USER'S MANUAL - International Institute for Sustainable Development
Contents
1. i e seasonal differences positive or negative nature of influence in the Hazard Motes baxes at the bottom of the page Drought no hazard 2 no hazard 3 Natural resources surface water 5 productive land 4 1 trees 3 Physical resources bicycles 2 irrigation infrastructure 4 roads 2 For the above example drought has a very strong influence on surface water productive land irrigation infrastructure and good health not pictured 3 3 Evaluating the importance of livelihood resources to implement coping strategies Next you are asked to evaluate the importance of livelihood resources in the project area to putin place the identified coping strategies for each hazard To do so click on the tab LR gt CS Hz1 which will take you to a worksheet that lists all of the livelihood assets in a column on the left and the main impacts and coping strategies for Hazard 1 along the top row Figure 3 5 Figure 3 5 Importance of livelihood resources to implement coping strategies Hazard 1 worksheet How important are livelihood resources to implement coping strategies Hazard 1 For each of the livelihood resources you entered earlier evaluate the extent to which they are important to implement sustainable current or alternate coping strategies This importance should be indicated by entering a number between 0 and 5 with 0 nat important at all 3 somewhat important 5 very important Please enter any notes2. Description of revised activity lt Next you must indicate the impact of the project activity you entered on these key livelihood resources The impact can be positive negative or neutral Positive The project activity increased or strengthened the availability of access to the key livelihood resource Negative The project activity reduced or weakened the availability of access to the key livelihood resource Neutral The project activity did not affect the availability of or access to key livelihood resources Enter an x in the appropriate box Figure 4 4 Figure 4 4 Indicating activity impacts circled in red Resources strongly Project activity influenced by hazards Revised activity Reforestation surface water productive land Description of activi Description of revised activity irrigation infrastructure participatory tree species selection 20 ha of X tree species planted local good health forestry management committee established to oversee reforestation activities training provided on appropriate reforestation techniques Resources most important to coping Impact of activity on key livelihood resource surface water productive land trees 4 HZ LR gt CS Hz3 5 Project activities Modified activities Synergies and barrie Livelihood context report Proj 4 2 Revising project impacts to adaptive capacity Upon as
3. International Institute for Sustainable Development isd IUCN Institut international du d veloppement durable cooperation Natural Resource Management Rural Economy Local Governance and Civil Society X STOCKHOLM Y ENVIRONMENT xX INSTITUTE CRISTAL Community based Risk Screening Tool Adaptation and Livelihoods USER S MANUAL A decision support tool for assessing and enhancing project impacts on local adaptive capacity to climate variability and climate change Version 4 0 May 2009 TABLE OF CONTENTS deme C PD E TENE 1 15 INTRHODUCIION i A tdt deat ru Opt ta tee er di Eam d fiet 3 1 1 LIVELIHOODS AND CLIMATE CHANGE iiid t vn eio p ce 3 1 2 ASSESSING AND ENHANCING THE ADAPTIVE CAPACITY OF LIVELIHOODS WITH CRISTAL 4 L9 HOWIS CRISTAL ORGANIZED oak lv Endo nono nano 6 1 4 USING STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS WHEN APPLYING 8 1 9 GETTING STARTED 5 iudico cer dm ci Cu ie sib e Mri a Du Dv bus V xara CEU 13 1 6 ENTERING PROJECT INFORMATION eren rennen rennen te teretes tenda so seas so soos sooo so Pose o Eso sooo 14 2 SETTING THE CEIMATE CONTEJXT istic dna n cbe Duce n ed od ve co nacen ad nr oer d er 16 2 1 UNDERSTANDING THE IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN YOUR PROJECT AREA ennt rennen ne nnnnntun
4. Are the proposed project adjustments sustainable in the face of future climate change impacts These are only examples and there may be other additional criteria conditions you may want to consider during this analysis Figure 4 9 illustrates some examples of synergies and barriers for our revised project activity of expanding reforestation using a mix of currently harvested and new drought tolerant tree species Figure 4 9 Synergies and barriers to implementing expanded reforestation activity Revised Project Activities Issues Expanded Community resistance to new tree species Local land tenure disputes Unclear forest policy framework Local reforestation with a mix of current and more drought traditional leaders Willingness of women s group to volunteer a small section of their jointly owned plantation trust in rural extension officer and agronomist Presence of strong local forestry association Buy in from tolerant tree plat to test new tree species The example in Figure 4 9 identifies the following issues Synergies to implementing expanded reforestation activity o Local trust in rural extension officer and agronomist o Presence of strong local forestry association o Buy infrom traditional leaders o Willingness of women s group to volunteer a small section of their jointly owned plantation plot to test new tree species Barriers to implementing expanded reforestation activity o Community resistance to new
5. Devising adjustments to projects Finally after e This step in the analysis depends more on the informed judgement of the user i e project planner or manager since they are most familiar with the project s stated goals objectives approach and specific activites However users may decide to include community stakeholders in completing this part of the CRiSTAL analysis in order to raise their awareness about the project and its link to climate and livelihoods and or solicit their inputs in assessing project activities assessing the impact of project activities on key livelihood resources the CRiSTAL user is prompted to devise concrete adjustments in order to minimize vulnerability and enhance adaptive capacity Upon devising these adjustments the user is then encouraged to consider them within a broader set of social economic political and environmental conditions Specifically the user should think about whether the proposed project adjustments are feasible in terms of Local priorities needs i e are the proposed project adjustements appropriate to local circumstances will people accept and take ownership of them Project finances i e can you afford to implement the proposed adjustments Institutional capacity ie does your organisation and your partners have the capacity to implement manage and monitor the proposed adjustments Supportive policy framework i e what are the national local p
6. make human and natural systems more vulnerable to the impacts of climate change If the answer to either of these specific questions is yes then the suggested project revision is not sustainable in the face of climate change You must select no as your answer explain why this is the case and suggest a further revised project activity Figure 4 7 Figure 4 7 Sustainability of revised project activities in the face of climate change Is this revised activity sustainable Revised project activity with CC Why or why not Further revised activity 1 Expand Reforestation no The selected tree species is not Expanded reforestation with a mix of drought tolerant enough to deal current and more drought tolerant tree species gradually transitioning to a forest plantation consisting only of drouaht tolerant species Continuing with our hypothetical example we have indicated that the revised project activity of expand reforestation is not sustainable with climate change The reason given is that the tree species that will be used in reforestation is not a very drought tolerant species not drought tolerant enough to deal with more frequent and prolonged droughts As a result the project activity has been further revised to incorporate a mix of currently used tree species with more drought tolerant tree species transitioning to a forest plantation consisting entirely of drought tolerant tree species You have now identified a pr
7. 16 2 2 UNDERSTANDING THE CURRENT CLIMATE CONTEXT ener rennen terne te tete ta tenete to sea a soto 18 3 SETTING amp ANALYSING THE LIVELIHOOD 24 3 1 IDENTIFYING IMPORTANT LIVELIHOOD RESOURCES serene ernannt tates satanas nao so so 25 3 2 EVALUATING THE INFLUENCE OF CLIMATE HAZARDS ON LIVELIHOOD 26 3 3 EVALUATING THE IMPORTANCE OF LIVELIHOOD RESOURCES TO IMPLEMENT COPING STRATEGIES 28 4 PROJECT ACTIVITY SCREENING amp 32 4 1 EVALUATING THE IMPACT OF PROJECT ACTIVITIES ON KEY LIVELIHOOD RESOURCES mr 33 4 2 REVISING PROJECT IMPACTS TO ENHANCE ADAPTIVE CAPACITY rennen nennen tenerent nenne te teretes 34 4 3 MAKING SURE PROPOSED PROJECT REVISIONS ARE SUSTAINABLE IN THE FACE OF CLIMATE CHANGE 35 4 4 IDENTIFYING THE SYNERGIES AND OR BARRIERS TO IMPLEMENTING REVISED PROJECT ACTIVITIES 36 ANNEXES EN 40 od GEOSS AB oan Gut tette tiet ae MDC in rete 40 5 2 ADDITIONAL RESOURCES un tid nig mor Fo E eru n v S EE RE UE E E EC S a 41 5 3 REFERENCES eT 42 SUMMARY The impacts of climate variability and climate change must be addressed in community level projects One wa
