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1. EIGHT HUNDRED ON FIRING NOW LEFT AND ADD ONE HUNDRED FIRING NOW DROP FIRING NOW TARGET 50 Estimated Technique over 1000 m Commander HESH ONE NINE HUNDRED TANK IN HEDGE ROW ON LOADED FIRE LOADED LOADED LOADED TARGET STOP Gunner ONE NINE HUNDRED ON FIRING NOW RIGHT AND DROP TWO HUNDRED FIRING NOW ADD ONE HUNDRED FIRING NOW DROP FIFTY FIRING NOW TARGET HESH INCONSPICUOUS TARGET GUNNER IDENTIFIES 0 m TO 2000 m Commander HESH ONE SIX HUNDRED TANK IN HEDGE ROW ON STOP TRAVERSE LEFT ON LARGE TREE RIGHT ONE FIVE LOADED FIRE TARGET STOP Gunner ONE SIX HUNDRED NOT OBSERVED ON RIGHT ONE FIVE ON FIRING NOW TARGET HESH INCONSPICUOUS TARGET GUNNER DOES NOT IDENTIFY 0 m TO 2000 m 52 HESH ONE FOUR HUNDRED TANK IN WOODLINE ON STOP TRAVERSE LEFT ON RIGHT EDGE OF GATE RIGHT TWO FIVE LOADED FIRE LEFT FIVE ADD ONE HUNDRED LOADED FIRE DROP FIFTY LOADED FIRE TARGET LOADED FIRE STOP ONE FOUR HUNDRED NOT OBSERVED ON RIGHT TWO FIVE NOT OBSERVED FIRING NOW LEFT FIVE ADD ONE HUNDRED FIRING NOW DROP FIFTY FIRING NOW TARGET FIRING NOW CHAPTER 3 MACHINE GUN SHOOTING GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 Direct shooting using the coaxially mounted mach
2. 62 Once the desired effect has been achieved the commander terminates the shoot by ordering STOP or TARGET STOP SEMI INDIRECT TURRET DOWN TECHNIQUE SITUATION 63 The commander wishes to engage a target with HESH and the vehicle is in a turret down fire position TECHNIQUE 64 The commander gives a fire order designating the turret down warning and weapon ammunition Looking along the gun barrel he orders the gunner to traverse left or right until the gun barrel is aligned with the target and reports ON 65 The gunner selects MAIN and using the adjusting knobs zeroes the traverse indicator when the commander reports ON 66 The commander orders the angle of sight or if there is no angle of sight he orders ZERO SCALES 67 If the commander orders an angle of sight the gunner repeats it and applies it to the OFC The gunner reports SET to indicate the completion of this action 68 Ifthe commander orders ZERO SCALES the gunner zeroes the scales in the OFC and reports SCALES ZEROED 69 Having ordered an angle of sight or ZERO SCALES the commander orders the range 70 The gunner repeats the range and applies it to the HESH HE scale by rotating the range from the adjuster until the ordered range is directly below the cursor line He applies elevation to the gun by levelling the QFC bubble using the gun controls reporting LEVEL when level 71 The commander does not load when the gunner reports
3. TECHNIQUE TECHNIQUES OF FIRE RADNIS GENERAL DAY MODE NIGHT MODE EXAMPLE FIRE ORDERS MACHINE GUN STATIC TARGET TECHNIQUE CHAPTER 4 HESH SEMI INDIRECT SHOOTING GENERAL INTRODUCTION ESTABLISHING INITIAL LINE POSITION OF THE TARGET IN RELATION TO THE ARMOURED FIGHTING VEHICLE ESTABLISHING INITIAL ELEVATION POSITION OF THE ARMOURED FIGHTING VEHICLE FIRE ORDERS CORRECTIONS FIRE FOR EFFECT SEMI INDIRECT SIGHT TECHNIOUE SITUATION TECHNIOUE SEMI INDIRECT NON SIGHT TECHNIOUE SITUATION TECHNIOUE SEMI INDIRECT TURRET DOWN TECHNIOUE SITUATION TECHNIOUE EXAMPLE OF FIRE ORDERS HESH SIGHT TECHNIOUE CHAPTER 5 SMOKE SHOOTING GENERAL INTRODUCTION FACTORS AFFECTING SEMI INDIRECT SHOOTING PRINCIPLES OF SMOKE SHOOTING FUSE SETTING CORRECTIONS SMOKE SCREEN AT CLOSE RANGE USING THE MULTI BARREL SMOKE GRENADE DISCHARGERS SMOKE SIGHT TECHNIOUE SITUATION TECHNIQUE SMOKE NON SIGHT TECHNIOUE SITUATION TECHNIOUE SMOKE TURRET DOWN TECHNIOUE SITUATION TECHNIOUE MAIN ARMAMENT EMERGENCY SMOKE SITUATION TECHNIOUE EXAMPLE FIRE ORDERS EMERGENCY SMOKE TECHNIOUE CHAPTER 6 CANISTER SHOOTING GENERAL INTRODUCTION MAXIMUM EFFECTIVE RANGE CANISTER SHOOTING SITUATION TECHNIOUE EXAMPLE FIRE ORDERS CANISTER SHOOTING CHAPTER 7 SHOOTING AT MOVING TARGETS AND SHOOTING ON THE MOVE GENERAL INTRODUCTION SHOOTING AT MOVING TARGETS INTRODUCTION RULES FOR AIMING RANGE LIMITATIONS CORRECTION O
4. AIM LEFT RIGHT LOADED GO ON FIRE 30 When engaging more than one target at the same range the commander orders TARGET NEXT TARGET RIGHT LEFT AIM LEFT RIGHT ON LOADED FIRE GO ON The gunner reports ON when he identifies the target and repeats the aim off He lays onto the target with his previous point of aim and applies the new aim off ordered by the commander He continues to track the target until his lay is correct reports FIRING NOW and fires The gunner continues to correct his fire until the target is hit or he is ordered to STOP 31 If the new target is outside the gunner s field of view the commander aligns the gun with the new target or orders the gunner to traverse left or right and reports ON when he is on target At this time he orders the direction of aim off The gunner reports ON when he has identified the target repeats the aim off begins to track and fires when he is ordered to do so and his lay is correct 32 The commander ends the shoot by ordering TARGET STOP or STOP MG SHOOTING AT MOVING TARGETS SITUATION 33 The commander wishes to engage a moving target with the coaxial MG The range is less than tracer burn out TECHNIQUE 34 The commander gives a fire order designating weapon ammunition range target description and having aligned the gun reports ON At this time he orders the direction of aim off 35 The gunner repeats the range selects CO AX identifies the
5. accordingly He reports LEVEL when the bubble on the quadrant fire control QFC has been levelled Non Sight Technique a Alignment of the gun comes immediately after the designation of weapon ammunition b An angle of sight or ZERO SCALES is ordered after alignment c The initial range is ordered after the angle of sight d There is no target description Turret Down Technique a TURRET DOWN precedes the designation of weapon ammunition b Alignment of the gun comes immediately after the designation of weapon and ammunition c An angle of sight or ZERO SCALES is ordered after alignment d The initial range is ordered after the angle of sight e There is no target description Gun Laying The following applies 1 2 3 4 The sight graticule pattern for the gunner s and commander s sights is illustrated in Figures 1 1 1 2 and 1 3 In all cases during direct fire the correct point of aim is taken by placing the appropriate aiming mark on the centre of the visible mass of the target Care must be taken not to include shadow as part of the mass When using the elevating hand wheel the lay must always be finished in depression The movement of the handwheel should be at least one guarter of a turn to take up any backlash in the elevating gear When the gunner engages a moving target after he has applied his point of aim he must continue to track the target maintaining
6. c 2000 m for moving targets aim off not required LOADING DUTIES 14 When the commander gives the order HESH he will load a round of HESH He reloads with HESH after observing the fall of shot and continues to load until he orders TARGET STOP 15 The loading drill is a load the main armament b make the loader s safety switch and c report LOADED 16 Base clips will remain in place until the round is loaded STATIC TARGET TECHNIQUE SITUATION 17 The commander wishes to engage a stationary target with HESH for which the range is 2000 m or less TECHNIQUE 18 The commander gives a fire order designating weapon ammunition range and target description then aligns the gun and reports ON 19 The gunner repeats the range selects MAIN identifies the target and reports ON 20 The commander loads the main armament makes the loader s safety switch and reports LOADED FIRE 21 The gunner lays the appropriate aiming mark on the centre of the visible mass of the target reports FIRING NOW and fires 22 The gunner re lays and observes the fall of shot If the target is hit he reports TARGET If the commander considers that the target is killed he orders TARGET STOP Should the commander consider that although hit the target is not killed he reloads the gun and reports LOADED The gunner fires again at the same lay until the commander orders STOP 23 If the target is not hit the gunn
7. either a target is being engaged beyond the range of the sight graticule or that the gunner cannot see the target but the commander can To cover each situation semi indirect shooting is categorized into three technigues a Sight Technigue This is employed when 1 the gunner can initially see the target and 2 the range to the target is greater than 2000 m b Non Sight Technigue This is employed when 1 the gunner cannot see the target for any of the following reasons a inconspicuous target beyond 2000 m b poor visibility or c damage to the gunner s sight and 2 the range may be any distance up to 5000 m c Turret Down Technique This is employed at any range when the gunner cannot see the target because the vehicle is in a turret down fire position 2 Semi indirect fire is affected bv four factors that must be considered bv the commander These factors are establishing the initial line of the gun the position of the target in relation to the armoured fighting vehicle AFV establishing the initial elevation of the gun and the position of the AFV ESTABLISHING INITIAL LINE 3 Sight Technique Initial line is established by the gunner laying onto the target with the main battle sight MBS 76 mark in the sight graticule 4 Non Sight and Turret Down Technique When the gunner cannot see the target the commander must establish the initial line This is accomplished by a the commander looking through his s
8. 41 The commander ends the shoot by ordering STOP SMOKE TURRET DOWN TECHNIQUE SITUATION 42 The commander wishes to screen a target with main armament smoke at a range of less than 3700m The vehicle is in a turret down fire position TECHNIQUE 43 The commander gives a fire order designating the turret down warning and weapon ammunition Looking along the gun barrel he orders the gunner to traverse left or right until the gun barrel is aligned and reports ON 44 The gunner selects MAIN and zeroes the traverse indicator when the commander reports ON 45 The commander orders the angle of sight or if there is no angle of sight he orders ZERO SCALES 46 If the commander orders an angle of sight the gunner repeats it and applies it to the OFC The gunner reports SET to indicate completion of this action 47 If the commander orders ZERO SCALES the gunner zeroes the scales on the OFC and reports SCALES ZEROED 48 Having ordered an angle of sight or ZERO SCALES the commander orders the range 49 The gunner repeats the range and applies it to the smoke scale by rotating the range drum adjuster until the ordered range is directly below the cursor line He then applies elevation to the gun using the gun controls by levelling the bubble in the QFC The gunner reports LEVEL when the gun barrel is level 50 The commander will not immediately load When the gunner reports LEVEL the commander checks crest
