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1. en traduisant 2006 10 et Fran oise Wuilmart parle de l identification du traducteur avec la nature profonde de l auteur et avec le monde mis en sc ne par lui et plus cette identification est grande plus le message aura de chances de passer dans la langue d arriv e car seul ce qui est ressenti v cu de l int rieur cr e un effet d authenticit et le mot le style le ton justes viendront alors spontan ment 1990 239 14 dignit a d fendre ses livres et qu en trahissant son texte il regrettera un jour les retouches la concession ibid 20 Les deux autres param tres de la fid lit sont selon Hurtado Albir la fid lit la langue cible et la fid lit au destinataire les deux d coulant de la nouvelle situation de communication instaur e par la traduction En qualit de pontifex le traducteur dresse des ponts entre la langue source et la langue cible en choisissant comme indique Schleiermacher soit de laisser l crivain le plus tranquille possible et faire que le lecteur aille 4 sa rencontre soit laisser le lecteur le plus tranquille possible et faire que l crivain aille sa rencontre 1999 49 Dans le premier cas de figure on a affaire un grand respect de Poriginal et de la langue source ce qui est une caract ristique de la traduction savante ou philologique mais en s attachant la langue le traducteur coure le risque d about
2. exprimer 1989 96 Also in what concerns the general attitude of trainers during sessions opinions are divided as to what approach is preferable the carrot or the stick A tougher attitude bringing with it a more abrasive feedback could be justified by the fact that very soon the trainees will have to perform in front of audiences and more importantly of juries they are not familiar with Indeed experience shows that a large number of failures at interpreter selection tests is cause precisely by excessive stress levels It is yet to be determined however whether a more tense atmosphere in the classroom generally involving a higher degree of stress could be a solution to that Referring to the instructors tough attitude rationalized as a good preparation for the stress in the marketplace Gile found it unjustified and counterproductive 2005 139 and that is also our belief Still this is not to say that the opposing view is completely devoid of merit We believe that the choice between the carrot and the stick will always largely depend on the personality of the trainer and on the tradition of each school but the important thing about it is that it should remain a deliberate choice part of a reasoned strategy and not just something done on a whim For the other potential providers of feedback pressure may come from the opposite direction Thus pJeers colleagues and booth mates can judge how the interpreter
3. t want to give you ham The author was puzzled to see the audience burst into laughter in the middle of a tormenting account 2 2 Cultural challenges Besides the linguistic challenges there are also cultural difficulties involved in PSI Although cultural issues arise in any type of intercultural communication the difficulty in dealing with them increases as interpreters need to 74 find on the spot solutions Translators have time to search and find the most appropriate and reader friendly solution but for the interpreters the clock is ticking For example in the United States telling someone they are on a parallel course implies agreement or similarity of views In Japanese however parallel is used to indicate that parties disagree because parallel lines never converge Samova Porter and McDaniel 2011 15 one concept two different cultures In the context of cultural difficulties interpreting jokes can become a stumbling block because many times they tend to lose their effect on the target audience For example I had to interpret a speech that involved a comparison with cocalarii de Ferentari and pitipoancele chavs and bimbos The Romanian audience was amused but unfortunately the comparison did not have the same entertaining effect on the group of Americans who could not grasp the cultural allusion If jokes can be challenging in conference interpreting and in translation as well in PSI we
4. 12 13 ess 17 20 14 17 15 19 15 13 FREQUENTLY Euro Average 25 Play games at least once a week Average 48 ANY GAMING BEBEEB Switzer kand WEEKLY 26 23 25 21 24 24 23 MONTHLY 7 10 11 7 12 7 8 8 Denmark Germany Austria Italy Bri te Spain Portugal LESS ENTLY 13 10 12 9 3 9 9 9 Les figures 2 et 3 illustrent le profil g n ral du public europ en elles se r f rent en particulier aux march s les plus vastes 4 savoir 25 des Europ ens jouent au moins une fois par semaine 49 des joueurs sont des adultes et 45 des femmes Ces statistiques sont par ailleurs confirm es par le chiffre d affaires de l industrie des jeux vid o PwC 2012 348 et par les tudes parall les dans le contexte de l Am rique du Nord ESA Apres coup ce sc nario n est pas tellement surprenant compte tenu du fait que les jeux vid o sont profond ment li s aux derniers avancements technologiques et s offrent comme la principale forme de divertissement l re du num rique Ainsi les jeux sociaux comme Farmville et Cityville attirent les utilisateurs de Facebook les applications mobiles comme Snake Tetris et plus r cemment Ruzzle et Angry Birds all chent les possesseurs de t l phones mobiles et de smartphones et enfin les consoles offrant la d tection des mouvements s duisent les gens de tout ge comme la Wii Fit qui passionne les femmes jeunes et moins jeunes Les jeux vi
5. PE Ajude nos a garantir que n o um robot 4 4 Skype As vers es localizadas do programa Skype mostram as mesmas diferen as como Gmail e Hotmail Na vers o em PB usa se o pronome voc onde voc estiver 19 de onde voc estiver Voc precisa de cr dito Skype 20 voc nunca mais perder uma chamada quando voc n o puder 21 ao passo que em PE prefere se a 3 pessoa verbal sem emprego do pronome pessoal Onde estiver 19 onde esteja Precisa de cr dito Skype 20 Nunca mais perca uma chamada se estiver offline 21 Observamos tamb m a presen a do cl tico lhe ausente da vers o brasileira da localiza o 19 PB N o importa onde voc estiver ou onde eles estiverem com o Skype voc s estar o sempre juntos PE Onde estiver onde os seus amigos estiverem o Skype mant m vos juntos 20 PB Atenda todas as suas chamadas de onde voc estiver com o encaminhamento de chamadas Voc precisa de Cr dito Skype ou de uma assinatura para encaminhar chamadas PE Atenda as suas chamadas Skype independentemente onde esteja com o reencaminhamento de chamadas Precisa de cr dito Skype ou de uma subscri o de chamadas para reencaminhar chamadas a partir do Skype 21 PB Com as mensagens de voz voc nunca mais perder uma chamada Deixe o Skype atender suas chamadas quando voc n o puder Personalize sua sauda o da mensagem de voz salve
6. Paris 1960 C ntecul redutei Sofia 1961 Antologia della poesia romena Milano 1961 Antologia poeziei romdnesti Atena 1961 Roman k lt k antologiaya Budapesta 1961 Povestiri rom nesti Hanoi 1961 The translational activity of that period can be broadly classified into 1 translations which included literary translations political translations technical scientific translations and 2 translation studies published in review articles It should be aknowledged however that by translation studies we refer to the attempts of some writers and poets who also regarded themeselves as translators and critics to shape up some concepts and directions for the development of translations in Romania Sometimes the translational thoughts were expressed as recommendations or pieces of advice addressed to peer translators scholars or and institutional representatives who were in charge with translation ativities and could make the right decision for the course of translations Terminology was not regarded as an established independent brach of linguistics although it became part of translational or literary inquiry so the dictionaries compiled and published in this period can also be referred to as translation related products 42 Since most of what was translated was to do with literature it stands to reason that what was written on translation was associated solely with the translation of literature Hence our research is focused
7. and another volume concerning fairy tales inbetween the Orient and the Occident 12 L auteur le traducteur et l diteur la rencontre du lecteur Le Pays du fromage de Felicia Mihali lleana Neli EIBEN Universit de l Ouest Timisoara Abstract Le Pays du fromage English title The cheese country 2002 is the first novel published in Quebec by the Romanian Canadian writer Felicia Mihali It is a translation by the author of her previous novel Tara brdnzei that appeared in Romania in 1999 Insofar as it seeks integration into an adoptive culture it marks a new beginning the text acquiring meaning in the encounter with the Other whose centrality to the adoptive culture prompts questions regarding identity and transculturation In this paper we aim at observing the decisions an author translating his her own work is likely to make when faced with the dilemma of whether to preserve the form of the source text very strictly or naturalize and adapt it to meet the expectations of the target audience As well as the author translator a crucial part in this process we argue is that played by the editor whose influence on the final version translation prepares it for the encounter with the target reader Keywords self translation target reader editor rewriting loyalty creativity 1 FIDELITE ET CREATIVITE EN AUTOTRADUCTION En partant de l affirmation de J R Ladmiral que la traduction est une co
8. c est dire aux tiges s ches de tournesols ou pire encore aux pailles de bl 25 Le fragment ci dessus se caract rise par le d sir de clart du r viseur voir le Texte cible 1 soucieux de faciliter la compr hension du texte par le lecteur cible C est pourquoi on sugg re la traductrice de faire appel au syntagme anciennes m thodes rurales cens expliciter le recours aux tiges de tournesols et pailles de bl pour allumer et entretenir le feu 18 c Restructuration des unit s d un nonc La fragmentation des phrases trop longues surtout des num rations ou le r am nagement des unit s d un nonc symbolis par des fl ches dans le Texte cible 1 sont des options de traduction qui permettent de reformuler une phrase ou un paragraphe sur les bases de la langue cible On peut remarquer dans le premier exemple ci dessous que ce qui dans le texte source tait exprim par une seule proposition est reformul dans le texte cible dans deux propositions distinctes De m me dans le deuxi me exemple ce qui tait en t te de phrase est d plac vers le milieu de la phrase l crivaine choisissant de respecter les contraintes syntaxiques et idiomatiques Delisle 2003 56 du fran ais pour produire un texte conforme aux r gles linguistiques observ es par la majorit des locuteurs qu b cois Texte Cele mai umile si mai agresive plante urzici stevie stir pelin rap
9. preciso salientar que em Portugal o pronome v s conjugado com a 5 pessoa verbal n o faz parte da norma padr o sendo usando em algumas regi es rurais do Norte PORTUGUES BRASILEIRO PORTUGUES EUROPEU tu sg voc voc o a senhor a o a senhor a vos pl voc s voc s os as senhores as os as senhores as Tabela n 1 Formas de tratamento alocutivas pronominais em PB e PE 3 Embora seja substantivo do ponto de vista morfol gico as suas caracter sticas discursivas fazem com que o senhor seja considerado FT pronominalizada Cintra 1986 ou at pronome Castilho 2010 Em algumas regi es do Sul mas tamb m no Maranh o o pronome tu usado s vezes com a 3 pessoa verbal Ex Tu fala Te tamb m aparece na variedade brasileira mas como cl tico de voc como no t tulo Voc n o me ensinou a te esquecer de uma can o de Caetano Veloso Usamos a terminologia do artigo de Brown e Gilman 1960 sobre os pronomes de tratamento Partindo da distin o tu vos do Latim autores distinguem entre os pronomes T que s o usados em contextos informais e os pronomes V que expressam um grau maior de formalidade Em geral os pronomes de tratamento V s o formas indiretas em algumas l nguas rom nicas como o franc s sendo usado o plural para o singular no discurso formal le vouvoiement ao passo que outras l nguas como o portugu s empregam a 3 pessoa para tratamento alocutivo Pa
10. t retenue pour publication nous pensons rendre compte de l accouchement en fran ais d une nouvelle version qui investie de l autorit auctoriale se fraie son propre chemin vers l univers culturel du nouveau public r cepteur Se demandant qui serait int ress au Qu bec par des histoires qui parlent de la d tresse roumaine la ville comme la campagne Mihali Steiciuc 2007 17 l crivaine entame selon nous un processus de cr ation traductionnelle qui fait que les m mes phrases et images r dig es en d autres mots parlaient un peu d autre chose ibid 17 Il n est pas question ici d un simple exercice de r nonciation ou de r criture mais d un parcours de traduction o sont mises l preuve les notions m mes de fid lit et de cr ativit quoi doit tre fid le l auteur qui entreprend de se traduire pour chapper l accusation de traitrise traduttore traditore qui plane sur la traduction Selon Hurtado Albir il doit ob ir un triple imp ratif il doit tre fid le au vouloir dire de l auteur la langue d arriv e et au destinataire de la traduction Par le vouloir dire de l auteur le traductologue comprend la connaissance du contexte verbal o chaque mot est ins r du contexte cognitif et du contexte situationnel et g n ral Hurtado Albir 1990 115 Dans cette optique il existe dans le cas de l autotrad
11. BRASILEIRO E EM PORTUGUES EUROPEU Empregando o crit rio morfol gico Cintra 1986 distingue tr s categorias de FT em portugu s pronominais nominais e verbais Adotando uma perspetiva sem ntico pragm tica Carreira 1997 classifica as FT do portugu s em elocutivas para a designa o de si alocutivas que s o usadas para designar o interlocutor e delocutivas para a designa o de terceiros Tomando em considera o as caracter sticas do nosso corpus limitaremos a an lise s FT alocutivas pronominais e verbais visto que as FT nominais n o s o presentes nas localiza es de e mails e chats e o di logo entre o usu rio e o software imp e a utiliza o exclusiva das FT alocutivas Observamos que o PE mant m no singular uma estrutura tern ria composta pelos elementos tu voc e o senhor ao passo que o PB apresenta na variante padr o o bin mio voc o senhor para expressar diversos graus de proximidade ou de familiaridade entre locutores As equival ncias formais n o pressup em usos iguais nas duas variantes do portugu s Por exemplo voc amplamente utilizado no Brasil como um pronome T ao passo que em Portugal o mesmo pronome tem um valor interm dio de cortesia O pronome voc considerado uma FT cort s em alguns contextos ao passo que em outras situa es de comunica o os falantes o consideram ofensivo No sistema de tratamento do plural mant m se tamb m algumas diferen as No entanto
12. Mihali F Steiciuc E B 2007 La rencontre avec la nouvelle langue s est produite sur et dans mes textes Entretien avec Felicia Mihali in Atelier de traduction Dossier L Autotraduction n 7 Suceava Editura Universitatii Suceava pp 15 23 Plassard F 2007 Lire pour traduire Paris Presses Sorbonne Nouvelle Reiss K 2002 La critique des traductions ses possibilit s et ses limites traduit de l allemand par Catherine Bocquet Artois Artois Presses Universit Robin R 1993 La Qu b coite 2 d Montr al XYZ Editeur Oustinoff M 2001 Bilinguisme d criture et auto traduction Julien Green Samuel Beckett Vladimir Nabokov Paris L Harmattan Schleiermacher F 1999 Des diff rentes m thodes du traduire et autre texte traduit de l allemand par Antoine Berman et Christian Berner Paris Editions du Seuil Woodsworth J 1988 Traducteurs et crivains vers une red finition de la traduction litt raire in TTR vol 1 n 1 pp 115 125 Wuilmart F 1990 Le traducteur litt raire un marieur empathique de cultures in M ta vol 35 n 1 pp 236 242 Le nouveau Petit Robert Dictionnaire alphab tique et analogique de la langue francaise 2009 Paris Robert Tr sor de la langue fran aise informatis URL http www cnrtl fr consult le 13 mars 2013 Tleana Neli EIBEN is an Assistant Lecturer at the West University of Timisoara Romania She teaches French
13. almost exclusively on some studies and articles published during 1958 1970 on the translation of literature In the period 1958 1970 which came under the scrutiny of the present study translation studies were relatively scarce in Romania The communist regime and its ideology obstructed or limited through a severe censorship and other means the importation of western works including works on translatology The present study undertakes to survey the aproaches concepts and opinions on translation which were published by a few literature reviews in the communist years of 1958 1970 Prior to tackling various approaches and writings the study previews the development of these studies in Romania and in Europe 2 METHODOLOGY The present study is a synchronic examination of some opinions on the translation of literature as they emegerged from the reviews published in the difficult years of communist containment It is built on a collection of reviews and articles retrieved from the available specialized weekly magazines and dailies published in Romania in the communist period of 1958 1970 The article is based on the examination of 7 articles and 2 reviews collected from the library of the Centre for Studies and Research of the Literary Club from Sibiu Cluj managed by the poet and publisher Dan Damaschin In addition the study has been informed by the interviews and talks with critics and writers who were active during the communist period amongst
14. can identify a peculiarity that of non verbal behaviour eye contact gestures posture clothing etc This is mostly because the PS interpreter interacts directly with his clients and she he is not simply a voice in the headphones For example one of our interviewees was commissioned by a representative of a Muslim society This assignment required proper dressing She was also asked to speak in the background in a low clear manner Ciupe 2012 48 Therefore we can see that culture plays a crucial role in maintaining a climate of understanding and cooperation 2 3 Physical challenges As the PS interpreter is not locked in a booth wearing his headsets or speaking in a microphone but she he is there where the event takes place in police stations courts hospitals community centres etc physical difficulties are part of the equation When dealing with this type of difficulties Humphrey and Alcorn 2001 1 4 distinguish between the external noise and the physiological challenges On the one hand external noise may involve screeching doors noisy crowds hustling children and nervous people These are just some examples of events that can disrupt the communication between the client and the interpreter For example one of the most disturbing external noises I had to confront was performing chuchotage in a camp for a group of Americans Given that there was a large group involved around 20 people we had to use several interpreters at on
15. century our translation He then adds that this situation is the outcome of the changed perception of the concepts of literary translation and translator as a result of the massive translation of world literature According to Papu translation is no more a simple approximate and arbitrary transcription of a work of literature written in other countries but has turned into an act of artistic creation which has resulted in the arbitrary separation between the translator and writer Papu n d our translation He argues that all major poets and writers had tried their hand at translations including Tudor Arghezi Ion Barbu Lucian Blaga Adrian Marino Al Philipide Tudor Vianu and that many more modern writers had dedicated part of their talent to the art of translation Papu ibid assumes that the translator s activity requires a few requisites for its proper fulfillment amongst which he enumerates talent linguistic and literary culture familiarity with the epoch and the writer s entire work He mentions that for a long period many foreign writers had not been translated on the grounds of untranslatability Papu idem admits to no such justification arguing that untranslatability is the result of complacence and that a text or a piece of writing 47 which cannot be translated in a two months interval can be translated in two years provided the translator laboriously dedicates his w
16. es enti res sans y rencontrer me qui vive En cible 2 de rares endroits on voyait quelques empreintes de pas ou de pattes de chien 26 La phrase marqu e en italiques consid r e comme superflue ne figure plus dans le texte cible Cette perte au niveau phrastique ne nuit pas a la coh sion textuelle Au contraire elle permet une meilleure articulation des informations des deux nonc s qui ne sont plus disloqu s mais rapproch s La description des routes s ch es par le vent printanier est effac e pour permettre d opposer directement la pr sence des animaux sugg r e par les empreintes de pattes a l absence des tres anim s dont il a t question ant rieurement b Ajout de formules ou m me de paragraphes d explicitation Texte As fi dat orice pentru un banal resou electric pentru c imi era imposibil source s revin la paiele si la tulpinile uscate de floarea soarelui 21 Texte vaisselle que j avais apport e sans penser quiln y avar q quor entretemr nr x cible 1 le feu m me un quart d heure J aurais pay n importe quel prix pour nee banal r chaud gaze amiant que j tais incapable de revenir aux tuyaux secs de tournesol ou ux patttgs de die a ch tore ga en it w kit une RTT ARR de la pte cour da poser VE te aus Texte J aurais pay cher pour un banal r chaud gaz car j tais incapable de revenir cible 2 aux anciennes m thodes rurales
17. et de l Autre dans la traduction dialectique expliqu e par J R Ladmiral comme la propension de l alt rit des signifiants de la langue source pour rejoindre le propre de la langue cible 1998 154 155 Autrement dit c est en exploitant son potentiel et ses moyens linguistiques que le traducteur pourra dire presque la m me chose qu en langue source C est l aune de ce presque que se mesurera sa facult d une part de n gocier avec les potentialit s interpr tatives du texte traduire et d autre part de mobiliser de grandes ressources expressives lors de la r expression Pourquoi alors mettre ensemble traducteur et diteur en l occurrence r viseur Parce que la rencontre entre le monde du texte et le monde du lecteur passe par un pacte de lecture dont ils sont les principaux signataires Bien que le Le pacte de lecture est un pacte implicite pass entre auteur et son lecteur et reposant sur l existence d un double protocole celui de l auteur essentiellement nonciatif et celui de l diteur du texte essentiellement typographique entendu comme une s rie d instructions de lecture 16 texte porte en soi sa propre intention il ne sera actualis que par l activit lectrice qui consiste formuler des hypoth ses l interpr ter On a ainsi affaire une succession de lectures d abord du texte par l auteur en vue de la traduction ensuite du r viseur
