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Argos User's Guide

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1. 0 010 Heat sensitivities Room uses Stocks Smoke sensitivities a E Figure 7 4 Use the Liquid pool fire material fire tab to enter information about the liquid pool fire Chapter 7 Working in the Argos Database 140 Argos User s Guide 7 In the right hand side of the Liquid pool fire tab enter the physical dimensions of the fire such as height width and length 8 Click Save changes The new initial fire is now accessible in Client mode and may be used when simulating fires Creating a liquid tank fire The model for tank fires assumes that liquid is leaking from a vertical cylindrical vessel that has a hole in the bottom To create a liquid pool fire 1 Click Fires in the left hand Argos panel 2 Activate the General tab to enable the Create button 3 Before clicking Create select the appropriate tab in this case the Liquid tank fire tab 4 Click Create 5 Type in the name of the new fire 6 In the left hand side of the Liquid tank fire tab enter the fire technical properties of the fire such as optical smoke potential heat release information etc 7 In the right hand side of the Liquid tank fire tab enter the physical dimensions of the fire such as height width and length 8 Click Save changes The new initial fire is now accessible in Client mode and may be used when simulating fires Chapter 7 Working in the Argos Database 141 Argos User s Guide Ft Argos
2. 4 Argos Graphs E Room 1 Room 2 xk Room 3 Room 4 Room 5 Figure 4 55 The Temperature in smoke layer graph The Temperature in smoke layer graph shows a temperature in Room 1 which is not critical We can also see that the supporting unprotected steel will be heated by less than 40 C which means that the steel structure will retain its full load bearing capacity Chapter 4 Case Scenarios 107 Argos User s Guide Room 1 Room 2 xk Room 3 7 Room 4 Room 5 Figure 4 56 The Heat radiation from smoke layers graph The Heat radiation from smoke layers graph shows that the heat radiation from the smoke layers at no point is critical The heat radiation is less than 2 5 kW m Chapter 4 Case Scenarios 108 Argos User s Guide VIII The Auditorium with Flash over In this scenario we will extend the Auditorium scenario to a post flash over fire In order to do so we need to choose a powerful fire and instruct Argos to continue analysing after the flash over Auditorium Figure 4 57 Flash over in the auditorium Running the Scenario 1 Load the Auditorium scenario and click the Simulate fire button to open the Simulate fire window 2 Click Settings to open the Simulate Options dialog box 3 Onthe General tab make sure that the Enable post flash over model check box is selected Chapter 4 Case Scenarios 109 Argos User s Guide Simulation options Auditorium Fire Start
3. File Data Help amp t uj e Solid material fire Melting material fire Liquid pool fire Liquid tank fire Smouldering fire Energy formula fire Data point fire Overview General Heat detectors Name Acetone Ref Croke elisctore Max heat release rate Mw rr 1 06 Basic building constr Fire value GJ m alal E Optical smoke potential dB m 50 0 Building components Load bearing structures Materials Physical dimensions of pool and tank Room uses Volume of fuel m Stocks k f Maximum fire area m hi Macina Minimum pool depth m Heat sensitivities Tank diameter m Smoke sensitivities Hole diameter m Figure 7 5 Use the Liquid tank fire tab to enter information about the liquid tank fire Creating a smouldering fire A typical fire of this kind occurs when a cigarette is dropped onto a bed which starts smouldering with a constant rate of heat release This kind of fire is characterized by a low rate of heat release which is seldom enough to create a smoke layer Smouldering occurs without open flames which gives poor and incomplete combustion of the burning items This results in a high proportion of unburned and toxic gases such as CO Note The Smouldering fire tab has no Physical dimension section A smouldering fire is not regarded as having any physical dimensions Chapter 7 Working in the Argos Database 142 To create a smouldering fire Argos Us