9. LEVEL but will check crest clearance by looking through the gun barrel from the top of the breech to the bottom of the muzzle If the crest is foul the commander reports CREST FOUL and terminates the engagement If the crest is clear the commander reports CREST CLEAR loads the main armament makes the loader s safety switch and orders LOADED FIRE 72 The gunner ensures that his lay is correct reports LEVEL FIRING NOW and fires He then rezeroes the traverse indicator and relevels the bubble in the QFC using the gun controls then awaits the next order from the commander 73 The shoot progresses in the same mariner as the sight or non sight techniques with the commander checking crest clearance a for any line correction b for any drop correction below the initial range and c when in doubt EXAMPLE OF FIRE ORDERS HESH SIGHT TECHNIQUE Commander 74 HESH TWO EIGHT HUNDRED TRANSPORT RIGHT OF WOOD ON SET ANGLE OF SIGHT TWO EIGHT HUNDRED LOADED FIRE LEFT TWO ZERO DROP FOUR HUNDRED LOADED FIRE ADD TWO HUNDRED LOADED FIRE DROP ONE HUNDRED LOADED FIRE TARGET LOADED FIRE TARGET STOP Gunner TWO EIGHT HUNDRED ON SET TWO EIGHT HUNDRED LEVEL FIRING NOW LEFT TWO ZERO DROP FOUR HUNDRED LEVEL FIRING NOW ADD TWO HUNDRED LEVEL FIRING NOW DROP ONE HUNDRED LEVEL FIRING NOW LEVEL FIRING NOW
10. by rotating the range drum adjuster until the ordered range is directly below the cursor line on the smoke scale 24 Elevation is applied to the gun by the gunner levelling the bubble in the OFC using the gun controls and reporting LEVEL when level 25 The commander sets the fuse loads the main armament selects another round and sets the fuse makes the loader s safety switch and orders LOADED FIRE 26 The gunner ensures that his lay is correct reports FIRING NOW and fires The gunner then rezeroes the traverse indicator and relevels the bubble in the OFC using the gun controls He awaits the next order from the commander 27 The commander observes the effect of the smoke and orders corrections as necessary Corrections are repeated by the gunner before he applies them 28 The commander must bear in mind that once the first smoke round has been fired the screen must quickly be built up and maintained for the required period of time 29 The commander ends the shoot by ordering STOP SMOKE NON SIGHT TECHNIQUE SITUATION 30 The commander wishes to screen a target with main armament smoke The range is less than 3700 m and the gunner cannot see the target because a the target is inconspicuous b the visibility is poor or the gunner s sight is damaged TECHNIOUE 31 The commander gives a fire order designating weapon ammunition He aligns the gun using his gun controller and sight or looking along the gu
11. in and take over the shoot if a the gunner fails to observe the fall of shot and reports NOT OBSERVED or b the commander disagrees with the gunner s intended correction or c when a round falls outside the scope of corrections available to the gunner T In the cases above the commander takes over the shoot by ordering STOP He follows this by the correction he wants applied If he wants to hand control back to the gunner he then orders LOADED GO ON However should the commander wish to keep control of the shoot and apply subsequent corrections himself he orders LOADED FIRE 8 The corrections that are available to the commander and their limitations are listed as follows a Commander s Line Correction This is measured with the sight or binoculars and is applied to the traverse indicator by the gunner Commander s Elevation Correction This is the initial correction which may be of 50 m or any multiple of 100 m Target Size Corrections The following limitations apply 1 maximum of three target widths for line 2 maximum of one target height for elevation 3 used only against well defined targets and 4 one half target corrections may be used only if the target has been struck on the top side or bottom Commander s Combined Correction The commander may use any combination of the above with the same limitations NOTE If the crew commander agrees with the gunner s reported line correction but not wit
12. in metres or c change the fuse setting but retain the same elevation SMOKE SCREEN AT CLOSE RANGE USING THE MULTI BARREL SMOKE GRENADE DISCHARGERS 15 The multi barrel smoke grenade dischargers MBSGDs are fitted to either side of the turret and are designed to provide an immediate screen of short duration 16 To fire the MBSGDs the commander traverses the turret to the required position and presses either one or both of the firing buttons as necessary SMOKE SIGHT TECHNIQUE SITUATION 17 The commander wishes to screen a target using main armament smoke The range is less than 3700 m and the gunner can see the target TECHNIQUE 18 The commander gives a fire order designating weapon ammunition range target description and aligns the gun then reports ON 19 The gunner repeats the range selects MAIN identifies the target reports ON lays onto the target with MBS 76 and zeroes the traverse indicator 20 If the gunner fails to identify the target he must report NOT OBSERVED The commander can either amplify the target description or switch immediately to the non sight technique 21 Once the gunner has identified the target the commander orders SET ANGLE OF SIGHT 22 The gunner ensures that the MBS 76 is laid onto the target and using the QFC measures the angle of sight Having locked the range drum adjuster he reports SET 23 The commander repeats the range and the gunner applies it to the OFC
13. movement must be dealt with to achieve a hit Za This chapter covers shooting at moving targets and shooting while on the move SHOOTING AT MOVING TARGETS INTRODUCTION 3 To hit a target moving laterally it is necessary to aim in front of it or to aim off The amount of aim off will differ for each individual target depending upon speed time of flight of the projectile and the angle of approach However a standard aim off is used since it is not practical to treat each target individually Corrections are then made if required after the initial round has been fired RULES FOR AIMING 4 It is the commander s responsibility to decide whether aim off is to be applied and if so in which direction Two simple rules govern this decision a To decide whether to aim off or to aim on 1 If the target side is more visible than the front rear aim off 2 If the target front rear is more visible than the side aim on b To decide in which direction to aim off 1 If the gunner is traversing right to keep on target aim right 2 If the gunner is traversing left to keep on target aim left Having made a decision the commander includes in his fire order the command AIM LEFT RIGHT or AIM ON 5 Point of Aim The correct point of aim is a aim off required the initial aim off mark on the centre of the visible mass and b aim off not required central graticule range mark on the centre of the visible mass RANGE LIMITATI
14. order i e weapon ammunition range target description and alignment of the gun b Once the gunner has reported ON he lays the MBS 76 on the centre of the target and zeroes the traverse indicator The commander then orders SET ANGLE OF SIGHT The gunner then 1 unlocks the range drum adjuster 2 levels the bubble in the QFC by rotating the range adjuster 3 slips the HESH HE scale until the zero mark is directly below the cursor line 4 locks the range drum adjuster securely and 5 reports SET c The commander repeats the range the gunner acknowledges it sets the range and levels the bubble using the gun controls then reports LEVEL 26 Non Sight and Turret Down Techniques The following applies a Because the gunner cannot see the target described the commander orders the weapon ammunition preceded by TURRET DOWN in a turret down technigue and then aligns the gun b Once the gun is aligned and the traverse indicator is zeroed the commander orders an angle of sight or ZERO SCALES followed by the range to the target CORRECTIONS 27 The corrections that the commander may use to correct semi indirect fire are a the commander s line correction and b the bracketing correction 28 Commander s Line Correction Due to the effects of drift the commander must be prepared for line error on the initial round It is vital that this line error be eliminated quickly Line corrections are measur
15. shot to identify or confirm the target to their gunners and establish initial line Once on target they will carry on with proper fire orders and await registration The ranging crew commander will adjust fire until he hits the target or a subseguent correction would hit the target 9 Registration The final elevation as determined by the ranging vehicle is passed to the remaining AFVs and is applied to the guns One round registration is now fired at five second intervals in order of call sign Registration is complete when the centre of the target is hit or a subseguent correction would bring the next round on target This is usually a silent correction passed to the gunner foll owing agreement or correction from the troop leader 10 Fire for Effect If the ranging vehicle hits and destroys the target during ranging the engagement is stopped Should a volume of fire be reguired over a period of time then one of the following types of fire will be used a Gun Fire In this case the number of rounds specified by the troop leader are fired as soon as the gun can be loaded and accurately laid It ensures a large volume of fire is brought to bear in as short a time as possible b Troop Fire In this case a number of rounds are fired at five second intervals in order of call sign The time interval may be extended by an order from the troop leader This type of fire is used for the adjustment of each vehicle s fire or to spread fire for effec
16. the basic principles are understood crews should have little difficultv in operating the weapons efficiently Frequent review and practice on both the indoor miniature range IMR and the open range will help in maintaining a high standard of proficiency AIM 3 The aim of this publication is to describe the application of fire and the techniques of shooting from the COUGAR SCOPE 4 The General Principles section of this chapter deals with the general principles which apply to all techniques used with the COUGAR Subsequent chapters describe the individual techniques for each type of weapon and ammunition they conclude with example fire orders ASSOCIATED PUBLICATIONS 5 A list of references related to this manual is contained in Annex A GENERAL PRINCIPLES BASIC TECHNIQUES AND VARIATIONS 6 There are seven basic techniques of shooting which can be applied from the COUGAR with each basic technique there are a number of variations The basic techniques are a High Explosive Squash Head HESH direct shooting static targets b coaxial machine gun MG shooting static targets c HESH semi indirect shooting d smoke shooting e canister shooting f shooting at moving targets and g shooting on fixed lines T Variations of these techniques depend upon the range to the target and whether or not the gunner can see the target The reasons the gunner may not see the target are a inconspicuous target b conditions of
17. this correct point of aim at all times This must be continued while pressing the firing switch or foot pedal 5 When firing using the semi indirect technigue the gun is laid for line using the traverse indicator and for elevation using the OFC e Firing Once the order to fire has been given and the sight has been laid on the target or when firing using the semi indirect technique the correct line and elevation are applied the gunner will report FIRING NOW and will fire the weapon immediately Firing on the move is the only exception to this rule Here it is permissible to pause after saying FIRING NOW if the point of aim is not on the target see Chapter 7 f Re laying After Firing When the gun has been fired the commander and the gunner must observe the effects of the round The sight must be re laid onto the target using the previous point of aim Corrections required are then applied from this point of aim TECHNIQUES OF ENGAGEMENT 9 Techniques of engagement differ according to the type of ammunition and the circumstances of the engagement Chapters 2 to 8 describe the individual techniques 14 14 15 15 16 16 17 17 18 18 19 19 20 20 21 22 22 NOT TO SCALE Day Sight Graticule Pattern All Sights Figure 1 1 4 ves 76 44 ML SCALE 14 16118 20 12 MBS MG 14 15 16 17 18 18 19 19 20 20 21 2