18. g gt Has conseguido s lt w gt s Iter 2 Ke You cannot carry any more sap impossible de porter d autres lt g gt Non puoi trasportare pill lt g gt Mehr s kannst du nicht lt g gt No puedes llevar m s s lt w gt lia ter Re cu s lt w gt s lt w gt tragen lt w gt 3 ke gt Empty lt w gt lt g gt Vide lt w gt lt g gt Vuoto lt w gt lt g gt Leer lt w gt lt g gt Vacio lt w gt Ks0 gt KdG a Night n lt s0 gt dP par nuit n lt s0 gt dG una notte n lt s0 gt dG pro Nacht n lt s0 gt dO por noche n cod nur a m n An An An Staying t Kal gt Stay n lt al gt S journerin lt al gt Resta n lt a1 gt Bleiben n lt al gt Alojarse n refresh Ka2 gt No n lt Q gt lt s gt lt a2 gt Non n lt Q gt lt s gt lt a2 gt No ncQ gt lt s gt lt a2 gt NeinincQ gt lt s gt lt a2 gt No ncQ gt lt s gt B You do not have enough money lt w gt Vous n avez pas assez d argent lt w gt Non hai abbastanza denaro lt w gt Du hast nicht genug Geld lt w gt No tienes suficiente dinero lt w gt Session lt s0 gt lt al gt Perform a session n lt s0 gt lt al gt Interpr ter une s ance n lt s0 gt lt at gt Esegui una sessione n lt s0 gt lt al gt Eine Session abhalten n lt s0 gt lt af gt Participar en sesidn An sessions 6 Ka2 gt Do not perform asession n lt aZ gt Ne pas interpr ter de s ance n lt a2 gt Non eseguire una sessione n lt a2 gt Keine Session abhalten n lt a2 gt No participar en sesi n n NPC in tt Ka3 gt Vie
19. http www isfe eu http www theesa com http www pegi info it index Gianna TARQUINI is an external collaborator of the CAWEB Master at Marc Bloch University in Strasbourg and a postdoctoral researcher at the Department of Translation and Interpretation University of Bologna Forli where she participates in the Forlixt research project on audiovisual translation After an MA in translation she completed a doctoral research on the localization of video games at the Localisation Research Centre in Ireland and the Kansai Gakuin University Japan She is also a professional translator Interests the localisation of digital products audiovisual translation and LSP 32 Is Film Terminology Subtitling a Difficult Task for the Subtitler Liana MUTHU Babes Bolyai University Cluj Napoca Abstract Starting from the premise that ambiguity has to be avoided in scientific communication the present paper focuses upon the difficulties encountered by a subtitler when translating the terminology of a certain film script from a source language English into a target language Romanian Consequently we have taken as examples two sequences from the documentary Home directed by Yann Arthus Bertrand where there are brought into discussion terms from the ecology domain and glaciology sub domain each of them designating one precise concept The paper explains the reason why the subtitler s work requires much effort when looking for the correct
20. like Nida were not mentioned in the published translational reviews and critiques 4 THEORIES AND OPINIONS It is the purpose of the present study to argue that approaches to translation practice existed in communist Romania despite the scarcity of rigurous imports of translation studies from the western world The concern for translations was premised on two arguments first there was the communist endeavour to provide the people and the young with access to a broader culture including world literature and second the drive of the Communist Party to export good literature and Romanian culture abroad These two arguments intertwined produced excellent translations both into Romanian and into other languages However in spite of the communist limitations mentioned previously the Romanian writers and poets were translated into French or other languages by translator poets or critics who had good cultural relations with the Romanian colleagues and whom they often visited This was illustrated by Bosquet s interview about the Romanian culture and its translation into French published in Gazeta literar in 1965 Edgar Papu admits in his article Valori fundamentale ale traducerii Values of the Art of Translation published in Sc nteia n d we are the owners of an impressive qualitative and quantitative collection of translated works of which the most numerous and the most valuable had been translated in the last quarter of the
21. mensagens para ouvir novamente e deixe mensagens de voz para seus contactos caso n o consiga falar com eles Ganhe o recurso de mensagens de voz ao fazer uma assinatura PE Nunca mais perca uma chamada com mensagens de voz Permita ao Skype guardar uma mensagem se estiver offline ou ausente do computador quando algu m lhe liga Personalize a sua mensagem de 61 voz de sauda o guarde mensagens para ouvir novamente e deixe mensagens de voz para os seus contactos se n o conseguir falar com eles Obtenha mensagens de voz quando comprar uma subscri o 5 CONCLUS ES Esta breve an lise mostra que o p blico alvo e as suas particularidades culturais t m um papel importante no processo de localiza o e que a pergunta Para quem traduzimos ocupa um lugar central na adapta o de um produto aos requisitos dos mercados As diferen as lingu sticas entre as duas variantes do portugu s s o incorporadas na localiza o para que o produto software tenha uma rela o natural com o utilizador e as normas de cortesia de cada cultura s o presentes com as suas particularidades Gmail Yahoo Mail Hotmail e Skype s o apenas alguns exemplos mas o facto de haver no caso de muitos s tios ou produtos vers es em duas variantes do portugu s indica a tend ncia atual no mercado global as culturas que se expressam atrav s da l ngua t m um papel fundamental na localiza o H p blicos que s o unidos por uma l ngua comum mas que viv
22. na vers o final as particularidades culturais do p blico alvo que mais do que a tradu o do conte do do menu do programa Uma das particularidades a tomar em considera o na adapta o de um produto s normas lingu sticas e culturais do mercado alvo s o as regras de etiqueta Se os falantes t m expectativas em rela o ao que considerado adequado ou n o na intera o com as pessoas estas expectativas seriam transferidas nas intera es com o computador ou com um produto software Tal como na intera o entre as pessoas a defini o da etiqueta na intera o homem computador est relacionada com os conceitos de adequa o ao contexto Likewise we define human computer etiquette as a similar set of conventions that facilitate smooth and effective interactions between people and computers For computers to be successful in etiquette they must produce nuanced responses that are sensitive to the context and reactions of people Hayes amp Miller 2011 4 ANALISE DO CORPUS Nesta sec o fazemos uma an lise comparativa dos usos das formas de tratamento alocutivas pronominais e verbais nas localiza es em PB e PE com base em exemplos de Gmail Yahoo Mail Hotmail e Skype H autores que identificam sete camadas de adapta es no processo de localiza o de um produto a infraestrutura tecnol gica a gram tica a sem ntica a representa o gr fica e ic nica as pr ticas dos neg cios o n
23. sentido em que refletem a organiza o da sociedade em termos de institui es e de es tratifica o Gouveia 2008 as FT mostram em n vel lingu stico o que significa viver em portugu s nos quatro cantos do mundo A import ncia da tradu o adequada das FT do portugu s fundamental No caso da localiza o de produtos que analisaremos neste trabalho como o e mail e o chat em que o uso da ferramenta faz parte do dia a dia o usu rio deve ter a sensa o de comunica o natural Por isso os tradutores devem conhecer as normas que cada comunidade lingu stica adota e integr las na localiza o Na sec o seguinte fazemos uma breve apresenta o contrastiva das FT em PE e PB e depois analisaremos como foi integrada esta diferen a lingu stica na localiza o de ferramentas como o e mail e o chat Segundo as estat sticas mais recentes o portugu s uma das mais faladas l nguas do mundo com cerca de 250 milh es de falantes l ngua oficial em Portugal no Brasil nos PALOP Pa ses Africanos de L ngua Oficial Portuguesa Angola Mo ambique Cabo Verde Guin Bissau S o Tom e Pr ncipe e l ngua co oficial em Macau China e no Timor Leste Comunidades de falantes de portugu s encontram se na ndia nas regi es Goa Dam o e Diu Estas diferen as diminu ram depois da ado o do Acordo ortogr fico em todos os pa ses de l ngua portuguesa 54 2 AS FORMAS DE TRATAMENTO EM PORTUGUES
24. texts In spite of the repeated occurrences each term designates just one precise concept This thing must happen in a specialized text the univocity of the terms used in the same domain is important In this way we avoid ambiguity in sending the message to the receptor Generally speaking synonymy is not agreed in terminology because it makes communication difficult being contrary to the terminology basic principle namely transparency References Bidu Vr nceanu A C l rasu C Ionescu Rux ndoiu L Mancas M Pana Dindelegan G 2005 Dictionar de stiinte ale limbii Bucuresti Ed Nemira Cabr T M 1999 Terminology Theory mathods and applications John Benjamins Publishing Company Cabr T M 2000 Elements for a Theory of Terminology towards an alternative paradigm in Terminology International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Issues in Specialized Communication 6 1 p 35 7 A Cabr T M 2003 Theories of terminology Their description prescription and explanation in Terminology International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Issues in Specialized Communication 9 2 p 163 99 2 SN PRA ps K Translated from Romanian Termenii sunt unit ti ale cunoasterii cu un continut stabil deci mai independenti fata de context decat cuvintele obisnuite 39 Catford J C 1965 A Linguistic Theory of Translation An Essay in Applied Linguistics London Oxford University Press C
25. tous les aspects techniques marketing juridiques et culturels Sch ler 2003 Le statut et le champ d action de la traduction sont donc profond ment alt r s par rapport des domaines plus traditionnels Pym 2004 O Hagan Hashworth 2002 Dans cette contribution nous nous r f rons principalement aux pratiques traductives alors que le terme localisation sera employ sensu lato pour indiquer adaptation de produits num riques dans leur int gralit 23 qui fait appel aux tudes sur les m dias la s miotique la sociologie la philosophie ainsi qu la programmation animation et la conception graphique etc nous allons passer en revue les caract ristiques constitutives du m dia savoir les objectifs communicatifs les supports textuels num riques et les modalit s d interaction Ce faisant nous d finirons une approche fonctionnelle la traduction de jeux vid o qui rel ve des finalit s et des caract ristiques de base du m dia Par la suite nous allons explorer le monde h t rog ne et dynamique des gamers en tra ant les contours d un cadre sans doute inattendu Ces consid rations nous m neront enfin formuler d ult rieures r flexions sur une approche traductive fonctionnelle et orient e vers le public cible 2 CARACTERISTIQUES CONSTITUTIVES DU MEDIA ET APPROCHE TRADUCTIVE 2 1 Divertissement Les jeux vid o font l objet de controverses et de critiques f roces en raison de con
26. whom Mr Dan Damaschin deserves special credit as he has been a fervent and accurate recorder and expert of literature and translated writings The survey does not tackle the works of linguists and translators of Romanian origin who were active and published abroad The article is an objective account of the retrieved approaches and concepts free from any political or ideological biases The author wishes to apologise for the incomplete references used in some cases such as in the references for the following articles Mihai Beniuc et la campagne roumain Po mes adapt s par Hubert Juin for which only the initials M B have been provided in the review L Humanit in the 26 August 1960 issue and Valori fundamentale ale artei traducerii Fundamental Values of the Art of Translation by Edgar Papu an article published in Sc nteia for which the date of publication could not be retrieved 43 3 BACKGROUND TO TRANSLATIONS In the studied interval literature was translated both from Romanian into other languages and from other languages into Romanian Before examining the translations from other languages into Romanian we shall first discuss two outstanding reviews focused on translations from Romanian into French namely on L Humanit and the French Revue Europe A noteworthy article published by L Humanit was devoted to the translation or rather adaptation of the poems of Mihai Beniuc by Hubert Juin 1960 The June August 195
27. 3 sources a an online interview with 13 Romanians that have performed PSI b my 6 year experience of interpreting for a Romanian foundation and c real life experiences shared by other PS interpreters around the world Concerning the interview it included 7 major headings that focused the following aspects interpreting assignment event participants difficulties skills required professionalization benefits and feedback We had the opportunity to interview PS interpreters coming from various backgrounds and having different training The PS interpreters interviewed were students lecturers English teachers university teachers music teachers or lawyers There were only two interviewees who were trained as interpreters or translators Although it is an undersized research it still represents part of the Romanian reality which can only prove that interpreters in community related environments are not necessarily trained as interpreters Nonetheless they all face similar difficulties but the difference lies in the manner they manage to find solutions 2 THE CHALLENGES OF THE PUBLIC SERVICE INTERPRETER 2 1 Linguistic challenges Just like in the case of conference interpreting or translation PSI involves linguistic difficulties but in this context they can be far more challenging This is mostly due to the fact that the interpreter needs to interpret both in his her mother tongue and in the foreign language thus proving the bidirection
28. 9 issue of the review Europe founded in 1923 by a group of French writers in collaboration with Romain Rolland was dedicated entirely to the Romanian literature The contents of the issue reads amongst others Stefan Duca Survol de la po sie Petru Dumitriu Le roman d aujourd hui Zaharia Stanco Les Fleurs de la terre etc The first contribution to the issue written by its director Pierre Abraham is titled Connaissez vous la litt rature roumaine followed by several other articles such as Bucarest 1959 Retour de Roumanie Symphonie Roumaine Pour un centenaire etc Both the articles and their titles reflect the strong interest of the French writers poets or critics in the consumption and translation of Romanian literature Another interesting article written by Crisan Constantin in the Romanian literary review Gazeta literar in 1965 and which deserves attention is composed under the heading Interviul nostru cu Alain Bosquet despre arta traducerii Our Interview with Alain Bosquet about the Romanian and French Poetry and about the Art of Translation The article goes out from Bosquet s translation of a volume of Romanian poetry and discusses the translation of poetry Against this two fold background the translation of Romanian literature in other languages and the translation of other literatures into Romanian the present study undertakes to look at the approaches whic
29. B Hrsg Theory and Practice of Translation Nobel Symposium 39 Stockholm 1976 Bern Frankfurt am Main Las Vegas Verlag Peter Lang pp 17 32 Ulrich M Die Sprache als Sache Prim rsprache Metasprache bersetzung T bingen Narr 1997 Luther M 1973 1530 Sendbrief vom Dolmetschen in St rig Hans Joachim Hrsg Das Problem des bersetzens Darmstadt Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft p 14 32 Miorita ULRICH has been since 1992 professor at the Otto Friedrich University in Bamberg Germany where she teaches Romance linguistics Spanish French Italian She started as a student of the Faculty of Philology of the Babes Bolyai University and continued her studies of Romance linguistics and general linguistics at the Universities of Munich and T bingen at the department of the distinguished professor Eugenio Coseriu She published several volumes and articles on Romance syntax comparative linguistics linguistic typology text linguistics metalanguage the theory and practice of translation Her current research interests are travel literature and linguistic contact as well as the translation of plurilingual texts a topic included in a research project concerning contemporary South American literature and dealing with the contact between the Spanish literature and the Native languages Soon she will publish Animalia in fabula a volume about animals contemplated literarily linguistically and culturally
30. Cabr 2003 167 and expresses a general idea or something that exists in the individual s mind as a representation In order to communicate these concepts to our interlocutors we 33 need certain labels called words in everyday speech and terms in terminology Any word endowed with meaning may become a term when it comes to be integral part of a specialized domain The main purpose of terminology is to describe relations between the concepts of a subject field and to identify the terms in other languages which designate the same concept Since new concepts appear to complete the demands of a domain and new terms have to be found out to designate them terminology of a certain domain is not a state but a process never finalized Chis 2004 1 For this reason the Japanese linguist Kyo Kageura 1999 3 4 speaks about the existence of a dynamics of terminology that determines the formation of new terms and the growth of terminology When the terminology of a domain is involved a professional translator must avoid ambiguity when finding equivalences since terms carry out two parallel functions they represent and transmit specialized knowledge Cabr 2000 40 Because any term designates just one concept inside a domain the translator must search scientific dictionaries glossaries specialized data banks to find out the suitable equivalents accepted in a target language However professional translators may p
31. New York Palgrave Macmillan Fiola M A 2004 Le gain et le dommage de l interpr tation en milieu social in TTR Traduction Terminologie R daction 17 2 pp 115 30 Gile D 1998 Conference and Simultaneous Interpreting in Baker M ed Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Study London New York Routledge pp 40 44 Guvernul Rom niei Legea nr 178 din 4 11 1997 TI Glowacka M 2012 Violent Clients Traumatised Victims Late Payment in The Guardian Guardian News and Media URL http www guardian co uk law 2012 mar 15 court interpreters protest over contract newsfeed true last visit March 20 2012 Jaroslavschi M 2011 The Language Mediator in Romanian Hospital Settings in Philologia no 56 1 pp 199 204 Lee J Buzo A 2009 Community Language Interpreting A Workbook Annandale NSW Federation Press Merlini R Favaron R 2003 Community Interpreting Re conciliation through Power Management in The Interpreters Newsletter no 12 pp 205 29 Metivier J 2009 Speaking in the First Person When That First Person Is Not You in The ATA Chronicle pp 14 16 Niska H 2005 Training Interpreters Programmes Curricula Practices in Tennet M ed Training for the New Millenium Pedagogies for Translation and Interpreting Amsterdam Philadelphia John Benjamins pp 35 63 P chhacker F 2006 Going Social On Pathways and Paradigms in Interpreting S
32. REVUE INTERNATIONALE D ETUDES EN LANGUES MODERNES APPLIQUEES INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF STUDIES IN APPLIED MODERN LANGUAGES Suppl ment au num ro 6 2013 Actes du Colloque international Pour qui traduit on Cluj Napoca le 12 octobre 2012 RIELMA suppl ment du n 6 Nous remercions Mme le Professeur Miorita Ulrich et l Universit Otto Friedrich de Bamberg pour l appui g n reux accord Pimpression de ce num ro Comit scientifique Izabella BADIU Parlement europ en Rodica BACONSKY Universitatea Babes Bolyai RO Isabelle CABROL Universit de Paris IV FR Lista CARMELA Universitatea Babes Bolyai RO Willy CLUSTERS Hasselt Universiteit BE Jacques GILBERT Universit de Nantes FR Germana HENRIQUES PEREIRA DE SOUSA Universidade de Brasilia BR Jo l MASSOL Universit de Nantes FR Val rie PEYRONEL Universit de Paris III FR Olivia PETRESCU Universitatea Babes Bolyai RO Bernd STEFANINK Universitat Bielefeld DE Miorita ULRICH Otto Friedrich Universit t DE Matgorzata TRYUK Uniwersytet Warszawski PL Martine VERJANS Hasselt Universiteit BE Mihaela TOADER Universitatea Babes Bolyai RO Directeur de la revue Mihaela TOADER Universitatea Babes Bolyai RO Membres du comit de r daction Bogdan ALDEA Universitatea Babes Bolyai RO Anamaria COLCERIU Universitatea Babes Bolyai RO Adriana NEAGU Universitatea Babes Bolyai RO Manuela MIHAESCU Universitatea Babes Bol
33. Romanian equivalent Any professional translator must consider that synonymy is not agreed in terminology since it obstructs the accurate communication in a specialized domain Keywords concept equivalence term terminology univocity 1 EQUIVALENCE IN TERMINOLOGY Nowadays almost all professional translators and linguists are conscious of the important role of equivalence in the process of translation This point of view is emphasized by the Scottish linguist J C Catford 1965 21 who points out that the central problem of translation practice is that of finding TL target language equivalents A central task of translation theory is that of defining the nature and conditions of translation equivalence Since translation is primarily a kind of communication the equivalence between the source text and the target text becomes a fundamental demand In fact it is admitted that any kind of communication must certify that the message is transmitted correctly from the source to the receptor That is why in the translation process the translator should try to find out the closest equivalent message of the source text in the target text so that the target reader or listener may understand the source message correctly If the emphasis in Translation Studies is definitely on text in Terminology Studies it is on the system of concepts belonging to a particular field of activity A concept is universal independent of cultural differences
34. York Routledge O Hagan M Ashworth D 2002 Translation Mediated Communication in a Digital World Facing the challenges of globalization and localization Clevedon Multilingual Matters PricewaterhouseCoopers PwC 2012 Video Games in Global entertainment and media outlook 2012 2016 pp 348 398 URL http www entertainmentbusiness nl sites default files documents 2012 Video 20games pdf consult le 13 f vrier 2013 Pym A 2004 The Moving Text Localization Translation and Distribution Amsterdam Philadelphia John Benjamins Salen K Zimmerman E 2004 Interactivity in Salen K Zimmerman E eds Rules of Play Game Design Fundamentals Massachusetts MIT Press pp 56 69 Scarpa F 1996 Localizing Packaged Software Linguistic and Cultural Problems in Transiti linguistici e culturali Issue 2 pp 305 320 31 Schiler R 2003 Making a Business Case for Localisation in Translating and the computer 25 URL http www bldss bl uk BLDSS searchRecordID ETOCRN 144688933 consult le 6 juin 2012 Tarquini G 2010 Ast rix la conqu te du monde virtuel in Richet B d Le tour du monde d Ast rix Paris Presses de la Sorbonne Nouvelle pp 300 13 Varga C 2012 Lexique sp cialis et terminologie dans la traduction audiovisuelle in Revue Internationale d Etudes en Langues Modernes Appliquees 5 2012 pp 93 109 http wiki igda org Localization_SIG
35. al nature of the assignment Wadensj 1998 33 This image can be compared to that of a perpetuum mobile that moves between clients Moreover having to deal with people from various backgrounds or different levels of training may lead to additional challenges because the 73 interpreters may be at times the voice of the doctor patient refugee policeman social worker etc On the one side there may be a poor immigrant facing problems and on the other side there may be the professional who feels secure in his field Therefore we can depict a disproportionate power distribution Roberts 2002 161 Merlini and Favaron 2003 208 On the one side PS interpreters may deal with highly specialised speeches Also having to interpret medical appointments may prove to be not only emotionally demanding but it may also involve terminology that is unknown to the interpreter On the other hand the speeches may contain grammar faults lack of cohesion or coherence For example I once had to interpret in an orphanage located in Oradea for a team of British volunteers The problem that the team of interpreters had to face was the fact that we could barely understand what the children were muttering due to their speech difficulties Furthermore a characteristic of PSI is the scarcity of textual support while conference interpreters sometimes receive an already made textual material before a conference more often than not PS interpreters are no