8. 5 Getting Started CRiSTAL is programmed in Microsoft Excel and should be compatible with all versions of Microsoft Office Once CRiSTAL has been successfully opened on your computer the screen shown in Figure 1 5 will appear This is the Background page of CRiSTAL This initial page has introductory information regarding livelihoods and climate change providing a bit of context to the CRiSTAL analysis Figure 1 5 CRISTAL Background IBS BEEN RE A EE CRURA GUN RU NT 1 M 4 R 1 S V 4 0 Community based Risk Screening Tool 5 ersion Adaptation and Livelihoods 6 T 8 a 9 Livelihoods and Climate Change 10 11 12 In its Fourth Assessment Report the Intergovernmental Panel on 13 Climate Change IPCC concluded that the globally averaged 14 surface temperatures increased 0 74 0 2 C between 1906 and 15 2005 This trend is expected to persist with a 1 8 to 4 C 16 warming predicted for the current century 1 Warming will vary 17 by region and be accompanied by significant changes in local 18 precipitation sea level rise and changes in the frequency and 19 intensity of some extreme events Yet these impacts will not be 20 distributed or felt uniformly as those with the least resources 21 have the least capacity to adapt and are the most vulnerable 22 2 Juergen Blaser Intercooperation 23 24 Climate change will thus impact natural and human systems to alter the
9. Rainstorms 2 Sand Dust storms snow storms avalanches Using a hypothetical example we have chosen drought our climate related hazard For each hazard you will now identify up to three associated impacts and the primary coping strategy used to deal with each Impacts refer to the consequences of hazards on natural and human systems and can include crop damage income losses and reduced soil fertility Again definitions and examples are provided by placing your cursor over the associated word text box Figure 2 5 2 6 Figure 2 5 Definition of Impact Impact consequences of hazards on natural and human 1 systems Figure 2 6 Examples of Impacts Hazard 1 Drought Impact Coping strategy 2 Fuel shortages food insecurity 3 Income loss Loss of life Loss of savings Loss of trees Personal injury x Reduced fish stocks Hazard 2 Reduced soil fertility Reduced water quality Sick or weak livestock Impact Coping strategies refer to methods for using existing resources to achieve beneficial ends during abnormal or adverse conditions Examples include asset liquidation food storage and rural urban migration Again you can view definitions and examples by placing your cursor over the associated work text box Figure 2 7 2 8 Figure 2 7 Definition of Coping Strategy Is the Is the Coping strategy using existing resources to achieve beneficial ends during abnormal or adverse co
10. T 8 T E ToS Ts TOR TE TON TO TS F Introduction to CRISTAL Rationale Climate risks should be integrated into community level projects Climate variability is one of the many stresses faced by local communities While it is not always the most important one it should be considered in the design and implementation of local level projects particularly in communities characterized by climate sensitive and or natural resource dependent livelihoods The onset of longer term climate change which will compound existing climate related stresses provides an added incentive for addressing climate risk in a project Lll Most projects however are not designed with an explicit consideration of climate risks and how they can affect local livelihoods Even rarer are projects that take into account the longer term implications of climate change and how project activities might a be affected by the impacts and or b influence local adaptive capacity This second point understanding a project s influence on local adaptive capacity is the primary focus of CRISTAL Community level projects influence local vulnerability to climate risks and adaptive capacity For example projects that encourage dependence on a particular agricultural crop that may decrease in yield as the climate changes can increase local vulnerability Conversely projects that promote resilient crop species diversified livelihood activities and risk red
11. identified in the previous step 3 To what extent do these resources influence current coping strategies also identified in the previous step If you completed the previous step several times for different social groups you should do so for this step as well To start setting the livelihood context you should click on the worksheet tab Livelihood resources to access the appropriate worksheet in the CRiSTAL program Figure 3 1 Figure 3 1 Livelihood Resources worksheet Which resources are important to peoples livelihoods the project area Enter up to three resources under each category of Livelihood Resource t m Natural resources Definition The natural resource stock upon which people rely both directly i e for income or medicine or indirectly i e flood control protection from storms Examples Trees land clean air fish Physical resources The basic infrastructure and productive capital for transport buildings water management energy and communications Examples Roads water tanks tools machines Financial resources The stocks and flows of money that allow people to achieve their livelihood objectives Examples Cash savings jewelry pensions remittances Human resources The skills knowledge capacity and good health important to the pursuit of livelihoods Examples Traditional knowledae weavina skills Current Climate Risks 5 Livelihood Resources
12. livelihoods in the Enter up to three resources under each category af Livelihood Resource Natural resources ion resource stock upon which people rely Physical resources Sea Coral reefs Sand Rocks Mangrove forests sa ii ort buildings water management energy a mmunications Examples Roads water tanks tools machines You are asked to enter up to three resources under each category you may use the examples provided or enter in your own text Once you have entered the livelihood resources relevant to the group in the project area you will be asked to evaluate the extent to which your selected climate hazards influence these livelihood resources To do so you should click on the next tab to the right Hazard gt LR 3 2 Evaluating the influence of climate hazards on livelihood resources By clicking on the worksheet tab Hazard gt LR you will have the screen presented in Figure 3 3 Figure 3 3 Influence of Hazards on Livelihood Resources worksheet a _ a0 a Le How are livelihood resources affected by current climate hazards For each of the hazards you identified earlier evaluate the extent to which they influence the livelihood resources you entered in the previous step The strength of this influence should be indicated by entereing a number between 0 and 5 with 0 no influcence 3 some influence 5 very strong influence Please enter an
13. natcom items 2979 php National Adaptation Programmes of Action NAPAs These are documents prepared by the Least Developed Country LDC countries who are parties to the UNFCCC They are prepared with the purpose of communicating the urgent and immediate needs and concerns of LDCs relating to adaptation to the adverse effects of climate change NAPAs identify priority activities for adaptation NAPAs can be accessed at http unfccc int adaptation napas items 2679 php Users are encouraged to review this information and enter notes and key points within the text boxes provided You do not need to enter detailed information on climate change for this step just enough information to give you a general idea of what climate trends are already being observed what is expected in the future and how this might affect different sectors populations ecosystems relevant to your project area F5 NOTE In Figure 2 1 you will note that we have entered very simple information such as Average annual rainfall is expected to decrease in the region or Northern part of the country is expected to become drier while the southern part will experience more droughts Although very general even this type of information will be useful in helping you to apply a climate change lens to your work Although more specific information is ideal i e increase in temperature of X C over Y years in many cases this level of detail is not availa
14. of stress or shock Any additional information brought out in the consultations such as additional coping strategies seasonal variations in impacts and coping strategies or the impact of long term climate change can be entered in the text boxes on the right Figure 2 10 Figure 2 10 Notes on current climate risks Is the Is the a strategy strategy Coping strategy working sustainable Alternate coping strategy Notes Casual labour 1 yes yes Selling of jewelry yes no Income diversification Women gather wild fruit to sell Use of traditional medicine yes yes In our hypothetical example women gathering wild fruit to sell is identified as an additional coping strategy to deal with income loss kh NOTE The CRiSTAL program is flexible and you can modify revise update elaborate entered information at any point in the process It is important that the date you enter is understandable and useful to you in conducting your analysis The level of detail and language you use is entirely up to you After entering information about the current climate context in your project area the information can be viewed in a summary report called the Climate Context Report The report simply displays the information in a more readable format and can be reviewed for accuracy and updated as necessary The Climate Context Report can be accessed by clicking on the Climate Report tab located towards th
15. or further marginalizes people then it is not sustainable Also if the coping strategy is not viable with longer term climate change it is not sustainable If you answer no to either of these questions you are asked to enter an alternate coping strategy Figure 2 9 Figure 2 9 Alternate Coping Strategies Hazard 1 Drought Is the Is the strategy strategy t Impact Coping strategy working sustainable Alternate coping strategy Notes Crop damage loss Casual labour yes yes p Income loss Selling of jewelry yes fncome diversification Disease Use of traditional medicine yes yes For the hypothetical case in Figure 2 9 selling of jewelry was identified as an unsustainable coping strategy for dealing with income loss resulting from a drought While it is working i e giving households extra income during droughts it depletes their financial and personal assets that are in limited supply Over the longer term these households will not have jewelry to sell As a result an alternate coping strategy of income diversification is identified Continuing with the hypothetical example this can mean households starting small businesses or offering specialized services in their communities during periods of drought or throughout the year The end result is that households are not entirely dependent on one source of income and are able to reduce or avoid losses during periods
