127 7. Bibliografía
Contents
1. 141 co DU Ut rb12 o UA CA CA tA CA CA GA GA R4 RR RR UR RR GR RR RR UU U Q2 Q9 Q9 YY YY P2 T2 T2 2 TO 2 PO T2 NN mn M OS 0A R OI O oo0o 06 Ek Qro O i 06 OQ ER Q ro QO o 00 1 OY UA YN OQ o 00 1 0 t amp 0 tO OO o ELSEVIER Available online at www sciencedirect com science Q oin eer Journal of Cleaner Production xx 2006 1 5 Journal of Cleaner Production www elsevier com locate jclepro Involvement of final architecture diploma projects in the analysis of the UPC buildings energy performance as a way of teaching practical sustainability LR Cantalapiedra M Bosch F L pez Department of Applied Physics EPSEB Technical University of Catalonia UPC Barcelona Spain Department of Architectural Technology II EPSEB Technical University of Catalonia UPC Barcelona Spain Environment Plan Office Co ordination Technical University of Catalonia UPC Barcelona Spain Received 1 August 2005 accepted 1 November 2005 Abstract Education is the foundation for achieving sustainable development With the purpose of facing sustainable challenges in terms of climate change water and energy consumption Technical University of Catalonia UPC has promoted the culture of energy efficiency in new gener ations of professionals that will work in the field of building construction A group of 21 students taking the final official Diploma in Archi tecture were involv2. DANIELS Klaus 2003 Advanced building systems a technical guide for architects and engineers Basel Birkh user cop 2003 ISBN 3 7643 6723 7 DIPUTACI DE BARCELONA 1986 Manuals Auditor a Energ tica 2 Instal lacions i edificis Barcelona Diputaci 1985 1986 ECO Humberto 1992 C mo se hace una tesis t cnicas y procedimientos de estudio investigaci n y escritura Versi n castellana de Luc a Baranda y Alberto Claver a Ib ez Barcelona Gedisa 1992 ISBN 84 7432 137 9 FERRER D GRANADO N DIAZ A 2003 ACA2 proc s d aplicaci de criteris ambientals en l arquitectura Barcelona Universitat Polit cnica de Catalunya DL 2003 ISBN 84 7653 829 4 HUNN Bruce D 1996 Fundamentals on building energy dynamics Cambridge MALondon The MIT Press cop 1996 ISBN 0 262 08238 1 GAUZIN M LLER Dominique 2002 Arquitectura ecol gica Barcelona Gustavo Gili cop 2002 ISBN 84 252 1918 3 GIVONI Baruch 1998 Climate considerations in building and urban design New York Van Nostrand Reinhold 1998 ISBN 0442009917 IDAE Instituto para la Diversificaci n y Ahorro de la Energ a 1999 Fundamentos t cnicos de la calificaci n energ tica de viviendas Manual del usuario Madrid Ministerio de Fomento Centro de Publicaciones cop 1999 130 Tesis Doctoral Fabian L pez Plazas 7 Bibliograf a ISBN 84 498 0436 1 Institut Ildefons Cerda 1999 Gu a de la edificaci n sosten
3. ASSOCIATED IMPACT Anual emission CO2 0 Kwh per any Anual emission CO2 0 Tn any XX Kg CO2 m2 0 KgCO2 m2 XX Kg CO2 m2 0 545 Kg co2 per Kwh of electricity and 0 20 Kg co2 per Kwh of gas Data de actualitzaci true that tutoring groups of students demands substantial ded ication and requires tutors to maintain very high standards for themselves In short the completion of these Final Theses has addressed a need in connection with curriculum greening through devel opment of a learning strategy and creation of the suitable tools and operational framework Fig 2 Summary sheet Sustainable development and respect for the environment are a major challenge that society must deal with Experts in construction will play a key role in contributing to the techno logical development that society needs and the university must train professionals to lead this process of change The educational background of the students regarding the environment and sustainability is very important in this JCLP1339 proof m 3 February 2006 m 4 5 W e annotations 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 LR Cantalapiedra
4. Cantalapiedra URL http dfa upc es websfa eupb inma htm 0959 6526 see front matter O 2006 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved doi 10 1016 j jclepro 2005 11 040 are built according to these low standards the users are bur dened with unnecessarily high operational costs New stron ger building codes that are enforced can correct this problem to the benefit of the users the constructors and the environment The new professionals in building construction need to know what are the today s European standards require ments for energy efficiency and how to evaluate and modify the actual park of buildings Energy rating started just after the energy crisis The concern of the industrialized countries about the high energy consumption of the building sector initiated actions and pro grammes aiming to rationalize the energy consumption of dwellings e In Denmark energy rating schemes have been prepared for large commercial buildings since 1992 The scheme is mandatory relatively costly and quite comprehensive JCLP1339 proof m 3 February 2006 m 1 5 W e annotations 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 2 LR Cantalapiedra et al Journal of Cleaner Production xx 2006 1 5 e In the UK
