Home

TAPM V4. User Manual. - CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research

1. temperature TEMP C relative humidity RHUM potential temperature POTTEMP K specific humidity of water vapour QVAP kg kg specific humidity of cloud water QCLD kg kg turbulence kinetic energy TKE m s scalar wind speed SWSPD m s potential wind power density WPDEN W m equal to half the density of air multiplied by the cube of the scalar wind speed e height above the ground HEIGHT m K Visualisation of TAPM Profile Output a lol x File Use the menu to load data IV Show Profile Data 4 gt Wind Speed m s Wind Direction de Temperature C Relative Humidity 1000 Z m gt Ll KE tA KE Ke Cem a Ke e k Oe K Wind Speed m s Wind Direction deg Temperature C Relative Humidity U Wind Component m s C V Wind Component m s Poten Temperature C Specific Humidity g kg TKE m2 s2 I Show Values on Profiles Figure 14 Profile Plotting Animation Window The last types of file that can optionally be viewed with the default text editor Excel or optionally Surfer Golden software are files of gridded meteorological summary statistics at the selected model level These grids are averaged over the length of the model run for all variables except for rainfall which is the total rainfall mm for the run The files are Surfer type grid files ASCII format with information for a particular variable contained in each file The v
2. C User Defined Current Database automatic selection Figure 11 User Defined Databases Window 3 2 Analysing Outputs Three menu options for analysing outputs can be selected from the Main Window menu bar at the top of Figure 1 Output files that can be processed are described in Section 4 Note that all CSIRO 2008 18 model output is hourly averaged and specified at the end hour 1 e an hourly average at hour 2 is the average of values between hours 1 and 2 3 2 1 GIS Visualisation Figure 12 shows the Analyse Outputs GIS Visualisation Window which allows visualisation of two dimensional fields of meteorology and pollution using the Graphical Information System GIS provided with the TAPM software Note that the GIS software needs to be installed before this option can be used At the top of the window there is a slider control that allows a particular grid to be chosen The next slider controls how many meteorological levels will be processed for potential viewing by the GIS Model levels can then be selected with the series of sliders down the left side of the window for the number of levels chosen Each level selected allows extraction of meteorological information in an x y plane plan view for variables at that model level For example if level 1 klev1 1 is chosen the first model level approximately 10 m above the ground will be used Optionally associated with each level is an x z or
3. Figure 11 shows the File User Defined Databases Window which can be selected from the Main Window menu bar at the top of Figure 1 In this window user defined databases of surface information and synoptic analyses can be specified for use by TAPM_GUI User defined databases of terrain height vegetation type soil type and monthly LAI can optionally be included by specifying up to four extra files for each variable These files are read for each variable in the order specified in the Window top to bottom and information read from each file in turn replaces information already on the model grid The data must be on a latitude longitude grid with constant and equal grid spacing in each direction Linear interpolation in space is used for all variables to go from the database grid to the model grids The file formats for these files are as follows free format READ nlon nlat blon blat dl READ data i j i 1 nlon j 1 nlat with variables nlon number of grid points in the longitudinal direction west east nlat number of grid points in the latitudinal direction south north blon longitude of the south west corner of the grid values within range 180 to 180 degrees blat latitude of the south west corner of the grid values within range 80 to 80 degrees dl grid spacing same in both directions degrees data data grid either terrain height above mean sea level m vegetation type 1 to 38 soil type 0
4. CSIRO 2008 20 3 2 2 Meteorology Figure 13 shows the Analyse Outputs Meteorology Window which allows extraction of time series profiles and summary statistics of meteorology independent of the GIS Visualisation analyses At the top of the window is a slider control that allows a particular grid to be chosen Information on the particular grid dimensions and grid spacing are also displayed for information Below this are three sliders that control an i j k grid point selection in x y z coordinates which is used for the model output extraction process The horizontal grid point i j can also be selected graphically with the left mouse button in the picture at the right of the window The local coordinate m of the selected horizontal grid point is displayed under these sliders for information The Process TAPM Output and View button at the bottom of the window processes the TAPM meteorological output files and generates various forms of processed output files as described below The processing is done through a batch file tapm2ts bat Time series of meteorological variables are output in various formats including a comma delimited form csv which can be viewed with the default text editor or with Microsoft Excel which includes various statistics and plots of the information The file name uses the Run File Name Prefix for the grid selected e g t100a then _m for meteorology with the i j K grid coordin
5. dx dy zs Z date hour tsr net sens evap ustar pvstar ptstar wstar zmix tscr rhsrc tsurf rain ws wd ww tt rh pt tke number of west east x grid points for the meteorological grid number of south north y grid points for the meteorological grid number of vertical z grid points levels for the meteorological grid west east x grid spacing m for the meteorological grid south north y grid spacing m for the meteorological grid smoothed terrain height m height above the terrain m date yyyymmdd hour of simulation 1 24 total solar radiation W m net radiation W m sensible heat flux W m evaporative heat flux W m friction velocity scale m s potential virtual temperature scale K potential temperature scale K convective velocity scale m s mixing height m screen level temperature K screen level relative humidity surface temperature K rainfall mm hr horizontal wind speed m s horizontal wind direction vertical velocity m s temperature K relative humidity potential temperature K turbulence kinetic energy m s Note that the meteorological grid array is oriented so that CSIRO 2008 27 grid 1 1 1 is the south west corner at the surface grid nx 1 1 is the south east corner at the surface grid I ny 1 is the north west corner at the surface grid nx ny 1 is th
6. y 2 a g i CSIRO TAPM V4 User Manual Peter Hurley CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research Internal Report No 5 October 2008 ISBN 978 1 921424 73 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS E INTRODUCGCTMON vstditec tp creceaceiepecatercet a e E T ea ccadecenls S sc 2 2 GETTING STARTED irre Set tian Oana a rei ees E ath Ga ccebetsnestautnaca ice S aah Masdbadatantts 2 2 1 Configuring and Running the Software eseeesesccssecneesecseeseesecsecseceaeeecsaecaeesecaeeeeeaeeeesaeeaeeaeeneeats 2 2 2 The Databases sri rneer i a a a A AE EEE E Ae Rar T savings ERa a Nie i 3 2 3 Some Limitations of the Modelling Approach sssessessesesesisrsereresssrsrsrtrrerssstsrsterretsersesrerrereesersesrete 4 DB TAPM GUia teh aee tecture tiles sates ctuneeds lure aE S ESENES ESENE EnS 4 3 1 Selecting Inputs Accessing Databases and Running the Model es eeeeesseeeecneeeeceseeeeeseeeeeeeeners 4 3 1 1 Optional Inputs Meteorology sopiga nepr er a a iaie 9 3 1 2 Optional Inputs Polution 0 0 eee eeeeseeeccsseeeessececesecsecsccsasecesaecseesecnesseesaeeneeaecaeesessesseenaeeess 12 3 1 3 File Us r Defm d Databases moan er r eeens ea a E E Re E EE a E 17 3 2 Analysing Outputs nien desea ce cesntennretedets costes teins contrat a eck ste cope p En 18 3 2 1 GIS Vistali Satomi tocsecc chu tods E E E tous cos
7. gravitational settling and deposition but dust mode doesn t include chemistry although first order decay can be used i Pollution F1 Help iol x Pollutants 1 TRACER TR1 pgr w no chemistry af X sub grid values isx iex facx x gt 823 1 af af Y sub grid values isy iey facy sacle wed ocd S24 Pollutant grid dimensions nxf nyf 21 21 Grid spacing dx dy 30000 m 30000 m SW Comer 0 0 300000 m 300000 m Background Concentrations Background Tracer TR1 concentration 0 pgn a Background Tracer TR2 concentration 0 p n a Background Tracer TR3 concentration 0 pg m a Background Tracer TR4 concentration 0 5 pgr Prognostic pollutant concentration variance equation Output 3 d concentration file s c3d a Background ozone 03 concentration 20 ppb a 1 Output final plume rise heights Background Fine Particle FPM concentration 0 pg m ENE EON Co A a A Number of model levels over which to zi mix surface emissions 1 pH of liquid water 4 5 Lagrangian Particle Mode LPM Options Initial seed for random numbers LPM zj 15 Set Extra Maximum particle travel time before Pollution conversion to EGM LPM 900 s Inputs Number of particles released per zJ second per source LPM 1 Maximum number of particles on the 3 ae z grid LPM 1000000 Get Point Get Building Source File
8. including CSIRO 2008 21 e AUSPLUME apl containing all of the standard variables needed by the model as well as the optional standard deviation of horizontal wind direction DISPMOD dmd containing all of the standard variables needed by the model ISCST isc containing all of the standard variables needed by the model as well as the optional friction velocity scale and Obukhov length e CALMET geo sur and up the diagnostic wind field component of CALPUFF containing all of the standard variables needed by the model e AERMOD sur and up containing all of the standard variables needed by the model The detailed formats of these files are described in the particular model documentation and it is recommended that the files generated be checked before use to ensure that they conform to the versions of the software being used Common to several of these files is a variable called the stability category which is calculated using TAPM outputs of wind speed sensible heat flux and total solar radiation in equations fitted to curves in Figure 6 13 of Pasquill 1974 ia Meteorology F1 Help E a Grid Domain 1 t300a Number of grid points nx ny 25 25 Grid spacing dx dy 30000 m 30000 m uen HAH Local x 360000 m 360000 m 5 x View time series data using Editor csv Excel Statistics and Plots csv xls Editor apl AUSPLUME v1 Editor dmd DISPMOD 1 5 E
9. EGM LPM Eulerian grid Lagrangian near source _ Hour 1 ee jo ao e ooo Ent Velocity O vs f 0 Source eight O m 273 00 Exit Temperature 273 K A Source Radius 0 01 m Buoy Enhancement 1 0 0000 Emesion Hata MRIs bi A X 0 0000 Emission Rate TR2 0 g s a 0 0000 Emission Rate TR3 0 gs Fraction NO NOX 1 Fraction FPM 4PM 0 5 0 0000 Emission rate TR4 0 g s k a hs a Figure 9 Point Source Emissions Window On the right hand side of the window time varying emissions can be entered The top slider controls the number of hours of emission information The default is that emissions are constant in time but the slider can be moved to allow time varying emissions For example if the slider is set at 24 then emissions vary over a 24 hour period and then the same emissions are used again by the model for every 24 hour period during the model run i e emissions cycle daily For each hour emission characteristics need to be input using the controls provided The variables include stack exit velocity m s stack exit temperature K and up to four stack emission rates g s The pollutant emissions needed depend on which pollution mode is being used as specified in the Optional Inputs Pollution Window Figure 7 If any of the three tracer modes was selected the emission rates need to be input for those source or pollutant groups that correspond to the appropriate variables
