OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS FOR "LOTUS EASY" SYSTEM
Contents
1. 3 17 5 mA Input 3 Black 2 Red gt 13 Standby or Gas detection Input 7S 6 n a 14 Sodium chlorite Level Input 7 Pulse sender Water Meter input 15 Flow sensor for S Chlorite SEFL 3 17 8 Alarm output 3 2 System main components The LOTUS EASY panel consists of the following main components Panel size is 600 x 800 mm B 7 a Li ANGER IGH PRESSURE A LOTUS EASY control and management instrument 5bar 2I h pumps left pump for h acid right pump for s chlorite B Reactor chamber max 8 bar C Multifunction Valve Mod MF D Static Mixer product output to the plant E Flow meter BYPASS with flow switch F Water input G Hydrochloric acid input to the reactor chamber H Sodium chlorite input to the reactor chamber Injection valve with spring made of Polytetrafluoroethylene warning injection point is under pressure 12 Hydraulic connections The hydraulic components to be installed for the pumps to properly work are Suction Hose with level probe and bottom filter Delivery Hose with injection valve Discharge hose Suction Hose Unscrew the suction ring nut completely on the pump body and draw the components required to assemble the hose tightening ring nut Holding ring and hose holder Assemble as shown making sure that the hose is fully inserted on the hose holder Tighten the hose on the pump body by tightening the ring nut with your hands Connect the ot2. Safety Valve and Bleed Valve Device can be set to operate at selected pressures using knobs S and A Warning Never turn knobs out of range Warning Always connect discharge hose to multifunction valve Juncton nut 7 to install valve on pump s delivery valve Multifunction valve can modify the flow rate of the metering pump connected Verify the pump flow rate after installing the multifunction valve 15 Multifunction Valve Mod MF Multifunction valve installation Unscrew junction nut 1 from multifunction valve Remove the hose connection kit from pump s delivery valve Put junction nut 1 on pump s delivery valve Be careful to the arrow direction on junction nut 1 body Place multifunction valve turning discharge side as desired on junction nut 1 Screw junction nut 1 by turning it clock wise until it s completely locked Pressure valve operating mode Pressure valve operating mode keeps always closed the valve until is reached a specific pressure value to the input Pressure value may be set using the above procedure Pull knob labeled A until it produces a click Regulate pressure bar on desired value within a range from 0 to 5bar Press the knob labeled A until it produces a click Anti syphon valve operating mode Anti syphon operating mode avoid that dosing product goes through the injection valve when the pump is not dosing be
3. be controlled and powered by an external control system Dosing must be interrupted if there is no water Power must be interrupted if there is a malfunction Assistance and maintenance of the dosing pump and all its accessories must always be performed by qualified personnel Before any installation and maintenance SYSTEM MUST BE INSTALLED IN A DEDICATED ROOM e carefully read the chemical characteristics of the product to be dosed and refer to the Safety Data Sheet of the product e wear the most suitable PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT e drain the connection hoses of the dosing pump e carefully wash the hoses that have been used with particularly aggressive materials General safety regulations The manual describes the proper use of the LOTUS EASY generator Danger Q Additional notes Improper use of the generator compromises its safety function and that of the other devices connected to it and therefore such use is strictly forbidden Installation and maintenance must only be carried out by authorised technicians Maintenance repairs should only be carried out only by the manufacturer or by technicians authorised by the manufacturer Interventions or alterations to the device that are not in accordance with the provisions of this manual with respect to regular maintenance shall be considered improper and render any product warranty null and void The operator is responsible for compliance with safety related local regu
4. guidelines given in this bulletin before attempting to open operate or service this machine Failure to follow these guidelines and observe every precaution will result in malfunction and could result in catastrophic failure Misuse incorrect assembly or use of damaged or corroded components can result in high velocity release of the end closure We recommend that only a qualified technician experienced in servicing high pressure hydraulic systems open close and service this machine The reactor can explode If the chlorine dioxide solution in the reactor becomes subject to a vacuum it can explode Hence the bypass line should be installed so that it is impossible for a vacuum to arise not even when the plant is stand by or in the case of a fault Risk of explosion in the bypass line If the dosing remains switched on when there is no water flow it can lead to an unacceptably high concentration of chlorine dioxide in the bypass line If in addition the bypass line is not completely full with water a critical gas phase can occur resulting in an explosion in the bypass line HIGH PRESSURE Instrument main components The LOTUS EASY instrument consists of the following main components DP Je 13 14 15 1 LOTUS EASY control and management instrument 9 n a 2 Hydrochloric acid dosing pump 10 Power Supply 3 Sodium chlorite dosing pump 11 Hydrochloric acid Level input 4 BYPASS Input 12 Flow sensor for H Acid SEFL
