equivalent Breakwater pier jetty or wharf PE Federally administered park SES Pa p Seawall S reservation or monument external Federally administered park j Dil or gas well platform w B reservation or monument internal CONTOURS State forest park reservation or l Tasari monument and large county park eee Forest Service administrative area Index _ 6000 Forest Service ranger district Approximate or indefinite sige eae National Forest System land status Intermediate Forest Service lands Approximate or indefinite National Forest System land status non Forest Service lands Supplementary Small park county or city Depression BUILDINGS AND RELATED FEATURES Building a ee Cut st School house of worship Ed Athletic field Roe he Fill mate mle Built up area Continental divide a Bathymetric Forest head uarters Index H Ranger district office Intermediate Guard station or work center k s E i tt Racetrack or raceway C E Index primary Primary Fa Airport paved landing strip runway taxiway or apron Supplementary CONTROL DATA AND MONUMENTS Unpaved landing strip Principal point BI Well other than water windmill or wind generator s U S mineral or location monument a USMM 438 Tanks 2 River mileage marker oo Covered reservoir gt Boundary monument i Third order or better
33. pted from Earth System Science Education University of Oklahoma 2001 35 Appendix A Careers related to Climate Change General Career Categories Activist Farmer Ornithologist Biologist Geologist Politician Climatologist Lawyer Sociologist Ecologist Marine biologist Teacher Economist Oceanographer Zoologist Environmental Engineering Careers Water resources management watersheds reservoirs storm water management Drinking water quality arsenic pharmaceuticals pollution control systems Water treatment wastewater treatment waterborne infectious disease remediation Air quality management pollution control systems emissions fate and transport Remediation Oil spill hazardous material spill Soil land management pollution control systems remediation Superfund sites landfills Hazardous chemicals treatment and disposal Environmental contaminant fate and transport Environmental monitoring networks Government agencies that monitor and regulate waste discharges University professor International agencies in developing world Environmental protection advocacy and policy Sources Clarkson University s SENSE IT workshops 36 Appendix B Climate Change Quiz Answer Key Grades 6 12 1 What effect traps heat next to the Earth l The refrigeration effect l The greenhouse effect The hothouse effect Where do greenhouse gases trap energy Inthe atmosphere In outer space In the soil What is th
34. s participatory models for designing technologies to increasing public engagement in environmental sustainability Kirk is primarily responsible for developing the workshops and can be contacted at jalbek rpi edu Louis Gutierrez is a Ph D student in Computer Science at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute where his research areas include using web and mobile technologies to interface with environmental sensors Louis is working to help prepare students for careers in the Sciences and Engineering Louis is primarily responsible for developing the RPI Sensor online software and can be contacted at gutiela cs rpi edu Christopher Shing is a M S student in Electrical Engineering at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute where he also received his B S As part of the Triple Helix Program Chris works to encourage students to join the STEM fields Chris is primarily responsible for designing the RPI Sensor and can be contacted at shingc rpi edu Mitch Sikapizye is a B S student in Mechanical Engineering student at Renselaer Polytechnic Institute and has been involved in several academic programs to promote and build interest in science and engineering among kids Mitch is primarily responsible for constructing the RPI Sensor and can be contacted at sikapm rpi edu Adrienne Wilson is an undergraduate RPI student conducting research and public outreach in sustainability and the environment Adrienne is primarily responsible for the website graphic design work and
35. se effect Where do greenhouse gases trap energy Inthe atmosphere In outer space U In the soil What is the main man made greenhouse gas U Oxygen 0 Hydrogen Ll Carbon dioxide What is the main way that carbon dioxide is made O When it rains When fuel is burnt l When there s a hurricane What is the main way that carbon dioxide is used i When plants use it to make food U1 When animals breathe it in O When fuel is burnt What might happen if there is too much carbon dioxide in the atmosphere I The temperature on Earth may go up so there will be global warming I The temperature on Earth may go down so there will be global cooling The oceans may dry up so there will be global drying What do scientists study in order to learn more about past climate Soil sediments and rock formations Ice layers Tree rings Past civilizations All of the above What do scientists study in order to learn about current and future climate Weather patterns Seasonal temperatures U Rainfall Greenhouse gases All ofthe above Grades 9 12 only DIRECTIONS Circle true or false in each of the following questions 1 The difference between climate and weather is that Earth s climate is the TRUE FALSE average condition in a given place over many years whereas weather includes only the immediate conditions for a specific place The atmosphere is a relatively thin layer of gas that scientists divide into TRUE FALSE
