GMAP2015 for Windows 7-8
Contents
1. dotnetCharting WinForms xml 23 02 2012 11 55 XML Document 05 07 2014 09 42 Text Document 9 dumm out 26 04 2015 18 00 OUT File ad gcd xls 28 07 2014 06 33 Microsoft Excel 97 gm end 22 09 2014 13 02 END File 2 gmap out 26 04 2015 18 00 OUT File GMAP2001 vshost exe manifest 21 07 2007 02 33 MANIFEST File _ GMAP2010 Net vshost exe manifest 10 06 2009 23 14 MANIFEST File GMAP2015 exe 05 05 2015 11 51 Application 2 If Gmap or IAPD as not ever been and run setup exe Name Type Bennet CAB Cabinet File CE setup exe Application SETUP LST MASM Listing 3 Click on GMAP2015 exe to start the program or create a shortcut and put on desktop 219 KB 36 KB 104 KB 72 KB 72 KB 44 KB 32 KB 64 KB 60 KB 1 KB 2 KB 221 KB 3844 KB 1 194 KB 3 kB 8 KB 1 KB 1 KB 2 1 KB 1KB 17 396 KB installed on your computer go to the Bennet Seup if needed 2 Page 1 INTRODUCTION GMAP is a state of the art computer program which performs all processing and plotting tasks usually associated with the storage and presentation of palaeomagnetic pole positions and generation of palaeogeographic reconstructions GMAP is menu driven and easy to use the user is never far removed from the basic data from which palaeogeographic reconstructions are derived and therefore has a sense of total control over the program s performance GMAP can generate reconstructions based on indivi2. CONTINENT Dec Totu Placa Bokkeweid _ Pran Afncn ae ee oer Cretaceous South ncm Swemrugge South Alva Alten Bumbeni Matai South Lebombo B MorheastS Ainoa Sternberg L South Alia Alfea Karoo igneo South LT 3x03 5457 350 3101 293 112 3376 3387 156 625 i593 625 625 583 701 701 71 583 652 m Ep 58 5 875 451 559 m 269 514 7 537 jaz Son HMA 125 490 590 565 E 5 57 591 175 877 591 62 613 619 59 613 619 28 7 646 650 287 1603 1703 28 7 603 703 7 21 875 69 870 930 195 11845 1905 pra gt TSLAT SLONG PLAT 335 19 as 582 26 283 185 7 285 24 1424 55 262 278 i2 303 29 s ET dr EE 286 1716 25 529 584 7 583 15 584 7 594 At 7 616 A 3 616 653 As 7 enis a et At 27 1931 3 1575 t 3 1 eh EET 208 55 12372 nsa 2281 5 52 97 2858 81 188 1 2215 65 2735 2783 Om Moan MATANE 23 25 153 jaa 52 i905 52 a la 28 rs us Im jas am CE 33 184 DemegCodeyrsiz D a SEES 616 1 88888 1875 Bt iia 1
3. Calculate mean of the listed VGP s A95 Determine the palaeomagnetic pole position for all data in the Table Declination inclination and sampling position present in data set 18 Page Pole Reference Calculate Dec Inc Paleolatitude Reference Single VGP Calculation Non dipole field correction Inclination Error Correction fix f value al rows Inclination Error Correction f value from dp column Calculate Reconstruct Plot APW Paths Tools Advan Pole Statistics Calculate Poles Pole Reference Calculate Dec Inc Paleolatitude Reference Single VGP calculation Non dipole field corrections Inclination Error correction fix f value all rows Inclination Error correction f value from dp column Continent c gmap data contine VGP Latitude South Pole 74 North Pole VGP Longitude 3 Plot Dec Inc Stereoplot Wulf Palaeolatitude Histograms Means Apparent Polar Wander Plot APW Paths Tools Dec Inc Stereoplot Wulf Palaeolatitude Histograms Means Apparent Polar Wander Calculate amount of rotation and flattening Enter Reference Pole and A95 Calculate declination and inclination Based on VGP latitude amp longitude and sampling position Enter latitude amp longitude optional for which palaeolatitudes are to be determined Note that latitude amp longitude will replace original sampling co ordinates in the VGP Table This enables the operator
4. GLAT LATITUDE OF SAMPLING SITE 3 Page GLON LONGITUDE OF SAMPLING SITE PLAT VGP LATITUDE PLON VGP LONGITUDE 4 Page 2 DESCRIPTION OF GMAP Select GMAP from the Program Manager Window option and double click the GMAP for Windows icon After start up the main menu is displayed Fig 1 An option in the top menu or the left hand and right hand panels Fig 2 may be selected through the use of the mouse and executed by clicking the mouse FIGURE 1 Main menu GMAP a 2014 Center tor Earth Evolution and Dynamics CRED Orgase Projection Continent VGP Asemation Eule Poles GPlabes Animation Library 5 Myr interval Aged Per Animations Central Meridian Longitude 3 Latinas Grid bo Redraw Blank Euba Dara Latitude Lengeude amp Apis veros Act aE Control 2 1 MAIN MENU OPTION SUBOPTIONS Organize Organize Projection Continent VGP Animation Euler Poles GPlates Utilities Copy to Clipboard Save as WMF file Plot Setting Exit OPTION EFFECT Copy to Clipboard Copy graphics to Clipboard and you can later Paste the graphics into a drawing package in vector format Save as WMF file Save graphics as a vector WFM file and you can later open file in a drawing package Plot Setting ADJUST VGP SCREEN SETTINGS END GMAP 5 Page In GMAP you can select between 6 differen
5. Animation Euler Poles GPlates Utilities Screen Open Central Meridian Merge Longitude o Library Latitude o Save As Grid BO Draw Redraw Rotate 100 VGP Reconstruct M Blank Table and Analysis VGP files are located in c gmap data VGPs and the interactive VGP Library option seen below in located in c gmap data VGPs Library Paths ESR2012 This library contain the files built in Torsvik et al 2012 and you can select between files with raw pole data Raw or running mean APW paths RM 20 Myr window The table to the right contains the same files as in the left hand table but clastic sediments are corrected for potential inclination shallowing using a flattening factor f of 0 6 All corrected files are identified by F6 a frmVGPLibrary M x Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect 1 Earth Science Reviews 7 ELSEVIER journal homepage www elsevier com locate earscirev Phanerozoic polar wander palaeogeography and dynamics Trond H Torsvik lt 4 Rob Van der Voo Ulla Preeden Conall Mac Niocaill Bernhard Steinberger 5 Pavel V Doubrovine Douwe J J van Hinsbergen Mathew Domeier Carmen Gaina Eric Tohver Joseph Meert J Phil J A McCausland L Robin M Cocks Running Mean 20 Myr window APW Paths Running Mean with clastics corrected for flattening f 0 6 Baltica StableEurope Raw vgp Baltica StableEurope F6 RM vgp Baltica Sta