5. the outgassing outlet When product will leak from it close immediately the outgassing valve 6 End procedure by moving cursor on EXIT press wheel to return to main screen Usually 20 strokes are needed when suction hose is placed at 1 5mt height from tank bottom 21 STATUS MESSAGES During working mode the instrument may show warning messages in main screen See below table to better understand and fix them Shown Message EXPLANATION What to do STANDBY or GAS DETECTION Contact status has changed LEVEL ACID or LEVEL CHLORITE Contact status has changed this usually means low chemical Flow sensor didn t receive any signal from pump SEFL ACID or SEFL CHLORITE see DOS CHECK in SETTINGS menu BYPASS Contact status has changed Flow meter didn t send any signal to LOTUS EASY TIMEOUT see WATER METER MENU for settings Pumps are working at their maximum capacity check production PROPORTIONAL MODE only VSUPPLY OUT OF RANGE Power supply exceeded working range from 185 to 275 VAC check power supply this alarm condition must be fixed in order to return to normal working mode OVERFLOW 22 REACTOR PRIMING Within main screen press the wheel and enter ADMINISTRATOR password Select REACTOR PRMING Confirm changes by moving cursor to OK and pressing the wheel This function allows to test Acid and Chlorite dosing pumps while filling main reactor Set seconds required
6. 4 mg l to prevent pipe corrosion The pH level should be always higher than pH 6 5 It should be controlled during operation In case the carbonate hardness is lower 1 1 dH or the alkalinity is lower 0 4 mMol the dosing of suitable chemicals for the increase of the pH level is required Introduction The chlorine dioxide generator named LOTUS EASY is used to produce liquid chlorine dioxide This disinfectant kills all bacteria germs viruses and fungi very rapidly and works at very low concentration The generator works according to the hydrochloric acid chlorite process and uses diluted chemicals such as hydrochloric acid HC 9 and sodium chlorite NaClO 7 5 in accordance with the following chemical formula Hydrochloric acid Sodium chlorite Chlorine dioxide Sodium chlorite Water 4 HCI 5 NaClO 4 CIO 5 NaCl 2 H O In the process each chemical is pumped with a certain proportion in a reactor which works pressurised by means of two dosing pumps The system can work proportionally with a contact water meter a current signal or constant WARNING follow European directive DIN EU 939 concerning HYDROCHLORIC ACID follow European directive DIN EU 938 concerning SODIUM CHLORITE follow Pressure Equipment Directive 97 23 EC Warnings for high pressure device This machine may cause loss of life severe bodily harm or property damage if not correctly installed operated and maintained Read and understand all
7. ON The reactor can explode e In case of an uncontrolled sucking of the chemicals into the reactor caused by a vacuum in the bypass line and a simultaneous formation of gas water mixed phases chlorine dioxide can gas out Under adverse circumstances the critical gas concentration of 300 g m3 is exceeded and an explosion of the reactor can occur Take appropriate measures to ensure that the bypass line of the LOTUS EASY system does not become subject to a vacuum e Particles in the bypass water could block the flow meter This can lead to an unacceptably high concentration of chlorine dioxide If a bypass line is not completely full with water a critical gas phase can form resulting in an explosion in the bypass line Install a dirt trap filter in the bypass line if required Function The bypass line is either fed from the main water supply or separately The purpose of the bypass line is to dilute the concentration of the chlorine dioxide solution coming out of the reactor from approximately 20 g l 20 000 ppm to approximately 0 1 1 g l 100 1000 ppm and to transport this solution to the point of injection Safety regulations in case of chemical spills Il Attention Danger The following personal protective equipment is required to access the LOTUS EASY device Face shield Rubber or plastic boots Protective gloves CIO sealed model Protective apron Full face respirator The composition and the type of pe