10. Name Prefix for the grid selected and the pollutant e g t100aso2 then _c with the variable name and optionally the threshold value and the extension grd For example for the pollutant SO with a threshold value of 1 two sample file names would be tl00aso2_cavg grd and tl0Oaso2_cnpg001 grd If the Surfer option is chosen for viewing these files then a batch file surfer bat and script file surfer inp are used to plot the grids and save them to file srf The network positions and labels are also included on the plots as overlays obtained from a separately saved file e g tl00a_netw csv Similarly the gridded option allows viewing of dry and wet deposition files directly output from the model when in chemistry mode with deposition in units of ug m per run length e g for a year long run the units will be ug m year The controls along the bottom of the window allow selection of the default text editor the directory name for Surfer the display of grid lines in the picture the display of various emission source positions or grid outlines building block positions and the display and editing of network sites as described in Section 3 1 3 3 Utilities Several Utilities can be selected from the Main Window menu bar at the top of Figure 1 e Run GIS Visualisation allows the GIS Visualisation software to be run without processing TAPM results first this can also be done by running GIS_PC1l exe from explorer or the command
11. Until End of File do i 1 nsource IF TRACER MODE READ trl tr2 tr3 tr4 IF CHEMISTRY MODE READ apm nox so2 rs enddo enddo where nsource number of sources nhour number of hours over which the time varying emissions cycle 1 constant mode controls the source mode 1 OFF 0 EGM x0 west east x local coordinate of the source m start coordinate yO south north y local coordinate of the source m start coordinate ho source height above the ground m start coordinate xl west east x local coordinate of the source m end coordinate yl south north y local coordinate of the source m end coordinate hl source height above the ground m end coordinate f_no fraction of the NOx emission that is NO 0 no NO 1 all NO f_ Jpm fraction of the APM emission that is FPM 0 no FPM 1 all FPM CSIRO 2008 31 trl emission rate of TR1 g s tr2 emission rate of TR2 g s tr3 emission rate of TR3 g s tr4 emission rate of TR4 g s apm emission rate of APM g s nox emission rate of NOx g s expressed as NO so2 emission rate of SO g s rs emission rate of Rsmog g s Note that although the format is the same for both line and area volume source files line sources have emissions uniformly distributed along a straight line using the start and end points specified whereas area volume sources have emissions uniformly distributed within a volume or x y plane are
12. and the minimum slope and then if the absolute value of the maximum value is greater than the absolute value of the minimum value use the maximum value Otherwise use the minimum value e horizontal wind speed factor is the minimum value e turbulence intensity is the maximum value The combined effects can then be used for the calculation of plume rise and dispersion the above approach attempts to be conservative for expected ground level pollution concentration The model assumes that the name for the building file bld file uses the Run File Name Prefix of the outer grid with the corresponding extension e g t300a bld This information can be input through the GUI or by creating the file externally as described below The required format for the bld file can be seen from the following READ nbld do i 1 nbld READ nbldc i hbld i do j 1 nbldc i READ xbld i j ybld i j enddo enddo where Nbld number of building blocks nbldc number of corners for each building blocks 2 25 hbld height of each building block xbld west east x local coordinate of the building block corner m ybld south north y local coordinate of the building block corner m 4 4 Background Concentration File cbg An optional concentration background file can be provided cbg that contains hourly concentrations for six species If this file is available it is used as inflow boundary conditions for the outer most model grid If
13. be named t300a bat t300a inp t300a lis t300a top t300a syn t300a syg t300a pse etc See Section 4 for a description of file name types used by the model The Grid Centre Coordinates section requires selection of a latitude and longitude coordinate corresponding to the centre of the grids that are set up in the Grid Parameters section This position is used in the database retrieval process to locate the correct position for extraction of CSIRO 2008 4 input information A local coordinate system can also be set up the default system has the origin at the centre latitude and longitude The local system uses units of metres in the usual x y Cartesian system where the x is positive from west to east and y is positive from south to north and specifies the centre of the local system with respect to the latitude longitude grid centre This local coordinate system is used both in locating pollution sources see Section 3 1 2 and in the Analyse Output option Section 3 2 to map selected grid points for output to the local coordinate system The Date Parameters section sets the start and end dates for the simulation in the form yyyymmdd e g 19970608 corresponds to the 8 June 1997 The value of the Local Solar Time LST relative to Greenwich Mean Time GMT is also displayed for information calculated from the selected grid centre longitude LST is not affected by daylight saving and approximately corresponds to the regional standard tim
14. bse whe vpx vdx vlx and vpv are the same as for the gse file but the grid characteristics do not necessarily have to match the gse emission grid characteristics 4 3 Building File bld The effect of building wakes on plume rise and dispersion is based on the Plume Rise Model Enhancements PRIME approach of Schulman et al 2000 The PRIME model uses an along wind coordinate system and so first each building is transformed to be in this system Effective building dimensions and cavity and wake dimensions are then calculated for each building and CSIRO 2008 32 are used to determine the combined wake meteorology and turbulence Plume rise is affected by the modified meteorology and turbulence for point sources in both EGM and LPM modes while dispersion is influenced only for point source plumes in LPM mode LPM calculations in the model are done for both the cavity and wake regions rather than specifying a uniform concentration in the cavity as is done in PRIME We use the PRIME procedure to define wake characteristics for each building block The effects of overlapping wakes from multiple building blocks whether from the same multi level or multi tiered physical building or from multiple physical buildings can be treated by combining the meteorology and turbulence For a particular point in space the combined over all building blocks e streamline slope can be calculated by first calculating the maximum slope
15. example if there are three grids selected see Section 3 1 1 with file name prefixes for the outer to inner grids of t300a t100a and t30a respectively then the files t300a bat t300a inp t300a top t100a top and t30a top will be saved The Get Synoptic Analyses from Database and Save to Files syn syg button accesses synoptic meteorological and sea surface temperature analyses from the currently selected Database Directory and outputs this information to files using the Run File Name Prefix e g t300a syn and t300a syg Once the Save Run Files bat inp and Surface Files top button and the Get Synoptic Analyses from Database and Save to Files syn syg button have been pressed then the model can be run using the saved files by pressing the Run TAPM from Information in Saved Files button or by running the batch file from outside of the GUI and saving the default file from within the GUI When the Run TAPM from Information in Saved Files button is pressed the user is also prompted to save the GUI Default File def Note that optional input which includes nested domains and pollution calculations should be set up before saving files and running the model see Sections 3 1 1 and 3 1 2 The Surface Window shown in Figure 3 viewed by pressing the View Edit Surface Information button allows the user to view and optionally edit the terrain height vegetation type soil type and monthly Leaf Area Index LAI This information i
16. ground level concentration from elevated point sources to be represented by the LPM while keeping the run time to a minimum The next control specifies the number of particles released per second per source for sources in LPM mode The default of one is large enough to restrict the statistical sampling error in LPM mode to be about 10 for hourly average concentration larger values will linearly increase the run time while increasing the concentration accuracy as the square root of the number of particles The last control in this group specifies the maximum number of particles that may be on the grid at any one time If this number is exceeded the simulation will stop and print out in the lis file that the maximum CSIRO 2008 13 number of particles has been exceeded This number must then be increased and the simulation repeated ig Extra Pollution Inputs e oxi a TR1 SPECIES Deposition and or temperature variation of vehicle emissions GENERIC a TR2SPECIES Deposition and or temperature variation of vehicle emissions GENERIC a TR3 SPECIES Deposition and or temperature variation of vehicle emissions GENERIC a TR4SPECIES Deposition and or temperature variation of vehicle emissions GENERIC TR1 Pollutant Decay Rate 0 TR2 Pollutant Decay Rate 0 TR3 Pollutant Decay Rate 0 gt a PiL Pld PILP l ale TR4 Pollutant Decay Rate 0 Return Figure 8 Extra Pollution Inputs Wind
17. maximum ground level concentrations it is also the slowest option to use and unlike the EGM the run time increases with each source using this mode LPM particle positions are CSIRO 2008 14 dumped every 15 minutes for all sources They consist of the horizontal position of the puff centroid and the vertical position of the particle and are available only for the lifetime of a particle i e for particle age less than the maximum travel time They are used by the GIS Visualisation software to complement the concentration data The gradual plume rise file plrg includes hourly plume rise information for sources in LPM mode see also the optional final plume rise output in the plr file described previously The local source location should be entered using the same local coordinate system as specified for the Grid Centre Coordinates on the Main Window Other non time varying source information are the stack height m the stack radius m the buoyancy enhancement factor used when emissions from adjacent stacks influence each other s plume rise see Technical Paper of Hurley 2008 the fraction of NOx emitted as NO and the fraction of APM emitted as FPM w Point Source Emissions F1 Help oj x Number of sources 1 Save Return Source 1 E ETA Add Delete Emissions are constant in time Source Source mpe i Source Representation Off ignore source Use EGM Eulerian grid approach C Use