5. McGraw Hill 1993 ISBN 0 07 042889 1 MOSS Keith J 1997 Energy management and operating costs in buildings London New York E amp FN Spon 1997 ISBN 0419217703 NEILA Fco Javier 2004 Arquitectura bioclim tica en un entorno sostenible Madrid Munilla Ler a 2004 ISBN 84 89150 64 8 OLGYAY Victor 2002 131 Tesis Doctoral Fabian L pez Plazas 7 Bibliograf a Arquitectura y clima manual de dise o bioclim tico para arquitectos y urbanistas Barcelona Gustavo Gili 2002 ISBN 84 252 1488 2 RAMON M Fernando 1980 Ropa sudor y arquitecturas Madrid Blume DL 1980 ISBN 84 7214 193 4 ROGORA Alessandro 2003 Architettura e bioclimatica la reppresentazione dell energia nel progetto Napoli Sistemi cop 2003 ISBN 88 513 0131 X Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors 1993 Energy efficiency in buildings energy appraisal of existing buildings Holdings Ltd 1993 ISBN 085406561X SANTAMOURIS M ASIMAKOPOULUS D 1996 Passive Cooling of Buildings London James amp James cop 1996 ISBN 1 873936 47 8 SERRA FLORENSA Rafael COCH ROURA Helena 2001 Arquitectura y energ a natural Barcelona Edicions UPC 2001 ISBN 84 8301 497 1 SERRA FLORENSA Rafael 1998 Arquitectura y climas Barcelona Editorial Gustavo Gili S A 1998 ISBN 84 252 1767 9 SERRA R COCH H SAN MARTIN R 1996 La arquitectura y el control de los elementos Viladecans Asociaci n Cultural Sa
6. and with the proposal of the Environment Plan Office to carry out an energy audit of all UPC buildings to assess their energy performance and establish potential improve ments both in respect of energy efficiency and consumption of resources and to allow reduction of their environmental impact 2 Methodology The development of the project planning for six months in duration involved 21 students of the Technical Architecture School of Barcelona EPSEB three lecturers and various staff members from the Environmental and Maintenance Offices and other units It included a weekly seminar day in order to discuss all the concepts that arose and to share experiences In conclusion it was an enriching experience for the students Each student was expected to do her his own work but they were also encouraged to co operate and share their experi ences with the objective of ensuring consistently high quality of all the work done Once the programme was established students were pro vided with tools and physical surroundings for their work for adapting the different projects to the index or programme Fig 1 established in advance consisting of e Summary of general characteristics with measurement data a use specification sheet and architectural informa tion on the envelope and structure and interiors JCLP1339 proof m 3 February 2006 mM 2 5 W e annotations 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186
7. collecting information of the energy consumption and the intensity of use in the annual academic cycle in 6 buildings of the Technical University The buildings were selected in accordance with the characteristics of architecture use and location They were splitted into two groups one with 3 buildings with common characteristics of architecture and location but with different uses and the other with similar uses but with differences in architectural characteristics and location The results of the study permit to carry out some discussion on which are the adequate indicators to measure the energy consumption in relation to the use of the buildings but also to establish the relation between the use of the buildings and their energy consumption 139 Tesis Doctoral Fabian L pez Plazas 8 Ponencias y art culos Ponencia le da en el 3 Dubrovnik Conference On Sustainable Development of ENERGY WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEM June 2005 in Dubrovnik Croacia En la session Environmental Assessment About the environmental impact of buildings Analysis of the incidence of the use of the buildings in the energy consumption Fabian L pez PLazas Environmental Plan Office Technical University of Catalonia UPC Barcelona Spain e mail fabian lopez upc edu Albert Cuch Burgos School of Architecture of Vall s Technical University of Catalonia UPC Barcelona Spain e mail alberto cuchi upc edu Abstract The considerati