8. This manual contains important information about safe l installation and operation of the unit Strictly comply with 5 this information to avoid harming people or damaging property It is strictly prohibited to use this equipment with radioactive chemicals Before switching this instrument on read this manual l in its entirety Keep the manual near the instrument for future reference OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS FOR LOTUS EASY SYSTEM High Pressure warning this device operates at MAX l 8 bar pressure Do not attempt to modify increase this parameter ENGLISH edition R2 11 14 Read carefully C This manual contains important information about SAFE installation and operation of the unit Read and retain for future reference Strictly comply with this information to avoid harming people or damaging property The information contained in this manual may contain inaccuracies or typographical errors The information contained in this manual is subject to change at any time without prior notice CE STANDARDS Low Voltage Directive i 2006 95 EC EMC Electromagnetic Compatibility Directive i 2004 108 EC European harmonised standards under the Directive i 2006 42 EC e Pressure Equipment Directive 97 23 EC e EU Machinery Directive 2006 42 EC e EU EMC Directive 2004 108 EC e Low voltage directive 2006 95 EC according to Appendix No 1 5 1 of the Machinery Directive 2006 42 EC e EU Pressure Equ
9. age 11 page 12 page 13 page 17 page 18 page 19 page 20 page 21 page 22 page 23 page 24 page 26 page 27 Information on this manual may contain technical inaccuracies or typographical errors The information contained may be changed at any time without prior notification or obligation a Y REUSFa REDUCE RECYCIE All materials used in the construction of the instrument and for this manual can be recycled and therefore supporting the invalua ble environmental resources of our planet Do not dispose of harmful materials in the environment Check with the competent authority on the recycling programs for your area
10. based on pumps capacity and reactor tank size Press start to begin procedure and STOP when reactor is full liquid within hose connected to injection valve If not press STOP and increase seconds to fully accomplish reactor priming Reactor Priming PUMO CI m Acid Chlorite START EXIT 23 STATS This menu shows statistics for both acid and chlorite pumps liters or gallons dosed and m c or gallons passed through the pulse sender water meter To reset these values move cursor on Reset NO click rotate wheel choose YES click wheel move on EXIT and confirm changes Stat Acid Chiorite mz Reset Mo 24 25 Technical Information Power supply 100 240 VAC 50 60Hz Power rating 32W Installation Class Environment Relative Humidity 5 t lt 40 C 70 at 50 C non condensing Environment Temperature 10 30 C Chemical Temperature 0 50 C Reactor chamber max pressure 8bar Pollution Level 2 Packaging and Transporting Temperature 10 50 C Protection degree IP65 Supplemental power supply breaker must be installed OUTSIDE the room where system is installed 26 Index 27 Safety Introduction Instrument main components System main components Hydraulic connections Browsing the menus amp main screen Mode selection System settings Calibration pump Priming Status messages Reactor Priming Statistics Technical Information Index page 3 page 10 p
11. cause a negative pressure has been produced on the injection valve Pull knob labeled A until it produces a click Regulate pressure bar on Obar Press the knob labeled A until it produces a click Note If product s tank is installed above the injection valve adjust knob A calculating the height 0 1bar per meter and adding 1bar Safety valve operating mode Safety valve operating mode activates product discharge through discharge hose when is over reached a specific pressure value max 18bar Manual discharge feature is also available Automatic product purge on over reached pressure value Pull knob labeled S until it produces a click Regulate pressure bar on desired value within a range from 0 to 18bar Press the knob labeled S until it produces a click Manual product purge Pull knob labeled S until it produces a click Turn knob on BLEED Regulate the pump flow knob on 0 zero Press the knob labeled S until it produces a click Wait until purge ends then rotate knob back on previous position Press knob until it produces a click 16 Browsing the menus At the top right of the LOTUS EASY there is a wheel used for menu browsing and programming the instrument The wheel can be rotated in both directions to move the cursor through the menus and pressed to confirm enter selection NOTE When changes have been mad
12. e press the wheel on OK to save and exit from the sub menu Some menus show ESC followed by a saving menu Mode selection see page 18 to choose instrument working mode Production use this menu to set maximum gr h production Water Meter see working mode at page 18 System Settings see page 19 to manage inputs and password Instrument reset revert instrument to default settings International setup time date language Main Menu Calibration Pump see page 20 for setting pumps capacities Calibration Puri Reactor Priming see page 23 for testing pumps required time to fill reactor tank Exit to main screen Access to main menu is restricted to ADMINISTRATOR ONLY BY Default ADMIN password is 0916 Users with restricted access may access to PRODUCTION menu only Additional notes Default USER password is 0000 Main screen Proportional mA mode Costant Mode Local Date amp Time Production g h setpoint Production g h ah mA input read value Prming see page 21 Stat see page 24 Proportional mode Turn wheel for Click wheel to enter browsing through passcode and go to Local Date amp Time system Status main menu bpm 02 live ppm production mc h read by flow meter Configuration and screens may differ you may eh i download the latest version of this manual from Ime AAL overall dioxide production the manufacturer s website or by contacting Main Menu Priming Stat Technical Supp
