Tech Tip Book.pub - Bab Steering Hydraulics
Contents
1. Fill reservoir start engine and allow to idle only Do not allow the reservoir to run low on fluid With the vehicle unloaded and engine at idle turn the steering wheel all the way in one direction until the steering stops bottom out Repeat procedure in the opposite direction Maximum input torque to be applied during this procedure is 25 ft Ibs 30 lbs on a 20 steering wheel If excess input shaft torque is encountered stop the procedure safely allow vehicle to roll forward slightly or jack up both sides of the axle evenly to remove weight and repeat step 10 Poppets are now set and any remaining air should be bled ALTERNATE MANUAL ADJUSTMENT FOR TAS POPPETS NOTE THAT BAB SETS SLEEVE ASSEMBLIES FOR AUTOMATIC POPPET ADJUSTMENT IF AF TER INSTALLATION THE AXLE STOPS ARE ADJUSTED TO DECREASE TRAVEL OR THE GEAR IS INSTALLED ON ANOTHER VEHICLE THE FOLLOWING STEPS ARE RECOMMENDED BY THE MANUFACTURER PLEASE NOTE THAT BAB HAS NOT HAD A GREAT DEAL OF SUCCESS IN THIS PROCEDURE AND WE RECOMMEND SENDING GEAR IN TO HAVE IT RESET FOR AUTO MATIC ADJUSTMENT 1 Ensure that the axle stops are set and that they will allow at least 1 3 4 steering wheel turns in both directions from center 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 2 Obtain the correct manual adjusting screw and lock assembly 3 Install nut onto screw until top surface of nut is flush with the top of screw Note that the nylon side of the nut is for sealing purpos2. NOTE DO NOT WELD ON THE ARM OR SHAFT DO NOT USE A HAMMER AR YOUR INSTALLATION TOOL TYPE 2 PITMAN ARM TORQUE BOLT TO INSTALLATION BOLT INSTALLATION WASHER TORQUE SET SCREW TO 12 15 FT SET SCREWS TYPE 3 BOLT WASHER TYPE 3 A SERES TORQUE BOLT TO 13 PITMAN ARM INSTALLATION CONT TYPE 3B SERES TORQUEBOLTTO TYPE 4 SERES TORQUE BOLTTO TYPE4A SERES TORQUE BOLTTO TORQUE CAPSCREW TO 12 15 FT LBS NOTE Use lock tight or a suitable substitute on NOTE All torque values are measured in foot all threads and on the output shaft splines pounds Ft Lbs 14 TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE NORMAL NOISES You or your driver may hear a hissing noise on steering systems not equipped with poppet valves when steering is turned to lock NOTE 1 On these systems drivers should be advised to reduce turn slightly so that noise dissipates 2 Holding steering to stop will damage system and will not assist in tighter turns You and your driver may hear hissing noise at extreme turn on systems equipped with poppet valves NOTE 1 Advise driver to remain in cabin of truck due to difficulties of operation while standing next to steering gear POSSIBLE STEERING PROBLEMS ROAD WANDER TIRES a Incorrect pressure b Separated or defect in tire SUSPENSION a Loose or worn steering and or suspension components front or rear BEARINGS a Improperly adjusted or
3. holding sealing nut from turning turn adjusting screw in until an increase of 10 20 in lbs on the adjusting screw is achieved Back out screw four complete turns and re torque the sealing nut to 20 ft lbs Measure screw protrusion from top of sealing nut surface If screw exceeds 1 06 inches loosen nut and turn screw in until the 1 06 inch dimension is achieved Torque sealing nut to 33 37 ft Ibs Turn steering wheel full travel in both directions with engine at idle Poppets are now set NOTE THAT IF THE AXLE STOP DIMENSIONS ARE CHANGED FOR ANY REASON THESE PROCE DURES WILL HAVE TO BE DUPLICATED 10 Cut Away Flow Chart for manually adjusted poppet valves To Lower Cylinder E M a From Upper Cylinder Steering Wheel Input clockwise rotation N Optional Construction Right Hand Tum Automatic Bleed System 8 CERE Em am RR Neutral no steering action 9 V From Lower iai Cylinder To Upper Cylinder Steering Wheel Input counter clockwise rotation Fe Supply Pressure Optional Construction Left Hand Turn Automatic Bleed System BE Return Pressure 11 System Test Flow Chart Pressure Return Suction 12 PITMAN ARM INSTALLA When the pitman arm is installed the timing arrows on the arm and the output shaft must be aligned The fol lowing charts details the various pitman arm installation methods for Sheppard steering gears