4. Argos enables you to specify that a person alarms the fire brigade after a certain period of time Chapter 3 Fire Simulation in Argos 54 Argos User s Guide To turn manual alarm on and off 1 In the Simulate fire window click Settings to open the Simulation options dialog box 2 Onthe Fire Brigade Alarm tab set the Manual alarm to disabled or enabled and enter a relevant figure in the Delay field For more information about the customisation options on this tab turn to the Argos Help Simulation options Example 1 General Fire Start Fire Brigade Alarm Fire Installations wind load Doors open clased Fire Brie ETE ELE ire station hrs servings Distance to Fire station km Calculated response time min Manual alarm C Disabled Enabled 30 delay minutes x Cancel Figure 3 13 The Fire Brigade Alarm tab of the Simulation options dialog box Turning Fire Installations On and Off Argos enables you to turn fire installations on and off to see the impact on the results This option requires that you have defined the fire installations beforehand when setting up the scenario To turn fire installations on and off 1 In the Simulate fire window click Settings to open the Simulation options dialog box Chapter 3 Fire Simulation in Argos 55 Argos User s Guide 2 Onthe Fire Installations Wind load tab select the room in which you wish to toggle fire installations on and off Then d
5. The sprinkler is released after 3 44 minutes and as a result the heat release starts decreasing after approximately 4 20 minutes The fire is put out after 4 29 minutes Fv Argos Graphs File View Rate of heat release from fire Auditorium Fire start name Waste Basket 45 Time min Figure 4 23 The Rate of heat release from fire graph Temperature in smoke layer The Temperature in smoke layer graph shows the temperature in the smoke layer The temperature falls after sprinkler release because Chapter 4 Case Scenarios 81 Argos User s Guide of reduced heat release rate In Argos the sprinkler system does not cool the smoke layer Figure 4 24 The Temperature in smoke layer graph Chapter 4 Case Scenarios 82 Argos User s Guide IV The Auditorium AFA Smoke Detector Installed In this scenario we will re use the information from the Auditorium scenario only this time we will install an automatic fire alarm The objective is to see how fast an automatic fire alarm equipped with a smoke detector will react to alarm the fire brigade If the system were also coupled to a fire alarm sounder occupants would be alerted at an early stage Creating the Case Scenario Since we have already created the Auditorium scenario we simply need to update it with information about the automatic fire alarm AFA Smoke detector installed d Detection time P Figure 4 25 Scenario
6. alpha t squared fire where the fire develops with a heat release rate of Q a x t Note The Energy formula fire tab has no Physical dimension section The area of an energy formula fire is equal to the rate of heat release of the fire divided by the rate of heat release per unit area To create an energy formula fire 1 Click Fires in the left hand Argos panel 2 Activate the General tab to enable the Create button 3 Before clicking Create select the appropriate tab in this case the Energy formula fire tab 4 Click Create 5 Type in the name of the new fire 6 Enter the fire technical properties of the fire such as maximum effect parabolic and linear growth doubling time etc 7 Click Save changes The new initial fire is now accessible in Client mode and may be used when simulating fires Chapter 7 Working in the Argos Database 144 Argos User s Guide Earaos File Data Help Overview General Solid material fire Melting material fire Liquid pool fire Liquid tank fire Smouldering fire Energy formula fire Data point fire o a a Heat detectors Name e Smoke detectors Maximum Q t MW Parabolic growth kw 7s 0 2000 Demum Parabolic growth Mw mir m Linear growth Mw min Building components l Constant fire Mw Load bearing structures e Initial fire kw Materials Doubling time min Room uses Parabolic decay Mw mirr Stocks O
7. Argos File Data Help Client Overview General Rooms in Scenario DIFLAGER Room verview Room General Surfaces and components Stocks Machines Fire installations Area nf Avg height m Max distance m 600 00 Steel plate hall Raw materials store 600 00 Database Figure 3 2 Overview of the rooms in a scenario Chapter 3 Fire Simulation in Argos 42 Argos User s Guide 4 Proceed to the Room General subtab to enter the floor type of the room 5 Click the Save changes button to save your changes Fv Argos File Data Help Client Overview General Rooms in Scenario DIFLAGER Room Overview Room General Surfaces and components Stocks Machines Fire installations Name Concrete hall Room use Raw materials store Area m 600 00 Perimeter m 10000 Average height m 5 33 Max distance m 3000 Floor type Concrete DS411 var 15 cm Floor Database Figure 3 3 Basic information for a specified room For more information about the fields on the Room overview Room General tabs turn to the Argos Help Defining Walls and Ceilings Once the basic geometry information of the room is in place you continue to enter information about the walls and ceilings of the room It is also at this stage that you add openings such as doors holes etc Note You can create new walls surfaces ceilings and components in the Argos database For more information
