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User Manual ST2400A 2.4 Gb/s SDH Test Set 071

1. N WARNING Before activating the 2 4 Gb s LASER its output must be connected to a circuit Always replace the screw caps when the optical outputs are not in use 3 48 ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual Reference ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual 3 49 Appendices Specifications SDH Temperature Ranges Operating Temperature 0 to 40 degrees Centigrade Storage Temperature 20 to 60 degrees Centigrade ST 2400A shall operate over temperature range 0 to 31 C with relative humidity 8096 non condensing and up to 40 C with a relative humidity 5096 non condensing ST 2400A should operate following storage at temperatures ranging from 20 to 60 C with relative humidity lt 90 non condensing Dimensions and Weight Approximately 4 5 11 6 cm H x 14 5 37 2 cm W x 17 5 44 9 cm D The weight is 25 pounds 11 4 kilograms maximum Power Voltage Requirements auto ranging 110 90 to 135 VAC or 220 180 to 270 VAC 47 63 Hz Power Consumption 250 watts maximum Fuses The AC power module is located in the lower left hand corner of the rear panel It has a removable fuse panel that can be opened with a small flat blade screw driver after the AC Line Cord has been unplugged The AC power supply automatically detects and switches to accept either 115 90 to 130 VAC or 230 180 to 250 VAC inputs A 5AT fuse is used with either AC source voltage Year 2000 Compliant The ST2400A may need minor manual interventio
2. 10dBm MAX OdBm NOM Figure 2 4 Transmitter Front Panel Transmitter Connectors There can be three connectors on the Transmitter front panel one electrical CMI Code Mark Inversion 155 electrical and two optical The CMI electrical carrier connector is an industry standard BNC that is marked 155 2 048 CLK IN It provides a 75 ohm load impedance and direct coupling DC for the 155 Mb s SDH electrical signal This connection also accepts 2 048 Mb s or 2 048 MHz 40 PPM SETS input for internal signal generation using external timing synchronization SETS input accepts signals meeting the requirements of G 703 section 10 2 048 Mb s and section 6 2 048 Mhz with the exception of frequency tolerance of 40 PPM The user will have the ability to select which of the timing sources internal or external 2 048 Mb s or 2 048 MHZ is active When an external clock source is selected but no clock activity is detected the user will be alerted to Loss of External Clock On the right side of the Transmitter section are two industry standard FC PC optical connectors one input and one output ST and SC connectors are available as an option The input optical connector is marked 155 622 IN it accepts either STM 1 or STM 4 signals at 1310nm The output optical connector is marked 2 4 Gb s OUT it outputs an STM 16 signal Both are equipped with screw caps to protect the optics from airborne contamination such as dust AN WARNING Before ac
3. Map Demap A term for multiplexing implying more visibility inside the resultant multiplexed bit stream than available with conventional asynchronous techniques Multiplex Demultiplex Multiplex MUX To transmit two or more signals over a single channel Demultiplex DEMUX To separate two or more signals previously combined by compatible multiplexing equipment Demultiplexing A process applied to a multiplex signal for recovering signals combined within it and for restoring the distinct individual channels of the signals An alphabetical list of glossary terms follows ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual G 1 Glossary G2 Add Drop Multiplexer ADM A multiplexer capable of extracting and inserting lower rate signals from a higher rate multiplexed signal without completely demultiplexing the signal Administrative Unit AU An Administrative Unit is the information structure which provides adaptation between the higher order path layer and the Multiplex Section layer The Virtual Container VC plus the pointers H1 H2 H3 bytes is called the Administrative Unit AU AIS Alarm Indicating Signal A code sent downstream indicating an upstream failure has occurred AMI Alternate Mark Inversion The line coding format in transmission systems where successive ones marks are alternatively inverted sent with polarity opposite that of the preceding mark Analog Jitter Out A signal that contains the demodulated jitter f
4. 2 Performing Self test and Serial Number 3 ST2400A logotype and Software Version number and all front panel LEDs will illuminate verifying their operation The third power up LCD display and all of the illuminated LED indicators will be continuously displayed when you press and hold the VIEW HISTORY key before the power switch is set to on and continue to hold it in during the power up cycle The Quick Setup LCD will not be displayed until you release the VIEW HISTORY key The next LCD display is the QUICK SETUP menu The menu choices are used to select the Receiver drop frequencies either 155 Mb s STM 1 or 622 Mb s STM 4 from either an internally INT generated 2 4 Gb s STM 16 rate or an externally EXT supplied 2 4 Gb s STM 16 rate When the choice is made by pressing the Enter key alarms and errors if on will be turned off Overhead byte values will be reset and set to pass mode The next menu will be automatically displayed A WARNING Before activating the 2 4 Gb s LASER its output must be connected to a circuit N CAUTION Always use 15 dB of attenuation when connecting the ST2400A Transmitter output to its Receiver input Failure to do so will damage the optical detector Laser Menus Press the Setup key to access the LASER menus The Laser is off when the ST2400A is first powered on and can only be activated when the rear panel laser lockout key lock is in the on position To activate the laser use either a
5. ITU T evolved from different basic rate signals in the non synchronous hierarchy ANSI Time Division Multiplexing TDM combines twenty four 64 kbit s channels DSO into one 1 544 Mbit s DS 1 signal ITU TDM multiplexes thirty 64 kbit s channels EO into one 2 048 Mbit s E1 signal an extra two channels provide frame alignment and signaling making thirty two 32 total An important issue for the ITU T to resolve was how to efficiently accommodate both the 1 5 Mbit s and the 2 Mbit s non synchronous hierarchies in a single network standard The agreement reached specified a basic transmission rate of 51 Mbit s for SONET and a basic rate of 155 Mbit s for SDH Synchronous and Non synchronous line rates and the relationships between each are shown in the two tables that follow Table F 1 SONET SDH Hierarchies SONET Bit Rate SONET SDH Capacity Capacity STS 1 OC 1 51 84 Mbit s STM 0 28 DS1 or 1 DS3 21 E1 STS 3 OC 3 155 52 Mbit s STM 1 84 DS1 or 63 E1 or 1 E4 3 DS3 12 DS3 48 DS3 16 E4 192 DS3 64 E4 Note Although an SDH STM 1 has the same bit rate as the SONET STS 3 the two signals contain different frame structures STM Synchronous Transport Module ITU T STS Synchronous Transport Signal ANSI OC Optical Carrier ANSI Table F 2 Non Synchronous Hierarchies ANSI Rate ITU Rate Rate 64 kbit s 1 DSO 64 kbit s 64 kbit s 64 kbit s ST2400A SDH User Manual F 1 SONET for Reference SONET and SDH
6. J1 Some TOH bytes can be altered thru alarm and error generation as follows 1 Generating errored frames will invert Al and A2 bytes 2 Generating MS RDI will force least significant 3 bits of K2 to 110 3 Generating MS AIS will force least significant 3 bits of K2 to 111 4 Bl error injection inverts one or more bits in B1 byte 5 B2 error injection inverts one or more bits in one or more B2 bytes 6 MS REI error injection sets M1 byte to indicate one or more errors None of the Path Overhead POH bytes in any STM 1 can be edited Overhead Bytes Generated by the ST2400A Al A2 set to F6H 28H JO STM 1 channel 1 is set to 1 15 ZO set to 2 thru 16 32 National Use formerly C1 set to 17 thru 48 B1 STM 1 channel 1 only filled with calculated RS BIP 8 parity B2 all 16 channels filled with calculated MS BIP 24 parity H1 H2 STM 1 col 1 set to GAH OAH H1 H2 STM 1 cols 2 3 set to 9BH FFH All other Transport Overhead TOH set to 0 by default JI in Path Overhead is set to 0 C2 in Path Overhead is set to 0 unequipped B3 BIP in Path Overhead is set to correctly computed parity ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual A 5 Specifications SDH All other VC4 Path Overhead POH is set to 0 by default Error Injection Error Rates All error rates can be selected in the form X Y e Z Bl or B2 single error or error rate is generated by inverting a random bit in the byte The B1 rate ranges from 2 5e 5 to 0 1e
7. LF can be found 64 BYTE EDIT CLR HEX 54 gt TEK ST2400A User is able to use left and right arrow keys to scroll forward backward through 64 byte trace NOTE At the end of a valid 64byte trace in the 63 and 64 positions the CR and lt LF gt will be represented in the HEX field as OD and OA respectively ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual Reference Ability to edit M1 Byte MS REI PASS SET Figure 3 15 Transmitter Overhead OVHD button SDH The Transmitter overhead byte menus can be used to pass or change the 2 4 Gb s signal overhead bytes in the first column of the STM 1 The Transmitter OVHD overhead button on the lower left side of the ST2400A front panel is used to scroll through the Regenerator Section RS and Multiplexer Section MS overhead bytes The top line of each display identifies the designated SDH overhead byte The bottom line is used to either PASS or SET change the value When the cursor is on PASS the byte is hidden When the cursor is moved to SET the byte value is displayed and the Enter key LED starts to flash Use the arrow keys to move the cursor and the INC and DEC keys to change values Pressing the Enter key or the overhead key will store the value The value of the editable M1 byte can range from 00 to FF ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual 3 29 Reference Error Generation Menus SDH SELECTED CHAN BER 1 1 OFF 1 0E 3 CHAN 1 INJECT XX ERRORS 2
8. Transmit data rate approximately 311 MHz Frame Sync Connector BNC 50 Q Type ECL with internal pull down series 50 ohm Description Derived from generator pulse width of 25 8 ns Event trigger Connector BNC 50 Q Type TTL Description Active during LOS LOF AIS FERF Error Inject or TOH byte edit ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual Specifications SDH 2 488 Gb s Electrical Outputs Single ended clock and data interfaces unterminated ECL requires connection to an AC coupled 50 Ohm termination through a bias tee network supplying current for the ECL outputs falling edge of output clock coincides with data edge crossing 100 ps SMA connectors ECL specifications At high output voltage 25 C 0 98 V min At low output voltage 25 C 1 95 V min and 1 63 V max ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual A 11 Specifications SDH Input and Output Specifications Analyzer RX Signal Name 2 488 Gb s Optical Input Data Connector FC PC standard ST or SC available Type InGaAs APD optical receiver Wavelength 1310 1550 nm Fiber Type Single Mode Description Primary optical input from device under test APD Receiver Module APD Receiver Optical Specifications Parameter Min Symbol Pi P Rmin P Rmax Po TLOS TACQ Max Optical Input Power under bias no damage Max Optical Input Power under no bias Maximum data rate Optical wavelength for rated sensitivity RX Optical Sensitivit
9. amp Displays 3 33 Error Measurements Receiver 3 33 Error Measurement Details o i iore ote eet n len cna e e re cua en pred 3 40 3 40 3 42 3 43 3 44 3 45 3 46 3 46 3 47 Appendices NJIXed eut ANN A 1 Incoming Inspection Test rrt eterne tnnt susedscusubesesunnsiesese sevenesesensassusancscounssios B 1 Factory Defaults cee ae C 1 SONET1 or Refer nce eterne cescescesaestucusssosescetsenssusasssnsesosnpubecsocousa cusdselegesasatectsasetecsoes F 1 SDH Glossary and ITU T Standards eere ee ee eee ee eee eee eee en eee en ee sena teen sne tenue G 1 vi ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual vii Preface General Safety Summary Review the following safety precautions to avoid injury and prevent damage to this product or any equipment connected to it To avoid potential hazards use this product only as specified To avoid potential hazards use this product only as specified Only qualified personnel should perform service procedures While using this product you may need to access other parts of the system Read the General Safety Summary in other system manuals for warnings and cautions related to operating the system Injury Precautions Use Proper Power Cord To avoid fire hazard use only the power cord specified for this product Avoid Electric Overload To avoid electric shock or fire hazard do not apply a voltage to a t
10. disappear RX CHANNEL SELECTION VC 4C CHANNEL 1 gt The number of channels available for selection are auto detected STM 0 Selection of up to 48 channels RX only VC 4 Selection of up to 16 channels VC 16c Selection of 1 channel VC 4c Selection of 4 channels RX VC4 4C TEST PATTERN FIXED 00 PRBS lt 230181 gt PRBS 31 per ITU T O 151 and 31 Inverted per ITU T 0 181 Pointers Information from Receiver Tributary key SDH Keep track of all pointer movements during a test period Pointer measurements can be found among the menus that can accessed by pressing the TRIB key on the RX side of the ST2400A test unit This is a Read only screen RX PJR PJ PJ NDF SPE 88 5461 3919 799 ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual 3 47 Reference Receiver Drop Select RX DROP SELECT OFF 155 622 Figure 3 22 Receiver Drop Select Menu Press the Receiver DROP SELECT key to access the menu shown in the figure above Use the arrow and Enter keys to select one of the three choices OFF will drop a 155 Mb s electrical signal to the CMI connector and disable the optical drop The 155 Mb s STM 1 optical drop or the 622 Mb s STM 4 optical drop can be selected by choosing either the 155 or 622 respectively The 155 or 622 LED on the Receiver section of the front panel will indicate which drop is selected both are off when the 155 CMI is selected This menu is used with the Receiver Tributary Select menus
11. e ST2400A SDH SONET Programmer Manual Tektronix part number 071 0243 xx describes how to control the ST2400A using an instrument controller e ST2400A SONET SDH Test Set Service Manual Tektronix part number 071 0244 xx provides information on maintaining and servicing your instrument to the module level General Safety Summary xii ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual Getting Started Getting Started This chapter describes the ST2400A 2 4 Gb s SDH SONET Test Set and provides a list of standard and optional accessories for both the SDH and SONET option and for each of the three configurations TRANSCEIVER TRANSMITTER and RECEIVER Unique front panel Transceiver Transmitter and Receiver labels will be affixed to the top right corner of ST2400A depending on configuration Product Description pop DS toot eee IMPUT 2 4 Gb s STATUS eios Gir Fa Los 65 9 5 e eor es RDVFERF oor REVFEBE ALARM ERROR SELECT e 0 155 S DROP SELECT 155 2 048 CLK IN eur 155 1550UT ERROR e e 75 OHM 1310 1550 1310 10dBm MAX odBm NOM 10dBm MAX 8dBm MAX 0 6 L Tu L Figure 1 1 Example of ST2400A 2 4 Gb s SDH SONET Test Set Front Panel The ST2400A 2 4 Gb s SDH SONET Test Set provides Multiplexer Section and Regenerator Section signal generation and analysis for the 2 4 Gb s SDH STM 16 or SONET OC 48 standards The ST2400A is a versatile unit that can be ordered in one of three configurations Tra
12. um 12 RS232 RS232 FREQUENCY 50 60HZ INTERLOCK EVENT TRIG TTL OUT e X X jo o e EXT REF FSYNC ECL OUT ss M o eee OUT m PRINTER Figure 2 9 Rear Panel ST2400A The AC power module is located in the lower left hand corner of the rear panel It has a removable fuse panel that can be opened with a small flat blade screw driver after the AC Line Cord has been unplugged The AC power supply automatically detects and switches to accept either 115 90 to 130 VAC or 230 180 to 250 VAC inputs A SAT fuse is used with the 115 source voltage and a 2 5AT fuse is used with the 230 source voltage N WARNING Always disconnect the AC Power Cord before opening the fuse panel or disconnecting the rear panel AC interlock 2 12 ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual Functional Overview Laser Lockout Remote Interlock LASER LOCKOUT is a safety device The key switch disables the Transmitter s 2 4 Gb s laser output when it is turned to the 0 zero position The laser output can only be turned on when the key is in the 1 one position REMOTE INTERLOCK is a bantam plug normally closed connection internally wired in series with the laser lockout key switch It can be used with additional hardware to disable the Transmitter 2 4 Gb s laser output NOTE The Transmitter 2 4 Gb s Laser output cannot be enabled unless e The Laser Lockout key switch is set to the on 1 position e The Remote Interlock which is normally enabled is either not used o
13. 10 In the 2 4Gb s STATUS section observe that the error light for B2 flashes twice 11 On the receiver side press ERROR until the display shows B2 on the bottom left corner Observe that B2 errored seconds ES 1 or 2 and total errors TOT 2 ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual B 11 Incoming Inspection Test 12 On the front panel press RUN STOP twice Observe that the errors have now been reset to zero B 12 ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual Incoming Inspection Test Error Rate Inject Test In this part the transmitter injects an error rate into the receiver and verifies the responses of the receiver 1 10 On the transmitter side of the front panel press ERROR until the display shows the Random BER Inject menu Using the LEFT RIGHT cursors select 1 0E 3 and then press ENTER Observe that the red LED within the ERROR switch is now lit In the 2 4Gb s STATUS section observe that the error lights for B1 B2 and REI FEBE remain lit You have now injected an error rate into the receiver On the receiver side of the front panel press ERROR until the display shows B1 and B2 on the top line Observe that all of them have increasing error rates On the front panel press PAUSE RESUME until the red LED within the switch is lit On the display observe that the error rates are no longer increasing but are fixed at one value Also in the 2 4Gb s STATUS section observe that the error lights for B1 B2 and REI FEBE rema
14. 2 31 Inverted per ITU T O 181 User defined byte 0x00 to OxFF RX Channel Selection under RX Trib button NOTE Option 42 must be purchased for B3 capabilities To determine if a TX board is B3 capable the return value from the remote command tx_brd_rev must be greater than or equal to 35 To determine if an RX board is B3 capable the return value from the remote command IX brd rev must be greater than or equal to 9 ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual Getting Started The ST2400A meets the needs of development manufacturing and service engineers by providing the capabilities for e System interrogation and conformance testing e Manufacturing Production Testing e Network Integrity testing e Network Performance monitoring e Network Troubleshooting Bellcore CLEI and CPR Product Codes Bellcore COMMON LANGUAGE Product Codes are available for the ST2400A upon request Accessories Some accessories are included with the ST2400A 2 4 Gb s SDH SONET Test Set If you wish to purchase optional accessory contact your local Tektronix Representative Standard User Manual Certificate of Traceable Calibration Front Cover Power Cord Optional Rackmount Carrying Case Interface Cables RS 232 C GPIB Centronics RS 232 C 012 1379 00 9 pin female to 9 pin male 012 1298 00 9 pin female to 25 pin male 012 1398 00 9 in RS 232 C to plotter printer GPIB 012 0991 00 2m double shielded 012 0991 01 1m double shielded 0
15. 58 OFF ENABLE WAIT 6 0S SINGLE ERROR INJ B1 B2 B3 MS REI TSE B1 ERROR RATE INJECT OFF nmE x ERROR B2 ERROR RATE INJECT lt OFF gt nmE x Key B3 ERROR RATE INJECT OFF nmE x MS REI INJECT MS REI INJECT lt OFF gt n FRAME x xSEC lt OFF gt n FRAME CONT TSE ERROR RATE INJECT 1 0E 3 MAX RANDOM BER INJECT lt OFF gt n mE x Figure 3 16 Transmitter Error Generation SDH Pressing the Transmitter ERROR key will scroll through the main menus shown The arrow keys are used to move the cursor when selecting menu items The INC and DEC keys are used to change values The ENTER key is used to execute the function Enabling any error will disable all other active errors The first menu SINGLE ERROR INJ is used to inject one error each time the Enter key is pressed Use the arrow keys to positioning the cursor over the B1 B2 B3 MS REI TSE and press the ENTER key to generate that error The error key is pressed again to obtain the B1 B2 or B3 ERROR RATE INJECT menu Use the arrow keys to move the cursor to n mEx and the INC and DEC keys to set the error rate Pressing the Enter key will inject the B1 or B2 error at that rate continuously The B1 rate is inserted as a negative exponent from 2 5E 5 to 0 1E 9 The B2 rate is inserted as a negative exponent from 1 0E 3 to 0 1E 9 The maximum B3 rate is 1 0E 4 The Max rate for Payload Bit Error Injection is 1 0E 3 An error rate of 1 0E 6 would equate to the decimal nu
16. 9 The B2 rate ranges from 1 0E 3 to 0 1E 9 Selected Channel Single error or error rate caused by inverting a random bit in a specific STM 1 of the 2 488 Gb s signal Selected channel error rate ranges from 1 0E 3 to 0 1E 9 All channels Single error or error rate caused by inverting a random bit in the 2 488 Gb s signal All channel error rate ranges from 1 0E 3 to 0 1E 9 MS REI The STM 16 MI byte is overwritten to convey the error count Defect Alarm Generation LOS 2 488 Gb s output is forced to all zeros for a user selected time from 1 to 127 microseconds with a resolution of 1 microseconds or 0 1 to 9 9 seconds or continuously LOF OOF All of the Al and A2 bytes of the 2 488 Gb s output are inverted for a user selected time The time is selected in frames up to 127 or 0 1 9 9 seconds or continuous MS AIS The MS OH and the entire SPE are set to all ones for a user selected time The time is selected in frames up to 127 or 0 1 to 9 9 seconds or continuous MS RDI The 110 code is set in the three least significant bits of the K2 byte for a user selected time The time is selected in frames up to 127 or 0 1 to 9 9 seconds or continuous Source Monitoring External SDH inputs to the generator section are monitored to ensure valid signals for multiplexing and timing generation LOS Detects the Loss of Signal alarm by monitoring the user selected external 155 or 622 Mb s inputs for activity LOF Detects the
17. Multiplex Section FERF Multiplex Section Overhead MSOH 18 bytes of overhead accessed generated and processed by MS terminating equipment This overhead supports functions such as locating the payload in the frame multiplexing or concatenating signals performance monitoring automatic protection switching and line maintenance Multiplexer A device for combining several channels to be carried by a single physical channel Narrowband Services requiring up to 2 Mbit transport capacity Network Element NE In SDH the five basic network elements are add drop multiplexer broadband digital cross connect wideband digital cross connect flexible multiplexer and regenerator Any device which is part of a SDH transmission path and serves one or more of the section line and path terminating functions OAM Operations Administration and Maintenance Also called OAM amp P OAM amp P Operations Administration Maintenance and Provisioning Provides the facilities and personnel required to manage a network Orderwire A dedicated voice channel used by installers to expedite the provisioning of lines OOF An acronym for Out of Frame OS Operations System Sophisticated applications software that manages operation of the entire network ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual Glossary OSI Seven layer Model A standard architecture for data communications Layers define hardware and software required for multi vendo
18. Pointers Information 3 46 RX Drop Select 3 47 RX Tributary Select 3 44 RX Tributary RX Channel Select 3 46 Rear Panel Connectors 2 13 SYNC Output 2 12 Laser Lockout 2 12 Remote Interlock 2 12 Remote Indicators GPIB 2 11 S Safety Summary ix SDH Glossary G 1 Setup Menus 3 1 Auxiliary Setup 3 8 Laser Menus 3 4 Power Fail Recovery 3 9 Report Test Time 3 7 Store Recall 3 7 TX Event Trigger Output 3 6 View Angle 3 7 I2 SONET for Reference D 1 Specifications SDH A 1 T Transmitter 2 4 Alarm Key 2 6 Connectors 2 4 Error Key 2 6 Mode Key 2 5 Overhead Key 2 6 Status Indicators 2 5 Tributary Input Select Keys 2 5 Transmitter Menus 3 14 External Clock Synchronization 3 16 Illegal Mode 3 19 Input Select 3 18 PRBS Mappings 3 17 Tributary Select 3 18 TX Source Mode 3 14 ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual
19. RecoVety seo E RR ee RI ERE dE 3 9 General I ICT Abt e 3 10 Menu amp Measurement Refinements essent tenente ten ener enini tent 3 10 Transmitter or Receiver Configurations teet tenente 3 12 Error Log Display dnb o UR Re RR UR Rb RUBER 3 13 Transmitter Menus amp Displays eere ee eee terere enses tenens esta suene stn suene sensns etn snenenen suene 3 14 TX Source ModE ns eene ie e e RO ER ER PT EE aus i etae 3 14 External Clock Synchronization eese tentent tnter entree tenentes 3 16 PRBS Mapping ee UR UE IER ON OE Ue oe E OE BU er tenes 3 17 Input Select Transmitter aS ga i 3 18 Tributary Select Transmitter senpene eiii R teneret ei 3 18 Illegal Mode ee E T R T E I REI 3 19 Alarm Generation Menus SDH eere eere esee tete teta sata tota a ta tuta nrt to tasas snes soro sso aset 3 20 Overhead Menus SDH Transmitter eere eese ee eee ee eee eee eee ee ene tn eee ene tese en seen tnen 3 22 Ability to Edit Multi byte JO Trace sse tenente tenente tenente 3 23 JO J1 Trace Capture amp Display e ish as 326 Ability to Edit MT Byte sse eee iiid e e ee dti ee eR nies 3 28 Error Generation Menus SDH ioe Res x A een 3 29 B2 or B3 Error Inject sese zu S 3 31 Inject Random BER on one Selectable Channel eee 3 32 Receiver Menus