6. This option performs a reconstruction based on a VGP inputted from the keyboard Enter VGP latitude and longitude and state whether it is a SOUTH s or NORTH n pole Example of how to produce a display for a map of the Permian palaeo position for Baltica 1 Load BALTICA file data continents 302 Baltica 1100 C97 using OPEN CONTINENT 2 Select option VGP RECONSTRUCT and enter 45 VGP latitude and 340 VGP Longitude 3 Select South pole and click on OK VGP Reconstruction ea Continent 302 Baltica 1100 VGP Latitude qiseseseesessosepesesneset Aeeeeesessasassossosonsosl C North Pole YGP Longitude 340 Ok Canoe 4 BALTICA will be displayed DRAW in its PERMIAN position see below 14 Page 4 6 DRAW CONTINENT or VGP amp ANIMATION In this option a CONTINENT VGP or ANIMATION file is displayed on the screen using the pre defined projection The plot is centered on a zoom center which by default is 0 0 LAT LONG Blanking is ON by default 5 0 Euler Rotations Animation Euler Poles GPlates Utilities Set Euler Pole Rotate a point Calculate Euler Poles Add Euler Poles 5 1 SET EULER POLE This option enables the input of an Euler rotation pole from the keyboard which can subsequently be used by options ROTATE CONTINENT or VGP or EULER ROTATION 5 2 ROTATE A POINT This utility routine performs Euler rotations on VGP s en
7. where palaeo latitudes according to the reference locality are plotted with error bars based on alfa95 FIG 16 Example of option VELOCITY VGP file B20092 using an APW spline path FIG 17 Example of option VELOCITY VGP file BAL92 using original data 3 20 2 SETTINGS This option permits the adjustment of parameters which control the Velocity option performance The following parameters can be changed updated PARAMETER FUNCTION 30 Page Reference latitude in degrees Palaeolatitudes drift rates and angular velocities Reference longitude in degrees are always calculated with respect to the selected reference locality Start Time in Ma End Time in Ma when End Time window in Ma Invert Latitudes Yes or No VGP J Yes Baltica Plot Declination or Latitude error original to INC 35 APW path spline or Original data Expanded Latitude plot Yes No Amplitude Latitude Plot in Deg Amplitude drift velocity in cm yr Amplitude rotation plot in o Ma Whenever a VGP file is loaded the program tests for minimum start and maximum end age range and the horizontal time axis see Fig 16 is set up accordingly The operator can however change the START and END times after having loaded a VGP file Useful combining several VGP files with different Start and times i e plot at same scale Drift rates and rotational velocities are averaged within the setting of this pa
8. 3 0 LEFT HAND PANEL Screen Central Meridian Longitude 0 Set projection center longitude Latitude 0 latitude and grid spacing Select scale magnification centred Grid 30 around zoom centre Click with mouse e Redraw after changes above at the appropriate scale value Nw Redraw r changes UM Blank Change between BLANK ON default and A BLANK OFF To preserve a picture during Euler Data successive loading of e g continents Latitude 80 OPEN CONTINENT this option must be NT Euler data will be listed here e g though Longitude 30 KEYBOARD INPUT or VGP RECONSTRUCT Angle 55 PANEL OPTION EFFECT Central SET LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE FOR PROJECTION CENTER AND GRID SPACING Meridian CLOCK AFTER CHANGING CENRAL MERIDIAN OR GRD SPACING Blank CHANGE BETWEEN BLANK ON AND BLANK OFF BLANK ON IS DEFAULT AND TO PRESERVE A PICTURE DURING SUCCESSIVE LOADING OF CONTINENTS OPEN CONTINENT THIS OPTION MUST BE SET TO OFF CLICK WITH MOUSE FOR THE APPROPRIATE STATE Scale SELECT SCALE MAGNIFICATION CENTRED AROUND ZOOM CENTRE CLICK WITH MOUSE AT THE APPROPRIATE SCALE VALUE 50 2000 11 Page 4 0 Continent VGP Animation 4 1 OPEN CONTINENT VGP or ANIMATION files A list of CONTINENT file extension C97 VGP file extension VGP or ANIMATION file extension A97 are displayed Select the appropriate directory drive and file name followed by lt OK gt A range of CONTINENT VGP
9. ANIMATION files be found in c gmap data continents c gmap data VGPs and c gmap data ANIMATIONS The CONTINENTS are also found in the ANIMATION directory but all files in this directory are Read Only to avoid overwriting original system files CONTINENTS starting with a 3 digit number mainly follows GPlates Plates conventions 4 2 MERGE CONTINENT VGP or ANIMATION This option is identical to that described above but the selected file will be merged with an existing CONTINENT VGP ANIMATION file in memory These combined data can later be saved to a disk file using option SAVE AS CONTINENT VGP or ANIMATION Note however that the maximum permitted number of co ordinates in a single continent outline is 30000 and 2000 data points in a VGP file 4 3 SAVE AS CONTINENT VGP or ANIMATION The purpose of this routine is to save modified CONTINENT VGP or ANIMATION data to disk files Merged CONTINENT files EDITED CONTINENTS or rotated CONTINENT data can be saved under a new file name The latter is useful for constructing ancient terranes or storing palaeogeographic maps In option DRAW CONTINENT one can also add points lines to the existing CONTINENT file which can later be saved under this option 4 4 ROTATE CONTINENT or VGP Define euler data before selecting this option either manually using the KEYBOARD INPUT option in the Euler menu or from a file using the OPEN option When rotating VGP s one can also rot