8. Fire Brigade Alarm Fre Instllations Wind load Doors openjclosed 000 Figure 4 58 Select the Enable post flash over model check box 4 On the Fire Start tab select the Ultra Fast fire option in the Fire start name drop down list box Simulation options Auditorium Energy Formula Fire kd HH NH SHON HBOS BOSE SO CES EO CB CBBC OOOO TO OOOO a Figure 4 59 Select a powerful initial fire such as the Ultra Fast energy formula fire 5 On the Fire Installations Wind speed tab deactivate any fire installations Chapter 4 Case Scenarios 110 Argos User s Guide Simulation options Auditorium General Fire Start Fire Brigade Alarm Fire Installations wind load Doors apen closed Automatic Fire Ventilation enabled in simulation Sprinkler system enabled in simulation Automatic Fire Alarm enabled in simulation towards opening Wind speed m s 0 00 away From opening Clear all X Cancel Figure 4 60 Deactivate any fire installations 6 Click OK to save your changes 7 Back in the Simulate fire window click Start to run the scenario 4 Simulate fire Auditorium Auditorium o M 3 425 Smoke in room dB m 0 00 Smoke in layer dB m 25 96 Floor to layer m 0 00 Layer temperature C 856 Heat radiation kw m2 83 01 Fire progression Energy formula fire gt Ultra Fast 00 03 46 Fire is declining 00 12 43 Room Auditorium E
9. The Optical smoke density in smoke layers graph below shows that after 1 minute the visibility in the smoke layer is very low Figure 4 63 The Optical smoke density in smoke layers graph Chapter 4 Case Scenarios 113 Argos User s Guide The Distance from floor to smoke layers graph below shows that the room is quickly filled with smoke Figure 4 65 The Distance from floor to smoke layers graph Chapter 4 Case Scenarios 114 Argos User s Guide Chapter 5 Graphs in Argos o This chapter provides a detailed description of the graphs generated by Argos during a simulation When a scenario is calculated Argos will generate 15 graphs showing relevant information that will help you in your conclusion making The information displayed includes the following The rate of heat release from fire The optical smoke density in rooms and in smoke layers The distance from floor to smoke layers The temperature in smoke layers The heat radiation from smoke layers The heat loss through surfaces The oxygen levels in rooms and in layers Lower and upper ceiling surfaces The ceiling temperature profile The average temperature Floor Pressure Numerical Integration Step Length Chapter 5 Graphs in Argos 115 Argos User s Guide Rate of heat release from fire This graph shows the rate of heat release from the fire as seen over time The graph expresses the speed with which the fire grows and how big it becomes Th
10. out as a 1 zone model and then becomes a 2 zone model when the difference in temperature between the two layers is big enough Figure 2 1 A 2 zone model Fire Life Cycle There are four stages in the life of a fire e gnition e Fire growth period pre flash over e Fully developed fire post flash over e Decay the fire is declining and dying out Chapter 2 Concepts of Fire Simulation 28 Argos User s Guide Growth Fully developed Decay j fire Phase 1 and 21 Phase 3 Phase 4 l D x TEMPERATURE pre flashover post flashover model model Only 1 room 1 or more rooms Figure 2 2 Fire life cycle temperature versus time Given sufficient fuel and oxygen the fire will continue to grow causing an increase in compartment temperature When substantial heat is generated at 500 6009C flash over occurs and the fire becomes fully developed engulfing all combustible materials within the compartment Decay follows when all the fuel or oxygen within the compartment has been fully consumed Initial Phase Figure 2 3 The initial phase of a fire Chapter 2 Concepts of Fire Simulation 29 Argos User s Guide Development Phase Figure 2 4 Developing fire the smoke layer is generated Critical Conditions for Life Safety Critical conditions occur if one or more of the following conditions are met e Visibility If the visibility is less than 10 meters in a larger room or less than 3 5 m