20. Set User Manual Alarm Generation Menus SDH Reference The left column shows the four SDH alarm displays that will be scrolled in a loop each time the Transmitter alarm key is pressed The right side shows the same alarm displays when the continuous mode is being accessed The arrow keys increment and decrement keys and the Enter key are used to modify the alarm conditions and access the continuous displays LOSS OF SIGNAL OFF nnn usec x xSec ERRORED FRAME OFF nnnFRAMES x xSec p MS RDI OFF nnnFRAMES x xSec MS AIS OFF nnnFRAMES x xSec INJECT xxxx LOSS OF SIGNAL OFF nnn usec CONT ERRORED FRAME OFF nnnFRAMES lt CONT gt MS RDI OFF nnnFRAMES CONT MS AIS OFF nnnFRAMES lt CONT gt 2 5s OFF ENABLE WAIT 2 5s Figure 3 13 Transmitter Alarms SDH The Transmitter ALARM key is used to select one of the five alarm menus four on the left and one centered at the bottom LOS Loss Of Signal ERRORED FRAME MS RDI MS AIS and INJECT The alarm menus are used to set specific parameters simulating various synchronization defects as detailed below Each of the first four Transmitter alarm menus have the following parameters e OFF The alarm is disabled e nnn usec or nnn FRAMES Sets the duration of the alarm in microseconds for the LOS alarm or frames for the other alarms Position the cursor using the left and right arrow keys Use the INC and DEC keys to change
21. also referred to as I O modules Initially two types of laser Transmitters direct modulated DM and EA modulated Integrated Laser Module ILM shall be available The ST2400A shall also provide electrical input and output clock and data interfaces operating at 2 488 Gb s Base Transceiver configuration shall provide 2 488 Gb s electrical interfaces and 155 622 Mb s optical and electrical add drop tributary interfaces Transmitter configurations will not include 155 622 optical and electrical drop interface although unused connectors may be mounted Receiver configurations will not include 155 622 optical and electrical add interface although unused connectors may be mounted In older ST2400 units the Transmitter version can be easily identified because it lacks the Receiver connectors for 155 622 OUT and 2 4 Gb s IN and it will not detect a Receiver card during the power on cycle Some early models may have all front panel connectors Pressing any of the control keys in the Receiver section will cause the following message to be displayed RX CARD NOT FOUND RX CONTROLS DISABLED Figure 3 3 Receiver Card Not Installed In older ST2400 units the Receiver version can be easily identified because it lacks the Transmitter connectors for 155 622 IN and 2 4 Gb s OUT and it will not detect a Transmitter card during the power on cycle Some early models may have all front panel connectors Pressing any of the control keys in the T
22. and general sections that apply to both Front Panel Controls Indicators and Connectors Figure 2 1 shows a complete view of the front panel AN WARNING Always avoid exposure to the laser beam Before power is applied to the ST2400A 2 4 Gb s SDH SONET Test Set be sure that all laser outputs are either covered with the screw cap provided or connected to the appropriate circuit The lasers in the ST2400A SDH are Class IIIA per IEC 825 1 OVHD MODE TRIB 155 622 INPUT 2 4 Gb s STATUS STATUS U L UO eos LoF e Fa ios 65 ais LOF es RDIFERF input 1 550 oor REVFEBE ALARM ERROR SELECT e cg Q iss DROP SELECT e ie el S H e ut 9 Oo 1310 1550 10dBm MAX odBm NOM 10dBm MAX 8dBm MAX 155 2 048 CLK IN 1550UT ERROR Figure 2 1 Example of ST2400A Front Panel The front panel can be divided into functional sections e Display and Display Controls e Transmitter Controls and Connectors Left side of front panel e Receiver Controls and Connectors Right side of front panel ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual 2 1 Functional Overview 2 2 Display Display Controls and Indicators The figure below shows the ST2400A 2 4 Gb s SDH SONET Test Set display and display controls The display is a two line by twenty four character back lit super twisted Nematic LCD liquid crystal display that provides a sharp image and increased viewing angle in all directions The LCD display is used to present main me
23. errors In SDH mode the ST2400A will provide Errored Blocks EB and Background Block Errors BBE for G 826 error analysis measurement In SDH mode the ST2400A will properly detect and count Consecutively Severely Errored Seconds CSES per G 826 In SONET mode Severely Errored Seconds SES will be counted based on SES criteria in GR 253 CORE Consecutively Severely Errored Seconds will be measured for B1 B2 B3 and MS REI errors and displayed in SDH mode only e In SDH mode all overhead alarms failures and errors are displayed or printed in ITU T terminology for example FEBE is REI FERF is RDI etc e The RS B1 MS B2 HP B3 MS REI HP REI and TSE summary menus include the EB Errored Blocks which is the error count the BBE Background Block Errors the ES Errored Seconds and the SES Severely Errored Seconds These measurements conform to the ITU G 826 standard e The submenu BBER Background Block Error Ratio ESR Errored Seconds Ratio and SESR Severely Errored Seconds Ratio conforms to the ITU G 826 standard e The submenu AEB ABBE AES and ASES are the Errored Blocks Background Block Errors Errored Seconds and Severely Errored Seconds counted during Available time conforming to the ITU M 2101 standard e The menu UAS Unavailable Seconds count and UASR Unavailable Seconds Ratio conform to the ITU G 827 standard G 826 and M 2101 Measurements in SDH Mode In SDH mode the following measurements
24. from its shipping carton and place it on a hard firm surface 2 Verify that the operating environment is within the limits detailed under the Environmental Requirement section in this manual 3 Allow approximately 2 inches 5 cm clearance for cooling on the top and rear of the unit The two rear panel fans draw air into the ST2400A which is exhausted through the top vents 4 Connect the unit for a chosen application Never exceed the maximum optical power limits 10dBm listed on the front panel When not using always cover the optical connectors A CAUTION Signal levels greater than 10dBm negative 10dBm may damage the Optical Input devices Always pad the input level to less than 10dBm Always use 15 dB of attenuation when connecting the ST2400A Transmitter output to its receiver input Failure to do so will damage the optical detector 1 Verify that the rear panel key lock is in the desired position 2 Plug the unit into the appropriate AC Power source as follows Table 1 1 Power Requirements AC Voltage Voltage Range Frequency Range 110 VAC 90 VAC 132 VAC 48 62 Hz 250 Watts 220 VAC 180 VAC 250 VAC 48 62 Hz 250 Watts ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual 1 9 Operating Basics Functional Overview This section describes ST2400A 2 4 Gb s SDH SONET Test Set controls indicators connectors display elements and menu structures It includes separate sections that detail Receiver and Transmitter specifics
25. implies that these variations are of frequency less than 10 Hz Wideband A jitter filter range that measures jitter over a wide range The band pass filters are defined in ITU T standards where they are sometimes referred to as HP1 LP1 Yellow Signal See Remote Alarm Indication RAJ ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual Glossary SDH Standards for ITU T F 750 ITU R Architectures functional aspects of radio relay systems for SDH based networks ITU T G 652 Characteristics of single mode optical fibre cable ITU T G 691 Optical interfaces for single channel SDH systems with optical amplifiers and STM 64 systems ITU T G 692 G mcs draft Optical interfaces for multi channel systems with optical amplifiers G 701 Vocabulary of digital transmission and multiplexing and PCM terms G 702 Digital Hierarchy bit rates ITU T G 703 Physical electrical characteristics of hierarchical digital interfaces G 704 Synchronous frame structures used at 1544 6312 2048 8448 and 4476 kbit s hierarchical levels G 706 Frame alignment and cyclic redundancy check CRC procedures relating to basic frame structures defined in Recommendation G 704 ITU T G 707 Synchronous Digital Hierarchy SDH bit rates G 772 Protected monitoring points provided on digital transmission systems G 780 Vocabulary of terms for SDH networks and equipment G 782 Types and general characteristics of SDH equipment ITU T G 783 Characteristics o
26. in dropped STM 4 are recalculated by the ST2400A H1 H2 and H3 are copied from the selected drop channels The first three columns of the remainder of the drop signal overhead are copied from the first three columns of the 2 488 Gb s input The last nine columns of the remainder are copied from the selected drop channel Output This mode is valid only on the 622 Mb s optical output A 8 ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual Specifications SDH Input and Output Specifications Generator TX Laser Module Requirements 2 488 Gb s Lasers Laser modes are pigtailed with type 5D 8 um core non dispersion shifted single mode fiber per ITU G 652 2 488 Gb s lasers in the ST2400A SDH test set are Class IIIA per IEC 825 1 Direct Modulated DM DM Laser Module Optical Specifications Wavelength nom 1310 nm nm Opt 13 17 Wavelength nom 1550 nm nm not including the Opt 15 17 laser temperature tuning Wavelength select 1550 nm nm per ITU G 692 Opt grid Adjustment Range applies nm only to 1550 nm lasers Adjustment Resolution nm Optical Wavelength Stability nm With modulation Spectral width 20 dB nm With modulation Side mode suppression ratio dB Average Output Power dBm includes connector loss and WDM module AP Optical Output Power 0 1 dB 5 min constant Variation typical typical A amp modulation off AP Optical Output Power 10 5 dB between Varia
27. message ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual 2 13 Functional Overview Rear Panel Connectors Four SMA two BNC two 9 pin RS 232 one GPIB and one parallel printer connectors are mounted on the rear panel Event Trigger and Frame Sync signals are accessible through individual BNC connectors located on the lower left rear panel Either can be connected to an event counter or used to trigger an oscilloscope e The Event Trigger EVENT TRIG is a TTL output that is generated by any one of the following Transmitter programmed alarm or error conditions AIS RDI FERF LOS and frame errors including LOF or by changing an overhead byte value The event trigger signal is a minimum of 2 4 Vpeak with a pulse width of 25 ns 10 and leads the event by less than lus e The Frame Sync FSYNC has an ECL output that is generated by the transmitted framing bytes Al and A2 The frame sync signal is a minimum of 600 mVpp with a pulse width of 25 ns 10 The pulse repetition rate is equal to the 125 The ST2400A provides single ended 2 488 Gb s clock and data interface inputs and outputs mounted on the rear panel Electrical clock and data outputs are unterminated ECL signals requiring connection to AC coupled 50 Ohm termination through a bias tee network supplying current for the ECL outputs Electrical clock and data inputs are AC coupled with 50 Ohm termination allowing ST2400A to operate error free when electrical TX outputs are looped back
28. more than the voltage specified Provide Proper Ventilation To prevent product overheating provide proper ventilation Do not operate with suspected failures If you suspect there is damage to this product have it inspected by qualified service personnel ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual ix General Safety Summary Safety Terms and Symbols Terms in this manual These terms may appear in this manual Icon Label Meaning WARNING Warning statements identify conditions or practices that could result in N injury or loss of life CAUTION Caution statements identify conditions or practices that could result in N damage to this produce or other property DANGER indicates an injury hazard immediately accessible as you read the marking WARNING indicates an injury hazard not immediately accessible as you read the marking CAUTION indicates a hazard to property including the product Symbols on the Product The following symbols may appear on the product 7 S A DANGER Protective Ground ATTENTION High Voltage Earth Terminal Refer to Manual Certifications and Compliance CSA Certified Power Cords 3 Double Insulated CSA Certification includes the products and power cords appropriate for use in the North American power network All other power cords supplied are approved for the country of use X ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual Preface Preface ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual This manual describ
29. off time for a period from 1 0 to 30 0 seconds An asterisk will switch between the wait and inject states replacing the letter s indicating which is the active state Only one alarm condition can be activated at any one time Enabling the recurring alarm will disable any other active alarm Moving the cursor to OFF and pressing the Enter key will stop the alarm cycle When off the letter s will appear at the end of both top and bottom LCD display lines ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual Reference Overhead Menus SDH Transmitter RS TRACE Jo lt PASS gt SET gt RS TRACE J0 RS EOW E1 PASS lt SET 00 gt lt PASS gt SET RS EOW E1 RS USER F1 PASS SET F7 PASS SET RS USER F1 ji PASS SET 00 gt equest Line RS DCC D1 D2 D3 OVHD PASS SET Protection Key RS DCC d LAE Direction Switch Line PATH SIG LABEL c2 PASS lt SET 00 00 00 gt X PASS SET RS APS K1 K2 APS APS 1 1 RQ 0SW 0 MS APS Ki K2 APS PASS SET 00 00 gt EDIT 0 No Request PASS SET EDIT RS DCC D4 D5 D6 Message MS DCC D4 D5 D6 PASS SET 00 00 00 PASS SET MEN RS DCC D7 D8 D9 MS DCC D7 D8 D9 PASS SET 00 00 00 gt PASS SET DM d RS DCC D10 D11 D12 MS DCC D10 D11 D12 PASS lt SET 00 00 00 PASS SET MS SSMB S1 MSG MS SSMB S1 MSG PASS SET 00 msg PASS SET MS REI M1 MS REI M1 PASS lt SET 00 gt lt PASS gt SET MS EOW E2 MS EOW E2 PASS SET 7F gt lt PASS gt SET Figure 3 14 Tra
30. panel press ALARM until the display shows the LINE AIS menu Using the LEFT RIGHT cursors select OFF and then press ENTER 10 In the 2 4Gb s STATUS section observe that the error lights for REI FEBE and AIS are now off 11 On the front panel press RUN STOP twice to clear all errors B 16 ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual Incoming Inspection Test Inject LOS Alarm In this part the transmitter injects a loss of signal alarm and you verify the responses of the receiver There are eight steps in this section of the procedure 1 On the transmitter side of the front panel press ALARM until the display shows the Inject LOS menu Using the LEFT RIGHT cursors select ENABLE and then press ENTER In the 2 4Gb s STATUS section observe that the LOS LOF OOF B1 B2 and REI FEBE LEDs flash on and off continuously every 2 5 seconds Using the LEFT RIGHT cursors select OFF and then press ENTER In the 2 4Gb s STATUS section observe that all of the error lights now remain off On the front panel press RUN STOP twice to clear all errors You have now successfully verified that the unit is functional If you had any problems with the unit while performing the tests repeat the procedure paying careful attention to the setup of the units and the directions given If the unit still has a problem please call Tektronix Customer Sales and Support Center CSSC at 1 800 835 9433 x2400 or 503 627 2400 for assistance ST2400A SDH Test S
31. side of the front panel press OVHD until the display shows D7 D8 and D9 on the top right side Using the LEFT RIGHT cursors select SET and select D7 Using the INC DEC keys and the LEFT RIGHT cursors change D7 to AA Using the LEFT RIGHT cursors select D8 Using the INC DEC keys and the LEFT RIGHT cursors change D8 to 11 Using the LEFT RIGHT cursors select D9 Using the INC DEC keys and the LEFT RIGHT cursors change D9 to 05 and then press ENTER On the receiver side of the front panel press OVHD until the display shows D7 D8 and D9 on the top right side On the display observe that D7 D8 and D9 all reflect the values you placed into the transmitter i e D7 AA D8 11 and D9 05 On the transmitter side of the front panel press OVHD until the display shows D7 D8 and D9 on the top right side Using the LEFT RIGHT cursors select SET and select D7 Using the INC DEC keys and the LEFT RIGHT cursors change D7 to 00 Using the LEFT RIGHT cursors select D8 Using the INC DEC keys and the LEFT RIGHT cursors change D8 to 00 Using the LEFT RIGHT cursors select D9 ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual Incoming Inspection Test 25 Using the INC DEC keys and the LEFT RIGHT cursors change D9 to 00 and then press ENTER 26 On the receiver side of the front panel press OVHD until the display shows D7 D8 and D9 on the top right side 27 On the display observe that the values of D7 D8 and D9 are once again
32. terminating systems which can access generate and process Path Overhead Payload The portion of the SDH signal available to carry service signals such as E1 and E3 The contents of a VC Payload Pointer Indicates the beginning of a Virtual Container Payload capacity The number of bytes the payload of a single frame can carry Plesiochronous A network with nodes timed by separate clock sources with almost the same timing ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual G 9 Glossary G 10 PLL Phase Locked Loop method of timing recovery Pointer A part of the SDH overhead that locates a floating payload structure AU n pointers locate the payload TU m Pointers locate floating mode virtual tributaries All SDH frames use AU pointers only floating mode virtual containers use TU pointers Pointer Hit When the line or clock frequency drift crosses a predetermined threshold Pointer Jitter A measure of the jitter output of a network when specified pointer test sequences are applied to its input ppTIE Peak to Peak Time Interval Error a measure of wander PRC Primary Reference Clock In a synchronous network all the clocks are traceable to one highly stable reference supply the Primary Reference Clock PRC The accuracy of the PRC is better than 1 in 10 and is derived from a cesium atomic standard Remote Alarm Indication RAI A code sent upstream in a E n network as a notification that a failure condition has been decla
33. the value from 1 to 127 microseconds or frames Press the Enter key to generate the alarm e x xSec Sets the on time for the burst operation from 0 1 to 9 9 seconds This alarm condition generates extensive signal failure Each time the Enter key is pressed an asterisk and the word ACTIVE will be displayed in the upper right side of the display Use the arrow keys to position the cursor and the INC and DEC keys to change values This field changes to CONT when the value is incremented beyond 9 9 seconds Or when the cursor positioned under the ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual Reference letter S in the x xSec and the increment key is pressed The DEC key is used to return to this x xSec value e CONT Turns the alarm condition on continuously generating a hard failure To access this hidden field see x xSec above Pressing the Enter key will turn on the alarm continuously displaying an asterisk and the word ACTIVE Use the right arrow key to move the cursor to OFF and the Enter key to turn the alarm off Then use the left arrow key to move the cursor back to CONT and the Enter key to activate the alarm Using the alarm key to leave the menu will not turn the alarm off The INJECT xxxx alarm menu permits recurring alarm conditions to be set Position the cursor under the alarm xxxx in this case and use the increment key to select the alarm type Then set the alarm INJECT on time period from 0 1 to 9 9 seconds and the WAIT
34. to electrical RX inputs through an external bias tee termination Clock and data connectors are SMA style The connectors are labeled to indicate Clock Out Data Out Clock In and Data In The two DB 9 receptacles are RS 232C 9 pin serial interface connectors One is marked for use with the Tektronix ST112 The ST112 is only supported in the SONET configuration or mode The other is marked RS232 It can be used for remote operations or with a serial printer The GPIB receptacle is an IEEE 488 2 standard connector provided for remote operation The DB 25 receptacle is a Centronics parallel printer interface 2 14 ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual Applications Applications and Use This section provides three common examples of telecommunication network applications It details how the ST2400A 2 4 Gb s SDH SONET Test Set can be used for e Passive Monitoring Receive Only e Active Analysis e Active Through Mode Analysis Common ST2400A 2 4 Gb s SDH SONET Test Set applications such as field service troubleshooting engineering analysis production testing and maintenance will be similar Passive Monitoring The passive monitoring application monitors the 2 4 Gb s signal It uses a passive coupler to connect and disconnect the ST2400A without disrupting live traffic This setup is used for non intrusive network monitoring applications It is perfect for LEC IXC local exchange carrier inter exchange carrier cross boundary or other l
35. until the display shows the Inject LOS menu 2 Using the LEFT RIGHT cursors select ENABLE and then press ENTER 3 In the 2 4Gb s STATUS section observe that the LOS LOF OOF B1 B2 and REI FEBE LEDs flash on and off continuously every 2 5 seconds 4 Using the LEFT RIGHT cursors select OFF and then press ENTER In the 2 4Gb s STATUS section observe that all of the error lights now remain off 6 On the front panel press RUN STOP twice to clear all errors B 10 ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual Incoming Inspection Test OC48 SONET Quick Setup This section of the procedure verifies that the SONET mode for OC48 is functioning properly The quick setup places the unit into a default mode which selects specific settings for the unit These default settings are preprogrammed and therefore consistent from unit to unit Leave the setup as it was in the last section On the front panel press SETUP until the display shows the Auxiliary Setup menu Press ENTER 2 On the front panel press SETUP until the display shows the System Configuration menu 3 Using the LEFT RIGHT cursors select SONET and then press ENTER The display then shows a message stating that the program is restarting due to mode change Wait until unit reboots 4 On the front panel press SETUP until the display shows the LASER 1 menu NOTE For dual wavelength ST2400As the following tests should also be repeated for LASER 2 5 Using the LEFT RIGHT curso
36. zero ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual B 7 Incoming Inspection Test Continuous Alarms SDH This section of the procedure ensures that the continuous alarm settings are functioning properly There are five parts each part checking a different alarm Leave the setup as it was in the last section Loss of Signal Alarm In this part the transmitter creates a loss of signal alarm and you verify the responses of the receiver There are eight steps in this section of the procedure 1 On the transmitter side of the front panel press ALARM until the display shows the Loss of Signal menu 2 Using the LEFT RIGHT cursors select 2 5SEC 3 Using the INC key increase the time until it switches to CONT and then press ENTER 4 On the display observe that the top right corner now says ACTIVE Note The red LED within the ALARM switch is now lit Whenever an alarm is active this LED will turn on 5 In the 2 4Gb s STATUS section observe that the LOS LOF OOF B1 B2 and REI FEBE LEDs are now lit 6 Using the LEFT RIGHT cursors select OFF and then press ENTER 7 In the 2 4Gb s STATUS section observe that all of the error lights are now off 8 Onthe front panel press RUN STOP twice to clear all errors Errored Frame Alarm In this part the transmitter creates an errored frame alarm and you verify the responses of the receiver There are eight steps in this section of the procedure 1 On the transmitter side of the fron
37. 12 0991 02 4m double shielded 012 1282 00 0 5 m GPIB Centronics 012 1233 00 3 m 4693 to Terminal 012 1214 00 8 ft Male Centronics to PC 25 Pin D 012 1284 00 9 ft male to male ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual 1 7 Getting Started Interface Cables used for CE Certification 1M BM SB142 BM BNC to BNC 50 OHM 1 meter length 1M BM 4233 BM BNC to BNC 75 OHM 1 meter length H1740 1 Printer Cable 8 feet 8004570 DB25 Male to Female 6 feet 8004569 DB9 Male to Female 6 feet CIB24 1M GPIB 1EEE 488 1 meter length CIB24X GPIB Adapter Adapters SMA 015 0369 00 SMA male to N 015 0572 00 SMA male to BNC male 015 0554 00 SMA male to BNC female 015 1009 00 SMA male to N female 015 0553 00 Threaded female to male slip on connector 015 0549 00 Male to female connector Used permanently installed to prolong life of instrument connector 020 1693 00 SMA Kit Attenuator Optical Recommended AMP 06 0033 FC Style Build Out Attenuator 15 dB Fixed Value or equivalent Option 1A provides an attenuator International Power Plug Options 220V Euro Plug 240V UK Plug 240V Aust Plug 240V North American Plug 220V Swiss Plug 1 8 ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual Getting Started First Time Operation Unpacking Unpack the ST2400A 2 4 Gb s SDH SONET Test Set and place the unit on a hard firm surface ST2400A Installation Before using the ST2400A verify that it is properly set up and powered on as follows 1 Remove the unit