16. to questions on climate and livelihood contexts were very different The photos to the left were taken during consultations with different social groups The photo on the top is from a workshop in Sri Lanka July 2006 where invited participants were members of the local IUCN Biodiversity Task Force The photo on the bottom was from an informal discussion in Zambia March 2007 where participants were from the local women s group Obviously the more consultations a user undertakes within a community the more time it will take to use CRISTAL Again it is up to the user to decide how much information they need to complete the CRiSTAL analysis and whether it is feasible and or appropriate to organize multiple consultations within a community Photos Anne Hammill IISD 1 4 2 Background research with experts and partners In order to supplement the community consultations users are also encouraged to organise meetings with researchers academics NGOs and government representatives on regional and local climate conditions forecasts local livelihood conditions in the project area other relevant environmental and socio economic trends affecting the project area and communities This can be either formal or informal but the main objective is to raise awarnenss of CRiSTAL among relevant experts and partners perhaps offering to share results with them and gather additional information to complete the CRiSTAL analysis 1
17. 003 Adaptive capacity The ability of a system to adjust to climate change including climate variability and extremes to moderate potential damages to take advantage of opportunities or to cope with the consequences IPCC 2001 Climate change Statistically significant variation in either the mean state of the climate or in its variability persisting for an extended period typically decades or longer IPCC 2001 Climate hazard The physical manifestations of climatic variability or change such as droughts floods storms episodes of heavy rainfall long term changes in the mean values of climatic variables potential future shifts in climatic regimes and so on Brooks N 2003 Climate impacts Consequences of climate change on natural and human systems Climate variability Variations in the mean state and other statistics such as standard deviations the occurrence of extremes etc of the climate on all temporal and spatial scales beyond that of individual weather events IPCC 2001 Coping strategy Methods for using existing resources to achieve beneficial ends during abnormal or adverse conditions Extreme weather event An event that is rare within its statistical reference distribution at a particular place IPCC 2001 Financial resources The resources such as savings credit regular remittances pensions and insurance that are available to people and provide them with different livelihood options Hazar
18. Hazard LR LR CS Hz2 LR CS Hz3 Project activiti 3 1 Identifying important livelihood resources On the Livelihood Resources worksheet you are asked to identify the main resources that are important to peoples livelihoods in the project area Resources are divided into five categories natural physical financial human and social The definitions for these categories are Natural resources The natural resource stock upon which people rely both directly i e for income or medicine or indirectly i e flood control protection from storms Physical resources The basic infrastructure and productive capital for transport buildings water management energy and communications Financial resources The stocks and flows of money that allow people to achieve their livelihood objectives Human resources The skills knowledge capacity and good health important to the pursuit of livelihoods Social resources The formal and informal social relationships and institutions from which people draw in pursuit of their livelihoods Definitions and examples of each are provided in the green text boxes to the right while examples are offered by placing your cursor over the red triangle to the upper right of each of the resource category names Figure 3 2 Figure 3 2 Definitions and examples of livelihood resources Which resources are important to peoples
19. Some details about this activity are provided in the box below under the heading Description of activity 4 1 Evaluating the impact of project activities on key livelihood resources Once you have entered your project activities you can assess impacts of project activities on a thelivelihood resources identified as being strongly influenced by climate hazards b the livelihood resources identified as being important to coping strategies These key livelihood resources are listed in the column to the right of the project activity text boxes The top half of the list consists of livelihood resources that are strongly influenced by climate hazards while the bottom half is livelihood resources most important to coping strategies Figure 4 3 Figure 4 3 Key livelihood resources circled in red Project activity Reforestation productive land irrigation infrastructure participatory tree species selection 20 ha of X tree species planted local forestry management committee established to oversee reforestation activities training provided on appropriate reforestatio techniques good health Resources most important to coping surface water productive land n LR gt CS Hz3 X Project activities Mdific Edit Impact of activity on key livelihood resource Pos Neg Neu Impact of activity on key livelihood resource Pos Neg Neu Revised activity
20. anaging Projects for Climate Change Adaptation To help analyse the links between planned or ongoing projects and the climate livelihood context Framing 3 What are the impacts of project activities on livelihood resources that are Questions Vulnerable to climate risks Important to coping strategies 4 How can project activities be adjusted to reduce vulnerability and enhance adaptive capacity in the project community Maximize positive project impacts on adaptive capacity Minimize negative project impacts on adaptive capacity Identify synergies and barriers to implementing project adjustments User s Project planners project managers Methodology Project planners and managers carry out analysis individually or through small project staff meetings Users may also rely on additional stakeholder inputs to assist with the analysis such as community leaders researchers partner organizations At a minimum users are encouraged to share proposed project adjustments with stakeholders for feedback Time Needed Individual analysis project meetings 0 5 1 day With stakeholder inputs As needed 1 4 Using stakeholder consultations when applying CRiSTAL While project planners and managers may have experience with working in a community or possess different types of detailed information on a project area this knowledge does not necessarily include detailed information on the local climate and livelhoo
21. ange and variation to which a system is exposed its sensitivity and its adaptive capacity IPCC 2001 5 2 Additional resources Climate Change The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPCC http www ipcc ch The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPCC Climate Change 2007 Working Group II Impacts Adaptation and Vulnerability http www ipcc ch ipccreports ar4 wg2 htm Working Group II Summary for Policymakers http www ipcc ch pdf assessment report ar4 wg2 ar4 wg2 spm pdf Executive summaries for regional chapters on impacts adaptation and vulnerability e Africa http www ipcc ch pdf assessment report ar4 wg2 ar4 wg2 chapter9 pdf e Asia http www ipcc ch pdf assessment report ar4 wg2 ar4 wg2 chapter10 pdf e Australia and New Zealand http www ipcc ch pdf assessment report ar4 wg2 ar4 wg2 chapter11 pdf e Europe http www ipcc ch pdf assessment report ar4 wg2 ar4 wg2 chapter12 pdf e Latin America http www ipcc ch pdf assessment report ar4 wg2 ar4 wg2 chapter13 pdf e North America http www ipcc ch pdf assessment report ar4 wg2 ar4 wg2 chapter14 pdf e Polar Regions http www ipcc ch pdf assessment report ar4 wg2 ar4 wg2 chapter15 pdf e Small Islands http www ipcc ch pdf assessment report ar4 wg2 ar4 wg2 chapter16 pdf United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Annex I National Communications http unfccc int national reports annex i natcom submitted nat
22. ategies in the Coping Notes boxes at the bottom Hazard 1 Drought Impacts Crop damage lo Income loss Disease Income Traditional Casual labour diversification medicine Natural resources Surface water 2 4 4 Productive land 4 4 4 Trees 3 3 5 Physical resources Bicycles 4 3 2 Irrigation infrastructure 2 4 2 Roads 3 2 1 In our hypothetical example above surface water productive land trees bicycles and irrigation infrastructure were all assessed as important to implement the coping strategies associated with drought impacts Any additional notes on the relationship between livelihood resources and coping strategies again specifying if the relationship is positive or negative can be entered into the text boxes at the bottom of each column Figure 3 7 Figure 3 7 Notes on Coping Strategy Enter any notes on the relationship between livelihood resources and coping strategies i e seasonal differences positive or negative nature of the influence in the coping notes below Notes on Coping Strategy 1 Casual labour There are 3 worksheets for this analysis one for each hazard entered If you only entered one hazard as with our example i e drought then you will only need to complete one sheet If you entered more than one hazard you will need to complete sheets LR CS Hz2 and LR gt CS Hz3 After entering information about the current livelihood context in your project area and asses