11. total flooding system automatic sprinkler system or automatic fire ventilation The ambient zone is outside the building where the temperature is constantly at 20 C At the beginning of the fire there will also be ambient conditions below the smoke layer Detects smoke or heat from the fire and alerts the fire brigade or an internal alarm Automatic venting of smoke and heat from the fire The average temperature for the smoke layer and the zone below the smoke layer over time Engineering calculation judgement within fire safety Temperature of the ceiling surface in the enclosure Glossary 157 Ceiling temperature profile Client mode Cold smoke Combustion zone Compartment ambient zone Computer simulated fire Critical conditions Damage report Data point fire Database mode Design fire Argos User s Guide Temperature profile through the ceiling construction Mode for setting up a model of an enclosure for fire modelling e g entering the geometry in Argos Smoke without enough buoyancy to generate a two zone model Same as fire zone Not modelled separately in Argos Zone below the smoke layer Fire development and spread in an enclosure modelled in a computer Conditions where human ability to egress starts to decrease rapidly A report that lists the loss of building stocks and machines by a fire in and 96 Points of time versus energy released typical data
12. 03 12 2003 10 44 26 27 06 2001 14 43 35 27 06 2001 14 43 32 29 10 2003 11 10 08 27 06 2001 14 43 32 27 06 2001 14 43 32 27 06 2001 14 43 33 27 06 2001 14 43 33 27 06 2001 14 43 33 862001 14 43 27 06 2001 14 43 34 27 06 2001 14 43 33 03 12 2003 10 44 36 27 06 2001 14 43 34 27 06 2001 14 43 34 29 10 2003 13 49 14 11 06 2002 14 14 46 Figure 1 1 The Argos main window The toolbar The scenario pane Chapter 1 Getting Started with Argos 17 Argos User s Guide The Argos Main Window The main window is where you set up your scenarios and toggle between Client mode and Database mode The window contains a menu bar a toolbar a scenario pane and the left hand panel which lets you toggle between client mode where you set up your scenarios and database mode which provides access to configuring data records in the Argos database The Menu Bar The menu bar provides access to various user commands in both Database and Client mode Most commands are also available from the toolbar and hence described in the following section The Toolbar For a dedicated description of the Parameters command turn to the section The Parameters command later in this chapter The Toolbar The toolbar is available in both Database and Client mode ld 4 P Navigation buttons used for navigating between the different scenarios or database records r The Create button Creates a new scenario or a database record By default
13. 3 Fire Simulation in Argos 60 Argos User s Guide e To print a damage report click the Damage button The report shows the estimated damage costs to stocks and machines in case of a flash over fire Copying a Scenario Argos provides a means for copying information from one scenario to a new scenario With this time saving feature you can re use all default values of an existing scenario To copy a scenario 1 In the main window select the scenario you wish to copy 1 On the toolbar click the Copy scenario button The Name of new scenario dialog box opens Name of new scenario D X MH ame DIFLAGER cence Figure 3 20 Enter a name for the new scenario 2 Enter the new name and click OK The new scenario is inserted in the main window 3 Proceed to the tabs of the new scenario and make the necessary adjustments 4 Click Save changes Chapter 3 Fire Simulation in Argos 61 Argos User s Guide Chapter 3 Fire Simulation in Argos 62 Argos User s Guide Chapter 4 Case Scenarios o This chapter presents a series of eight different case scenarios which describe how Argos can be used for fire simulation in various circumstances The scenarios are e The Auditorium e The Auditorium Smoke Venting Installed e The Auditorium Sprinkler System Installed e The Auditorium AFA Smoke Detector Installed e The Auditorium with Corridor e The Auditorium with Corridor Self Closing Door
14. 7 Working in the Argos Database The Argos database is where you create and maintain the data that is available in client mode initial fires heat detectors building components machines room purposes etc The Argos database is stored in the Argos gdb file which is stored in the Argos program folder at C Program Files Argos on an English operating system The Argos database also stores your scenarios Ft Argos File Data Help Heat detectors Smoke detectors Basic building constr Building components Load bearing structures Materials Room uses Stocks Machines Heat sensitivities Smoke sensitivities Fire type Solid material fire Solid material fire Solid material fire Solid material fire Solid material fire Solid material fire Solid material fire Solid material fire Solid material fire Solid material fire Solid material fire Solid material fire Solid material fire Solid material fire Solid material fire Solid material fire Solid material fire Solid material fire Solid material fire Solid material fire Solid material fire Solid material fire Solid material fire Name Armechair Brand pa panel Empty pallet rack Euro pallets Euro pallets 100 m3 Finished PE goods Furniture PUR 80 m Hilton room furnit Hilton total room Light pallets Mail bags filled Packing material PE bottles in carton Plast film in rolls PS foam in cartons Rack PS carton 96m3 Rack w mailbags Rac