18. visibility c The commander picks a likely target area and as accurately as possible measures the range using a laser range finder or a map d The commander orders the gunner to lay onto the GAP with the MBS 76 and zeroes the traverse indicator To do this the commander orders ZERO e The commander gives a fire order designating the weapon ammunition range target description and aligns the gun f The gunner repeats the range selects MAIN identifies the target reports ON and lays onto the target with the sight graticule mark that corresponds to the range g If the situation allows the commander then orders the gunner to fire and correct until the fall of shot hits the intended location h When the commander is satisfied that the gunner s lay will produce a hit he will 1 order the gunner to read off both the amount and direction of the line switch and record it on the range card 2 order the gunner to level the bubble in the OFC by rotating the range drum adjuster and 3 when the bubble is level have the gunner read off the guadrant elevation the reading on the mils scale directly below the cursor line and record both the amount and direction on the range card 5 Co axial MG Registration This is carried out in the same manner as for HESH However the commander should fire ranging bursts to more accurately establish the true quadrant elevation He should also bear in mind any effects of wind 6 Sm
19. weapon ammunition target description aligns the gun and reports ON 31 The gunner selects MAIN identifies the target and reports ON 32 The commander loads a HESH round makes the loader s safety switch and reports LOADED FIRE 33 The gunner lays onto the target with the HESH battle aiming mark HESH 500 reports FIRING NOW and fires 34 Observation of the fall of shot at short ranges may be difficult or even impossible due to obscuration and the short time of flight Subseguent rounds may be fired at the commander s discretion INCONSPICUOUS TARGETS SITUATION 35 The commander wishes to engage a target for which the range is less than 2000 m and gives a fire order The gunner however cannot observe the target due to obscuration camouflage or any other reason and reports NOT OBSERVED 36 The commander must then use a more detailed target description and a reference point from which the gunner can make a line switch onto the target The gunner may then be able to observe the target or he may still not be able to identify it The following technigues take each situation into account TECHNIOUE GUNNER IDENTIFIES THE TARGET FT The commander gives a fire order designating weapon ammunition range and target description then aligns the gun and reports ON 38 The gunner repeats the range selects MAIN but fails to identify the target and reports NOT OBSERVED 39 The commander orders STOP and pic
20. 0m and the gunner can see the target TECHNIQUE 36 The commander gives a fire order designating weapon ammunition range target description and aligns the gun then reports ON 37 The gunner repeats the range selects MAIN identifies the target and reports ON The gunner then lays onto the target with the MBS 76 and zeroes the traverse indicator 38 If the gunner fails to identify the target he must report NOT OBSERVED The commander could either amplify the target description or switch immediately to the non sight technique see paragraphs 49 to 62 39 Once the gunner has identified the target the commander orders SET ANGLE OF SIGHT 40 The gunner ensures that the MBS 76 is laid on the target and using the QFC measures the angle of sight Having locked the range drum adjuster he reports SET 41 The commander repeats the range and the gunner applies it to the QFC by rotating the range drum adjuster until the ordered range on the HESH HE scale is directly below the cursor line 42 The gunner then applies elevation to the gun by levelling the bubble in the QFC using the gun controls reporting LEVEL when level 43 The commander loads the main armament makes the loaders s safety switch and orders LOADED FIRE 44 The gunner ensures that his lay is correct reports FIRING NOW and fires The gunner rezeroes the traverse indicator and relevels the QFC bubble using the gun controls He awaits the next
21. 2 22 NOT TO SCALE Explanatory Diagram for the Day Sight Graticule Pattern All Sights Figure 1 2 O 5 O 6 7 O 8 Eos 9 O 5 10 O 12 13 O v 14 15 O 16 17 O 18 EN N 19 O 20 21 O 22 a a A NOT TO SCALE 20 21 22 Figure 1 3 Radnis Night Graticule Pattern CHAPTER 2 HIGH EXPLOSIVE SQUASH HEAD HESH DIRECT SHOOTING UP TO 2000 M GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 This chapter covers all aspects of HESH direct shooting up to 2000m under daylight conditions when using white light or indirect illumination and when using Radnis day night sight 2 The commander determines the range to the target The gunner using the ballistic graticule applies the initial range ordered by the commander and fires If the target is hit and destroyed the engagement is stopped If the target is hit but not destroyed further rounds may be fired using the same point of aim If the first or subseguent rounds miss the target the gunner applies corrections and reports them to the commander CORRECTIONS AVAILABLE TO THE GUNNER 3 All HESH direct shooting employs the principle of observation and correction of fire The gunner observes and corrects his own fire using the following corrections and limitations a Burst on Target BOT Correction The following applies 1 Line is reported first an
22. 4B REGISTERED OVER 14 ROGER OUT 14 THIS IS 14C FROM LAST SHOT RIGHT FIVE ADD FIFTY REGISTERED OVER 14 WRONG FROM LAST SHOT ADD ONE HUNDRED REGISTERED OVER 14C ROGER OUT NOTE If the troop leader wishes to have the correction he has made confirmed by fire he will report WRONG FROM LAST SHOT ADD ONE HUNDRED FIRE OVER ALL STATIONS 14 THIS IS 14 THREE ROUNDS GUN FIRE STAND BY OUT NOTE If the troop leader wishes to distribute fire he can do so at this time Commander Call Signs ALL STATIONS 14 THIS IS 14 14A RIGHT TWO FIVE ADD FIFTY 14B RIGHT TWO FIVE ADD ONE HUNDRED 14C LEFT ONE ZERO DROP FIFTY THREE ROUNDS GUN FIRE STAND BY OUT 14 THIS IS 14A READY OUT 14 THIS IS 14B READY OUT 14 THIS IS 14C READY OUT Troop Leader Call Signs ALL STATIONS 14 THIS IS 14 FIRE OUT 14 THIS IS 14A ROUNDS COMPLETE OUT 14 THIS IS 14B ROUNDS COMPLETE OUT 14 THIS IS 14C ROUNDS COMPLETE OUT NOTE The troop leader may order troop fire during fire for effect to determine which vehicle is off target ALL STATIONS 14 THIS IS 14 ONE ROUND TROOP FIRE STAND BY OUT 14 THIS IS 14A READY OUT 14 THIS IS 14B READY OUT 14 THIS IS 14C READY OUT ALL STATIONS 14 THIS IS 14 FIRE OUT 14C RIGHT ONE FIVE ADD FIFTY THREE ROUNDS GUN FIRE STAND BY OUT NOTE The troop shoot then continues as a normal shoot OUICK ACTION ENGAGEM
23. 75 HESH NON SIGHT TECHNIQUE Commander HESH ON ZERO SCALES ONE NINE HUNDRED LOADED FIRE RIGHT ONE FIVE DROP TWO HUNDRED LOADED FIRE ADD ONE HUNDRED LOADED FIRE ADD FIFTY LOADED FIRE ADD TWENTY FIVE LOADED FIRE TARGET Gunner SCALES ZEROED ONE NINE HUNDRED LEVEL FIRING NOW RIGHT ONE FIVE DROP TWO HUNDRED LEVEL FIRING NOW ADD ONE HUNDRED LEVEL FIRING NOW ADD FIFTY LEVEL FIRING NOW ADD TWENTY FIVE LEVEL FIRING NOW LEVEL LOADED FIRE TARGET STOP HESH TURRET DOWN TECHNIQUE 76 Commander TURRET DOWN HESH TRAVERSE LEFT STEADY ON ANGLE OF SIGHT ONE ONE ELEVATION TWO FOUR HUNDRED CREST CLEAR LOADED FIRE LEFT TWO FIVE ADD FOUR HUNDRED CREST CLEAR LOADED FIRE DROP TWO HUNDRED CREST CLEAR LOADED FIRE ADD ONE HUNDRED FIRING NOW Gunner ONE ONE ELEVATION SET TWO FOUR HUNDRED LEVEL LEVEL FIRING NOW LEFT TWO FIVE ADD FOUR HUNDRED LEVEL LEVEL FIRING NOW DROP TWO HUNDRED LEVEL LEVEL FIRING NOW ADD ONE LOADED FIRE TARGET LOADED FIRE TARGET STOP HUNDRED LEVEL LEVEL FIRING NOW LEVEL FIRING NOW CHAPTER 5 SMOKE SHOOTING GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 This chapter deals with smoke shooting Direct fire cannot be used to fire s
24. AL 45 The methods used by the commander and gunner to engage targets with HESH using the SS125 and SS126 Radnis Day Night sights are similar to those employed using the No 71 and No 54 sights DAY MODE 46 When employing the day mode of operation all technigues of engagement used by the commander and gunner are the same as when the No 71 and No 54 sights are used NIGHT MODE 47 When employing the night mode of operation the application of fire is the same as for daylight technigues However the commander and gunner must be aware of the following points peculiar to the night mode of operation a the maximum range under ideal conditions is considered to be 1400 m b due to the excellent ability of Radnis to indicate fall of shot the gunner will employ BOT corrections only and o as the night graticule is graduated in increments of 100 m the minimum elevation correction available to the commander is 100 m EXAMPLE FIRE ORDERS HESH DIRECT 500 m TO 2000 m STATIC TARGETS 48 Lasing Techniques Commander LASING HESH ONE TWO HUNDRED TANK IN OPEN ON LOADED FIRE LOADED LOADED TARGET STOP 49 Estimated Technique below 1000 m Commander HESH EIGHT HUNDRED APC IN OPEN ON LOADED FIRE LOADED FIFTY LOADED TARGET STOP Gunner ONE TWO HUNDRED ON FIRING NOW LEFT AND ADD ONE HUNDRED FIRING NOW DROP FIFTY FIRING NOW TARGET Gunner
25. B GL 305 009 PT 003 ARMOUR VOLUME 9 THEORY OF ARMOURED GUNNERY PART 3 COUGAR APPLICATION OF FIRE ENGLISH This publication supersedes B GL 305 009 PT 003 dated 1982 11 10 and B GL 305 009 PT 013 dated 1987 07 01 WARNING ALTHOUGH NOT CLASSIFIED THIS PUBLICATION OR ANY PART OF IT MAY BE EXEMPTED FROM DISCLOSURE TO THE PUBLIC UNDER THE ACCESS TO INFORMATION ACT ALL ELEMENTS OF INFORMATION CONTAINED HEREIN MUST BE CLOSELY SCRUTINIZED TO ASCERTAIN WHETHER OR NOT THE PUBLICATION OR ANY PART OF IT MAY BE RELEASED Issued on Authority of the Chief of the Defence Staff OPI LFC HQ G3 ARMOUR 1990 03 30 Ch 1 1995 02 10 LIST OF EFFECTIVE PAGES Insert latest changed pages dispose of superseded pages in accordance with applicable orders NOTE The portion of the text affected by the latest change is indicated by a black vertical line in the margin of the page Changes to illustrations are indicated by miniature pointing hands or black vertical lines Dates of issue for original and changed pages are 1990 03 30 1995 02 10 Zero in Change No Column indicates an original page Total number of pages in this publication is 106 consisting of the following Page No 3 1 to 3 7 3 8 4 1 to 4 18 4 19 to 4 21 4 22 Change No Page No Change No oO Oo eee a oa E A O 000 000 O Contact Officer G3 Armour 3 Doc O 1995 DND Canada FOREWORD 1 B GL 305 009 PT 003 Armour Volume 9 Theory of Arm