10. Continent 302 Baltica 1100 GLON PLO L E Dm TM E 83 x 51 101 00 seine VGP Latitude 5 17 45 05 4 2 81 77 27 o0 101 00 T o0 78 61 7 60 44 30 347 78 61 331 57 4 00 101 00 20 00 VGP Longitude 21 06 50 55 7 50 80 30 332 60 2 00 101 00 30 00 3 40 50 30 7 00 80 78 2 00 1 00 101 00 40 00 4 66 55 33 355 22 78 00 346 20 8 00 101 00 50 00 Cancel 3 04 56 12 354 64 3117 346 13 13 00 101 00 60 00 3 11 55 40 355 84 75 66 345 52 7 00 101 00 70 00 3 2 78 2774 2 333 17 4 00 101 00 80 00 10 4RM 80 100 N 4 Dp 56 6 2 X 29 z T 101 00 90 00 11 4RM 90 110Ma N 2 Dp 14275059 850 7881 8204 0000 TOTO 10000 man 4n This is the most heavily used routine in performing reconstruction s based on palaeomagnetic data This function is also available in the main menu under the name VGP RECONSTRUCT In GMAP the euler pole and rotation angle which is required to rotate the selected VGP to the present geographic NORTH n or SOUTH s POLE is determined and becomes the current setting for the euler rotation listed under the main menu The user must note that any pole position can result in two possible palaeo positions for a continent one opposite to the other depending on the poles polarity Therefore attention should be paid at all times to the polarity of the VGP s in the table so that proper account can be taken of it Note that the function below AP
11. Fit Small Circle Segments APW Path Fit Great Circle Segments to APW Path Voo Q factor grading of Poles Tools Calculate Euler poles for VGPs Calculate Euler poles for entire Table Select North or South pole Check poles Cross checking type pole and calculated from dec inc and location Interpolate VGPs Interpolating by typing interval Non dipole Field vs Latitude Draw a graph based on G1 and G2 Inclination Error vs Latitude Draw a graph based on f flattening factor Velocity Engage calculation of velocties from VGPs very old routine Calculate Euler poles for VGPs Check Poles Interpolate VGP s Non dipole Field vs Latitude graph Inclination Error vs Latitude graph Velocity Note All alterations to data in the Table will only affect the dataset in memory and not on the disk To save alterations made in TABLE VGP to disk use option SAVE AS VGP in the main menu 20 Page 6 2 IMPORT 6 2 1 Precambrian paleomagnetic database Organize Exit um REFNO 3088 2526 223 1225 3042 cm 3180 1225 3188 3430 3891 2643 3x Copy to WGP Format T Rock una n AlnAG carbo S lj Fen complex li carbo SE i carbo SE Egersundd NO L gersund d NO gt Nyborg torm NO Mete NO Nyborg fom NO ji Hunnedalon NO Egensund u 4 Dmdalen ba Bterecplets aad vector plots and mom
12. Plateld 100 North America 200 South America and Caribbean 300 Europe and Near East 400 Northern and Central Asia 500 India and the Middle East 600 Southeast Asia 700 Africa 800 Australasia and Antarctica 9 Page Euler Organize Projection Continent VGP Animation Euler Poles GPlates Utilities Screen Set Euler Pole Central Meridian Rotate a point Le 9 Calculate Euler Poles Latitude fo Add Euler Poles Grid Bo Redraw JIA gt M Blank OPTION EFFECT Set Euler Pole DEFINE A EULER POLE AND ROTATION ANGLE Rotate a point PERFORM AN EULER ROTATION Calculate Euler Poles CALCULATE AN EULER POLE Add Euler Poles CALCULATE AN EULER POLE BASED ON TWO SEPARATE EULER POLES GPlates Utilities Organize Projection Continent VGP Animation Euler Poles GPlates Utilities Screen Read GPlates Rotation File Central Meridian Calculate Plate Velocities Longitude 0 Find or Calculate Euler Rotations Latitude 0 Calculate GPlates Rotation File from VGPs Grid 30 i Redraw OPTION EFFECT Read GPlates Rotation File Read a standard GPlates formatted rotation file original format Calculate Plate Velocities Calculate plate velocities from GPlates Rotation File Find or Calculate Euler Rotations Find raw data in GPlates file or calculate abslute rotation parameters Calculate GPlates Rotation File from VGPs From VGP file create the Euler data needed in GPlates 10 Page
13. new file Export To EXCEL To GMT all reconstructed To GPlates rotation format Copy Euler Poles to VGP Copy Euler poles to memory and display with DRAW VGP Exit File Edit Add Euler poles Rotat p gp New Export Copy Euler Poles to VGPs Exit Edit Edit a row Edit a single line Select line by clicking on numerical row code at the first column Add a row Add a row to the Table Delete a row Delete one or several lines Select line s by clicking on numerical row code at the first column or drag the mouse to include several lines Sort Ages 27 Page Subsitute All Continents with same continent Edit Add Euler poles Rotate Edit a row Add a row Delete a row Change Euler Pole Polarity Sort Ages Substitute All Continents with same Continent Add Euler Poles Add Euler Rotation of Selected Row to All Example All supplied animations are Rows negative angle palaeomagnetic reconstructions in a South Africa frame plate 701 If you want to display the data relative a fix North america then click the row 101North And engage this option If you have a new pole from North America at this time engage VGP rotate to make animation file absolute based on your new pole Add Euler Rotation to all Rows Add the same Euler to all rows Add Euler Rotation to Selected Rows Move Continents East or Westward As above but rotating about 90 or 90 so only change longitude if animation