8. et al Journal of Cleaner Production xx 2006 1 5 5 process particularly in that they gain the capacity to analyse the information and to define the objectives If this input is limited the process will be hindered and the activities delayed as time must be devoted to providing this background References 1 Directive of building energy performance of buildings 2002 91 EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2002 2 Universitat Polit cnica de Catalunya UPC 2n Pla de medi ambient 2002 2005 Barcelona Servei de Comunicaci Institucional UPC 2002 3 Universitat Polit cnica de Catalunya UPC Guia d ambientalitzaci dels treballs de Fi de Carrera Barcelona Servei de Comunicaci Institucional UPC 1988 4 Serra R Sanmart n R Auditories energ tiques II Instal lacions i edificis Barcelona Diputaci de Barcelona Departament de Mediambient 1989 5 Santamouris M editor Energy performance of residential buildings a practical guide for energy rating and efficiency James amp James Earthscan 2005 JCLP1339 proof m 3 February 2006 m 5 5 W e annotations 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476
9. 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 LR Cantalapiedra et al Journal of Cleaner Production xx 2006 1 5 3 Campus Building1 Building2 Building3 Building N e A gt Building Systems Energy Characteristics consumption Lighting Air conditioning A m La Office equipment Hb Drawings 4 j Floor area Uses Type 4 amount etc Water supply Audit Report PHASE3 Design of Identify and efficiency plan set targets Fig 1 Framework for performing the energy audits DEVELOPMENT OF ACADEMIC ANALYSES AND OBJECTIVES e Study of energy resources electricity gas water and other fuels e Analysis of systems of lighting air conditioning energy and outfitting and water pipes providing plans and sets of data sheets compiling all the inform
10. 21 students at once and tutoring their theses involves a substan tial amount of work The fact that certain information such as data tables bibliographic selections reviews of articles relat ing to the work examples of construction elements taken as models etc can be provided in common to all the students makes the tutorial more efficient We understand nevertheless that student s satisfaction might not be the same as ours due probably to a different perception than in circumstances where more personalised attention is given but we should point out that such attention was also provided in this case at all times attempting to focus it on issues that will be more directly re lated to the final energy consumption of buildings and its as sociated environment impact 4 Conclusions and recommendations Completion of Final Projects provides students with an ex cellent opportunity to specialise their studies and focus on the areas that interest them the most and in which they would pre fer to undertake their professional careers University energy audits are an opportunity for students to integrate and apply the knowledge they learned in the various fields of building construction during their training in a real life situation and in a comprehensive manner The creation of workshops for preparation of Final Theses fosters interdisciplinarity teamwork and the exchanges of experiences Lecturers benefit from the approach by having t
11. 465 Ventilation for buildings Calculation methods for the determination of air flow rates in dwellings including infiltration MINISTERIO DE FOMENTO DE ESPA A C digo T cnico De La Edificaci n Documento b sico HE Ahorro de energ a Borradores en desarrollo Madrid Ministerio de fomento 2005 MINISTERIO DE FOMENTO DE ESPA A C digo T cnico De La Edificaci n Herramienta de C lculo de la Demanda Energ tica Manual de Fundamentos T cnicos AICIA Grupo de Termotecnia E S Ingenieros Industriales Universidad de Sevilla Oct de 2001 AICIA Grupo de Termotecnia E S Ingenieros Industriales Universidad de Sevilla CALENER Manual general Manual de referencia Manual de ejemplos Sevilla Marzo de 2002 ART CULOS Y PONENCIAS CONSULTADAS ALVAREZ S VELAZQUEZ R MOLINA J L Los nuevos requisitos de ahorro de energ a para reducir la demanda energ tica de calefacci n y refrigeraci n de los edificios en Espa a Jornadas IDAE Diciembre de 2004 BERTOLDI P REZESSY S Energy Service Companies in Europe European Commission DG JRC Institute for Environment and Sustainability Renewable Energies Unit 2005 BORDASS W LEAMAN A Future buildings and their services strategic considerations for designers and their clients CIBSE National Conference Harrogate 1 88 96 1996 134 Tesis Doctoral Fabian L pez Plazas 7 Bibliograf a JUDKOFF R BALCOMB J D HANCOCK C E BARKER G SUBBARAO