26. ENT 15 ALL STATIONS 14 THIS IS 14 TROOP HESH ONE NINE HUNDRED PLATOON IN TREE LINE THREE ROUNDS GUN FIRE STAND BY WATCH MY FIRE OVER 14A ROGER OUT 14B ROGER OUT 14C ROGER OUT ALL STATIONS 14 THISIS 14 FINAL ELEVATION TWO THOUSAND THREE ROUNDS GUN FIRE NOW OUT NOTE The troop leader may distribute fire if he wishes REFERENCES 1 The following publications are related to and should be read in conjunction with this manual a B GL 304 003 TS 001 Operational Training Volume 3 Ranges and Training Safety b B GL 305 007 MS 002 Armour Volume 7 COUGAR User Manual Part 2 Armament c B GL 305 009 PT 001 Armour Volume 9 Theory of Armoured Gunnery Part 1 General d B GL 305 012 PT 001 Armour Volume 12 Indoor Armoured Range Simulation Practices e B GL 305 013 PT 001 Armour Volume 13 Armour Open Range Practices and E B GL 050 ARM PT 002 AC 70197 Eye Training for Crews of AFVs 2 There are no relevant NATO STANAGs or ABCA OSTAGs
27. F FIRE SHOOTING ON THE MOVE INTRODUCTION RULES FOR AIMING RANGE LIMITATION CORRECTION OF FIRE LOADING DUTIES HESH SHOOTING AT MOVING TARGETS SITUATION TECHNIOUE MG SHOOTING AT MOVING TARGETS SITUATION TECHNIOUE MACHINE GUN SHOOTING ON THE MOVE SITUATION TECHNIQUE EXAMPLE FIRE ORDERS HESH MOVING TARGETS CHAPTER 8 SHOOTING ON FIXED LINES GENERAL INTRODUCTION REGISTRATION FIXED LINE SHOOTING SITUATION TECHNIQUE EXAMPLE FIRE ORDERS HESH FIXED LINE BALLISTIC GRATICULE AND QFC REGISTRATION CHAPTER 9 TROOP SHOOTING GENERAL GENERAL FIRE DISCIPLINE POSITION OF ARMOURED FIGHTING VEHICLES TROOP SHOOTING DELIBERATE ENGAGEMENT QUICK ACTION ENGAGEMENT DISTRIBUTION OF FIRE EXAMPLE FIRE ORDERS DELIBERATE ENGAGEMENT REFERENCES LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE TITLE Figure 1 1 Day Sight Graticule Pattern All Sights Figure 1 2 Explanatory Diagram for the Day Sight Graticule Pattern All Sights Figure 1 3 Radnis Night Graticule Pattern CHAPTER 1 GENERAL PRINCIPLES INTRODUCTION 1 Techniques of shooting provide drills to assist crews in the application of fire from their armoured fighting vehicle AFV The technigues also take into account the various factors affecting the weapon system under specific engagement conditions Whenever possible technigues are standardized and follow a set pattern 2 Continuous development and improvement introduce further techniques for crews to learn However if
28. ONS 6 The range limitations for firing at moving targets are a HESH 1 aim off reguired 1500 m and 2 aim off not reguired 2000 m b MG all cases tracer burn out CORRECTION OF FIRE T To correct onto a moving target it is especially important that the gunner remember his sight picture in relation to the target itself not the background He must also take extra care in assessing the fall of shot since in most cases the target will have moved before he has completed the assessment effectively removing his reference point Since the commander cannot effectively monitor the gunner s point of aim during an engagement the gunner is responsible for correcting fire 8 When using the initial aim off marks the target will be hit only if it is moving within the speed bracket covered by the aim off mark 15 to 25 km h with a margin either side being given by the length of the target It follows that a If you miss right aim further left b If you miss left aim further right 9 Corrections available to the commander and the gunner are the same as those for static targets for both HESH and MG except that the commander s line correction cannot be used The gunner will employ BOT only when using Radnis on the night mode SHOOTING ON THE MOVE INTRODUCTION 10 Fire from a moving vehicle can never be as consistently accurate as that from a stationary vehicle For this reason shooting on the move is carried out only under
29. When a commander expects to occupy a turret down fire position for a considerable amount of time he must find the minimum safe range MSR at which targets can be engaged 21 The procedure to find the MSR is as follows a The gunner zeroes the QFC scales and the commander opens the breech Looking along the length of the bore from the top of the breech to the bottom of the muzzle the commander orders the gunner to elevate until the crest is just clear The gun is then traversed through the arc of responsibility Each time there is an obstruction beyond the muzzle the gun is elevated until the crest is cleared In this way the highest point is found at which the crest is clear throughout the arc b The gunner now levels the bubble in the QFC using the range drum adjuster He then reads the range setting on the HESH HE and SMOKE scales showing against the cursor line This range is passed to the commander who records it 225 Commanders should go through a crest clearance drill even after MSR has been established FIRE ORDERS 23 The fire orders for semi indirect shooting differ somewhat from those for direct shooting 24 There are further differences between fire orders for sight non sight and turret down technigues These differences can be noted by comparing the technigues which follow 25 Sight Technique The following applies a The fire order is basically the same as for direct techniques and the information flows in the same
30. arget description and a more accurate lay The exceptions to this indication process are semi indirect non sight and turret down technigues see the basic differences of technigue which appear below If the target is moving or the vehicle is firing on the move the direction of aim off is ordered after gun alignment Once the gunner has identified the target he informs the commander by reporting ON 4 Alignment of the gun The commander has the facilities to align the gun using his controller sight He may also direct the gunner for line by ordering him to traverse left or right using the following commands a b c d TRAVERSE LEFT RIGHT gunner traverses quickly TRAVERSE STEADY LEFT RIGHT gunner traverses slowly STEADY gunner slows down from fast to slow traverse and ON gunner stops traversing 5 The order to fire The commander gives this command by ordering LOADED FIRE Before subsequent 76 mm rounds can be fired the gunner must wait for the commander to report LOADED This report means that the commander has loaded the main armament and has made the loader s safety switch Semi indirect techniques vary in sequence and format The basic differences are 1 Sight Technique a b After the gunner reports ON the commander orders SET ANGLE OF SIGHT The gunner sets the angle and reports SET 2 3 c The commander repeats the range and the gunner responds
31. ay so that all lead is eliminated and his point of aim is on the centre of the visible mass 43 If the target changes direction the commander will order STOP AIM LEFT RIGHT LOADED GO ON FIRE 44 The commander ends the shoot by ordering TARGET STOP or STOP MACHINE GUN SHOOTING ON THE MOVE SITUATION 45 The commander wishes to engage a target with coaxial MG fire while on the move The range is less than tracer burn out TECHNIQUE 46 The commander gives a fire order designating weapon ammunition range target description and aligning the gun reports ON He then orders the direction of aim off 47 The gunner repeats the range selects CO AX identifies the target reports ON and repeats the aim off He lays onto the target with the correct aim off mark and begins to track the target 48 The commander loads the MG and orders LOADED FIRE 49 The gunner when the lay is correct reports FIRING NOW and fires a ranging burst 50 If the target is hit the gunner reports TARGET If the commander considers the target killed he ends the engagement by ordering TARGET STOP If he considers that although hit the target is not destroyed he remains silent allowing the gunner to fire successive killing bursts at the same lay SE If the target is not hit the gunner reports his intended correction re lays and fires ranging bursts until the beaten zone cone of fire is on the target 52 If the commander agre
32. clearance by looking along the gun barrel from the top of the breech to the bottom of the muzzle If the crest is foul he reports CREST FOUL and the engagement is terminated However if the crest is clear the commander reports CREST CLEAR loads the main armament having set the fuse selected another round and sets the fuse on the next round as well makes the loader s safety switch and orders LOADED FIRE 51 The gunner ensures that his lay is correct for line and elevation he reports LEVEL FIRING NOW and fires 52 The gunner rezeroes the traverse indicator and relevels the bubble in the QFC using the gun controls He awaits the next order from the commander 53 The shoot progresses in the same manner as a sight or non sight technique with the commander checking crest clearance as the need arises MAIN ARMAMENT EMERGENCY SMOKE SITUATION 54 The commander wishes to use the main armament to produce an emergency smoke screen TECHNIOUE 55 The commander orders SMOKE and using his controller lays the gun in the gt direction he wants the screen and reports ON The gunner selects MAIN then elevates or depresses until the gun is level 56 The commander sets the fuse to 400 loads the main armament makes the loader s safety switch and orders LOADED FIRE 57 The gunner reports FIRING NOW and fires 58 The commander must not expose himself as the base plate which ejects rearward could cause him injur
33. d is followed by elevation 2 Under 500 m the BOT correction is the usual elevation correction 3 The BOT correction is not used over 500 m until the 50 m correction has been employed b Standard Correction This is a fixed correction of 100 m or 200 m depending upon how the initial elevation is obtained 1 200 m correction may be used at any range 500 2000 m 2 100 m correction the normal initial correction from 500 m to 1000 m 3 100 m correction the initial correction from 1000 m to 2000 m if a hand held laser is used to determine range 4 200 m correction the initial correction from 1000 m to 2000 m if range is estimated 5 Reapply the correction until the target is straddled 6 Once a straddle is achieved successfully halve the correction down to 50 m in the direction of the target c Gunner s Combined Correction BOT for line and standard correction All limitations apply 4 Should a target be grazed or when an area target is engaged the gunner may correct to achieve a more central hit or to distribute his fire He would report TARGET LEFT TARGET ADD etc 5 The gunner reports all corrections to the commander Examples of corrections are a RIGHT b ADD TWO HUNDRED c DROP FIFTY d LEFT AND DROP TWO HUNDRED or e RIGHT AND ADD CORRECTIONS AVAILABLE TO THE COMMANDER 6 Although the gunner usually corrects for direct fire it may be necessary for the commander to step
34. direction before firing 23 The commander ends the shoot by ordering TARGET STOP or STOP TECHNIQUES OF FIRE RADNIS GENERAL 24 The methods used by the commander and gunner to engage targets with the coaxially mounted MG using the SS 125 and SS 126 Radnis Day Night Sights are similar to those employed using the No 71 and No 54 sights DAY MODE 25 When employing the day mode of operation all techniques of engagement used by the commander and gunner are the same as when the No 71 and No 54 sights are used NIGHT MODE 26 When employing the night mode of operation the application of fire is the same as for daylight techniques However the commander and gunner must be aware of the following points peculiar to the night mode of operations a maximum range will be to tracer burn out b due to the excellent ability of Radnis to indicate fall of shot the gunner will employ BOT corrections only and c as the night graticule is graduated in increments of 100m the minimum elevation correction available to the commander is 100m EXAMPLE FIRE ORDERS MACHINE GUN STATIC TARGET TECHNIQUE Commander Gunner CO AS SIX HUNDRED MEN ON SIX HUNDRED ON LOADED FIRE FIRING NOW LEFT AND ADD FIRING NOW TARGET FIRING NOW TARGET TARGET STOP CHAPTER 4 HESH SEMI INDIRECT SHOOTING GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 This chapter covers HESH semi indirect shooting Semi indirect shooting means that