14. nimations103 Florida C 60 45 69 53 72 48 250 13 c gmap D ata amp nimations111 Mendelt 57 64 73 4 78 75 250 14 c qmap D ata nimations 113 57 64 73 4 78 75 250 15 camap D ata amp nimations 114 Lomono 54 26 74 03 64 39 250 16 c amap D ata nimations 120 Sverdru 60 45 69 53 72 48 250 17 c gmap D ata amp nimations 121 52 13 78 89 65 1 250 18 c 4gmap Datat nimations4122 South c 51 9 80 45 63 8 250 19 c amap D ata nimations 123 Central 53 81 69 84 73 12 250 20 c 4gmap Datat nimations4124 North El 60 45 69 53 72 48 250 21 c 4gmap Datatdnimations4130 Artic Ca 52 13 78 89 65 1 250 22 c 4gmap Datat nimations 140 Lomono 54 2 73 99 64 3 250 23 c gmap D ata amp nimations 141 Lomono 53 85 73 69 63 76 250 24 c gmap D ataAnimations 142 Lomono 31 07 85 5 42 55 250 25 c gmap Data Animations 153 Roberts 60 27 69 55 71 76 250 26 c 4gmap Datat nimations4154 Laurenti 60 27 69 55 71 76 250 27 c4gmap Datat nimations4155 Farewel 63 47 84 57 69 64 250 28 c 4gmap Datat nimations4160 Ruby Te 33 13 84 23 58 23 250 29 c 4gmap Datat nimations4161 Eastem 60 27 69 55 71 75 250 30 c amap D ata nimations 201 Northert 68 74 91 97 44 2 250 All e amansData s amp nimatinnss2f17 Parana AR 24 43 13 2RN Double click a line to insert a continent with file manager This option is used to edit use option OPEN ANIMATION or create animation files The main menu consists of the following options File New Create a
15. package Select option TABLE VGP in the VGP menu Select reference pole e g pole 41 corresponding to an age of 400 Ma by clicking the appropriate line at the line number column Select sub option RECONSTRUCT Ey Reconstruction C Co esl Continent 101_North American YGP Latitude 0 34 North Pole YGP Longitude 320 33 Ok Cancel Select south pole and click the lt OK gt option Continent data already corrected for the opening of the North Atlantic is rotated by an amount which brings the selected reference VGP to the Southpole Note that the Euler Rotation Pole required to do this will become the current Euler Pole setting which is displayed below the main menu and can be used by option ROTATE CONTINENT to position other continents a Devonian reconstructed position North American craton will be displayed on the screen in a Devonian 400 Ma configuration in European co ordinates 13 Page A North America Today B Rotated to Europe C Reconstructed with 400 Ma from Baltica Europe bt and plotted with A95 FIGURE 3 Example of compound rotation A North American craton displayed in present position B Rotated into a Bullard et al fit lat 87 long 27 angle 37 with Europe taking account of the opening of the North Atlantic C The corrected NAM positioned according to pole 41 in VGP file data VGPs Baltica_ Europe 2012 4 5 VGP RECONSTRUCT
16. to calculate local declination and inclinations at the selected reference locality Calculate a pole based on declination inclination and sampling location Type G1 and G2 octupole contribution and a new inclination and pole will be calculated for the entire table Type f flattening factor and inclination and pole will be recalculated Inclination and pole recalculated from f value in dp column Perform a reconstruction based on a VGP in the table Note Load a continent prior to this operation Select reconstruction pole by clicking on numerical row code at the first column Select North or South pole Resulting reconstruction will be displayed in mode DRAW CONTINENT Display declination and inclinations in a Wulf plot Calculate and display latitudes based on inclination Display data in histograms use any column in Table Calculate APW from running mean or spline path and display in X Y plot 19 Page APW Paths Build Running Mean Path Fit a smooth APW path to the data in the Table using running means Build a Spline Path Fit a smooth APW path to the data in the Table using splines Voo Grading Q Timescale not updated APW Paths Tools Advanced CEED _Crust2Core THT _ Build Running Mean Path Build Spline Path Date a Paleomagnetic Pole with the APW Path Rotate APW Path poles to a new reference frame Calculate Point Velocity and Rotation from APW Path Compare and fit APW Paths Interpolate APW Path
17. 45 148 171 T 8 N R 6 40 N 0 le R 100 5 27 N lo 15 73 N 0 4 35 9 9 9 6 55 N 0 4 0 1 5 lo 6 69 N D 5 E 0 1 N lo 4 Bachtods 100 la E 28 la Hargrarvi 147 ja A je 2 Y mv ET ja Hanian tas 2 1190 Hargraves 21 Page 6 2 POLE REFERENCE Pole Reference xy S This option is useful when dealing with displaced and rotated terranes A Pole Latitude for South reference pole in the term of latitude longitude and 95 is required Pole Longitude Based on this reference pole the declination differences between the reference A95 and tabulated data are calculated This provides estimates of the potential EE rotation angle about a vertical axis of each pole in the table relative to the reference pole Differences in inclination are also calculated which provide estimates of palaeolatitudinal differences or remanence flattening When using the PRINT TABLE option above after performing this calculation a detailed listing of estimated rotation and flattening angles together with the associated errors will be printed On the screen the data will be displayed from column 12 and onwards 6 3 RECONSTRUCT Organize Reconstruct APW Path Calculate Edit Plot Tools 90 110Ma N VGP Reconstruction CLPOL