18. terrain height dataset Thanks to the US National Center for Atmospheric Research NCAR for the public domain dataset of long term monthly average sea surface temperatures Thanks to Paul Stewart Terry Hart and the Bureau of Meteorology for allowing the LAPS and GASP analyses to be distributed with the model Thanks to Bill Physick and Julie Noonan for helping with the global terrain land use datasets to Marcus Thatcher for additional processing of the global soil and leaf area index datasets to Mary Edwards for updating the Surfer v6 scripts to Surfer v7 and for reviewing this manual and to Russell Howden for his work on the GIS Visualisation software package The encouragement and feedback from both internal CSIRO users and externally licensed users of TAPM is much appreciated 6 REFERENCES Hurley P J 2008 TAPM V4 Part 1 Technical Description CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research Paper No 25 59 pp Hurley P Edwards M and Luhar A 2008 TAPM V4 Part 2 Summary of some verification studies CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research Paper No 26 31 pp Ng Y Serebryanikova R and Wong L 2000 Application of the emissions modelling system th EMS 95 to the Victorian Inventory Proceedings of the 15 International Clean Air Conference of CASANZ Sydney 26 30 November 2000 Pasquill F 1974 Atmospheric Diffusion 2 Edition Wiley and Sons London 429 pp Schulman L Strimaitis D and Sc
19. the predicted solution towards the observations The file format for the wind data assimilation obs files is as follows free format READ nsite READ sdate shour x_site i y_site i i 1 nsite READ sdate shour z_site i r_site i i 1 nsite READ sdate shour k_site i q_site i i 1 nsite Repeated for each simulation hour READ idate ihour ws_site i wd_site i i 1 nsite with variables nsite number of observation sites sdate start date of simulation yyyymmdd shour start hour of simulation 1 24 x_site west east x site location in local coordinates m y_site south north y site location in local coordinates m z_site vertical z site location above the ground m r_site radius of influence m for each site k_site number of vertical model levels to assimilate each side of the nearest model level to the observation q_site data quality indicator 0 0 1 0 0 0 ignore 1 0 reliable idate date of observations yyyymmdd CSIRO 2008 29 ihour hour of observations 1 24 ws_site site wind speed m s wd_site site wind direction Note that missing values are assumed when the observed wind speed and direction are out of the normal range speed lt 0 ms or gt 90 ms direction lt 0 or gt 360 and dates and times are assumed to be sequential hourly averages end hour of average Nudging is done at the number of model levels specified and care should be taken when nud
20. 0 km by 1500 km It should not generally be used for larger domains because of the neglect in the model of the curvature of the earth e TAPM cannot be used to accurately represent deep atmospheric circulations or extreme weather events due to the above reasons the assumption of incompressibility in the model and the fact that non hydrostatic effects are not represented above 5000 m The winds temperature and humidity are increasingly smoothed from this level up to the model top at 8000 m in order to minimise reflections of waves from the model top back into the lower part of the model e TAPM cannot be used for very steep terrain because of the use of a terrain following coordinate system in the model This approach cannot represent discontinuities in terrain height for example cliffs or bluff bodies e TAPM assumes that cloud processes are resolved by the typical inner grid spacings used in the model i e 3 km or less Therefore no large scale cloud convection parameterisation is included e The GRS photochemistry option in the model may not be suitable for examining small perturbations in emissions inventories particularly in VOC emissions due to the highly lumped approach taken for VOCs in this mechanism VOC reactivities should also be chosen carefully for each region of application see the Technical Paper by Hurley 2008 3 TAPM_GUI TAPM_GUI is a graphical user interface that allows TAPM to be configured for a particular ap
21. 8 11 3 1 2 Optional Inputs Pollution Figure 7 shows the Optional Inputs Pollution Window which can be selected from the Main Window menu bar at the top of Figure 1 The top control on the left of the window controls which if any pollutants will be simulated by the model The options are no pollution calculations None one tracer mode TR1 two tracer mode TRI TR2 four tracer mode TRI TR2 TR3 TR4 a chemistry mode without sulfur and fine particle chemistry APM NOx NO2 O3 a chemistry mode with sulfur and fine particle chemistry APM NOx NO 03 SO2 FPM and a dust mode with four particle sizes for PM2 5 PMio PM29 and PM39 denoted as TRI TR2 TR3 and TR4 respectively in the model with aerodynamic diameter less than 2 5 10 20 and 30 microns respectively APM and FPM usually represent particles with aerodynamic diameter less than 10 microns PMjo and 2 5 microns PM25 respectively Emission characteristics for each pollutant are set up though the Emission Files The tracer modes do not include chemistry or deposition processes and predicted pollutant concentrations are output in units of ug m Each tracer can represent either specific groups of sources or emissions for the same pollutant different pollutants or a combination of both of these In the chemistry and deposition modes specific pollutants and their interaction with each other are represented In chemistry and dust mode PM processes include particle
22. ES Figure 1 Main Window CSIRO 2008 5 e TAPM Graphical User Interface F1 Help 5 oO x File Optional Input Analyse Output Utilities Help Open GUI Default File Run Director Be x New Name hun Uirectory Save GUI Default File C test User Defined Databases Sr it acs Make New Name Exi for Run Directory K TAPM Graphical User Interface F1 Help 5 x File Optional Input Analyse Output Utilities Help Run Directory Sc E Dat C AT Pelton INFO C test Make New Name EQ TAPMDATA for Run Directory TAPM Graphical User Interface F1 Help lol x File Optional Input Analyse Output Utilities Help DataBase Directo MEDS RdGleslee Bc New Name CATAPMDATA SUR Meteorology gcs Pollution EI TAPMDATA pee o Make New Name for Run Directory m TAPM Graphical User Interface F1 Help ol x File Optional Input Analyse Output Utilities Help amp c 7 DataBase Director F Run GIS Visualisation Database Directory I C A TAPMDATA SURFACE_INFO Run Profile Plotting Animation SCS Convert out rfl files to ASCII outa file SQ TAPMDATA Convert glc file to ASCII qlca file Concatenate qlc file s into cat glc File Extract Subset of qlc File into sub qlc file Do Math weighted sum with glc filefs into a new gl e TAPM Graphical User Interface F1 Help Oj x File Optional Input Analyse Output Utilities Help D
23. TR1 TR2 TR3 and TR4 shown in the control labels i e if in 1 tracer mode then only TR1 needs to be specified if in 4 tracer mode then TR1 TR4 need to CSIRO 2008 15 be specified If one of the two chemistry modes was selected then the corresponding pollutants to those used in the selected mode need to be specified i e APM NOx SO2 and Rsmog as indicated in the control labels If dust mode is used TR1 4 values need to be specified for the PM variables The Line or Area Source Emissions Window not shown here as it is similar to the Point Source Window allows the creation of a line or area volume source emissions inventory The top left hand side of the window shows the number of sources Sources can be added or deleted from the inventory using the Add Source and Delete Source command buttons A particular source can be selected using the source selection control The user can select whether a particular source in the inventory is turned off or is represented by the EGM mode The local source locations and heights should be entered using the same local coordinate system as specified for the Grid Centre Coordinates on the Main Window Other non time varying source information is the fraction of NOx emitted as NO and the fraction of APM emitted as FPM On the right hand side of the window time varying emissions can be entered The top slider controls the number of hours of emission information The default is that emissions are co
24. UTI and a Building File see Section 4 3 e optional building file bld When the model is run two types of nesting files are generated to provide boundary conditions for the inner nested grids e meteorology nes e pollution tbc These nesting files can be deleted by the user when the model run is finished The model output files e general meteorology out e rainfall rfl e snowfall sfl e pollution concentration at ground level glcr CSIRO 2008 28 e pollution concentration at available output levels c3d e deposition _dry grd and _wet grd e LPM particle positions tr1 p3da in tracer mode or apm p3da in chemistry mode e final plume rise centreline heights for the point sources plr e gradual plume rise centreline heights for the point sources in LPM mode plrg are used by the GUI when analysing the output Note that all model output that is averaged is specified at the end hour i e an hourly average at hour 2 is the average of values between hours 1 and 2 General meteorology is output as hourly averages rainfall is output as hourly total mm hr ground level concentrations are output as hourly averages in either ug m tracer mode or for APM and FPM or ppb chemistry mode except for APM and FPM and deposition dry and wet in chemistry mode are output as ug m for the model run period i e an example file name for SO2 would be t100aso2_dry grd and if the run lengt
25. a if heights are the same with sides aligned along the Cartesian coordinate axes and side lengths x x0I ly yOl and h hOl in the x y z directions respectively The required format for the gse file can be seen from the structure of the following READ nx_gse ny_gse dx_gse dy_gse cx_gse cy_gse do Until End of File do j 1 ny_gse doi l nx_gse IF TRACER MODE READ tr1_gse tr2_gse tr3_gse tr4_gse dum_gse dum_gse IF CHEMISTRY MODE READ apm_gse nox_gse so2_gse rs_gse no2_gse fpm_gse enddo enddo enddo where NX_gse number of west east x grid points for the emissions grid ny_gse number of south north y grid points for the emissions grid dx_gse west east x grid spacing m for the emissions grid dy_gse south north y grid spacing m for the emissions grid cx_gse west east x grid centre local coordinate value m for the emissions grid cy_gse south north y grid centre local coordinate value m for the emissions grid trl_gse emission rate of TRI g s tr2_gse emission rate of TR2 g s tr3_gse emission rate of TR3 g s tr4_gse emission rate of TR4 g s dum_gse not used apm_gse emission rate of APM g s nox_gse emission rate of NOx g s expressed as NO SO2_gse emission rate of SO g s rs_gse emission rate of Rsmog g s no2_gse emission rate of NO g s fpm_gse emission rate of FPM g s The format for the other grid based emission files