35. ed in mils by the commander using his sight or binoculars and are applied by the gunner to the traverse indicator If there is any doubt as to whether there is a need for an elevation correction the commander will correct for line before correcting for elevation 29 Bracketing Correction The bracketing correction is applied as follows a If the first round falls plus or minus of the target a correction is ordered by the commander with the intention of achieving a straddle with the second round Suggested opening corrections are 1 up to 3000 m 200 m or 400 m usually 200 m 2 3000 m to 5000 m 200 m or 400 m usually 400 m and 3 a correction of 100 m may be used if the initial range was measured by a laser range finder b f the second round straddles the target the opening correction is successively halved in the direction of the target until either the target is hit or the minimum correction is applied The minimum corrections are 1 up to 3000 m ADD DROP 25 m and 2 3000 m to 5000 m ADD DROP 50 m c If the second and subsequent rounds fail to achieve a straddle the opening correction as a minimum is reapplied until a straddle is obtained The commander may re range if the initial error is very large FIRE FOR EFFECT 30 Fire for effect is defined as one or more rounds fired to have the desired effect on the target It is applied on two occasions a when the target is hit but not destroyed during rangin
36. er reports his intended correction and continues to apply corrections until the target is hit or the commander orders STOP 24 If the commander agrees with the corrections reported by the gunner he remains silent if he disagrees he orders STOP and gives his own correction followed by either LOADED fire or LOADED GO ON 25 The gunner upon hearing the command STOP re lays with his last point of aim repeats the commander s correction applies it and after receiving the order LOADED FIRE or LOADED GO ON he reports FIRING NOW and fires 26 When engaging more than one target at the same range the commander orders TARGET NEXT TARGET RIGHT LEFT LOADED GO ON FIRE The gunner reports ON when he identifies the target He lays on the new target with whatever point of aim he used to hit the previous one The gunner reports FIRING NOW and fires 27 If the new target is outside the gunner s field of view the commander aligns the gun with the new target or orders the gunner to traverse left or right and reports ON The gunner reports ON when he has identified the new target and the commander orders LOADED FIRE GO ON 28 The commander ends the shoot by ordering TARGET STOP or STOP SURPRISE TARGET TECHNIQUE SITUATION 29 The commander is confronted with a surprise target at close range 500 m or less and he wishes to engage with HESH TECHNIQUE 30 The commander gives a fire order designating
37. es with the correction reported by the gunner he remains silent If he disagrees he orders STOP and gives his own correction followed by either FIRE or GO ON 53 The gunner upon hearing the command STOP re lays with his last point of aim and continues tracking He repeats the commander s correction applies it reports FIRING NOW and fires 54 The commander ends the shoot by ordering TARGET STOP or STOP EXAMPLE FIRE ORDERS HESH MOVING TARGETS 55 Commander Gunner HESH ONE THOUSAND TRANSPORT ON AIM RIGHT ONE THOUSAND ON AIM RIGHT LOADED FIRE FIRING NOW ADD ONE HUNDRED LOADED LOADED TARGET STOP MACHINE GUN MOVING TARGETS 56 Commander CO AX SEVEN HUNDRED TRANSPORT ON AIM RIGHT LOADED FIRE TARGET STOP MACHINE GUN SHOOTING ON THE MOVE 57 Commander CO AX SIX HUNDRED MEN IN WOODS ON AIM RIGHT FIRING NOW DROP FIFTY FIRING NOW TARGET Gunner SEVEN HUNDRED ON AIM RIGHT FIRING NOW DROP FIRING NOW DROP FIRING NOW TARGET FIRING NOW TARGET Gunner SIX HUNDRED ON AIM RIGHT LOADED FIRE TARGET STOP FIRING NOW RIGHT FIRING NOW TARGET FIRING NOW TARGET CHAPTER 8 SHOOTING ON FIXED LINES GENERAL INTRODUCTION l Shooting on a fixed line implies shooting in a direction and at an elevation that has previously been fixed by meas
38. exceptional circumstances and with the COUGAR is limited to firing the coaxial MG 11 As with shooting at moving targets when there is lateral movement between the target and the AFV it is necessary to aim off A standard amount of aim off is used as it is not practical to treat each target or situation individually RULES FOR AIMING 12 As with moving targets it is the commander s responsibility to determine the need and direction of aim off Two simple rules are a To decide whether to aim off or aim on 1 if the gun is closer to 3 o clock or 9 o clock aim off or 2 if the gun is closer to 6 o clock or 12 o clock aim on b To decide in which direction to aim off 1 if the gunner is traversing right to stay on target aim right or 2 if the gunner is traversing left to stay on target aim left Having made a decision the commander includes in his fire order the command AIM LEFT RIGHT or AIM ON 13 Point of Aim The correct point of aim is a aim off required the initial aim off mark on the centre of the visible mass or b aim off not required central graticule range mark on the centre of the visible mass RANGE LIMITATION 14 The maximum range for engaging a target while on the move is limited to tracer burn out CORRECTION OF FIRE 15 Only the gunner knows the expected point of impact since only he can see exactly where the aiming mark was in relation to the target at the time of firing The gunner
39. g and b when the target has not been hit during ranging but the minimum correction has been applied 31 Hit During Ranging Should the target be struck during the ranging process i e bracketing onto the target the commander will begin fire for effect and fire at least two more rounds If the fall of shot is either plus or minus of the target the commander will add or drop the length of the minimum correction in the direction of the target and fire one round until the target is either struck or the round falls on the opposite side Having done this fire for effect will again be applied The ranging round which originally hit the target constitutes one of the rounds of fire for effect 32 Once the minimum correction has been applied smaller corrections cannot be made as they may contradict the minimum correction Fire for effect is then employed and dispersion should ensure that the target is neutralized 33 To order fire for effect the commander orders LOADED FIRE for each round he wishes to be fired In an area target he may order small line and elevation switches not less than the minimum correction 34 During fire for effect the gunner must ensure that the traverse indicator is at zero the QEC is correctly set and the bubble is level ending the lay in depression before firing each round SEMI INDIRECT SIGHT TECHNIQUE SITUATION 35 The commander wishes to engage a target with HESH for which the range is greater than 200
40. g for an Angle of Sight Having determined the initial range the commander adds or substracts if the target has a negative angle of sight 1000 m to the range He then orders ZERO SCALES followed by the new range This is a very inaccurate method and should be used only in an emergency 12 ZERO SCALES This is ordered by the commander if there is no angle of sight or if he wishes to allow for one Upon hearing this order the gunner a unlocks the range drum adjuster b rotates the range drum until the zero marks on all scales are directly below the cursor line c securely locks the range drum adjuster and d reports SCALES ZEROED ESTABLISHING INITIAL ELEVATION 13 The range to the target must be established by the most accurate means possible A laser range finder should be used at all times when it is available Measurement using a map is the next most accurate means estimation should be used as a last resort 14 Elevation is applied to the gun by means of the QFC and gun controls To lay the gun for elevation the gunner a measures sight technique or applies non sight or turret down techniques the angle of sight to the mils scale b rotates the range drum adjuster until the range ordered is directly below the cursor line and c using the elevating hand wheel levels the bubble in the QFC ending the lay in depression and reports LEVEL POSITION OF THE ARMOURED FIGHTING VEHICLE 15 When the fire pos
41. ge drum adjuster the reading on the mils scale directly below the cursor line is the angle of sight d the HESH HE scale is slipped until the zero mark is directly below the cursor line ensuring that the mils scale is not disturbed e the range drum adjuster is securely locked ensuring that the mils scale is not disturbed and f the gunner reports SET 9 Calculating the Angle of Sight When using the non sight and turret down techniques the angle of sight can be calculated The commander using his map finds the difference in height and range between his own position and the target He calculates the angle of sight using the following formula Angle of Sight Difference in height m Mils Range in thousands of m Example Target elevation 270m Own vehicle elevation 230m Range 3500 m Angle of Sight 270 230 35 40 3 5 11 4 mils elevation The commander orders ANGLE OF SIGHT ONE ONE ELEVATION 10 Applying an Angle of Sight Once the commander has ordered an angle of sight the gunner applies it by a unlocking the range drum adjuster b rotating the range until the ordered angle of sight is directly below the cursor line slipping the HESH HE scale until the zero mark is directly below the cursor line ensuring that the mils scale is not disturbed d securely locking the range drum adjuster ensuring that the mils scale is not disturbed and e reporting SET 11 Allowin
42. gt The corrections available to the gunner and their limitations are as follows a Burst on Target Correction 1 line is reported first and 2 up to tracer burn out this is the usual correction b Standard Correction 1 it may be used at any range 2 it should be the initial elevation correction beyond tracer burn out 3 once it has been applied the gunner may a go directly to a BOT correction if he is able to assess the fall of shot as being close to the target or b 1f a straddle has not been achieved and the fall of shot is not close to the target reapply the standard correction c Gunner s Combined Correction BOT for line and standard correction All limitations apply 6 The gunner reports each correction to the commander Examples are a RIGHT b ADD c LEFT AND DROP d ADD TWO HUNDRED or e RIGHT AND DROP TWO HUNDRED 7 The gunner reports FIRING NOW for every burst 8 Aiming marks are a under 500 m HESH 500 m mark and b over 500 m normal HESH marks equivalent to the range ordered CORRECTIONS AVAILABLE TO THE COMMANDER 9 As in HESH shooting the commander may step in and order corrections if a the gunner reports NOT OBSERVED b the commander disagrees with the gunner s intended correction or c the fall of shot is outside the scope of corrections available to the gunner 10 The corrections available to the commander are as for HESH They are as follows a com