23. ble or not deemed accurate or reliable enough for decision making As the science improves this type of detailed climate information will hopefully become more readily available but for the moment in many cases general trends and less than certain projections are the basis upon which we you will need to make decisions Once you have entered this climate change information you can proceed to the next step worksheet Current Climate Risks Figure 2 2 2 2 Understanding the current climate context In this stage of setting the climate context you will move from understanding projected impacts of climate change to identifying the current climate hazards which affect the project area the impacts associated with those hazards and the primary coping strategies employed to deal with each impact Figure 2 2 Current Climate Risks worksheet What are the climate related hazards impacts and coping strategies in your projec Enter the main dimate related hazards that affect your project area their associated impacts and the primary coping strategy for each impact To view definitions of hazard impact and coping strategy place your cursor over the word To see examples of hazards impacts and coping strategies place your cursor over the associated text box If the answer to either Is the strategy working or Is the strategy sustainable is no enter an alternative coping strategy x Hazard 1 Is the Is the x strategy st
24. com items 1395 php Non Annex I National Communications http unfccc int national reports non annex i natcom submitted natcom items 653 php National Adaptation Programmes of Action NAPAs http unfccc int national reports napa items 2719 php Sustainable Livelihoods http www eldis org go livelihoods 5 3 References Adger W Neil Saleemul Huq Katrina Brown Declan Conway and Mike Hulme 2003 Adaptation to climate change in the developing world Progress in Development Studies 3 3 179 195 IPCC 2001 Climate Change 2001 Impacts Adaptation and Vulnerability Cambridge UK Cambridge University Press ISDR 2002 Living with Risk A global review of disaster reduction initiatives Geneva United Nations O Brien Karen Siri Eriksen Ane Schjolden Lynn Nygaard 2004 What s in a word Conflicting interpretations of vulnerability in climate change research CICERO Working Paper 2004 04 Resilience Alliance see http www resalliance org Tomkins Emma L and W Neil Adger 2003 Building resilience to climate change through adaptive management of natural resources Tyndall Working Paper 27 Watson Robert et al Summary for Policymakers The Regional Impacts of Climate Change An Assessment of Vulnerability A special Report of IPCC Working Group II Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 47 November 1997
25. d context As a result it is highly recommended that the process of applying CRiSTAL involve local stakeholder consultations The approach and specific methods selected for engaging local stakeholders in applying CRiSTAL is flexible and generally left to the discretion of the user Previous experiences with using CRiSTAL have involved different types of stakeholders as well as approaches methods for engaging them 1 4 1 Community consultations Photo Anne Hammill IISD In order to ensure projects are planned adjusted and managed according to local priorities needs and conditions CRiSTAL users should engage community members through site visits informal meetings and or organised workshops The structure purpose and duration of these consultations can vary according to the user s need Communities can be engaged throughout the entire CRISTAL analysis i e involved in answering all questions under both Modules or called upon for certain aspects of the analysis Some options are described below a Gathering information on the local climate and livelihood context through impromptu meetings with community members during a site visit an informal discussion with a selected group of community members or a formal participatory workshop setting This approach involves asking community stakeholders the following questions laid out in Module 1 of CRiSTAL What is the climate context of the project Y What are the anticipated impact
26. ded Community resistance to new tree species Local land tenure disputes Unclear forest policy framework Local reforestation with a mix of current and more drought traditional leaders Willingness of women s group to volunteer a small section of their jointly owned plantation tolerant tree trust in rural extension officer and agronomist Presence of strong local forestry association Buy in from plot to test new tree species 1 6 RES CS Hz3 Project Examples of issues you might want to consider during this assessment include Local needs Do the proposed project adjustments address local priorities identified needs or goals gt Local capacity Is there local capacity to plan implement monitor and essentially take ownership to help ensure the sustainability of the proposed project adjustments Financial support Are there sufficient financial resources to implement the proposed project adjustment If not what are the options for securing this support gt Political support Is there political awareness and support at all levels of the proposed project adjustments E g traditional leaders district authorities etc gt Institutional support Are there local regional national institutions Community based organizations NGOs schools universities government departments etc that could provide technical and social support in implementing the proposed adjustments Future climate conditions
27. ds Potentially damaging physical events or phenomena that result from weather or climate conditions Hazard impacts The consequences of hazards on natural and human systems Human resources The skills knowledge capacity and good health important to the pursuit of livelihoods Livelihood A livelihood comprises the capabilities assets including both material and social resources and activities required for a means of living Natural resources The natural resource stock from which resource flows useful to livelihoods are derived Physical capital The basic infrastructure and productive capital tools machines for transport buildings water management energy and communications Resilience The capacity of a system to absorb disturbance undergo change and still retain essentially the same function structure identity and feedbacks Social capital The set of social relationships from which people draw in pursuit of their livelihood Sustainable livelihood A livelihood is sustainable when it can cope with and recover from stresses and shocks and maintain or enhance its capabilities and assets both now and in the future while not undermining the natural resource base Vulnerability to climate change The degree to which a system is susceptible to or unable to cope with adverse effects of climate change including climate variability and extremes Vulnerability is a function of the character magnitude and rate of climate ch
28. e far right hand side you will have to scroll through a number of worksheet tabs to see it An example of a Climate Context Report is provided in figure 2 11 Figure 2 11 Climate Context Report sample A B C D G H l J K 1 2 Climate Context Report 3 4 Name 5 6 Location 7 8 Implementing Agency 9 Implementing agency 10 Brief Description of the Project 11 12 Brief Description of Project Context 13 14 15 Hazard Impact Coping Strat Notes 16 17 Crop damage loss Casual labour Drought 19 Income loss Income diversification 20 21 Disease Use of traditional medicine 22 23 24 25 4 nf LR CS H2 LR CS Hz3 Project activities Modified activities Synergies and barriers Climate report Livelihood cont lt 3 SETTING amp ANALYSING THE LIVELIHOOD CONTEXT Once the climate context has been defined you will move on to the second part of Module 1 Setting the livelihood context for the project area This step is designed to help you collect and organise information on local livelihoods Part of this analysis includes highlighting livelihood resources that have a strong relationship to the climate hazards and coping strategies Setting the livelihood context involves answering the following questions 1 What resources are important to peoples livelihoods in the project area 2 To what extent are these resources negatively affected by current climate hazards
29. ed impacts of climate change in the project area What are the hazards currently affecting local communities What are the impacts of these hazards What coping strategies are used to deal with the impacts 2 What is the livelihood context of the project What resources are important to livelihoods in the project area How are the resources affected by current climate hazards How important are these resources to coping strategies User s Community groups project planners project managers Methodology Project planners and managers gather information through stakeholder consultations participatory workshops site visits document review Internet research and interviews Time Needed Stakeholder consultations participatory workshops 1 2 days Document review Internet research interviews As needed The second module called Planning and Managing Projects for Climate Adaptation is to be completed by project planners and managers with input from relevant stakeholders It uses the information from Module 1 to help project planners and managers understand how project activities affect livelihood resources that are either vulnerable to climate risk or important to coping strategies In doing so users can try to re design project activities so they maximize opportunities for enhancing adaptive capacity Module 1 must be completed in order to use Module 2 Figure 1 4 Summary of Module Z Module 2 Planning and M