4. pump excessive pump flow Vehicle overloaded Undersized or incorrect replacement hoses line or fittings Clogged filter Restricted hose or line that is kinked or severely bent or internally blocked Restricted recentering of gear valve caused by column bind or side load on the input shaft Poppets not adjusted properly Only for gears equipped with poppets Improper fluids Ja oa O 19 FLUSHING INSTRUCTIONS WHEN ONLY THE PUMP IS BEING REPLACED 1 Begin by lifting front axle off the ground and support with axle stands block rear tires Install pump as required except for reconnecting the return line from the gear to where it attaches to the reservoir use a plug on the reservoir to contain fluid during flushing Place return hose into a 5 gallon con tainer Select proper oil as recommended for the steering gear or linkage system NOTE A GOOD RULE OF THUMB IS TO USE TWICE THE AMOUNT OF FLUID AS THE CAPACITY OF THE ENTIRE SYSTEM When ever possible disconnect the ignition so that the engine wont start An assistant is required to crank over the engine and to rotate the steeling wheel at the same time CAUTION AVOID HITTING OR HOLDING AGAINST STEERING STOP OR DAMAGE WILL OCCUR At the same time fill reservoir with fluid and make a reasonable attempt at not letting the pump run dry this can be difficult at best This will allow the valve to open and the piston to force clean fluid through the pressure hose v
5. stop adjustments C 4 If steering stops are a suspected problem you may check by disconnecting drag link at pitman arm Lift the axle turn wheels to right until stop bottoms Turn gear to right pitman arm must travel past drag link 3 8 of an inch minimum Repeat procedures to left CAUTION NEVER USE THE ABOVE PROCEDURES WITH ROSS TAS SERIES POWER STEERING BOX DAMAGE TO AUTOMATIC POPPETS WILL OCCUR CAUTION NEVER CHECK PITMAN TRAVEL ON POWER STEERING WITH ENGINE RUNNING ADJUSTMENT PROCEDURES FOR MANUAL POPPET VALVES D 1 Begin poppet adjustment by installing test loop between pump pressure line and steering gear as shown in system test flow chart NOTE Arrow on flow meter indicates direction of flow from pump to box or control valve MIS INSTALLATION WILL DAMAGE FLOW METER D 2 REFER TO CUT AWAY FLOW CHART Determine piston position for right turn a Check manufacturers spec on clearance between axle stop and axle most 1 8 to 3 8 of an inch b Place spacer between stop and axle BAB suggests using a socket determined by the size of the head on the axle stop For most highway applications use an impact socket the web at the drive end is approximately 3 8 of an inch For most non highway applications waste man agement concrete construction and equipment that needs a tighter turning radius you should use a Standard socket The web of a standard socket at the drive end is approximately 1 8 of an inch At this time system
6. MANY AIR LEAK PROBLEMS MAY OCCUR DUE TO HARDENED OR IMPROPER HOSE APPLICA TION After re connecting hoses fill reservoir and crank engine over 5 seconds At this time turn steering wheel stop to stop without cranking engine This may or may not help pull fluid into gear or cylinder Top off reservoir Re connect the ignition system start engine and turn steering wheel stop to stop approximately six times Let run until system is at running temp and repeat turning steering stop to stop six times CAUTION DO NOT HOLD AGAINST AXLE STOPS NOTE MANY STEERING SYSTEMS HAVE ADDITIONAL BLEEDERS OR PROCEDURES REFER TO O E M MANUAL Remove axle stands and lower to ground Top off reservoir Re test system and test drive 20 LE Ross TAS Series Gear Cylinder Lower Poppet Upper Pop pet Lower Poppet Seat Sleeve 8 Valve Housing Fixed Stop Bolt Lower Poppet me Poppet Valve Setup For Ross TAS Series Gear SPRING SPACER ROD POPPET SEAT W PUSH TUBE POPPET SLEEVE SEAT amp SLEEVE ASSY Basic Operation of the TAS Poppet Valves Rotating the input shaft causes the piston to move The lower poppet see Figure on page 21 located in the piston rack contacts the fixed stop bolt or adjusting screw The upper poppet see Figure on page 21 located in the piston rack contacts the valve housing When the pop
7. PB Tech 2000 2002 7 95 STEERING HYDRAULICS INC Remanufactured Manual amp Power Steering Gear Boxes Valves Cylinders Pumps Related Hydraulic Components TECH TIPS Technical Assistance 800 783 3748 www babsteering com TABLE OF CONTENTS Air Bleeding Procedures 1 Dual Integral Steering 2 Saginaw Power ne 3 Linkage 4 Turning Geometry 2 9 Steering Stop Diagram 6 Turning Geometry and Poppet Adjustment 7 Adjustment For Manual Poppet Valves 8 Adjustment For Automatic Poppet Valves 9 Re Adjustment For Automatic Poppet Valves 10 Cut A Way Flow 7 2 11 System Flow Test 12 Sheppard Pitman Arm Installation 13 Troubleshooting Guide 24 1 2 2 15 FIUSHING INSITUCLHONS rado ota 20 TAS Series Gear Cut Away 21 TAS Poppet Val OS sensoren ereteken 22 Adjustment Procedures for M Series Shep