36. an values when he translated Shakespeare Schiller and Goethe He argues that the Romanian literature although positioned very highly in the world literary heritage could not have attained universality and world recognition had it not been translated exquisitely He adds that languages with a rather reduced circulation like Romanian need more than an exceptional value they must be translated adequately to reach the expected levels of excellence and be accepted by the world literary heritage Perpessicius s 1965 commentary on the value of Romanian literature and the importance of translation in making the literary products known to other cultures underlines the efforts of Romanian writers to make their writings known and valued abroad and also to bring other cultures closer to the Romanian reader 5 CONCLUSIONS The present study sought to illuminate some opinions regarding translations expressed in the reviews published in the period 1958 1970 The 7 examined articles which voiced the opinions of Edgar Papu Constantin Pavel Perpessicius and Bosquet mainstreamed a few requisites which account for the investigated epoch First in spite of the impressive amount of commentaries critiques and interviews which were written none has made any reference to Nida s outstanding reflections and principles on translation or to other contributors to translation studies such as Biihler 1934 or Roman O Jakobson 1960 who had published their wor
37. ary Barbu Gh 1969 Un util instrument de lucru in Forum November Bassnett S and Lefevere A eds 1990 Translation History and Culture London Pinter Calin C 1965 Interviul nostru cu acad Perpessicius Ateneu June Crisan C 1965 Interviul nostru cu Alain Bosquet despre poezia romana gi francez despre arta traducerii in Gazeta literara November 11 Europe 1959 July August 37 nr 363 364 Hatim B and Mason I 1990 Discourse and the Translator London Longman Hatim B and Mason I 1997 TheTranslator as Communicator London Routledge Hatim B and Munday J 2004 Translation An Advanced Resource Book London Routledge Hermans T ed 1985a Second Hand Papers on the Theory and Historical Study of Literary Translation Antwerp ALW Hermans T ed 1985b The Manipulation of Literature Studies in Literary Translation London Croom Helm N a 1960 Mihai Beniuc et la camapgne roumain Po mes adapt s par Hubert Juin in L Humanit August 26 Lefevere A ed 1992 Translation History Culture A Sourcebook London Routledge Lefevere A 1992 Translating Literature Practice and Theory in a Comparative Literature Context New York Modern Language Association of America Leon G 1969 Sur une Anthologie de la po sie russe et sur une prochaine soir e po tique in L Humanit November 2 Nord C 1997 Translating as a purposeful activity Man
38. at conflicting demands of inclusiveness and user friendliness economy could be based on these two broad categories further broken down into main components A Content omissions major minor distortions major minor additions major minor B Presentation language vocabulary syntax voice fluency intonation register posture CI booth behavior SI Apart from the need for the aforementioned compromise en effective feedback sheet should also be flexible We believe that the form suggested by us while far from exhaustive is sufficiently comprehensive and at the same time easy to use Furthermore it is flexible enough to be used over longer stretches of the training program as trainers may indicate what particular element is relevant for the purposes of each short term objective in a gradual movement from the initial stress on content to a more detailed feedback that also comes to include elements of 70 presentation Also the major minor distinction between content related errors may be used to highlight the fact that the difference between inspired editing and an omission has to do with the difficulty of the source language speech and with the recourse to coping strategies In conclusion we can only reiterate our belief that deliberate practice is essential to the development of any professional interpreter and that consequently the rationale behind and the techniques of good fe
39. at the Department of Romance Languages within the Faculty of Letters History and Theology and she specializes in self translation Quebec studies Immigrant literature and Feminist writing She is currently preparing her Phd at the West University in Timisoara under the supervision of Professor Georgiana Lungu Badea Phd She is a founding member of the associations Asociafia de studii francofone DF and Isttrarom Translationes and a member of several organisations the Council of International Francophone Studies the International Association for Quebec Studies and the Central European Association for Canadian Studies She is also an editorial assistant of Dialogues francophones and has published several articles in specialised journals 22 Un public de nouvelle g n ration divertissement num risation et interaction Gianna TARQUINI Universit de Bologne Abstract This paper deals with the translation of video games an emerging topic in audiovisual translation and software localisation which has known a dramatic market expansion in recent years Focusing in particular on the constitutive features of the medium and on the vibrant culture of user communities we seek to lay the foundations for a functional approach to video game translation Keywords video game translation software localisation Skopos theory interactivity participatory culture 1 INTRODUCTION Avec un chiffre d affaires global qui avoisine les 60 milliards
40. ative study on creative and translation literature our translation He recommends that these works should be accompanied by the translation of translatology studies published in other countries He concludes his article with the assumption that an activity so beautiful as the one belonging to the field of translation which pridefully accounts for the cultural level attained by us deserves our entire support through a planned and scientifically coordinated action Papu n d our translation The second author quoted by our study is Constantin Pavel and his opinions vis a vis translations His article titled On Translations was published in Cronica on 11 October 1969 and seeks to point out that the role of the translator is paramount that he cannot be replaced by machine translation and finally that some measures must be taken in order to encourage and protect the translators work This is where the translators training comes into play and is given major consideration The author acknowledges the tremendous growth of the number of translations and points out that the only person who can mediate in the process of exchange of information is the translator Thus he suggests that in such a world the translator s role is crucial Pavel 1969 mentions that preoccupations concerning the translation activity had been a subject of inquiry since Horatiu Cicero and later on Dante Goethe indicating that the latest scientific res
41. avan ar para a conversa seguinte ou anterior na p gina Geral em defini es 6 PB Cite o texto que voc selecionou quando responder uma mensagem Agora tamb m funciona com o mouse PE Cite o texto que seleccionou quando estiver a responder a uma mensagem Agora tamb m funciona com o rato 7 PB Permite executar mensagens de voz deixadas na sua conta do Google Voice diretamente da notifica o por e mail PE Permite lhe reproduzir diretamente mensagens de voz deixadas na sua conta do Google Voice a partir da notifica o por e mail 8 PB Bem vindo ao Google Se voc adicionar seus contatos ao Google poder visualizar os e mails deles aqui Primeiros passos com o Google PE Bem vindo a ao Google Se adicionar os seus contactos ao G poder ver os e mails dos mesmos aqui Introdu o ao Google 4 2 Yahoo Mail No caso do Yahoo Mail mant m se o uso de voc na vers o brasileira mas na localiza o portuguesa optou se pelo uso de tu e da 2 pessoa do singular Ambas as vers es da localiza o adotam um estilo de comunica o informal escolhendo o pronome que geralmente usado nas intera es entre pares O uso do pronome tu na variante portuguesa pode ser relacionado tamb m com a decis o de atrair um p blico jovem em geral tu usado nas publicidades portuguesas a produtos para crian as ou para jovens S no exemplo 10 mant m se o uso da 3 pessoa lo sendo o clitico em acusativo do pronome
42. ce At first I could cope with the general clatter but at one point two of the interpreters started to talk so loud that I could barely hear the speaker and concentrate The level of aggitation became even higher when I heard one of the interpreters badly distorting the message I was aware that my clients were also hearing that interpreter and I feared they might think 7 was interpreting erroneously as well 15 The physiological noise on the other hand has to do with the biological factors that interfere with communication such as illness exhaustion heat or hunger idem These are aspects that all human being have to cope with at one point in time and PS interpreters make no exception According to the interviewees while performing Public Service they had to confront with the following difficulties 12 straight hours of PSI dangerous locations the PS interpreter had to climb on high ladders and crushers on construction sites visit engineering plants blinding light fatigue sore throat headache extreme heat the PS interpreter had to work in a stadium at 38 C Ciupe 2012 48 All these may lead to a poor concentration level and eventually a poor understanding of the message 2 4 Psychological challenges It is obvious that the PS interpreter is a human not a language transmitter and being a human brings about psychological difficulties This comes down to the fact that PSI runs a high risk of emotional involvement The
43. ch published literature and dealt with translation issues were Gazeta literar Revista secolului 20 Cronica Ateneu Familia and other less spread reviews Daily newspapers whether national or local also published news on literature comments and reviews of books theatre or film performances and arts The national daily newspaper Sc nteia also dubbed the Party organ included sections on literature and arts on its 2 page sometimes even on the 4 page next to the Foreign news section The sections were called in different ways Cronica literar Literary update Carnet cultural Cultural Notes Revista literara was the review of the Writers Union of the Romanian Communist Party founded in 1954 whose title was calked after Literaturnaia gazeta the most important Russian review The title was changed after 1968 in Romania literar to reflect an earlier tendency of the Romanian Communist Party to revive the Romanian literary heritage In 1963 the review was written and headed by a committee made up of Tiberiu Utan Teodor Bals Ion Brad Ov S Crohm lniceanu S Damian Eugen Simion and Haralamb Zinc Edgar Papu in his article Values of the Art of Translation Sc nteia nd looked back on what had been translated and stated that translations from English Russian and Spanish were extremely rare in Romania before 23 August 1945 not to mention masterpieces written in other less used languages He notes tha
44. chester St Jerome Papu E 1965 Antologii romanesti peste hotare in Gazeta literar July 15 Papu E n d Valori fundamentale ale artei traducerii in Sc nteia Pavel C 1969 Despre traduceri in Cronica October 11 Robinson D ed 1997b 2001 Western Translation Theory from Herodotus to Nietzsche Manchester St Jerome Robinson D 1997a Translation and Empire Postcolonial Theories Explained Manchester St Jerome Schaffner C 1995 CSCE documents from the point of view of translation in A Neubert G M Shreve and K Gommlich eds Basic Issues in Translation Studies Proceedings of the 51 Fifth International Conference Leipzig 1991 Kent Forum on Translation Studies Vol II Kent Kent State University Press p 77 90 Schaffner C 2007 Politics and Translation in Piotr Kuhiwezak si Karin Littau eds A Companion to Translation Studies Multilingual Matters Clevendon p 117 150 Toury G 1995 Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond Amsterdam and Philadelphia John Benjamins Tymoczko M 1999 Translation in a Postcolonial Context Early Irish Literature in English Translation Manchester St Jerome Venuti L 1995 The Translator s Invisibility A History of Translation London Routledge Dr Silvia IRIMIEA is an Associate Professor at the Faculty of Letters Babes Bolyai University Cluj where she teaches linguistics American political thought communication me
45. cours un pronom ou une outre forme equivalente Comunica o no Col quio Pronombres de segunda persona y formas de tratamiento en las lenguas de Europa Instituto Cervantes de Paris 2003 Dispon vel online http cvc cervantes es lengua coloquio_paris ponencias hammermueller htm ultima consulta 28 02 2013 Hayes C C A Miller 2010 Human computer Etiquette Cultural Expectations and the Design Implications They Place on Computers and Technology Boca Raton Auerbach Publications 62 Sch ler R 2009 Localization in M Baker G Saldanha eds Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies New York Routledge The Hofstede Centre http geert hofstede com index php ltima consulta 28 03 2013 Gmail https mail google com mail tab wm inbox ltima consulta 28 03 2013 Hotmail https login live com ltima consulta 28 03 2013 Skype http www skype com pt ltima consulta 28 03 2013 Yahoo Mail https login yahoo com ltima consulta 28 03 2013 Veronica MANOLE is a PhD candidate in Portuguese Brazilian and Lusophone African Studies at Paris 8 University and a teaching assistant at the Faculty of Letters in Cluj She has a teaching scholarship awarded by Cam es I P Lisbon Her research focuses on comparative approaches of Portuguese European and Brazilian and Romanian in the following linguistic subfields linguistic politeness intercultural pragmatics discourse analysis 63 Feedback
46. culdades em carregar a sua caixa de entrada existe uma saida de emerg ncia Utilize https mail google com mail labs 0 2 PB Permite inserir imagens no corpo de uma mensagem Voc pode enviar e inserir arquivos de imagem do seu computador ou inserir imagens por URLs PE Permite lhe inserir imagens no corpo das mensagens Pode carregar e inserir ficheiros de imagem no seu computador ou inserir imagens atrav s de URLs 3 PB Adiciona uma guia Gadgets s Configura es onde voc poder especificar URLs de gadgets PE Adiciona um separador Miniaplicagdes s Defini es no qual poder especificar o URL de qualquer miniaplica o 4 PB Permite personalizar mapeamentos de atalhos de teclado personalizados Adiciona uma nova guia Configura es pela qual voc pode remapear teclas para diversas a es PE Permite lhe personalizar mapeamentos de atalhos de teclado Adiciona um novo separador Defini es a partir do qual pode voltar a mapear teclas para v rias ac es 58 5 PB Exibe automaticamente a pr xima conversa em vez de voltar para a sua caixa de entrada depois que voc excluir arquivar ou ignorar uma conversa Voc pode escolher se deseja ir para a pr xima conversa ou para a conversa anterior na se o Geral da p gina Configura es PE Apresenta automaticamente a conversa seguinte em vez da sua caixa de entrada depois de voc apagar arquivar ou ignorar uma conversa Pode seleccionar
47. d o visent des groupes d ge et d int r t h t rog nes il est donc l gitime et n cessaire de se demander qui en sont les destinataires et de mettre au point une macro strat gie traductive qui en tienne compte A cet gard deux indicateurs sont particuli rement pertinents savoir le classement des syst mes http www theesa com 29 d valuation des contenus PEGI Pan European Game Information en Europe et le genre du jeu Dans le premier cas tiquette se r f rant l ge conseill du jeu 3 7 12 18 ans fournit une indication approximative de l ge du public cible dans la mesure o le registre le style et l emploi d expressions grossi res ou techniques doivent tre adapt es au destinataire implicite Dans le deuxi me cas le genre vid oludique individualise souvent les int r ts et la subculture du groupe de joueurs comme les jeux de football ou d autres sports les jeux de r le situ s dans des d cors m di vaux et les jeux d riv s de BDs s ries t l vis es et films qui s adressent principalement a des fans de la version originale Chaque genre vid oludique comme la plupart des genres filmiques montre des marques sp cifiques au discours sp cialis 4 savoir un vocabulaire une phras ologie et des l ments culturels semi techniques Varga 2012 qui contribuent significativement la vraisemblance et la vivacit de l exp rience de jeu ainsi qu a l immersi
48. de dollars en 2011 et un taux de croissance annuel de 7 2 le secteur du jeu vid o est en pleine expansion conomique et culturelle PwC 2012 348 Malgr Paura de controverse qui entoure ce nouveau m dia et sa nature textuelle complexe voire vasive la traduction de jeux vid o a r cemment attir l int r t de nombreux chercheurs repr sentant un domaine mergent dans le cadre de la traduction audiovisuelle et dans le contexte GILT relatif la localisation de produits num riques Si effectivement les processus de traduction des jeux vid o se situent au carrefour de ces deux paradigmes le public vis est un trait unique ce m dia avec des caract ristiques et des attentes qui ne sont pas pr sents dans les domaines classiques de la traduction En partant du cadre th orique des Game Studies une discipline r cente visant l tude scientifique des jeux vid o travers une approche multidisciplinaire L acronyme GILT Globalisation Internationalisation Localisation and Translation d signe un mod le conomique complexe concernant le d veloppement la gestion et le transfert de produits et de services num riques logiciels sites web et jeux vid o dans le flux d informations global Dans ce contexte l activit traduisante se r duit essentiellement aux probl matiques linguistiques et culturelles et est subordonn e aux pratiques de localisation savoir adaptation d un produit num rique dans
49. de l usabilit du logiciel Nous esp rons ainsi avoir sugg r une premi re orientation ceux qui s int ressent la localisation et aux nouveaux m dias tant donn e la r cente constitution de ce domaine de recherche Thttp www pegi info it index 30 Quant la question pour qui traduit on dans le contexte des jeux vid o on pourrait bien affirmer que la r ponse l tat actuel des choses n est pas le public cible tant le commanditaire indirect l utilisateur tranger risque de passer au second plan par rapport aux intervenants d une chaine globale de production gestion et localisation tr s complexe que nous n avons pas approfondie ici faute d espace Ainsi les donneurs d ordre tels que les d veloppeurs les diteurs les agences de localisation les constructeurs de consoles et les distributeurs imposent leurs propres sp cifications qui ne correspondent pas n cessairement aux priorit s du public cible Cette question se rattache par ailleurs a la qualit des traductions un sujet largement d battu en traductologie qui devient encore plus floue dans le contexte des produits multim dia et num riques ou la composante verbale n est pas clairement s parable d autres composantes Bibliographie Bernal Merino M 2011 Working with Translators in H Chandler S O Malley Deming eds The game localization Handbook Massachusetts Jones amp Bartlett Learning pp 223 235 C
50. dia and translation studies She has become involved in the coordination of thirteen European Lifelong Learning projects focused on vocational linguistics vocational education and training VET adult education and quality assurance in VET areas in which she has published widely She is an active member of several European professional associations and networks Dr Irimiea was appointed Director of the Centre for Tourism Training and of the Technology Transfer Office in 2004 Under her leadership the Centre has become an Authorised Training Centre for the International Air Transport Association IATA and for the London Chamber of Commerce and Industry Examination Board LCCI 52 Uma l ngua v rias culturas algumas reflex es sobre os aspetos sociolingu sticos na localiza o em portugu s brasileiro e em portugu s europeu Veronica MANOLE Universidade Babes Bolyai Cluj Napoca Abstract This article deals with the importance of the cultural aspects of localization in Brazilian and European Portuguese the main focus being the address forms The comparative analysis of localized versions of Gmail Yahoo Mail Hotmail and Skype show that linguistic and etiquette norms of address are maintained in adapting these products to the Brazilian and Portuguese markets In the Brazilian version the pronoun voc is used as a strategy of non formal address to the users while in the European Portuguese version the most common form of address
51. e bersetzung befindet sich an einem anderen Punkt auf der Achse zwischen den extremen Polen der bersetzung n mlich n her an der Welt der Zielsprache In diesem Sinne wird konsequent in der bersetzung die Welt des Originals verlassen und man ist an eine extreme Ann herung an die Welt der bersetzung bem ht Oben erw hnte Toponyme usw werden systematisch durch einheimische 10 Toponyme ersetzt Ubrigens beide Ubersetzungen sind exzellent zumal beide konsequent ihre von vornherein etablierte Finalit t extreme Ann herung an die Welt des Originals x bzw Ann herung an die Welt des Lesers y durchg ngig verfolgen Welt des Originals x y Welt des Lesers e Das letzte Beispiel liefert uns die franz sische Ubersetzung von Tausendundeiner Nacht Die Sammlung morgenl ndischer Erz hlungen enthielt im arabischen Original bekanntlich zahlreiche erotische bis hocherotische Sequenzen mitunter sogar obsz ne Szenen wodurch der Adressat Erwachsene im Voraus schon bestimmt war Nur wenige der Erz hlungen aus Tausendundeiner Nacht so z B Aladin und die Wunderlampe bzw Sindbad der Seefahrer waren unver ndert auch f r Kinder geeignet Der franz sische Orientalist Antoine Galland 1646 1715 der 1701 den ltesten erhaltenen arabischen Text um 1450 entstanden erwarb bersetzte und publizierte ab 1704 eine franz sische Adaptation der Geschichtensammlung und erm glichte somi
52. e au concept de transcreation idem qui demande une grande marge d adaptation et d originalit par rapport au texte de d part afin d aboutir une version cible vivante et haute en couleur C est le cas notamment de adaptation d anthroponymes toponymes et noms d objets contenant souvent des jeux de mots ou d expressions comiques et cocasses Bernal Merino 2011 Tarquini 2010 comme les personnages Pasunmotdeplus Silencus en anglais Stazzittus en italien et Formatadivix Watchadivix en anglais et Apriundvx en italien qui paraissent dans le jeu Ast rix et Ob lix aux Jeux Olympiques 2007 2 2 Num risation Le deuxi me trait distinctif du m dia est l impl mentation num rique Un jeu vid o est essentiellement un logiciel ex cut par une plateforme que ce soit un ordinateur une console ou un portable Quoique vident ce principe entra ne un changement radical de la notion de texte ainsi que des processus de cr ation traduction et r ception La r cente migration num rique de l information a en effet impos l elargissement du concept de texte aux l ments non verbaux icones images 2D et 3D sons musique non crits dialogues bande son et non lin aires hypertextes qui brouillent les cat gories et les approches traditionnelles Gervais 2008 En l occurrence les jeux vid o combinent plusieurs l ments s miotiques acoustiques verbaux dialogues activ s pendant le gameplay ou cont