30. gu Reply with changes End Review Project Information Enter the details of your project below Project name Project location Implementing agency Brief description of project rapide open D Brief description of project context RE Id 4 Backa 4 Introduction Project Info Climate Change Context Current Climate Risks Livelihood Reso You can now proceed to Module 1 of CRiSTAL Once you have entered your project information you are ready to begin step one of Module 1 setting the climate context Doing so requires answering the following questions through 2 SETTING THE CLIMATE CONTEXT consultations with the appropriate stakeholders pe oe I op Information for answering these questions should be gathered both through community What are the potential climate change impacts in the project area What are the current climate hazards in the project area What are the impacts of these climate hazards What strategies to people use to cope with these impacts participation and document reviews internet research You may wish to go through this step several times for different social groups i e according to gender age ethnicity livelihood strategy etc This would provide a better understanding of how climate risks affect different segments of a community and the various strategies used to cope with climate impacts 2 1 Understanding the impacts
31. he face of climate change In this step you are asked to consider whether the revised project activities are sustainable in the face of longer term dimate change impacts That is do will the impacts of dimate change which were identified in the first step of Module 1 affect the viability and success of revised project activities Will the revised project activities unintentionally make human and natural systems more vulnerable to the impacts of dimate hazards If the answer is yes you are asked to think about how dimate change will affect revised project activities and how you might further revise these activities so that the human and natural systems are better able to deal with dimate change Is this revised activity sustainable Revised project activity with CC Why or why not Further revised activity 1 Expand Reforestation yes a 2 yes a yes 4 yes 5 yes gt IR CS Hz3 Project activities 5 Modified activities Synergies and barriers Climate report Livelihood context report Proj lt 8 On this Modified activities worksheet you must consider whether the revised project activities are sustainable in the face of observed and projected climate change Thatis Do will the impacts of climate change which were identified in the first step of Module 1 affect the viability and success of revised project activities Will the revised project activities unintentionally
32. iisd org 1 Introduction 1 1 Livelihoods and Climate Change In its Fourth Assessment Report the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPCC concluded that the globally averaged surface temperatures increased 0 74 2 C between 1906 and 2005 This trend is expected to persist with a 1 8 to 4 C warming predicted for the current century Warming will vary by region and be accompanied by significant changes in local precipitation sea level rise and changes in the frequency and intensity of some extreme events Yet these impacts will not be distributed or felt uniformly as those with the least resources have the least capacity to adapt and are the most vulnerable 2 Climate change will thus impact natural and human systems to alter the productivity diversity and functions of many ecosystems and livelihoods around the world For poor natural resource dependent communities climate change may compound existing vulnerabilities Settlement on marginal or unstable lands already heightens exposure to climate hazards Heavy dependence on ecosystem services places their welfare at the mercy of environmental conditions As the availability Photo Juergen Blaser Intercooperation and quality of natural resources decline so does the security of their livelihoods Limited resources and capacities for responding to stresses such as floods and droughts constrain their ability to meet basic needs and move out of poverty With climate cha
33. ing two framing questions Figure 1 1 Figure 1 1 The two CRISTAL modules MODULE 1 CLIMATE amp LIVELIHOODS PLANNING amp MANAGING 00771155 PROJECTS FOR ADAPTATION Q1 WHAT IS THE CLIMATE CONTEXT What are the anticipated impacts of climate change in the project area Q3 WHAT ARE THE IMPACTS OF PROJECT ACTIVITIES ON LIVELIHOOD RESOURCES THAT What climate hazards are currently vulnerable to current climate hazards affecting the project area important to local coping strategies What are the impacts of these hazards Q4 HOW CAN PROJECT ACTIVITIES BE ADJUSTED TO REDUCE VULNERABILITY AND ENHANCE ADAPTIVE CAPACITY How feasible is it to implement these changes in terms Local priorities needs Project finances Institutional capacity A supportive policy framework Risks associated with future climate change What are the coping strategies used to deal with these impacts Q2 WHAT IS THE LIVELIHOOD CONTEXT What resources are important to local livelihoods in the project area are these resources affected by current climate hazards How important are these resources to coping strategies This User s Manual is divided into six sections The Manual is continually updated as experiences and feedback with using CRiSTAL increase This version was updated in May 2009 For technical support please contact Anne Hammill at IISD ahammill
34. ject activity has no effect on availability of access to resol e Positive project impacts are strengthened Negative project impacts are minimized Neutral project impacts are made positive if appropriate Resources strongly Impact of activity on key Project activity influenced by hazards livelihood resource Revised activity Pos Neg Neu 1 surface water productive land Description of activity Description of revised activity irrigation infrastructure good health Resources most Impact of activity on key important to coping livelihood resource Pos Neg Neu surface water productive land trees v 4 M LR gt CS Hz3 Project activities Modified activities Synergies and barriers Climate report Livelihood context report Proj is You are first asked to enter a project activity on the left hand box there is not much room in the text box so be as concise but descriptive as possible Details about the project activity can be entered into the larger text box below Figure 4 2 You can enter up to 10 project activities Figure 4 2 Entering project activities Project activity 1 Reforestation participatory tree species selection 20 ha of X tree species planted local forestry management committee established to oversee reforestation activities training provided on appropriate reforestation techni In our hypothetical example reforestation is the project activity entered
35. limate change Promote the use of stakeholder consultations using participatory methods to elicit information on local livelihood and climate contexts and Offer the tool as a component of a larger compendium of tools and methodologies for climate change adaptation Computer Excel based program available online and on CD ROM Hardcopy CRiSTAL Field Guide to come Language English French Spanish and Portuguese 1 3 How is CRISTAL organized CRiSTAL is designed to provide a basis for improving community and project based decision making so that adaptation opportunities can be maximized and maladaptation minimized It is expected to be relevant in project design as well as project evaluation The tool is organised into two modules each containing a set of framing questions The first module called Synthesizing information on climate and livelihoods is designed to help users collect and organise information on the climate and livelihood context of the project area preferably through stakeholder consultations and other participatory methods The information gathered and organised in Module 1 provides a basis for the analysis undertaken in Module 2 Figure 1 3 Summary of Module 1 Module 1 Synthesizing Information on Climate and Livelihoods To help collect and organise information on the climate and livelihood context in the project area Framing 1 Whatis the climate context of the project Questions What are the anticipat
36. linked to climate vulnerability and adaptive capacity Livelihood resources that were identified as a strongly influenced by selected climate hazards and b important to implement coping strategies will serve as the basis for evaluating project impacts Impacts can be positive negative or neutral The analysis can be carried out individually or through small project meetings You may rely on stakeholder inputs to assist with the analysis and you are encouraged to share proposed project adjustments with community stakeholders for their feedback You can start Module 2 by clicking on the worksheet tab Project activities where you will be presented with the worksheet depicted in Figure 4 1 Figure 4 1 Project Activity Screening worksheet E m 1 L JE What are the impacts of project activities on key livelihood resources In this step you are asked to assess the impact of different project activities on s a x Le ces that are strongly infi ed by d Pu din Please indicate if the impact is positive negative or neutral 2 Positive Project activity enhances availability of access to resource b livelihood resources that are important to sustainable coping strategies E pee r gi Negative Project activity decreases availability of access to resource Upon doing this impact assessment enter suggested modifications to project activities so that Neutral Pro