13. ed by the manufacturer Failure to comply with this rule leads to be loss of the right to any kind of warranty Before operating the system turn off the pressure from all parts of the system The system must never work with the valves closed as there lies the risk of the flexible hoses or rigid hoses bursting Supplemental power supply breaker must be installed OUTSIDE the room where system is installed Disconnect the power supply before opening the controller container Pay attention to all the national regulations during installation The system must not be installed outdoors The system must be protected from unauthorised access The place where the unit is installed must be protected from direct sunlight and frost and should be well ventilated Places with temperatures below 10 C must be provided with appropriate systems that enhance the temperature It must be possible to transport the chemical containers to the system without any restriction An emergency exit is strictly required The system must be mounted on a vertical solid wall without stress The system must be mounted in such a way as not to cause vibrations Make sure free access from all sides is possible for operation and maintenance A valve and an attachable floor draining duct must be set up for any spilled chemicals to be eliminated without any risk Safety regulations in case of chemical spills Danger Danger If the odour of chlorine dioxide a
14. he HCI tank and with dosing pumps that have already pumped the concentrated chemicals to the reactor immediately clear the environment and disconnect the power supply for example from the emergency stop switch Alert the fire department and inform them of the risk of explosion due to concentrated ClO The ClO gas can explode even after hours Storage transport and repairs Q Additional notes Danger In case of repairs return the unit after having cleaned it and having washed the hydraulic components Attach the material decontamination declaration to be sent for repairs The unit can be damaged due to non compliant storage or transport Store or transport the unit adequately packed preferably in its original packaging Always follow the storage conditions when transporting or storing even when the unit is packed Although packed always protect the unit from moisture and the action of chemicals Serious malfunctions at the plant or corrosion damages in the pipe work of the treated water should be possible in case the following requirements to the water the chlorine dioxide is produced for as well as for the dilution water are not fulfilled Temperature 10 30 C Pressure 5 bar max operating Relative Humidity 5 t lt 40 C 70 at 45 C non condensing Water quality Free of iron manganese and particles non corrosive The following directions are based on a concentration for chlorine dioxide of 0
15. her end of the hose to the bottom filter using the same procedure Suction Hose Tightening Nut Holding ring amp Hose holder O ring B Valve Figure A Delivery Hose Unscrew the suction ring nut completely on the pump body and draw the components required to assemble the hose tightening ring nut Holding ring and hose holder Assemble as shown making sure that the hose is fully inserted on the hose holder Tighten the hose on the pump body by tightening the ring nut with your hands Connect the other end of the hose to the injection valve using the same procedure Discharge hose Insert one end of the Discharge hose on the drain hose connection as shown in figure A page 12 Place the other end directly into the tank containing the product that is to be dosed In this way the liquid that leaked during the priming phase will return into the tank Delivery hose connection Discharge handle Discharge Hose Suction Hose connection Self venting pump body chlorine dioxide dosing pump Discharge hose connection Delivery hose connection Suction Hose connection Note the suction delivery and discharge valves are DIFFERENT the delivery and discharge hoses are of the same type the Discharge hose can be slightly bent to be inserted into the tank of the product that is to be dosed Multifunction Valve Mod MF H H Multifunction valve is a 4 functions device It works as a Anti syphon valve
16. ipment Directive 97 23 EC The following harmonized standards are considered e EN ISO 12100 1 EN ISO 12100 2 EN 809 e EN 60206 EN 60529 EN 610000 6 1 2 3 4 The following harmonized national standards are considered e DVGW standards Technical rules W 224 and W 624 GENERAL NOTES ON SAFETY During installation testing and inspection it is mandatory to comply with the following management and safety instructions Safety This manual contains basic instructions for installation operation and maintenance It is therefore mandatory for the installation technician and the equipment administrator to study the entire manual prior to installing and commissioning The manual must be found near the generator at all times It is also mandatory for the operator to consider the general rules listed in the Safety standards chapter as well as the specific safety instructions in the other chapters of this manual Warning Some of the features described may not be available with the LOTUS EASY software release purchased Or some functions are available but not described in this manual In this case contact your dealer for more information Symbols In accordance with the European guidelines concerning the characterisation of special risks all safety instructions in this manual are marked with the following symbols This symbol draws attention to the risks that may be encountered Failure to comply can lead to serious consequences for personal