53. e to the water found in ice caps and ice sheets at the North Pole and not to the drinking water taken at home from the tap apa dulce is the correct equivalent in Romanian Concept naturally occurring water on the Earth s surface found in ice caps ice sheets lakes rivers EN freshwater RO apa dulce EN But as Greenland rapidly becomes warmer the freshwater of a whole continent flows into the salt water of the oceans RO Deoarece Groenlanda este intr un proces de inc lzire rapid apa dulce a intregului continent se vars in apa s rat a oceanelor EN As the freshwater of Greenland s ice sheet gradually seeps into the salt water of the oceans low lying lands around the globe are threatened RO Daca apa dulce a ghetarului continental al Groenlandei se scurge treptat in apa sarata a oceanelor terenurile joase de pe glob sunt amenintate Glacier fed river is another term that may create problems to a professional translator This construction is made of a compound adjective glacier fed and a noun river The compound adjective glacier fed compresses a relative clause so that its whole meaning is river that is fed by glaciers a river whose waters are the result of the glacier melting But when translating the film script into Romanian the term rau glaciar specific for glaciology sub domain must be used Concept a river that supplies its freshwater debit from the fast melting glaciers EN glacier fed
54. earches resulted in the inauguration of machine translation a discovery which removes translation from the patronage of art to that of science However Pavel admits that machine translation 48 has its shortcomings and cannot successfully replace human input particularly in the case of literary translations which require a more sensitive human touch to express the refined artistic intricacies Consequently he argues that translation does not involve a simple communication or transmission of the message content and that the difficulties arise from the differences that exist between the two languages their structure from the socio historical economic moral and religious contexts which are inherent to the texts and which are unfamiliar to the readers of another culture At this point Pavel 1969 quotes Roland Barthes according to whom the translation process does not take into account formulas and contents but rather the process that flows from one language to another our translation He thus states that a grammatically and lexically impeccable translation might turn out useless and inefficient if the reader is not provided with the necessary clues to decipher or understand the writer s world In order to make the reader vibrate in consonance with the writer s intentions and sensitively feel them the translator must empathize with the writer Empathy must be further accompanied by other qualities such as masterhood of a fo
55. edback must be taught in the early stages of the training process References Aldea B 2010 Fidelity in Court Interpreting in RIELMA 3 2010 Cluj Napoca Risoprint pp 145 154 Ericsson K A 2000 Expertise in Interpreting An Expert Performance Perspective in Interpreting 5 2 2000 1 pp 187 220 Gile D 1995 Basic Concepts and Models for Interpreter and Translator Training Amsterdam and Philadelphia John Benjamins Gile D 2005 Teaching Conference Interpreting in Tennant M ed Training for the New Millenium Amsterdam and Philadelphia John Benjamins Hung Eva ed 2002 Teaching Translation and Interpreting Building Bridges Amsterdam and Philadelphia Benjamins Jones R 2002 Conference Interpreting Explained Manchester St Jerome Moser Mercer B 1997 The Expert Novice Paradigm in Interpreting Research in E Fleischmann W Kutz P A Schmitt eds Translationsdidaktik Grundfragen der bersetzungswissenschaft T bingen Gunter Narr pp 255 261 Moser Mercer B 2008 Skill Acquisition in Interpreting A Human Performance Perspective in The Interpreter and Translator Trainer ITT vol 2 no 1 pp 1 28 P chhacker F 2004 Introducing Interpreting Studies London and New York Routledge Riccardi A 2002 Evaluation in Interpretation Macrocriteria and Microcriteria in Eva Hung ed Teaching Translation and Interpreting Building Bridges Amsterdam and P
56. elationship with the recipient of the feedback his or her susceptibilities etc Furthermore a few elements of strategy can help us make feedback even more palatable Thus when giving feedback it may be preferable to start with a few positive remarks ideally concerning the partial or complete achievement of the stated objectives If no such opening is possible other positive features of the trainee s performance could be briefly referred to before passing on to the discussion of the aforementioned objectives Also feedback must be clearly phrased in such a way that the recipient would feel no shift from the professional to the personal level As suggested by Gile we must not hesitate to point out weaknesses to students but make it clear that you are judging the target speech not the person 2005 140 Trainers often feel less constrained by the rules of tact believing that it is their job to point out errors and that therefore trainees have little reason to feel offended no matter what the feedback contains and more significantly no matter how it is phrased This of course is not entirely true Both professionalism and politeness must be observed and mockery serves no pedagogic purpose whatsoever Like Seleskovitch and Lederer pointed out for 68 instance il n est pas question dans l enseignement de l interpretation de corriger l expression en r p tant aux tudiants la fa on bizarre don t ils viennent de s
57. em as suas vidas segundo normas culturais diferentes e tomar em considera o estas particularidades faz com que a tradu o ou a localiza o sejam um sucesso Bibliografia Brown R Gilman A 1960 Pronouns of power and solidarity in T A Sebeok ed Style in language MIT Press Cambridge Carreira M H Ara jo 1997 Modalisation linguistique en situation d interlocution prox mique verbale et modalit s en portugais Louvain Paris Editions Peeters Castilho de A 2010 Nova gram tica do portugu s brasileiro S o Paulo Editora Contexto Chroust G 2007 Software like a courteous butler issues of localization under cultural diversity in ISSS The 51th Annual meeting and Conference for the System Sciences Tokyo Japan August 5 10 Curran Associates Inc Mar 2008 Dispon vel online http journals isss org index php proceedings5 st article viewfile 569 275 ltima consulta 28 02 2013 Cintra L L 1986 Sobre formas de tratamento na lingua portuguesa Lisboa Livros Horizonte Gouveia C A M 2008 As dimens es da mudan a no uso das formas de tratamento em portugu s europeu in F Oliveira I M Duarte eds O fasc nio da linguagem Actas do Col quio de Homenagem a Fernanda Irene Fonseca Faculdade de Letras da Universidade do Porto Porto 91 99 Hammermiiller G 2003 Adresser ou viter c est la question Comment s addresser quelqu un en portugais sans avoir re
58. en vue de l am lioration de l diteur en vue de la publication et enfin d un lecteur virtuel qui dicte en quelque sorte les choix de traduction La g n tique textuelle du Pays du fromage t moigne selon nous d une collaboration heureuse entre imagination cr atrice de l crivaine et l exp rience typographique de l diteur qui y met son empreinte par un souci de naturalisation du roman cens e faciliter son acheminement vers un autre contexte culturel et assurer sa r ception critique par un public diff rent L habilet du r viseur vient suppl er au manque d exp rience dans la traduction de l crivaine elle n avait pas traduit d autres livres en fran ais et un certain manquement l usage Oustinoff 2001 51 car peu de temps s est coul entre son arriv e au Qu bec et l initiative de se traduire en fran ais Felicia Mihali avoue d ailleurs que la rencontre avec la nouvelle langue de cr ation s est produite sur et dans m sjes textes Mihali Steiciuc 2007 18 et qu elle en a fait un apprentissage assidu en s appropriant les idiotismes et les mille codes secrets de la langue trang re Pour ce qui est de l empreinte de l diteur sur le texte publier Umberto Eco l autorise convoquer le traducteur et crayon en main lui signaler les passages o son travail est inacceptable 2006 20 Et c est de cette influence que l crivaine nous a
59. en wie f r das bersetzen keine allgemeing ltige ideale Version gibt Vielmehr gibt es mehrere ideale bersetzungen je nach Abh ngigkeit von Adressat nach Finalit t und nach geschichtlicher Situation der bersetzung Ein allgemeing ltiges bersetzungsideal ist eine contradictio in adiecto denn eine allgemeing ltige optimale Invarianz f r das bersetzen kann es ebenso wenig geben wie es ein allgemeing ltiges Optimum f r das Sprechen berhaupt gibt Das bersetzen ist am ehesten dem Sprechen analog und es gelten deshalb f r das bersetzen wie f r das Sprechen nur finalistisch motivierte und finalistisch differenzierte Normen Auch die beste bersetzung schlechthin fiir einen bestimmten Text gibt es aus demselben Grund nicht Es gibt nur die beste Ubersetzung dieses Textes fiir bestimmte Adressaten zu einem bestimmten Zweck und in einer bestimmten geschichtlichen Situation Coseriu 1978 32 Eine entsprechende schematische Darstellung des angefiihrten Zitates sieht nicht wie folgt Original U bersetzung aus sondern vielmehr wie ein Facher UI Adressat O Mm gt Finalit t U3 geschichtliche Situation Aus demselben Zitat entnehmen wir auBerdem dass auch der Originaltext mutatis mutandis nur eine von vielen m glichen Versionen und kein absolutes Ideal darstellt So kann z B ein politischer Diskurs je nach Situation des Sprechens und nach Adressaten folgende Varianten und Finalit ten au
60. enus dans les sc nes cin matiques chansons acoustiques non verbaux musique effets sp ciaux bruitages visuels verbaux manuel et texte affich l cran contenant les instructions options de jeu l intrigue les descriptions des personnages ainsi que les sous titres et visuels non verbaux icones graphismes animations Les enjeux pour la localisation du produit dans son int gralit et pour la traductologie sont donc normes et multiples notamment d un point de vue inter s miotique audiovisuel et technique Dans ce qui suit nous allons nous concentrer sur ce dernier aspect savoir la transfiguration num rique du script de traduction et l quivalence fonctionnelle r f rentielle au niveau de l usabilit des logiciels 25 En premier lieu toute composante crite des jeux vid o est incorpor e dans le code de programmation except le manuel d instructions Aux fins de la traduction ces l ments sont extraits du code de programmation copi s sur une feuille Excel et ensuite r int gr s dans le jeu localis Le script de traduction ainsi cr e appel texte l cran onscreen text OST est une entit textuelle artificielle et non lin aire contenant des cha nes de caract res c t de m tadonn es balises et codes 0 1 Kethequired s lt w gt lt g gt Acquis s lt w gt lt g gt Oggetto acquisito s lt w gt lt g gt s erhalten lt w gt lt
61. er more descriptive discipline promoted by Toury 1995 Hermans 1985 Lefevere 1992 whereby the complexity of the phenomenon of translation had been underscored But this is also the momentum that Romanian translation scholars have become more familiar with However the late 1990s marked a pronounced interest of the Romanian translators towards the development of translation studies and their more active participation in what was going on in the field worldwide In addition it was the period when specialized translator training for non literay texts became part of the academic curriculum of the Department of Modern Applied Languages of the Faculty of Letters the Babes Bolyai University of Cluj an example followed soon by other Romanian universities Until the 1990s translation studies had been centred exclusively on the translation of literature and taught by the phylological sections of universities Against this background the present study undertakes to examine the opinions of some scholars on translations in the difficult years of communist containment when any intake of western culture was limited The study attempts to argue that in spite of the massive unprecedented amount of literature that was translated or published and of the convergent extremely valuable opinions and 46 considerations devoted to translations no systemic theory about the translation process emerged and that the works of renowned linguists and translatologists
62. er des contenus du jeu et les r laborer dans une vari t de formes et de pratiques d amateur Ces dynamiques favorisent la socialisation et la participation des joueurs qui constituent spontan ment des communaut s en ligne et la cr ation de sub cultures de fans 3 LES GAMERZ Les d tracteurs des jeux vid o estiment que le public est constitu principalement de jeunes surtout de gar ons encore scolaris s enclins des attitudes asociales C est le st r otype du geek ou otaku selon la d nomination japonaise Or les statistiques officielles montrent une r alit plus complexe qu on ne le croit notamment par rapport aux groupes d ge au genre et au temps moyen de jeu Figures 2 et 3 statistiques ISFE sur la consommation de jeux vid o EURO AVERAGES PROFILE OF GAMERS au Gamers Age breakdown Gender breakdown 16 19 Ea 0 Mal 20 24 14 51 Under 35 55 ne 25 34 26 35 44 23 45 Female 45 54 15 49 35 and over 55 64 11 Ces pratiques font Pobjet de nombreuses tudes portant sur les contenus g n r s par les utilisateurs user generated content UGC et t moignent d une grande vitalit au sein des communaut s de joueurs Newman 2008 gt http www isfe eu 28 FREQUENCY OF GAMING au ONLINE RESPONDENTS Average 48 ANY GAMING Sweden Finland France ee venosa Norway Belgium Poland Republic tands WEEKLY na 25 30 27 28 25 26 23 MONTHLY 11 10 13 12 11 10
63. es violant du m me coup leur demeure Le sang avait dessin sur ses mollets vif de v ritables cartes sur lesquelles on pouvait lire Phistoire de ses journ es le trajet de ses exp ditions Ses doigts taient pleins d ampoules ce qui lui causait de grands douleurs lors du bain de soir 23 H rti s nger nde franjuri vii sont des m taphores qui renvoient la capacit de l Ecrivaine de construire des images en roumain Or en migrant elle a perdu justement son bagage linguistique et acquisition de nouvelles comp tences langagi res et stylistiques suppose non seulement de grands efforts mais galement des renoncements Mihali Steiciuc 2007 16 Consciente qu elle ne sera pas capable des m mes prouesses l crit dans une autre langue et qu il n y a rien qui remplace la dext rit et la facilit s exprimer dans la langue maternelle ibid 16 17 l auteure adopte les suggestions du r viseur v Texte cible 1 pour mettre en fran ais les deux images qui faisaient obstacle la traduction L implicite des deux figures de style est rendu explicite dans le texte cible o l on apprend que les traces de sang sur les mollets de l enfant sont un indice de son activit quotidienne et qu il souffre lors du bain du soir cause de ses pieds pleins d ampoules b Traduction des allusions et autres expressions typiques d une culture Texte Santurile se umpluse
64. experience of Jackie Metivier 2009 provides us with a relevant example one of the most heart wrenching interpreting sessions that made her cry all the way home She needed to remind herself constantly I am doing this for someone else it is not my mother and father who have died in this accident don t get emotionally involved Having to deal with sensitive situations such as attending funerals telling a patient that she he is sick or interpreting for criminals may prove to be a genuine Herculean job In an interview for The Guardian Mirela Watson a Romanian born court interpreter in the UK for 15 years gives a mesmerizing account of the sensitive situations she had to confront in her job How many professionals have to deal with a beaten and traumatised wife a woman pushed onto a railway track by her loved one on Valentine s Day a small girl raped by her stepbrother or a man who had been raped in prison How many of you have had to deal with the threats of being stabbed because the client didn t realise the interpreter was there to help him I have People have vomited on my suit I have stepped into puddles of urine on a cell floor Nobody warned me that I would have to deal with such situations I had to learn how to cope with them Glowacka 2012 3 CONCLUSIONS Confronted with all these challenges what should be the attitude of the interpreter Should she he be neutral Should she he act like a mediator Or should
65. fait part dans un des mails qu elle nous a envoy s au Qu bec m me apr s une troisieme correction le manuscrit tait tout rouge On a pass des journ es enti res l diteur et moi peser chaque mot chaque synonyme pour rendre les choses plus claires Nous allons suivre dans notre d marche deux axes un axe formel et un axe s mantique Ce choix trouve son explication dans les propos m me de l crivaine qui parlant de sa d marche traductive confesse je me r veillais devant la dure r alit que ce qui tait beau en roumain ne l tait plus en fran ais D autre programmant chez le lecteur la mobilisation des connaissances pertinentes et la r alisation d op rations cognitives Plassard 2007 288 5 Les ditions XYZ se sont sp cialis es en litt rature et comme on peut lire sur le site www editionsxyz com publient des romans des nouvelles des novellas des essais des r cits biographiques et occasionnellement des livres pratiques li s au secteur du tourisme et 4 celui de la restauration Au fil des ans elles se sont impos es I comme l une des plus prestigieuses maisons litt raires du Qu bec leur renomm e tant en partie redevable aux nominations et aux prix remport s par les crivains qui y ont t publi s 6 Cet change d emails avec l auteure s inscrit dans ce que G rard Genette appelle l pitexte priv qui se caract rise par la
66. fweisen O politischer Diskurs unter Fachleuten O politischer Diskurs zur Beeinflussung der W hler O politischer Stra endiskurs um Auseinandersetzungen hervorzurufen divide et impera O politischer Diskurs als Parodie um Humor zu erzeugen 2 Das PROBLEM DES ADRESSATEN IN DER BERSETZUNGSPRAXIS Im Folgenden sollen ausgehend von der bersetzungspraxis einige relevante Beispiele bez glich der Rolle und Bedeutung des Adressaten beim bersetzen angef hrt und interpretiert werden 1 In den 70er Jahren des 20 Jahrhunderts erlaubte sich der damalige Pr sident Rum niens Nicolae Ceausescu die folgenschwere Ungeschicklichkeit die selbe Rede innerhalb eines Tages zu verschiedenen Anl ssen einmal vor Kindern ein anderes Mal vor Fabrikarbeitern und wiederum vor Studierenden und den B rger der Stadt Cluj Napoca vorzutragen Er behandelte all diese Gruppen als einen einheitlichen Adressaten ohne Unterscheidungen bez glich Alter Interessen Ausbildung politische Orientierung usw zu machen Die Zuh rer reagierten irritiert sp ter sogar mit schwerer Aggression Ein Einheitstext f r das Volk als Gesamtheit markierte somit den Beginn seines politischen Niedergangs a b So gut wie in jeder Einf hrung zur Ubersetzungstheorie und praxis wird der Fall der Ubersetzung der Bibel angefiihrt Wie sieht eine Ubersetzung der Bibel fiir Kinder aus Mit R cksicht auf den Adressaten k nnte man mit Textver nder
67. g remedial actions and at the same time mention the presence of other problems indicating that they are to be specifically targeted in later stages of the training program It stands to reason that not all problems can be corrected at the same time and therefore as pointed out by Gile mixing correction of cognitive skills strategies and language performance may confuse the issues 2005 140 5 PROCESS NOT PRODUCT In his comprehensive investigation of interpreter education programs Sawyer operates a useful distinction between quality and performance indicating that quality looks at a product and performance at a process 2007 93 Of course what we start from in the assessment of an interpreter s work is unavoidably the product his or her output This is also the reason why most trainees tend to focus their feedback on issues pertaining to language as these are usually the most conspicuous problems displayed by any target language message Such feedback generally taking the form of lists of grammatical and lexical errors is at best of limited use but unfortunately it tends to take a considerable part of the time allocated for independent sessions Gile s recommendation in this respect is quite clear When correcting students exercises instructors comment not on their selection of target language words or linguistic structures but on the processes involved Gile 1995 10 italics original Instructors must make i
68. gal 63 ambos os pa ses mostrando resultados altos o que significa que nas duas sociedades as pessoas aceitam com mais facilidade as desigualdades Embora a an lise cultural mostre que as sociedades s o hierarquizadas na l ngua este aspeto codificado de maneira diferente visto que os sistemas de tratamento n o s o iguais e que de uma maneira geral os brasileiros s o mais informais do que os portugueses 56 produtores de conte do digital embora seja um pa s mais pequeno Portugal faz parte da Uni o Europeia uma zona do mundo em que a diversidade cultural e lingu stica faz parte das estrat gias pol ticas mais importantes Para quem pretende chegar aos dois mercados adaptar se s expectativas dos potenciais clientes e usu rios de produtos software fundamental Se partimos da defini o da localiza o proposta por Reinhard Sch ler the linguistic and cultural adaptation of digital content to the requirements and locale of a foreign market and the provision of services and technologies for the management of multilingualism across the digital global information flow Sch ler 2009 observamos que um dos aspetos mais importantes deste processo complexo n o apenas a adapta o lingu stica mas sim a adapta o cultural dos produtos Por esta raz o no caso das l nguas partilhadas por v rias culturas como o ingl s o franc s o espanhol o portugu s etc localizar um produto software significa integrar
69. h emerged in this extremely fervent epoch focused on literature As afore stated in the first period of communist Romania the translation oriented concerns were indebted to the writers and poets who approached translations for two reasons 1 to improve their understanding of the intricacies of the writing process and to develop their writing skills before they plunged into their own creative work 2 to make the Romanian literature known and valued abroad In this respect the list of merituous translators ranges from Mihai Beniuc Tudor Arghezi Ion Barbu Lucian Blaga Adrian Marino Al Philippide Tudor Vianu to more modern poets In spite of the efforts made by the author to retrieve the name of the writer who signed the article it was impossible The article was signed M B In spite of the efforts made to locate the date of publication it could not be retrieved 44 The Romanian translation studies developed in an empirical way rather as an outcome of innnate skills talent and acquired literary culture than of specialised training Translation was first of all an art mastered by poets and writers who sometimes wrote notes and gave interviews on what and how they translated The translators were not trained translators but were themselves writers or poets The critics who reviewed literature occasionally tackled translations as products and only seldom as a dynamic re creational process The most prestigious reviews whi