36. ssossssossossossososeossossosossossossosso 20 Pa SNe Era ORFO e E EEEE e 21 Class Activity 4 Mapping Field Sites ccscsssscsscscsccecsccccsccccscnscsceccscnceccsceccscescccsccecsceess 24 Worksheet 5 Reading MapsS sesesesessssecececesesoeoesesesseosoececssososoececesseseoecesssososceseossssoeoesessese 25 Class Activity 5 How Data is Mapped ssssesesesessssecececesssoeoecesesesoeoecesssssosoecessseseececsesesoeseceo 28 Class Activity 6 Why Communities Make Map sccccscsscscsccscsccsceccscsccccsceccscescccsccscsceess 30 Worksheet 6 Why We Map ccsccccscsecsseccscsccecsccccsccccsceccscescsceccececescnceccscescscesescsceccuceees 32 Worksheet 7 Workshop Survey ccscsccscsccscsccccsccsceccccsceccsceccscsccccececcuceccscescecescccscescsceess 33 Appendix A Careers related to Climate Change cccscsccsccscsccccscsccececcscnscccsceccscescscecceces 36 Appendix B Climate Change Quiz Answer Ke y cccsscsscscsccscsccccsceccsceccscnccecsceccscesscecceces 37 Appendix C USGS Topographical Map SyMmbols ccscsssccscsscsccccscsccsceccscsccccsceccsceccscscceces 39 Appendix D Warranty and LIC nsing cccccsccccsssccsccccscsccccsccecsccccsceccsceccscnccecsceccececcscecceces 42 Appendik E Contact US eenaa testis eadsirierianeeseaeo 42 Appendix F The RPI Community Sensor TeamM ssssesesecesessssccecesescsoesecesesseosoecesssssoeoesessssese 42 Classroom Fiel
37. t of moisture in the air Do you think sweating cools you down more on a dry day or a humid day When sweat evaporates heat energy is removed from our skin and our bodies cool down But the amount of water vapor air can hold is limited so sweat can only evaporate if the air still has the capacity to hold more water If the humidity is high less 30 water can evaporate from the sweat on your skin gt The amount of water vapor in the air compared to the maximum amount air can hold is known as relative humidity In this activity you will use a psychrometer to determine relative 10 humidity 5 A psychrometer has two thermometers The dry bulb thermometer measures air temperature The second thermometer has a wet bulb As water evaporates from the wet bulb its temperature decreases relative to the air temperature Dry Bulb Wet Bulb Materials e 2 thermometers e 1 rubber band e 1 cup of room temperature water e 1 paper towel Sources GALAXY NET and Explorelearning com teacher resource guides 12 Instructions 1 Wrap the paper towel around the bulb of one of the thermometers and hold it there with the rubber band 2 Wet the paper towel in the cup of water Wait 5 minutes 3 There should be a difference in the temperatures of the two thermometers 4 Record the two temperatures here Dry Thermometer Wet Thermometer 5 Now subtract them to get the difference Dry Wet O O O 6 Use the chart below
38. ta that can be combined with other layers or manipulated and analyzed individually Results can be seen instantly ona computer screen in some cases replacing the need for paper maps freeing the cartographer to experiment with changes in the base map or in the spatial data In addition to the information content the map scale symbols colors type and overall layout can be changed quickly greatly speeding the process of mapping Land parcel data model Administrative areas Arc Hydro data model Site addresses regulated uses restrictions TA Ownership and tax parcels LEP __ aR orners and boundaries Es urvey network C map 2 _ Streams 7 Layer Digital orthophotography and hydrography Map use Map background and reference Data source Aerial photogrammetry and satellite collection Layer Digital orthophotography Map use Map background Sources USGS Exploring Maps teaching modules 1993 Image ArcGIS layering 28 Viewing Your Sensor Data Now that we have collected all of the RPI Sensors from our field sites and returned to the computer lab we can retrieve our data Your instructor has already taken this data off the sensors for you and placed them on the RPI Community Sensor website for us to view Here you will be able to view data collected from the various sensors These include temperature relative humidity and soil moisture Because the sensors used GPS when coll
39. to detect Temperature Relative Humidity and Soil Moisture The sensor is also able to detect Carbon Monoxide and Volatile Organic Compounds which are both measurements of air pollution The RPI Community Sensor actually consists of two separate boxes The first is the User Interface which allows us to program the sensor and connect to a GPS satellite and find our location The second is the Core Unit which does all the computing work like saving data and keeping track of the time and runs the sensors Global Positioning System GPS Each RPI Sensor is equipped with a Global Positioning System GPS device which determines its exact location Later we will place our data points on a map using GPS coordinates GPS is a satellite based navigation system made up of a network of 24 satellites These satellites circle the earth twice a day and transmit signals to earth GPS receivers take this information from three different satellites and use triangulation to calculate the GPS receiver s location 18 The GPS receiver then compares the time a signal was transmitted by a satellite with the time it was received The time difference tells the GPS receiver how far away the satellite is With the distance measurements from a few more satellites the receiver can determine the user s position and display it on the unit s electronic map Geographic Information Systems GIS As we collect sensor data and GPS coordinates for our vario