18. GMAP2015 for Windows 7 8 USER MANUAL AND EXERCISES Trond Helge Torsvik Center for Earth Evolutions and Dynamics CEED University of Oslo Norway 1 Page Download gmap zip from http www earthdynamics or Index of software Name Last modified Size Description 2 Parent Directory P GMAP zip 18 Oct 2014 13 45 51M GMAP2012 20 Sep 2012 15 30 Software Installation software Index of software 1 Unzip gmap zip to C drive and GMAP must be in c gmap with two sub directories as seen below Name Date modified Type JM Bennet Setup if needed 22 09 2014 13 04 File folder Data 22 09 2014 12 57 File folder 187 apw exe 11 05 1997 20 23 Application AxInterop ComCtl2 dll 29 04 2010 19 10 Application extens AxInterop ComctlLib dll 29 04 2010 19 10 Application extens AxInterop GraphsLib dll 29 04 2010 19 10 Application extens AxInterop MetaDrawLib dll 29 04 2010 19 10 Application extens 5 AxInterop MSDataGridLib dll 29 04 2010 19 10 Application extens AxInterop MSGrid dll 29 04 2010 19 10 Application extens Adnterop MSHierarchicalFlexGridLib dll 29 04 2010 19 10 Application extens AxInterop Threed dll 29 04 2010 19 10 Application extens 7 Date_PoleToDate dat 22 09 2014 13 00 DAT File 2 Date RefPath dat 22 09 2014 13 00 DAT File DatePole exe 02 08 2014 14 11 Application dotnetCharting WinForms dll 04 11 2014 10 14 Application extens
19. W PATH requires that all the VGP s in the table have the same polarity In order to use this option first load a VGP file and the contenent you wish to reconstruct Click in the table on the line pole you wish to use for reconsruction 6 4 APW PATH To aid the definition of APW trends within tectonic units and to compare such trends between tectonic units GMAPW includes a method of fitting smooth path to a series of VGP s of various ages 22 Page which has a location and time progression Path fitting constitutes interpolation reducing data sets to asimpler and to some extent interpreted form A number of numerical methods for fitting smooth paths to palaeomagnetic poles have been offered in the literature Gould 1969 Parker and Denham 1979 Thompson and Clark 1981 1982 Clark and Thompson 1984 Jupp and Kent 1987 In GMAP we have used the method of Jupp and Kent 1987 because it is statistically rigorous is independent of the co ordinate system and is most sympathetic to the concept of APW The method aims to fit spherical smoothed splines to a given data set consisting of pole positions and error parameter It is possible to generate a number of paths with different levels of smoothing This is done by adjusting a smoothing parameter used by the computer program In GMAP the data can be individually weighted according to their alfa95 so that the route taken by the smooth path through the data set will depend on bot
20. ate the sampling site latitude and longitude to permit the generation of proper error ovals on data in their rotated positions Note that the CONTINENT outline VGP s in memory are changed during rotation To later perform a rotation on the original data set the original continent file must first be re loaded Compound rotations can be performed using KEYBOARD INPUT and ROTATE CONTINENT VGP repeatedly Example of compound rotation Problem You wish to rotate the North American craton to its Devonian palaeoposition according to palaeomagnetic data from BALTICA 12 Page 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Result Select option OPEN CONTINENT Open North America craton file data continents 101_North American craton_1100 C97 If you now use option DRAW CONTINENT a map like Fig 3A will appear on the screen Use option KEYBOARD INPUT in the Euler Rotations menu to register the rotation pole and angle which corrects for the Mesozoic Cenozoic opening of the North Atlantic e g use a classic Bullard et al 1965 fit c 87 latitude 27 longitude and 37 Euler angle Select option ROTATE CONTINENT The continent outline will then be adjusted for the opening of the North Atlantic If you then use option DRAW CONTINENT a map like Fig 3B appears on the screen Select option OPEN VGP Open the fitted APW path for BALTICA Europe e g file data VGPs Baltica_ Europe 2012 vgp supplied with the GMAP
21. bleEurope RM vgp Baltica StableEurope Raw F6 vgp Global SAfrica Raw vgp Global SAfrica F6 RM vgp Global SAfrica RM vgp Global SAfrica Raw F6 vgp Gondwana Raw vgp Gondwana F6 RM vgp Gondwana RM vgp Gondwana Raw F6 vgp Laurentia_Raw vgp Laurentia_F6_RM vgp Laurentia_RM vgp Laurentia_Raw_F6 vgp Animation Organize Projection Continent VGP Animation Euler Poles GPlates Utilities Screen Open Central Meridian Merge Longitude 0 Draw Latitude 0 Save As Grid 30 Table and Analysis Redraw Blank OPTION EFFECT LOAD AN ANIMATION FILE MERGE ANIMATION FILES SCREEN DISPLAY OF ANIMATION FILE SAVE AN ANIMATION FILE TO DISK Table and Analysis SHOW EDIT ANIMATION FILE IN TABLE FORM also includes an animation library that is controlled with the Animation Library controller that is located at the right hand side of the startup form see below Pre made reconstructions animations are those of Torsvik et al 2012 and they are in a palaeomagnetic frame without any true polar wander TPW corrections Animations have been prepared in 5 Myr intervals back to 540 Ma Type a reconstruction age and click Apply or use arrows to go back and forth in time To avoid doing the entire world you can activate Filter Animations and select the areas you want to be reconstructed Animation Library 5 Myr interval Age Ma 0 EB E Filter Animations Only Display