12. K Side by Side Thermal Tests of Modular Offices A Validation Study of the STEM Method Technical report National Renewable Energy Laboratory December 2000 OLOFSSON T ANDERSSON S OSTIN R Energy load predictions for buildings based on a total demand perspective Articulo publicado en Energy and Buildings 27 1998 Pag 109 116 RICHVIEW Clongsckeagh Energy Research Group School of Architecture University College of Dublin Tools and Techniques for the Design and Evaluation of Energy Efficient Buildings THERMIE Action No B184 SCHEUER C KEOLEIAN G REPPE P Life cycle energy and environmental performance of a new university building modelling changes and design applications Art culo publicado en Energy and Buildings 35 2003 P g 1049 1064 SCHMIDT D Design of Low Exergy Buildings Method and a Pre Design Tool Art culo publicado en International Journal of Low Energy and Sustainable Buildings Vol 3 2003 SUZUKI M OKA T Estimation of life cycle energy consumption and CO emission of office buildings in Japan Art culo publicado en Energy and Buildings 28 1998 P g 33 41 135 Tesis Doctoral Fabian L pez Plazas 7 Bibliograf a P GINAS WEB CONSULTADAS AIE GRUP DE RECERCA D ARQUITECTURA I ENERGIA ETSAB www upc es aie BREEAM BRE Environmental Assessment Method www breeam org BUILDING ENERGY MEASUREMENT AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS http eetd Ibl gov EA Buildings PROJECTS CIBSE
13. THE CHARTERED INSTITUTION OF BUILDING SERVICES ENGINEERS www cibse org CODIGO T CNICO DE LA EDIFICACI N www codigotecnico org CSTB CENTRE SCIENTIFIQUE ET TECHNIQUE DU BATIMENT www cstb fr EEA EUROPEAN ENVIRONMENT AGENCY www eea eu int ENERGIE CIT S ASOCIACI N DE MUNICIPIOS EUROPEOS PARA EL DESARROLLO DE LA ENERGIA EN EL MEDIO URBANO www energie cites org ENERGY OFFICE www energyoffice org EUROPA DIRECCI N GENERAL DE ENERG AS Y TRANSPORTE http europa eu int comm dgs energy transport index es html ICAEN INSTITUT CATAL D ENERGIA www icaen net IDAE INSTITUTO PARA LA DIVERSIFICACI N Y AHORRO DE LA ENERG A www idae es IBPSA INTERNATIONAL BUILDING PERFORMANCE SIMULATION ASSOCIATION www ibpsa org NREL THE NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY www nrel gov UNIVERSIDAD DE LAS PLAMAS DE GRAN CANARIA Escuela de arquitectura Departamento de construcci n http editorial cda ulpgc es ambiente index htm UPC UNIVERSITAT POLIT NICA DE CATALUNYA WWW Upc es USABLE BUILDINGS www usablebuildings co uk U S DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY WWW eere energy gov 136 Tesis Doctoral Fabian L pez Plazas 8 Ponencias y art culos 8 Ponencias presentadas y art culos publicados 137 Tesis Doctoral Fabian L pez Plazas 8 Ponencias y art culos 138 Tesis Doctoral Fabian L pez Plazas 8 Ponencias y art culos Ponencias presentadas e Ponencia le da en el 8 World Renewable Energy Co
14. Tesis Doctoral Fabian L pez Plazas 7 Bibliograf a 7 Bibliograf a 127 Tesis Doctoral Fabian L pez Plazas 7 Bibliograf a 128 Tesis Doctoral Fabian L pez Plazas 7 Bibliograf a ANINK David BOONSTRA Chiel MAK John 1996 Handbook of sustainable building an environmental preference method for selection of materials for use in construction and refurbishment London James amp James cop 1996 ISBN 1 873936 38 9 ASHRAE 1997 Handbook of Fundamentals Edici n Espa ola Manual b sico sobre t cnicas para el c lculo de instalaciones de calefacci n refrigeraci n y aire acondicionado traducci n ACETYR Atlanta American Society of Heating Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers cop 1997 ISBN 0 910110 97 2 ASHRAE 1997 Handbook heating ventilating and air conditioning applications Atlanta American Society of Heating Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers cop 1997 ISBN 1 883413 71 0 cart ATECYR Asociaci n T cnica Espa ola de Climatizaci n y Refrigeraci n 1999 Impacto ambiental de la climatizaci n plan de calidad Madrid AFEC Asociaci n de Fabricantes de Equipos de Climatizaci n 1999 ISBN 84 930549 0 9 BAKER Nick KOEN Steemers 2000 Energy and environment in architecture a technical design guide LondonNew York E amp FN Spon cop 2000 ISBN 0 419 22770 9 BURTON S 2000 Energy Comfort 2000 The aplication of low energy technologie