15. AFV Smoke tab add the following information and click the Save changes button to save your changes In the Total opening area m field enter 3 m which corresponds to approximately 3 96 of the floor area Chapter 4 Case Scenarios 5 Argos User s Guide Fr Argos File Data Help Overview General Rooms in Scenario Auditorium Room Overview Room General Surfaces and components Stocks Machines Fire installations Room Auditorium rp Overview AFV Heat AFV Smoke AFV Timer Sprinkler system AFA Heat AFA Smoke Smoke venting installed Smoke detector Smoke sensitivity dB m Distance between detectors m Total opening area m Mechanical extraction m s Average height above floor m Database Figure 4 16 Select the smoke venting device on the AFV Smoke tab Running the Scenario We will use the same waste paper basket fire as in the previous scenario 1 On the toolbar click the Simulate fire button The Simulate fire window opens Click Start 4l Simulate fire Auditorium x Auditorium My ss Qe Smoke in room dB m Floor to layer m Layer temperature oc Heat radiation Fire progression Energy formula fire gt Waste Basket 00 01 06 Room Auditorium Smoke detected smoke venting activated 00 10 00 Fire brigade is alarmed 00 17 00 Fire brigade arrived preparing extinguishing 00 18 00 Fire brigade ready
16. Arena A client wants to use Argos for assessing the fire safety and life safety conditions in a sports arena The arena which has already been built is primarily used for sporting events such as football The following physical and geometry information is available e The sports arena is constructed as one single fire compartment e The supporting construction is unprotected steel lattice girders e The main area is 76 2 m x 108m 8230 m e The roof is dome shaped with a maximum height of 12 1 meters going from the lower side of the steel lattice girders to the floor SHS lh HE ere ep rh ee a aH eae 2 ee M AE Figure 4 43 The sports arena seen from above Chapter 4 Case Scenarios 97 Argos User s Guide DA wi EUN APVT DU IVAN VAZVU AV AV iE AS P DAP T B Figure 4 44 Cross section of the sports arena In order to create a simulation in Argos approximately half of the area is divided into five fictive cubes These cubes are interconnected by openings This model is on the safe side because the volume in which the smoke can develop is less than in real life The sketch of the model is shown in the figure below Figure 4 45 Half of the area is divided into five fictive cu
17. Auditorium General Fire Start Fire Brigade Alarm Fire Installations Wind load Doors apenjclased Fire stark in roam amp uditorium Keep current Fire vw Use default Fire Fire start name Energy Formula Fire Ultra Fast Height above Solid material fire floor m Melting material fire Liquid pool Fire Liquid tank Fire Smouldering Fire X Cancel Figure 1 6 Selecting a fire in the Simulation options window The Parameters Command For expert users only The Parameters command in the Data menu deserves special attention since the settings in the associated dialogue box influences how simulations are run in Argos The command opens the Parameters dialogue box which contains a number of customisable parameters Unless you are an expert user we recommend that you do not change these parameters and instead use the factory settings Unintended changes to these values will have a significant impact on the simulation results These parameters are common to all simulations so remember to reset them to their original value if they have been changed for a specific calculation The parameters which are most likely to be changed are the two top parameters Fraction of rate of heat release radiated by the fire and Rate of heat release per area as these can be adapted to a specific fire Chapter 1 Getting Started with Argos 24 Argos User s Guide Parameters 5D EN e Fraction of rate of heat releas
