Endosymbiotic Computing - University of California, Irvine
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1. and endian of the day month year hour minute and second are described as metadata in a form such as XML The fat client is responsible for looking up the metadata associated with each command and for matting the data in the packets accordingly This way the replying endomodule does not have to know anything about the data types on the fat client side More generally to support the live linking in Scenario 3 above the fat client would actively poll the source perform type conversion and actively push the data to the sink or delegate any of these tasks to a thin server by dynamic compilation We propose to optimize the code for endomodules by dynamic compilation on the host side and wireless code update The fat client may synthesize and dynamically compile a customized ver sion of a function by exploiting run time constants For instance the fat client may use its knowledge about the network topology to create a specialized version of the multi hop routing function for each thin client with its neighbors IDs hardwired 4 CONCLUSIONS Users today spend possibly more time in the cyber world than in the physical world To truly bridge the gap we propose the idea of Endosymbiotic Computing It enables the user to 1 grab snap shots of data from appliances that previously had no connectivity to general purpose computers 2 query and control these appliances including accessing their manuals stored on the endomodules and 3 custo2. API dynamic customizer ka au compile code frag X RF driver Figure 3 Software architecture with fat client and thin server being displayed on the LCD The data grabber can first wirelessly grab the text from the endomodule connect to a PC and paste the text possibly by a gesture The voice message can also be digitized by the endomodule s built in ADC and grabbed similarly Scenario 3 Inter Appliance Live Linking The user discovers that she can not only grab a snapshot of the data but also establish a live link from the source to the destination She uses her cell phone to grab the TAM s caller ID as a virtual outlet walks outside the RF range of the TAM and virtually connects it to the inlet on the marquee Even though the TAM cannot connect directly to the marquee a multi hop route is discovered automat ically to realize this end to end connection Moreover additional agent processes are synthesized and injected into the network to actively pull and push data on behalf of the two passive endpoints 3 MECHANISMS Hardware The endomodule hardware must be simple and low cost such that appliance manufacturers will be willing to incorporate them and add sufficient value at a very small cost In the extreme case the endomodule may be as simple as a passive RFID and the smart phone would look up all attributes from the Internet or a database RFID may certainly co exist with active RF devices though
3. Endosymbiotic Computing Enabling Surrogate GUI and Cyber Physical Connectivity Pai H Chou University of California Irvine USA and National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu Taiwan phchou uci edu ABSTRACT Endosymbiotic Computing entails attaching an RF enabled micro controller module endomodule to an appliance such that it ap pears as a networked device in the cyber world It enables a smart phone to work as not only a universal remote control but also a sur rogate GUI for inspecting the attributes of these appliances without modifications to legacy circuits To minimize the cost and resource requirements of the endomodules we propose a generalized active message programming method that executes dynamically loaded threaded code on demand without requiring parsing Categories and Subject Descriptors J 7 Computers in Other Systems Consumer products C 3 Special Purpose and Application Based Systems Real time and embed ded systems General Terms Design Keywords Endosymbiotic computing wireless interface surrogate GUI 1 INTRODUCTION Nearly 30 years ago graphical user interface GUI helped users make sense of computing by borrowing metaphors from real life objects Thirty years later GUI operations such as cut and paste and drag and drop are as natural to modern users as any real life ones Unfortunately many every day appliances such as microwave ovens TVs air conditioners A C and telephone answerin
4. eral purpose computers smart phones gateways and routers Each en domodule works as a thin server that passively responds to com mands The software architecture is shown in Fig 3 To eliminate the parsing overhead we borrow the idea from ac tive messages 8 where a packet contains the address of the han dling routine in the receiver s address space followed by the pa rameters This way the receiving endomodule just needs to jump to the address stored at the beginning of the packet without pars ing Active messages can be viewed as a special form of threaded code 9 a classical technique for efficiently implementing inter preters by representing virtual instructions as the addresses of the corresponding routines Such a command interpreter does not understand the meaning of the command as it obliviously jumps to the target address With this active message layer an endomod ule can bootstrap wirelessly and execute any function that it loads Security may be a concern and our solution is to exploit hardware supported encryption and decryption engines that are found as part of most transceivers of this class For standard I O with minimal overhead an endomodule would read and write data in the most convenient native format For in stance for date and time general purpose computers commonly use the seconds since the epoch representation but it is not con venient for most 8 bit MCUs The ordering size