37. nditions Figure 2 8 Examples of Coping Strategies Hazard 1 Drought Is the Is the strategy strategy Impact Coping strategy working sustainable AI Examples of coping strategies 1 Crop damage loss Casual labour Casual labour Common property systems 2 Income loss Selling of jewelry Income diversification 3 Disease Use of traditional medicine Rainwater harvesting Reallocation of labour Selling of personal belongings eplanting You can enter up to 3 impacts and for each hazard and a primary coping strategy for each hazard For the hypothetical example above Crop damage loss Income loss and Disease were identified as the main impacts The primary coping strategy for each were casual labour selling of jewelry and use of traditional medicine respectively After entering the coping strategy you are asked if this strategy is working in other words is it actually helping communities achieve beneficial ends during times of stress The reason for asking this question is that sometimes communities will employ coping strategies that are not even helping them to survive or get through stressful circumstances then can end up worse off afterwards The next box then asks if the identified coping strategy is sustainable This question is asked both in terms of sustainable development and climate change If a coping strategy depletes economic assets degrades the environment
38. nge impacts already being observed there is an urgent need for adaptive response measures For the poor this must start with actions that reduce current vulnerabilities and increase adaptive capacity so they can face the longer term impacts of climate change Reducing current vulnerabilities and increasing adaptive capacities however requires an understanding of how livelihoods are conducted and sustained as the assets and capabilities that comprise peoples livelihoods often shape vulnerability and the ability to reduce it By understanding the dynamics of poor peoples livelihoods one can begin to understand how they will be affected by climate change impacts how they might respond with the resources they have what additional resources may be required and how these conditions can be reflected and built upon for successful adaptation strategies 1 PCC 2007 Climate Change 2007 The Physical Science Basis Summary for Policymakers 2 IPCC 2001 Climate Change 2001 Impacts Adaptation and Vulnerability Technical Summary Geneva IPCC 1 2 Assessing and enhancing the adaptive capacity of livelihoods with CRISTAL Climate variability is one of the many stresses faced by local communities While it is not always the most important stressor or risk affecting a community it should nevertheless be considered when designing and implementing a local level project particularly in communities characterized by climate sensitive and or natural reso
39. of climate change in your project area By clicking on the worksheet tab Climate Change Context you will come to the worksheet depicted in Figure 2 1 Figure 2 1 Climate Change Context worksheet What are the anticipated impacts of climate change in the project area To find the projected impacts of dimate change in your area please go to the CRISTAL website From this website you will be able to link to some dimate change information for your project region country and ecological zone Information sources indude IPCC summaries for regions and ecological zones UNFCCC National Communications National Adaptation Programmes of Action NAPAs You are encouraged to review this information and enter notes or key points into each of the boxes below Reginal Notes What are the observed anticipated impacts of climate change in your project region Average annual rainfall expected to decrease in the region Country Notes What are the observed anticipated impacts of climate change in your project country Northern part of country expected to become more prone to droughts bush fires Ecological Zone Notes What are the observed anticipated impacts of climate change in your project ecological zone Limits of scrubland expected to expand duction Project Info Climate Change Context Current Climate Risks Livelihood Resources Hazard LR lt The first task of setting the climate con
40. oject activity that decreases peoples vulnerability to climate related hazards builds their capacity to cope with climate related stresses and is sustainable over the longer term with climate change 4 4 Identifying the synergies and or barriers to implementing revised project activities Once you have developed a list of revised project activities you can move to the next worksheet Synergies and barriers In this step you are prompted to think about the feasibility and sustainability in implementing the project adjustments you devised using CRiSTAL i e a type of reality check at the end of the screening process You will be taken to a screen represented in Figure 4 8 a simple table listing the original project activity and the CRiSTAL derived project adjustments down the far left columns and some text boxes beside for entering information Figure 4 8 Synergies and barriers to implementing revised project activities What are the synergies and or barriers to implementing revised project activities Now that you have revised project activities you are asked to identify the synergies and barriers to their implementation i e what issues or developments might enable or inhibit the implementation of the adjusted project activity Examples indude local needs local capacities as well as financial political and institutional support Original Project Revised Project I Activities Activities ssues Reforestation Expan
41. olicies that will support or hinder the implementation of the proposed project adjustments Risks associated with future climate change i e how will future climate change impacts affect the sustainability of the proposed project adjustments To ensure local ownership and sustainability of projects and their CRiSTAL generated adjustments it would be useful to discuss these issues with beneficiary groups communities Users can be either devise adjustments with beneficiary communities or get feedback on proposed adjustments This can be done through informal consultations or formal workshops and involve participatory activities such as ranking or valuation exercises brainstorming etc Consulting with different social groups within a community As we know communities are not homogenous They are complex and dynamic In undertaking local stakeholder consultations CRISTAL users may want to undertake seperate consultations with different social groups in a community These social groups can be categorized according to gender age livelihood and other criteria Conducting a number of different consultations allows the CRiSTAL user to appreciate the broad range or perspectives priorities and needs within a project community For example during CRiSTAL testing women s groups tended to emphasize household health and food security For different livelihood groups such as farmers herders fishers and small business operators the answers
42. on Ehe relationship between livelihood resources and coping strategies in the Coping Notes boxes at the bottom Hazard 1 Drought Impacts Crop damage lo Income loss Disease Income Traditional Casual labour diversification medicine Natural resources Surface water Productive land Trees You are asked to assess the importance of livelihood resources to implement the identified coping strategies using a number between 0 and 5 Again 0 Livelihood resource is not important at all to the coping strategy 1 Livelihood resource is minimally important to the coping strategy Livelihood resource is somewhat important to the coping strategy b5 Livelihood resource is a very important to the coping strategy Resources that are deemed important to implement coping strategies will be flagged with a red star on the right hand side of the page Figure 3 6 Figure 3 6 Livelihood resources important to implement coping strategies circled in red How important are livelihood resources to implement coping strategies Hazard 1 For each of the livelihood resources vou entered earlier evaluate Ehe extent to which they are important to implement sustainable current or alternate coping strategies This importance should be indicated by entering a number between 0 and 5 with 0 not important at all 3 somewhat important 5 very important Please enter any notes on the relationship between livelihood resources and coping str
43. productivity diversity and functions of many 25 ecosystems and livelihoods around the world For poor natural resource dependent communities climate change may 26 compound existing vulnerabilities Settlement on marginal or unstable lands already heightens exposure to climate 27 hazards Heavy dependence on ecosystem services places their welfare at the mercy of environmental conditions As the 28 availability and quality of natural resources so vig the of md Limited resources and 29 capacities for responding to stresse mect basic needs and move out 30 Of 4 Qi Background Introduction Project Info C je Context lt Current Climate Risks Livelihood Resources g Ready You can navigate the different steps of the CRiSTAL process by using the colored tabs at the bottom of the screen Figure 1 6 You can move back and forth between the different worksheets throughout the process updating or changing information as needed Your CRiSTAL analysis should be saved as a Excel spreadsheet i e File Save As Yourproject xls The next tab to the right of Background will take you to a worksheet called Introduction which explains the rationale purpose and objectives of using CRiSTAL as well as its organizational structure Figure 1 7 Introduction to CRISTAL rmt Data Window Help Adobe PDF xX Ac WW 0 4 Ve Reply with Changes End Review D Doo