70. he role of instructing and training translators in the way other European universitites did In this respect Pavel mentions the existence of translation institutes which worked under the patronage of the famous universities of Geneva Heidelberg Paris and Vienna Another recommendation Pavel makes has to do with the publishing plans which according to him should insist more and devote more attention to translations This in turn would place a heavier burden on the shoulders of editors and publishers 49 Both Pavel 1969 and Papu n d touch upon one more aspect which is crucial to translations their quality If they praise the excellent quality of some translations they also complain about the poor quality of others thereby making it the responsibility of the publishing houses to control more rigorously the quality of translations before making them available to the readership avoiding thus the spread and consumption of translations which depart from the writer s intentions and break the fidelity principle In an interview on Universalitate si specific national Universality and national specificity written by Constantin Calin in Ateneu 1965 Perpessicius discusses the translations of Romanian literature into other languages focusing on the translation of Eminescu s poetry and the translation of poetry in general First he speaks about Tudor Vianu and his extraordinary talent of sensing both the essence and the wisdom of hum
71. herefore as long as one knows the language in question he she becomes the perfect candidate for a PSI assignment and in many countries this approach has turned into normality Buendia 2010 12 For example in Romania anyone who owns a BA in modern languages can enter the interpreting field without receiving further training according to Law no 178 1997 on the authorization and payment of interpreters and translators with subsequent amendments 72 In addition there are many Romanians who do not know what PSI means they don t even know what interpreting means Most people in Romania think that an interpreter is the same thing as a translator Furthermore the majority of Romanians associate the action of interpreting with that of singing because in Romanian the word interpreter can also mean singer Under these circumstances I was not surprised to be asked more than once what genre of music would I like to interpret in my future career It may sound amusing but unfortunately this is the Romanian reality Although for many years it has been considered to be a combination of trivial everyday activity and giving humanitarian linguistic help to fellow community members Niska 2005 59 PSI is not an easy task to perform and it involves difficulties at various levels linguistic cultural physical psychological or ethical We will try to identify these challenges based on the qualitative analysis of
72. hiladelphia John Benjamins Sawyer D B 2007 Fundamental Aspects of Interpreter Education Amsterdam and Philadelphia John Benjamins Seleskovitch D and Lederer M 1989 Pedagogie raisonee de l interpretation Paris Didier Erudition Tennant M ed 2005 Training for the New Millenium Amsterdam and Philadelphia John Benjamins Bogdan ALDEA is a lecturer with the Department of Applied Modern Languages of the Faculty of Letters Babes Bolyai University where he has been teaching practical translation and interpreting for more than fifteen years Apart from several pieces dealing with theoretical and methodological aspects related to translation and interpreting he is the author of numerous translations chiefly from Romanian into English some of which have been published abroad He is also a practicing conference interpreter accredited with the European institutions 71 PSI a Herculean task Rebeca CIUPE LASZLO Babes Bolyai University Cluj Napoca Abstract How demanding is Public Service Interpreting Based on our personal experience as public service interpreters for a Romanian foundation and a set of 13 online interviews with fellow Romanian PS interpreters we seek to provide an answer to the question above The article sets out to give an overview of the extra challenges that the PS interpreter faces linguistic cultural psychological or ethical on the Romanian market which is not currently regulated often t
73. his Dorina 2004 Formarea termenilor pp 1 10 Online at www litere uvt ro vechi uniterm2_2004 html last visit December 10 2012 Kageura Kyo 1999 On the Study of Dynamics of Terminology A Proposal of a Theoretical Framework Online at http sciencestage com d 1639497 on quid iuris of the theoretical status of the study of terminology and a sketch of a possible frame html last visit September 10 2012 Collins COBUILD English Language Dictionary 1990 Ed in chief John Sinclair London and Glasgow Collins www freeonline dictionary com www longmandictionariesonline com www merriam websterdictonary com www oxforddictionaries com Liana MUTHU is a Senior Lecturer with the Department of Applied Modern Languages of the Faculty of Letters Babes Bolyai University Cluj Napoca Romania She holds a PhD in the field of linguistics with the thesis entitled The Linguistic Sign Object Relation in Lewis Carroll s Stories published in 2006 Her academic concerns are focused on researches in text linguistics discourse analysis and translation studies areas in which she has published numerous articles in magazines on specialty and collective volumes She also collaborated on the elaboration of a handbook Predarea limbilor str ine pentru specializ ri nefilologice useful for the students who are interested in studying English language for specific purposes In 2012 she published a critical edition Petre Grimm Scrieri de istor
74. his job being performed by interpreters lacking formal training The PS interpreter can simultaneously be the voice of the doctor refugee tourist and lawyer thus conveying their values beliefs and traditions Such a wide spectrum of clients calls for a particularly skilled and resourceful interpreter Given its controversial position in the conversation and the complexity of this job from the point of view of the aspects regarding neutrality mediation or advocacy involved his her task does not come without a price and it has an important effect on the interpreter both at a professional and at a personal level Keywords Public Service Interpreting difficulties interpreter training I INTRODUCTION While Conference Interpreting originated after World War I Gile 1998 40 it seems that interpreting in the community has existed since time immemorial although it was not known as Public Service Interpreting PSI Throughout history scholars considered this form of interpreting to be not so professional P chhacker 2006 218 and even today in many countries this job is not recognized nor regulated This is also the case of Romania although the need for PSI has been increasing particularly since we joined the EU Iaroslavschi 2011 203 Most of the people who perform this job are not trained as professional interpreters but rather chosen on ad hoc criteria available bilingual individuals family members friends etc T
75. his job requires skills and knowledge but above all it requires courage to take the challenge The non professionalization of the field increases the difficulty of the assignment as interpreters do not have the knowledge and skills to confront certain unpredicted situations In a society where ad hoc solutions make the rule training is of the essence This does not mean that challenges will no longer exist but it means that we will be endowed with the right tools to help us deal with difficulties A PS interpreter may not be a singer but she he surely needs to rehearse like one The PS interpreter has to practice before going on stage because she he does not have the option of resorting to playback This job is indeed Herculean but at the end of the day it brings satisfaction PS interpreters do not deliver a simple service but can convey understanding to people and furthermore they can bridge the gap between two cultures link extremes and create a connection between the doctor and his patient which conveys a sense of equality and freedom to people which sooner or later proves to be priceless Bibliography Buendia Toledano C 2010 Community Interpreting Breaking with the norm through Normalisation in JoSTrans The Journal of Specialised Translation no 14 p 11 25 Ciupe R 2012 Interview with Public Service Interpreters unpublished material Corsellis A 2008 Public Service Interpreting The First Steps
76. hone d affronter de grandes difficult s dans la poursuite de la trame narrative de ce roman prouvant une fois de plus que l auteure tait pr te s ouvrir une exp rience nouvelle notamment l criture en langue trang re ce qui allait se concr tiser par la publication d autres romans chez XYZ Editeur Bibliographie Albir A H 1990 La notion de fid lit en traduction Paris Didier Erudition Berman A 1999 La traduction et la lettre ou l Auberge du lointain Paris Seuil Bueno Garcia A 2003 Le concept d autotraduction in Ballard M et El Kaladi A ds Traductologie linguistique et traduction Arras Artois Presses Universit pp 265 277 21 Delisle J 2003 La traduction raisonn e manuel d initiation la traduction professionnelle de Vanglais vers le fran ais 2 d Ottawa Presses de l Universit d Ottawa Eco U 2003 Dire presque la m me chose Exp riences de traduction traduit de l italien par Myriem Bouzaher Paris Grasset Genette G 1987 Seuils Paris ditions du Seuil Ladmiral J R 1998 Th orie de la traduction la question du litt ralisme in Revue de I Institut catholique de Paris n 65 pp 137 157 Launay M de 2006 Qu est ce que traduire Paris Librairie Philosophique J Vrin Mihali F 1999 Tara brinzei Le Pays du fromage Bucuresti Editura Image Mihali F 2002 Le Pays du fromage Montr al XYZ diteur
77. ie literar related to the founder of the English Language and Literature Department of the Faculty of Letters So far she has been involved in two national research projects on discourse analysis and in an international one that deals with teaching foreign languages through the subtitling method 40 Perspectives on the Translation of Literature in Communist Romania Silvia IRIMIEA Babes Bolyai University Cluj Napoca Abstract The study seeks to survey some opinions on the translation of literature in the difficult years of communist containment when the intake of western culture was limited The study examines some writings on translation which were published in the period 1958 1970 against the background of European developments in the field It attempts to argue that in spite of the massive unprecedented amount of literature that was translated or published and of the convergent extremely valuable opinions on translations no systemic theory about the translation process emerged and that the works of renowned linguists and translatologists like Eugene Nida were not mentioned in the reviews and critiques published in that period Keywords translational context literary translation the art of translation prerequisites to good translations 1 INTRODUCTION The communist period in Romania covered the time span 1945 1989 Broadly speaking it can be divided into three sub periods 1945 48 1948 60 and 1960 89 The entire period is
78. ience de jeu et les experts en narratologie qui donnent la priorit l intrigue et la di g se Dans cette contribution nous allons emprunter la notion propos e par le ludologue Gonzalo Frasca qui d signe le jeu vid o en tant que any form of computer based entertainment software either textual or image based using any electronic platform such as personal computers or consoles and involving one or multiple players in a physical or networked environment 2001 4 24 Cette d finition met en exergue trois caract ristiques constitutives des jeux vid o savoir le divertissement la num risation et l interactivit Le divertissement est bien videmment le but de communication du m dia Dans une perspective traductologique c est l un des skopoi buts finalit s fondamentaux qui guide l approche du traducteur cens recr er un texte quivalent en ce qui concerne la vivacit des l ments de jeu et des dialogues originaux the main priority of game localisation is to preserve the game play experience for the target players keeping the look and feel of the original The brief of the localiser is to produce a version that will allow the players to experience the game as if it were originally developed in their own language and to provide enjoyment equivalent to that felt by the players of the original version Mangiron O Hagan 2006 C est pourquoi la traduction de jeux vid o a t associ
79. ill and talent to the work Pavel 1969 also agrees that there is no such thing as untranslatability and that is arises from an exagerated concern for detail which overlooks the general or the whole He further quotes George Mounin who noticed a spontaneous campaign against the concept of untranslatability our translation Papu n d opinionates that while the writer is consistently focused on his conceptive activity or work the translator is more concerned with the artistic perspective which is however not restricted to finding the right expression but reaches out to finding the adequate equivalent both accurate and suggestive in the foreign language target language He explains that it is thus not surprising that the translators spend more time on translation than would writers spend on their creative work Papu n d deplores the poor quality of some translations which do not measure up to the criteria mentioned by him He also complains about the absence of a rigorous complex scientific approach to translations which might help translators in their work and suggests that publishing houses should improve their publishing plans that include works on translations These publishing plans should contain an analytic research on literary translation the art of translation a book on the methods used for translation purposes on the social functions of translations a world history of translations a compar
80. in Conference Interpreter Training Bogdan ALDEA Babes Bolyai University Cluj Napoca Abstract The acquisition and improvement of the skills required for the successful performance of interpreting tasks require constant training and practice extending well beyond the day of one s graduation As effective or indeed deliberate practice must necessarily involve feedback in the present article we shall highlight some basic principles that should underpin virtually all types of feedback ipsative peer or trainer provided used in interpreter training focusing particularly on the instances when trainees or novice professionals practice in the absence of an instructor The success of independent training depends on the understanding of the concept of deliberate practice on the recourse to a process oriented approach and on the customization of feedback in keeping with precise short term learning objectives Keywords deliberate practice feedback process oriented approach learning objectives 1 INTRODUCTION A common feature of most programs devised for the training of conference interpreters is the large number of sessions devoted to practical exercises in interpreting with or without the participation of a trainer Indeed while theoretical courses and self study may have an important part to play in the training of an interpreter the particular nature of the complex skills that have to be mastered make it imperiou
81. in use is the 3 person singular of the verbs which indicates a more formal style of communication between the product and the user Only Yahoo Mail uses the pronoun tu and the 2 person no doubt as it targets a younger less formal audience This short analysis tries to show that culture plays an important role in the localization process with pluricentric languages such as Portuguese It is our contention that when language is a means of expressing different cultures when people may speak the same language but not in the same way the translator should always keep in mind the public s expectations about communication Keywords Brazilian Portuguese European Portuguese software localization address forms human computer etiquette 1 INTRODU O A pergunta Para quem traduzimos Pour qui traduit on escolhida como t tulo do 12 col quio organizado pelo Departamento de L nguas Modernas Aplicadas n o tem respostas f ceis Atuando no mercado internacional que pode trazer potenciais clientes de todo o mundo o tradutor contempor neo deve ter compet ncias m ltiplas de forma a acolher exig ncias diversas e enfrentar uma concorr ncia cada vez mais dura e global 53 No caso das l nguas pluric ntricas como o portugu s ao dom nio das estruturas lingu sticas o tradutor deve acrescentar um conhecimento aprofundado das culturas e sociedades em que a l ngua falada de forma a ter uma ideia mais pr xima sobre
82. ion nouvelle originale un probleme donn C est la capacit d innover et elle repr sente en g n ral l apanage des artistes peintres sculpteurs compositeurs crivains ou des membres de certaines professions ayant une forte composante artistique publicitaires designers concepteurs graphiques Delisle 2003 202 Condamn travailler sur un mat riau d j existant l original le traducteur ne peut pas faire preuve de cr ativit pure mais d une cr ativit redevable une synth se d l ments d j pr sents l esprit laquelle conduisent les chemins tortueux des processus associatif analogique et onirique ibid 202 Son talent cr ateur prend la forme d une sensibilit exacerb e au sens du texte de d part et d une grande aptitude r exprimer ce sens dans un autre texte coh rent et de m me force expressive idem Il en r sulte que le processus cr ateur se d roule en deux tapes une premi re qui consiste r soudre les difficult s li es au d cryptage du texte source et une deuxi me consacr e au traitement des difficult s li es la reformulation en langue trang re du texte traduire Pour ce qui est de notre analyse nous n allons pas nous occuper des emb ches de la compr hension en raison de la relation intime qui se tisse entre l auteur et son uvre Au contraire nous consid rons utile de nous pencher sur la dialectique du M me
83. ion of words and terms rules that cannot be applied to another target language Thus when translating a specialized text from a source language into a target language the professional translator may take each term and search not just one but several sources to find out the suitable equivalent that designates the same concept Let us see a few terms and their designated concepts selected from the documentary Home that may raise difficulties to a subtitler when finding equivalents for them in Romanian An important term from the ecology domain is deforestation In Romanian there are two distinct terms considered synonyms defrisarea p durilor and despadurire But few people know that despddurire is the equivalent for the English law term disafforestation that means reducing land from the status of a forest to the state of ordinary ground Therefore when translating the film script into Romanian the subtitler has to use the term defrisarea p durilor encountered in ecology Concept the removal of forest stands by cutting and burning to provide land for agricultural purposes residential or industrial building sites roads etc or by harvesting the trees for building materials or fuel EN deforestation RO defrisarea p durilor 36 EN Transport industry deforestation agriculture our activities release gigantic quantities of carbon dioxide RO Transpotul industria defrisarea p durilor agricultura activitatile noast
84. ir une litt ralit contraignante ou d formante l oppos se situent ceux qui consid rent qu il faut trahir les mots et traduire le sens Accus d ethnocentrique ce type de traduction stipule que le traducteur soit non pas simplement un savant bilingue Woodsworth 1988 124 mais un cr ateur qui tienne compte dans la r expression de son message de ce que le destinataire sera en mesure de comprendre Pour ce faire il utilisera n cessairement des formulations qui s loignent de celles de l original Hurtado Albir 1990 118 c est dire les ressources propres la langue cible dans sa sp cificit proprement idiomatique Ladmiral 1998 151 Les ciblistes dans la terminologie de J R Ladmiral privil gient la parole le discours ou le message le texte c est a dire l uvre Ibid 150 au d triment de la langue source qui illustre par definition ce qui est perdu avec la traduction irr m diablement perdu Ibid 146 Alors il est conseill de faire un travail de deuil mais un deuil par construction ou la cr ativit du traducteur soit l uvre C est elle qui lui permettra de masquer la blessure inflig e par le changement de langue et en occurrence de destinataire car traduire c est corcher vif une entit dans laquelle la forme et le contenu ne font qu un C est lui arracher la peau qui tait n e de lui pour lui en rev tir une autre qui collera plus
85. is performing but rarely will s he be accused of having misinterpreted because criticism could spoil the atmosphere between colleagues and also because it is not always easy to say what was not correct in an interpreting performance Riccardi 2002 116 117 These problems can be solved once a working routine is well established with peers systematically called upon even in the presence of a trainer to assess one another s work With criticism an intrinsic part of every session the risk of offending decreases considerably As to the difficulty students may have in determining what was not correct in a target speech this can be reduced by once again keeping the focus on specific elements If it is clear that a comprehensive analysis of one s performance is neither expected nor desirable peers can listen in more efficiently and provide usable and objective related feedback 7 FEEDBACK SHEETS While the principle of economy in feedback should be upheld throughout most of the formative process and even after the start of one s professional life it is also true that in the late stages of the training and especially in the weeks prior to a test final exam feedback must come closer to the relatively comprehensive approach employed by the members of a jury As argued by the same Gile the process oriented approach can be assumed to be a more powerful teaching tool during the initial part of the training but must be complemented by m
86. ita pir source lobod l stari de pruni meri corcodusi r s riti din s mburii r sp nditi de p s ri 18 Din zece case una dac mai era locuit 22 Texte cible 1 maintenant envahie par des herbes Les plus humbles mais en m me temps les plus agressives plantes y taient R les orties la rhubarbe l amarante l absinthe le colza le chiendent le chou d amour Entrelac e parmi eux une petite for t de drageons de poirier de pommier de prunier cerise pouss es des p pins r pandus sur la terre par les becs des oiseaux Les arbres que je savais depuis mon enfance y taient encore bien secs et attention Dans tout le village on habitait encore peut tre une Sur dix maisons Texte Les plantes les plus communes mais en m me temps les plus agressives en cible 2 jaillissaient l ortie la rhubarbe l amarante l absinthe le colza le chiendent le chou d amour Des drageons d arbres fruitiers s y taient entrelac s et avaient form une petite for t n e des p pins r pandus sur la terre par les oiseaux 22 Dans tout le village une maison sur dix seulement tait habit e 26 Sur l axe s mantique nous avons choisi de ranger ce qui oblige la traductrice s carter du texte et de la langue source et trouver des solutions conformes aux normes de la langue cible Au del de leur ressemblance il y a entre les deux idiomes des diff rences irr ductib