15. UPC values yes INSTALATIONS Thermal Conditioning Heating yes no Tipus colective Individual Colect Energetic source Gas electr other Gas prefer Demand consumption Theoric Demand consumption 0 Cooling yes no yes Tipus colectiv Individual Heat Bomb hight COP Energetic source Gas electr other Demand consumption 0 Theoric Demand consumption CONSUMPTION MESUREMENT Measurement systems Lighting Ofices Tipus Fluoresc incandes etc Low consum fluoresc Level 0 Lux 500 Lux Classroom Laborat Tipus Fluoresc incandes etc Low consum fluoresc Level 0 Lux 500 Lx Corridors comunit Tipus Fluoresc incandes etc Low consum fluoresc Level 0 Lux 100 INDOORAIRQUALITY TPC values Winter indoor T 0 C 20 C Summer indoor T 0 C 25 C Air renovation 0 m3 h pers 30 50 m3 h pers Y UPC values values Electricity colectiv Individual Individ electronic Gas colectiv Individual Individ electronic Water colectiv Individual Individ electronic CONSUMPTION INDICATORS AND ASSOCIATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTE Value Reference Actions CONSUMPTION po Y UPC ales Electricity XX kwh any Gas 0 Kwh XX kwh any Indicators Consumption per m2 0 Kwh m2 XX kwh m2 any Consumption per cr dit Consumption per usuari 0 Kwh credit XX kwh cr any XX kwh any pers
16. aterial on this subject should be in cluded in the diploma programme in Technical Architecture and at the very least the students have realised that there is more to be learned than what is available through academic training Education continues outside the bounds of the pre scribed studies Most of the surveyed students felt that both their sensitiv ity and their attitudes towards issues relating to the environ ment had changed satisfactorily and none of the surveyed students considered that their feelings on the subject had not changed sufficiently We can therefore state that they all felt that they had acquired certain new skills and attitudes This is a very positive fact since it indicated that carrying out a project relating to the environment had an influence on the formation of students values and this different outlook will undoubtedly lead them to work differently in their chosen professions Assessment of the new model of tutorial experience was positive particularly regarding the regular meetings which served to provide the information needed to the carry out the project and to allow the students themselves to create synergies and means of co operation to deal with the problems that arose repeatedly and to contrast working methodologies In the opinion of the lecturers the web page was used effec tively to transmit information that could be of use to all the students It is important to bear in mind that working with
17. ation e Monitoring of energy consumption e Data analysis and study of the energy efficiency of the building e Proposals for actions to be taken All data gathering working methodology and analysis of the data obtained were carried out in accordance with models and experience provided by the tutors and experts consulted in the course of the work 4 5 Lastly summary sheets giving all the values obtained were drawn up for each building studied In keeping with the stan dard reference parameters the actions to be taken or the strat egies to be applied with each building were determined setting out the policies for energy saving and efficiency in ac cordance with the provisions of the UPC General Plan Fig 2 3 Results and lessons learned In order to evaluate the results of this initiative a survey was carried out in which the students submitting their Final Theses were asked ten questions to assess the different aspects cognitive affective and methodological that they encoun tered in the course of their work A total of 16 questionnaires were evaluated In connection with cognitive aspects the students stated that prior to completing this work their knowledge and apti tude in connection with environmental issues were not suffi cient while after completing the project they felt that both their knowledge and their aptitude for dealing with environmental issues had improved to a satisfactory level Consequently more m
18. ed in a project of analysis of energy performance of UPC buildings in order to identify and implement cost effective ways of promoting a greater environmental responsibility The development of works focused the attention on introducing energy audits in ex isting university buildings analysing the following aspects surveying construction drawings building characteristics energy consumption use of natural lighting energy saving lighting controls water consumption and high efficiency HVAC systems The ultimate goal was to draft a pro posal for greater respect for the environment and for corrective measures aimed at reducing the environmental impacts 2006 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved Keywords Curriculum greening Energy efficiency Interdisciplinary 1 Introduction Sustainable development is an increasingly relevant goal in today s society which should involve considerable change in our behaviours A sustainable society can only be constructed through example and through specific activities The Euro pean Union EU Directive of building energy performance of buildings 1 could play a very important role in the future increase in energy efficiency In many countries current build ing codes have relatively low requirements for energy effi ciency and renewable energy which leads to a higher energy consumption than what is cost effective Because most houses Corresponding author E mail address inma fa upc edu I R