44. rategy Impact Coping strategy working sustainable Alternate coping strategy Note 1 ves Hazard 2 Is the Is the strategy strategy Impact Coping strategy working sustainable Alternate coping strategy Note i b yes yes 2 yes yes 3 yes yes lt u b lt TS M Background Introduction Project Info Climate Change Context Current Climate Risks Livelihood Resources Hazard LR lt gt You can start by entering the main climate related hazards affecting the project area By hazard we refer to potentially damaging physical events or phenomena that result from weather or climate conditions You can see the definition of hazard by placing your cursor over the small red triangle to the upper right of the word Figure 2 3 Figure 2 3 Definition of Hazard Hazard potentially Hazard 1 damaging physical event or phenomenon that results from weather or dimate conditions Impact Coping stra Examples of hazards are provided by placing your cursor over the text box beside Hazard Figure 2 4 Examples include drought floods and desertification Up to three hazards can be entered per session to enter more than three you will have to run additional sessions Figure 2 4 Examples of climate related hazards Examples of hazards Hazard 1 ou Desertification Impact 1 High Winds Prolonged rainfall shortages Permafrost melt
45. s of climate change in the area Y What are the hazards currently affecting your community and livelihood Y What are the impacts of these hazards on your lives or livelihoods Y What coping strategies do you use to deal with these impacts What is the livelihood context of the project Y What resources are important to your livelihood The use of visual aids can strengthen consultations particularly when there are language barriers involved Finding locally relevant images of climate conditions or livelihood resources can help to expedite the consultation process The use of coloured cards pinboards flipcharts etc is also recommended to maximize participation and interaction The photos below were taken during an informal community consultation with a rural community in Rajshahi Bangladesh left and a CRiSTAL community workshop in Rio San Juan department Nicaragua right Photo Anne Hammill IISD Photo Nicole Stejskal Intercooperation b Discussing the links between the climate and livelihood contexts If time allows consultations can move on to the last two questions of Module 1 which attempt to establish and evaluate the links between the local climate and livelihood contexts How are livelihood resources affected by current climate hazards How important are these resources to put in place coping strategies Discussions on climate hazards impacts coping strategies and the main livelihood resources in a given comm
46. sessing the impacts of activities on key livelihood resources enter a revised activity to support adaptive capacity That is project activities are adjusted so that Positive project impacts on key livelihood resources are strengthened or expanded Negative project impacts on key livelihood resources are minimized Neutral project impacts on key livelihood resources are made positive if appropriate Adjustments should be entered in the boxes on the right hand side of the worksheet Again the small box should have a very concise description of the project adjustment while the larger text box below can be used to provide a more detailed description of the adjustment Figure 4 5 Figure 4 5 Entering modified activities Revised activity Description of revised activity Plant more trees of X species In our hypothetical example reforestation was found to have a positive impact on all of the key livelihood resources affected by drought Because of this positive impact the adjustment was to expand reforestation activities The additional information provided on this adjustment was the species to be planted 4 3 Making sure proposed project revisions are sustainable in the face of climate change Once you have finished entering revised project activities you can move to the next worksheet tab Modified activities Figure 4 6 Figure 4 6 Modified activities worksheet ms Lu Are modified project activities sustainable in t
47. sic information about the project you wish to screen against livelihood and climate information This information includes S Name Name or title of the project being screened S Location Geographical location of the project i e village town parish district province country etc NS Implementing agency Name of the organization or institution implementing the project d Project Description Brief description on of project e g forest landscape restoration disaster risk reduction etc Project duration number of months start date anticipated end date Project goals objectives Other relevant information total budget funder target beneficiaries number of beneficiaries d Project Context Brief description of the socio economic context of the project including Additional geographic information e g rapidly converted tropical rainforest ecosystem low lying coastal area surrounded by barrier reefs etc Political information e g post conflict setting recent local government elections Cultural considerations e g gender issues role of religious leaders traditional livelihoods food preferences etc Other socio economic trends e g legacy of previous aid projects change in income generating activities proliferation of micro lending schemes etc Figure 1 8 Project Information bs File Edit Views Insert Format Tools Data Window Help Adobe PDF fa a 4 xj UI
48. sing its relationship with the climate context the results can be viewed in a summary report called the Livelihood Context Report Figure 3 8 Figure 3 8 Livelihood Context Livelihood Context Report Name Location Implementing Agency Brief description of the project Brief Description of project context Extent to which livelihood resources are influenced by climate hazards identified in the climate context 0 no influence 5 very strong influence Drought Resources 0 1 2 3 4501 2 3 4 5 0 12 3 4 5 Natural resources surface water x productive land X trees X Physical Resources bicycles X irrigation infrastructure X roads X Financial Resources cash x jewlery x Modified activities Synergies and barriers Climate report 5 Livelihood context rep M LR gt CS Hz3 lt Project activities The report simply displays the information in a more readable format and can be reviewed for accuracy and updated as necessary The Livelihood Context Report can be accessed by clicking on the Livelihood context report tab located towards the far right hand side you will have to scroll through a number of worksheet tabs to see it 4 PROJECT ACTIVITY SCREENING amp REVISION Once you complete Module 1 you can proceed to Module 2 Planning and Managing Projects for Climate Change Adaptation This module is designed to help you analyze how project activities are directly
49. text involves finding the projected impacts of climate change in the project area You are prompted to link to the CRiSTAL website under construction to access available information on your geographic region country and ecological zone For the moment the main sources for information on this are Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPCC summaries for regions and ecological zones Providing scientific review of the historical observed trends in temperature precipitation for your project region Information on the anticipated changes in temperature and precipitation for your region Information on the observed and anticipated impacts of these changes in your region Summaries can be accessed at http www ipcc ch ipccreports ar4 wg2 htm United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change UNFCCC National Communications These are documents prepared by each of the countries who are parties to the UNFCCC communicating the results of national assessments of greenhouse gas emissions as well as information on vulnerability impacts and adaptation Observed and anticipated trends and impacts of climate change for your country can be drawn from these documents Annex I industrial country reports can be accessed at http unfccc int national reports annex i natcom submitted natcom items 3625 php Non Annex I developing country reports can be accessed at http unfccc int national reports non annex i
50. this identified need IISD IUCN SEI US and Intercooperation have developed CRiSTAL Community based Risk Screening Tool Adaptation amp Livelihoods a decision support tool for local communities project planners and project managers Figure 1 2 Summary of CRISTAL Rationale Goal Objectives Users Approach Format CRISTAL Community based Risk Screening Tool Adaptation amp Livelihoods Community level projects may improve local adaptive capacity or constrain it but this link may not be evident to project planners and managers Need a tool that assesses the impact of a project vis vis climate adaptation to design activities that foster adaptation To promote the integration of risk reduction and climate change adaptation into community level projects Help users to a b c understand the links between local livelihoods and climate evaluate a project s impact on community level adaptive capacity and devise project adjustments to reduce vulnerability and enhance adaptive capacity Community groups project planners and project managers i ii iii iv v Draw from Environmental Impact Assessment EIA model Use the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework SLF to help users focus on elements of coping and adaptive capacity at the local level Support the strengthening of coping and resilience to current climate risks and stresses as a basis for adaptation to longer term c