43. h the reported elevation corrections the crew commander may repeat the gunner s line correction followed by the desired elevation correction 9 Examples of commander s corrections are a STOP LEFT ONE ZERO LOADED GO ON FIRE b STOP ADD ONE HUNDRED LOADED GO ON FIRE c STOP RIGHT TWO TARGETS ADD ONE TARGET LOADED GO ON FIRE d STOP LEFT ONE FIVE DROP FIFTY LOADED GO ON FIRE and e STOP LEFT ONE FIVE DROP ONE TARGET LOADED GO ON FIRE 10 In the interest of speed and if the target is well defined the commander should use target size corrections for line 11 It is particularly important that commanders be alert to the need to step in and take over the shoot particularly when the initial range is estimated If rounds fall outside the limits of the gunner s corrections ammunition may be wasted by creeping onto the target unless the commander steps in and orders a bold correction 12 Commanders are cautioned however not to overcontrol their gunners as direct fire is usually best corrected by the gunner MAXIMUM EFFECTIVE RANGES 13 As the ballistic graticule is graduated to only 2200 m this is the maximum range of engagement possible with HESH However in order to allow for possible range estimation errors and the fact that aim off marks go up to only 1500 m the maximum engagement ranges are limited to a 2000 m for static targets b 1500 m for moving targets aim off reguired and
44. ight and using his traverse controller or b the commander looking along the gun barrel and ordering the gunner to traverse left or right until line is established 5 The key to recording the line of the gun is the traverse indicator This becomes the only record of where the gun was laid when a round was fired and is the only accurate means of applying line corrections 6 The gunner must ensure that a once the gun has been initially laid for line he zeroes the traverse indicator by using the adjusting knobs b after each round is fired he re lays for line by zeroing the traverse indicator using the adjusting knobs and c when a line correction has been applied he again zeroes the traverse indicator by using the adjusting knobs POSITION OF THE TARGET IN RELATION TO THE ARMOURED FIGHTING VEHICLE Te Tf the target is above or below the AFV 1t means that there is an angle of sight In order to apply accurate elevation the angle of sight must be considered by the commander before the engagement commences The commander may accomplish this in the following ways a measure it b calculate it or c allow for it 8 Measuring the Angle of Sight When the sight technique is used the angle of sight is measured by the gunner on the command SET ANGLE OF SIGHT The procedure is a the gunner lays onto the target with MBS 76 b the range drum adjuster is unlocked c the bubble in the QFC is levelled by rotating the ran
45. ile fouling a crest the commander will order TURRET DOWN as the first part of the fire order The turret down shoot and crest clearance check will proceed as per a HESH semi indirect turret down shoot PRINCIPLES OF SMOKE SHOOTING T The commander must apply the principles of smoke shooting to every smoke engagement 8 Speed Once the first round of smoke has been fired any element of surprise has been eliminated The screen must be quickly built up and maintained for the required period of time Normally two to three smoke rounds only will be carried in the vehicle so each round must be used to its best advantage 9 Position of the Screen The position of the screen must be such that it fulfils the requirement of the engagement and does not interfere with other friendly troops 10 Point of Origin Under ideal wind conditions 12 to 25 km h it will take approximately 75 m for the screen to be effective from the point of origin Variations in wind speed will increase or decrease this distance and the commander must allow for wind speed variation when he selects his point of origin FUSE SETTING 11 The 76 mm smoke round is fitted with a No 390 fuse which must be set by the commander before the round is loaded The fuse setting key L1A2 is used and the procedure is as follows a remove the brass cover from the fuse b place the key on the fuse and engage the knob of the key with the indentation of the setting ring and c
46. ine gun MG is similar in principle to the technique for firing HESH at static targets This chapter deals with MG shooting against stationary targets under daylight conditions when using white light or indirect illumination and when using Radnis day night sights Ze As with direct HESH shooting the gunner is responsible for observation and correction of fire with the commander being prepared to step in and order corrections if necessary The same rules apply for the use of the orders GO ON and FIRE after a correction by the commander MAXIMUM EFFECTIVE RANGES 3 The normal maximum range of engagement is 1100 m since this is the range at which the tracer element usually burns out However when an MG barrel becomes hot through sustained firing the tracer will burn out earlier Accurate observation of fire must be obtained from the fall of shot on the ground In exceptional circumstances such as very dry and dusty conditions the strike of bullets on the ground may be observed at ranges in excess of tracer burn out CORRECTIONS AVAILABLE TO THE GUNNER 4 Once the gunner has identified and laid on to the target he fires a ranging burst when ordered by the commander If the ranging burst is on target the gunner fires killing bursts as necessary If the ranging burst misses the target the gunner applies corrections to hit the target Under no circumstances will he hose pipe onto the target altering line and elevation while firing the MG
47. ined by radio or hand signals However the volume of radio traffic the tactical situation and the dispersion of vehicles will dictate which is to be used POSITION OF ARMOURED FIGHTING VEHICLES 4 During a deliberate engagement the troop leader will direct each vehicle into a suitable fire position and locate his own AFV centrally for control The distance between vehicles will depend on the tactical situation and the means of control 5 During a guick action engagement when speed is essential each crew commander will be responsible for positioning his own AFV however he should remain within view of the troop leader TROOP SHOOTING DELIBERATE ENGAGEMENT 6 The deliberate engagement is usually done from a turret down fire position and consists of four stages a target indication b ranging c registration and d fire for effect 7 Target Indication Once all AFVs are in position a fire order will be issued designating ammunition range and target description If an angle of sight is required this will be included in the troop leader s fire order All crew commanders then attempt to locate the target If the COUGAR is in a turret down position commanders will immediately apply the angle of sight and the range to their OFCs 8 Ranging After target indication is complete the troop leader will range to the centre of the target He may if he wishes nominate another AFV for this task All other commanders will use the fall of
48. ition of the AFV is such that there is the possibility of a projectile striking a crest to the front the commander must check crest clearance before a round is fired This situation usually occurs in a turret down fire position however the commander will commence the fire order with TURRET DOWN if the danger exists that a projectile could strike a crest to the front 16 When a turret down shoot is ordered by the commander he does not load the main armament until the gun has been laid and crest clearance has been checked 17 Once the gunner has laid the gun initially and reported LEVEL the commander looks through the gun barrel from the top of the breech to the bottom of the muzzle If he can see no obstruction beyond the muzzle he loads the gun and reports CREST CLEAR LOADED FIRE The weight of the round will change the balance of the gun and cause the lay to be disturbed The gunner must relevel the bubble with the gun controls and once again report LEVEL before firing 18 If the commander sees an obstruction when he is checking crest clearance he reports CREST FOUL He must then either abandon the engagement or move the vehicle to a new position where there is less chance of fouling the crest 19 Crest clearance is checked on the following occasions a before firing the initial round of a turret down shoot b for any line corrections c for any drop correction below the opening elevation and d when in doubt 20
49. ks a prominent object close to the same horizontal plane as the target He either orders the gunner to traverse onto it or aligns the gun with his controller and then describes it eg STOP TRAVERSE RIGHT ON BASE ON LARGE TREE 40 The gunner identifies the prominent object and reports ON He then lays onto the object using the mark on his graticule that corresponds with the range eg if the range was 1400 m he would lay the 1400 mark on the object i e base of a large tree Having laid onto the object the gunner zeroes his traverse indicator 41 The commander then measures the line switch between the prominent object and the target then orders this to the gunner e g LEFT ONE FIVE 42 The gunner repeats the line switch and traverses in the direction and the amount ordered If the gunner identifies the target he reports ON 43 The shoot continues as a normal static engagement TECHNIOUE GUNNER FAILS TO IDENTIFY THE TARGET AFTER DETAILED DESCRIPTION 44 Having applied the line switch from the prominent object the gunner fails to identify the target and reports NOT OBSERVED The commander loads and reports LOADED FIRE The gunner lays onto the point where he thinks the target is and fires The commander retains control of the shoot ordering corrections until the target is destroyed or identified by the gunner The gunner reports he has identified the target by reporting ON TECHNIOUES OF FIRE RADNIS GENER
50. mander s line correction b commander s elevation correction c target size corrections and d commander s combined correction 11 Once the commander has ordered a correction he may order FIRE if he wants to retain control of the shoot or GO ON if he wants to hand control of the shoot back to the gunner LENGTH OF BURST 12 The length of burst depends on the requirement to observe fire during ranging and the desired effect on the target once the range is established The nature of the ground and visibility will influence the length of burst and although no rigid rule can be given the following are guidelines a Ranging using the standard load of four ball one tracer 4B 1T 1 up to tracer burn out a short burst of two tracer and 2 beyond tracer burn out a long burst of four tracer b Killing 1 up to tracer burn out a small targets or personnel gone to ground a short burst of two tracer and b large targets or personnel in open a long burst of four tracer 2 Beyond tracer burn out killing bursts should be long c Speculative Fire If speculative fire is used on areas likely to conceal enemy positions a short burst of two tracer should be fired at irregular intervals STATIC TARGET TECHNIQUE SITUATION 13 The commander wishes to engage a static target with the coaxial MG TECHNIQUE 14 The commander gives a fire order designating weapon ammunition range target description aligns the gun and