26. all soil levels will then adjust the values as the model runs When using the old land surface scheme the default value of 0 15 is a reasonable value to use for most times of the year in regions dominated by sandy clay loam soil wilting value of 0 175 and saturation value of 0 420 Generally for sandy soils and dry months a lower value should be used e g 0 05 0 10 while for clay soils and wet months a higher value is appropriate e g 0 20 0 35 The monthly variations in this parameter should usually be chosen to reflect the monthly variations in evaporation and rainfall in a particular location if this data is available The deep soil temperature and sea surface temperature can also be offset from the values derived from the SST database although generally this is not necessary ia Extra Surface Param Fi Helpyyea Deep Soil Sea Surface amp Deep Soil Volumetric Temperatures Moisture 5 Content ae a m 0 15 Jan 290 6 amp 290 6 Jan 0 15 Feb 290 9 290 9 Feb 0 15 Mar 290 7 amp 290 7 Mar L 0 15 Apr 290 290 Apr 0 15 May 288 5 288 5 May 0 15 Jun 287 4 amp 287 4 Jun 0 15 Jul 286 7 amp 286 7 Jul 0 15 Aug 286 amp 286 Aug 0 15 Sep 286 4 amp 286 4 Sep 0 15 Oct 287 1 amp 287 1 Oct 0 15 Nov 288 288 Nov a 0 15 Dec 289 4 289 4 Dec Return Figure 6 Extra Surface Parameters Window CSIRO 200
27. ariables are the CSIRO 2008 23 e vector wind speed WSPD m s e vector wind direction WDIR temperature TEMP C e relative humidity RHUM e scalar wind speed SWSPD m s e potential wind power density WPDEN W m e rainfall total for the run RAINT mm The file names use the Run File Name Prefix for the grid selected e g t100a then _ with the variable name then the model level k and the file name extension For example if the grid level k 1 was chosen the file name for vector wind speed would be t100a_wspd01 grd If a Surfer option Version 6 or 7 8 Scripts is chosen for viewing these files then a batch file surfer bat and script file surfer inp are used to plot the grids and save them to file srf The network positions and labels are also included on the Surfer plots as overlays obtained from a separately saved file e g tl00a_netw csv Note that the x y coordinates are in meteorological grid units not local coordinates m but this can be changed by editing the header in the grid files or within Surfer The controls along the bottom of the window allow selection of the default text editor the directory name for Surfer the display of grid lines in the picture and the display and editing of network sites as described in Section 3 1 3 2 3 Pollution Figure 15 shows the Analyse Outputs Pollution Window which allows extraction of time series profiles and summary statist
28. articular variable contained in each file The variables are the average concentration AVG ug m or ppb the highest or maximum concentration MAX ug m or ppb the a_i highest concentration ug m or ppb the number of averaging periods when the concentration is greater than some threshold value NPG and the number of days that concentration is greater than some threshold value NDG For an annual run the 2 and 9 highest concentration correspond to the hourly averaged 99 98 and 99 9 percentiles while other statistics available are the gs highest annual hourly averaged gg percentile 176 highest annual hourly averaged 98 percentile 440 highest annual hourly averaged 95 percentile and 880 highest annual hourly averaged 90 percentile If the optional concentration variance calculation was used for the model run then other statistics include the standard deviation of the concentration square root of the variance corresponding to the maximum mean concentration STDM and the MAX10min MAX03min MAXOImin and MAXOlsec statistics corresponding to the 10 3 and 1 minute average and 1 second average CSIRO 2008 25 maximum concentration respectively These peak concentrations will only be meaningful for long e g annual runs The mean concentration threshold value can be set using the slider provided at the bottom left of the window Note that not all grid files are automatically viewed The file names use the Run File
29. ataBase TEIR Sc 7 Help on TAPM GUI C TAPMDATA SURFACE_INFO View TAPM User Manual pdF E view TAPM Technical Paper Part 1 pdf EI TAPMDATA view TAPM Technical Paper Part 2 pdf About TAPM GUI Run Dire C test Figure 2 Top sections of the Main Window showing the pull down menus The Run Directory section specifies where to store the input files set up by TAPM_GUI operations and the output files from the TAPM run A new run directory may be created using the text box and button provided The Grid Parameters section specifies the number of west east x and south north y grid points the outer grid spacing m in these directions and the number of pre set staggered vertical grid points The same number of grid points and the same vertical model levels are used for each grid nest Generally any outer grid spacing or number of points can be chosen as long as the outer grid domain is typically somewhere between 400 km by 400 km and 1000 km by CSIRO 2008 6 1000 km in order to remove the boundary regions as far away as possible from the central region of interest It is also recommended that a minimum number of grid points for a realistic simulation should be 20 x 20 x 20 points in the x y z directions respectively although a grid of 25 x 25 x 25 points or more is preferred Note that the disk storage needed for the output files can be large depending on the number of grid points and the start and end dates selec
30. ate and the file name extension For example if the grid point 3 2 1 was chosen along with the csv option the file name would be t100a_m00300201 csv The first three columns of information in the file are the e date e hour of the day e g hour 1 is the hourly average from hours 0 1 e model run time elapsed hour from the start of the model run The next four columns are the e vector wind speed WSPD m s e vector wind direction WDIR e temperature TEMP C e relative humidity RHUM at the model i j k grid point selected The next two columns are e screen level temperature TEMPSCR C e relative humidity RHUMSCR at the horizontal i j grid point The remaining columns are surface based variables including the e total solar radiation TSR W m e net radiation NETR W m e sensible heat flux SENS W m e evaporative heat flux EVAP W m e convective velocity scale WSTAR m s e mixing height ZMIX m e friction velocity scale USTAR m s e Obukhov length scale LSTAR m e rainfall rate RAINR mm hr all at the selected horizontal i j grid point Note that for grid points over water the value of NETR SENS and EVAP are not used in the model and so are set to zero Other forms of time series information can be output and viewed with the default text editor as basic forms of meteorology input files used by various regulatory air pollution dispersion models
31. ate to tapm exe and possibly other files is contained in the tapm_v4 0 x zip file e g tapm_v4 0 1 zip and needs to be extracted using Windows or winzip software and then copied over the existing installed tapm exe file on your PC The TAPM V4 0 x version number will be shown when the model tapm exe is run note that the GUI will still show V4 0 in the Help About TAPM Window unless an update to tapm_gui exe is also available 2 2 The Databases Some databases are provided with the software free of charge to TAPM users and include gridded global terrain height vegetation and soil type Leaf Area Index LAI sea surface temperature and synoptic scale meteorology A condition of the use of these datasets with TAPM is that the data sources must be acknowledged in any publications and that the data cannot be passed on to or used by unlicensed TAPM users The surface information datasets provided with the software are e Global terrain height data on a longitude latitude grid at 30 second grid spacing approximately 1 km based on public domain data available from the US Geological Survey Earth Resources Observation Systems EROS Data Center Distributed Active Archive Center EDC DAAC e Australian terrain height data on a longitude latitude grid at 9 second grid spacing approximately 0 3 km based on data from Geoscience Australia e Global land cover characterisation data on a longitude latitude grid at 30 second grid spacin
32. cted from the main window menu bar at the top of Figure 1 This window consists of two sections The Grid Options section controls the grid nesting options for a nested simulation and specifies the number of model levels to be stored in the output file The number of nested grid domains can be selected and for each nest the file name prefix and x y grid spacings m should be chosen It is recommended that the ratio of grid spacings from one nest to another be in the range 2 to 4 as this has been found to optimise both model run time and numerical noise generated in the nesting regions For example the default grid spacings of 30000 10000 3000 1000 m have nesting ratios of 3 0 3 33 and 3 0 The maximum number of grid domains is five If a smaller number is selected the grid spacings set for the unused grids are ignored by the model An option is available to not prefix the Run File Directory to the Run File Names when they are stored in the input file inp The number of model levels to be stored in the meteorological output file out is specified with reference to nz the number of vertical grid levels in the model If predictions from only the first few model levels will be analysed the size of the output file can be decreased by reducing the number of levels stored The meteorological and pollution output can also skip up to the first 10 days of the simulation which for example is useful if one or more model spin up days are used th
33. ctor controlling the run time An extra set of sliders is also available to allow non centred pollution grids when running from m3d saved meteorology for the inner most grid and a check box has been added to allow use of LPM mode sources only no EGM mode for this option The next options control e whether an equation for concentration variance is used for each pollutant This option must be selected if outputs of maximum annual concentration statistics are needed for averaging periods less than one hour This option will approximately double the computational time for pollution calculations in tracer mode e whether to output three dimensional concentration into c3d files that will automatically be processed if they exist when the glcr files are processed e whether to output final plume rise heights into a plr file for those point sources with non zero plume rise e the number of model levels over which gridded surface emissions are mixed 1 or 2 levels for gse bse whe vpx vdx vlx and vpv files e the pH value used in the aqueous chemistry and wet deposition calculations The Set Extra Pollutant Inputs command button pops up a Window Figure 8 that allows the selection of the pollutant species SO2 HF VOC NOX CO or CO2 to be assigned to Tracers TR1 TR4 and or a first order decay rate in tracer mode This option allows a species selection that has associated with it various characteristics currently dep
34. ctory or file names can cause problems in some of the command line batch files used by TAPM_GUI and the name is restricted to be less than or equal to fifteen characters After installing the software the GUI can be started by running the TAPM_GUI EXE program from the installed directory Installing the GIS V1 5 The GIS visualisation software is in a directory called GIS_V1 5_setup that contains a setup exe installation program The GIS can be installed by running setup exe either manually or by using the Start Settings Control Panel Add Remove Programs utility in Windows It is recommended that the directory name should be something like C GIS Note that the directory name must not contain spaces e g Program Files as spaces in directory or file names can cause problems in some of the command line batch files used by TAPM_GUI After installing the software the GIS can be started by running the GIS_PC1 EXE program from the installed directory or through the TAPM_GUI interface using the Utilities menu or Analyse Output GIS Visualisation Window CSIRO 2008 2 TAPM V4 Free Updates TAPM V4 0 x updates if available that fix known bugs can be downloaded from the CSIRO ftp server ftp dar csiro au using the following commands at the Windows Command Prompt ftp ftp dar csiro au tapm00 note that the userid is case sensitive TAPM_USER note that the password is case sensitive binary mget tapm bye The upd