87. kannten Indianersprachen S damerikas auseinandergesetzt um so mehr tiber das Wesen und das Funktionieren der Sprachen und des Sprechens erfahren zu k nnen Um die Strukturen der Indianersprachen einem europ ischen Publikum n her zu bringen hat er dem interessierten Leser bei der bersetzung von Syntagmata stets zwei bersetzungen angeboten eine wortw rtliche und eine sinngem e So wird in der Huasteca Sprache nana tanin tahjal gesagt bersetzt wortw rtlich mit Ich mich behandelt er sinngem aber Ich werde von ihm behandelt In der Lule Sprache hingegen wird a le ti pan durch wortwortlich Erde aus sie machen sinngem Aus Erde gemacht ber einen Topf zum Beispiel bersetzt ibid Die Adressaten dieser bersetzungen sind offensichtlich Linguisten bzw Studierende der Indianersprachen Amerikas Ulrich 1997 136 Der Roman des deutschen Nobelpreistr gers G nter Grass Der Butt wurde Ende der 70er Jahre ins Kroatische Lumbor Zagreb 1979 bzw ins Slowenische List Ljubljana 1980 bersetzt Die bersetzungen weisen verschiedene Adressaten auf Eine der bersetzungen steht ganz nah am deutschen Original und in diesem Sinne wurden zahlreiche Spracheinheiten des Originaltextes wie z B Toponyme Patronyme Bezeichnungen f r typisch deutsche Feste usw bernommen Die Adressaten dieser bersetzung sind eindeutig germanophile Leser oder solche die es noch werden wollen Die ander
88. known as an extremly prolific and valuable period for at least two reasons 1 an unprecedented volume of literature prose poetry and drama was published and 2 the period was dominated by the translation of classical world literature and of complete works integral editions of classical writers e g Shakespeare s complete works The publishing house which published the complete works of writers was Editura de Stat pentru Literatur si Arta In terms of what was published and translated the first period represented a continuation of the former inter bellic period Right after WWII in 1946 the United Nations Organisation insisted on the need to disseminate the universal cultural heritage and on the need to have the major masterpieces of world culture translated in as many languages as possible This strategy resulted in a fervent interest of translators writers and poets to translate world literature and to build the world culural heritage In this respect Pavel Constantin 1969 praised the contribution of renowned translators like Etienne Dolet Schiller Nerval 41 Baudelaire Amongst the Romanian contributors he mentioned the works of St O Iosif Sadoveanu and others The 60s marked a more relaxed era characterised through an opening towards liberalism it was the era when western classical and contemporary literature was translated and published At that time the European Action Plan stipulated that by 1970 each European ci
89. ks in the 1960s It appears that the issue of untranslatability created an ongoing debate which was sustained or opposed by many writers translators and critics However most of the great spirits of the epoch labeled it a poor excuse for inconsistent translations and refuted it 50 From the surveyed articles the major concern of writers translators and critics which surfaced was the identification of the qualities or prerequisites that guarantee a successful translation In this respect most writers agreed that translators must master the foreign language possess talent and thorough knowledge of the culture and of the writer s creative intentions or artistic intricacies The investigated articles have evidenced that the experienced and reputable writers recognized the co existence of excellent and poor translations on the market and suggested that the role of publishing houses must increase in respect of the acceptance of good and very good translations and the rejection of inconsistent ones The second issue of interest was that the universities should initiate training courses for translators and qualify a contingent of excellent writers who should continue the translational work Bibliography Baker M 2004 Contesting dominant narratives Paper delivered at a conference on Translation and Conflict University of Salford Baker M and Saldanha G 2009 Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies Taylor and Francis e Libr
90. latine de la plante dont le sens est explicit e dans la langue cible par la formule ces fleurs qui poussaient dans des cimeti res autour des tombes Mihali 2002 32 3 CONCLUSION Les exemples num r s ci dessus permettent de consid rer Le Pays du fromage comme un cas de r criture traduisante ou traduire et crire s influencent r ciproquement Oustinoff 2001 25 Ils mettent en vidence les cueils que l crivaine et le r viseur ont su surmonter en faisant preuve de cr ativit discursive tant donn que tout texte renferme des difficult s qu il faut savoir liminer Pour rendre le sens et parvenir la plus grande lisibilit possible Felicia Mihali aid e par le r viseur a us d une s rie d astuces dont nous avons retenues en ce qui concerne la forme la suppression de certaines parties d une phrase ou m me de certaines phrases consid r es comme inutiles pour l conomie du livre l ajout de formules ou m me de paragraphes explicitant et la restructuration des unit s d un nonc Pour ce qui est de la restitution du sens nous avons signal deux cas la recr ation d une image intraduisible litt ralement li e la traduction des tropes et la traduction des allusions et autres expressions typiques d une culture qui rel ve de l opacit amp des deux idiomes pr sents dans le transfert interlingual du message Ces modifications que subit original vitent au r cepteur francop
91. le d criture 1998 151 nous nous proposons de pr senter dans ce qui suit les obstacles linguistiques que Felicia Mihali en se traduisant elle m me a su surmonter grace a une collaboration fructueuse avec son diteur et a un travail rigoureux sur la langue de l Autre per ue comme un amas de clich s que l on apprend petit a petit avec beaucoup de pratique et d application Steiciuc 2007 17 Venue d ailleurs d une autre culture deux ans seulement apr s son installation dans la belle province elle s efforce de rejoindre c t d Emile Ollivier Dany Laferri re Naim Kattan Ying Chen Abla Farhoud Marco Micone Sergio Kokis et d autres le ghetto chic I de l alt rit syst matique Robin 1993 215 savoir celui de la litt rature migrante Elle y fait son entr e par la publication en 2002 de son roman Le Pays du fromage qui n est en fait que la version fran aise d un texte plus ancien Tara br nzei publi en Roumanie peu de temps avant son d part pour le Qu bec Par cons quent ce transfert outre Atlantique d un livre crit en roumain se charge de significations car de sa r ussite 13 d pendra son droit de cit dans l institution litt raire qu b coise et aussi dans sa nouvelle langue d criture en l occurrence le fran ais Par une mise en parall le de l original de la traduction avec les corrections de l diteur et de la version finale qui a
92. les qui l obligent s appuyer sur son imagination re cr atrice Delisle 2003 203 pour raccorder les concepts d un univers linguistique un autre Dans ce cas le recours l quivalence directe fond e sur les structures analogues que les deux langues ont en partage gr ce leur origine commune s av re cependant impossible Felicia Mihali voulant rendre son texte plus accessible au lecteur qu b cois et le pr senter sous une enveloppe plus attirante s est servi de deux astuces 19 a Recr ation d une image intraduisible litt ralement Texte l am nv at s urm reasc musuroaiele de c rtit De la genunchi in jos source picioarele lui devenisera harti sangerande iar pielitele unghiilor erau franjuri vil 19 Texte cible 1 assaillaient les branches des arbres pour y d poser leurs larves En quelques jours seulement il tait bien expert a tapoursuite des toupies Au long de leurs Yauipini res Ses pieds taient devents de genoux en basides cartes sanglantes sur A lesquelles on pourrait lire l histoire de ses journ es Les py lites de ses doigts taient des franges vivantes ce qui lui causaient de grandes douleurs pendant le bain du soir Son petit visage tait br le gonfl par le soleil comme une brioche El aU UUULEIUIID vy vuv Texte En quelques jours seulement il tait devenu expert en taupes les pourchassant cible 2 jusque dans leurs galeri
93. letras n meros tra os inferiores e um nico ponto 13 PB Entre usando a ID que voc j tem PE Inicia sess o com a ID que j possuis 4 3 Hotmail Nas duas vers es do Hotmail os especialistas em localiza o optaram pelo pronome voc em PB e por verbos conjugados na 3 pessoa do singular em PE Se no Hotmail para usu rios brasileiros a rela o com o produto informal em PE o software usando a terminologia de Chroust 2007 um mordomo cort s Recursos lingu sticos usados em PE cl tico lo do pronome da 3 pessoa do singular 16 imperativo formal 18 adjetivos pronominais possessivos da 3 pessoa do singular a sua 14 16 o seu 17 14 PB J tem uma conta da Microsoft Se voc usa o Hotmail o SkyDrive ou o Xbox LIVE e deseja pedir um novo endere o de email do Outlook com entre e renomeie sua conta ou crie um alias Quem voc PE J tem uma conta Microsoft Se usa o Hotmail SkyDrive Xbox LIVE e quer indicar um endere o de e mail novo em Outlook com email deve iniciar sess o e mudar o nome da sua conta ou criar um alias Como se chama 60 15 PB Como voc deseja entrar PE De que forma quer iniciar sess o 16 PB Se perder sua senha como podemos ajudar voc a redefini la PE Se perder a sua palavra passe como podemos ajud lo a rep la 17 PB De onde voc PE Qual o seu pa s de origem 18 PB Ajude nos a verificar se voc n o um rob
94. longue liminer les fautes ponctuelles 1989 174 The shift from problem to cause must become routine and operate in combination with the previously stated principle of economy the focus remains on the specific objectives of that particular stage in the training process noting down main ideas and links in CI chunking avoiding early starts in SI or even on student specific ones numbers in CI flat delivery in SI sentences broken by long pauses in SI etc Also whenever possible peer feedback is to include some suggestions for remedial action Gile 2005 140 This component is mandatory in trainer provided feedback which must always and explicitly feature the triad problem reason suggested remedial action without forgetting that problems should be prioritized and limited to one or two if tangible results are to be obtained 6 PALATABILITY For feedback to work it must be fully accepted by the individual to which it is directed and this occasionally raises a few problems Those providing feedback need to be aware that virtually any sort of criticism especially if phrased a bit too bluntly and with little or no tact can hurt another person s feelings Conversely if one excessively sweetens the pill feedback may become devoid of substantial content and prove just as ineffective as the offensive one A balance must be achieved and here of course the main guide is common sense automatically factoring in the nature of our r
95. mbine au canal audio et visuel pour capturer tous les sens du joueur dans une exp rience immersive et quasi corporelle 7 Dans la communication informatis e les canaux visuel et auditif s int grent au canal haptique permettant l mission d informations travers le toucher 27 Il faut pr ciser que le concept d interactivit que nous employons ici comme synonyme d interaction ne se limite pas interaction homme machine mais inclut galement interaction entre deux ou plusieurs joueurs comme c est le cas de consoles et de jeux multijoueurs en ligne L exemple le plus illustratif est le MMORPG World of Warcraft Massive ly Multiplayer Online Role Playing Game soit jeu de r le en ligne massivement multijoueurs o des millions de joueurs se rencontrent chaque jour pour interagir dans un univers m di val fantastique En outre l interactivit se d cline sur plusieurs plans interactivit cognitive ou participation interpr tative l action interactivit fonctionnelle ou participation utilitaire par rapport aux composantes techniques interactivit explicite ou participation aux choix et aux proc dures con ues par les programmateurs et enfin interactivit au del de l objet ou participation la culture de l objet Salen amp Zimmerman 2004 58 59 Cette derni re rev t une importance particuli re car les joueurs plac s au c ur de l action tendent naturellement s appropri
96. n 4 ECONOMY AND FOCUS It is essential that formative feedback be economical concentrating overwhelmingly on the manner in which a short term objective has been achieved This requirement seems however to go against every instinct the trainees and sometimes of the trainers themselves especially when there is an abundance of tempting targets An advantage in this respect is represented by the fact that most schools start interpreter training with consecutive interpretation which by its very nature allows for the gradual consecutive development of the necessary skills visualization active listening reformulation note taking consecutive with notes through the recourse to customized exercises that require precisely targeted feedback This stage can be used to make trainees familiar with the idea of short term objectives and goals on condition that trainers insist upon this aspect each and every time and explicitly structure their own strategies accordingly Only thus 66 can there be a reasonable expectation that independent sessions would mirror classroom strategies and truly operate like deliberate practice The major obstacle here lies in reconciling the idea of concise feedback with the otherwise sound pedagogical principle whereby all errors must be pointed out lest they become chronic Still it is possible to remain focused on one or two priority aspects when providing feedback highlighting their possible causes and suggestin
97. n muss nicht die Buchstaben in der lateinischen Sprache fragen wie man soll Deutsch reden sondern man muss die Mutter im Hause die Kinder auf den Gassen den gemeinen Mann auf dem Markt drum fragen und denselbigen auf das Maul sehen wie sie reden und darnach dolmetschen da verstehen sie es denn und merken dass man deutsch mit ihnen redet Luther apud St rig 1973 21 Aus diesem Zitat Luthers ist sogar noch mehr Kapital zu schlagen zumal er auch festh lt dass das Ubersetzen dem Sprechen analog sei demselbigen auf das Maul sehen wie sie reden und darnach dolmetschen und dass dementsprechend fiir die Ubersetzung wie fiir das Sprechen im Grunde dieselben Prinzipien und Normen gelten Anders ausgedriickt sowohl die Ubersetzung als auch das Dolmetschen sind ein Sprechen mit vorgegebenem Inhalt Damit schlie t sich der Kreis denn wir sind am Ende dieses Aufsatzes tiber Luther zu derselben These gekommen die auch Coseriu in seinem anfangs angefiihrten Zitat vertrat Das Ubersetzen ist am ehesten dem Sprechen analog und es gelten deshalb fiir das Ubersetzen wie fiir das Sprechen nur finalistisch motivierte und finalistisch differenzierte Normen somit verstehen sie es denn und merken dass man deutsch mit ihnen redet wie Luther es sich als Ziel gesetzt hatte Bibliographie Coseriu E 1978 Falsche und richtige Fragestellungen in der bersetzungstheorie Reprint from Gr hs L Korlen G Malmberg
98. o que viver em portugu s Embora a l ngua que os pa ses lus fonos partilham seja a mesma as diferen as que existem entre as diversas variedades do portugu s determinam a cria o de identidades lingu sticas nacionais e regionais bastante fortes Um falante nativo consegue identificar sem grande esfor o se o interlocutor fala de um jeitinho diferente um portugu s observa que a variante do Brasil mais doce alguns brasileiros consideram que o portugu s europeu doravante PE pode parecer mais culto porque o associa com os textos dos escritores cl ssicos que se estuda na escola etc A individualidade de cada variedade do portugu s manifesta se em todos os n veis da l ngua pron ncia grafia gram tica l xico e as diverg ncias podem determinar problemas de compreens o at entre os nativos Basta relembrar que no Brasil alguns filmes portugueses s o legendados porque a pron ncia fechada das vogais tonas em PE dificulta de tal maneira a compreens o que a mensagem oral se pode tornar incompreens vel a um brasileiro que n o teve contacto com os falantes de portugu s do outro lado do Atl ntico No que diz respeito s diferen as de ndole sociolingu stica entre o portugu s brasileiro doravante PB e o PE as formas de tratamento doravante FT s o um dos aspetos mais salientes Sendo o um dos mais bvios elos de liga o entre a pr pria estrutura da l ngua e a estrutura da sociedade no
99. o zu Sessions Las sesiones Explanat Figure 1 Script de traduction multilingue Cet extrait tir d un script multilingue montre les difficult s concr tes associ es la pratique de traduction de jeux vid o tant donn que les traducteurs ne disposent pas d outils de localisation visuelle appel s WYSIWYG What You See Is What You Get et tr s rarement du jeu original qui leur permettrait de contextualiser une liste al atoire de cha nes de caract res La traduction l aveugle qui persiste encore dans le domaine de la traduction audiovisuelle et notamment dans le doublage de films tend ali ner le traducteur par rapport au produit original et cr er des textes non idiomatiques Herbst 1995 Cet tat des choses s explique par l imposition de stricts droits d auteur par la gestion des cycles d internationalisation et de localisation qui pourraient tre am lior s au sein d une industrie encore jeune et par des difficult s techniques objectives dans le traitement de fichiers multim dia Quoi qu il en soit les experts du secteur multiplient les initiatives pour sensibiliser la communaut scientifique et professionnelle Bernal Merino 2011 Localization SIG En deuxi me lieu puisque les composantes crites des jeux vid o ne sont pas simplement des textes affich s l cran mais font aussi partie d un syst me complexe de traitement num rique il faut viter de c
100. ohen S 1990 1972 Folk Devils and Moral Panics The Creation of the Mods and Rockers Oxford Basil Blackwell Ltd Frasca G 2001 Videogames of the Oppressed Videogames as a Means for Critical Thinking and Debate Master s Thesis URL http www ludology org articles thesis gamesandvideogames html consult le 13 f vrier 2013 Gervais B 2008 Is There a Text on This Screen Reading in an Era of Hypertextuality in S Schreibman et R Siemens eds 4 Companion to Digital Literary Studies Oxford Blackwell Publishing Herbst T 1995 People Do Not Talk in Sentences Dubbing and the Idiom Principle in Translatio Nouvelles FIT FIT Newsletter Volume 15 Issue 3 4 pp 257 271 Mangiron C and O Hagan M 2006 Game Localisation Unleashing Imagination with Restricted Translation in Journal Of Specialised Translation Issue 6 URL www jostrans org issue06 art ohagan php consult le 25 juin 2012 Mateas M Stern A 2006 Interaction and Narrative in Salen K Zimmerman E eds The Game Design Reader A Rules of Play Anthology Massachusetts MIT Press pp 642 669 McLuhan M 1964 Understanding Media Canada Mentor Microsoft Language Excellence Team 2007 Microsoft Style Guide English Italian URL http www microsoft com language en us download mspx consult le 10 septembre 2012 Newman J 2005 Videogames London Routledge Newman J 2008 Playing with Videogames London and New
101. on du joueur Citons titre d exemple un simulateur de vol qui contient le lexique sp cialis de l a ronautique du pilotage et des phras ologismes typiques Ces l ments constituent un aspect important de l attrait du jeu et en v hiculent souvent l utilisabilit Si par exemple une arme s appelle p e branche dans le menu Armes lors de son acquisition et ensuite rapi re dans l inventaire des objets gagn s le joueur pourrait ne pas la retrouver parmi ses quipements Ainsi le lexique semi technique du jeu noms de personnages de lieux d objets etc et la terminologie de plate forme Sony Playstation Microsoft Xbox Nintendo constituent l une des contraintes principales lors de la traduction Dans la pratique professionnelle les termes sp cialis s sont g r s par des glossaires ad hoc et des m moires de traduction Bernal 2011 afin d en assurer la coh rence la concision la clart et la non ambig ite 4 CONCLUSION La traduction de jeux vid o est une forme de traduction sp cialis e atypique qui demande la prise en compte d l ments s miotiques et textuels tr s divers allant de manuels d instructions options et messages de syst me aux parties descriptives et narratives en passant par les dialogues et les sous titres Dans cette intervention nous avons essay de faire le point en proposant une approche fonctionnelle qui tient compte de l immersion du joueur et
102. ore traditional result oriented correction for fine tuning 1995 20 italics original 69 Here as well however a systematic approach is required if results are to be obtained and it is in this respect that feedback sheets can be of real value The question that remains concerns the items to be included on the feedback sheets which will unavoidably be the result of a compromise between the need for a relatively comprehensive analysis of trainee performance in the later stages of the training process on the one hand and practicality on the other for an excessively complex feedback sheet may eventually defeat the purpose of any exercise and compromise the effective use of classroom or even independent session time In fact Riccardi herself the proponent of a complex and comprehensive feedback sheet indicated that the latter can be longer or shorter and is useful for interpreting examinations or continuous assessments Riccardi 2002 124 A good starting point in devising a useable feedback sheet would be P chhacker s observation that t here is widespread agreement that performance must be assessed for both content i e source target correspondence and target language presentation i e expression and delivery but little consensus on whether or how these notions could be operationalized for a transparent assessment procedure 2004 188 Indeed a possible structure for a feedback sheet that would meet the somewh
103. ou moins bien Wuilmart 1990 241 Judith Woodsworth recommande pour obtenir non seulement un texte linguistique mais un texte litt raire valable 1988 124 que le traducteur reste fid le l auteur qu il admire tout en restant fid le sa propre cr ativit Et ce sont les traces de cette fid lit la cr ativit ce que le texte dit ou sugg re en rapport avec la langue dans laquelle il est exprim Eco 2006 16 2 Katharina Reiss consid re que le but de la traduction savante est de faire sentir au lecteur qu il lit un auteur tranger Le lecteur doit ainsi d couvrir des pens es et des moyens d expression qui jusque l ne lui taient pas familiers 2002 127 3 Pour Antoine Berman ethnocentrique signifie qui ram ne tout sa propre culture ses normes et valeurs et consid re ce qui est situ en dehors de celle ci l tranger comme n gatif ou tout juste bon tre annex adapt pour accro tre la richesse de cette culture 1999 29 15 que nous envisageons de d celer dans les modifications inflig es au roman Le pays du fromage par l autotraducteur et le r viseur pour faciliter sa r ception critique en terre qu b coise 2 CREATIVITE ET TRAITEMENT DES DIFFICULTES LI ES LA REFORMULATION LE PAYS DU FROMAGE DE FELICIA MIHALI Selon le Tresor de la langue fran aise la cr ativit consiste d couvrir une solut
104. pr sence interpos e entre l auteur et l ventuel public d un destinataire premier un correspondant un confident l auteur lui m me qui n est pas per u comme un simple m diateur ou relais fonctionnellement transparent mais bien comme un destinataire part entiere qui Tauteur s adresse pour lui m me f t ce avec l arriere pensee de prendre ult rieurement le public t moin de cette interlocution 1987 374 17 part j tais surprise qu en fran ais certaines choses peuvent tre dites d une mani re plus concise et m me plus vocatrice Mihali Steiciuc 2007 18 L axe formel nous permettra de rendre compte de la structure du texte et de la forme des phrases de leur mouvement rythme et m lodie ce niveau nous avons constat a La sppression de certaines parties d une phrase ou m me de certaines phrases consid r es comme inutiles pour l conomie du livre Texte Mergeam zile in sir fara sa intalnesc tipenie de om Drumurile erau netede ca source n palma uscate de soarele si v ntul puternic de primavara Doar pe alocuri se vedeau urme de pasi sau labe de caine 22 Texte jusqu au soir d un bout l autre du village presque mort On y pouvait aller cible 1 des Journ es enti res sans y rencontrer une me qui vive Dans des rares endroits on voyait quelques traces de pas ou des pattes de chien Les foss s Texte On pouvait y passer des journ