17. lations The device must be accessible at any time for operation and maintenance Before activating the dosing pumps remove the pressure from the pump heads Before starting maintenance drain and thoroughly wash the tested pumps Pay attention to the chemical safety data sheets Wear protective clothing when you must handle unknown or hazardous chemicals Placing of warning labels In case there are no other special national regulations or directives place the following symbols and labels beside the entrance of the plant operation room Danger Toxic substances Prohibition No Fire naked light and smoking Chlorine dioxide Access only for authorized personnel i i Sodium Chlorite NaClO Sodium Chlorite 2 NaClO For proper compliance with European regulations concerning the use of this equipment with hazardous chemicals refer to EU directives DIN 939 HYDROCHLORIC ACID and DIN 938 SODIUM CHLORITE Operating safety instructions Danger Q Additional notes Strict compliance with all national and local regulations is required when using the LOTUS EASY generator The operator is responsible for compliance with safety related local instructions The generator must be installed and operated in accordance with the instructions in this manual It is forbidden to use installation materials that are not approved by the manufacturer or supplier The generator can only be used with appropriate safety valves approv
18. ort See page 22 for system Primirva messages and warning explanation 17 MODE SELECTION Within main screen press the wheel and enter ADMINISTRATOR password Select Mode Selection Confirm changes by moving cursor to OK and pressing the wheel Before to configure a working mode please verify chlorine dioxide grams per hours value set within PRODUCTION menu Constant mode This mode allows to produce chlorine dioxide based on value This vallue is referred to grams per hour quantity set into PRODUCTION menu Below is shown g h value according to set Proportional WM This mode allows to produce chlorine dioxide based on production mg l and water flow read by the external pulse sender water meter To edit water meter parameters move wheel on OK and press it Note this menu can be set also within WATER METER menu mc total amount of cubic meters passed through water meter totalizer FM input P L water meter counter mode pulses per liter liters per pulse 0 4 20mA RST TOT totalizer reset TIME OUT countdown to alarm since the water meter no longer receive pulses Proportional mA This mode allows to produce chlorine dioxide proportionally to mA read from mA input and values set For each mA field set the value according to value set into PRODUCTION menu Note a 0 value is mandatory for at least one field E g set OmA at 15 and 20mA au
19. penetrating odour similar to that of chlorine can be smelt access is allowed only with the required personal protective equipment If the odour of chlorine dioxide is smelt immediately turn off the system from a safe position for example with an emergency stop switch away from the system In rare error cases the hazardous CIO solution can leak For example install a gas detector that disables the system in case of a leak of CIO and triggers an alarm that is recognised at a distance When using hazardous substances keep in mind that their latest safety data sheets provided by the manufacturers are available The safety data sheets indicate the measures to be adopted Since the risk potential of a substance can be evaluated at any time based on newly learnt knowledge the safety data sheet should be checked regularly and replaced if necessary The system administrator is responsible for the availability of the updated version of the safety data sheet and the preparation of the risk assessment of the relative workstations The administrator generates hazardous substances with this system The administrator is obliged to adjust the operating instructions according to the system if any recent knowledge concerning the risks of a particular hazardous substance is learnt and must include how to avoid them or if national regulations contain different provisions from those specified in the instruction manual supplied BYPASS LINE SAFETY INFORMATI