40. to estimate the relative humidity peaini eaea 60 6a es 72 ze eo sa fes C o PO Pr gt t p fz 3 ps 2 __ 80 82 83 83 84 85 86 86 C gt s mmp re 7 8 79 Ro O a 61 65 66 os oo ri r2 rs The top numbers indicate dry bulb 3 B53 57 59 or N e 0 eT 6 44 49 51 54 56 58 60 61 If the difference between wet and dry bulb is AAE S 7 36 41 44 47 49 52 54 56 6 F and the temperature is 722 F dry bulb z F RIT ar I S i then the RH is 54 27 34 37 40 43 47 49 51 C o BO BT BI B47 AT fs fs Warm air is able to hold much more water vapor than cold air before it becomes saturated 100 relative humidity How would you expect the relative humidity of air to change as air warms up in the morning How would you expect it to change as air cools in the evening 13 Worksheet 3 Measuring Soil Moisture Recommended for grades 9 12 Participant s Name s How it works In this workshop you will be using a basic soil moisture sensor made from two nails called probes connected to wires These wires are then connected to a multimeter which measures the electrical resistance between the nails When soil is dry it is not possible for electricity to pass between the dirt particles to each of the probes In electrical terms this means electronics cannot reach the probes because the soil resists their flow this is called resistance As water is added to the soil m
41. tory Three Dimensional Modelling Guiding Principles and Applications 2010 Edition ACP EU Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation CTA 2010 NOAA Coastal Services Center Stakeholder Engagement Strategies for Participatory Mapping 2010 Table of Contents Pa aaa E E EE ee en ete E EE 1 TC OG ON N rca ccc arcs ca ca sence aie gs tienes esses nce nade mentee en esesa ced etaee see sees nas eeaes 3 Culturally Situated Community SENSING cccsscsccececcccsccccsceccsceccccnccececcccnceccececesceccscsceccecess 4 Worksheet 1 Climate Change QuUiZ sesesessssssecesesescsoccececesosoeoecesesseosoecesesesososoesessessoeosseeee 5 Class Activity 1 What is Climate Change sessssesesecesssoscecesesesosoecesesesosoecesssesseoecesesesseceses 7 Class Activity 2 Predicting Climate Change ccsscsccccscsscsccccscsccsceccscnccscsceccscescsceccececeees 10 Worksheet 2 Measuring Relative Humidity ccsccccscsccsceccscsccccsceccsccccsceccececcccsccecececss 12 Worksheet 3 Measuring Soil MOiSture csccccsssccsccccsceccsceccscnccccececcnccccsceccscescccsceccsceess 14 Class Activity 3 Field Measurements and Sensors ccscsscscsccscsccsceccccsccccsceccsceccccsccsceceees 17 Field Site Visit and Data Collection ossssossssssssssossossssessoseossosessossossoseosessoseossossosossossossosso 18 Worksheet 4 Field Site Visit RPI Sensor sssssssssossosssssseosso
42. ts and forests although the impacts of vegetation depend also on the availability of water and nutrients Water Resources In a warming climate extreme events like floods and droughts are likely to become more frequent More frequent floods and droughts will affect water quality and availability For example increases in drought in some areas may increase the frequency of water shortages and lead to more restrictions on water usage Energy Needs Warmer temperatures may result in higher energy bills for air conditioning in summer and lower bills for heating in winter Energy usage is also connected to water needs Energy is needed for irrigation which will most likely increase due to climate change Also energy is generated by hydropower in some regions which will also be impacted by changing precipitation patterns Wildlife Warmer temperatures and precipitation changes will likely affect the habitats and migratory patterns of many types of wildlife The range and distribution of many species will change and some species that cannot move or adapt may face extinction How might climate change impact the environment What Is an Ecosystem An ecosystem is an interdependent system of plants animals and microorganisms interacting Mae with one another and with their physical environment An ecosystem can be as large as the Mojave Desert or as small as a local pond Ecosystems provide people with food goods medicines and many other prod