8. alve piston area and out the return hose into the 5 gal container Flush until fluid comes out clean Take return line from container and re attach to reservoir top off reservoir re connect the ignition system start engine and move steering wheel to one side Stop engine and re check fluid CAUTION DO NOT OVER FILL Start engine and turn steering wheel stop to stop approximately six times Let run until system is at running temp and repeat turning steering stop to stop six times CAUTION DO NOT HOLD AGAINST AXLE STOPS NOTE MANY STEERING SYSTEMS HAVE ADDITIONAL BLEEDERS OR PROCEDURES REFER TO THE O E M MANUAL Remove axle stands and lower to ground top off reservoir Re test system and test drive WHEN REPLACING GEAR ONLY Begin by lifting front axle off the ground support with axle stands block rear tires Install gear except pressure and return hoses Place pressure hose into a 5 gal container Select proper oil as recommended for steering gear or linkage system NOTE A GOOD RULE OF THUMB IS TO USE TWICE THE AMOUNT OF FLUID AS THE CAPACITY OF THE ENTIRE SYSTEM When ever possible disconnect ignition so engine won t start An assistant is required to crank over the en gine At the same time fill reservoir with fluid Make a reasonable attempt at not letting the pump run dry This can be difficult at best Remove return the hose from the reservoir clean with solvent and air blow dry Re install NOTE
9. d upper or lower mast jacket bearings Misadjusted mast jacket tube and or steering column shaft Bent steering shaft g Steering column u joints out of phase ooocm STEERING GEAR a Restricted power steering filter and or return hose NOTE Restriction of return or supply flow will always develop heat b Out of adjustment or failing steering gear box bent or misaligned steering gear mounting bracket FIFTH WHEEL a Dry fifth wheel or poor finish on fifth wheel of trailer or trailer plate 16 SHIMMY 1 Shimmy consistent at specific mph every time NOTE Felt predominately in steering wheel a Badly worn or unevenly worn tires b Improperly mounted tire or wheel a Front wheels or brake drum out of balance 2 Shimmy inconsistent any mph NOTE Felt predominately in steering wheel May be affected by road conditions such as railroad tracks or potholes a Out of adjustment front wheel bearings b Loose and or worn steering parts c Air in the hydraulic steering system d Caster set too high on front suspension e Excessive toe f Improperly adjusted steering gear g Loose or worn steering u joints or coupler 3 Shimmy less than 10 mph consistent a Tire separation or badly worn tires b Improperly mounted tire or wheel 4 Shimmy in entire truck above 35 mph affected by acceleration or deceleration a Drive shaft 1 Worn u joints and or center support 2 Out of balance drive shaft 3 Loss of proper angle of driv
10. e shaft worn springs worn track arms 4 Out of balance or improperly mounted wheels 5 Shimmy while truck is sitting perfectly still and steering wheel has been activated a Damaged control valve in steering DO NOT attempt to adjust REPLACEMENT of steering gear only b With Garrison steering control valve problem occurred after lubrication refer to Garrison service manual for disassembly of ball stud area NOTE Excessive grease to Garrison control valve stud may cause lack of power in one direction 6 Shimmy after repair has been done on power steering system a Hoses or lines crossed b Air in hydraulic steering system c All of the above IMPORTANT SHIMMIES IN VEHICLE MAY NOT NECESSARILY DEVELOP UNTIL TWO OR MORE OF THE ABOVE MENTIONED PROBLEMS HAVE OCCURRED IMPORTANT SHIMMIES MAY DEVELOP AFTER REPLACEMENT OR ADJUSTMENT OF ANY OF THE ABOVE COMPONENTS ESPECIALLY IF A COMPLETE DIAGNOSTIC HAS NOT BEEN THOROUGHLY DONE 17 OVERSTEERING OR DARTING a Dry fifth wheel or poor finish on fifth wheel or trailer plate b Front end components binding or loose 1 King pins 2 Drag link 3 Tie rod ends 4 Spring shackle or pins 5 Out of spec toe 6 Out of spec caster c Rear suspension loose or out of track d Steering column binding 1 Steering gear improperly adjusted 2 Steering gear control valve spool or sleeve binding 3 Steering gear mounting bent or distorted 4 Steering u joints worn or frozen 5 Steering column