35. dex sea surface temperature and synoptic scale meteorological analyses for various regions around the world Model inputs can be selected and saved the model can be run and model outputs can be analysed through the interface Section 2 of this Manual describes how to configure and run the software lists the databases of input information available to the software and discusses some limitations of the modelling approach Section 3 gives details on the use of TAPM_GUI and Section 4 describes the input and output files used by TAPM 2 GETTING STARTED 2 1 Configuring and Running the Software To install uninstall TAPM V4 software the user needs to be logged on as a user with Administrative privileges in some versions of the Windows operating system Uninstalling previous versions Before installing a new version of TAPM_GUI or the GIS Visualisation Software the user must first uninstall previous versions of the software using the Start Settings Control Panel Add Remove Programs utility in Windows Installing TAPM V4 The TAPM software is in a directory called TAPM_V4 0_setup that contains a setup exe installation program TAPM_GUI can be installed by running setup exe either manually or by using the Start Settings Control Panel Add Remove Programs utility in Windows It is recommended that the directory name should be something like C TAPM Note that the directory name must not contain spaces e g Program Files as spaces in dire
36. ditor dmd DISPMOD yyyy dates Editor isc ISCST 3 Editor geo sur up CALMET v4 Editor geo sur up CALMET v5 Editor sfc pfl AERMOD 1 eee0e0eecee eo View profile data using None Editor pr1 pr2 Profile Plotting Animation prl pr2 View gridded data using f None Editor grd Excel Contour Plots xls Surfer v6 Contour Plots srf Surfer v Contour Plots srf V Show Grid Lines Show N etwork Sites Edi Network Sites i Show Site Names Process TAPM Editor Name Notepad Surfer Directory fc surfer Figure 13 Analyse Output Meteorology Window The next type of file that can optionally be viewed with the default text editor or by Profile Plotting Animation see Section 3 3 and Figure 14 are files of meteorological vertical profiles either as hourly averaged profiles pr1 or time averaged profiles for each hour of the day and for all hours of the day pr2 The file names use the Run File Name Prefix for the grid selected e g tl00a then _m for meteorology with the i j grid coordinate and the file name extension For example if the grid point 3 2 was chosen the file names would be CSIRO 2008 22 t100a_m003002 pr1 and t100a_m003002 pr2 The files contain comma delimited columns of meteorological variables including the vector wind speed WSPD m s vector wind direction WDIR
37. e For example Eastern Standard Time on the east coast of Australia is EST GMT 10 and Western Standard Time in Western Australia is WST GMT 8 e TAPM Graphical User Interface F1 Help iol x Fie Optional Input Analyse Output Utilities Help Sc X pun Directory Sc E C test Make New Name for Run Directory DataBase Directory C TAPMDATASSURFACE_INFO EAC TAPMDATA i GetSuface i Information from DataBase Run File Name Prefix Grid Parameters 300 a Number of grid points nx ny oe virial nx 25 4 Previously Saved Grid Centre Coordinates Files top ny 25 4 gt Outer grid spacing m dx1 dy1 dx1 30000m 4 gt dy1 30000m 4 gt Number of vertical grid levels nz 25 4 gt Levels m 10 25 50 100 150 200 250 300 400 500 600 750 1000 1250 1500 Latitude and longitude clat clong clat 37deg 49min 4 b clon 144deg58min a i Local values rm cx cy cx 0 m 0 cy 0 m fo View Edit Surface Information Save Run Files bat inp and Surface Files top Get Synoptic 1750 2000 2500 3000 3500 Date Paromoters 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 Siep ead oat Start Save to Files Date 20000101 Select Start syn syg and End End Dates Date 200001 01 Run TAPM from Local Solar Time GMT 9 7 Inform pion in gayet I
38. e north east corner at the surface and similarly for array index k nz at the top of the grid The file format for glca files is as follows space delimited free format READ nx ny Repeated for each simulation hour READ idate itime READ ic i j i 1 nx j 1 ny with variables nx number of west east x grid points for the concentration grid ny number of south north y grid points for the concentration grid idate date yyyymmdd itime hour of simulation ic concentration array oriented so that ic 1 1 is the south west corner ic nx 1 is the south east corner ic 1 ny is the north west corner ic nx ny is the north east corner 4 TAPM FILES The GUI TAPM_GUI EXE sets up all of the TAPM input files needed by the model TAPM EXE These include e a batch file to run the model bat e a general input file read by the model inp e surface information for each grid nest top synoptic information at the grid centre and some time varying surface parameters syn three dimensional gridded synoptic analyses syg optional near surface wind data assimilation obs not through GUI see Section 4 1 optional pollution background file cbg not through GUI Emission Files see Section 4 2 e optional point sources pse e optional line or area volume sources lse and ase e optional grid based surface sources gse bse whe vpx vdx vlx and vpv not through G
39. ensible heat flux W m t100a0 hfx surface evaporative heat flux W m t100a0 efx surface temperature K t100a0 ts e mixing height m t100a0 zi e convective velocity scale m s t100a0 wst All available pollution concentration output files glcr and c3d are processed for use by the GIS using the selected averaging period including optional running averages with averages specified at the end hour i e a 4 hour running average for data at hours 1 4 is denoted by a value at hour 4 If 3 d concentrations are available then concentrations will be extracted at the same levels as for extraction of the meteorological data Optionally the locations without labels of the network sites previously entered in the Network Sites Window can be output for use by the GIS when a region is loaded The name of the directory where the GIS has been installed can also be entered if it differs from the default installation directory C GIS A scaling factor can also be chosen if concentrations are expected to be outside the short integer range 0 32 768 used to store concentrations in the GIS CSIRO 2008 19 Once the desired options for processing TAPM output files for the GIS have been chosen the user then presses the button to Process TAPM Output and Run the GIS The processing is done through a batch file called tapm2gis bat with input file tapm2gis inp This can take some time to run depending on the characteristics of the mode
40. es to the model configuration should be tried first in the case of numerical instability such as shifting grid centre or boundaries The next option controls the way synoptic analyses are used by the model through syn and syg files with the recommended option to vary synoptic conditions in three dimensional space and time and to feed the synoptic fields into the model at the boundaries of the outer most grid Three other simpler options are available CSIRO 2008 9 e synoptic winds temperature and humidity vary with height e synoptic winds temperature and humidity vary with height and time e synoptic winds temperature and humidity vary with height and time and synoptic winds also vary with horizontal position all of which use zero gradient boundary conditions on the outer most grid Note that when horizontal variations of synoptic meteorology for some variables are not used in the simpler options then values of these variables are taken at the central point of the model grid Note also that the scaled pressure gradient option will only have an effect when the simpler synoptic options are used ia Meteorology F1 Help 15 x Options to Bypass Meteorology Calculations Grid Options Number of Grid Domains 3 4 5 Meteorology input from m3d files None nshane Files for Grid 1 t300ayyyymmdd m3d Prefixes Grids 2 5 Grid Spacings Grids 2 5 00a dx2 10000 m dy2 10000 mn Files for Grid 2 t1 O0ayyy
41. file is also produced that contains concentration profiles for all model heights output ia Pollution F1 Help Efe o x a Grid Domain 1 t300a bod eee Number of grid points nxf nyf 25 25 Statistics Grid spacing dx dy 30000 m 30000 m Grid point a FS liik 1 1 F F Local x y 360000 m 360000 m r Pollutant ug m Ce TRI TR2 TR3 C TR4 APM v SO2 O03 C NOX C NO2 Cf I Use concatenated cat gle file Auto Refresh Plot J Use subset sub gle file m Averaging Period hours oe ww K Soe en ee I Use Running Averages View time series data using Editor csv Excel Plots xls View gridded data using None Editor gtd Excel Contour Plots xls k iesen bey V Show Grid Lines I Show Network Sites Edit Network Sit Surfer v Contour Plots srf J Zoom to pollution grid I Show Site Names raaa I Use Local Coordinates m in grd files Show Point Source Positions J Show Buliding Outlines bld Show Line Source Positions I Show Area Volume Sources ase J Show Gridded Inventory gse Show Biogenic Inventory bse Editor Name Notepad Surfer Directory Jo surfer Concentration Threshold 1 Figure 15 Analyse Output Pollution Window Gridded summary statistics can optionally be viewed with the default text editor Excel or Surfer The files are Surfer type grid files with information for a p
42. g approximately 1 km based on public domain data available from the US Geological Survey Earth Resources Observation Systems EROS Data Center Distributed Active Archive Center EDC DAAC e Global soil texture types on a longitude latitude grid at 2 degree grid spacing approximately 4 km based on FAO UNESCO soil classes dataset e Global 5 year monthly mean LAI on a longitude latitude grid at 2 degree grid spacing approximately 4km based on Boston University LAI datasets derived from MODIS products e Rand s global 10 year monthly mean sea surface temperatures on a longitude latitude grid at 1 degree grid spacing approximately 100 km They are based on public domain information available from the US National Center for Atmospheric Research NCAR The synoptic scale meteorology datasets currently available are e Six hourly synoptic scale analyses on a longitude latitude grid at 0 75 or 1 0 degree grid spacing approximately 75 km or 100 km The database is derived from LAPS or GASP analysis data from the Australian Bureau of Meteorology who have kindly allowed us to provide the data used by TAPM The regions available are shown on the TAPM web site Note that user defined databases of terrain vegetation soil LAI and synoptic analyses can be used by the model as described in Section 3 1 3 CSIRO 2008 3 2 3 Some Limitations of the Modelling Approach e TAPM is suitable for horizontal domain sizes below approximately 150