43. ture Documenting the Field Sites For each of your field sites do the following 1 Draw a map of what you think the larger field site area might look like Inspect the area around your selected location at the field site Fill out the field site evaluation form Take a photograph of this part of the field site Mark this part of the field site on your map of the bigger area ee N Selecting Locations for the RPI Sensor Once all the teams have reported back with their field site evaluations we will select 4 locations to place the RPI Community sensor We will decide this based on which locations we think will give us the most interesting results in measuring temperature relative humidity and soil moisture 20 Field Site Evaluation Form Participant s Name s Date Time Field Site Step 1 Draw a map of the larger field site In the area below draw a map of what you think the larger field site might look like Since you haven t seen the entire area you might need to make a best guess Look at the horizon nearby mountains tree lines roads and drainage ditches for clues 21 Step 2 Go to your FIRST location at the field site high soil moisture General Description of the site Inspect this location and write down your observations Current weather circle one CLEAR PARTLY CLOUDY CLOUDY FOG RAIN Wind speeds circle one CALM SLIGHT BREEZE MODERATE BREEZE WINDY Wind coming from which direction
44. ucts They also play a vital E Sion role in nutrient cycling water a purification and climate moderation Predaceous Bird Flycatcher S Biodiversity Climate change can have broad effects on biodiversity the number and variety of plant and animal species in a particular location e Although species have adapted to environmental change for millions of years a quickly changing climate could require adaptation on larger and faster scales than in the past Those species that cannot adapt are at risk of extinction Even the loss of a single species can have cascading effects because organisms are connected through food webs and other interactions Rhabditids Habitat Most plants and animals prefer to live in a particular habitat with a specific temperature range and amount of precipitation Climate change will alter and in some cases destroy certain types of habitats For example melting sea ice is eliminating an important habitat for several Arctic species Some species will be able to adapt to changing habitats for example by shifting their range northward or to higher altitudes in order to adjust to rising temperatures Others however might not be able to adapt fast enough to keep pace with the rate of climate change Sources EPA About Global Warming and Climate Change Back to Basics 2009 EPA Climate Change and Ecosystems 2010 NSF Digital Library for Earth Systems Education Image Bristol Univ School
45. urveys or interviews and to educate the community about local issues that affect their daily lives Determining the Purpose of the Map Before a community begins building a map it is important to ask why the map is being made Maps can have many purposes and different meanings depending on who will view them Below is a list of questions we might ask in thinking about a map we might construct to display climate change in our community e Why do we want to make a map e What kind of information would be helpful on our map e Who do we want to show it to 30 Determining the Risks in Mapping When producing community resource maps with sensitive information it is also important to identify some of the risks associated with mapping For example making valuable resources visible might allow others to exploit these resources Or including information on maps that could aggravate groups involved in environmental or land disputes Participants should discuss these issues in advance so that the information to be collected and included on the map can be tailored to avoid potentially negative consequences e Whatare the risks associated with making maps e Who decides on what is important Practical Considerations Before Mapping Using the community s maps to communicate information to decision makers and other groups outside the community is perhaps the most significant component of the participatory mapping process It is important t
46. us field sites for entering in the RPI online software we begin to explore what it means to use Global Information Systems GIS technology to view data in different ways ArcGIS a leader in GIS software describes GIS e GIS integrates hardware software and data for capturing managing analyzing and displaying all forms of geographically referenced information e GIS allows us to view understand question interpret and visualize data in many ways that reveal relationships patterns and trends in the form of maps globes reports and charts e GIS helps you answer questions and solve problems by looking at your data in a way that is quickly understood and easily shared M Use Worksheet 4 Field site visit RPI Sensor to complete this exercise 19 Worksheet 4 Field Site Visit RPI Sensor Introduction For this field site activity we will be breaking the group up into small groups of 3 or 4 people Each of these groups will be given e Digital camera e Apen e Afield site evaluation forms e A blank paper to draw a map of the field site Choosing your Field Sites Your instructor has given your team a certain amount of time to complete this assignment In that time visit 2 different locations at this field site As you decide where you will will visit try to find the following e Where you expect to find an area with a high degree of soil moisture e Where you expect to find an area with a low degree of soil mois
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