11. es and should go toward the case This is not a standard nylock nutl 4 With engine off and wheels straight ahead remove fixed stop screw from lower end of gear assembly Install new screw assembly until nut is firmly against the housing Nut and screw head should still be flush Torque nut to 33 37 ft 16 Recheck and adjust power steering fluid level as needed In the next steps if the steering wheel input torque exceeds 475 inch lbs 48 16 on a 20 steering wheel prior to hitting axle stops stop procedure safely allow vehicle to roll forward slightly or jack up both sides of the axle evenly to remove weight and repeat step With engine at idle slightly turn steering wheel and observe the sector shaft to determine correct steering wheel rotation to move piston rack toward adjustable screw installed in the closed end of the housing Continue turning the steering wheel in this direction until the axle stop makes contact Loosen sealing nut and back out adjusting screw 1 00 1 06 inch while holding sealing nut close to housing Re torque the nut to 33 37 ft Ibs With engine at idle turn steering wheel in opposite direction from step 9 until axle stop makes con tact With engine at idle rotate wheel all the way in the same direction in step 9 until axle stop is con tacted At this point the system is only bypassing in the pump and pressure should not be held for more than 5 seconds at a time Loosen sealing nut 1 turn While
12. g the auto plunger 4 Raise the steer tires until the tires clear the surface Start the engine and allow it to run at idle speed 5 Turn the wheel to a full turn in one direction Turn until the axle stop contacts the axle Pull hard on the wheel to set the auto plungers Turn the wheel to a full turn in the opposite direction Return wheel to straight ahead 6 Lower the vehicle and remove the jack 7 Verify the proper setting of the auto relief plungers With the steer tires on the ground and the full weight of the vehicle on the tires turn the wheels a full turn in one direction When properly ad justed there will be a small gap between the axle stop and the axle Repeat for the opposite turn 23 SHEPPARD M SERIES GEAR with Auto Plungers Rotary Valve Cylinder Shaft Head Yellow Plastic Cap AA nen een IP NA PA fens 5 AS a AANEEN EENDUIDIG E Dr BS Pe PT LI AC bd d de d d e e ed de d dt ad E AS aa I Spring Locking Relief Relief Locking Din Flange Ball Ball Flange Plunger Yellow Plastic It is the purpose of Tech Tips to provide the basic fundamentals of the power steering system to include testing procedures and act as a trouble shooting guide Tech Tips should always be used in conjunction with original equipment manuals Always refer to O E manual prior to perfor
13. mast jagged bearings or misaligned e Steering column binding every 90 or 180 1 Worn or frozen u joint cap 2 Dry slip yoke shaft 3 Dry slip yoke and or u joints out of phase 4 Bent steering shaft HARD STEERING IN ONE DIRECTION a Control valve malfunction NOTE Steering column slip yoke dry worn or bottom out b Loose fan belt stalling belt on pulley Will only occur when flow is on input shaft side c Low pressure one in a million d Internal leakage in steering gear or steering cylinder Verify with internal leakage test e Excessive caster split hard pull when driving Overload on front axle h HARD STEERING EFFORT IN BOTH DIRECTIONS Low tire pressure Overload on front axle Hydraulic fluid level low Low flow or no flow Install test loop check flow and pressure of pump and internal leakage steering gear test Frozen king pin drag link tie rod end u joint on steering column Restriction in return line suction line pressure line filter clogged or a too small di ameter of hose or fitting m D 18 LOST MOTION LASH AT THE STEERING WHEEL a Steering wheel loose at the column shaft b Loose or worn u joints coupler slip yoke or mast jacket bearings c Steering gear loose on frame d Pitman arm loose on output shaft e Components in steering linkage loose or worn f Steering gear improperly adjusted EXCESSIVE HEAT 140 OVER AMBIENT Air implosion air leakage Wrong