5. g ma chines TAM still rely on simple buttons LEDs and remote con trols as their primary user interface Although PCs and cell phones may be programmed as universal remote controls 1 they merely turn hardware buttons into software ones One trend with net worked devices is surrogate GUI where devices such as printers and routers contain embedded web servers that provide the GUI as HTML The Surface Computer 2 provides a GUI for devices in Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page To copy otherwise to republish to post on servers or to redistribute to lists requires prior specific permission and or a fee DAC 09 July 26 31 2009 San Francisco California USA Copyright 2009 ACM 978 1 60558 497 3 6 09 07 5 00 e g microwave TVs A C cordless phones answering machines fax printers legacy I O buttons a Live link may multi hop x Cut ph PDF remotexontrol voice mail control Figure 2 Wireless data grabbing and live linking proximity but it assumes large displays with no mobility We pro pose to generalize surrogate GUI with low cost short range wire less technologies available as integrated RF enabled 8 bit MCU microcontroller unit
6. here we focus the discussion on active RF interfaces Short range wireless protocols include Bluetooth 3 Wibree 4 ZigBee 5 Z Wave 6 and others Bluetooth is popular for com puter peripherals and cell phones ZigBee is positioned for wireless sensor networks though it is common to use just the 802 15 4 MAC layer and replace the ZigBee stack with a simpler networking layer Z Wave supports home control and is simpler than ZigBee but at a lower data rate Wibree or Bluetooth Low Energy Technology will be a subset of Bluetooth and requires only a few KB of mem ory compared to 30 100 KB with others Wibree 802 15 4 and Z Wave are available in integrated 8051 MCU RF chips making them cheaper around US 1 in large quantities and simpler to im plement Power consumption is less of an issue here than cost and complexity We believe that similar to the Internet the physical and MAC layers do not matter so much as they can be easily in tegrated by wireless routers that can bridge these standards What is important is how to support the execution of software on highly resource constrained hardware Software Architecture Endosoftware namely that running on the endomodule to be at tached to the appliance should be kept as simple as possible Java s hardware demand may be too high 7 as we assume something closer to an 8 bit 8051 class MCU Our approach is to move most of the complexity to the fat clients a collective term for gen
7. mize the way these appliances should work with each other by inferring the necessary conversions and helper processes to in ject into the network It does not just dumb down the interface for the lowest common denominator users it enables them to perform powerful distributed programming at their fingertips 5 REFERENCES 1 Brian X Chen Update turns iPhone into an Apple TV remote http blog wired com gadgets 2008 07 update turns ip html 2008 2 Microsoft Surface http www microsoft com surface 3 The official Bluetooth technology info site http www bluetooth com Bluetooth low energy technology http www bluetooth com Bluetooth Products low_ energy htm 5 ZigBee Alliance Home Page http www zigbee org 6 Z Wave http www z wave com 7 CASCADAS Consortium CASCADAS Project http www cascadas project org 2009 8 D E Culler J Hill P Buonadonna R Szewczyk and A Woo Active message communication for tiny networked sensors In EMSOFT 2001 9 James R Bell Threaded code Communications of the ACM 16 6 370 372 1973 4
8. system on chips SoCs Our vision is called Endosymbiotic Computing where endo is a Greek prefix for internal within and symbiosis means a mutually beneficial relationship An endomodule containing an RF enabled MCU is to be embedded inside an appliance Fig 1 draws power from it and controls it programmatically 2 ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES Scenario 1 Smart Phone as Universal GUI A compatible phone discovers a list of endosymbiotically enabled appliances in proximity including a microwave an A C a TV a fax a TAM and a marquee The user taps on the menu for the mi crowave whose endomodule replies to offer more choices includ ing the serial number model number and a script for a software remote control to be run on the smart phone Moreover the en domodule keeps a usage log for the user to track energy usage for the past year This particular endomodule contains flash memory with plenty of room to provide a PDF file for the user s manual a file for the instruction video and voice files in several languages to help the visually impaired all without having to decode these files Scenario 2 Inter Device Cut and Paste The user now inspects the TAM and wants to copy the caller ID from this TAM to her computer The smart phone would act as not only a remote control but more generally a data grabber The en domodule may snoop the pins of the LCD to reconstruct the content thin server network topology z
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