38. 6 signals The ST2400A has the ability to receive generate and modify an STM 16c signal The transmitter section can internally generate a 2 4 Gb s signal or multiplex the higher rate signal from STM 1 or STM 4 signal inputs The ST2400A can also accept a STM 16 signal in through mode and regenerate it The receiver section receives an STM 16 signal demultiplexes it and can drop out either the STM 1 or STM 4 signal as required The Transmitter version can generate and transmit the STM 16 signal from an internal source or multiplex the higher rate signal from either STM 1 or STM 4 signal inputs In the case of STM 4c and STM 16c the ST2400A can either generate four STM 4c tributary signals with PRBS payloads inside an STM 16 envelope or generate three tributary payloads of PRBS STM 4c and insert a fourth from outside the tributary interface which could contain IP traffic In the case of STM 16c the entire single payload is PRBS All applicable SDH Path Pointer Bytes H1 H2 H3 are set correctly to indicate the type of payload being carried STM 4c STM 16c etc The Receiver version can receive and demultiplex the STM 16 signal and drop either the STM 1 or STM 4 signal to an auxiliary test set as required The ST2400A can accept zero one or two factory installed 2 488 Gb s laser transmitter modules It can also accept zero or one APD receiver module also referred to as I O modules One type of laser transmitter direct modulated D
39. 622 Input Status section there are three yellow LED indicators two optical and one electrical The appropriate LED will indicate the input signal The INT mode generates an unequipped SDH 2 4 Mb s STM 16 signal with valid transport overhead The first column of the first STM 1 can be modified adding alarms and errors ST2400A LCD Display SDH INT TX MAPPPING STRUCTURE VC4 1 4C 16C The menu above will only appear in SDH measurement mode This menu will be available only if INTERNAL mode selected and the correct STM 4c STM 16c hardware is present For this menu VC4 will be automatically selected and will be the only available mode This menu will not be available in EXTERNAL or THRU mode If EXT mode is selected and the TRIB channel is set to ALL the INT TX TEST PATT menu will be unavailable Note If STS48C or VC4 16C mapping is chosen Random BER injection is limited to channel 1 only and will be forced to channel 1 if it is not set there already Also any errors being injected will be stopped when any mapping mode is changed ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual 3 15 Reference Any of the OC 12c OC 48c STM 4c STM 16c remote commands which are executed in any of the above mentioned invalid conditions will fail The THRU Through mode can be used to pass without modification or modify a 2 4 Gb s SDH signal that entered the Receiver from an external source All three yellow stat
40. A displays single byte JO and J1 as shown below A1 A2 JO Ji F6 28 01 00 If multi byte trace is received JO and J1 can be expected to change frequently when single byte display is selected The JO and J1 trace selection menus are the last menus in the queue of RX overhead menus User is able to select between display of 16 byte or 64 byte trace as follows JO TRACE SELECTION lt 16 BYTE gt 64 BYTE J1 TRACE SELECTION 16 BYTE 64 BYTE ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual 3 27 Reference When 16 Byte is selected as shown above frame start marker if found based on detection of character with MSB set is displayed in hex along with 15 byte ASCII trace Non printable characters are displayed as boxes If a frame start marker is found the trace will be aligned and 16 captured bytes are displayed in captured order as follows The left and right arrow keys can be used to scroll forward backward through the 16 byte trace and the CRC the HEX will be properly updated 16 BYTE EDIT CLR HEX 54 TEK ST2400A CRC F4 When 64 Byte is selected as shown below first 22 characters following lt CR gt lt LF gt is displayed as shown Non printable characters is displayed as boxes If no lt CR gt lt LF gt can be found captured 64 bytes are displayed in captured order with no error indication NOTE Subsequent display updates will likely cause frequent trace content changes if no valid trace containing CR
41. Bellcore GR 253 CORE and CCITT Rec G 708 G 709 CMI is adjusted and guaranteed to meet output pulse mask only at room temperature 25 degrees C 5 degrees C Description 155 Mb s electrical data output from demultiplexer intended for connection to supplemental test equipment GPIB I O Connector signal level and protocol per IEEE 488 2 Description Byte serial industry standard instrument interface used for remote or automated control of the ST2400A Serial I O RS232C Connector signal level and protocol per ANSI RS 232C Description Bit serial industry standard interface used for remote control and software download of the ST2400A External null modem not required ST112 RS232C Connector signal level and protocol per ANSI RS 232C Description Bit serial interface used for directly connecting to an ST112 for combined mode operation External null modem is not required Printer Output Connector DB 25 Signal TTL Description Byte serial ASCII printer interface Follows industry standard DB 25 translation of Centronics interface ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual Specifications SDH Synchronization Specifications Generator Timing The 2 488 Gb s output can derive synchronization from five different sources These sources are only valid in the indicated modes External Timing The output timing is obtained by phase lock loop PLL multiplying the clock recovered from the source 155 622 Mb s SONET SDH signal This
42. C DEC and ENTER keys to select change and store values Press the OVHD key to return to the MS APS menu Ability to edit JO Multi Byte Trace JO Trace Generation TX Capture amp Display RX JO Trace provides a capability to uniquely identify each of the multiple channels being carried in a Dense Wave Division Multiplexer DWDM system providing an end to end continuity check Since only the SONET framing byte plus JO are in the unscrambled overhead of the SONET signal it is possible to extract for display the JO trace to confirm channel ID ST2400A ability to generate unique JO traces allows test signals to be easily identified or allows test signals to simulate network element generated traffic without Trace Identifier Mismatch TIM alarm being generated ST2400A ability to display received JO trace allows users to verify continuity and correct routing of individual channels within multi channel DWDM system ITU T has established a standard for 16 byte JO trace GR 253 has no multi byte JO standard but JO Trace is listed as an open issue in most recent List Report GR 253 ILR Issue 2B Dec 97 Some vendors are promoting 64 byte trace matching SONET J1 trace standard in GR 253 CORE ST2400A ability to generate non standard compliant 16 byte and 64 byte traces allows manufacturers to test network element response in presence of invalid trace for example 16 byte without valid frame start marker or with incorrect CRC 64 byte with
43. ED built into the key flashes whenever an alarm or error is detected during the run mode Pressing this key will display the history status of the alarm and error LED indicators instead of the current status Releasing this key will return to the current status display within 200 milliseconds History is cleared when a new test cycle starts The VIEW HISTORY key also permits the display of additional LED indicators Any error or alarm on PATH will cause the VIEW HISTORY light to blink ow There are three status indicators in the menu below The indicates a cleared condition no errors of this type have been detected since the test began The indicates a present error condition an error of this type is now occurring The h indicates a history condition an error of this type occurred at some point during the test but is not occurring at this time B3 h PL BIT P REI LOP P AIS h P RDI Figure 2 8 VIEW HISTORY additional LED indicators SDH Drop Select Key Receiver The DROP SELECT key is used to select one of three drops from the 2 4 Gb s STM 16 signal The 155 Mb s signal STM 1 can be either electrical or optical The 622 Mb s STM 4 signal is always optical Tributary Select Key Receiver The Receiver TRIB key is used to select the drop side tributaries One of sixteen 155 Mb s STM 1 tributaries or one of four 622 Mb s STM 4 tributaries can be selected from the 2 4 Gb s STM 16 signal The Drop Select K
44. Hierarchies F 2 SONET and SDH converge at SDH s 155 Mbit s base level defined as STM 1 or Synchronous Transport Module 1 The base level for SONET is STS 1 or OC 1 and is equivalent to 51 84 Mbit s Thus SDH s STM 1 is equivalent to SONET s STS 3 3 x 51 84 Mbit s 2 155 5 Mbit s Higher SDH rates of STM 4 622 Mbit s STM 16 2 4 Gbit s and STM 64 10 Gbit s have also been defined Multiplexing is accomplished by combining or interleaving multiple lower order signals 1 5 Mbit s 2 Mbit s etc into higher speed circuits 51 Mbit s 155 Mbit s etc By changing the SONET standard from bit interleaving to byte interleaving it became possible for SDH to accommodate both transmission hierarchies This modification allows an STM 1 signal to carry multiple 1 5 Mbit s or 2 Mbit s signals and multiple STM signals to be aggregated to carry higher orders of SONET or SDH tributaries ST2400A SDH User Manual Glossary amp ITU T Standards Three sets of terms are arranged at the beginning of this section because it is important to see that they are not equivalent terms which is how they get used in normal discussions They are Add Drop The process where a part of the information carried in a transmission system is extracted dropped at an intermediate point and different information is inserted added for subsequent transmission The remaining traffic passes straight through the multiplexer without additional processing
45. Loss of Frame alarm by monitoring an OOF condition for 3 ms on the user selected external 155 or 622 Mb s input A 6 ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual Specifications SDH Receiver Analyzer Specifications Measurements B1 Errors The 2 488 Gb s input is monitored for Regenerator Section level errors by comparing the received B1 byte to the recomputed BIP 8 parity The errors are detected and counted They can be displayed as a total error count or an error rate in the form X Y e Z B2 Errors The 2 488 Gb s input is monitored for Multiplex Section errors by comparing the 48 received B2 bytes to the recomputed BIP 24 x 16 parity The errors are detected and counted They can be displayed as a total error count or an error rate in the form X Y e Z MS REI The 2 488 Gb s input is monitored for MS REI in the M1 byte REIs are detected and counted They are displayed as a total error count Alarms Detection LOS 2 488 Gb s input is monitored for the all zero condition When the 2 4 Gb s signal has been off for more than 2 microseconds the LOS condition is declared The LOS alarm will assert no later than 127 microseconds after receiving the low signal all zero condition LOF OOF The last A1 byte and the first two A2 bytes A1 A2 A2 of the 2 488 Gb s input are monitored for errors If 4 or more consecutive frames have errors OOF is declared and reframing is attempted If OOF persists for more than 3 milliseconds LOF is declare
46. M is available The ST2400A provides electrical input and output clock and data interfaces operating at 2 488 Gb s Base Transceiver configuration provides 2 488 Gb s electrical interfaces and 155 622 Mb s optical and electrical add drop tributary interfaces Transmitter configurations do not include 155 622 optical and electrical drop interface Receiver configurations do not include 155 622 optical and electrical add interface The user can individually enable and disable laser 1 if installed laser 2 if installed and electrical outputs Multiple outputs can be simultaneously active NOTE RX will not measure correctly if both TX lasers are enabled and looped back to RX since RX contains a single broadband optical detector which is not wavelength selective The ST2400A 2 4 Gb s SDH SONET Test Set is designed to integrate directly with other Transmission Analyzers such as the Tektronix CTS 750 or the Tektronix CTS 850 The ST2400A unit can operate with many other STM 1 and STM 4 test sets that accept 155 or 622 Mb s optical signals and the 155 Mb s CMI electrical signal ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual 1 3 Getting Started 1 4 ST2400A 2 4 Gb s SDH SONET Test Set Features and Capabilities STM 16 SDH RS and MS Testing B1 B2 B3 Error Generation B1 B2 B3 Error Measurement Path REI Path Alarms Pattern Bit Error JO J1 Capture JO Edit RS and MS Alarm Generation RS and MS Alarm Detection RS and MS Layer Alarm and Er
47. ORE Bellcore GR 2918 CORE Generic criteria for SONET Point to Point WDM Systems in the 1550nm Region Bellcore GR 2918 ILR Full Report of Non Closed Issues for GR 2918 CORE ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual Index A Accessories 1 6 Alarm Generation Menus 3 20 Applications 2 14 Active Analysis Mode 2 15 Active Through Mode Analysis 2 16 Example STM 16c Application 2 17 Passive Monitoring 2 14 C CLEI Code 1 5 D Defaults Factory C 1 E Error Generation Menus 3 29 B2 or B3 Error Inject 3 31 Inject Random BER on one selectable channel 3 32 F First Time Operation 1 8 Front Panel 2 1 Connections 2 10 Display Display Controls Indicators 2 2 Setup Menus 2 2 ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual G General Menus 3 10 Error Log Display 3 13 Menu amp Measurement Refinements 3 10 TX or RX Configurations 3 12 zi Inspection Test Incoming B 1 J JO Trace multi byte 3 23 JO J1 Trace Capture amp Display 3 26 M Measurement Controls Indicators 2 9 Run Stop 2 9 Pause Resume 2 9 O Overhead Menus 3 22 Edit M1 Byte 3 28 R Receiver 2 7 Connectors 2 7 Drop Select Key 2 9 Overhead Key 2 9 Status Indicators 2 8 Tributary Select Key 2 9 View History Key 2 9 Li Index Receiver Menus 3 33 APS MSP 3 44 ASCII Synchronization Messages S1 byte 3 43 Error Measurements 3 33 G 826 M 2101 Measurements 3 40 Overhead Displays 3 42
48. OUR REB oth teer First Time Operation eee eerte ccnsnscoednancessossuccseosovesncovacseovoundesssosensenvonsubesesuoaseceounsses Functional Overview Front Panel Controls Indicators and Connectors eere eee eerte eee e teen eee tanue Display Display Controls and Indicators esee Setup Menu SyStem eoe ete pen e e e een e eet Examples of SDH Setup Main Menus eese tenerent Transmitter Description err ette tette imei es esee reisa resos eeste tod nere istas Transmitter Connectors ccececcesscscsssssssscsscsecccsccsecceecsecsscsssssscsscsssssessessesscsucsscescssceessecsasceseeses OVHD Key Transmitter ee eec eee ERN EH EORR RR E EET T Alarm Key Transmitter oe AR ree ERRER Etro Key FEADSIDILGT oo e DERE De ede RD UR e FIER ER Receiver Descriptio e Receiver COMME CLOTS 5 ette eere tae ater p a Red te eite Receiver Status IndiCators eee eie eie e eee eei e eine View History K6y iis co ito tea er ore an een e RE ERE e i te cabrones Drop Select Key ReceiVer cue IRR Dette see re D a Tributary Select Key Receiver seien ettet tenente tenen entente eene OVHD Key ReCelvet z eel iR NERIS ERAS A a aati Measurement Controls amp Indicators eere reete eee eee eee eee enean etna tn aetate etae tn saos Front Panel Connections ccccccssssssssssssssceccescescesccsccscceccsscsccsecsecsecs
49. POSE TEKTRONIX RESPONSIBILITY TO REPAIR OR REPLACE DEFECTIVE PRODUCTS IS THE SOLE AND EXCLUSIVE REMEDY PROVIDED TO THE CUSTOMER FOR BREACH OF THIS WARRANTY TEKTRONIX AND ITS VENDORS WILL NOT BE LIABLE FOR ANY INDIRECT SPECIAL INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES IRRESPECTIVE OF WHETHER TEKTRONIX OR THE VENDOR HAS ADVANCE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual lii How to Reach Customer Service Tektronix provides high quality Technical Support on applications operation measurement specifications hardware and software by expert application engineers If you have any questions regarding the operation maintenance repair or application of your Tektronix equipment contact your local sales and service office For more information on Tektronix equipment and support services refer to the Tektronix web site at www tektronix com or call 1 800 Tek Wide ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual Table Of Contents General Safety Summary beet cone helene aes ee tee te edi decttogt Preface tete REUS E Rea o Rt HE RP e RE at Ph red Getting Started Product Description uu eet ee ORO RECS ERI TO ORE MEC P Run Ordering Information o OE RUE eR RR Ee EH RES EFESE Features and Capabilities uoce ee top ee ORE UR RERO Ie Bellcore CLEI and CPR Product Codes sse etre treten tnnt ACGeSSOFIGS sichert re ete iat ed ete OO rn E Re UE TRU EUNT NIEUG EINER Optional oc ete e Eo EUR E Re
50. SDH mode for STM 16 is functioning properly The quick setup places the unit into a default mode which selects specific settings for the unit These default settings are preprogrammed and therefore consistent from unit to unit Leave everything as it was in the last section of the procedure There are nine steps in this section of the procedure Before any connections are made use the optical cleaning kit to clean the cable ends the attenuator ends and the optical connectors on the front panel of the unit Note The last section of the procedure provides an equipment list and simple instructions on how to clean the optical connectors 1 On the front panel remove protective covers from the 2 4Gb s IN and OUT connectors 2 Connect a fiber optic cable with an in line 15db attenuator between transmitter side left side 2 4Gb s OUT to receiver side right side 2 4Gb s IN On the front panel press SETUP until the display shows the Auxiliary Setup menu and press ENTER 4 On the front panel press SETUP until the display shows the System Configuration menu Using the LEFT RIGHT cursors select SDH and then press ENTER The display then flashes a message stating that the program is restarting due to measurement mode change Wait until unit reboots B 2 ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual Incoming Inspection Test 6 On the front panel press SETUP until the display shows the LASER 1 1310nm or 1550nm menu NOTE For dual wavelength ST 2400As t
51. SE Measurement TSE ES 0 BER 1 0e 04 SES 0 TOT 0 The Enter key will flash while at the menu above Pressing the Enter key permits access to the following sub menus TSE EB 0 CSES 0 BBE 0 TSE BBER ESR 0 0E 00 0 00E 00 SESR 0 0E 00 TSE AEB 0 AES 0 ABBE 0 ASES 0 TSE UAS 0 UR 0 0E 00 ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual 3 39 Reference 3 40 Totals MS B2 0 MS REI HP REI 0 0 ELAPSED TIME D HH MM SS The ERROR key on the Receiver side of the front panel is used to scroll through the LCD displays on the left side The Enter key on the right side of the LCD display is used to access a set of submenus for each of the first three main menus RS B1 MS B2 HP B3 MS REI HP REI and TSE Measurement Errors that were detected on the 2 4 Gb s SDH signal are displayed in the RS B1 MS B2 and HP B3 MS REI HP REI and TSE error summary menus These errors are totaled in the fourth menu The last menu on the lower left will display the elapsed test time in days hours minutes and seconds Each press of the error key will cycle to the next error display in a continuous loop until some other key is pressed ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual Reference Error Measurement Details e Error Reporting In both SONET and SDH mode the ST2400A will provide Total Errors Errored Seconds ES bit error rate BER and Severely Errored Seconds SES for B1 B2 B3 FEBE L MS RED FEBE P HP RED and Payload Bit TSE
52. SE RESUME until the red LED within the switch is lit On the display observe that the error rates are no longer increasing but are fixed at one value Also in the 2 4Gb s STATUS section observe that the error lights for B1 B2 and REI FEBE remain lit Note When the red LED within the PAUSE RESUME switch is lit the unit is in PAUSE mode and 10 will freeze all error conditions When the red LED is within the PAUSE RESUME switch is turned off the unit will RESUME normal functioning On the display press PAUSE RESUME until the red LED within the switch is no longer lit On the display observe that the error rates are once again increasing Also in the 2 4Gb s STATUS section observe that the error lights for B1 B2 and REI FEBE still remain lit On the front panel press RUN STOP twice to restart a test On the receiver side of the front panel press ERROR until the display shows B2 on the bottom left corner Observe that BER 1 0E 3 NOTE Bl BER will not measure 1 0E 3 since this exceeds the maximum error rate measurable with 11 12 13 14 15 Bl error detection Also MS REI will not measure 1 0E 3 since random error injection will only cause REI errors when the M1 byte containing the REI count is errored On the transmitter side of the front panel press ERROR until the display shows the Random BER Inject menu Using the LEFT RIGHT cursors select OFF and then press ENTER Observe that the red LED within
53. SSM ST2400A includes S1 byte changes as events which can initiate print on event When Synchronization Status Message SSM in S1 byte changes a time stamped report of SSM can be printed indicating new SSM contents SSM byte changes are decoded in clear text per G 707 SDH and GR 253 SONET ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual Reference Automatic Protection Switching APS From the top line The direction can be UNI unidirectional BI bi directional REI Remote Error Indication AIS Alarm Indication Signal or four asterisks indicating none of the four line types The Protection can either be 1 1 one to one or 1 N several unallocated lines specified by the number N The Request Line the line requesting to be switched and the Switch Line the line that the Request Line wants to switch to can be any decimal number from 0 to 15 Request Line Protection Direction Switch Line ld APS 141 RQ 0 SW 0 0 No Request NX Message Figure 3 20 Automatic Protection Switching APS The bottom line of the APS will display one of sixteen possible messages o NoRequest 8 Manual switch 9 Not used 6 Wat To Restore ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual 3 45 Reference Receiver Tributary Select SDH The TRIB key is used to select which tributary will be dropped out of the 2 4 Gb s STM 16 signal One of sixteen 155 Mb s STM 1 tributaries or one of four 622 Mb s STM 4 tributari
54. User Manual ST2400A 2 4 Gb s SDH Test Set 071 0241 04 This document supports firmware version 5 4 and above Copyright 1999 Tektronix Inc All rights reserved Licensed software products are owned by Tektronix or its suppliers and are protected by United States copyright laws and international treaty provisions Use duplication or disclosure by the Government is subject to restrictions as set forth in subparagraph c 1 ii of the Rights in Technical Data and Computer Software clause at DFARS 252 221 1013 or subparagraphs c 1 and 2 of the Commercial Computer Software Restricted Rights clause at FAR 52 227 19 as applicable Tektronix products are covered by U S and foreign patents issued and pending Information in this publication supersedes that in all previously published material Specifications and price change privileges reserved Tektronix Inc P O Box 1000 Wilsonville OR 97070 1000 TEKTRONIX and TEK are registered trademarks of Tektronix Inc ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual WARRANTY Tektronix warrants that this product will be free from defects in materials and workmanship for a period of three 3 years from the date of shipment If any such product proves defective during this warranty period Tektronix at its option either will repair the defective product without charge for parts and labor or will provide a replacement in exchange for the defective product In order to obtain service under thi
55. accessing generating and processing only SDH Section overhead Section Overhead Nine columns of overhead accessed generated and processed by section terminating equipment This overhead supports functions such as framing the signal and performance monitoring Section Terminating Equipment STE Equipment that terminates the SDH Section layer STE interprets and modifies or creates the Section Overhead SES Severely Errored Second measure of network performance Slip An overflow deletion or underflow repetition of one frame of a signal in a receiving buffer SONET Synchronous Optical Network A standard for optical transport in the United States Canada Japan Korea and Hong Kong that defines optical carrier levels and their electrically equivalent synchronous transport signals SONET allows for a multi vendor environment and positions the network for transport of new services synchronous networking and enhanced OAM amp P SSM Synchronisation Status Message Bits 5 to 8 of SDH overhead byte S1 are allocated for Synchronisation Status Messages See further details on the assignment of bit patterns for byte S1 in the section of this primer on Multiplex Section Overhead Stuffing see bit stuffing Synchronous A network where transmission system payloads are synchronized to a master network clock and traced to a reference clock A network where all clocks have the same long term accuracy under normal operating conditi