14. may need to slightly loosen the return side of hose while pressure is applied to the other hose Be sure to retighten before the cylinder hits the end of its stroke Extreme care should be given to avoid placing hands or arms between the tie rod and axle or cylinder Same care should also be given to avoid wheel travel Severe personal injury could occur if either of these circumstances were to occur Since both hoses act as both pressure and return hoses it will be necessary to repeat this procedure for both direc tions several times If your vehicle is equipped with a frame mounted assist cylinder the same procedure as in Step will apply but it may be necessary to disconnect one end of the cylinder to allow the ports to be po sitioned above the cylinder If this is done again extra care should be given to prevent Injury as the cylinder Is extended and retracted Duel Integral System gt u w oodd O SEL 0 855 N NOTES Saginaw Power Assist System Pressure and Return Ports for Pump Linkage System Valve Cylinder 41 1 lt Valve Pressure amp MET E Return Ports P alae b for Pump 1 a 2 TR X34 Cylinder NOTES NOTES TURNING GEOMETRY AND POPPET PIN ADJUSTMENTS A 1 Always begin by checking all related components for wear breakage looseness and damage A 2 CHECK LIST king pins spring shackles and pins springs for height and level spri
15. ming any maintenance or repair of the steering and suspension systems BAB Steering Hydraulics assumes no liability from any standpoint on mis diagnosis an or improper installation The material contained in Tech Tips has been assembled with the utmost care and is designed to be used only as a reference guide
16. ng u bolts looseness or damaged center bolt drag link tie rod ends steering stops steering gear mounting looseness steering column slip joints u joints or coupler CAUTION IF ANY DAMAGE IS FOUND DUE TO COLLISION ON SUSPENSION OR FRAME RE MOVAL TEAR DOWN AND INSPECTION IS STRONGLY ADVISED B 1 For best possible results all procedure of alignment camber caster amp axle square front axle Square rear must be checked adjusted or repaired as required B 2 Lift front axle and check tires for round If scribe line is required for toe set you may do so now B 3 Square driver side tire to frame fig A a Amust equal B B 4 Check timing mark alignment on pitman arm to sector B 5 Check pitman arm alignment to frame fig B a If pitman arm is forward or back of spec remove drag link and adjust If drag link is not adjustable and A amp B in fig A and pitman arm alignment in fig B do not match re inspect for bent or wrong parts NOTE Some after market springs may have mispunched spring pin holes Check manufactur ers spring specifications C 1 Check toe refer to manufacturers and or tire manufacturers spec chart a Adjust to original equipment specifications C 2 Check steering stops at axle to spindle NOTE Steering stops must stop axle before steering gear bottoms out Failure to do so WILL cause damage to spring and suspension components 7 C 3 Always check manufacturers spec on steering
17. pard 23 AIR BLEEDING PROCEDURES BE AWARE OF ALL MOVING PARTS THAT CAN CAUSE PERSONAL INJURY During all steps of these procedures do not allow reservoir to run low on fluid Inspect reservoir and ensure that it is mounted above the pump level Check that hoses are routed to prevent going above the reservoir Inspect all components and hoses for tightness and leaks Repair if needed Fill system with approved fluid Do not mix types of fluid TRW HF HFB AND TAS SERIES SHEPPARD 272 292 392 492 592 Adjust poppets as required If steering gear is inverted and has a bleed screw remove loosen screw and allow fluid to flow un til it is clear of air bubbles Re install screw and start engine With engine at idle crack screw open Tighten screw again and turn steering gear full travel both directions 3 or 4 times Repeat procedure as required If steering does not have a bleed screw or if it is not located on the top of the gear turning stop to stop several times should remove air from system providing that the stops are properly adjusted If your vehicle is equipped with a slave box do not forget to bleed it as well It is recommended to start bleeding procedure here and then go back to the main gear You may need to remove the pitman arm from the slave gear while turning wheel full travel to allow poppets to activate on slave gear POWER ASSIST CYLINDERS If you have a tie rod mounted assist cylinder you