20. rsonal protective equipment required may vary from one country to another and change over time If you come in contact with the acid See the Acid CE safety data sheet of the supplier If you come in contact with the chlorite See the Chlorite CE safety data sheet of the supplier If you come in contact with the CIO solution or the ClO gas immediately remove the clothes that have come in contact with the chlorine dioxide or with the liquid solution wash the skin thoroughly with soap and plenty of water Splashes in the eye must be washed with running water for several minutes while keeping the eyelid wide open If you have inhaled chlorine dioxide move to a place where there is fresh air lying down in a position of absolute rest and protected from temperature changes Consult a doctor immediately even if the affects do not appear immediately If necessary organise rapid transport to the hospital Orange yellow CIO gas has leaked immediately clear the environment and disconnect the power supply for example from the emergency stop switch Use complete protective equipment and water spray for the gas to settle Orange yellow CIO solution has leaked immediately clear the environment and disconnect the power supply for example from the emergency stop switch Wear protective equipment and pour a ClO sodium thiosulphate solution then dilute with water and eliminate into the drain An incorrect dilution or with concentrated HCI in t
21. safety and damage to property Danger This symbol draws attention to the problems that can be caused by incorrect equipment operation Attention S Additional notes This symbol indicates additional important information Attention Q Additional notes PART ON THE DOSING PUMPS IN THE LOTUS EASY SYSTEM The pump must only be used for dosing liquid products It should not be used in explosive atmospheres EX It should not be used to dose flammable chemicals It should not be used with radioactive chemicals Use the pump only after installation Use the pump in accordance with the data and technical specifications on the label Do not modify or use differently from that indicated in the user manual Keep the pump protected from sun and rain Avoid splashing water The power to the system must be immediately disconnected and the pump disconnected from the electrical outlet during any emergency within the environment where the pump is installed If you use particularly aggressive chemicals strictly comply with the regulations concerning their use and storage Always comply with local safety regulations The manufacturer of the dosing pump cannot be held liable for damage to persons or property caused by incorrect installation improper or incorrect use of the dosing pump Install the dosing pump so that it is accessible at all times for maintenance purposes Do not block the dosing pump area The unit must
22. tomatically will be set to 0 According to value set into PRODUCION menu 8 g h the g h fields will refer to its value 15 of 8g h is 1 20g h SYSTEM SETTINGS Within main screen press the wheel and enter ADMINISTRATOR password Select System Settings Confirm changes by moving cursor to OK and pressing the wheel Use this menu to set contact working mode for each level input bypass and standby or gas detection and admin user passwords L HCL contact type for chloridric acid level probe Choose between N C normally closed contact type or N O normally open contact type LNaCLO2 contact type for sodium chlorite level probe Choose between N C normally closed contact type or N O normally open contact type STDBY GAS DETECT contact type for STANDBY or GAS DETECTION contact Choose between N C normally closed contact type or N O normally open contact type STDBY contact can be also disabled click on it to change input name Bypass contact type for flow detection Choose between N C normally closed contact type or N O normally open contact type Admin Passcode 4 numbers code required to access all menus User Passcode 4 numbers code to access production menu only Dos Check required missing pulses from SEFL flow sensor before to generate an alarm CALIBRATION PUMP Within main screen press the wheel and enter ADMINISTRATOR password Select Calibration P
23. ump Confirm changes by moving cursor to OK and pressing the wheel This function allows the calibration of the Acid and Chlorite dosing pumps based on strokes capability To calibrate proceed as follows 1 Choose which pump to calibrate by moving cursor on ACID or CHLORITE then press the wheel 2 Lay the tube of pump s discharge within a graduated Beaker 3 Move cursor on Start then press the wheel 4 Wait until the end of the 100 strokes 5 Measure the product in the Beaker 6 Enter measured quantity in ml ml field The instrument will calculate the cc s that the pump is able to produce 7 Move cursor on OK and press the wheel to save settings this number can t be edited Please contact technical assistance for further information 20 PRIMING Within main screen press the wheel and enter ADMINISTRATOR password Select PRMING Confirm changes by moving cursor to OK and pressing the wheel This function allows to prime load chemical into pump head Acid and Chlorite dosing pumps 1 Connect all hoses into proper places delivery hose suction hose and outgassing hose 2 Open outgassing valve for required pump 3 Choose which pump to prime by moving cursor on ACID or CHLORITE then press the wheel 4 Move cursor on STK 000 000 and enter required strokes for priming 4 Move cursor on Start then press the wheel 5 All air inside the pump head will exit through
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