43. ging to near surface winds as winds can change significantly with height in the lowest 100 m or so of the atmosphere The representative horizontal radius of influence for a site can vary according to the terrain surrounding the observation For example data measured in a valley should not unduly influence the model solution outside the valley This also applies to how well an observation is representative of the general flow in the surrounding region It is recommended that values of r_site lie between 5000 m and 30000 m with 20000 m being a typical value in flat or gentle terrain 4 2 Emission Files pse lse ase gse bse whe vpx vdx vlx and vpv Hourly varying emission information can optionally be read by the model for files with e Point Source Emissions pse e Line Source Emissions lse e Area volume Source Emissions ase and seven grid based surface emission files e Gridded Surface Emissions gse independent of temperature e Biogenic Surface Emissions bse at T 30 C and PAR 1000 umol m s for VOC e Wood Heater Emissions whe at T 10 C for all pollutant species e Vehicle Petrol eXhaust emissions vpx at T 25 C for VOC NOx and CO e Vehicle Diesel eXhaust emissions vdx independent of temperature e Vehicle Lpg eXhaust emissions vlx at T 25 C for VOC NOx and CO e Vehicle Petrol eVaporative emissions vpv at T 25 C for VOC with grid based emiss
44. h was for one month then the units would be pg m month The final plume rise heights file plr includes those point sources with non zero plume rise The file is comma delimited with columns for hour source number and final plume height m The gradual plume rise file plrg includes hourly plume rise information for sources in LPM mode see also the optional final plume rise output in the plr file described previously The values output are src the source number t the plume material travel time s w the plume vertical velocity m s z the plume centreline height m above ground Ry Rz the lateral and vertical plume radius m respectively and Dx Dy the west east and south north plume distance m from the source respectively A listing file lis is also produced when the model is run and contains information which reflects the options chosen by the user and other diagnostic information for the model run This file should be checked by the user to ensure that the model has run as expected 4 1 Meteorological Data Assimilation File obs Assimilation of winds can optionally be included in a model simulation The existence of an extra file with name Run File Name Prefix plus a obs extension e g if the outer grid Run File Name Prefix is t300a then the wind observations need to be in a file called t300a obs turns on the assimilation option The wind speed and direction observations are used to nudge
45. ics see below also displayed underneath the Load button The statistics are obtained from a file _cstats csv that can also be examined outside of the GUI and that can be easily input into a spreadsheet package or a Geographical Information System Time series of pollution variables are output in various formats including a comma delimited form csv which can be viewed with the default text editor or with Excel which includes various statistics and plots of the information The file name uses the Run File Name Prefix for the grid and pollutant selected e g t100aso2 then _c for concentration with the i j grid coordinate and the csv extension For example if the grid point 3 2 was chosen the file name would be t100aso2_c003002 csv The first three columns of information in the file are the date the hour of the day e g hour 1 is the hourly average from hours 0 1 and the model run time CSIRO 2008 24 elapsed hour from the start of the model run The next three columns are the concentration at the selected grid point CONC ug m or ppb maximum concentration on the grid CMAX ug m or ppb and the local maximum concentration for a 5 x 5 sub grid region surrounding the selected grid point CLOC ug m or ppb The concentration units depend on the pollutant mode being used and are ug m in tracer mode or ug m for APM and ppb for the other pollutants in chemistry mode If a c3d file exists then a pr3
46. ics of pollution independent of the GIS Visualisation analyses Each pollutant needs to be analysed separately At the top of the window is a slider control that allows a particular grid to be chosen Information on the particular grid dimensions and grid spacing is also displayed for information Below this are two sliders that control an i j horizontal grid point selection which is used for the model output extraction process The horizontal grid point i j can also be selected graphically with the left mouse button in the picture at the right of the window The local coordinates m of the selected horizontal grid point are displayed under these sliders for information Particular pollutants need to be chosen for processing along with an averaging period hour ending optionally a running average and whether it is a concatenated or subset file see Utilities in Section 3 3 using the controls provided A non standard or externally generated species can also be processed by entering the species name The Process TAPM Output and View button at the bottom of the window processes the TAPM pollution output files and generates various forms of processed output files as described below The processing is done through a batch file glc2ts bat Once a pollutant species has been processed the Load button at the top right of the window can be selected to display a colour shaded map of concentration statistics with controls for various types of statist
47. ions adjusted to model temperature T C and photo synthetically active radiation PAR umolm s throughout a particular simulation Note that vegetation temperature is used for biogenic emissions a running 24 hour average screen level temperature is used for wood heater emissions and screen level temperature is used for vehicle emissions The temperature corrections used in the model are based on curve fits to data described by Ng et al 2000 which for vehicle emissions are based on the US model MOBILES The model assumes that the file names of these files for a particular run use the Run File Name Prefix of the outer grid with the corresponding extension e g t300a pse t300a lse t300a ase t300a gse t300a bse t300a whe t300a vpx t300a vdx t300a vlx and t300a vpv The model can be run with any combination of these files or no emission files at all but care should be taken when changing pollutant mode tracer or chemistry The listing file lis will indicate what types of emission information is being used by the model If generated by the user these files should be in ASCH free format and should be placed in the Run Directory If the end of file is reached before the end of the TAPM run the file is rewound and read again i e the emissions cycle over time The required format for the pse file can be seen from the following also see Section 3 1 2 for GUI entry of emissions READ nsource nhour do i 1 nsource READ m
48. ire J 2000 Development and evaluation of the PRIME plume rise and building downwash model J Air amp Waste Manage Assoc 50 378 390 CSIRO 2008 34 CSIRO 2008 35 Contact Us Phone 1300 363 400 61 3 9545 2176 Email enquiries csiro au Web www csiro au Your CSIRO Australia is founding its future on science and innovation Its national science agency CSIRO is a powerhouse of ideas technologies and skills for building prosperity growth health and sustainability It serves governments industries business and communities across the nation
49. is is strongly recommended for case studies of only a few days but not necessary for annual runs and the output is not needed desired An option to output meteorological fields into m3d files is available and once saved these files can be used in new runs with the same meteorological grid characteristics to do pollution runs without re running the meteorology File name prefixes for the m3d files can be selected in the Options to Bypass Meteorology Calculations Section of the Window Meteorology in the m3d files at each hour not hourly averaged are interpolated linearly in time for use in pollution calculations at each model time step When running with m3d files a pollution run can be nested non nested i e using only the inner most grid non nested with a non centred pollution grid or non nested and using only those sources specified to use LPM mode no EGM mode and so only LPM point sources without chemistry or deposition This set of options can be considered for use when a large number of pollution runs are needed for the same meteorology The Advanced Experimental Options section controls some extra model features and should generally not be changed The first one is the model advection and gravity wave timestep scaling factor which is set by default to 1 and which should only be changed decreased if numerical instability occurs for a particular simulation Increasing this value will slow the model down and so other chang
50. l run After the processing has finished the GIS software runs automatically and then the user needs to load a Region file from the TAPM Run Directory using the File Region menu item in the GIS Other files can then be loaded including winds File Winds meteorological scalars File Scalars and concentrations LPM particles File Concentrations Visualisation over time can be viewed by pressing the F key or K key forward in time the B key or J key backward in time and paused using the space bar key A clock window can be displayed using the View Clock menu item Other menu options can be selected including View and Options menus that allow GIS parameters to be changed or saved loaded from a parameter options file See the Help menu item in the GIS for more detail w GIS isualisation F1 Grid Domain 1 t300a Number of output levels 1 Levels for Associated Vertical x y plots cross section grid value a C xz klev1 1 c yor klev2 3 2 Kz ross2 0 yz klev3 5 F z oross3 0 a yz klev4 A A z ross4 0 yz klev5 9 A a z oross5 0 yz A Concentration Scaling Factor 1 Concentration Averaging Period hours Oo ew Se amp o M Use Running Averages 7 Output twn file with network sites GIS Directory Process TAPM Output BEE and Run Gls Figure 12 Analyse Output GIS Visualisation Window
51. lev pressure level of the synoptic analyses vertical coordinate system either pressure Pa or scaled pressure pressure surface pressure and by supplying associated synoptic analyses files SYNyyyymmdd EXT with file format as follows free format Repeated for each available time during the day preferably four times READ Date CSIRO 2008 17 READ Hour READ Psurf i j i 1 nlon j 1 nlat READ Z i j k i 1 nlon j 1 nlat k 1 nlev READ U i j k i 1 nlon j 1 nlat k 1 nlev READ V i j k i 1 nlon j 1 nlat k 1 nlev READ T i j k i 1 nlon j 1 nlat k 1 nlev READ Q i j k i 1 nlon j 1 nlat k 1 nlev with variables Date GMT date yyyymmdd e g 20010831 is 31 August 2001 Hour GMT hour hhhh e g 2100 is 9 pm Psurf Surface Pressure Pa Height above sea level m West east x component of the wind m s South north y component of the wind m s Temperature K Specific humidity of water vapour kg kg ONIN These free format ASCII files of synoptic analyses then need to be processed using the command button into a BINARY format file yyyymmdd EXT that can be read by TAPM_GUI 15 x Topography Vegetation Land Use Type EE O Pf tl EE Soil Type Vegetation Leaf Area Index EE EE B B ynopti yses Synoptic Analyses Convert ASCII Format Database Type Synoptic Analyses to Defaut Binary Format