56. are calculated for each of the B1 B2 and MS REI error types TOT Total Errors Total number of errors detected since testing was started or restarted BER Bit Error Ratio Ratio of number of errors detected to the number of bits monitored for errors since testing was started or restarted Computed only for B1 B2 errors Not computed for MS REI errors HP REI ES can occur with HP RDI ES Errored Seconds Number of seconds since testing was started or restarted in which one or more errors were detected B3 ES can occur with LOP or Path AIS SES Severely Errored Seconds Number of seconds since testing was started or restarted in which the number of detected errors exceeded the severely errored second threshold or in which a relevant defect was detected Relevant defects are LOS all SES LOF all SES MS AIS B2 and MS REI SES only and MS RDI MS REI SES only SES threshold is currently set to 30 of the blocks SDH frames per second for B1 B2 and MS REI errors Thresholds ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual 3 41 Reference 3 42 follow G 826 recommendation but do not conform to draft new recommendation G epmrs Error Performance Events for SDH Multiplex and Regenerator Sections which recommend 30 threshold for B1 errors but 15 threshold for B2 and MS REI errors CSES Consecutive Severely Errored Seconds Count of Consecutive Severely Errored Second periods A CSES period is defined as a period of more tha
57. are used to navigate trace and edit characters Full set of upper case lower case digits and punctuation is selectable The hexadecimal equivalent of each character selected on the second row will be updated in the HEX field on the first row as shown below ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual 3 25 Reference If the character being edited on the second row is less than 0x20 hex or greater than 0x7F hex the character will be displayed as a filled in box in the center of the field the correct value will still be displayed in the HEX field 16 BYTE EDIT CLR HEX 54 TEK ST2400A CRC F4 When 64 byte trace is selected 62 editable bytes of 64 byte trace are set to bytes stored in 64 byte trace memory Last two bytes are set to CR 2 LF Factory default trace is Tek When CLR is selected 62 editable bytes of 64 byte trace are cleared to nulls hex 00 and lt CR gt lt LF gt is placed in last two characters When trace characters are selected left arrow right arrow INC DEC and ENTER are used to navigate trace and edit characters If trace contains non printable ASCII characters those characters are displayed as a filled in box When cursor is in right most character position and right arrow key is pressed trace is shifted left so character and cursor previously in right most character position now appear in left most character position with 21 following characters displayed in remaining positions As show
58. b s single error type tx single err chanz 1 single error on a specified sts 1 oh bytes 10 4J 0 All are 0 except for the ones below oh bytes 0 2 0x01 JO was C1 oh bytes 1 1 Ox7f El oh bytes 8 2 Ox7f E2 tx allchan err mode OFF B2 all channel error inject tx payload mapping STS1 SONET or VC4 SDH Payload Pattern choice tx payload select All Zeros Payload Pattern choice tx ext sync inputz OFF External sync input toh group overlay word 0 TOH BYTE GROUPS C 2 ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual Factory Defaults IO Board Parameters tx elec outputz OFF rx elec inputz OPTICAL if APD is present otherwise ELECTRICAL Laser power OFF Laser wavelength offset 2 0 TX elec output OFF System Parameters menu key 0 quick set INT 155 setup store mode OFF setup store select 0 System Parameters NOT reset by rst gpib term 0 rs232_baud 9600 rs232 baud code 0 rs232_parity EVEN rs232 char size 0 rs232 char size sel 1 rs232 eol CR LF rs232 xon OFF rs232_echo OFF rs232_prompt 16 ST2400 gt rs232_prompt_lf 0 remote_header OFF measure mode SONET or if SDH DEFAULT is set SDH clock_century 1998 01 01 00 00 00 audio_vol 1 view_angle 4 ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual C 3 Factory Defaults C 4 ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual SONET for Reference Transmission standards in the U S Canada Korea Taiwan and Hong Kong ANST and the rest of the world
59. d AIS The K2 byte is monitored for occurrence of all ones in three least significant bits e SDH If it occurs in three consecutive frames MS AIS is declared MS RDI The K2 byte is monitored for occurrence of the 110 code in three least significant bits e SDH If it occurs in three consecutive frames MS RDI is declared Overhead Display Approximately every 100 milliseconds each byte of the first STM 1 Transport Overhead is extracted and displayed ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual A 7 Specifications SDH APS Display Approximately every 100 milliseconds the K1 and K2 bytes are extracted The bytes are decoded into the APS messages modes and channels and displayed SONET SDH Drop Modes The analyzer drops a SONET SDH signal at either 155 Mb s or 622 Mb s A valid SONET SDH signal is constructed from a fraction of the 2 488 Gb s input data and overhead 155 Drop Mode Data User selects 1 of the 16 155 Mb s channels in the 2 488 Gb s input data to copy to the drop signal Overhead B1 B2 in dropped STM 1 are recalculated by the ST2400A H1 H2 and H3 are copied from the selected drop channels The remainder of the drop signal overhead is copied from the first three columns of the 2 488 Gb s input Output This mode is valid on the 155 Mb s optical and electrical CMI outputs 622 Drop Mode Data User selects 1 of the 4 622 Mb s channels in the 2 488 Gb s input data to copy to the drop signal Overhead B1 B2
60. dition will be used to generate the event trigger pulse from the rear panel BNC connector The event trigger is 2 4 Vpeak minimum with a pulse width of 25 nS 10 and leads the event by less than lus It can be used to synchronize other equipment such as an oscilloscope trigger source The TX Event Trigger Output menu is available in the Transceiver or Transmitter configurations TX EVENT TRIGGER OUTPUT ALARM ERROR The next menu is available in the Transceiver or Receiver configurations RX 2 488 Gb s INPUT lt OPTICAL gt ELECTRICAL In the next menu RX Threshold Offset is only available when an APD module is installed in the ST2400A RX Threshold Offset is adjustable from 50 to 49 At 0 offset RX threshold is at optimal point as determined by the average input signal level RX THRESHOLD OFFSET 50 The following menu will appear any time an APD overload occurs the user must reduce input power and press RESET to reset the trip circuitry The user may choose to ignore this message and press BYP to bypass this menu However the APD circuitry will remain disabled until input power is reduced and the RX 2 488 Gb s Input menu is changed to OPTICAL RX OPTICS DISABLED ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual Reference ATTENUATE amp RESET BYP View Angle Menu The VIEW ANGLE can be set to one of eight integers 0 through 7 Zero should be the best view angle when the ST2400A is positioned below the operat
61. e Enter key will flash while at the menu above Pressing the Enter key permits access to the following sub menus MS EB 0 CSES 0 B2 BBE 0 MS BBER ESR 0 0E 00 B2 0 00E 00 SESR 0 0E 00 MS AEB 0 AES 0 B2 ABBE 0 ASES 0 MS UAS 0 B2 UR 0 0E 00 ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual 3 35 Reference HP B3 Measurement HP ES 0 BER 1 0e 04 B3 SES 0 TOT 0 The Enter key will flash while at the menu above Pressing the Enter key permits access to the following sub menus HP EB 0 CSES 0 B3 BBE 0 HP BBER ESR 0 0E 00 B3 0 00E 00 SESR 0 0E 00 HP AEB 0 AES 0 B3 ABBE 0 ASES 0 HP UAS 0 B3 UR 0 0E 00 3 36 ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual Reference MS REI Measurement MS ES 0 BER _ 1 0e 04 REI SES 0 TOT 0 The Enter key will flash while at the menu above Pressing the Enter key permits access to the following sub menus MS EB 0 CSES 0 REI BBE 0 MS BBER ESR 0 0E 00 REI 0 00E 00 SESR 0 0E 00 MS AEB 0 AES 0 REI ABBE 0 ASES 0 MS UAS 0 REI UR 0 0E 00 ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual 3 37 Reference HP REI Measurement HP ES 0 BER _ 1 0e 04 REI SES 0 TOT 0 The Enter key will flash while at the menu above Pressing the Enter key permits access to the following sub menus HP EB 0 CSES 0 REI BBE 0 HP BBER ESR 0 0E 00 REI 0 00E 00 SESR 0 0E 00 HP AEB 0 AES 0 REI ABBE 0 ASES 0 HP UAS 0 REI UR 0 0E 00 3 38 ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual Reference T
62. e LEFT RIGHT cursors select MS REI and then press ENTER twice 17 In the 2 4Gb s STATUS section observe that the error light for REI FEBE flashes twice 18 On the receiver side of the front panel press ERROR until the display shows REI on the bottom left corner Observe that REI errored seconds ES 1 or 2 and total errors TOT 2 19 On the front panel press RUN STOP twice Observe that the errors have now been reset to zero Note Whenever errors are being cleared verify that you are still in RUN mode after the errors are cleared B 4 ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual Incoming Inspection Test Error Rate Inject Test In this part the transmitter injects an error rate into the receiver and verifies the receiver s responses There are 20 steps in this section of the procedure 1 On the transmitter side of the front panel press ERROR until the display shows the Random BER Inject menu Using the LEFT RIGHT cursors select 1 0E 3 and then press ENTER Observe that the red LED within the ERROR switch is now lit In the 2 4Gb s STATUS section observe that the error lights for B1 B2 and REI FEBE remain lit You have now injected an error rate into the receiver On the receiver side of the front panel press ERROR until the display shows RS B1 and MS B2 on the top line Observe that they both have increasing error counts B1 and B2 overflow is indicated by an in the most significant digit On the front panel press PAU
63. e as shown SECT TRACE JO lt PASS gt SET nn EDIT When PASS is selected and TX is in EXT mode JO in received added tributary is inserted in JO of output 2 5 Gb s signal When PASS is selected and TX is in THRU mode JO in received 2 5 Gb s signal is retransmitted in JO of output 2 5 Gb s signal When PASS is selected and TX is in INT mode JO is set to single byte 01 When SET nn is selected nn should display currently selected single byte JO as two hex digits User may set single byte JO to any value in range 0 255 00 FF hex When EDIT is selected and ENTER is pressed user is able to select between 16 byte ITU formatted trace and 64 byte trace as shown below JO TRACE SELECTION lt 16 BYTE gt 64 BYTE When 16 byte trace is selected 15 editable bytes of 16 byte trace are set to first 15 bytes of trace in memory If 16 byte trace was most recently used previous trace is restored If 64 byte trace was most recently used these 15 bytes are set to first 15 bytes of previously used 64 byte trace Correct frame start marker is computed and displayed in hex in nn portion of CRC nn Factory default trace is Tek ST2400A lt 4 NULLs gt When CLR is selected 15 editable bytes of 16 byte trace is cleared to null hex 00 and correct frame start marker is computed and displayed in hex in nn portion of CRC nn When trace characters are selected left arrow right arrow INC DEC and ENTER
64. ecessary to purchase Option 42 e B3 Path Analysis JO J1 Path Trace displayed as ASCII text e Print on Event function gives a printed error count for event seconds containing B1 B2 and B3 Pattern Bit Path REL Path Alarms LOP Path AIS Path RDI FEBE L MS REI errors as well as S1 SSM byte changes e Error Reporting In both SONET and SDH mode the ST2400A will provide Total Errors Errored Seconds ES bit error rate BER and Severely Errored Seconds SES for B1 B2 B3 Payload Bit FEBE P Rath RDI and FEBE L MS RED errors In SDH mode the ST2400A will provide Errored Blocks EB and Background Block Errors BBE for G 826 error analysis measurement In SDH mode the ST2400A will properly detect and count Consecutively Severely Errored Seconds CSES per G 826 In SONET mode Severely Errored Seconds SES will be counted based on SES criteria in GR 253 CORE Consecutively Severely Errored Seconds will be measured for B1 B2 B3 and MS REI errors and displayed in SDH mode only e InSDH mode all overhead alarms failures and errors are displayed or printed in ITU T terminology for example FEBE is REI FERF is RDI e User shall have the ability to retransmit all editable Transport Overhead TOH with or without modification Remaining non editable TOH shall be retransmitted without modification B1 and B2 BIP bytes shall be re computed in THRU mode and may be errored at user request Other alarms and failures may be
65. ection monitored by means of an Error Detection Code EDC such as Bit Interleaved Parity BIP Block Error rate BLER is calculated with this formula BLER errored blocks received total blocks sent Bit Interleaved Parity BIP A parity check that groups all the bits in a block into units such as byte then performs a parity check for each bit position in the group Bit Stuffing In asynchronous systems a technique used to synchronize asynchronous signals to a common rate before multiplexing ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual G3 Glossary G4 Bits per second bit s The number of bits passing a point every second The transmission rate for digital information Broadband Services requiring over 2 Mbit s transport capacity CCITT See ITU Channel The smallest subdivision of a circuit that provides a type of communication service usually a path with only one direction Circuit A communications path or network usually a pair of channels providing bi directional communication Circuit Switching Basic switching process whereby a circuit between two users is opened on demand and maintained for their exclusive use for the duration of the transmission Coding Violation CV A transmission error detected by the difference between the transmitted line code and that expected at the receive end by the logical coding rules Concatenation The linking together of various data structures for example two channels joined
66. ed in Chapter 3 Reference RS EOW E1 Main Menu PASS SET RS EOW E1 c PASS SET 7F Field Change Figure 2 5 Overhead Menu Access Alarm Key Transmitter The Transmitter alarm key is used to inject any of the alarms in one of four modes continuous timed burst or repeat at specific intervals The alarm displays and menus are detailed in the next chapter The red LED indicator in the alarm key will be illuminated whenever an alarm is active Error Key Transmitter The Transmitter error key is used to generate specific error conditions that are detailed in Chapter 3 Reference The red LED indicator in the error key will be illuminated whenever an alarm is active ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual Functional Overview Receiver Description This section describes the ST2400A 2 4 Gb s SDH SONET Test Set Receiver front panel inputs outputs controls and indicators located on the right side of the front panel The Receiver button choices are not functional on the ST2400A configured as a Transmitter 2 4 Gb s IN 155 622 OUT 2 4 Gb s STATUS TRIB OVHD LASER ON e Los G5 ais Lor 05 RDI FERF LJ C oor REI FEBE 155 OUT ERROR 155 7 DROP SELECT e VIEW 71 e c 5 HISTORY 1310 1550 1310 10dBm MAX 8dBm MAX Figure 2 6 Receiver Front Panel Receiver Connectors There are three connectors on the Receiver front panel one electrical CMI Code Mark Inversion and two optical The CMI electr
67. erminal that is outside the range specified for that terminal Ground the product This product is grounded through the grounding conductor of the power cord To avoid electric shock the grounding conductor must be connected to earth ground Before making connections to the input or output terminals of the product ensure that the product is properly grounded Do not operate without covers To avoid electric shock or fire hazard do not operate this product with covers or panels removed Use Proper Fuse To avoid fire hazard use only the fuse type and rating specified for this product Do not operate in Wet Damp Conditions To avoid electric shock do not operate this product in wet or damp conditions ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual viii General Safety Summary Do not operate in Explosive Atmosphere To avoid injury or fire hazard do not operate this product in an explosive atmosphere Wear Eye Protection To avoid eye injury wear eye protections if there is a possibility of exposure to high intensity rays Product Damage Precautions AN CAUTION Signal levels greater than 10dBm negative 10dBm may damage the Optical Input devices Always pad the input level to less than 10dBm Always use 15 dB of attenuation when connecting the ST2400A Transmitter output to its receiver input Failure to do so will damage the optical detector Use Proper Power Source Do not operate this product from a power source that applies
68. errors AIS Alarm In this part the transmitter creates an AIS alarm and you verify the responses of the receiver There are eleven steps in this section of the procedure 1 2 3 4 5 T 8 9 On the transmitter side of the front panel press ALARM until the display shows the MS AIS menu Using the LEFT RIGHT cursors select 2 5SEC Using the INC key increase the time until it switches to CONT and then press ENTER On the display observe that the top right corner now says ACTIVE In the 2 4Gb s STATUS section observe that the error lights for REI FEBE and AIS are now lit B2 will flash and go out On the receiver side of the front panel press ERROR until the display shows RS B1 and MS B2 on the top line On the display observe that MS B2 has an error reading that is actively counting errors On the transmitter side of the front panel press ALARM until the display shows the MS AIS menu Using the LEFT RIGHT cursors select OFF and then press ENTER 10 In the 2 4Gb s STATUS section observe that the error lights for REI FEBE and AIS are now off 11 On the front panel press RUN STOP twice to clear all errors ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual B 9 Incoming Inspection Test Inject LOS Alarm In this part the transmitter injects a loss of signal alarm and you verify the responses of the receiver There are eight steps in this section of the procedure On the transmitter side of the front panel press ALARM
69. es can be selected using the front panel increment and decrement keys This display depends on which drop was selected in the RX DROP SELECT or SDH QUICK SETUP menu off 155 or 622 The two possible SDH menus are shown below 155 Mb S RX DROP TRIB STM 1 nn 622 Mb s RX DROP TRIB STM 4 n Figure 3 21 Receiver Tributary Select Menus e The first menu is the SDH 155 Mb s tributary select menu used to select 1 of 16 tributaries e The second menu is the SDH 622 Mb s tributary select menu used to select 1 of 4 tributaries 3 46 ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual Reference Receiver Tributary RX Channel Selection SDH The Receiver side TRIBUTARY key is also used to select the Mapping and Structure of the RX Channel Selection When a valid signal is present the menu below will auto detect the proper mapping and first valid channel The mapping and channel will be displayed in the appropriate column If several types of mapping are present the user can select any valid mapping present in the signal The menu will only display mapping and channels that are valid When using remote commands to set up mapping and channels it is possible to select an invalid mapping or channel Care must be taken to match the receiver mappings and channels to the ones available from the ST2400A receiver If an invalid mapping is detected a menu will flash on the LCD screen of the test unit When a valid mapping is detected the invalid mapping menu will
70. es how to use the Tektronix ST2400A SDH Test Set This manual is your primary source of information about how the ST2400A SDH Test Set functions How This Manual is Organized This manual is divided into four sections Getting Started Operating Basics Reference and Appendices e Getting Started provides an overview of the ST2400A SDH Test Set and describes first time operation e Operating Basics explains the basic principles of operating the ST2400A The Operating Basics section also includes sample ST2400A applications e Reference provides explanations of how to perform detailed tasks e The Appendices provide a listing of specifications default factory setting an incoming inspection test and other useful information Conventions This manual uses the following conventions e The names of front panel controls and menus appear in all upper case letter for example TRANSMIT and HELP e Names appear in the same case in this manual as they appear on the display of the ST2400A for example Test Duration and USER DEFINED e Within a procedure a specific button to be pressed or a parameter to be selected appears in boldface print NOTE Some of the content found in this manual does not pertain to some instruments Depending on the software revision and the options installed some of the features described in these pages may not be available Related Manuals The following documents are available for the ST2400A SDH Test Set
71. essessessensensensensessescessescencences Remote Indicators scisssscsssiesisnsosscsvescensescescoscesesscasessussesstassndendevsesievisonsoisnacstenscdecseevesdesvnsonetesossdsasssde Rear Panel Description ssisvsisisccssssesesssonsusatosssneseasoinsetesescensesvesececssdesesesndbesbvosesecchonsuancnenseseehessasseseen Laser Lockout Remote Interlock SYNC OUMU p BITS ED REP ASEET ENEE e stitch ERE ERE EEEE Rear Panel Connectors a a n r e ere A T ERE Applications and Use Passive Monitoring Active Analysis 55 ON Un EO I REO ERREUR cab bob UNES TOR e E Active Through Mode Analysis ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 8 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 4 2 5 2 5 2 5 2 6 2 6 2 7 2 7 2 8 2 9 2 9 2 9 2 9 2 10 2 11 2 12 2 12 2 13 2 13 2 13 2 14 2 15 2 15 2 16 2 17 Table of Contents Example STM 16c OC 48c Application essent tnnt 2 17 Reference Setup Menus une desire oroetan aA Ee M EESO EOS S a SUPPE RH RIE DSE SISE Sese Pes eS E SERT DUE 3 1 Laser Vno D bopsen octets 3 4 Laser Modules cete e heave hag R ERN R e eae HR E IEEE RUR 3 5 TX Event Trigger Output Menu essent tenente tenen enne nennen 3 6 View Angle Menu Lu e es 3 7 Store Recall Setup Menu ate ee Oo eec e e iR EU e ers 3 7 R port Test Ime Menu une Ne DIDI eene er dE 3 7 Auxiliary Setup Menu ee RR ge a enne 3 8 Power Fail
72. et User Manual B 17 Factory Defaults System setup parameters These are restored on Powerup Receiver Parameters IX eir disp type 0 Ix err thresh count 5 rx er thresh enable 0 rx err thresh typez 0 MIN rx_err_thresh_value 3 IX drop rate RX DROP RATE OFF rx drop chan 1 rx laser onz OFF IX sts chan 0 IX eot printz OFF rx eot print form 0 rx errlog print 0 rx errlog squelchz NONE rx measure cntrl OFF rx measure run OFF rx measure secs 10 rx measure timing RX MEASURE UNTIMED IX print recent test NO IX report disp type 0 Ix report mem type RX REPORT MEM LOG rx report mode OFF pause phase OFF ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual C 1 Factory Defaults Transmitter Parameters tx optic pow mode OFF tx error rates MAX TYPES OF RATES 1 0E 5 RANDOM BER is 1 0E 3 These four variables are for alarm error restore on powerup error rate enabled cycle error activez NO alarm type enabled NONE cycle alarm activez NO tx alarm burst 1 tx alarm time 25 tx alarm mode OFF cycle alarm inject time 25 cycle alarm dwell time 25 cycle alarm type LOS cycle error inject time 0 cycle error dwell timez 0 cycle error type OFF tx_channel 1 tx chan replicate mode 0 tx input modez INTERNAL tx wavelength 1310 or 1550 depending on DUAL Wavelength or NOT tx input ratez OFF tx optic onz OFF tx event trigger EVENT TRIGGER ALARM tx single err mode OFF 2 4G
73. ey was used to choose either the STM 1 or STM 4 drop OVHD Key Receiver The Receiver OVHD Overhead key permits viewing of the Regenerator Section RS and Multiplex Section MS overhead bytes in the first column of the first STM 16 frame including APS Automatic Protection Switching Some of these bytes may be used to perform testing review the OVHD Key Transmitter section previously presented in this chapter ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual 2 9 Functional Overview Measurement Controls and Indicators The ST2400A 2 4 Gb s SDH SONET Test Set Measurement Controls and indicators are located at the top right side of the front panel The RUN STOP key provides duration control over the test cycle RUN clears all counters clears history data and starts the test cycle STOP halts the test cycle without effecting counter values The green LED indicator inside the key is on during the RUN cycle A stopped test can be restarted using the pause run resume sequence saving stored history data The button choices are not functional on the ST2400A configured as a Transmitter The PAUSE RESUME key permits a temporary stop of the test cycle The red LED indicator is on when the test cycle is in the pause mode Pressing the key once again extinguishes the LED and resumes the test All counters are suspended in the PAUSE mode and continue from that point when the test cycle is resumed RESUME ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual Functional Ove