105. r de troscot 22 source I florile de pe morminte t m ioara prim vara 28 Texte E s cible 1 endroits on voyait quelques traces de pas ou des pattes de chien Les foss s s etaient remplies de trainasse d amp herbe cochon Nulle maison n avait la viande de porc bouill e avec de la liv che au printemps le parfum des libanotis ces fleurs qui poussaient dans les cimeti res autour des tombes en Texte Les foss s taient envahis de trainasse 26 cible 2 au printemps le parfum des libanotis ces fleurs qui poussaient dans des cimeti res autour des tombes 32 20 La traduction n est pas seulement un fait linguistique mais aussi un fait de culture qui met en vidence l opacit des deux langues l une face l autre Marque de l accent emphatique l orthographe facilite la r expression de ce qui tait consid r comme quasiment impossible a traduire car appartenant l univers culturel de l original Felicia Mihali fait appel aux guillemets et italiques pour attirer l attention du lecteur sur l trang it des termes On a d une part le terme trainasse pour rendre le roumain troscot caract ris par un emploi plus rare dans le Petit Robert il figure dans Particle r serv au mot r nou e avec la mention renou e des oiseaux appel e aussi tra nasse et d autre part la traductrice a choisi l appellation
106. r er des bugs lors de la traduction Si le traducteur modifie les codes et les m tadonn es susmentionn s il http wiki igda org Localization_SIG 26 peut provoquer une visualisation erron e des caract res ou ce qui est pire un dysfonctionnement compromettant l utilisabilit du logiciel Il est clair qu un fonctionnement correct est la premiere condition requise lors de l achat d un produit digital Les bugs fonctionnels sont la cause principale de m contentement chez les utilisateurs de jeux originaux et traduits comme ce fut le cas lors de la sortie des jeux The Elder Scrolls IV Oblivion et Fallout 3 New Vegas qui furent accompagn s par des centaines de discussions peu flatteuses sur les forums officiels Dans ce contexte le concept de skopos et d quivalence fonctionnelle s entrelace au concept de fonctionnalit et d usabilit des logiciels car l une des priorit s de la localisation est verifying that the linguistic adaptation does not cause technical hindrance on a functional level Microsoft Language Excellence Team 2007 Cela implique galement la livraison d instructions op rationnelles claires et correctes et le respect de l quivalence r f rentielle dans le sens que les messages de syst me et les commandes traduites doivent correspondre sans ambig ite au m me r f rent de la version originale et ensuite activer la m me fonction homme machine Scarpa 1996 2 3 Interac
107. r be comprehensive 3 DELIBERATE PRACTICE Studies devoted to expertise in interpreting Moser Mercer 1997 2008 Ericsson 2000 indicate marked differences between the performance of novice and that of expert interpreters highlighting the need for constant improvement especially during the early years of one s professional career The belief that the mere practice of the profession brings with it the necessary experience and implicitly increases the quality of one s work is quite false In actual fact once an interpreter reaches what he or she considers to be an acceptable level of performance and ceases to make deliberate efforts to improve arrested development ensues most individuals increases in performance asymptote within months whereas the expert performers are able to keep improving their performance for years and decades Ericsson 2000 194 italics ours Achieving the level of expert performance and ensuring a constant 65 improvement of one s skills require a deliberate effort and specific strategies As the same Ericsson contended expert performance continues to improve as a function of more experience coupled with deliberate practice The key challenge for aspiring expert performers is to avoid the arrested development associated with automaticity and to acquire cognitive skills to support their continued learning and improvement 2000 196 italics ours Deliberate practice therefore is something that m
108. ra evitar situa es delicadas em Portugal adota se tamb m uma estrat gia de evitar o pronome Hammermiiller 2003 os falantes empregando apenas o verbo conjugado na 3 pessoa do singular Gosta de ir ao cinema em vez de Voc O senhor gosta de ir ao cinema 55 No que diz respeito ao tratamento verbal notamos que em PE poss vel expressar diversos graus de cortesia apenas com as desin ncias verbais atrav s da oposi o entre a 2 e a 3 pessoa do singular Queres Quer um caf mas na norma padr o da variedade brasileira esta distin o n o poss vel No plural a utiliza o quase exclusiva da 3 pessoa em ambas as variedades impossibilita a express o de diferen as de graus de cortesia s atrav s da desin ncia verbal PORTUGUES BRASILEIRO PORTUGUES EUROPEU E 2 sg 5 38 sg 3 sg 2 pl Pl anl 3 pl Tabela n 2 Formas de tratamento alocutivas verbais em PB e PE Estas diferen as s o o resultado da evolu o que as duas variantes do portugu s tiveram nos ltimos s culos Relacionadas com as diferen as culturais entre as sociedades brasileira e portuguesa notamos que estes detalhes assumem import ncia maior quando tentamos definir o que viver em portugu s nos dois lados do Atl ntico As maneiras como as pessoas se dirigem ao outro um dos aspetos fundamentais da comunica o e a escolha das FT indicam como se manifesta a din mica interlocu
109. re Aldea 2010 we commented on the elusive nature of the concept of fidelity when applied to the work of interpreters Thus in what the content of a message is concerned omissions can be either mistakes or part of a perfectly legitimate strategy of editing the message as required by the specific circumstances of the communication setting As to the form of the target language output as P chhacker put it features such as clarity style fluency rhythm intonation and so on largely elude an itemized assessment 2004 189 Consequently most authors tend to agree that t o date constructs for assessment in interpreter education have not been properly defined Sawyer 2007 98 the only certainty being the widespread disappointment with detailed scoring systems P chhacker 2004 189 which are relative and more often than not come to complicate things instead of making them easier While the identification and classification of all the elements that can be monitored in the performance of an interpreter is a legitimate and useful pursuit for it is such research that ultimately defined the very objectives of training lengthy itemized lists of performance criteria are largely useless both in the context of summative assessment where there is a risk of not seeing the forest for the trees and especially for the purposes of formative feedback which as we are about to argue needs to remain as concise as possible and needs hardly eve
110. re emit cantitati uriase de dioxid de carbon As regards the noun balance Romanian dictionaries give two equivalents balant and echilibru However there isn t a total synonymy between these two nouns just a partial one In Romanian balan is frequently utilised as a financial term namely raport intre mai multi indicatori ce trebuie echilibrati Echilibru instead means raport intre dou lucruri opuse starea de armonie care rezult din aceasta Since in the documentary Home the narrator speaks about the state of harmony necessary to exist between nature and human activities the correct term put in context is echilibru climatic Additionally the phrase molecule by molecule has been adapted to Romanian so that specialized terms are not used We resort to a plastic expression pas cu pas to show the degree in which the Earth s climate is changing Concept a state of equilibrium between the prevalent weather conditions on different areas from our Earth and the human activities EN climatic balance RO echilibru climatic EN Without realizing it molecule by molecule we have upset the Earth s climatic balance RO Fara s ne d m seama pas cu pas am deranjat echilibrul climatic al P m ntului Ice cap and ice sheet are other two terms that may be easily confounded Both denote an ice mass spread over a large area of land The difference consists in the top part covered by this ice mass the
111. reign language knowledge about how the language functions and a robust cultural knowledge that contextualizes the text and includes humanities economics sociology anthropology In the interview given to C Crisan for Gazeta literara 1965 Alain Bosquet states that it is not enough to produce a loyal translation focused entirely on details but to produce a translation for the readers of the particular target linguaculture and facilitate their understanding thereof Bosquet mentions Eluard s interesting and suggestive case who without knowing Bulgarian translated Hristo Botev admirably The explanation is that the translator listened to the source text for many times and after feeling the cadence of the lines he was able to decipher the poetic substance and finally to recreate it Further Bosquet provides Baudelaire s example who he suggests did not translate E A Poe but recreated him 1965 our translation Pavel then discusses the example of writers and poets who take up translating as a step which trains them and prepares them for their own creative writing These examples and the urgent need to train more translators for the mediation of other cultural or literary masterpieces make Pavel suggest a few recommendations for the future development of translations One strategy would be the planned and controlled training of a contingent of translators He further recommends that for the beginning universities could take up t
112. repare terminology themselves Cabr 1999 47 If necessary they could do the terminologists work and discover target language equivalents for terms that are not registered in dictionaries on specialty 2 ACASE STUDY THE DOCUMENTARY HOME A good example for analyzing the rendering of terminology from a source language into a target language is Home a 2009 documentary directed by Yann Arthus Bertrand The documentary is an account about the present state of the Earth its climate and how we as humans have harmful effects upon its future The sequences chosen for analysis include terminology from a larger domain ecology since the focus is on the diversity of life on Earth and how humans are threatening the climatic balance of the planet Then they include terminology from a sub domain glaciology since they show how the glaciers are melting at the North Pole due to the climate change The question that raises from the beginning is Who is the target public interested in watching the documentary Home And we may distinguish two categories a the specialized public made up of university professors and scientists interested in studying glaciers and the ice accumulation Translated from Romanian Terminologia unei discipline nu este o stare ci un proces niciodat incheiat 34 phenomenon geography teachers students who are studying geography or the science of the environment b the heterogeneous public made
113. river RO rau glaciar EN More and more these glacier fed rivers are merging together and burrowing through the surface RO Din ce in ce mai mult aceste rauri glaciare se unesc si ies la suprafata 38 As we may see from the examples above terms are elements of a specialized language and represent the denomination of knowledge from a certain domain i e ecology or sub domain i e glaciology Terms are units of knowledge with a stable content therefore they are more independent towards the context than common words Bidu Vr nceanu et al 2005 534 The words used in everyday speech may have additional meanings but since terminology of a text implies rigor and precision interpretation and double meaning are not allowed in case of terms 3 CONCLUSIONS It is known that terminology has appeared due to the scientists demand to unify the concepts and terms of certain domains in order to make easier scientific communication and if necessary the correct information transfer from a source language into a target language For this reason terminological equivalence is the key to multilingual terminology Cabr 1999 48 since it makes possible interlingual and multilingual communication Considering the examples brought into discussion even if there are not too many difficult terms to be rendered into Romanian both sequences of the documentary Home have a precise content They are more concise and systematic than general
114. ses emitted elsewhere on Earth Our ecosystem doesn t have borders Wherever we are our actions have repercussions on the whole Earth The atmosphere of our planet is an indivisible whole It is an asset we share On Greenland s surface lakes are appearing on the landscape The ice cap has begun to melt at a speed that even the most pessimistic scientists did not envision ten years ago More and more these glacier fed rivers are merging together and burrowing through the surface It was thought that salt water would freeze in the depths of the ice On the contrary it flows under the ice carrying the ice sheet into the sea where it breaks into icebergs As the freshwater of Greenland s ice sheet gradually seeps into the salt water of the oceans low lying lands around the globe are threatened Statistics belonging to the second English film script duration 3 minutes and 2 seconds the total number of vvords 204 number of specialized language occurrences 20 number of specialized terms 11 a number of specialized terms from ecology 4 salt water greenhouse gases ecosystem atmosphere b number of specialized terms from glaciology 7 North Pole ice cap freshvvater ice ice sheet glacier fed river iceberg A specialized text is highly accurate concise and methodical and the terminology encountered tends tovvard monosemy and univocity Then each language has its own grammatical and lexical rules concerning the format
115. she he be an advocate for his client Although codes of practice require neutrality more often than not this is solely a utopia because clients themselves require additional tasks to be performed such as acting translating counselling guiding or leading 76 In the light of all these challenges we can see that the PSI assignments influences the interpreter itself on various levels Professionally interpreters may be frustrated because they cannot convey an accurate message due to the challenges involved Also PSI has implications on a personal level Interpreters may have to face the reaction of the fellows expressed through rejection hate or unnatural behaviour Sam a military interpreter for the American forces in Iraq reveals that he was at the verge of being stabbed by an Iraqi woman when he went to interpret in her house Sam Mazin amp Thamir 2009 Even if this does not apply to Romania we will surely have to cope with an inner war with our ideas values or faith Therefore the role of the PS interpreter is far from being effectless for the individual who has the duty to convey more than mere words but to diffuse ideas beliefs and commitments This constant clash between identity and alterity between personal and general between inner and outer is by far one of the most evident consequences of PSI In conclusion the task of the PS interpreter is not easy especially in Romania where this profession is not well defined T
116. sly necessary that the bulk of the training process take the form of properly organized and directed practice It is in this context that feedback in any form or shape self referential provided by one s peers or by the trainer comes to play a crucial part and it shall be our contention that in the absence of properly structured and effective feedback training sessions lose much of their effectiveness and may even turn into completely sterile exercises contributing little to the development of the targeted skills 2 EVALUATION AND FEEDBACK In the literature despite the occasional presence of useful methodological recommendations Gile 1995 2005 feedback is largely referred to in the broader context of evaluation Seleskovitch and Lederer 1989 Riccard i 2002 64 P chhacker 2004 Sawyer 2007 in an attempt to define and systematize the criteria that may be used in the assessment of an interpreter s performance during final examinations summative assessment but also throughout the training program formative assessment One conclusion that emerges has to do with the relative nature of the criteria employed and with their seemingly unavoidable complexity This because it is often very difficult to indicate precisely and in detail what is required for a good interpretation Furthermore as argued by Riccardi 2002 116 the same text sic can be interpreted in different ways by different interpreters Elsewhe
117. surface covered by the ice cap is smaller in comparison to the surface covered by the ice sheet Concept a mass of glacier ice that covers a surface smaller than 50 000 km EN ice cap RO calot glaciar EN Under the effect of global warming the ice cap has lost 40 of its thickness in 40 years RO Sub efectul nc lzirii globale calota glaciar a pierdut 40 din grosime in 40 de ani EN The ice cap has begun to melt at a speed that even the most pessimistic scientists did not envision ten years ago RO Calota glaciar se topeste cu o vitez pe care nici cei mai pesimisti oameni de stiint nu o prevedeau acum zece ani Concept a mass of glacier ice that covers a surface greater than 50 000 km 37 EN ice sheet RO ghetar continental EN Greenland s ice sheet suffers from greenhouse gases emitted elsewhere on Earth RO Ghetarul continental al Groenlandei sufera din cauza gazelor de sera emise in alte parti ale Pamantului EN On the contrary it flows under the ice carrying the ice sheet into the sea where it breaks into icebergs RO Dimpotriva aceasta curge pe sub gheat purt nd ghetarul continental spre mare unde se sfarama in aisberguri As regards freshwater related to the water that is not salty usually in contrast to the sea water that is salty this term is frequently confounded in Romanian with fresh water that means apa proaspata curat Since the documentary Home makes referenc
118. t almost all translations into Romanian had been translations after translations from French and German He then remarks that at the time he wrote there were direct and first class translations available from Portuguese Dutch Norwegian and from all Slavic languages Papu idem also mentions that side by side with the growth in number of translations and the number of languages that translations had been translated from translators revealed an increased familiarity with what literary critics called literary culture If we looked westwards the western world was dominated by comparative literature and cultural studies in the 1950s and 1960s At the same time a breaking step has been made in translatology with the development of automatic translations a trend heralded by some fundamental works including the collective volumes Machine Translation of Languages 1955 Mechanical Resolution of Linguistic Problems Bosth Brandwood and Cleave 1958 and Problemes de la traduction automatique Gugenheim G and R Mich a The news was broken out 45 to the Romanian readership by a few critics including Constantin Pavel in his article Despre traduceri On Translations published in Cronica in 1969 In Europe the study of translations was linked to the study of language and its functions The underlying assumption which fueled the development of translation studies was that once the functions of language and the functions of a
119. t die europ ische Rezeption der Tausendundeine Nacht Bei der bersetzung achtete Galland peinlich darauf die Anzahl der erotischen Szenen zu reduzieren bzw zu l schen Auf diese Art und Weise entstanden durch die bersetzung neue Erz hlungen die nicht nur Erwachsene sondern auch Kinder zum Adressaten hatten Mit anderen Worten wir haben mit einem seltenen Fall zu tun denn die bersetzung schafft einen neuen Adressaten und zwar Kinder die in der Originalfassung eigentlich entweder nicht oder nur sekund r gemeint waren 3 EINE LANZE F R LUTHER BRECHEN Auch wenn die bersetzer gewiss seit Beginn der bersetzungst tigkeit R cksicht auf den Parameter Adressat genommen haben und bem ht waren diesem gerecht zu werden entstanden die ersten expliziten bersetzungstheoretischen berlegungen erst in der Renaissance als Martin Luther 1483 1546 der bersetzer der Bibel ins Deutsche im Sendbrief vom Dolmetschen 1530 auf den Faktor des Adressaten hingewiesen hat dem man ja beim Dolmetschen und beim bersetzen auf das Maul sehen m sse Luther verteidigt und rechtfertigt in diesem Brief an einen fiktiven Freund seine Vorgehensweise sinngem e bersetzung bei der bersetzung der Bibel aus dem Altgriechischen ins Fr hneuhochdeutsche gegen ber Kritikern insbesondere 11 aus den Reihen der Kirche die ihm eine zu freie Ubersetzung vorwarfen bzw dies hatten tun k nnen Denn ma
120. t given this luxury Therefore they have to cope with situations more or less spontaneous or unpredictable as they have to handle real time dialogue Wadensj 1998 33 All interpreters in the interview admitted to have had linguistic difficulties one did not know how to differentiate between nvinuit and inculpat suspect defendant another had difficulties in rendering Bible terms such as Rusalii the Pentecost Ciupe 2012 44 Briefing is essential because it helps the interpreter deal with specialised terminology and enables him her to identify the context of the conversation One of our interviewees a sign language interpreter mentioned that briefing was indispensable because certain abstract terms do not have an equivalent in sign language When such difficulties emerged she would resort to the representatives of the deaf community idem A PS interpreter who does not tackle these problems properly runs a great risk of distorsion and inaccuracies which may lead to dramatic results such as endangering the safety of a patient or the outcome of a trial But hilarious situations may also be part of the picture I personally witnessed such a situation during a book presentation in Oradea The author started to share the story of his life and at one point he said I don t want to harm you The interpreter mistook harm for ham and his choice of words was nu vreau s i dau sunc I don
121. t very clear that feedback begins but does not end with identifying a problem The mandatory next step is the identification of the possible cause of that problem and it is this step that takes feedback from product to process where it should remain throughout most of the training process A content related error in CI e g the omission of a relevant piece of information must be traced down to its cause unclear notes excessive notes that bury the important information among details failure to listen actively shorthand etc Flawed syntax in SI may indicate an early start the inadequate processing of the original message insufficient d calage etc Thus by concentrating on the reasons for errors or good choices in Transl rather than on the words or structures produced by the students teachers devote most of their effective teaching to Transl strategies and lose little time over their by products Gile 1995 11 italics original Such classroom practices must also be applied by trainees during unsupervised training sessions Similar recommendations are to be found in Seleskovitch and Lederer s P dagogie raisonee de l interpr tation 67 D autre part il faut que l enseignant sache distinguer des fautes ponctuelles les erreurs dues une mauvaise m thode L limination de la faute en interpr tation est un acte a posteriori d une utilit p dagogique limit e Seul le redressement des erreurs de m thode peut la