52. line e Run Profile Plotting Animation allows TAPM prl and pr2 formatted files to be viewed and animated in time graphically without processing TAPM results first this can also be done by running PRF_PLOT exe from explorer or the command line e Convert selected out and rfl files for a particular date range to an ASCII outa file using TAPM20UTA exe with outa file format described below e Convert glcr file to ASCII glca file converts a selected TAPM glcr file into an ASCII glca file using GLC2GLCA exe with glca file format described below e Concatenate glcr file s into a cat glcr file concatenates selected glcr file s in alphabetical order into a single glcr file with the file name taken from the file name prefix of the first selected file e g t100atr1 and cat glcr appended e g tl00atrlcat glcr Note that grid dimensions of the selected files are checked for consistency but other characteristics such as dates times coordinates units etc are not checked these extra checks are left to the user so proceed with caution e Convert a glcr file for a particular date range to a sub glcr file using GLC2GLCSUB exe e Calculate a weighted sum of multiple glcr files for each grid point for each hour using GLC2GLCMATH EXE and save the resulting concentration in a new glcr file that can itself be processed through the GUI Note that grid dimensions of the selected files are checked for consistency bu
53. m3d files are being used to run the inner most grid only then the cbg file will be used to provide boundary conditions for this grid The file format is do Until End of File IF TRACER MODE READ date hour trl_cbg tr2_ cbg tr3_ cbg tr4_ cbg dum_ cbg dum_ cbg IF CHEMISTRY MODE READ date hour apm_ cbg nox_ cbg so2_ cbg rs_ cbg o3_ cbg fpm_ cbg enddo where date Date yyyymmdd hour Hour 1 24 trl_cbg Concentration of TR1 ug m tr2_cbg Concentration of TR2 ug m CSIRO 2008 33 tr3_cbg Concentration of TR3 ug m tr4_cbg Concentration of TR4 ug m dum_cbg Not used apm_cbg Concentration of APM ug m nox_cbg Concentration of NOx ppb so2_cbg Concentration of SO gt ppb rs_cbg Concentration of Rsmog ppb 03_cbg Concentration of O ppb fpm_cbg Concentration of FPM ug m gt Note that nitrogen dioxide background concentration is set equal to the nitrogen oxides background concentration as is normally done for non time varying background concentration available in the GUI 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks to the US Geological Survey Earth Resources Observation Systems EROS Data Center Distributed Active Archive Center EDC DAAC for the public domain global datasets of terrain height and land use Thanks to FAO UNESCO for the global soil texture dataset Thanks to Boston University and MODIS for the global monthly mean LAI datasets Thanks to Geoscience Australia for the Australian
54. now is only important in a very limited number of situations locations Currently snow cover is unaccounted for in the land surface scheme Theoretically the non hydrostatic option potentially only needs to be turned on when the grid spacing is less than about 1000 m and then only if the terrain is steep and the winds are strong otherwise this option will have little effect other than to increase the run time However in practice for local scale environmental meteorology and air pollution work the hydrostatic option gives good results and so is the default Note that the non hydrostatic option is currently not as robust as the hydrostatic default and can cause numerical instability in some cases CSIRO 2008 10 The next control is a command button that gets sea surface temperature SST from the database and allows it and deep soil parameters to be changed in the Extra Surface Parameters Window The Extra Surface Parameters Window shown in Figure 6 allows the user to view and optionally modify sea surface temperature and deep soil parameters By default the monthly varying deep soil volumetric moisture content in units of m m i e volume of water per volume of soil is set to a value of 0 15 When using the default V4 land surface scheme this value will only be used to initialise the soil moisture content and so only potentially needs to be changed when modelling case studies of a few days duration as the dynamic model solution for
55. nstant in time but the slider can be moved to allow time varying emissions For example if the slider is set at 24 then emissions vary over a 24 hour period and then the same emissions are used again by the model for every 24 hour period during the model run i e emissions cycle daily For each hour emission characteristics need to be input using the controls provided The variables include up to four stack emission rates g s The pollutant emissions needed depend on what pollution mode is being used If any of the three tracer modes was selected the emission rates need to be input for those source or pollutant groups that correspond to the appropriate variables TR1 TR2 TR3 and TR4 shown in the slider labels i e if in 1 tracer mode then only TRI needs to be specified if in 4 tracer mode then TR1 TR4 need to be specified If one of the two chemistry modes was selected then the corresponding pollutants to those used in the selected mode need to be specified i e APM NOx SO2 and Rsmog as indicated in the control labels If dust mode is used TR1 4 values need to be specified for the PM variables 1o1x Number of Buildings 1 2 Building Number 1 Add Delete gt Buildi Buildi uiading uilding jo Height 0 m Number of Corners 1 2 Comer Number 1 Add Delete Corner Corer vr a Local x y 0 0 mn 0 Save Return Figure 10 Buildings Window CSIRO 2008 16 3 1 3 File User Defined Databases
56. ode x_pse y_pse h_pse r_pse e_pse f_no_pse f_fpm_pse enddo CSIRO 2008 30 do Until End of File do i 1 nsource IF TRACER MODE READ w_pse t_pse trl_pse tr2_pse tr3_pse tr4_pse IF CHEMISTRY MODE READ w_pse t_pse apm_pSe nox_pSe SO2_pse rs_pse enddo enddo where nsource number of point sources nhour number of hours over which the time varying emissions cycle 1 constant mode controls the source mode 1 OFF 0 EGM 1 EGM LPM x_pse west east x local coordinate of the stack m y_pse south north y local coordinate of the stack m h_pse stack height above the ground m r_pse internal stack radius m e_pse buoyancy enhancement factor 1 no enhancement due to near by stacks f_no_pse fraction of the NOx emission that is NO 0 no NO 1 all NO f_Jpm_pse fraction of the APM emission that is FPM 0 no FPM all FPM w_pse stack exit velocity m s t_pse stack exit temperature K trl_pse emission rate of TR1 g s tr2_pse emission rate of TR2 g s tr3_pse emission rate of TR3 g s tr4_pse emission rate of TR4 g s apm_pse emission rate of APM g s nox_pse emission rate of NOx g s expressed as NO so2_pse emission rate of SO g s rs_pse emission rate of Rsmog g s The required format for the lse or ase file can be seen from the following READ nsource nhour do i I nsource READ mode x0 y0 hO x1 yl hl f_no f_fpm enddo do
57. osition or variation with temperature for vehicle emission files In chemistry mode temperature correction for particular emission types and species is automatically determined The top right of the Window has a group of sliders that control background pollution concentrations The background concentrations are used to initialise pollutant concentrations and are also used as inflow boundary conditions on the outer grid The slider labels for the first four background concentrations change depending on the selected pollutant mode tracer or chemistry as do the concentration units ug m or ppb Underneath the background concentration controls the next group of four controls is only relevant if one or more point sources is selected to be represented by a near source Lagrangian approach LPM mode This mode for individual sources can be selected in the point source emission file described later and is only used on the inner most grid As this option is computationally intensive it should be used selectively The first control allows selection of the initial seed for the random number generator Each different seed will produce a different set of random numbers that is used by the simulation The next control allows selection of the travel time after which Lagrangian particles are converted to grid concentration and from then on represented by the Eulerian transport equation EGM mode The default of 900 seconds is long enough to allow the maximum
58. ow Beneath the picture shown in Figure 7 are various sliders and check boxes that allow the user to control aspects of the picture display including which grid domain is shown display of grid lines display of emission source positions building positions emission grids and display of network sites The network site information can also be edited through the Edit Network Sites command button described previously In Figure 7 there are also four command buttons for manipulating point see Figure 9 line or area volume source emission files and for input of building characteristics see Figure 10 The Point Source Emissions Window shown in Figure 9 allows the creation of a point source emissions inventory The top left hand side of the window shows the number of sources Sources can be added or deleted from the inventory using the Add Source and Delete Source command buttons A particular source can be selected using the source selection control and a source text description can be entered The list of source descriptions is stored in a pst file that is only used by the GUI The user can select whether a particular source in the inventory is turned off is represented by the EGM or is represented by the LPM near to the source and the EGM far from the source Note that the LPM option should be used selectively for the most important sources to be modelled Although this is theoretically the most accurate approach for predicting near source
59. plication see Section 2 1 for installation information The main window of the interface shown in Figure 1 and the pull down menus shown in Figure 2 allow the user to select model inputs including those from various databases see Section 2 2 and then run the model After the model has run the user can process the data in various ways through the interface and analyse the results The selections made in TAPM_GUI can be saved in a default file def to allow the same settings for a particular model run to be re loaded at some later time The File Open Save GUI Default File menu items are available on the main window menu selection bar The File User Defined Databases menu item allows user defined databases to be accessed as described in Section 3 1 3 The File Exit menu item allows the user to exit the GUI 3 1 Selecting Inputs Accessing Databases and Running the Model The main inputs can be selected through the controls on the Main Window shown in Figure 1 Below we describe the various sections of this Window The DataBase Directory section specifies where the database input files terrain meteorology etc are stored The appropriate directory needs to be selected before extracting database information The Run File Name Prefix section specifies the file name prefix used for the outer grid that is used for various input and output files For example if the run file name prefix is set to t300a then the model run files will
60. s a Show Assimilation Wind Sites obs Figure 3 View Edit Surface Information Window ig Network Sites F1 Help loj x Number of Network Sites 1 Return 2 Site Number 1 Add Site Delete Site a 0 o Local x y 0 0 m Figure 4 Network Sites Window Figure 4 shows the Network Sites Window which allows a set of site positions and descriptions to be input and used as overlays in pictures of grid characteristics in various parts of TAPM_GUI The sites describe where monitoring sites towns or local points of interest are located on each of the grids This information is useful when setting up grid characteristics or processing model outputs but is not used by the model directly The number of sites is displayed at the top of the window A particular site can be selected using the slider control on the left of CSIRO 2008 8 the window and a text description can be entered in the text box next to the slider Sites can be added or deleted using the Add Site and Delete Sites buttons respectively The horizontal site x y coordinates in local units m can be selected using the slider controls provided using the same coordinate system as for the Grid Centre Coordinates local values on the Main Window shown in Figure The network site information is stored in the GUI Default File 3 1 1 Optional Inputs Meteorology Figure 5 shows the Optional Inputs Meteorology Window which can be sele