19. he opportu nity to broaden their knowledge through exchanges and collaboration with colleagues in other disciplines It is also JCLP1339 proof m 3 February 2006 m 3 5 WW e annotations 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 4 LR Cantalapiedra et al Journal of Cleaner Production xx 2006 1 5 Total surface BUILDING INDICATORS SUMMARY SHEET YENES Reference values Actions Total volume 0m2 0 m3 BUILDING Isolation Wall Transmission Coefficient 0 00W m2 C 0 73W m2 C Fagade 1 0 00W m2 C Fagade 2 0 00W m2 C Fagade 3 Fagade 0 00W m2 C Window Transmision Coefficient 0 00W m2 C 3 90W m2 C Fagade 1 0 00W m2 C Facade 2 0 00W m2 C Facade 3 0 00W m2 C Facade 4 0 00W m2 C Fagade 0 00W m2 C Total Windows 0 00 E Cover Transmission Coef South solar protections 0 00W m2 C 0 41W m2 C Must have
20. ible Madrid Ministerio de Fomento DL 1999 ISBN 848710438X ISALGU BUXEDA Antoni 1997 L Energia viatja als edificis introducci a la f sica del transport d energia Barcelona Edicions UPC 1997 ISBN 8483011824 ITEC Institut de Tecnologia de la Construcci de Catalunya 2003 Par metres de sostenibilitat Direcci n de Fructu s Ma a i Reixach L nia del Medi Ambient i la Construcci ITEC Albert Cuch i Burgos Daniel Castell i Cortina Gl ria D ez i Bernab Albert Sagrera i Cusc Barcelona ITEC Institut de Tecnologia de la Construcci de Catalunya 2003 ISBN 8478534555 LEVERMORE G J 1992 Building energy management systems an application to heating and control London E amp FN Spon cop 1992 ISBN 0 419 15290 3 L PEZ DE ASIA N Jaime 2001 Arquitectura ciudad medioambiente Sevilla Consejeria de Obras P blicas y Transportes 2001 ISBN 84 472 0658 0 MARTIN M Manuel 1996 Comportamiento t rmico de cerramientos soleados Tesis doctoral Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria 1 996 McQOUISTON Faye C PARKER Jerald D SPITLER Jeffrey D 2003 Calefacci n ventilaci n y aire acondicionado an lisis y dise o M xico D F Limusa Noriega cop 2003 ISBN 968 18 6170 1 MILIAN I ROVIRA Josep M 1981 Manual de calefacci n Barcelona La Gaya Ci ncia 1981 ISBN 84 7080 181 3 MOORE Fuller 1993 Environmental Control Systems Heating cooling lighting New York
21. in the 1980s and 1990s performed hundreds of multi year energy audits They labelled buildings with dif ferent schemes e In Ireland from 1992 labelled almost 8000 houses per year e In Spain and in particular in the Basque Country an en ergy rating system has been developed Energy efficiency certificates are awarded to buildings in two stages A first certificate is awarded in the design phase and a final one is provided to the finished building e In the Netherlands a rating scheme was developed in the mid 1990s The main purpose of this work is the analysis of the energy performance of UPC buildings in order to identify and imple ment cost effective ways of promoting a greater environmental responsibility The work is part of the framework of UPC pol icies 2 that in 2003 launched a project for auditing the energy efficiency of the university buildings so as to establish a Resources Consumption Efficiency Plan focussed mainly on energy and water The Technical Architecture School has adopted as a teach ing strategy the principle that environmental issues should be dealt with throughout the whole course of studies as a part of the curriculum and in all subjects All students are required to complete a Final Project PFC at the end of their degree programme providing them with an opportunity to specialise their studies and focus on the areas that interest them the most and in which they would prefer to undertake their profe