122. te the dark water heating it up The warming process gathers space This ice contains the records of our planet The concentration of carbon dioxide hasn t been so high for several hundred thousand years Humanity has never lived in an atmosphere like this Is excessive exploitation of our resources threatening the lives of every species Climate change accentuates the threat By 2050 a quarter of the Earth s species could be threatened with extinction In these polar regions the balance of nature has already been disrupted Statistics belonging to the first English film script duration 3 minutes and 5 seconds the total number of words 256 number of specialized language occurrences 25 number of specialized terms 16 a number of specialized terms from ecology 11 carbon carbon dioxide atmosphere deforestation molecule climatic balance global warming warming process species climate change extinction b number of specialized terms from glaciology 5 pole ice cap ice sheet ice polar region 1 05 35 1 08 37 Around the North Pole the ice cap has lost 20 of its surface area in 30 years But as Greenland rapidly becomes warmer the freshwater of a whole continent flows into the salt water of the oceans Greenland s ice contains 20 of the freshwater of the 35 whole planet If it melts sea levels will rise by nearly 7 meters But there is no industry here Greenland s ice sheet suffers from greenhouse ga
123. tenus pr tendument violents et aguicheurs Cette attitude s inscrit par ailleurs dans le cadre d un ph nom ne social connu sous le nom de panique morale qui surgit naturellement quand un v nement une personne un groupe de personnes ou des pratiques culturelles sont per ues comme une menace pour les valeurs et les int r ts d une soci t Cohen 1972 Si effectivement certains genres et pratiques vid oludiques sont d viants il est aussi vrai que le m dia en tant que tel offre des contenus et des modalit s d utilisation tr s divers comme les jeux s rieux et les didacticiels Autrement dit le postulat des tudes sur les m dias pr suppose que le message est le m dia McLuhan 1964 c est dire que chaque m dia ne correspond pas a son contenu mais aux techniques aux modalit s et aux canaux de transmission qui fa onnent information d une mani re unique En fait les th oriciens des Game Studies n ont pas abouti une d finition fig e et commune du concept de jeu vid o car ce m dia se caract rise par une grande vari t de contenus jeux de r le d aventure de r flexion de musique de tir a la premi re personne de lutte de sport etc de supports techniques PC consoles d di es bornes d arcade mobiles et par une volution technologique consid rable De plus cette discussion rel ve d un d bat historique entre les ludologues qui se concentrent sur l interactivite et l exp r
124. terpreting specialised translation and volunteering 78
125. text were identified the method employed for their translation should be the one which could best render the author s creative or artistic intentions Thus the early translation studies were closely tied to the attempts to classify the functions of language The most influential contributions were those of Karl Biihler 1934 Roman O Jakobson 1960 and M Halliday 1973 Nevertheless the mind that set the tone for a more consistent research and theory in translation was Eugen Nida His works Toward a Science of Translating Brill 1964 The Theory and Practice of Translation Brill 1969 with C R Taber Language Structure and Translation Essays Stanford University Press 1975 introduced basic concepts of translatology such as equivalence the principles of correspondence context language and culture translation quality Even if the period 1970 1989 does not come under our scrutiny it is noteworthy to point out that this stage in the development of translation studies was marked by the contributions of functionalists and skopos theorists including Katharina Reiss 1971 1976 Hans J Veermer Justa Holz M ntt ri 1984 who made a shift from the predominantly linguistic approaches from formal translation theories based rather on applied and comparative linguistics to a more functionally and socioculturally oriented concept of translation Baker 2009 116 Translation studies moved on in the 1980s to a broad
126. thicus zu bewerten der im Altgriechischen viel h ufiger verwendet wurde als dies im Spanischen der Gegenwart der Fall ist Ein Beispiel preocupado Creso de c mo el ej rcito le cruzaria el rio Hervorhebung durch die Verfasserin anstelle von preocupado Creso de c mo el ej rcito cruzaria el rio Kr sus war besorgt ob es der Armee gelingen wird wortl ob es ihm die Armee schaffen wird den Fluss zu berqueren Auch die Anordnung der W rter entspricht in der bersetzung nicht immer den f r das Spanische geltenden Normen und es wird des fteren die altgriechische Topik lehn bersetzt d h bernommen So begegnet man in der spanischen bersetzung folgender Stelle de dos c d talentos m s o menos de peso anstelle der im Spanischen blichen Konstruktion m s o menos de dos talentos de peso de dos talentos de peso m s o menos Es wird hier Bezug genommen auf etwas was ein Gewicht von m s o menos mehr oder weniger zwei Talentos MaBeinheit cf griech talanton fiir Waage Gewicht hat Obige Beispiele illustrieren welche Freiheiten sich der Ubersetzer nicht nur mit dem Originaltext wie im Falle der Bibel sondern auch mit der Zielsprache erlauben kann bzw angesichts der intendierten Adressaten Philologen und Historiker sogar erlauben muss Ulrich 1997 133 Wilhelm von Humboldt 1767 1835 Sprachwissenschaftler und Sprachphilosoph hat sich wiederholt mit in Europa der damaligen Zeit unbe
127. tion L interaction est la v ritable raison d tre des jeux vid o le relais qui permet au destinataire de vivre des aventures fantastiques a la premi re personne en se plongeant dans l univers virtuel travers une double identification audiovisuelle et physico motrice La suspension de l incr dulit est assur e par deux principes esth tiques qui fondent le m dia a savoir les concepts d immersion et agency Mateas amp Stern 2006 649 Le premier exprime le sentiment d tre present dans une dimension parallele et la n cessit d en accepter les r gles tandis que le deuxi me se r f re la prise de pouvoir engendr e par la capacit d accomplir des actions qui ont des effets li s aux intentions du joueur idem Les experts en narratologie ont d fini la fiction vid oludique en tant que dramatisation interactive Computer users not only join the actors on stage but become actors abolishing the notion of audience altogether the computer program the simulation at the heart of the application effectively adopts an authorial role albeit operating in real time and responsive to the actions and activity of the performer Newman 2005 101 Le destinataire n est ainsi plus un simple lecteur ou spectateur mais devient un v ritable protagoniste sur sc ne qui contribue au d nouement narratif de l action D un point de vue mat riel Vinteraction se r alise via le canal haptique qui se co
128. tiva em v rias situa es do dia a dia A pergunta que se coloca imediatamente a seguinte se no PE e no PB os falantes usam estrat gias diferentes para tratar o s outro s as mesmas diferen as mant m se tamb m na comunica o entre um usu rio e um produto como um software E voltando pergunta Para quem traduzimos por que importante prestar aten o na tradu o ou na localiza o para uma l ngua pluric ntrica s normas lingu sticas que s o usadas em cada comunidade de falantes 3 CULTURA E LOCALIZA O Sendo atualmente uma das mais faladas l nguas do mundo o portugu s tamb m uma l ngua proeminente do mercado de localiza o Como um mercado potencial de quase 200 milh es de clientes o Brasil uma das maiores apostas dos 7 Tal como o pronome v s a 2 pessoa do plural mant m se no uso regional do Norte do pa s 8 No site do The Hofstede Centre http geert hofstede com index php podemos fazer uma an lise comparativa das culturas brasileira e portuguesa segundo as dimens es culturais propostas por Geert Hofstede nos seus livros sobre as diferen as culturais dist ncia ao poder individualismo versus coletivismo masculinidade versus feminilidade evitar a incerteza orienta o a longo prazo versus a curto prazo A dimens o que poderia ser relacionada com os usos das formas de tratamento a dist ncia ao poder mas as diferen as n o s o significativas Brasil tem 69 pontos e Portu
129. tizen must speak at least a foreign language and recommended that it be attained through five strategies which shall 1 enable each pupil in Europe to learn a foreign language 2 support each teacher in his endeavours to master at least a foreign language of great circulation 3 offer foreign language teachers access to intensive performance raising programmes through seminars teacher exchanges etc 4 provide technical and financial support to those countries which undertake to develop their foreign language learning programmes 5 supply information technologies Forum XI 1969 This period was the most prolific period for literature and its translation This was the period when most of the classical and contemporary literature was translated published and disseminated abroad For example according to an article published by Edgar Papu in Gazeta literar in 1965 Antologii rom nesti peste hotare Romanian Anthologies Published Overseas only in the interval 1959 1961 eleven anthologies were translated and published in capitals of other neighbouring communist countries inter alia Betayrok t zen l La focul haiducilor Budapesta 1959 Teatru rom nesc Moscow 1959 Rumunske lidove pisne C ntece populare ram nesti Praga 1959 Ruminskii raskazti Antologia nuvelelor rom ne ti volumes I and I Moscow 1959 and in 1961 at least five anthologies Teatro rumeno Teatru rom nesc Milano 1960 Po mes roumaines
130. tudies in Jettmarova Z Shlesinger M Pym A eds Social Aspects of Translating and Interpreting Amsterdam Philadelphia John Benjamins pp 215 32 Roberts R 2002 Community Interpreting A Profession in Search of Its Own Identity in Teaching Translation and Interpreting 4 Building Bridges Amsterdam Philadelphia John Benjamins pp 157 76 Sam M Thamir M 2009 Iraqi Interpreters interview by Louis Katz in New Voices Swarthmore College War News Radio Swarthmore Pennsylvania July 2009 Radio Transcript Samova L Porter R McDaniel E 2011 Using Intercultural Communication The Building Blocks in Lyn Uhl ed Using Intercultural Communication The Building Blocks Wadsworth Cengage Learning p 4 18 Spanu L 2010 Networking and Conference Interpreters International Review of Studies in Applied Modern Languages issue 3 pp 155 65 Wadensj C 1998 Community Interpreting in Baker M ed Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Study London New York Routledge p 33 37 Rebeca Monica CIUPE LASZLO is a graduate of the Department of Applied Modern Languages English French at Babes Bolyai University in Cluj Napoca class of 2012 At the moment she is a student of the European Masters in Conference Interpreting at the same university Since 2006 she has been working as a volunteer interpreter and translator for the Romanian foundation Charis Her domains of interests are in
131. uction une empathie entre l auteur et son propre texte qui le transforme en traducteur privil gi a priori le meilleur des traducteurs possibles car c est celui qui conna t le mieux les secrets de la cr ation et le seul pouvoir en d chiffrer toutes les nigmes Bueno Garcia 2003 268 Or en raison de cette familiarit avec l original il manquerait justement l autotraducteur une certaine distance objective envers les faits linguistiques et artistiques signal s ibid 275 qui serait n cessaire pour op rer convenablement le transfert vers la langue cible C est en vertu de cette objectivit que Felicia Mihali se d clare fid le au sens de son texte en roumain et consid re que l autotraduction doit tre aussi fid le que la traduction par un autre elle doit respecter le texte comme tant celui d autrui Mihali Steiciuc 2007 18 Pour ce qui est de son roman Le pays du fromage elle avoue avoir fid lement pr serv original ibid 18 et signale seulement l ajout de quelques phrases cens es clairer le lecteur qu b cois sur les affres du communisme Plus encore elle va jusqu affirmer que la bonne r ception d un auteur tient aussi de sa Cette empathie serait d ailleurs un desideratum de toute traduction litt raire Marc de Launay affirme que Pour traduire parfaitement il faudrait devenir l auteur de l original qu on ne peut commencer d tre qu
132. ungen in Bezug auf das Original rechnen wie z B K rzungen um das Textvolumen an die Aufnahmef higkeit der Adressaten anzupassen Syntaktischen nderungen d h Vereinfachungen sowie Einschr nkungen im Bereich des Vokabulars zur Erleichterung der Verst ndlichkeit dem Fehlen von Fu noten und somit dem Angebot von nur einem Text nicht zwei parallelen Texten Haupttext und Anmerkungen zus tzlichen Illustrationen zur Veranschaulichung und Erh hung der Einpr gsamkeit sogar inhaltlichen Anpassungen z B der Vermeidung von brutalen Szenen Es versteht sich von selbst dass eine derartige bersetzung die gepr gt ist vom Kind als Adressaten weit entfernt sein wird von einer bersetzung der Bibel f r Philosophen f r Philologen geschweige denn f r eine traditionell gepr gte Glaubensgemeinde Im Falle der spanisch mexikanischen bersetzung der Historien von Herodot 5 Jhd v Chr erschienen im Rahmen des Projektes Bibliotheca Scriptorum Graecorum et Romanorum Mexicana Mexiko 1976 sind die expliziten Adressaten Historiker und Philologen Die spanische bersetzung hat sich vorgenommen sich nicht nur inhaltlich sondern auch im Ausdruck so nah wie m glich an das altgriechische Original anzun hern Dies wird sprachlich u a dadurch erreicht dass Eigent mlichkeiten und Ausdrucksweisen des Altgriechischen wortwortlich ins Spanische bernommen werden In diesem Sinne ist der sehr oft anzutreffende dativus e
133. up of people with different levels First of education accumulated experience and world knowledge interested in observing the climate changes that occur around the North Pole region of all let s take a look at the film scripts selected from the documentary Home At the end of each sequence there are some numerical facts collected for studying the frequency of the specialized terms used in a limited extent of time 1 01 10 1 04 15 It s all about carbon In a few decades the carbon that made our atmosphere a furnace and that nature captured over millions of years allowing life to develop will have largely been pumped back out The atmosphere is heating up It would have been inconceivable for a boat to be here for just a few years ago Transport industry deforestation agriculture our activities release gigantic quantities of carbon dioxide Without realizing it molecule by molecule we have upset the Earth s climatic balance All eyes are on the poles where the effects of global warming are most visible It s happening fast very fast The north west passage that connects America Europe and Asia via the pole is opening up The arctic ice cap is melting Under the effect of global warming the ice cap has lost 40 of its thickness in 40 years Its surface area in the summer shrinks year by year It could disappear in the summer months by 2030 Some say 2015 The sunbeams that the ice sheet previously reflected back now penetra
134. ust be perfected during the years of formal training and is to be seen as a priority by instructors from the very beginning of the training program Deliberate practice begins with the independent sessions conducted by trainees and instructors have to make sure that good working habits in this respect are instilled from the very outset as they will also play an essential part in the post graduation period when novice interpreters work to improve their performance throughout the early years of their career The provision of effective and focused feedback is arguably the centerpiece of deliberate practice alongside the setting of specific targets and short term objectives Based on a review of laboratory studies of learning and skill acquisition during the last century we found that improvement of performance was uniformly observed when individuals who were motivated to improve their performance were given well defined tasks were provided with feedback and had ample opportunity for repetition Ericsson 2000 193 This in a nutshell is deliberate practice but experience shows that more often than not the key principles underpinning it are overlooked especially when trainees practice in the absence of an instructor It is therefore our contention that the priority represented by deliberate practice and the manner in which sessions are to be held must be highlighted at the very beginning of the training program and reiterated time and agai
135. vel social e da comunica o e a cultura Chroust 2007 57 4 1 Gmail Uma das diferen as entre as duas vers es de l ngua portuguesa do Gmail que observamos a prefer ncia pelo pronome voc na localiza o brasileira a aus ncia das FT pronominais na localiza o portuguesa e o uso da 3 pessoa do singular Em PE o pronome voc aparece apenas no exemplo 5 depois de voc apagar ao passo que em PB usado em quase todos os contextos de intera o com o usu rio se voc estiver tendo problemas para carregar 1 Voc pode enviar 2 voc poder especificar 3 voc pode remapear teclas 4 depois que voc excluir uma conversa 5 Voc pode escolher 5 o texto que voc selecionou 6 Se voc adicionar 8 Em PE observamos usos do cl tico lhe ausente da vers o brasileira Permite lhe inserir 2 Permite lhe personalizar 4 Permite lhe reproduzir 7 Observamos que a presen a da 3 pessoa do singular em PE mant m a intera o entre o usu rio e o produto num registo mais formal ao passo que em PB a prefer ncia pelo pronome voc indica um estilo de comunica o informal 1 PB Se quando um recurso do Labs falhar e voc estiver tendo problemas para carregar a sua Caixa de entrada h uma sa da use https mail google com mail labs 0 PE Se quando uma funcionalidade do Labs n o estiver a funcionar e estiver com difi
136. voc podemos ajud lo Esta incongru ncia na vers o portuguesa pode ser o resultado de um processo incompleto da localiza o porque nos outros exemplos destacados notamos a prefer ncia pelo pronome tu e pelos verbos conjugados na 2 pessoa do singular Observamos que o uso da 2 pessoa do singular mant m se tamb m no caso dos imperativos crie versus cria 9 tente vesus tenta 11 use versus usa 12 entre versus inicia 13 59 9 PB Voc est protegido Crie seu pr prio selo de autenticidade PE Est s protegido Cria o teu selo de autenticidade de in cio de sess o 10 PB Se n o conseguir entrar podemos ajud lo usando estas op es PE Se n o conseguir iniciar uma sess o podemos ajud lo utilizando estas op es 11 PB A ID selecionada permite entrar em todos os produtos do Yahoo e se ser usada para seu email gratuito Yahoo Se a ID que deseja n o est dispon vel tente adicionar uma palavra ou um n mero para torn la nica PE A ID selecionada permite a entrada em todos os produtos do Yahoo e ser usada no teu endere o de email gratuito do Yahoo Se a ID que queres n o est dispon vel tenta adicionar uma palavra ou n mero para a tornares nica 12 PB Use 4 a 32 carateres e comece com uma letra Voc pode usar letras n meros sublinhados e um ponto PE Usa entre 4 a 32 caracteres e come a com uma letra Podes usar
137. w information about lt a3 gt Voir les infos sur les lt a3 gt Mostra informazioni sulle lt a3 gt Info zu Sessions lt a3 gt Ver informaci n sobre las perfornrin lsessions lt Q gt lt s gt s ances lt Q gt lt s gt sessioni lt Q gt lt s gt anzeigen lt Q gt lt s gt sesiones lt Q gt lt s gt will selec lay with 7 Ke Acquired KdG lt w gt lt g gt Acguis dP lt w gt lt g gt Acquisito dG lt w gt lt g gt dG erhalten lt w gt lt g gt Has conseguido dO lt w gt 0 nur KX s0 gt lt al gt Sessions n lt s0 gt lt a1 gt propos des s ancesin lt s0 gt lt af gt Info sulle sessioni n lt s0 gt lt al gt Info zu Sessionsin lt sD gt lt al gt Las sesiones n 8 lt a2 gt Score Pieces n lt a2 gt A propos des partitions n lt a2 gt Info sui brani musicali n lt a2 gt Info zu Partituren n lt a2 gt Las partituras n a3 Ratines lt Q gt lt s gt lt a3 gt propos des lt a3 gt Info sulle valutazioni lt Q gt lt s gt lt a3 gt Info zu Bewertungen lt Q gt lt s gt lt a3 gt Las calificaciones lt Q gt lt s gt 9 lt s0 gt lt al Save the game n lt s0 gt lt al gt Sauvegarder la partie n lt s0 gt lt a1 gt Salva il gioco n lt s0 gt lt al gt Spielstand speichern n lt s0 gt lt a1 gt Guardar partida n Ka20Don t save the game lt Q gt lt s gt lt a2 gt Non lt Q gt lt s gt lt a2 gt No lt Q gt lt s gt lt a2 gt Nein lt Q gt lt s gt lt a2 gt No lt Q gt lt s gt 10 Sessions propos des s ances Info sulle sessioni Inf
138. y 2013 in an interview at the radio station Bayern Klassik the appropriateness indeed the necessity of rerecording musical works of the past He attributed this to the change of time each epoch bringing forth new addressees who confront music with constantly changing habits and expectations Thereby Nagano considers the addressee as diachronically changeable not synchronously variable i e he makes no explicit distinction between music for children music for amateurs music for professionals and in doing so he refers to a generic addressee who expects and requires a different implementation of music over time From here the question arises to what extent the parameter addressee may be of importance in the case of speech and implicitly of translation that is as we know speaking with a given content Can parallels between music and language translation be determined with reference to the addressee Can an original text inspire different translations depending on the target group and generation What is the attitude of translators and translation scholars towards the question of the addressee when translating Keywords receiver of the translation purpose of the translation Luther Coseriu 1 EINLEITUNG SPRECHEN UND UBERSETZUNG Ein bereits jetzt klassisches Zitat der Ubersetzungstheorie von Eugenio Coseriu enth lt in pr gnanter Form alle wichtigen Aspekte der bersetzung Es wird darauf verwiesen dass es f r das Sprech
139. yai RO Diana MOTOC Universitatea Babes Bolyai RO Alina PELEA Universitatea Babes Bolyai RO Tiparul executat la S C ROPRINT S R L PS 400188 Cluj Napoca Str Cernavoda nr 5 9 Tel Fax 0264 590651 roprint roprint ro 430315 Baia Mare Pia a Revolu iei nr 5 1 Tel Fax 0262 212290 ACTES DU COLLOQUE INTERNATIONAL POUR QUI TRADUIT ON CLUJ NAPOCA LE 12 OCTOBRE 2012 Table des mati res Actes du Colloque international Pour qui traduit on Cluj Napoca le 12 octobre 2012 Miori a Ulrich Das Problem des Adressaten Von Luther bis heute 17 Ileana Neli Eiben L auteur le traducteur et l editeur la rencontre du lecteur Le Pays du fromage de Felicia Mihali 1 13 Gianna Tarquini Un public de nouvelle g n ration divertissement num risation et interaction 23 Liana Muthu Is film terminology subtitling a difficult task for the subtitler 33 Silvia Irimiea Perspectives on the translation of literature in communist Romania 141 Veronica Manole Uma l ngua v rias culturas algumas reflex es sobre os aspetos sociolingu sticos na localiza o em portugu s brasileiro e em portugu s europeu 53 Bogdan Aldea Feedback in Conference Interpreter Training 1 64 Rebeca Ciupe Laszlo PSI a Herculean task 1 72 Das Problem des Adressaten Von Luther bis heute Miorita ULRICH Universitat Bamberg Abstract Kent Nagano general director of the Bavarian State Opera in Munich emphasized on 13 Jul

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