61. s Information File Se ee pse pst bid Only do pollution calculations for l Grid Domain 1 t200a I Show Grid Lines I Show Network Sites p rani o a R I Zoom to pollution grid I Show Site Names mode This option is only used for tLi t oe E I Show Point Souces pse Show Buliding Outlines bid Gea eee are flse fase T Show Line Sources Ise I Show Atea Volume Sources ase Edit Network Sites Show Gridded Inventory gse Show Biogenic Inventory bse Retum Figure 7 Optional Inputs Pollution Window The next set of controls allows the selection of the pollution grid The grid may be the same as the meteorology grid same grid dimensions and grid spacing the default or it may be a subset of the meteorology grid with different grid dimensions and or grid spacing There is a set of CSIRO 2008 12 controls for the x and the y directions and these allow the user to decrease the pollution grid width width isx iex and depth isy iey in meteorological grid units centred on the meteorology grid and the grid spacing by pre set factors facx and facy These changes will be reflected in the picture of the region in the right of the window by changes in the white grid lines that represent the pollution grid Underneath these grid controls the number of grid points in the pollution grid is displayed for information If a large number of grid points is used this can become the dominant fa
62. s stored in the top files for each grid when the Save Run Files bat inp and Surface Files top button is pressed The grid domain e g t300a t100a t30a and surface type can be selected and viewed and the information at any grid point in the domain can be selected by using the left mouse button in the picture region If edit mode is turned on then the Grid Value can be modified using the slider control A range of grid points can be selected and changed by holding down the left mouse button dragging out a rectangular region and then changing the slider control Any changes to the gridded information will be saved in the top files when the Save Run Files bat inp and Surface Files top button on the Main Window is pressed but changes made on one grid nest will not affect the other grid nests The Show Grid Lines check box controls whether grid lines are overlayed on the picture The Show Network Sites and Show Site Names check boxes control whether site positions and labels are shown in the picture respectively while the Edit Network Sites button allows the user to update the network CSIRO 2008 7 w Surface F1 Help 5 x Return GridDomain Hl a t300a Surface Type None Land Water Gray Topo Color Topo Vegetation C Soil C Alfan Edit Mode Grid Value at xp 1 1 is 0 metres Show Grid Lines Show Network Sites Show Site Names Edit Network Site
63. t other characteristics such as dates times coordinates units etc are not checked these extra checks are left to the user so proceed with caution The file format for the outa file is as follows fixed format with READ1 using format 1018 10 integers per line with each integer using eight characters and READ2 using format 10f8 2 10 floating point numbers per line with each number using eight characters with two digits after the decimal point READ I nx ny nz dx dy READ2 zs i j i 1 nx j 1 ny READ2 z i j k i 1 nx j 1 ny k 1 nz Repeated for each simulation hour CSIRO 2008 26 READ READ2 READ2 READ2 READ2 READ 2 READ2 READ2 READ2 READ2 READ2 READ2 READ2 READ2 READ2 READ2 READ 2 READ2 READ2 READ2 READ2 date hour tsr i j i 1 nx j 1 ny net i j i 1 nx j 1 ny sens i j i 1 nx j 1 ny evap i j i 1 nx j 1 ny ustar i j i 1 nx j 1 ny pvstar i j i 1 nx j 1 ny ptstar i j i 1 nx j 1 ny wstar i j i 1 nx j 1 ny zmix i j i 1 nx j 1 ny tscr i j i 1 nx j I1 ny rhscr ij i 1 nx j 1 ny tsurf i j i 1 nx j 1 ny rain i j i 1 nx j 1 ny ws i j k i 1 nx j 1 ny k 1 nz wd i j k i 1 nx j 1 ny k 1 nz ww j k i 1 nx j 1 ny k 1 nz tt i j k i 1 nx j 1 ny k 1 nz rh i j k i 1 nx j 1 ny k 1 nz pt i j k i 1 nx j 1 ny k 1 nz tke i j k i 1 nx j 1 ny k 1 nz with variables nx ny nz
64. ted Under some versions of the Windows operating system these parameters need to be selected so that file sizes do not exceed the system limit of 2GB per file this can be estimated by doing a 1 day test simulation for the preferred grid configuration to obtain an idea of the file storage needed per simulation day and if the projected sizes are too large then either decreasing the number of grid points or splitting the run into several runs for different date configurations The buttons on the right of the main window shown in Figure are used once the model simulation has been configured They extract surface information and synoptic analyses from the databases save model input files and allow the model to be run The Get Surface Information from Database button extracts terrain height vegetation type and soil type from files contained in the currently selected database directory Alternatively this information may be recalled using the Get Surface Information from Previously Saved Files top button if files top and inp exist in the current Run Directory with the Run File Name Prefix that matches the current GUI selections Once this information has been obtained it can be viewed and edited in the Surface Window see below by pressing the View Edit Surface Information button The Save Run Files bat inp and Surface Files top button saves these files in the Run File Directory using the Run File Name Prefixes for each grid For
65. tenus fond thus Peat cameageas eens eevee auenene 19 3 2 2 Meteorology 223 oat ita nena gabe ein ee ee eis 21 3 2 3 Pollution a i ti EA E E EE EE i RE E E E 24 3 3 OERI aA EEEE E EEE E E E E E Aastiesti thee eet 26 TAPM FILES soten e er eie e aee gh e S E e Tees a 28 4 1 Meteorological Data Assimilation File ODS ccsccsscesseceeceseceseceeeceeecaeecaeeeseeeneeeneeeeeeeeerenseenaes 29 4 2 Emission Files pse lse ase gse bse whe vpx vdx vlx and vpv c eee 30 4 3 Building File bldJesoiern e E AA E I E EE E T 32 4 4 Background Concentration File cbg eeeseseseeseesresresesesrstsrersrsrsrerreretsesesretretsensesretrerersessrsrereree 33 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS nisosisioierg ene ia gtit eo ei siie 34 G REFERENCES irese n a R hl E EE EET 34 CSIRO 2008 1 1 INTRODUCTION The Air Pollution Model TAPM predicts three dimensional meteorology and air pollution concentrations Technical details of the model equations parameterisations and numerical methods are described in the Technical Paper by Hurley 2008 A summary of some verification studies using TAPM is also given in Hurley et al 2008 This User Manual describes how to run TAPM from the Graphical User Interface GUI provided with the model TAPM_GUI is a PC based interface that allows the user to set up and run TAPM under the Windows operating systems It is connected to databases of terrain vegetation and soil type leaf area in
66. to 9 or LAI 0 10 for categories see Technical Paper by Hurley 2008 where data 1 1 corresponds to the south west corner data nlon 1 corresponds to the south east corner data nlon nlat corresponds to the north east corner data 1 nlat corresponds to the north west corner Note that for LAI datasets the second READ line above needs to be repeated another 11 times in order to have a total of 12 months of LAI represented Jan Dec User defined databases of synoptic analyses can also be included as an alternative to the default datasets The data must be on a latitude longitude grid with constant and equal grid spacing in each direction Linear interpolation in space and time is used for all variables to go from the database grid to the model grids This information can be made available to TAPM_GUI by supplying a grid file gridN EXT with N a single digit integer 2 9 and EXT a three letter code e g AUS with file format as follows free format READ nlon nlat nlev READ lon i i 1 nlon READ lat j j 1 nlat READ p_lev j j 1 nlev with variables nlon number of grid points in the longitudinal direction west east nlat number of grid points in the latitudinal direction south north nlev number of grid points in the vertical direction lon grid longitudes from west to east values within range 180 to 180 degrees lat grid latitude from south to north values within range 80 to 80 degrees p_
67. y z plane vertical cross section which is extracted and stored in the file with the model level information The vertical cross section information is along a particular i or j grid line where i is the grid unit value in the west east x direction range 1 to nx and j is the grid unit value in the south north y direction range 1 to ny For example if x z and cross1 20 are chosen then an x z cross section is extracted along the grid line j 20 If cross 0 is chosen then no cross section information is extracted The file name used for the meteorological information uses the Run File Name Prefix for the particular grid chosen and appends the level number and a file name extension corresponding to a particular variable For example the processed file for the above selections would be t100al wnd for winds m s Other three dimensional meteorological variables can be viewed in the GIS as scalars For example e potential temperature K t100a1 pt e temperature K t100a1 tt e specific humidity of water vapour kg kg t100al qv e specific humidity of cloud water kg kg t100al qc e turbulent kinetic energy m s t100a tke If at least one level of information is selected with the slider near the top of the window then some two dimensional variables are also output with a zero level value in the file name and can be loaded into the GIS as scalars For example e surface net radiation W m t100a0 nfx e surface s
68. ymmdd m3d ia dx3 3000 m 4 dy3 3000 m 2l Files for Grid 3 tO30ayyyymmdd mad toroa dx4 1000 m dy4 1000 m a Files for Grid 4 t010ayyyymmdd m3d ftoo3 dx5 300 m dy5 300 m Files for Grid 5 tO03ayyyymmdd m3d Store full pathname of Run File Name in inp file Select m3d input Highest model level stored in output files file names above zJ f out nz 10 Output results for all days Meteorology output into m3d files None Advanced Experimental Options Y4 Land Surface Scheme Recommended Model advection and gravity wave time step Scaling J Factor lt 1 allows smaller timestep 1 TKE EPS Turbulence Prognostic TKE and Eddy Dissipation Rate plus EDMF gt Schemel Recommended Synoptic conditions vary with 3 d space and time Include Rain Recommended 3 z Boundary conditions on outer grid are from z seat Neate Pr and Ses etal Aerie M Non Hydrostatic Pressure Research Option ee ep ee Figure 5 Optional Inputs Meteorology Window The next option controls the choice of land surface scheme with the default being to use the V4 land surface scheme The next option controls the choice of turbulence scheme with the default being the TKE EPS EDMF scheme introduced in V4 The rain and snow options can be used when these processes are important The default is to have rain switched on and snow switched off as rain affects the soil moisture content and evaporative fluxes while s

TAPM V4. User Manual. - CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research

Contents

Download Pdf Manuals

Related Search

Related Contents