22. d amp Table VGP for c gmap detelvape Library Paths ESROOLZ Bella Stabieturope RM 222 ar EE Organize Edit Calculate Reconstruct Plot APW Paths Tools Advanced CEED Crust2Core THT Faces THT Timescales Click leftmost column to select a Multiselect by Crtl or SHIFT Select entire Table to copy to ClipBoard by clicking uppermost left No Q Comment Dec Inc 95 GLon PLat PLon Dp Dm Age KI ico West Eifel Volcanics Germany extrusives intrusives 0 1 147 67 8 3 6 50 2 67 80 6 267 5 1 6 0 5 2 4C3 Eifel Volcanics Germany extrusives 0 1 52 66 6 44 50 4 73 864 2961 1 73 05 3 3 56 Volcanics NW Germany 1 5 61 3 12 9 48 9 84 3 357 7 1 0 8 4 SNEW Prado section Teruel Spain Abels et al 2009 359 4 48 1 1 8 40 2 1 6 78 9 328 3 1 304 9 5 5 SNEW Cascante Spain Abdul Aziz et al 2004 107 502 35 40 1 11 77 4 314 2 1 304 10 6 5NEW Velay Oriental Volcanics Massid Central France extru 14 57 6 69 45 42 84 1 351 2 1 8 6 11 5 7 SNEW Orera Spain Abdul Aziz et al 2000 3 1 41 4 1 5 412 1 4 12 4 352 1 0 12 8 4 3282 Volcanics Germany 14 1 62 44 508 8 77 8 310 8 1 0 24 3 1506 Hocheifel Tertiary Volcanics Germany extrusives an 1 1 602 34 50 3 7 808 2 1 0 34 10 5M NEW Lower Paleogene mudstone Sheppy SE England 11 432 68 513 1 63 7 358 6 06 84 52 11 5 Lundy island dikes Wales 45 54 Mussett et al 1976 36 627 1 5 51 2 355 3 83 335 1 2 3 59 12 5 Vatemish Dyke Swarm Wilson e
23. d with increasing magnetic ages VGP poles either original data or APW spline data this option provides an analysis and display of palaeo latitudes for a given reference locality see 3 20 2 through geological time top diagram in Fig 16 Analysis of APW paths If the VGP file contains an APW or spline path cf 3 11 3 parameter APW path or spline see SETTINGS cf 3 20 2 and parameter Plot declination should be set to on This will produce a display as illustrated in Fig 16 VGP file B20092 used for Baltica by Torsvik et al 1992 where declinations according to a reference locality 600N and 100E in our example are plotted along the latitudinal drift curve i e a natural cubic spline curve Based on the setting of the Time Window parameter cf 3 20 2 this option calculates latitudinal drift rates in cm y and rotational velocities in o Ma Drift rates are automatically seperated into Northward UPPER part of diagram or Southward LOWER part of diagram movements middle diagram in Fig 16 whereas rotational velocities are separated as clockwise UPPER part of diagram or counter clockwise LOWER part of diagram rotations Analysis of original data If the VGP file contains original data the parameters Original data and Plot latitude error cf SETTINGS 3 20 2 should be set to on This produces a display as illustrated in Fig 17 VGP file Bal92 used for Baltica by Torsvik et al 1992
24. dual palaeomagnetic poles averaged palaeomagnetic poles and digitally derived smooth APW curves Palaeogeographic reconstructions can be saved to disk files and later viewed in chronological order as animations GMAP is supplied with a full range of continental outlines It is also possible to import new continents via simple ASCII files or ARC GIS shape files The GMAP software system package was originally developed by Trond Torsvik at the University of Bergen in 1982 and later with contributions from Lauri Pesonen Mark Smethurst Torsvik amp Smethurst 1989 and Pavel Doubrovine Some GMAP routines are currently being ported to GPlates www gplates org and this GMAP version is similar to earlier versions but can run under Windows 7 and 8 1 1 MAIN PROGRAMS AND FILE TYPES Main program GMAP2014 Win7 exe Palaeogeographic reconstruction program Main Data file types C97 Continent outlines VGP Files containing virtual geomagnetic poles VGP A97 Animation files 1 2 ABBREVIATIONS VGP VIRTUAL GEOMAGNETIC POLE APW APPARENT POLAR WANDER APWP APW PATH CONTINENT A FILE CONTAINING LATITUDES AND LONGITUDES THESE CAN W G BE COASTLINES OR TERRAIN BOUNDARIES 095 95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE CIRCLE ON MEAN REMANENCE 95 95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE CIRCLE ON MEAN POLES k FISHER 1953 PRECISION PARAMETER dp dm SEMI AXES OF THE OVAL OF 95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE ABOUT THE VGP DEC MEAN REMANENCE DECLINATION INC MEAN REMANENCE INCLINATION
25. ent 1 20 to 40 Lat 83 0 Long 343 9 495 3 6 N 10 1 30 to 50 Lat 82 9 Long 343 5 A95 3 3 11 40 to 60 Lat 81 3 Longe 242 2 A95 4 4 11 AGES MUST BE SORTED 70 Lat 78 0 Long 351 6 A35 4 5 9 3 60 to 80 Lat 76 5 Long 10 4 A95 4 8 N 9 70 to 90 Lat 75 1 Long 19 4 A95 7 4 N 5 80 to 100 Lat 74 1 Long 18 3 98 5 5 N 4 90 to 110 Lat 75 7 Long 0 6 A95 12 7 N 3 100 to 120 Lat 75 5 Long 9 9 A95 4 6 N Plate 101 xi FIGURE 10 MOVING AVERAGE option on file data VGPs NorthAmerica2008_ROG vgp and plotted with 95 ovals 25 Page 26 Page 7 TABLE ANIMATION Table Animation File Edit Add Euler poles Vgp Rotate Continent E Lat E Long E Angle Age Comment 1 e amap D atas amp nimations 101 North Ai 60 45 69 53 72 48 250 2 c gmap D ata4nimations 102_Greenla 51 36 78 37 64 67 250 3 c 4gmap Datat nimations4103 North SI 33 13 84 23 58 23 250 4 c gmap D atas amp nimations 104 Caborce 53 02 80 37 72 3 250 5 c 4gmap Datat nimations4108 60 45 69 53 72 48 250 c 4gmapDatat nimations4108 60 45 69 53 72 48 250 7 cgmap Datat nimations 108 _ 60 45 69 53 72 48 250 8 c 4gmap Datat nimations4109 Florida 60 45 69 53 72 48 250 8 c qmap D ata4nimations 1 09 Florida 60 45 69 53 72 48 250 10 c amap D ata amp nimations 103 Florida 60 45 69 53 72 48 250 11 c gmap D ata Animations 109_Florida_ 60 45 69 53 72 48 250 12 c gmap D ata amp