22. loni cop 1996 ISBN 84 920886 1 3 TAYLOR N 2002 Energy efficiency for everyone Analysis and development of an energy efficiency project home Tesis doctoral The University of Western Australia 2002 Universitat Polit cnica de Catalunya UPC 2002 Dades estad stiques i de gesti Curs 2002 2003 Barcelona Servei de Publicacions de la UPC 2002 WACKERHAGEL M REES W 1996 Our ecological footprint reducing human impact on the earth Gabriola Island New Society Publishers cop 1996 ISBN 0 86571 312 X WENDES Herb 1996 HVAC energy audit and balancing forms manual Lilburn The Fairmont Press cop 1996 ISBN 0881732192 132 Tesis Doctoral Fabian L pez Plazas 7 Bibliograf a 133 Tesis Doctoral Fabian L pez Plazas 7 Bibliograf a NORMATIVA DE REFERENCIA Ministerio de Industria y Energ a Espa a Reglamento de instalaciones t rmicas en los edificios RITE y sus instrucciones t cnicas complementarias ITE Tambi n se ha trabajado con el borrador de modificaci n del reglamento actualmente en preparaci n www idae es Madrid Ministerio de Industria y Energ a 1 998 AENOR Norma Espa ola UNE EN 832 Comportamiento t rmico de los edificios C lculo de las necesidades energ ticas para calefacci n Madrid AENOR 2000 Normativa europea de referencia ISO 13790 Thermal performance of buildings Calculation of energy use for space heating Normativa europea de referencia EN 13
23. ngress August 28 September 3 2004 in Denver Colorado En el apartado Low Energy Architecture Energy consumption indicators for Technical University of Catalonia UPC buildings Albert Cuchi o Fabi n L pez 1 School of Architecture of Vall s UPC 2 Environmental Plan UPC Pere Serra 1 15 08190 Sant Cugat del Vall s SPAIN T 34934017884 F 3493401788 alberto cuchi upc es Abstract The aim of this paper is to show an experience in the definition of indicators to measure the influence of the buildings use in the energy consumption against the other factors that influence it This paper summarizes the study carried out by the authors by assignment of the Environmental Plan of Technical University off Catalonia UPC on the possibility of assessing the associated consumption to the different uses educational research management library etc typified and quantified for the university spaces The interest of the study for the UPC is to explore the possibility of determining possible energy efficiency policies based on actions on the user that did not suppose discrimination in function of the different infrastructure that are used or the different types of activity that are carried out To do so it was necessary to separate the different factors that influence in the energy consumption and above all to measure simultaneously the consumption and the use in each monitored building Particularly the work consisted in
24. on of the use of the buildings as one of the factors of greater incidence in the final energy consumption in the buildings is the initial approach of this work that proposes a methodology that permit to quantify to value and to analyze this influence Understanding that the use is not only referred to the activities that develop in a building but also to the energy resources that utilizes to carry out these activities and to satisfy the needs of comfort of the users the total consumption of energy will be related to the different energy uses in the building Taking as premise that for each energy use the consumption should be related to the systems and available machines in the building its performance and the use that be done of them If we consider each one of these factors as a variable to know the energy consumption theoretical would be able to be defined according to the solution of the following equation in which there would be to establish the interaction of the different variables EC P R U Where EC Energy consumption Power installed R Performance efficiency of systems U Use The study and the resolution of this equation suppose the initial approach to verify by means of the analysis of some buildings of the UPC in the development of a doctoral thesis and in the framework of different research projects promoted from Environmental Plan Office 140 Tesis Doctoral Fabian L pez Plazas 8 Ponencias y art culos A
25. rt culos publicados Como resultado del trabajo realizado en los 6 edificios de la UPC analizados en detalle en esta tesis y cuyos resultados se presentaron en los informes de los proyectos de investigaci n del Laboratori Real 1 y 2 promovidos por el CITIES Centre Interdisciplinari de Tecnolog a Educaci i Innovaci per a la Sostenibilitat la Universidad decidi promover la realizaci n de Auditorias Energ ticas en sus edificios siguiendo la metodolog a de an lisis planteada en el marco del Plan de Eficiencia Energ tica en el Consumo de Recursos PECR promovido desde la vicerrector a adjunta de edificaciones El desarrollo de las auditorias se propuso como una l nea de proyectos de fin de carrera de la Escuela Polit cnica Superior de la Edificaci n de Barcelona EPSEB y ha sido llevado a cabo en convocatorias anuales Desde septiembre de 2003 a la fecha se han llevado a cabo 31 Auditorias de un total de 86 edificios de la UPC las cuales se han realizado bajo la tutor a acad mica de las profesoras Montserrat Bosch e Inmaculada Rodr guez Cantalapiedra y con mi apoyo como t cnico del CITIES Centre Interdisciplinari de Tecnolog a Educaci i Innovaci per a la Sostenibilitat Los resultados de esta experiencia docente se resumen en el art culo presentado al JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION de la Editorial ELSEVIER el cual ha sido aceptado para publicaci n en el pr ximo n mero de la revista que se incluye a continuaci n