18. pet contacts either the stop bolt or the valve housing it pushes the poppet away from its seat which allows the fluid to pass through the piston rack re ducing the pressure The poppets should contact either the stop bolt or the valve housing just before the axle stops contact the axle 22 Sheppard Auto Plunger Adjustment Procedures Auto relief plunger setting should always be checked during the pre delivery inspection Any time the tire size is changed the axle stops tampered with changed bent broken or the steering gear changed an auto relief plunger adjustment is necessary It is always the installer s responsibility to insure this adjustment is made How To Adjust Auto Relief Plungers Required tools 1 4 punch ball peen hammer and the vehicle manufacturer s service manual 1 Park the vehicle on a clean dry surface preferably concrete Place the transmission in neutral and set the parking brake The front tires need to be in the straight ahead position 2 Verify the steering gear you are working on is equipped with auto relief plungers 3 Remove the plastic caps from both plunger holes Insert the punch into the hole Using the ham mer tap the punch until the plunger bottoms in the plunger bore Repeat this procedure for both plungers Replace the plastic caps after setting the plungers to the maximum depth NOTE Take care when using the punch to insure the plunger bore is not damaged when adjustin
19. pressure should read maximum 1200 to 2600 P S I maximum pressure is controlled by relief valve built Into steering pump CAUTION AVOID HOLDING MAXIMUM PRESSURE LONGER THAN 15 SEC OR DAMAGE WILL OCCUR D 3 Loosen jam nut and begin adjustment a If pressure gauge reads over 1200 P S I adjust in until gauge reads 750 to 400 P S I Tighten jam nut b If pressure gauge reads under 1200 P 8 1 adjust out until gauge reads over 800 1 At that time adjust it to 750 to 400 P S I Tighten jam nut DONE DEAL ADJUSTMENT PROCEDURES AUTOMATIC POPPET VALVES 1 6 10 11 TAS40 50 65 and 85 INSTALLATION Ensure that steering gear is not rotated from the center position prior to installation Make sure that the axle stops are present and set for the proper turning radius as per manufactur ers specifications Using turntables in this operation is highly recommended Install steering gear to frame Attach and torque input yoke Connect hydraulic hoses Attach pitman arm and torque nut and bolt assembly Make sure that the timing mark on the sector shaft is A 90 from center line of worm shaft Properly aligned with the mark on the pitman arm Make sure that the pitman arm positioning allows for the center point of the sector and the center point of the drag link to be plumb with each other Refer to illustration B With the wheels square to the frame check the drag link for proper adjustment and install
20. worn ALIGNMENT a Front or rear alignment out of specifications FIFTH WHEEL a Dry fifth wheel b Poor finish on fifth wheel or trailer plate c Fifth wheel king pin worn damaged or not properly lubricated STEERING GEAR a Steering gear mounting bolts loose on frame b Steering gear improperly adjusted c Steering gear mounting bracket too tight d Bent steering gear mounting bracket STEERING COLUMN a Steering coupler u joints or slip joint worn b Dry or damaged steering mast jacket C Mast jacket misaligned 15 d Dry or damaged upper or lower mast jacket bearings e Misadjusted mast jacket tube and or steering column shaft TRAILER a Loose or worn parts on trailer suspension b Incorrect trailer axle alignment c Bearings worn and or not properly adjusted d Fires a Incorrect pressure b Separated or defect in tire NO RECOVERY Steering Wheel Does Not Return To Center TIRES a Worn or Separated b Separated belt radial design FRONT END a Components binding 1 King pins 2 Tie rod ends 3 Drag link b Front end alignment out of specifications 1 Excessive toe 2 Insufficient caster REAR END a Rear axles out of alignment b Worn bent suspension components NOTE Rear suspension problems will affect the last 180 of steering wheel recovery STEERING COLUMN Steering coupler u joints or slip joint insufficient lubrication Dry or damaged steering mast jacket Mast jacket misaligned Dry or damage
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