74. f SDH Equipment Functional Blocks G 784 SDH management G 802 Interworking between networks based on different and speech coding laws ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual G 13 Glossary G14 G 803 Architectures of transport networks based on the SDH ITU T G 813 Timing characteristics of SDH equipment slave clocks SEC G 825 Control of jitter and wander in SDH ITU T G 826 Error performance parameters and objectives for international constant bit rate digital paths at or above the primary rate G 831 Management capabilities of transport network based on SDH G 841 Types and characteristics of SDH network protection architectures G 861 Principles and guidelines for the integration of satellite and radio systems in SDH ITU T G 957 Optical interfaces for equipments and systems relating to the synchronous digital hierarchy ITU T G 958 Digital line systems based on the Synchronous Digital Hierarchy for use on optical fibre cables L432 B ISDN User network interface Physical layer specification M 2101 Performance Limits for BIS and Maintenance of Int SDH Paths and Multiplex Sections O 150 General requirements for instrumentation for performance measurements on digital transmission equipment O 181 Equipment to assess error performance on STM N interfaces SONET related Standards ANSI T1 101 1994 Synchronization Interface Standard ANSI T1 102 1993 Digital Hierarchy Electrical Interfaces Bellcore GR 253 C
75. fy that the ST2400A Transceiver received from Tektronix is operational upon arrival This procedure briefly verifies that the general functionality of the unit responds correctly The incoming inspection is divided into separate tests for SDH and SONET The last page of this section details a method for cleaning optical cables Required Equipment The following equipment is required to verify that the ST2400A Transceiver is functioning properly e Fiber Optical Cable must be a single mode cable and have connectors matching those on the unit under test e In line 15db optical attenuator e Optical cleaning kit Note See last page of instructions for required equipment NOTE This procedure may also be used to verify correct operation of an ST2400A Transmit Only but a known good ST2400A Receiver is required Similarly an ST2400A Receiver may be tested with a known good ST2400A Transmitter OVHD MODE TRIB 155 622 INPUT 2 4 Gb sIN 155 622 OUT 2 4 Gb s STATUS eios Lor ios 65 ais e y eror es RDIFERF oor REVFEBE 155 2 048 CLK IN eur 155 ALARM ERROR SELECT e 99 155 DROP SELECT e 1550UT ERROR e e 75 OHM 1310 1550 1310 10dBm MAX odBm NOM 10dBm MAX 8dBm MAX 93 L iietoRy 9 L Figure B 1 ST2400A front panel Transmitter left side and Receiver right side ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual B 1 Incoming Inspection Test General Functionality Verification This section of t
76. gnal e Data 2 488 Gb s output is copied from the incoming 2 488 Gb s signal e Default Overhead Copied from the incoming 2 488 Gb s signal except B1 BIP 8 and B2 BIP 24 x 16 are recomputed before re transmission A 4 ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual Specifications SDH Overhead Manipulation Specifications The Regenerator Section Overhead and Multiplex Section Overhead are constructed as follows In External Add mode overhead bytes are copied from the multiplexed tributary In the A mode copies are used to fill the entire STM 16 overhead in the Single mode one copy is sent to the selected channel and the remaining channels are filled with the Unequipped channel overhead In the Internal mode all channels are filled with the Unequipped channel overhead In through mode the overhead is copied from the incoming STM 16 The JO byte is set to 1 15 Z0 bytes and 32 National Use bytes formerly C1 bytes are numbered from 2 to 48 The first STM 1 of the STM 16 signal overhead bytes can be edited by the user see below error injection can be added and finally B1 and B2 parity bytes are calculated Overhead byte editing The following Transport Overhead TOH bytes of the first STM 1 of the STM 16 frame can be edited and selected individually or as a group JO E1 F1 D1 D3 group selected C2 K1 K2 D4 D12 group selected S1 M1 E2 The following TOH bytes of the first STM 1 of the STM 16 frame CANNOT be edited Al A2 B1 B2 H1 H3
77. he User Manual tests the functionality of the unit The procedure consists of eleven sections in which the functionality of the unit is verified Note The procedure assumes you are proceeding in sequential order Before beginning the procedure you must set the unit to factory default settings to ensure that you are starting the procedure from a known state To default the unit to its factory settings follow the procedure below 1 On the front panel press SETUP until the display shows the STORE RECALL Setup menu 2 Using the LEFT RIGHT cursors select FACTORY DEFAULT and then press ENTER Note Whenever you make a change in a menu the red LED within the ENTER key will flash This signifies that if you wish that change to occur you must save it by pressing ENTER 3 The display now reads Restore Factory Default Using the LEFT RIGHT cursors select YES and press ENTER The display flashes a message stating that all settings have been returned to factory defaults then it returns to the REPORT TEST Setup menu 4 Once the factory default settings have been restored observe that all the error lights within the 2 4 Gb s STATUS section of the receiver front panel are lit This is because the default settings set the laser to OFF so the unit is no longer linked Now that the unit has been correctly defaulted you may continue with the next section of the procedure STM 16 SDH Quick Setup This section of the procedure verifies that the
78. he following tests should be repeated for LASER 2 7 Using the LEFT RIGHT cursors select ON and then press ENTER Note On the transmitter side of the front panel the red LED under LASER ON is now lit Refer to Figure B 1 to identity the transmitter and receiver side of the front panel 8 The transmitter and receiver sides should now be linked error free Note Error free means that you see no lit LEDs in the 2 4Gb s STATUS section on the receiver side of the front panel Parity and Random Errors SDH At this point you have determined that the unit links error free The next step is to inject some errors and verity that the unit responds correctly This section is split into two parts Single Error Inject Test and Error Rate Inject Test Leave the setup as it was in the last section Single Error Inject Test In this part the transmitter is set to generate STM 16 from 16 STM 1 signals containing PRBS 27 1 test pattern then injects single errors into the receiver and verifies the responses of the receiver There are 27 steps in this section of the procedure 1 On the transmitter side of the front panel press MODE until the display shows the INT TX VC4 TEST PATT menu 2 Using the LEFT RIGHT cursors select PRBS 23 then press ENTER On the receiver side of the front panel press MODE until the display shows the INT RX VC4 TEST PATT menu 4 Using the LEFT RIGHT cursors select PRBS 23 then press ENTER 5 On the transmitter s
79. her words one divided by one million would equal 0 000001 or 1 0E 6 decimal ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual 3 31 Reference B2 or B3 Error Inject Single All channels simultaneously This menu choice is available under the ERROR button on the front panel TX side The user of this test unit can inject a single B1 or B2 error one B1 or B2 error in fixed channel of 2 4 Gbit s payload or the user an inject B1 or B2 errors simultaneously in all channels of 2 4 Gbit s payload B2 error rates may be generated over the range 1 0E 3 to 0 1E 9 SINGLE ERROR INJECT B1 B2 B3 MS REI TSE B2 ERROR RATE INJECT OFF 1 0E 5 B3 ERROR RATE INJECT OFF 1 0E 4 MAX The following are contained in one menu INJECT B2 ERRORS 2 5s OFF ENABLE WAIT 1 0s INJECT B3 ERRORS 2 5s OFF ENABLE WAIT 1 0s INJECT TSE 2 5s OFF ENABLE WAIT 1 0s Figure 3 17 Transmitter Error Generation ERROR button SDH ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual Reference Pressing the Transmitter ERROR key on the lower left side of the ST2400A front panel will scroll through the available menus The arrow keys are used to move the cursor when selecting menu items The INC and DEC keys are used to change values The ENTER key is used to execute the function Enabling any error will disable all other active errors The SINGLE ERROR INJ menu is used to inject one error each time the Enter key is pressed Use the INC key to position the curso
80. ical and Electronic Measuring and Approval Testing Equipment Canadian Certification CAN CSA 22 2 No 231 Safety Requirements for Electrical Equipment for Measurement Control and Laboratory Use A 2 ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual Specifications SDH Transmitter Generator Specifications 155 Mb s External Add Modes These modes are valid when generating output 2 488 Gb s signal from externally added 155 Mb s optical or electrical CMI inputs 2 488 Gb s output signal timing is derived from externally added 155 Mb s input so no pointer adjustments are required or generated 155 All Replicate Mode Data 2 488 Gb s output is made from 16 copies of the user selected incoming 155 Mb s optical or electrical data 155 Single Channel Mode Data 2 488 Gb s output is made from 1 copy of the selected incoming 155 Mb s optical or electrical data in a user selected channel The remaining 15 channels are filled with unequipped VC4 structured STM 1s bulk filled with the user selected test pattern all zeros PN23 or inverted PN23 ITU T O 181 test pattern ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual A 3 Specifications SDH 622 Mb s External Add Modes These modes are valid when generating output 2 488 Gb s signal from externally added 622 Mb s optical input 2 488 Gb s output signal timing is derived from externally added 622 Mb s input so no pointer adjustments are required or generated 622 All Replicate Mode Data 2 488 Gb s outpu
81. ical signal connector is an industry standard BNC that is marked 155 OUT It provides the 75 ohm load impedance and direct coupling DC for the SDH electrical signal The two industry standard FC PC optical connectors are on the left side of the Receiver section one input and one output ST or SC connectors are available as options The input optical connector is marked 2 4 Gb s IN it accepts the STM 16 signal at either 1310 or 1550 nm The output optical connector marked 155 622 OUT outputs STM 1 and STM 4 tributary signals at 1310 nm Both are equipped with screw caps to protect the optics from airborne contamination such as dust A WARNING Before activating the 2 4 Gb s LASER its output must be connected to a circuit N CAUTION Always use 15 dB of attenuation when connecting the ST2400A Transmitter output to its Receiver input Failure to do so will damage the optical detector ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual 2 7 Functional Overview Receiver Status Indicators 2 4 Gb s STATUS TRIB OVHD e Los G5 OG As LOF B2 RDI FERF LJ oor REI FEBE 1550UT ERROR 155 DROP LI VIEW m 622 el HISTORY 75 OHM Figure 2 7 Receiver Status Indicators The status indicators include the alarms and errors detailed below The appropriate LED indicator will light for a minimum of 200 milliseconds when a corresponding alarm or error is detected Detected errors and alarms are stored as historical data The Receiver LOS L
82. ide of the front panel press ERROR until the display shows the Single Error Inject menu 6 On the front panel press RUN STOP until the green LED inside the button is now lit Note The unit is now in RUN mode If the green LED within the switch is not lit then the RUN mode is not active and no errors will be counted i e a STOP condition exists 7 Using the LEFT RIGHT cursors select B1 and then press ENTER twice In the 2 4Gb s STATUS section observe that error light for B1 flashes twice 9 On the receiver side of the front panel press ERROR until the display shows B1 on the bottom left corner Observe that B1 errored seconds ES 1 or 2 and total errors TOT 2 10 On the transmitter side of the front panel press ERROR until the display shows the Single Error Inject menu 11 On the transmitter side of the front panel press ERROR until the display shows the Single Error Inject menu 12 Using the LEFT RIGHT cursors select B2 and then press ENTER twice ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual B 3 Incoming Inspection Test 13 In the 2 4Gb s STATUS section observe that the error light for B2 flashes twice 14 On the receiver side of the front panel press ERROR until the display shows B2 on the bottom left corner Observe that B2 errored seconds ES 1 2 3 or 4 and total errors TOT 4 15 On the transmitter side of the front panel press ERROR until the display shows the Single Error Inject menu 16 Using th
83. ignal frequencies that can be transmitted by a communication channel or network Bidirectional Operating in both directions Bi directional APS allows protection switching to be initiated by either end of the line Binary N Zero Suppression BNZS Line coding system that replaces N number of zeros with a special code to maintain pulse density required for clock recovery N is typically 3 6 or 8 BIP 8 Bit Interleaved Parity 8 A method of error checking in SDH which allows in service performance monitoring For example a BIP 8 creates eight bit one byte groups then does a parity check for each of the eight bit positions in the byte B ISDN Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network A single ISDN network which can handle voice data and eventually video services Bit One binary digit a pulse of data Bit Error vs Block Error Error rate statistics play a key role in measuring the performance of a network As errors increase user payload especially data must be re transmitted or lost entirely Bit Error Rate BER The number of bit errors detected in a unit of time usually one second Bit Error rate BER is calculated with this formula BER errored bits received total bits sent Block Error Rate BLER One of the underlying concepts of error performance is the notion of Errored Blocks i e blocks in which one or more bits are in error A block is a set of consecutive bits associated with the path or s
84. ignal to the auxiliary test set ST2400A 2 4 Gb s SDH SONET Test Set OC 3 or OC 12 Figure 2 11 ST2400A Active Analysis ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual Applications Active Through Mode Analysis The Active Through Mode Analysis of the 2 4 Gb s Line is similar to the Active Analysis application The ST2400A is actively inserted into the signal path as either a regenerator or as a stress tester The STM 16 signal is looped through the ST2400A The signal can be passed through and regenerated unchanged or alarms and errors can be added for conformance and stress testing The ST2400A now has the capabilities to add B1 B2 and B3 errors as well as provide error analysis in active through mode The ST2400A can be used with a companion test set CTS710 to make all of the transmission measurements required to completely test the network system Or the ST2400A can be used without the additional tributary test set to quickly test monitor and verify the 2 4 Gb s signal operation ST2400A 2 4 Gb s SDH SONET Test Set OC 3 or OC 12 CTS 710 NETWORK 2 4 Gb s ADM Figure 2 12 ST2400A Passive Monitoring OC 48 Example STM 16c OC 48c Application To test STM 16c OC 48c network equipment such as a large backbone router place the ST2400A in Active Through Mode where it will regenerate everything received from the router and send it back out through the Transmit port The user can then create bit errors in the pa
85. ignals must be generated from a network element Again an ST2400A with Option 41 can receive generate and modify STM 16c signals 2 18 ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual Reference Reference This chapter describes the use of the ST2400A LCD menu structures and displays In addition to general displays and menus there are separate sections that detail Setup Receiver and Transmitter specifics A functional verification procedure can be found in the Appendices Setup Menus Pressing the Setup key at any time will bring up the Setup Menus Both the Setup and the Enter keys are used to navigate through this menu system The left and right arrow keys and the increment INC and decrement DEC keys are used to change values The Enter key is also used to access submenus The Main Menus that make up the Setup menu are shown in Figure 3 1 The Main Menus are a continuous loop that begins with the Quick Setup LCD display and ends with the Auxiliary Setup display menu As noted in the figure the word XXXxx can be either SDH or SONET That choice is made in the System Configuration submenu of the Auxiliary Setup menus shown at the bottom of Figure 3 2 One note Since the ST2400A can be configured as Transceiver Transmitter or Receiver many menus are available only with the appropriate configuration For example the Quick Setup menu mentioned above is available with the Transceiver but does not appear in the Transmitter or Receiver conf
86. igurations This manual details the SDH features ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual 3 1 Reference The ST2400A can be configured for either SDH or SONET XXXxx QUICK SETUP Setup Key NT lt 155 gt 622 EXT 155 622 Transmit Option Required for Laser Menus TX Event Trigger Menu LASER 101 R2 1550 12 op LASER 2 L 162 1555 OFF ON CW SETUP OFF ON CW SETUP cen 1519 M i Me for older TX2488Gb s ELEC OUTPUT If Setup is pressed Y enu screen above for older I O boards lt OFF gt ON LASER 1 WAVELENGTH 1550 12 OFFSET 49 TX EVENT TRIGGER OUTPUT This menu is not available for ILM lasers ALARM ERROR RX 2 488Gb s INPUT RX THRESHOLD OFFSET lt OPTICAL gt ELECTRICAL 50 RX Threshold Offset is only available VIEW ANGLE VOLUME when APD module installed and RX board 1 1 Enter key STORE RECALL SETUP LOCRECALL NAME STORE RESTORE FACTORY DEFAULT lt USER gt FACTORY DEFAULT lt n gt RCALL LABEL STOR lt NO gt YES y Setup Key Setup Key Sle REPORT TEST TIME Enter key MEASURE CONTROL __ TESTTIME DD HH MM SS lt ENTER gt La r lt UNTIMED gt TIMED REPEAT 00 00 00 00 Return to REPORT SETUP REPORT SETUP ad Setup Setup Key SQUELCH lt OFF gt ON PRINT OFF ERREOT BOTH enu PRINTER SELECTION REPORT SETUP Setup Key lt PARALLEL gt RS232 CLEARERR lt NO gt YES Setup Key REPORT REPRINT lt OFF gt ERR PREV EOT CURR S AUXILIARY SETUP Enter key re lt ENTER gt Go to Auxiliar
87. in lit On the display press PAUSE RESUME until the red LED within the switch is no longer lit On the display observe that the error rates are once again increasing Also in the 2 4Gb s STATUS section observe that the error lights for B1 B2 and REI FEBE still remain lit On the front panel press RUN STOP twice to restart a test On the receiver side of the front panel press ERROR until the display shows B2 on the bottom left corner Observe that BER 1 0E 3 NOTE Bl BER will not measure 1 0E 3 since this exceeds the maximum error rate measurable with 11 12 13 14 15 Bl error detection Also MS REI FEBE L will not measure 1 0E 3 since random error injection will only cause REI errors when the M1 byte containing the REI count is errored On the transmitter side of the front panel press ERROR until the display shows the Random BER Inject menu Using the LEFT RIGHT cursors select OFF and then press ENTER Observe that the red LED within the ERROR switch is now off In the 2 4Gb s STATUS section observe that the error lights for B1 B2 and REI FEBE are now off On the receiver side of the front panel press ERROR until the display shows B1 B2 and FEBE L across the top line Observe that all of the errors have stopped increasing On the front panel press RUN STOP twice to clear all errors ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual B 13 Incoming Inspection Test Transport Overhead Path Overhead SONET Th
88. ing synchronization SETS input shall accept signals meeting the requirements of G 703 section 10 2 048 Mb s and section 6 2 048 MHz with the exception of frequency tolerance of 40ppm The 155 2 048 BNC connector on the front panel provides this input ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual A 15 Specifications SDH Analyzer Timing Analyzer Clock Recovery Input Frequency Range 2 48832 Gb s 20 ppm Input Jitter Tolerance Meets Bellcore GR 253 CORE and ITU G 783 G 81S 155 622 Mb s Output Timing Derived by dividing the clock recovered from the Analyzer 2 488 Gb s input Jitter Transfer ST2400A Jitter Transfer is a function of the clock recovery clock multiply and or clock divide function in the Transmitter or Receiver The Transmitter recovers clock from the 155 MHz or 622 MHz inputs then multiplies them up to 2 488 GHz In THRU Mode the Transmitter gets a 78 MHz clock from the Receiver and multiplies that to 2 488 GHz The Receiver divides its input 2 488 GHz clock to 155 MHz or 622 MHz for the tributary drop rates or to 78 MHz for the Transmitter in THRU Mode The resulting maximum peak peak Jitter Gain is shown in the tables and diagram below A Gain B 30 KHz 300 KHz Frequency 10db 10db 5db 3db 24db 24db SDH iterTransfer a B A 16 ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual Specifications SDH ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual A 17 Incoming Inspection Test The purpose of this procedure is to veri
89. injected at user request e S1 Byte SSM ST2400A includes S1 byte changes as events which can initiate print on event time stamped When Synchronization Status Message SSM in S1 byte changes a time stamped report of SSM can be printed indicating new SSM contents SSM byte changes within the S1 byte are decoded in clear text per G 707 SDH and GR 253 SONET e 8th Rate Sync Output ST 2400A shall generate a sync output signal at 1 8 data rate 311 MHz useful for triggering scope based eye diagram measurements Sync output shall ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual 3 11 Reference be provided on SMA connector mounted on rear panel Sync output signal characteristics AC coupled 300 mV pk pk Terminate externally with 50 Ohms Pointers Read only menu under RX Trib button Pointer Value displayed 0 to 782 Pointer Measurement Counts for Positive Pointer Justifications Negative Pointer Justifications New Data Flag NDF ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual Reference Transmitter or Receiver Configurations The ST2400A 2 4 Gb s SDH SONET Test Set can be ordered in one of three configurations which are Transceiver Transmitter Or Receiver This chapter details the menus available in the Transceiver configuration Go to the appendix for a listing of Transmitter only or Receiver only or menus The ST2400A shall accept zero one or two factory installed 2 488 Gb s laser Transmitter modules and or zero or one APD Receiver module
90. is section of the procedure ensures that the editing function is working accurately Leave the setup as it was in the last section There are twenty two steps in this section of the procedure 1 2 3 4 90 QN tA 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 On the transmitter side of the front panel press OVHD until the display shows JO on the top right side Using the LEFT RIGHT cursors select SET Using the INC DEC keys change JO to 51 and then press ENTER On the receiver side of the front panel press OVHD until the display shows A1 A2 and JO on the top right side On the display observe that JO equals 51 On the transmitter side of the front panel press OVHD until the display shows JO on the top right side Using the LEFT RIGHT cursors select PASS and then press ENTER On the receiver side of the front panel press OVHD until the display shows A1 A2 and JO on the top right side On the display observe that JO equals 01 On the transmitter side of the front panel press OVHD until the display shows D7 D8 and D9 on the top right side Using the LEFT RIGHT cursors select SET and select D7 Using the INC DEC keys and the LEFT RIGHT cursors change D7 to AA Using the LEFT RIGHT cursors select D8 Using the INC DEC keys and the LEFT RIGHT cursors change D8 to 11 Using the LEFT RIGHT cursors select D9 Using the INC DEC keys and the LEFT RIGHT cursors change D9 to 05 and then
91. key The EXT input can be 155 Mb s optical STM 1 622 Mb s optical STM 4 or 155 Mb s CMI electrical signal The appropriate yellow status LED will indicate the input signal The INT mode generates an unequipped SDH 2 4 Gb s STM 16 signal with valid transport overhead bytes that can be modified The Transceiver THRU mode will output a modified 2 4 Gb s SDH signal that entered the Receiver section from an external source before modification All three yellow status LEDs will be off when the ST2400A is in the THRU Through mode or INT mode The Transceiver WAVELENGTH menu will only be present when the dual wavelength option is installed Use the arrow keys to move the cursor to either 1310nm or 1550nm and the enter key to select the value Tributary and Input Select Keys Transmitter The Transmitter TRIB key is used with the INPUT SELECT key to configure input groupings STM 16 has sixteen STM 1 channel groups or four STM 4 channel groups ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual 2 5 Functional Overview 2 6 OVHD Key Transmitter The Transmitter OVHD Overhead key provides access to the Regenerator Section and Multiplexer Section overhead bytes in the first column of the first STM 1 The figure below shows the menu used to access the E1 byte A field change occurs when an arrow key is used to move the cursor from PASS to SET The field change shows the current value of the particular overhead byte being viewed Greater detail is provid