26. s to seven new non domestic buildings European Comission Thermie Project to reduce energy and improve confort and environment BURTON S 2001 Energy efficient office refurbishment London James amp James cop 2001 ISBN 1 902916 01 8 BUTERA Federico M 1996 Energia e tecnologia fra uomo e ambiente 5a edici n Milano CittaStudi 1992 5a edici n de 1996 ISBN 88 251 7057 2 CARRIER 1997 Handbook of Air Conditioning System Design McGraw Hill New York Carrier Air Conditioning Co Versi n espafiola Barcelona Marcombo ed S CLARK II William H 1998 An lisis y gesti n energ tica de edificios M todos proyectos y sistemas de ahorro energ tico Traducci n y revisi n t cnica Claudio M guez G mez Madrid McGraw Hill 1998 ISBN 84 481 2102 3 129 Tesis Doctoral Fabian L pez Plazas 7 Bibliograf a COMISI N EUROPEA Programa LIFE 1999 La ense anza de la arquitectura y el medio ambiente Barcelona Generalitat de Catalunya COAC ITEC UPC 1999 ISBN 84 89698 34 1 COMISION MUNDIAL DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE Y DEL DESARROLLO 1988 Nuestro futuro com n Madrid Alianza 1988 ISBN 84 206 9574 2 CUCHI Albert L PEZ Isaac 1999 Informe MIES Una aproximaci a l Impacte ambiental de l Escola d Arquitectura del Valles ISBN 84 7653 870 7 CUCHI Albert 2006 Arquitectura i Sostenibilitat Barcelona Ediciones UPC Temas de Tecnolog a y Sostenibilidad 2006 ISBN 84 8301 839 X
27. ssional careers UPC s interest in developing an Energy Efficiency Plan for consumption of energy resources with the aim of auditing the existing buildings and defining policy and objectives for en ergy savings and efficiency was seen as an opportunity for es tablishing links between teaching research and management of the university Within this framework the Environment Plan Office with the collaboration of the Department of Ar chitectural Technology II and the Department of Applied Physics has created a line of projects with the name Resources Consumption Efficiency Plan PECR Energy Audits as a strategy focussing on learning by students The PECR has developed a practical and useful methodol ogy for auditing the energy performance of UPC buildings and assessing their environmental quality This goal has been pur sued on the basis of yearly rounds involving groups of students who receive over a six month period individual and group teaching that obliges them to do research and learn under the interdisciplinary guidance of a group of lecturers with spe cific knowledge The paper has the objective of publicising the results from an academic standpoint of a specific action carried out within the framework of the Energy Efficiency Plan UPC 2002 that is now being implemented and that will allow the existing commitment to greening the university studies in Technical Architecture School to be strengthened In the first stage
28. this task was performed through the energy audit of buildings and in particular of UPC buildings and in view of the good results obtained the second stage has now been started This action had the following goals e Address the need for curriculum greening e Develop a learning strategy e Create tools and a framework for work e Integrate different areas of work at UPC teaching research and management By means of Strategic Plans our University has been mak ing a sustained effort for several years aimed at greening the areas of teaching research and technology transfer with the professional sector This approach is carried through with the express commitment by the different departments to pro mote ongoing enhancement of the activities that were under taken to stimulate students The completion of a Final Thesis in the Technical Architec ture Diploma programme provides a good opportunity to work with those concepts on the basis of a comprehensive view of all the aspects involved in the construction process optimisa tion of energy resources energy savings and improvements and construction procedures and treatment of the outer surface of buildings among others For this purpose the Guide to Greening Final Projects 3 was drafted in 1998 classifying theses into four different types depending on the degree of implication of environmen tal issues Projects linked to the PECR arose in connection with these purposes
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