51. moke as the sight graticule pattern does not have markings for this type of ammunition Semi indirect technigues are used These technigues are a sight technigue b non sight technigue and C turret down technique Ze Large scale smoke screens are best provided by artillery However when the commander must fire smoke he must consider the following a the factors that affect semi indirect shooting b the principles of smoke shooting and c fuse setting FACTORS AFFECTING SEMI INDIRECT SHOOTING 3 Establishing Initial Line Initial alignment is established in the same manner as HESH semi indirect shooting In all cases the traverse indicator is used to record the line of the gun and to apply line switches 4 Position of the Target If the target is above or below the AFV an angle of sight exists and must be applied by the commander Angles of sight are dealt with in the same manner as for HESH semi indirect shooting J Establishing Initial Elevation The following applies a The range to the target must be established by the most accurate means possible Once this has been done a round of HESH can be fired to 1 confirm the range and 2 observe the effect of wind turbulence and humidity at the target by watching the effect of the shell burst b Elevation is applied to the gun using the OFC and gun controls 6 Position of the AFV If the AFV is in a turret down fire position or there is the danger of a project
52. n barrel orders the gunner to traverse left or right and reports ON when aligned with the target 32 The gunner selects MAIN and zeroes the traverse indicator once the commander reports ON 33 The commander orders the angle of sight or if there is no angle of sight he orders ZERO SCALES 34 If the commander orders an angle of sight the gunner repeats it and applies it to the OFC The gunner reports SET to indicate the completion of this action 35 Ifthe commander orders ZERO SCALES the gunner zeroes the scales on the OFC and reports SCALES ZEROED 36 Having ordered an angle of sight or ZERO SCALES the commander orders the range 37 The gunner repeats the range and applies it to the smoke scale by rotating the range drum adjuster until the ordered range is directly below the cursor line He then applies elevation to the gun using the gun controls by levelling the bubble in the QFC The gunner reports LEVEL when the bubble is level 38 The commander sets the fuse makes the loader s safety switch and orders LOADED FIRE 39 The gunner ensures that his lay is correct reports FIRING NOW and fires The gunner then rezeroes the traverse indicator and relevels the bubble in the QFC using the gun controls He awaits the next order from the commander 40 The commander observes the effect of the smoke and orders corrections as necessary Corrections are repeated by the gunner before he applies them
53. ner sets the gun selector switch to the OFF position and puts the locking bar up reporting GUN SAFE when he has done so 16 Before subseguent rounds are fired the gunner must recheck his lay ensuring that the bubble is level and that the traverse indicator has been zeroed using the gun controls EXAMPLE FIRE ORDERS HESH FIXED LINE BALLISTIC GRATICULE AND OFC REGISTRATION Commander Gunner IT HESH ZERO ZERO RIGHT ONE TWO FIVE RIGHT ONE TWO FIVE QUADRANT ELEVATION TWO SIX ELEVATION TWO SIX ELEVATION LEVEL LOADED STAND BY MAKE SAFE GUN SAFE LOADED FIRE FIRING NOW TARGET LOADED FIRE FIRING NOW TARGET STOP CHAPTER 9 TROOP SHOOTING GENERAL GENERAL 1 Targets which reguire a large volume of fire either to neutralize or destroy them are usually tasked to the artillery There may be occasions however when artillery support is not available and AFV fire must be used The method of doing this involves troop shooting where the fire of two or more AFVs is directed onto a target under the control of the troop leader Troop shooting uses either the direct or the semi indirect technigue depending on the range to the target FIRE DISCIPLINE 2 A troop shoot may be a deliberate engagement or a guick action engagement In both cases the troop leader is responsible for controlling fire Crew commanders will observe and correct the fire of their own AFVs 3 Control is mainta
54. oke or HESH Registration over 2000 m The commander determines quadrant elevation based on the range to the target plus or minus any angle of sight Initial line must take into account any drift of ammunition which can be found using Range Tables FIXED LINE SHOOTING SITUATION de The commander wishes to engage a target which he has previously registered with HESH or coaxial MG Due to conditions of poor visibility neither the commander nor the gunner have the capability to see the target TECHNIQUE 8 The commander designates the weapon ammunition and orders ZERO 9 The gunner selects MAIN or CO AX and lays onto the GAP with the MBS 76 zeroes the traverse indicator using the adjusting knobs and reports ZERO 10 The commander orders a line switch 11 The gunner repeats the line switch and using the gun controls traverses in the direction the amount ordered Once the line switch has been applied he rezeroes the traverse indicator using the adjusting knobs 12 The commander orders a quadrant elevation and the gunner sets this on the QFC 13 The gunner then applies elevation to the gun using the gun controls bv levelling the bubble in the QFC and reports LEVEL when the gun barrel is level 14 The commander may then order either LOADED FIRE or LOADED STANDBY MAKE SAFE and order FIRE when he is ready 15 If the commander orders STAND BY MAKE SAFE he will make safe the 76 mm gun and the MG while the gun
55. order from the commander 45 The commander observes the fall of shot and orders corrections as necessary using the commander s line and bracketing corrections remembering the minimum correction 46 The gunner repeats the corrections and applies them to the traverse indicator and the QFC He must ensure that the traverse indicator is zeroed by using the adjustment knobs after each correction is applied 47 Each time the target is hit the commander reports TARGET This informs the gunner of the progress of the shoot and gives him added incentive to be consistent with subsequent rounds 48 Once the desired effect has been achieved the commander terminates the shoot by ordering STOP or TARGET STOP SEMI INDIRECT NON SIGHT TECHNIQUE SITUATION 49 The commander wishes to engage a target with HESH He knows the gunner cannot see the target for one of the following reasons a inconspicuous target b poor visibility or c damage to the gunner s sight TECHNIQUE 50 The commander gives a fire order designating weapon ammunition and aligns the gun himself or looking along the barrel orders the gunner to traverse left or right reporting ON when aligned with the target 51 The gunner selects MAIN and using the adjusting knobs zeroes the traverse indicator once the commander reports ON 52 The commander orders the angle of sight or if there is no angle of sight he orders ZERO SCALES 53 If the commande
56. oured Gunnery Part 3 COUGAR Application of Fire is issued on the authority of the Chief of the Defence Staff 2 B GL 305 009 PT 003 is effective on receipt and supersedes all previous editions 3 Suggestions for changes to this publication shall be forwarded through normal channels to Mobile Command Headquarters Attention Senior Staff Officer Armour RECORD OF CHANGES Identification of Change ChanseNo Date Entered Signature CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 GENERAL PRINCIPLES INTRODUCTION AIM SCOPE ASSOCIATED PUBLICATIONS GENERAL PRINCIPLES BASIC TECHNIQUES AND VARIATIONS ENGAGEMENT PROCEDURE TECHNIQUES OF ENGAGEMENT CHAPTER 2 HIGH EXPLOSIVE SQUASH HEAD HESH DIRECT SHOOTING UP TO 2000 M GENERAL INTRODUCTION CORRECTIONS AVAILABLE TO THE GUNNER CORRECTIONS AVAILABLE TO THE COMMANDER MAXIMUM EFFECTIVE RANGES LOADING DUTIES STATIC TARGET TECHNIQUE SITUATION TECHNIQUE SURPRISE TARGET TECHNIQUE SITUATION TECHNIQUE INCONSPICUOUS TARGETS SITUATION TECHNIQUE GUNNER IDENTIFIES THE TARGET TECHNIQUE GUNNER FAILS TO IDENTIFY THE TARGET AFTER DETAILED DESCRIPTION TECHNIQUES OF FIRE RADNIS GENERAL DAY MODE NIGHT MODE EXAMPLE FIRE ORDERS HESH DIRECT 500 m TO 2000 m STATIC TARGETS CHAPTER 3 MACHINE GUN SHOOTING GENERAL INTRODUCTION MAXIMUM EFFECTIVE RANGES CORRECTIONS AVAILABLE TO THE GUNNER CORRECTIONS AVAILABLE TO THE COMMANDER LENGTH OF BURST STATIC TARGET TECHNIQUE SITUATION
57. poor visibility c damaged gunner s sight or d turret down fire position ENGAGEMENT PROCEDURE 8 The basic principles of shooting are described in B GL 305 009 PT 001 Armour Volume 9 Theory of Armoured Gunnery Part 1 General An engagement follows the pattern described below a Spotting and Identifying the Target This is mainly the responsibility of the commander although the other members of the crew must assist him whenever possible High standards of visual and AFV recognition training are needed b Choice of Weapon Ammunition and Technique The type of target the range to it and type of result required will determine the choice of weapon ammunition and technique c Fire Orders All fire orders for direct fire engagements and semi indirect sight techniques contain the following information and are given in the following order a glossary of terms used in crew drills is included in B GL 305 009 PT 001 1 Weapon ammunition designator HESH CO AX SMOKE or CANISTER NOTE For HESH engagements the commander will order LASING HESH if a hand held laser is used to determine the range 2 Range Initial range is given in metres eg ONE TWO HUNDRED 3 Target Description is as follows a b c d Targets are described as briefly as possible using the standard target descriptions used in B GL 305 009 PT 001 eg ANT TANK etc Inconspicuous targets will reguire a more precise t
58. r orders an angle of sight the gunner repeats it and applies it to the QFC The gunner reports SET to indicate the completion of this action 54 If the commander orders ZERO SCALES the gunner zeroes the scales in the QFC and reports SCALES ZEROED 55 Having ordered an angle of sight or ZERO SCALES the commander orders the range 56 The gunner repeats the range and applies it to the HESH HE scale by rotating the range drum adjuster until the ordered range is directly below the cursor line He then applies elevation by levelling the QFC bubble using the gun controls reporting LEVEL when level 57 The commander loads the main armament makes the loader s safety switch and reports LOADED FIRE 58 The gunner ensures his lay is correct reports FIRING NOW and fires He then rezeroes the traverse indicator and relevels the QFC bubble using the gun controls He awaits the commander s next order 59 The commander observes the fall of shot and orders corrections as necessary using the commander s line and bracketing corrections 60 The gunner repeats all corrections and applies them to the traverse indicator and the OFC He must ensure that the traverse indicator is zeroed by using the adjusting knobs after each correction is applied 61 Each time the target is hit the commander reports TARGET This informs the gunner of the progress of the shoot and gives him added incentive to be consistent with subseguent rounds