92. l state prior to the power loss If the lasers are ON all error injection and alarm injection will resume and all previously collected errors will be restored If the lasers were ON they will come back on If the RESUME OPERATION selection is ON use the proper safety procedures listed throughout this manual If the lasers were OFF they will remain off On restart the measurement automatically restarts continues if the measurement was active when the power went down The data collection is delayed by ten 10 seconds to permit the laser to turn on and the device under test DUT to settle Before this change after a loss of power a measurement would need to be restored due to the 2 4 Gb s laser being turned off If System Configuration of the test set SONET or SDH is changed the ST2400A will automatically restart The SYSTEM CONFIGURATION menu can be obtained by pressing the Setup key from the RS 232 SETUP menu The ST2400A has both SDH and SONET modes The active mode is set when the unit is powered on It has an asterisk on both sides In the Auxiliary Setup Menu figure shown previously the SDH mode is active Using the arrow key to move the cursor to SDH and pressing the Enter key to select the SDH mode A momentary display that reads Pressing the Setup key again will loop to the ST2400A Version X XX characteristic display It provides a software version number and the laser wavelength for both the Receiver and Transmitter A br
93. m for Loss of Pointer LOS An acronym for Loss of Signal Low Frequency Jitter Jitter that crosses the wander threshold approximately 0 1 Hz to 500 Hz Low frequency jitter is often the result of pointer movement Lowpass The upper 3 dB corner frequency of a filter The filter passes frequencies lower than this frequency LTE An acronym for Line Terminating Equipment Mapping The process of associating each bit transmitted by a service into the SDH payload structure that carries the service For example mapping a El service into a SDH VC 12 associates each bit of the E1 with a location in the VC 12 Multiframe Any structure made of multiple frames SDH has facilities to recognize multiframes at the E1 level and at the VC n level ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual G 7 Glossary G8 Multiplex Section Alarm Indication Signal MS AIS MS AIS is generated by Section Terminating Equipment STE upon the detection of a Loss of Signal or Loss of Frame defect on an equipment failure MS AIS maintains operation of the downstream regenerators and therefore prevents generation of unnecessary alarms At the same time data and orderwire communication is retained with the downstream Line Terminating Equipment LTE Multiplex Section Remote Defect Indication MS RDI A signal returned to the transmitting Line Terminating Equipment LTE upon detecting a Loss of Signal Loss of Frame or MS AIS defect MS RDI was previously known as
94. mber derived from sending one errored bit in a million bits In other words one divided by one million would equal 0 000001 or 1 0E 6 decimal ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual Reference The MS REI INJECT menu has three functions e Anumber of MS REI errors can be injected into one frame The ERROR key is used to select the menu and the arrow keys are used to position the cursor over the n FRAME n per frame field The number of MS REI errors per frame can be set from 1 to 255 using the INC and DEC keys Pressing the Enter key while this field is selected will insert that number into a single frame e Move the cursor to x xSEC and use the INC and DEC keys to set the period from 0 1 to 9 9 seconds Pressing the ENTER key when the cursor is in the x xSEC position will inject the number of MS REI errors n FRAME for the period x xSEC effecting multiple frames For example one MS REI per frame could be injected for 9 9 seconds An asterisk and the word ACTIVE will be displayed for the duration of the MS REI injection e Moving the cursor under the letter s in x xSec or pressing the INC key when the period is set to 9 9 seconds will access the CONT continuous command shown on the lower right side of the figure Positioning the cursor over CONT and pressing the Enter key will insert the number of MS REI n FRAMES continuously An asterisk and the word ACTIVE will be displayed indicating that the error is being injected Use the right arro
95. ment control test time and report setup Pressing the Enter key will access the MEASURE CONTROL menu This menu is available in Transceiver or Receiver configurations REPORT TEST TIME ENTER 1 The MEASURE CONTROL menu sets the test cycle to be used when the run key is pressed UNTIMED will run until the stop key is pressed TIMED will run the test for the duration of time set in the TEST TIME menu REPEAT will run the test for the duration of ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual 3 7 Reference time set in the TEST TIME menu then start the test again The stop key can stop any test that is running 3 8 ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual Reference 2 Nextis the TEST TIME menu used to set the test run duration in terms of days D hours HH minutes MM and seconds SS The maximum time supported is 9 days 23 hours 59 minutes and 59 seconds Press the Enter key to store any changes and the Setup key to move to the next menu 3 Nextis the REPORT SETUP menu used to control the printed report It can be set to OFF no printout ERR print a report when an error is detected EOT print a report summary at the end of test or BOTH print on error and at the end of test The printer can be connected to either the parallel or serial RS 232C port Parallel is the factory default setting 4 The REPORT SETUP SQUELCH menu is used to limit the total number of errors logged saving memory space When squelch is set to ON err
96. n below arrow indicator is displayed in left most and or right most display position when preceding or following trace characters are available to be displayed by scrolling left or right 64 BYTE lt EDIT gt CLR HEX 54 gt ST2400A ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual Reference J0 J1 Trace Capture and Display RX ST 2400A is able to capture JO and J1 trace on a sampled basis for display User is able to select the expected trace length type as single byte 16 byte or 64 byte When trace display is selected JO trace is sampled and display updated at least four times per second 16 byte trace selection shall expect 16 byte trace matching format specified in G 707 G 831 Trace is displayed either as 15 byte ASCII string or as hex value of frame start marker followed by 15 byte ASCII string ST 2400A must recognize frame start marker and display 15 ASCII characters in sequence assuming identical 16 byte trace is being repetitively received No CRC error detection capability is provided in 16 byte trace mode 64 byte trace selection expects 64 byte trace matching format specified for STS Path Trace in GR 253 CORE as described above for TX Trace is displayed as 64 byte ASCII string with lt CR gt lt LF gt indicated as their Hexadecimal values No Trace Identifier Mismatch TIM detection is provided in single byte 16 byte or 64 byte trace mode J0 J1 Trace Capture and Display Front Panel Implementation RX ST2400
97. n 2 but less than 10 consecutive SES EB Errored Blocks The number of SDH frames in which one or more errors of the selected type were detected since testing was started or restarted SDH frames occur at a rate of 8000 per second Per ITU T G 826 Errored Blocks should count one EB for each frame in which one or more errors are detected but may count the total number of errors detected per frame see G 826 C 1 5 The ST 2400 and ST 2400A count EBs as the total number of errors detected BBE Background Block Errors The number of errored blocks not occurring during SES or Unavailable time BBER Background Block Error Ratio The ratio of Background Block Errors BBE to total blocks in available time since testing was started or restarted The count of total blocks excludes all blocks during SESs ESR Errored Second Ratio The ratio of Errored Seconds ES to total seconds in available time since testing was started or restarted SESR Severely Errored Second Ratio The ratio of Severely Errored Seconds SES to total seconds in available time since testing was started or restarted AEB Available Errored Blocks Number of Errored Blocks EB counted during available time ABBE Available Background Block Errors Number of Background Block Errors BBE counted during available time AES Available Errored Seconds Number of Errored Seconds ES counted during available time ASES Available Severely Errored Seconds Numbe
98. n the 2 4Gb s STATUS section observe that the LOS LOF OOF B1 B2 and REI FEBE LEDs are now lit Note The error lights for AIS and RDI FERF may flash 6 Using the LEFT RIGHT cursors select OFF and then press ENTER 7 In the 2 4Gb s STATUS section observe that all of the error lights are now off v eA WwW N 8 On the front panel press RUN STOP twice to clear all errors Errored Frame Alarm In this part the transmitter creates an errored frame alarm and you verify the responses of the receiver There are eight steps in this section of the procedure 1 On the transmitter side of the front panel press ALARM until the display shows the Errored Frame menu Using the LEFT RIGHT cursors select 2 5SEC Using the INC key increase the time until it switches to CONT and then press ENTER On the display observe that the top right corner now says ACTIVE In the 2 4Gb s STATUS section observe that the error lights for LOF OOF B1 B2 REI FEBE AIS and RDI FERF are now lit Note The error light for RDI FERF may flash 6 Using the LEFT RIGHT cursors select OFF and then press ENTER 7 In the 2 4Gb s STATUS section observe that all of the error lights are now off v eA pN 8 On the front panel press RUN STOP twice to clear all errors ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual B 15 Incoming Inspection Test FERF Alarm In this part the transmitter creates a FERF alarm and you verify the responses of the receiver There a
99. n to continue functioning after the Year 2000 cross over for example resetting the date The ST2400A will not corrupt data lose stored setups or lose functionality such as the ability to trigger capture and manipulated data as a result of rollover event before a fix is implemented Incorrect date generation storing recording storing or processing may occur after rollover until the user implements the recommended fix for example resetting the date ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual A 1 Specifications SDH Safety Certification Compliance Temperature operating 0 C to 40 C Altitude maximum operating 2000 meters Equipment Type Test and Measuring Safety Class Class as defined in IEC 1010 1 Annex H grounded product Overvoltage Category Overvoltage Category Il as defined in IEC 1010 1 Annex J Pollution Degree Pollution Degree 2 as defined in IEC 1010 1 Note Rated for indoor use only Product Compliance Approval EC Declaration of Conformity Compliance was demonstrated to the following specification as listed in the Official Journal of the European Communities EC Council Directive 89 336 EC AS NZS 2064 Australian emission standard for Industrial Scientific and Medical Equipment Safety Standards Low Voltage Low Voltage Directive 73 23 EEC EN61010 1 A1 Safety Requirements for Electrical Equipment for Measurement Control and Laboratory Use Underwriters Laboratory UL 1244 Electr
100. ng will be retained when the Test Set is powered off Use the Setup key to access the GPIB port characteristics menu The port address is an integer from 0 to 31 It can be changed with the INC or DEC keys The Enter key LED will flash push it before proceeding Either an EOI End Or Identify or EOI LF End Or Identify with a Line Feed can be used to terminate the GPIB message sent by the ST2400A Next is the RS 232 SETUP menu Pressing the Enter key will access to the first of six port configuration submenus They store the characteristics for BAUD rate PARITY CHAR character SIZE END OF LINE ECHO and XON XOFF flow control ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual 3 9 Reference Power Fail Recovery A power recovery and test resume after restart capability is user selectable The first choice is Laser turned off on power fail recovery and the testing does not resume The second choice RESUME OPERATION ON RESTART This choice retains test results and operating mode from before power loss Resumed test continues accumulating totals with pre power fail results rather than restarting test and re initializing totals Time of power loss and recovery are recorded and duration of power loss is indicated This menu is available under the AUXILIARY SETUP menu RESUME OPER ON RESTART OFF ON This menu applies to both TX and RX lasers When ON is selected the TX and RX lasers will automatically be restored to their last operationa
101. nsceiver Transmitter or Receiver The front panel design Figure 1 1 is the same for both the SDH and SONET functions The lasers in the ST2400A are Class IIIA per IEC 825 1 for SDH and Class IIB per 21 CFR 1040 for SONET ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual 1 1 Getting Started Ordering Information ST2400A STM 16 OC 48 SDH SONET Transceiver Includes 2 488 Gbit s Transmitter and Receiver with electrical clock and data tributary add drop power cord user manual Add wideband receive optics and 1310 nm IR 2 488 Gbit s laser Add wideband receive optics and 1550 nm IR 2 488 Gbit s laser l 2 488 Gbit s laser 2 488 Gbit s laser ST2400R STM 16 OC 48 SDH SONET Receiver Includes 2 488 Gbit s Receiver with electrical clock and data tributary drop power cord user manual 11 Receive only with 2 4 Gbit s wideband optics Add B3 Path Analysis ST2400T STM 16 OC 48 SDH SONET Transmitter Includes 2 488 Gbit s Transmitter with electrical clock and data tributary add power cord user manual Add 1310 nm intermediate reach 2 488 Gbit s laser Add 1550 nm long reach 2 488 Gbit s laser Add switchable 1310 nm IR laser and 1550 nm long reach 2 488 Gbit s laser 35 Add switchable 1310 nm IR laser and G 692 specific frequency long reach 2 488 Gbit s laser 41 42 01 02 03 05 07 C3 C5 D3 D5 R5 1 2 ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual Getting Started Overview SDH The ST2400A Transceiver version can transmit and receive STM 1
102. nsmitter Overhead SDH The Transmitter overhead byte menus can be used to pass or change the 2 4 Gb s signal overhead bytes in the first column of the STM 1 The Transmitter OVHD overhead key is used to scroll through the Regenerator Section RS and Multiplexer Section MS overhead bytes The top line of each display identifies the designated SDH overhead byte The bottom line is used to either PASS or SET change the value When the cursor is on PASS the byte is hidden When the cursor is moved to SET the byte value is displayed and the Enter key LED starts to flash Use the arrow keys to move the cursor and the INC and DEC keys to change values Pressing the Enter key or the overhead key will store the value Bytes D4 through D12 are passed or set as a group Each can be individually changed using the INC and DEC keys but pressing the Enter key to SET any one of them will set all of them Passing any one will pass them all For the path overhead C2 byte is added at TX Path Signal Label C2 Identifies High Order Path Label Unequipped and High Order Path Label Mismatch C2 byte can be set to any value from 0x00 to OxFF ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual 3 23 Reference Select the EDIT command from the MS APS menu to access and change the Automatic Protection Switching bytes illustrated on the right side of the figure Position the cursor over the word EDIT press the Enter key and the APS menu in will be displayed Use the arrow IN
103. nus submenus and test results The right and left arrows are used to position the LCD cursor The INC increment and DEC decrement keys are used to change values The ENTER key is used to insert the selected value The ENTER key houses a red LED indicator that flashes whenever an action is requested or required It will continue to flash until the ENTER key is pressed entering a new value or executing the function Tektronix ST2400A 2 4 Gb s SDH SONET Test Set gt ae L LI DEC SETUP PAUSE RESUME o g e Figure 2 2 ST2400A LCD Display Setup Menu System The SETUP key is located below the ENTER key on the front panel Pressing the SETUP key at any time will start the menu sequence Each additional press represented by the black arrow will access the next menu The number of main menus is mode dependent Some main menus have submenus omitted in this chapter but detailed in Chapter 3 Reference The SETUP menus are arranged in a continuous loop Press any other key to exit the setup mode A WARNING Before activating the 2 4 Gb s LASER its output must be connected to a circuit A CAUTION Signal levels greater than 10dBm negative 10dBm may damage the Optical Input devices Always attenuate the input level to less than 10dBm Always use 15 dB of attenuation when connecting the ST2400A Transmitter output to its Receiver input Failure to do so will damage the optical detector ST2400A SDH Test Set Use
104. oad band Receiver RX WIDE is shown indicating that both 1310 and 1550 nanometer lasers are supported The Transmitter wavelength 7X DUAL indicates that the Transmitter can be handle both 1310 or 1550 nanometers lasers simultaneously In older ST2400 test sets the Transmitter MODE key is used to change the TX wavelength Pressing the Setup key again will return to the AUXILIARY menu in the Quick Setup main menu loop Another press of the Setup key will once again return to the QUICK SETUP main menu display The Quick Setup menu appears in the Transceiver or Transmitter configurations but not the Receiver configuration ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual Reference General Menus and Displays Menu and Measurement Refinements e Extended range for B2 error rate measurement The B2 error counter has been updated to read every 20 ms instead of every 100 ms to extend the maximum B2 error rate which can be measured B2 errors will be accurately counted up to error rates of 1 0E 3 for evenly distributed errors e To determine if a TX board is B3 capable the return value from the remote command tx brd rev must be greater than or equal to 35 To determine if an RX board is B3 capable the return value from the remote command rx brd rev must be greater than or equal to 9 Menus for B3 Path Analysis will be hidden if the proper hardware is not present in the ST2400A test unit In order to use the B3 Path Analysis functionality it is also n
105. oad mappings available in SDH mode is 16 x VC 4 In SONET mode users can select internal generated payload mapping as 1x 3 x STS 1 or 16 x STS 3c User can also select one of three TX patterns to fill the background of internally generated 2 4 Gbit s signal to which externally supplied 155 or 622 Mbits signal is added EXT mode The user has the same background mapping selections STS1 or STS3c in SONET VC4 in SDH Payload and test patterns are compatible with ITU T O 181 This option will appear in both INTERNAL or EXTERNAL Transmitter modes The first menu below STS1 STS3c will only appear in SONET measurement mode since VC4 Test Pattern is the only valid option in SDH measurement mode The choice between the asterisks is the choice that can be selected Press the ENTER key to bring up other choices INT TX MAPPING STRUCTURE VC4 1 4C 16C INT TX VC4 TEST PATT FIXED lt 00 gt PRBS lt 230181 gt EXT TX VC4 TEST PATT FIXED lt 00 gt PRBS lt 230181 gt Figure 3 9 PRBS Mappings MODE button SDH 3 18 ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual Reference Input Select Transmitter EXT TRIB INPUT SELECT lt 155 gt 622 155e Figure 3 10 Input Select Menu The Transmitter SELECT key is used to pick one of three tributary choices when the MODE is set to EXT external The input can be 155 Mb s STM 1 optical 622 Mb s STM 4 optical or 155 Mb s CMI electrical signal source from the appropriate c
106. ong term passive performance monitoring It does not allow optical line error injection testing This installation splits the STM 16 optical signal through a passive coupler which can be mounted in an optical cross connect bay or other convenient location Since there is no active regeneration of the optical line the system under test must have adequate margin to accommodate the coupler insertion loss Measurements are made with the ST2400A as required The CTS850 ST112 or another SDH SONET tributary test set can be used with the ST2400A to expand its test capabilities The ST2400A Receive Only model is particularly economical for passive monitoring applications ST2400A 2 4 Gb s SDH SONET Test Set CTS 710 90 2 4 Gb s 90 10 Passive Coupler Figure 2 10 ST2400A Passive Monitoring ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual 2 15 Applications Active Analysis The Active Analysis application inserts the ST2400A into an active signal path This configuration is suitable for test or maintenance operation where live traffic is not being carried over the network network element or unit under test In this application the CTS 850 or CTS 750 test set can provide the 155 Mb s or 622 Mb s framed signal input to the ST2400A which is actively inserted into the signal path The ST2400A provides a variety of signal and analysis options for complete testing of the 2 4 Gb s Payload level testing can be done by applying the 155 or 622 Mb s s
107. onnector Tributary Select Transmitter The TRIB key on the Transmitter side is used to select how the external source tributary will be multiplexed into the 2 4 Gb s signal EXT 155 Mb s TRIB INSERT SINGLE lt nn gt ALL EXT 622 Mb s TRIB INSERT SINGLE lt n gt ALL Figure 3 11 Transmitter Tributary Select Menus A choice is offered between multiplexing the tributary into one specific channel or into all available 2 4 Gb s channels This menu depends on the choice that was made in the Input Select menu 155 622 or 155e CMI e The first menu is the 155 Mb s tributary insert menu that is used to select between multiplexing the external source tributary into 1 of 16 channels or all 16 channels of the 2 4 Gb s signal It refers to both the optical and electrical CMI 155 Mb s Transmitter input signals e The second menu is the 622 Mb s tributary insert menu that is used to select between multiplexing the external source tributary into 1 of 16 channels or all 16 channels of the 2 4 Gb s signal It refers to the optical tributary source ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual 3 19 Reference Illegal Mode TX MODE EXT MUST BE SELECTED Figure 3 12 Transmitter Alarms If the TRIB or INPUT SELECT keys are pressed when the Transmitter is in the INT internal or THRU through mode the illegal mode display will be exhibited for three seconds and then switched to the TX MODE SELECTION menu 3 20 ST2400A SDH Test
108. ons Synchronous Equipment Timing Source SETS A network equipment clock Synchronous Transport Module STM A structure in the SDH transmission hierarchy STM 1 is SDH s base level transmission rate equal to 155 Mbit s Higher rates of STM 4 STM 16 and STM 64 are also defined ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual Gil Glossary G 12 TDEV Time Deviation a measure of wander Through Mode The ability to retransmit the incoming signal and manipulate its contents TIE Time Interval Error is the time difference in nanoseconds between the nominal value of a line or clock period and the actual received period Tributary The lower rate signal that is input to a multiplexer for combination multiplexing with other low rate signals to form a higher rate signal Tributary Unit TU A Tributary Unit is an information structure which provides adaptation between the lower order path layer and the higher order path layer It contains the Virtual Container VC plus a tributary unit pointer Tributary Unit Group TUG Contains several Tributary Units UI Unit Interval a measure of jitter Ulpp Unit Interval Peak to Peak a common measure of jitter Ulrms Unit Interval rms a measure of jitter in line systems Virtual Container VC A signal designed for transport and switching of sub SDH payloads Wander The long term variations of the significant instants of a digital signal from their ideal position in time where long term
109. or and 7 is best when the operator is looking up at the ST2400A front panel The change is interactive it is executed whenever the increment or decrement key is pressed In the same menu the VOLUME can be set using integers 0 through 9 Zero is off and 9 is the loudest Errors and alarms activate the beeper unless the volume is set to zero The operator setting will be retained when the Test Set is powered off Store Recall Setup Menu The STORE RECALL SETUP menu is next It is used to access either the USER stored setup or the FACTORY DEFAULT setup Pressing the Enter key will access the submenu from which one of the ten LOC locations can be RCLL recalled or STOR stored Up to ten individual user setups can be saved in memory locations 0 through 9 A unique 10 character label can be stored with each saved setup The arrow keys are used to position the cursor anywhere in the label area and the INC or DEC key is used to scroll through the ASCII characters including numbers and symbols Moving the cursor to FACTORY DEFAULT and pressing the Enter key will access that NO or YES menu that defaults to NO Moving the cursor to YES and pressing the Enter key will restore the factory default configuration Pressing the Setup key will return to the STORE RECALL SETUP display STORE RECALL SETUP USER FACTORY DEFAULT Report Test Time Menu The REPORT TEST TIME main menu provides access to the seven submenus used to configure the measure