51. tree species o Local land tenure disputes o Unclear forest policy framework While the revised project activities you have developed using CRiSTAL can contribute to local level adaptation the feasibility or success of these activities will be ensured by addressing the synergies and barriers such as those listed above Project planners and managers should take these into account when preparing the final project document plan CONGRATULATIONS You have now finished the CRiSTAL process You should now have a better understanding of The climate risks both current and future in your project area The livelihood resources that are important to communities in your project area The links between climate risks and key livelihood resources in your project area namely Livelihood resources that are strongly influenced by climate hazards Livelihood resources that are important to coping strategies How planned ongoing project activities influence these key livelihood resources How project activities might be adjusted to reduce vulnerability and enhance adaptive capacity minimize negative influences and maximize positive influences of project activities on key livelihood resources 5 ANNEXES 5 1 Glossary Adaptation The actions that people take in response to or in anticipation of projected or actual changes in climate to reduce adverse impacts or take advantage of the opportunities posed by climate change Tompkins and Adger 2
52. uction activities such as seed banks storage facilities early warning systems increase local adaptive capacity Without a tool to assess the impacts of a project on some of the local determinants of vulnerability and adaptive capacity it is difficult for project planners and managers to design activities that foster adaptation to climate change ARENE EEEN How does CRISTAL help you do this IISD IUCN SEI US and Intercooperation have developed CRISTAL Community based Risk Screening Tool Adaptation amp Livelihoods a decision support tool that helps communities project planners and managers to Systematically understand the links between local livelihoods and climate Assess a project s impact on livelihood resources important to adaptation Devise adjustments that improve a project s impact on livelihood resources important to adaptation To do this CRISTAL is divided into two modules 0 SE M MN Background Introduction Project Info Climate Change Context Current Climate Risks zi Livelihood Resources M gt The page only provides a general introduction more detailed instructions are provided in this User s Manual Once you feel you are familiar enough with the CRiSTAL process and how to use the program you can begin to enter information for the analysis 1 6 Entering project information Moving to the next worksheet tab Project Info you are asked to enter some ba
53. unity can be lengthy Early experiences with CRiSTAL showed these discussions as requiring 2 3 hours As a result asking stakeholders to stay and evaluate the links between local climate and livelihood contexts can seem overly exhaustive and like an inappropriate demand on peoples time It is therefore up to the user to gauge the level of interest and energy among stakeholders and decide if it necessary and Photo Martha Fernandes SEI US appropriate to solicit their participation in subsequent CRISTAL steps Again the use of visual aids is encouraged when consulting with community groups This is especially important for demonstrating relationships between different elements of analysis such as climate hazards coping strategies and livelihood resources As depicted in the photos to the left the CRiSTAL template was recreated using coloured cards and paper These helped community members to keep track of their answers and see the links between the different issues being discussed Photo Beatrice Riche IUCN c Assessing project activities against key livelihood resources Upon gathering information on the local climate and livelihood context the next step is to analyse this information against project activities The questions guiding this step are the first half of Module 2 What are the impacts of project activities on livelihood resources that are Y Vulnerable to climate risks Y Important to coping strategies d
54. urce dependent livelihoods The onset of longer term climate change which will compound existing stresses associated with climate variability provides an added incentive for addressing climate risk in a project Photo Anne Hammill IISD Most projects however are not designed with an explicit consideration of the climate risks in a particular community and how they can affect local livelihoods Even rarer are projects that take into account the longer term implications of climate change and how project activities might a be affected by the impacts and or b influence local adaptive capacity This second point understanding a projects influence on local adaptive capacity is the primary focus of CRiSTAL As stated community level projects influence climate vulnerability and adaptive capacity For example projects that encourage dependence on a particular technology or crop species that may be negatively affected by climate change increase local vulnerability Conversely projects that promote resilient crop species diversified livelihood activities and risk reduction activities such as seed banks storage facilities early warning systems increase local adaptive capacity Without a tool to assess the impacts of a project on some of the local determinants of vulnerability and adaptive capacity it is difficult for project planners and managers to design activities that foster adaptation to climate change In response to
55. y notes on the relationship between the selected hazard and livelihood resources i e seasonal differences positive or negative nature of influence in the Hazard Notes boxes at the bottom of the page Drought no hazard 2 no hazard 3 Natural resources surface water productive land LLL trees Physical resources bicycles irrigation infrastructure roads The climate hazards identified on the Current Climate Risks worksheet will now appear in the top of each column in our example drought The livelihood resources you entered on the Livelihood Resources worksheet are listed down the column on the left of the screen Moving down the column you must now select a value denoting the extent to which each hazard influences your livelihood resources To do so you must enter a number between 0 and 5 0 Hazard has no influence over the livelihood resource 1 Hazard has minimal influence over the livelihood resource 3 Hazard has some influence over the livelihood resource 5 Hazard has a very strong influence on the livelihood resource Any additional notes you may have on the relationship between the selected hazard and the livelihood resources i e if the influence is positive can be entered in the Notes on Hazard text boxes at the bottom of the worksheet Figure 3 4 Figure 3 4 Notes on Hazard text boxes How are livelihood resources affected by current climate hazards For each of the ha
56. y of addressing these impacts is by strengthening local adaptive capacity so that communities are able to adjust moderate or take advantage of climate induced changes in their settings Already community level projects may be improving adaptive capacity or constraining it But without a tool to assess the impact of a project on adaptive capacity it is difficult for project planners and managers to introduce activities that foster adaptation and minimize maladaptation CRiSTAL is a decision support tool developed jointly by the International Institute for Sustainable Development IISD the International Union for Conservation of Nature IUCN the Stockholm Environment Institute in Boston SEI US and the Swiss Foundation for Development and International Cooperation Intercooperation Drawing on the Environmental Impact Assessment EIA model and the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework SLF CRiSTAL aims to provide a logical user friendly process to help users better understand the links between climate related risks people s livelihoods and project activities Specifically CRiSTAL is intended to help project planners and managers to NES Systematically understand the links between local livelihoods and climate S Assess a project s impact on livelihood resources important to adaptation and S Devise adjustments that improve a projects impact on livelihood resources important to adaptation CRISTAL is divided into two modules each contain
57. zards you identified earlier evaluate the extent to which they influence the livelihood resources you entered in the previous step The strength of this influence should be indicated by entereing a number between 0 and 5 with 0 no influcence 3 some influence 5 very strong influence Please enter any notes on the relationship between the selected hazard and livelihood resources i e seasonal differences positive or negative nature of influence in the Hazard Notes boxes at the bottom of the page Drought no hazard 2 no hazard 3 Enter any notes on the relationship between the hazard and the livelihood resources below i e seasonal differences positive or negative nature of the influence Notes on Hazard 1 Drought Livelihood resources that are strongly influenced by a hazard will be marked with a small red star on the right hand side of the page as depicted in Figure 3 5 Figure 3 5 Livelihood Resources strongly influenced by hazard circled in red How are livelihood resources affected by current climate hazards For each of the hazards you identified earlier evaluate the extent to which they influence the livelihood resources you entered in the previous step The strength of this influence should be indicated by entereing a number between 0 and 5 with 0 no influcence 3 some influence 5 very strong influence Please enter any notes on the relationship between the selected hazard and livelihood resources
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