26. eolatitude drift rates and angular rotation Calculate and displays APW Copy graphics to HPGL plotter or file Analysis 1 Velocity and Angular Rates Analysis 2 APW rates HPGL write to file Print Settings TimeScale Polarity Bias Open VGP file Merge VGP file Analysis 1 Velocity and Angular Rates Analysis 2 APW Rates HPGL write to file Settings Set system parameters that control the program performance automatically stored during Exit EXIT Reference Latitude for South Reference Longitude for West 60 308 Settings for File Start Time in End Time in Time Window in 50 230 10 Yes Plot declination APW path or spline m Invert latitudes C No Plor latitude error Original data r Expanded Latitude plot Amplitude Latitude Plot in Deg 3 Amplitude drift velocity in cm vr 12 Amplitude rotation plot in DEG Ma 0 Amplitude CUM APW in Deg 700 Timescale Printer Setup Amplitude APW rate in cm yr 3n Ok Use Gradstein et al 2004 Build your own Polarity Bias Use Gradstein et al 2004 Build your own Polarity Bias Open Polarity File About Polarity Table Analysis 1 Age Sliding Analysis 2 Chron Sliding HPGL write to file Gradstein et al 2004 Modify timescale auto saved to a system file 29 Page 3 20 1 DRIFT ANGULAR RATES Based on a sequence of ordered sorte
27. file is based on palaeomagnetic data calibrating longitude Add Euler poles Vgp Rotate Add Euler Rotation of Selected Row to All Rows negative angle Add Euler Rotation to all Rows Add Euler Rotation to selected Row s Move Continents East or Westward VGP Rotate Supplied animation file are absolute but if first rotated to a continent held fix see Add Euler VGP Reconstruction Lecce Poles above then you can use VGP from that continent to all rows in the animation file and YGP Latitude South Pale e thus make your own absolute reconstruction North Pole YGP Longitude Pent The input format in ANIMATION files is as follows 1 CON Name of continent CON file 2 LAT Latitude of Euler Pole 3 LONG Longitude of Euler Pole 4 ANGLE Rotation angle about Euler Pole clockwise counterclockwise 5 COMMENT Comment any text 28 Page 8 VELOCITY The main purpose of this option is to calculate latitudinal drift rates and rotational velocities for continents or terranes This option old and not updated yet is found in VGP Table and Tools and options are as follows OPTION SUBOPTIONS EFFECT Eit Return to VGP Table menu VGP Open VGP file Merge VGP file Open a VGP file from disk Open a VGP file from disk displayed together with existing VGP data in subsequent graphic actions Calculate and displays pala
28. h the distribution of the data on the globe and the standard error for each of the palaeopole positions The lower the reported angular error for a pole position the closer the curve will pass by it We have also implemented a weighting procedure based on the Van der Voo s 1988 reliability index Q grades 1 to 7 least to most reliable It is clear that the angular error associated with a particular palaeomagnetic pole position is far from an adequate description of the quality or reliability of that pole For example uncertainty in the age of the result has a direct bearing on the angular uncertainty which should be associated with it since apparent polar wander might be continuing within the time period of uncertainty Instead of weighting pole positions solely on the basis of criterion 2 in Van der Voo s reliability scheme alfa95 it is informative to weight the data in proportion to their Quality factors This causes the smooth path to pass close to the data which score 7 full marks and be only gently guided by those data with lower reliabilities GENERATION OF APW PATHS APW Path Calculate Edit Spline Fitting Moving Average Voo Grading Q Timescale 1 Load a VGP file via the main menu option OPEN VGP e g file Mata WGPsNNorthAmerica2008 ROG vgp 2 Select option TABLE VGP 3 Select sub option SPLINE FITTING 23 Page Generate APWP X Weighting Smoothing 200 C None 4 Accord
29. ing to Q Factor Path Resolution Path Precision According to alfa95 3 3 Output APW File name spline22 Cancel OK NOTE MAXIMUM 150 INPUT POLES FOR SPLINE ANALYSIS 4 Select a No weighting b Weighting according to Q factor c Weighting according to alfa95 If option is selected the Q factor for every VGP in the table must be encoded in the first character of the VGP code see section 3 8 If a Q factor is not present included Q will be set to zero reliability If option c is selected the alfa95 must be included in the table of data 5 Input SMOOTHING PARAMETER value 10 to 10000 A high value results in extreme smoothing Values in the order of 100 to 200 generally result in moderate smoothing Fig 11 6 Input VGP FILE NAME for the output fitted path The fitted path when generated will be displayed on the graphic screen in option DRAW VGP 3 9 in the main menu Note The original VGP file is shut down and replaced with the new APW file spline file 24 Page FIGURE 10 SPLINE FITTING option Left File data VGPs NorthAmerica2008_ROG vgp plotted with dp dm ovals Right Spline fitting with smoothing parameter 200 and weighted by alfa95 F3 APW Path construction Moving average J cs 10 to 10 Lat 86 4 Long 208 4 495 19 8 N 3 Window Length 20 D to 20 Lat 85 1 Long 216 1 495 12 4 N 4 10 to 30 Lat 84 2 Long 328 4 95 5 3 N 8 Incerem