110. or recording will stop after 10 consecutive seconds with errors Then error recording will be resumed after 10 consecutive seconds without any errors 5 The PRINTER SELECTION menu offers either PARALLEL or RS232 serial printer selection The printer should be connected to the appropriate port on the ST2400A rear panel 6 In the REPORT SETUP menu CLEAR ERR error is used to clear the error log by moving the cursor to YES and pressing the Enter key It immediately clears the error log and returns to NO after execution The error log should be cleared before running a long test preventing buffer overflow An error log warning message will be displayed when the run key is pressed if the log is 9596 full 7 he REPORT REPRINT menu is used to print the previous error log ERR the previous end of test summary PREV EOT or the current error log CURR if it exist Auxiliary Setup Menus AUXILIARY SETUP is the last of the Main Setup menus See the illustration of this menu tree that appears earlier in this chapter Pressing the Setup key will loop back to the QUICK SETUP starting menu Pressing the Enter key will access the Auxiliary setup menus TIME is the first submenu accessed from the auxiliary setup menu It is used to store the year current Y Y month MM day DD hours HH minutes MM and seconds SS in a battery backed memory Whenever changes are made the Enter key LED will start flashing Once set the operator setti
111. oss Of Signal alarm indicates that the 2 4 Gb s Input signal has not been detected for more than 2 microseconds The LOS alarm will be asserted no later than 127 microseconds after receiving the low signal all zero condition The Receiver LOF Loss Of Frame alarm indicates that more than 3 milliseconds of an out of frame condition has occurred The OOF Out Of Frame alarm indicates that more than 4 consecutive frames of the 2 4 Gb s signal had frame alignment errors The B1 and B2 LEDs indicate that Regenerator Section or Multiplexer Section respectively parity errors were detected The REI FEBE Remote Error Indication or Far End Block Error indicates that a non zero value in the REI byte M1 byte in MS OH was detected The RDI FERF Remote Defect Indication or Far End Receive Failure alarm indicates that bits 6 7 and 8 of the K2 byte have been a binary 110 respectively for three or more consecutive frames The AIS Alarm Indication Signal indicates that bits 6 7 and 8 of the K2 byte have been a binary 111 respectively for three or more consecutive frames The 155 and 622 LEDs function in conjunction with the DROP SELECT key to indicate which optical drop rate has been selected Both LEDs are off when the 155 Mb s electrical drop is selected 2 8 ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual Functional Overview View History Key The VIEW HISTORY key reviews past alarms and errors A history status bit is set and the status L
112. out lt CR gt lt LF gt termination JO Trace Generation TX When single byte SET selected user may set the value of JO byte between 0 and 255 Factory default is 01 When 16 byte SET selected the first byte is set to frame start marker containing CRC 7 calculated over the 15 remaining bytes per ITU T G 707 section 9 2 2 2 User is able to view edit the CRC and the ASCII contents of the remaining 15 bytes Factory default is valid frame start marker followed by Tek ST2400A lt 4 NULLs gt 16 byte trace value is saved in non volatile memory and restored on power up to eliminate need for users to always go through a cumbersome process to set it up When 64 byte SET selected user is able to set the JO trace per the requirements of GR 253 CORE for J1 traces Issue 2 Dec 1995 section 6 2 3 2 3 A STS Path Trace User is able to set all 64 bytes to any hex value from 00 FF If the user enters less than 62 characters the ST 2400A shall pad the remainder with NULL characters A CR and a LF is added to the end of the message creating the 64 byte trace message Factory default 64 byte trace message is Tek ST2400A 51 nulls gt lt CR gt lt LF gt 64 byte trace value is saved in non volatile memory and restored on power up ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual Reference J0 Generation Front Panel Implementation Allow user to PASS JO through SET it to single byte hex value set it to 16Byte value or set it to 64Byte valu
113. pm sec A new measure of tining quality Fullband A jitter filter range that includes the wideband range but extends the low frequency cutoff to 10 Hz or below This filter is useful when analyzing video timing quality Grooming Consolidating or segregating traffic for efficiency HDB3 High Density Bipolar 3 A bipolar coding method that does not allow more than three consecutive zeros Highband A jitter filter range that measures high frequency jitter The band pass filters are defined in ITU T standards where they are sometimes referred to as HP2 LP1 Highpass The lower 3 dB corner frequency of a filter The filter passes frequencies higher than this frequency Interleave The ability of SDH to mix together and transport different types of input signals in an efficient manner thus allowing higher transmission rates ITU International Telecommunications Union An agency of the United Nations responsible for the regulation standardization co ordination and development of international telecommunications as well as the harmonization of national policies It functions through international committees of telecommunications administrations operators manufacturers and scientific industrial organizations Jitter The short term variations of the significant instants of a timing signal from their ideal positions in time where short term implies that these variations are of frequency greater than or equal to 10 Hz Ji
114. press ENTER On the receiver side of the front panel press OVHD until the display shows D7 D8 and D9 on the top right side On the display observe that D7 D8 and D9 all reflect the values you placed into the transmitter i e D7 AA D8 11 and D9 05 On the transmitter side of the front panel press OVHD until the display shows D7 D8 and D9 on the top right side Using the LEFT RIGHT cursors select PASS and then press ENTER On the receiver side of the front panel press OVHD until the display shows D7 D8 and D9 on the top right side On the display observe that the values of D7 D8 and D9 are once again zero B 14 ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual Incoming Inspection Test Continuous Alarms SONET This section of the procedure ensures that the continuous alarm settings are functioning properly This section is split into five parts Each part checks a different alarm Leave the setup as it was in the last section Loss of Signal Alarm In this part the transmitter creates a loss of signal alarm and you verify the responses of the receiver There are eight steps in this section of the procedure 1 On the transmitter side of the front panel press ALARM until the display shows the Loss of Signal menu Using the LEFT RIGHT cursors select 2 5SEC Using the INC key increase the time until it switches to CONT and then press ENTER On the display observe that the top right corner now says ACTIVE I
115. r Manual Functional Overview Examples of SDH Setup Main Menus depending on Configuration SDH QUICK SETUP INT 155 622 EXT 155 622 LASER 1 L 16 1 1310 OFF ON CW SETUP TX EVENT TRIGGER OUTPUT ALARM ERROR STORE RECALL SETUP USER FACTORY DEFAULT REPORT TEST TIME ENTER N S VIEW ANGLE VOLUME 1 1 AUXILIARY SETUP lt ENTER gt Figure 2 3 Examples of SDH Setup Main Menus Since the ST2400A can be configured as Transceiver Transmitter or Receiver many menus are available only with the appropriate configuration For example the Quick Setup menu displayed above is available with the Transceiver but does not appear in the Transmitter or Receiver configurations The TX Event Trigger Output menu is available in the Transceiver or Transmitter configurations The Report Test Time menu is available in the Transceiver or Receiver configurations ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual 2 3 Functional Overview Transmitter Description 24 This section describes the Transmitter inputs outputs controls and indicators The figure below shows the ST2400A 2 4 Gb s SDH SONET Test Set Transmitter front panel area located on the left side of the front panel The Transmitter button choices are not functional on the ST2400A configured as a Receiver Qvap pove qmm j 198 622 INPUT 155 622 IN 2 4 GB s OUT e LOS e Lor LASER ON 155 2 048 CLK IN INPUT 6 155 2 A e um mem 9 n eis 155 1310 1550
116. r externally enabled e The Laser output is software enabled A WARNING Before activating the 2 4 Gb s LASER its output must be connected to a circuit N CAUTION Always use 15 dB of attenuation when connecting the ST2400A Transmitter output to its Receiver input Failure to do so will damage the optical detector SYNC Output SMA SYNC Output Clock Trigger is an AC coupled output The voltage level is 300 mV peak to peak minimum This output requires an external 50 Ohm termination to work properly This output generates a sync output signal at 1 8 data rate 311 Mhz useful for triggering a oscilloscope to measure the eye diagram of an OC 48 STM 16 signal BITS Ext Ref In addition to the external 2 048 Mb s or 2 MHz SETS timing input on the front panel the ST2400A accepts 1 544 Mb s 40 PPM BITS input for internal signal generation using external timing synchronization BITS input accepts signals meeting the requirements of ANSI T1 101 1994 with the exception of frequency tolerance of 40 PPM BITS external timing input is a Bantam connector mounted on ST2400A rear panel The Rear panel connector is labeled BITS Ext Ref to indicate its input timing function The user has the ability to select which of the timing sources internal ext 1 544 Mb s or ext 2 048 Mb s MHz is active When an external clock source is detected but no clock activity is detected the user is alerted to Loss of External Clock via a front panel
117. r information processing equipment to be mutually compatible The seven layers from lowest to highest are physical link network transport session presentation and application Output Jitter A compliance test the measures the output jitter of a network or network element Overhead Extra bits in a digital stream used to carry information besides traffic signals Orderwire for example would be considered overhead information Packet Switching An efficient method for breaking down and handling high volume traffic in a network A transmission technique that segments and routes information into discrete units Packet switching allows for efficient sharing of network resources as packets from different sources can all be sent over the same channel in the same bitstream Parity check An error checking scheme which examines the number of transmitted bits in a block which hold the value of one For even parity an overhead parity bit is set to either one or zero to make the total number of transmitted ones in the data block plus parity bit an even number For odd parity the parity bit is set to make the total number of ones in the block an odd number Path A logical connection between a point where a service in a VC is multiplexed to the point where it is demultiplexed Path Overhead POH Overhead accessed generated and processed by path terminating equipment Path Terminating Equipment PTE Network elements such as fibre optic
118. r of Severely Errored Seconds SES counted during available time UAS Unavailable Seconds The number of seconds during which error performance was such that the received signal was deemed to be unavailable see definition of available and unavailable time below UR Unavailable Seconds Ratio The ratio of unavailable seconds to total time since testing was started or restarted Definition of Available and Unavailable Time per G 826 Received signal becomes unavailable when 10 consecutive severely errored seconds are detected The 10 consecutive SES required to enter the unavailable state are considered unavailable seconds The signal remains in the unavailable state until 10 consecutive non severely errored seconds are detected The 10 consecutive non severely errored seconds are considered part of the available time ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual Overhead Displays SDH Receiver RX OH RX OH OVHD Key RX OH RX OH RX OH RX OH RX OH RX OH RX OH S1 00 A1 00 B1 00 D1 00 H1 00 B2 00 D4 00 D7 00 D10 00 A2 JO J1 00 00 00 E2 F1 B3 00 00 00 D2 D3 C2 00 00 00 H2 H3 G1 00 00 00 K1 K2 F2 00 00 00 D5 D6 H4 00 00 00 D8 D9 Z3 00 00 00 D11 D12 Z4 00 00 00 MSG Z2 E2 N1 kkkk 00 00 00 APS 1 1 RQ 0 SW 0 0 No Request LOS DURATION 2422ms LOF DURATION 2428ms JO TRACE SELECTION lt 16 BYTE gt 64 BYTE Figure 3 19 Receiver Overhead LCD Di
119. r over the B1 B2 FEBE L BIT or CH Channel and press the ENTER key to generate that error When the cursor is positioned over B1 press the INC key again to change to the B2 byte The next menu permits injecting a single B2 error into all channels Press the ERROR key to move to the next menu B2 ERROR RATE INJECT Use the arrow keys to move the cursor to 1 0E 5 and the INC and DEC keys to set the error rate Pressing the Enter key will inject the B2 error at that rate continuously Inject Random BER on one Selectable Channel This menu choice is available under the ERROR button on the front panel TX side The user of this test unit can inject a random bit error rate on one selectable channel SELECTED CHAN BER 1 1 OFF 1 0E 3 CHAN 1 Figure 3 18 Random BER on one Selectable Channel ERROR button SDH ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual 3 33 Reference Receiver Menus and Displays Error Measurements SDH Receiver Press ENTER key again and again to cycle through the choices RS B1 Measurement RS ES 0 BER 1 0e 04 B1 SES 0 TOT 0 The Enter key will flash while at the menu above Pressing the Enter key permits access to the following sub menus RS EB 0 CSES 0 B1 BBE 0 RS BBER ESR 0 0E 00 B1 0 00E 00 SESR 0 0E 00 RS AEB 0 AES 0 B1 ABBE 0 ASES 0 RS UAS 0 Bi UR 0 0E 00 ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual Reference MS B2 Measurement MS ES 0 BER 1 0e 04 B2 SES 0 TOT 0 Th
120. ransmitter section will cause the following message to be displayed TX CARD NOT FOUND TX CONTROLS DISABLED Figure 3 4 Transmitter Card Not Installed ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual 3 13 Reference Error Log Display No additional entries will be logged when the Error Log becomes full If the Error Log is more than 95 full when the RUN key is pressed the message below will be displayed Selecting NO will allow the test to run but when the error log is full new data will be lost Selecting YES will clear the error log ERROR LOG XX FULL CLEAR LOG NO YES Figure 3 5 Error Log Display ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual Reference Transmitter Menus and Displays TX Source Mode Pressing the MODE key will access the TX MODE SELECTION menu It is used to choose one of the three data modes that will produce the 2 4 Gb s output signal The three choices are an external input EXT from the Transmitter front panel 155 or 622 Mb s inputs an internally INT generated 2 4 Gb s signal or a through THRU mode from the Receiver s 2 4 Gb s input connector The EXT and INT modes function on both the ST2400A Transceiver and ST2400A Transmitter units The THRU mode only functions on an ST2400A Transceiver unit TX MODE SELECTION EXT INT THRU Figure 3 6 Transmitter Input Menu The EXT input can be 155 Mb s optical STM 1 622 Mb s optical STM 4 or 155 Mb s CMI electrical signal On the Transmitter 155
121. re eight steps in this section of the procedure 90 OQ un FWY rc On the transmitter side of the front panel press ALARM until the display shows the FERF L menu Using the LEFT RIGHT cursors select 2 5SEC Using the INC key increase the time until it switches to CONT and then press ENTER On the display observe that the top right corner now says ACTIVE In the 2 4Gb s STATUS section observe that the error light for RDI FERF is now lit Using the LEFT RIGHT cursors select OFF and then press ENTER In the 2 4Gb s STATUS section observe that the error light for RDI FERF is now off On the front panel press RUN STOP twice to clear all errors AIS Alarm In this part the transmitter creates an AIS alarm and you verify the responses of the receiver There are eleven steps in this section of the procedure DN nA Bor c 8 9 On the transmitter side of the front panel press ALARM until the display shows the LINE AIS menu Using the LEFT RIGHT cursors select 2 5SEC Using the INC key increase the time until it switches to CONT and then press ENTER On the display observe that the top right corner now says ACTIVE In the 2 4Gb s STATUS section observe that the error lights for REI FEBE and AIS are now lit On the receiver side of the front panel press ERROR until the display shows RS FEBE L on the top line On the display observe that FEBE L is actively counting errors On the transmitter side of the front
122. red downstream RAI signals were previously referred to as Yellow signals Remote Defect Indication RDI A signal returned to the transmitting Terminating Equipment when the receiving Terminating Equipment detects a Loss of Signal Loss of Frame or AIS defect RDI was previously known as FERF Remote Error Indication RET An indication returned to a transmitting node source that an errored block has been detected at the receiving node sink This indication was formerly known as Far End Block Error FEBE Remote Failure Indication RFI A failure is a defect that persists beyond the maximum time allocated to the transmission system protection mechanisms When this situation occurs an RFI is sent to the far end and will initiate a protection switch if this function has been enabled Regenerator Device that restores a degraded digital signal for continued transmission also called a repeater rms Root Mean Square calculation often applied to power and noise measurements SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy The ITU defined international networking standard whose base transmission level ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual Glossary is 155 Mbit s STM 1 SDH standards were first published in 1989 to address interworking between the ITU and ANSI transmission hierarchies SEC Synchronous Equipment Clock G 813 slave clock contained within a SDH network element Section The span between two SDH network elements capable of
123. rom a line or clock input ANSI American National Standards Institute A standards setting non government organization which develops and publishes standards for voluntary use in the United States Asynchronous A network where transmission system payloads are not synchronized and each network terminal runs on its own clock Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM A multiplexing switching technique in which information is organized into fixed length cells with each cell consisting of an identification header field and an information field The transfer mode is asynchronous in the sense that the use of the cells depends on the required or instantaneous bit rate Attenuation Reduction of signal magnitude or signal loss usually expressed in decibels AU 4 Virtual Container VC plus the Transport Overhead pointers AU N Administrative Unit N a discrete unit of the SDH payload carrying one or more VC N Automatic Protection Switching APS The ability of a network element to detect a failed working line and switch the service to a spare protection line 1 1 APS pairs a protection line with each working line 1 N APS provides one protection line for every N working lines Backhauling Cumbersome traffic management technique used to reduce the expense of multiplexing demultiplexing ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual Glossary Bandwidth Information carrying capacity of a communication channel Analog bandwidth is the range of s
124. ror Generation VC4 PRBS Mappings Ability to receive generate and modify a STM 16c Payload Option 41 External Clock Input 2 Mbps 2 Mhz or 1 5 Mbps User selectable power failure recovery mode Electrical Offset of Receiver Decision Threshold 1 nm wavelength tuning CW laser source mode 2 488 Gb s electrical I O 3 year warranty Automatic Optical Receiver shut off if power exceeds maximum rating Specific wavelengths G 692 lasers available in 1550 nm region Portable 11 4 kilograms 25 pounds maximum weight A simple menu system Tributary Access at 155 Mb s or 622 Mb s Easily software switched between SDH and SONET modes Integrates with the CTS 750 or CTS 850 for complete all rate SDH analysis Wide optical range 3 dBm to 2 dBm Typical Output Power 28 dBm to 10 dBm Receiver Sensitivity Through Mode with Overhead Editing Error and Alarm Injection Direct user download of software updates ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual Getting Started e CCITT ITU G 708 G 709 and GR 253 CORE framing ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual 1 5 Getting Started 1 6 Complete Remote Control RS 232 and GPIB ports and standard printer interfaces LabView LabWindows CVI and HP Vee LAN using LAN to GPIB converters ST2400A GUI Front Panel Utility Standard tributary interfaces STM 1e 155 Mb s electrical STM 1 155 Mb s optical STM 4 622 Mb s optical Interface to Regenerator Section Terminating Element and Multiple
125. rrow key to move the cursor to the ON position then press the Enter key The laser has a five second delay when activated A power recovery and test resume after restart capability is user selectable See the Power Fail Recovery section for details If an older I O board is installed in the ST2400A the menu below will appear to enable laser operation 2 4Gb s_ LASER lt OFF gt ON ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual Active operational state of the lasers in each of these menus will be marked with an asterisk The next menu appears when the SETUP selection is chosen from the LASER 1 OR LASER 2 menus shown above This menu configures the specific laser module selected The LASER number is dynamic and specific to the module which is being configured Laser Wavelength is offset from 50 to 49 LASER 1 WAVELENGTH 1550 12 OFFSET 49 Reference 3 6 In the next menu when OPTICAL is selected the internal APD Receiver will be enabled ELECTRICAL is selected the APD Receiver will be disabled electrical input will be used and the LOS front panel LED will be invalid If no RX board or no APD Receiver is present the next menu shown will not be available and ELECTRICAL output will be automatically enabled TX 2 488 Gb s ELEC OUTPUT lt OFF gt ON TX Event Trigger Output Menu Another push of the Setup key will access the TX EVENT TRIGGER OUTPUT menu It is used to select whether an alarm or an error con
126. rs select ON and then press ENTER 6 The transmitter and the receiver sides should now be linked error free Parity and Random Errors SONET At this point you have determined that the unit links error free The next step is to inject some errors and verify that the unit responds correctly This section is split into two parts Single Error Inject Test and Error Rate Inject Test Leave the setup as it was in the last section Single Error Inject Test In this part the transmitter is set to generate OC 48 from sixteen STS 3c signals containing the PN23 test pattern then injects single errors into the receiver and verifies the responses of the receiver On the transmitter side press MODE until the display shows the INT TX STS 1 TEST PATT menu Using the LEFT RIGHT cursors select PN23 then press ENTER On the transmitter side press ERROR until the display shows the Single Error Inject menu On the front panel verify that the RUN mode is active Using the LEFT RIGHT cursors select B1 and then press ENTER twice In the 2 4Gb s STATUS section observe that error light for B1 flashes twice LB oO n FWY NY On the receiver side press ERROR until the display shows B1 on the bottom left corner Observe that B1 errored seconds ES 1 or 2 and total errors TOT 2 9o On the transmitter side press ERROR until the display shows the Single Error Inject menu 9 Using the LEFT RIGHT cursors select B2 and then press ENTER twice
127. rview Front Panel Connections 155 Electrical Add Input 2 048 Ext Ref Clock Input BNC This BNC connector is mounted on front panel 155e Input of all configurations This connector is only used in Transceiver and Transmitter configurations 155 Electrical Drop Output BNC This BNC connector is mounted on front panel 155e Output of all configurations This connector is only used in Transceiver and Receiver configurations 155 622 Optical Add Input FC SC or ST An optical connector bulkhead plus cap and chain is mounted on front panel 155 622 Optical Input of all configurations Bulkhead type FC SC or ST depends on customer specified optical connector type required customer option 155 622 Add optics will be installed and fiber connected to this bulkhead only in TX RX and TX Only configurations 155 622 Optical Drop Output FC SC or ST An optical connector bulkhead customer specified as FC SC or ST plus cap and chain is mounted on front panel 155 622 Optical Output of all configurations 155 622 Drop optics will be installed and fiber connected to this bulkhead only in TX RX and RX Only configurations TX 2 4 Gb s Optical Output FC SC or ST An optical connector bulkhead customer specified as FC SC or ST plus cap and chain is mounted on front panel 2 4 Gb s Output of all configurations No fiber is connected to this bulkhead in RX Only configurations Optical connector from 2 4 Gb s TX laser s is attached to