59. reports ON 15 The gunner repeats the range selects CO AX and identifies the target reporting ON He lays onto the target with the appropriate HESH mark on his sight graticule and awaits the commander s order to fire if the range is less than 500 m the 500 m mark will be used as the initial point of aim 16 The commander loads the coaxial MG and reports LOADED FIRE 17 The gunner reports FIRING NOW and fires a ranging burst He observes the trace or fall of shot and if the target is hit reports TARGET 18 If the commander considers the target killed he orders TARGET STOP However if the commander considers that although hit the target is not killed he will remain silent allowing the gunner to fire again at the same lay 19 If the target is not hit the gunner reports his intended correction and continues to apply corrections until the target is hit or the commander orders STOP 20 If the commander agrees with the corrections reported he remains silent If he disagrees he orders STOP and then gives his own correction followed by either LOADED FIRE or LOADED GO ON 21 The gunner upon hearing the command STOP relays with his last point of aim He repeats the commander s correction applies it and after receiving the order LOADED FIRE or LOADED GO ON the gunner reports FIRING NOW and fires 22 If the target is large the gunner must traverse his fire through the target reporting the
60. rotate the key clockwise until the required range which is marked on the key scale is opposite the line marked SAFE on the fuse 12 To minimize any time delay in setting and charging fuse settings in a smoke shoot the commander will adhere to the following drill a set the initial setting on the first round and load b select the next round and place it between his legs set the fuse to the initial setting and keep the key on the round c make the loader s safety switch and order LOADED FIRE d observe the effect of the smoke and make changes in the fuse setting if necessary or load the next round e select another round place it between his legs and set the fuse to the required setting throw the loader s safety switch and report LOADED FIRE and f carry on with this drill for all rounds CORRECTIONS 13 Line Correction Line error is either estimated or measured by the commander When it is estimated the commander orders TRAVERSE STEADY LEFT RIGHT and when he considers that the gun has moved the required amount he orders ON When it is measured he will use the commander s line corrections These are then applied by the gunner using the traverse indicator and gun controls 14 Elevation Correction The commander estimates the error and may correct it as follows a change the fuse setting and order a correction in metres to the elevation required b retain the same fuse setting and order an elevation correction
61. t over a period of time OUICK ACTION ENGAGEMENT 11 In a guick action engagement there is no time available for all AFVs to register In this case the troop leader or a designated tank will range and report the final elevation to the remaining AFVs Normally gunfire will then be used to ensure the maximum number of rounds are brought to bear in the least amount of time 12 The procedure followed by the remaining AFVs is exactly the same as for a deliberate engagement except that registration does not take place DISTRIBUTION OF FIRE 13 During a deliberate or guick action engagement the troop leader may wish to distribute fire Upon completion of registration in a deliberate shoot the troop leader distributes his fire from the centre of the target since this is where all vehicles are registered During the guick action engagement fire is distributed from the last ranging round as all call signs are registered for line on this point EXAMPLE FIRE ORDERS DELIBERATE ENGAGEMENT 14 Commander Call Signs ALL STATIONS 14 THIS IS 14 TROOP HESH ANGLE OF SIGHT TWO DEPRESSION TWO FOUR HUNDRED PLATOON DUG IN ON CREST OVER 14A ROGER OUT 14B ROGER OUT 14C ROGER OUT ALL STATIONS 14 THIS IS 14 FINAL ELEVATION TWO SIX HUNDRED REGISTER STAND BY OUT 14A READY OUT 14B READY OUT 14C READY OUT ALL STATIONS 14 THIS IS 14 REGISTER NOW OUT 14 THIS IS 14A REGISTERED OVER 14 ROGER OUT 14 THIS IS 1
62. target reports ON and repeats the aim off The gunner lays the correct aim off mark onto the target and begins to track waiting for the order to fire 36 The commander ensures that the coaxial MG is loaded and orders LOADED FIRE 37 The gunner continues to track the target and when his lay is correct reports FIRING NOW and fires a ranging burst 38 The gunner observes the trace re lays continuing to track and if the target is hit reports TARGET If the commander considers that the target is killed he orders TARGET STOP However if the commander considers that although hit the target is not killed he will remain silent allowing the gunner to fire a killing burst at the same lay 39 If the target is not hit the gunner reports his intended correction and continues to apply corrections until the target is hit or the commander orders STOP 40 If the commander agrees with the corrections reported by the gunner he remains silent If the commander disagrees he orders STOP and then gives his own correction followed by either LOADED FIRE or LOADED GO ON 41 The gunner upon hearing the command STOP re lays with his last point of aim and continues to track the target He repeats the commander s correction applies it reports FIRING NOW and fires 42 If the target stops the commander will order STOP AIM ON LOADED GO ON FIRE The gunner upon hearing the order AIM ON will repeat it and adjust his l
63. the main armament makes the loader s safety switch and orders LOADED FIRE 23 The gunner continues to track the target and when his lay is correct reports FIRING NOW and fires 24 The gunner observes the fall of shot re lays continuing to track and if the target is hit reports TARGET If the commander considers the target killed he orders TARGET STOP Should the commander consider that although hit the target is not killed he reloads the gun reports LOADED and allows the gunner to fire again at the same lay until he orders STOP 25 If the target is not hit the gunner reports his intended correction and continues to apply corrections until the target is hit or the commander orders STOP 26 If the commander agrees with the corrections reported by the gunner he remains silent If he disagrees he orders STOP and gives his own correction followed by either LOADED FIRE or LOADED GO ON 27 The gunner upon hearing the command STOP re lays with his last point of aim and continues to track the target He repeats the commander s correction applies it reports FIRING NOW and fires 28 If the target stops moving the commander will order STOP AIM ON LOADED GO ON FIRE The gunner on hearing the order to AIM ON will repeat it and adjust his lay so that all lead is eliminated and his point of aim is on the centre of the visible mass 29 If the target changes direction the commander will order STOP
64. therefore usually corrects fire It is important that he notes the sight picture at the time of firing so that he may evaluate any errors and apply the necessary corrections 16 Corrections available to the commander and the gunner are the same as those for normal MG static firing without commander s line correction Generally speaking the gunner should remember a if you miss right aim further left and b if you miss left aim further right 17 Should the gunner report NOT OBSERVED the commander should order a bold elevation correction usually a drop correction followed by GO ON LOADING DUTIES 18 The rules for loading the MG when firing on the move are the same as those for normal loading During training however all stoppage drills must be carried out with the vehicle halted to avoid the risk of injury HESH SHOOTING AT MOVING TARGETS SITUATION 19 The commander wishes to engage a moving target with HESH TECHNIQUE 20 The commander gives a fire order designating weapon ammunition range target description and having aligned the gun reports ON At this time he indicates the direction of aim off by ordering AIM LEFT RIGHT or AIM ON as appropriate 21 The gunner repeats the range selects MAIN identifies the target reports ON and repeats the aim off The gunner lays the correct aim off mark on the target and begins to track waiting for the order to fire from the commander 22 The commander loads
65. urement and or registration Such measurements are recorded for subsequent use so that from a given fire position fire can be quickly and accurately brought to bear onto a point even though for reasons of darkness or poor visibility the target may not be visible at the time of engagement REGISTRATION Ze The basis of the shooting on fixed lines technique is the establishment of a zero line from which switches are measured on the traverse indicator to any likely target locations The elevation is set by using the ballistic graticule and QFC for ranges up to 2000 m using HESH and the coaxial MG The normal non sight and turret down techniques may also be used for both HESH and smoke ammunition 3 The information on line switches final elevations quadrant elevations and other relevant information is recorded on a range card If one target area requires more than one type of weapon ammunition to be fired the individual line switch and elevation for each likely nature of weapon ammunition must be recorded 4 Direct HESH Registration Using the ballistic graticule and the QFC direct HESH registration is carried out in the following manner a The commander selects a distant object to use as the reference point for the zero line type of object grid and bearing are recorded on the range card b A gun aiming point GAP is placed in line with the distant object ensuring that the gunner will be able to lay onto it during all conditions of
66. y EXAMPLE FIRE ORDERS EMERGENCY SMOKE TECHNIQUE Commander Gunner 59 SMOKE ON ON LOADED FIRE FIRING NOW STOP CHAPTER 6 CANISTER SHOOTING GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 Canister ammunition is designed to break up an attack by massed infantry at close range or to clear thick scrub Normally a few canister rounds only will be carried on board the vehicle MAXIMUM EFFECTIVE RANGE Za Canister ammunition is limited to a maximum effective range of 150 m CANISTER SHOOTING SITUATION 3 The commander wishes to engage a target with canister at a range of less than 150 m TECHNIQUE 4 The commander starts the fire order with CANISTER gives a target description or point of aim aligns the gun and reports ON N The gunner selects MAIN identifies the target reports ON and lays the HESH 1400 m mark onto the target 6 The commander loads the main armament makes the loader s safety switch and orders LOADED FIRE JA The gunner reports FIRING NOW and fires EXAMPLE FIRE ORDERS CANISTER SHOOTING Commander Gunner 8 CANISTER LEFT EDGE OF SCRUB ON ON LOADED FIRE FIRING NOW TARGET STOP CHAPTER 7 SHOOTING AT MOVING TARGETS AND SHOOTING ON THE MOVE GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 At times it may be necessary to engage targets which are moving or while on the move In both cases there is the possibility that there may be lateral movement between the AFV and the target The lateral

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