30. port IAGA global paleomagnetic database Exit IAPD Edit Copy Selection to Clipboard Delete row s Add a row Sort Ages Increasing Sort Ages Decreasing Invert row s Invert all rows Insert Plateld for all VGP s Dm column Insert Flattening factor f for all VGPs Dp column Edit Calculate Reconstruct Plot APW Paths Tools Copy Selection to Clipboard Delete row s Add a row Sort Ages Increasing Sort Ages Decreasing Invert row s Invert ALL rows Insert Plateld for all VGPs Dm column Insert Flattening factor f for all VGPs Dp column Calculate Pole Statistics Calculate poles Open a VGP file Save VGP File Save VGP with a new name Create a new VGP file Import VGPs from e Precambrian paleomagnetic database e JAGA global paleomagnetic database e APD Return to main menu Copy rows to clipboard and e g paste into e g Excel Select entire Table to copy to Clipboard by clicking uppermost left cell Delete one or several entries in the Table Select pole by clicking on numerical row code at the first column Multi select by Crtl or SHIFT Add a pole to the Table Sort ages Sort ages Invert VGP polarity of one or several poles Invert VGP polarity of all poles Fills the Dm column with continental plate id s as in GPLates Fills the Dp column with flattening factor f Typical used for clastic sediment poles and you can later recalculate the pole based on the given f factor
31. rameter Dependent on the choice of VGP polarity the operator may have to invert latitude estimates E g file B20092 is a south pole file and Invert Latitudes has to be set to in order to display the latitudinal movements of correctly Set Plot declination to ON when analysing APW paths Use Latitude Error to include latitude error bars for VGP data calculate error bars from INC 95 Set APW path spline to ON when analysing APW paths Display of latitudinal plot top diagram two times normal size when set to YES Set maximum amplitude 900 value 00 Set maximum amplitude Value gt 0 cm yr Set amplitude Value gt 0 Deg Ma Amplitude CUM APW Deg Set amplitude value gt 0 used in option APW rates Amplitude APW rate in cm year used in option APW rates Set amplitude value gt 0 cm yr 31 Page
32. t al 1974 183 4 65 6 3 5 576 3534 6 340 1 57 59 13 5 Arrandykes Dagley et al 1978 359 652 12 55 6 354 8 817 359 8 1 19 59 4 Column fe 2Q Comment Combined character string of Van der Voo classification grading 1 7 and and pole information This string is important and controls weighting in the fitting of smooth APW paths For example a pole with Q factor 7 are entered as 7 Remanence Declination 8 PLAT Latitude of VGP 9 PLON Longitude of VGP 11 dm Half angle of the confidence on the VGP perpendicular to the palaeo meridian This column is also used to store other parameters 12 AGE VGP age All poles must be assigned an age if a smooth path is to be fitted to them During hard copying of VGP data the age will be printed next to the pole Note that VGP files imported from the Global Palaeomagnetic Database Organize Import substitute column 2 with DEMAGCODE and other information Column 12 AGE is a mean of Low and high magnetic age stated in the database 10 dp Half angle of the confidence on the VGP in the direction of the palaeo meridian This column is also used to store other parameters 17 Page 6 1 MAIN MENU AND SUBOPTIONS OPTION SUBOPTION EFFECT Organize Open Save Save As New Import Exit Organize Edit Calculate Reconstruct Plot APW Paths Open Save umn to select a VGP Multiselect by Crtl or Save As Q Comment Dec Inc New Precambrian paleomagnetic database Ex
33. t projections There is also a Spinning Globe Orthogonal option The latter is rotated by holding down the left hand mouse button Only implemented for plotting CONTINENTS and VGPs not Animation files and can only plot one continental and VGP file at the time Mollweide AR Sanson F LN PEEL ab 14 AN 0777 0727 Orthogonal ASN m HC EUR UI 7 Continent Organize Projection Continent VGP Animation Euler Poles GPlates Utilities Screen Open Central Meridian Merge Longitude 0 Library Latitude lo Import Shapefile Grid 30 Save As Redraw Draw gt Rotate Continental files are located in c gmap data continents and they are typically named as 101 North American craton_1100 C97 The leading number generally follows GPlates Plates format followed by a named description The final numbers indicate from when in million years the shape of the continent or terrane is valid All continents can be selected interactively in the CONTINENT Library option see below The library continents are those used in Torsvik et al 2012 d Continent Library 2012 pum a Rodinia 1GCP440 afi abas_blk3_IGCF IGCF M amazonia pol3 IGC azania outline IGCI azania pol IGCP44 T World Coastline Plate Boundaries 7 Page VGP Organize Projection Continent VGP
34. tered interactively from the keyboard The currently registered Euler Pole is used m Euler Rotation co i ciu _ Data St 14 E A 4 45 EEE PEE Lapin If 45 m Calculate Raae Latitude Frutatimd Langue Exit 5 3 CALCULATE EULER POLES This option enables calculation of an Euler rotation pole based on manual input of two geographic point co ordinates or poles Enter Latitude LAT and Longitude LONG for pole A and B and the resultant rotation pole Latitude amp Longitude and amount of rotation Angle will be displayed 15 Page Calculate Euler Rotation Pole Latitude POLE A E POLE B 12 EULER POLE E255063 thal thas penerdure de nol ende a uneque ances ie lhe rezult az onlp one of seweral porrbhe Euler Poles o E m L regitude n Langilurde Angle 5 4 ADD EULER POLES This option add concatenates two Euler poles into a single resultant Euler pole Enter latitude longitude and angle for the two Euler poles and click on Calculate ES Add Euler Poles cts Latitude Longitude Angle POLE A 34 55 18 POLE B 22 12 13 Right hand rules angles must be less than 180 degrees 16 Page 6 TABLE VGP This is one of the most frequently used options in GMAP Upon selecting this option the following table is displaye
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