128. s warranty Customer must notify Tektronix of the defect before the expiration of the warranty period and make suitable arrangements for the performance of service Customer shall be responsible for packaging and shipping the defective product to the service center designated by Tektronix with shipping charges prepaid Tektronix shall pay for the return of the product to Customer if the shipment is to a location within the country in which Tektronix service center is located Customer shall be responsible for paying all shipping charges duties taxes and any other charges for products returned to any other locations This warranty shall not apply to any defect failure or damage caused by improper use or improper or inadequate maintenance and care Tektronix shall not be obligated to furnish service under warranty a to repair damage resulting from attempts by personnel other than Tektronix representatives to install repair or service the product b to repair damage resulting from improper user or connection to incompatible equipment or c to service a product that has been modified or integrated with other products when the effect of such modification or integration increases the time or difficulty of servicing the product THIS WARRANTY IS GIVEN BY TEKTRONIX WITH RESPECT TO THIS PRODUCT IN LIEU OF ANY OTHER WARRANTIES EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED TEKTRONIX AND ITS VENDORS DISCLAIM ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PUR
129. signal that varies in discrete steps Electrical signals are coded as voltages optical signals are coded as pulses of light E1 E2 E3 E4 Alternative names for the ITU T 2 Mb s 8 Mb s 32 Mb s and 140 Mb s tributary signals ES Errored Second measure of network or equipment performance ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute Organization responsible for defining and maintaining European standards including SDH Failure A termination of the ability of an item to perform a required function A failure is caused by the persistence of a defect FEBE Far End Block Error See Remote Error Indication REL FERF Far End Receive Failure See Remote Defect Indication RDI FIFO First In First Out a type of data buffer Fixed Stuff A bit or byte whose function is reserved Fixed stuff locations sometimes called reserved locations do not carry overhead or payload Floating mode A virtual tributary mode that allows the VC synchronous payload envelope to begin anywhere in the VC Pointers identify the starting location of the VC VCs in different multiframes may begin at different locations Framing Method of distinguishing digital channels that have been multiplexed together Frequency The number of cycles of periodic activity that occur in a discrete amount of time ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual G 5 Glossary G6 Frequency Drift Rate The rate of change of a line or clock frequency measured in p
130. splays J1 TRACE SELECTION lt 16 BYTE gt 64 BYTE Reference The ten displays are RX OH SDH overhead bytes in the first column of the first STM 1 frame They can be displayed by pressing the OVHD key on the Receiver panel Each time the key is pressed the next group of overhead bytes will be displayed in a continuous loop until some other key is pressed ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual 3 43 Reference 3 44 There are nine displays of four bytes each The ninth display provides the ASCII synchronization messages the tenth display is the APS message the eleventh display shows the amount of time in microseconds of the Loss of Signal LOS and Loss of Frame LOF and the twelve and thirteenth displays permit JO and J1 trace selection menus with selection of 16 byte or 64 byte trace B3 path trace capability adds the following bytes J1 B3 C2 G1 F2 H4 F3 K3 and N1 These overhead bytes are only displayed with the B3 path trace capability ASCII Synchronization Messages S1 byte For convenience both the SONET and SDH modes are compared below The S1 byte is in hexadecimal The unused SONET values are left blank The unknown SDH value is marked with three question marks and unused codes are marked RES reserved SiByte SONET SDH menm PRS RES G 811 RES 0B oE Sis sal 0A 0C F SiByte SONET SDH a ee ee a a RES c SETS RES n jo es dE p x reet S1 Byte
131. t is made from 4 copies of the 622 Mb s incoming data 622 Single Channel Mode Data 2 488 Gb s output is made from 1 copy of the incoming 622 Mb s data in a user selected channel The remaining 3 STM 4 channels are each filled with 4 copies of an unequipped VC4 structured STM 1 bulk filled with the user selected test pattern all zeros PN23 inverted PN23 ITU T 0 181 test pattern PN31 or inverted PN31 Internal Mode This mode requires no external test equipment to generate a valid 2 488 Gb s output e Data 2 488 Gb s output is made with 16 channels of unequipped VC4 structured STM 1s bulk filled with the user selected test pattern all zeros PN23 inverted PN23 ITU T 0 181 test pattern PN31 or inverted PN31 e Default Overhead A1 and A2 are set to hexadecimal F6H and 28H respectively the JO byte is set to 1 15 ZO bytes and 32 National Use bytes formerly C1 bytes are numbered from 2 to 48 H1 is set to 6AH and H2 is set to OAH in a SDH network B1 contains B1 BIP and B2 contains B2 BIP all other overhead bytes are equal OOH e Timing Output data timing in internal mode may be derived from one of the following three sources e nternal 155 52 MHz 20ppm crystal oscillator e Externally applied 1 544 Mb s BITS clock input on rear panel e Externally applied 2 048 MHz or 2 048 Mb s SETS clock front panel input THRU Through Mode This mode is only usable when the receiver is framed to a valid 2 488 Gb s SDH SONET si
132. t panel press ALARM until the display shows the Errored Frame menu 2 Using the LEFT RIGHT cursors select 2 5SEC 3 Using the INC key increase the time until it switches to CONT and then press ENTER 4 On the display observe that the top right corner now says ACTIVE 5 In the 2 4Gb s STATUS section observe that the error lights for LOF OOF B1 B2 REI FEBE AIS and RDI FERF are now lit 6 Using the LEFT RIGHT cursors select OFF and then press ENTER 7 In the 2 4Gb s STATUS section observe that all of the error lights are now off 8 Onthe front panel press RUN STOP twice to clear all errors B 8 ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual Incoming Inspection Test RDI Alarm In this part the transmitter creates an RDI alarm and you verify the responses of the receiver There are eight steps in this section of the procedure 90 DYN FWY c On the transmitter side of the front panel press ALARM until the display shows the MS RDI menu Using the LEFT RIGHT cursors select 2 5SEC Using the INC key increase the time until it switches to CONT and then press ENTER On the display observe that the top right corner now says ACTIVE In the 2 4Gb s STATUS section observe that the error light for RDI FERF is now lit Using the LEFT RIGHT cursors select OFF and then press ENTER In the 2 4Gb s STATUS section observe that the error light for RDI FERF is now off On the front panel press RUN STOP twice to clear all
133. the ERROR switch is now off In the 2 4Gb s STATUS section observe that the error lights for B1 B2 and REI FEBE are now off On the receiver side of the front panel press ERROR until the display shows RS B1 and MS B2 on the top line Observe that the errors have stopped increasing On the front panel press RUN STOP twice to clear all errors ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual B 5 Incoming Inspection Test Transport Overhead Path Overhead SDH This section of the procedure ensures that the editing function is working accurately Leave the setup as it was in the last section 1 2 3 4 90 QN tA 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 B 6 On the transmitter side of the front panel press OVHD until the display shows JO on the top right side Using the LEFT RIGHT cursors select SET Using the INC DEC keys change JO to 51 and then press ENTER On the receiver side of the front panel press OVHD until the display shows A1 A2 and JO on the top right side On the display observe that JO equals 51 Verify Al equals F6 A2 equals 28 On the transmitter side of the front panel press OVHD until the display shows JO on the top right side Using the LEFT RIGHT cursors select PASS and then press ENTER On the receiver side of the front panel press OVHD until the display shows A1 A2 and JO on the top right side On the display observe that JO equals 01 On the transmitter
134. this bulkhead only in TX RX and TX Only configurations when 1 or 2 optional lasers are ordered RX 2 4 Gb s Optical Input FC SC or ST An optical connector bulkhead customer specified as FC SC or ST plus cap and chain is mounted on front panel 2 4 Gb s Input of all configurations No fiber is connected to this bulkhead in TX Only configurations Optical connector is fiber connected to APD RX only in TX RX and RX Only configurations when optional APD RX is installed ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual 2 11 Functional Overview Remote Indicators The two GPIB front panel LED status indicators are located on the left side of the front panel The Remote Operation REM LED indicates that the ST2400A is being controlled through its GPIB connection The REM LED is off when the unit is in the local mode or is being controlled by an RS 232C connection Front panel control is restored when the SETUP key is pressed In the Local Lockout LLO mode the ST2400A 2 4 Gb s SDH SONET Test Set front panel is disabled by a remote controller that is using GPIB access commands Front panel control can only be restored by the appropriate GPIB command or by a power initialization cycle Power initialization should only be used when the ST2400A is not being remotely operated Rear Panel Description This section describes the rear panel controls and connectors LINE 5AT 250V 2 5AT 250V e OUT DATA 9 CLKIN DATA IN FUSE SLOBO SLOBO O Pull A ome 9
135. timing mode is valid only when the generator is in EXT external mode To obtain loop timing in these modes the supplemental test equipment providing Path and payload testing must be set to loop timing This is the only generator timing mode valid with external lower rate test equipment Source Frequency Range 155 52 Mb s 100 ppm or 622 08 Mb s 100 ppm Loop Timing THRU Mode The output timing is obtained from the 2 488 Gb s SONET SDH signal input to the analyzer The clock recovered from this input generates the output signal Source Frequency Range 2 48832 Gb s 20 ppm Internal Timing The output timing is obtained from an internal clock source This timing mode can be used if the generator is in internal mode operating stand alone Output Frequency Accuracy 2 48832 Gb s 20 ppm Output Jitter Meets Bellcore GR 253 CORE and ITU G 783 G 813 1 544 Mbps External Reference BITS Clock Timing Only valid in Internal Mode ST 2400A accepts 1 544 Mb s 40ppm BITS input for internal signal generation using external timing synchronization BITS input shall accept signals meeting the requirements of ANSI T1 101 1994 with the exception of frequency tolerance of 40ppm The BITS Input Bantam connector on the rear panel provides this input 2 MHz 2 Mbps External Reference SETS Clock Timing Only valid in Internal Mode ST 2400A accepts 2 048 Mb s 2 048 MHz 40ppm SETS input for internal signal generation using external tim
136. tion typical typical modulation ON and modulation OFF Pox Por Extinction ratio dB modulation On Optical waveform ITU T G 957 ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual A 9 Specifications SDH Signal Name 2 488 Gb s Optical Output Data Connector FC PC standard SC or ST available This output can be locked out for safety as UL safety requirements specify using the rear panel key switch or remote interlock Fiber Type Single Mode Description Primary output to device under test Signal Name 155 Mb s 622 Mb s Input Data Connector FC PC standard SC or ST available Type Optical Wavelength 1310 or 1550 nm Maximum Input 8 dBm Sensitivity 28 dBm minimum Fiber Type Multi Mode Description 155 or 622 Mb s data input to multiplexer intended for connection to supplemental test equipment Signal Name 155 Mb s Electrical Input Connector BNC 75 Q Type CMI per Bellcore GR 253 CORE and CCITT Rec G 708 G 709 CMI is adjusted and guaranteed to meet output pulse mask only at room temperature 25 degrees C 5 degrees C Description 155 Mb s electrical data input to multiplexer intended for connection to supplemental test equipment SYNC Output SYNC Output Clock Trigger is an AC coupled output The voltage level is 300 mV minimum This output needs a 50 Ohm termination to work properly This output is used to trigger a oscilloscope to measure the eye diagram of an OC 48 STM 16 signal Output rate is 1 8
137. tivating the 2 4 Gb s LASER its output must be connected to a circuit N CAUTION Always use 15 dB of attenuation when connecting the ST2400A Transmitter output to its Receiver input Failure to do so will damage the optical detector ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual Functional Overview Transmitter Status Indicators The 155 622 INPUT STATUS section has five LED indicators three yellow and two red The SELECT key is used to choose between the two optical inputs and one electrical When the input is external the yellow LEDs indicate which input has been chosen The two red indicators are labeled LOS Loss Of Signal and LOF Loss Of Frame They monitor the 155 and 622 inputs for those alarm conditions Both LEDs are off when the appropriate incoming signal is present They are disabled when the unit is internally generating a 2 4 Gb s or is in the through mode see the Mode Key section Mode Key Pressing the MODE key will access the Transmitter input selection menu It is used to choose one of the three data sources that will produce the 2 4 Gb s output signal and select the wavelength when a dual wavelength Transmitter option is installed The three choices are EXT an external input tributary from the Transmitter front panel INT an internally generated 2 4 Gb s signal and THRU a through input from the Receiver section There are also choices for Pattern Selection Mapping Selection and External Sync Input options under the MODE
138. to form a single channel In SDH a number M of TUs can be linked together to produce a concatenated container M times the size of the TU An example of this is the concatenation of five TU 2s to carry a 32 Mbit s video signal known as VC 2 5c Once assembled any concatenated VC structure is multiplexed switched and transported through the network as a single entity Conformance Tests Conformance Tests also know as Standards Conformance Tests are predefined tests that measure the performance of networks or network elements against established performance standards SDH standards are defined in the ITU T Recommendations CMI Code Mark Inversion Cyclic Redundancy Check CRC A technique for using overhead bits to detect transmission errors Data Communications Channel DCC Data channels in SDH that enable OAM communications between intelligent controllers and individual network nodes as well as inter node communications dB The symbol for decibels dBm The symbol for power level in decibels relative to 1 mW ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual Glossary Defect A limited interruption in the ability of an item to perform a required function Persistence of a defect can cause a failure Digital Cross connect DCS An electronic cross connect which has access to lower rate channels in higher rate multiplexed signals and can electronically rearrange cross connect those channels Digital Signal An electrical or optical
139. tter Hit When peak to peak jitter crosses a predetermined threshold Jitter Tolerance A conformance test that measures the susceptability of a network element input to incoming jitter Jitter Transfer A conformance test that measures the transfer of jitter from the input to the output of a network element Jitter Transfer Function A graph that shows jitter gain as a function of jitter frequency ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual Glossary Line Alarm Indication Signal AIS A Line AIS is generated by Section Terminating Equipment upon Loss of Signal or Loss of Frame Line Coding Violation CV The sum of the BIP errors detected at the Line layer Line CVs are collected using the BIP codes in the B2 bytes of the Line Overhead Line Errored Second ES A second during which at least one Line CV occurred or a second during which the line was in the Line AIS state Line Overhead LOH Controls the payload information using the section layer and provides alarm indications error monitoring and message signalling between two LTEs Line Severely Errored Second SES A second with N or more Line CVs or a second during which the line was in the Line AIS state The value of N varies with the transmit rate but corresponds to a 2 x10 BER Locked Mode A virtual tributary mode that fixes the starting location of the VC Locked mode has less pointer processing than floating mode LOF An acronym for Loss of Frame LOP An acrony
140. us LEDs will be off when the ST2400A is in the THRU mode In older ST2400 test sets pressing the MODE key a second time will access the TX WAVELENGTH menu if the dual wavelength Transmitter option is installed It is used to switch between 1310 nm and 1550 nm TX WAVELENGTH 1310 nm 1550 nm Figure 3 7 Transmitter Wavelength Menu if dual wavelength TX option installed ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual Reference External Clock Synchronization This menu choice is available under the MODE button the front panel TX side 2 Mb 2 MHz inputs can be utilized for external timing synchronization This option will only appear when the INTERNAL Transmitter mode is enabled A Loss of Signal message will be displayed on the front panel LCD if either of these options are selected and the signal is not present If the 2 048 signal is lost from the front panel an error message will appear on the LCD screen TX LOSS OF 2 048 CLK which will flash on and off in 3 second intervals EXTERNAL SYNC INPUT OFF 2 048 1 544 Figure 3 8 External Timing Synchronization MODE button SDH ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual Reference PRBS Mappings These menu choices are available under the MODE button the front panel TX side User can select the following TX patterns as internally generated payload e Fixed 00 All Zeros to FF e 2 1 or inverted 27 1 per ITU T O 181 e 2 or inverted 27 1 The only structured payl
141. w key to move the cursor to OFF and press ENTER The asterisk and the word ACTIVE will no longer be displayed indicating the error injection is off The RANDOM BER Bit Error Rate INJECT main menu is used to set the rate to a number from 1 0E 3 to 0 1E 9 Pressing the Enter key will inject errors at that rate on different STM 16 channels selected at random The Selected Channel BER Bit Error Rate main menu is used to set the rate to a negative exponent from 1 0E 3 to 0 1E 9 for the CHAN channel selected Positioning the cursor over the selected channel CHAN cc in the lower right field and use the INC and DEC keys to select the STM 1 channel number The INJECT XX ERROR menu permits recurring error conditions to be set Position the cursor under the XX and use the INC key to select the error type The INJECT period on time is located in the top right field 2 5S in this case It can be set from 0 1 to 9 9 seconds The WAIT period off time is in the lower right field 6 0S in this case It can be set from 1 0 to 30 0 seconds The rates are set in each individual menu B1 B2 B3 MS REI RANDOM BER and CHANxx BER An asterisk will switch between the wait and inject states indicating which is active Only one error condition can be activated at any one time NOTE Bit Error Rates are inserted as a negative exponent An error rate of 1 0E 6 would equate to the decimal number derived from sending one errored bit in a million bits In ot
142. xer Section Terminating Element and other test equipment With firmware version 5 0 Option 42 the following new features are added to capabilities of the ST2400A Payload bit error injection B3 Injection on the TX side TSE B3 Path REI Payload bit error count measurement on the RX side TSE ES SES SDH only Alarm signal status RX Path RDI Loss of Pointer Path AIS Path REI Path Overhead Monitor RX Displays value of following bytes J1 B3 C2 G1 F2 H4 Z3 F3 Z4 N1 For the path overhead C2 byte added at TX Path Signal Label C2 Identifies High Order Path Label Unequipped and High Order Path Label Mismatch C2 byte can be set to any value from 0x00 to OxFF B3 Path Analysis J1 Path Trace displayed as ASCII text Tx Patterns PRBS 2 317 and 2 31 Inverted Fixed 00 to FF TX mode button Pointers Read only menu under RX Trib button Pointer Value displayed 0 to 782 Pointer Measurement Counts for Positive Pointer Justifications Negative Pointer Justifications New Data Flag NDF Extended capability of View History button more LEDs virtual LEDs APS Switch Time measurement LOF LOS durations APS testing can be performed by causing protection switch via control of K1 K2 bytes and then displaying time to restore frame synchronization Highly accurate LOF timer enables this test to be performed with lt 1 ms resolution RX mapping PRBS 2 23 and 2 23 Inverted PRBS 2 31 per ITU T 0 151 and
143. y RX Optical Overload Optical Power Penalty Loss of signal delay Acquisition recovery time Receiver Reflectance Residual Bit Error Rate Max Notes Conditions 10 dBm APD enabled Damage will occur if exceeded APD Disabled Damage will occur if exceeded offset from 2 48832 Gb s 10 BER flat loss 10 BER flat loss Sensitivity degradation due to dispersion reflections 15dBm 3dB ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual Specifications SDH 2 488 Gb s Electrical Inputs AC coupled 50 Ohm terminated ECL clock and data interfaces allow ST2400A to operate error free when electrical outputs are looped to electrical inputs through a bias tee termination data valid when sampled within 50 ps of center of data eye SMA connectors ECL specifications At high input voltage 25 C 0 98 V min At low input voltage 25 C 1 95 V min and 1 63 V max ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual A 13 Specifications SDH Signal Name 155 Mb s 622 Mb s Output Data Connector FC PC standard ST or SC available Type Optical Wavelength 1310 nm 1273 to 1355 nm Average Power 15 dBm minimum Maximum Average Power 8 dBm Category IR 1 Fiber Type Single Mode Description 155 or 622 Mb s data output from demultiplexer intended for connection to supplemental test equipment Safety Classification Class I per IEC 825 1 Signal Name 155 Mb s Electrical Output Connector BNC 75 Q Type CMI per
144. y Setup Menus Figure 3 1 Quick Setup Menus Since the ST2400A can be configured as Transceiver Transmitter or Receiver many menus are available only with the appropriate configuration For example the Quick Setup menu mentioned above is available with the Transceiver but does not appear in the Transmitter or Receiver configurations A menu with the TX label such as TX EVENT TRIGGER OUTPUT or TX 2 488 Gb s ELEC OUTPUT is not available in an ST2400A configured as a Receiver A menu with the RX label such as RX THRESHOLD OFFSET or RX 2 488 Gb s INPUT is not available in an ST2400A configured as a Transmitter 3 2 ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual qucpgi en TIME YY MM DD HH MM SS 1998 07 22 14 40 32 Enter key GPIB ADDR 31 OFF BUS Setup Key ADDR 14 TERM EOILF Setup Key 48 amp RS232 SETUP Return to Quick Setup Menu ENTER Enter key Setup Key BAUD 300 1200 2400 9600 4 CHAR S BITS 8 ECHO OFF ON Setup Key RESUME OPER ON RESTART OFF ON SYSTEM CONFIGURATION SONET SDH ST2400A VERSION X XX RX WIDE TX 1310 Figure 3 2 Auxiliary Setup Menus ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual Setup Key Reference Setup Key Setup Key PARITY NONE ODD EVEN END OF LINE CR RF LF CR CR LF XON OFF ON OFF Setup Key 3 3 Reference 3 4 When power is applied the first three LCD displays will show 1 The Tektronix Products logo and Copyright notice
145. yload or alarms If the router is inserting IP traffic in the STM 16c OC 48c payload the ST2400A has the ability to damage or stress test the IP packets under different error conditions Another application places the unit in internal mode generating an STM 4c OC 12c or STM 16c OC 48c signal This signal can be fed into a piece of network equipment with different alarms to test the equipment for specification conformance ST2400A SDH Test Set User Manual 2 17 Applications Older ST2400 ST2400A SDH versions and STM 16c Older ST2400 ST2400A instruments can be used to receive and monitor STM 16c SDH signals An ST2400A with Option 41 can receive generate and modify STM 16c signals The Basic instrument provides capabilities for the following measurements Los Loss of Signa Loss of Frame LOS LOF Out of Frame REI RDI BER RE Remote End Indication RDI Remote Defect indication BER BER measurements based on Bl and B2 errors_ With concatenated signals the H1 and H2 byte 1 locations contain the location of the payload start container All other H1 and H2 byte locations 2 to 48 contain a unique data pattern identifying the data as concatenated These patterns according to ITU T G 703 are H1 1001xx11 H2 11111111 When monitoring concatenated signals lower rate signals can not be dropped This capability to monitor concatenated signals is a RX only function in older ST2400 and ST2400A models STM 16c s

User Manual ST2400A 2.4 Gb/s SDH Test Set 071

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