18. SErnWer System Enauled in simulation IM Iv 00 Figure 4 40 On the Fire Installations Wind load tab Activate the automatic fire alarm AFA It is the automatic fire alarm that triggers the self closing door 5 Back in the Simulate fire window click Start to run the scenario i d Simulate fire Auditorium with corridor Fire progression Energy formula fire gt Waste Basket 00 01 06 Room Auditorium Smoke detected fire alarm AFA activated 00 01 06 S door closed by detector Steel door 10 cm between Auditorium and Corridor 99 00 08 06 Fire brigade arrived preparing extinguishing 00 09 06 Fire brigade ready extinguishing started 00 09 37 Fire is declining 00 09 51 Fire has been put out ill Pause Figure 4 41 Launch the simulation in the Simulate fire window Chapter 4 Case Scenarios 95 Argos User s Guide 6 Note that the automatic fire alarm is activated after 1 06 minutes and that the self closing door starts closing at the same time Interpreting the Results As shown in the Distance from floor to smoke layers graph below there is no smoke in the corridor which was the main purpose of installing a self closing door In the auditorium critical conditions occur after 1 minutes Fv Argos Graphs Corridor Figure 4 42 The Distance from floor to smoke layers graph Chapter 4 Case Scenarios 96 Argos User s Guide VII The Sports
19. a new record is labelled Unknown until you provide a name for it on the General tab The Delete button Deletes the selected scenario or database record v The Save changes button This button is only active when editing or creating scenarios and database records Clicking the button will save the recent changes Chapter 1 Getting Started with Argos 18 Argos User s Guide x The Cancel changes button This button is only active when editing or creating scenarios and database records Clicking the button will cancel the recent changes The Copy fire or scenario button When in Client mode this button will copy the currently selected scenario to a new scenario When in Database mode the button will copy the currently selected fire Only fires can be copied in Database mode F The Show fire graphs button Shows the graphs generated for the current fire The button is only available for the currently selected fire in Database mode m The Simulate fire button Click this button when you are ready to simulate the fire development in your scenario The button will open a separate window in which you launch the fire The Print button Prints the information related to the selected scenario or database record The Scenario Pane This is where all scenarios appear Note that Argos comes with a set of predefined scenarios which you may run for test purposes and to get acquainted with the program Chapter 1 Getting S
20. both your scenarios and the Argos database Thus the key to protecting your work is to make sure that argos gdb is never damaged or deleted Argos never communicates directly with this file but sends queries via the database engine This protects the data from corruption even if the computer should fail in the middle of a transaction the database engine will just roll the data back on restart Argos Iofs Fille Edit View Favorites Tools Help C9 Back T T a JJ Search pem IE Es X ie m Folders A 344 Floppy Se Local Disk C Cj compaq Li cpgapps Cj Documents and Settings C Downloads i 1386 i pavfn E 3 Program Files Cj Adobe Cj Analog Devices El 6 Argos Cy BACKUP Cj Documentation ic Export 73 Initial Fires Figure 8 1 Argos gdb is stored in the Argos program folder at C Program Files Argos Chapter 8 Backing Up Your Work 155 BACKUP ica Documentation Ica Export C Initial Fires ica temp 2 argos Argos es 4rgos cnt 5 Argos GID Zilhddsz 1 094 KB 323 KB 4 KB 2 964 KB 26 KB 1 711 KB File Falder File Folder File Falder File Falder File Folder Application Help File CNT File GDE File GID File Application 13 06 2003 16 54 22 10 2003 07 55 29 10 2003 11 11 22 10 2003 07 55 13 06 2003 16 54 30 04 2003 10 03 20 02 2002 13 55 20 02 2002 13 55 14 11 2003 10 35 29 10 2003 14 37 09 11 2001 19 01 Argos User s Guide Backing up your work To bac
21. case scenario we will first update the Auditorium with an additional room a corridor Then we will add an opening between the auditorium and the corridor The purpose is to show how to enter scenarios with more than one room into Argos When interpreting the results we will discuss how a fire will affect the surroundings outside the auditorium in the corridor This is of interest because the corridor may be used as an escape route in case of fire 2500 Corridor 78 m P 9000 1200 4500 9000 0 Auditorium 108 m 12000 Figure 4 30 The Auditorium with corridor scenario Creating the Case Scenario Load the Auditorium scenario and add the additional corridor 1 Goto the Room overview tab and click the Create button Add the area average room height and max distance for the corridor Chapter 4 Case Scenarios 87 C Argos User s Guide Et Argos File Data Help Overview General Rooms in Scenario Auditorium with corridor Room Overview Room General Surfaces and components Stocks Machines Fire installations Area nf Avg height m Max distance m 108 00 Office administration 76 00 Database Figure 4 31 Add the corridor on the Room in Scenario tab 2 Proceed to the Surfaces and components tab and type in the Corridor information on the Walls subtab The two rooms are connected the Auditorium to the Corridor and the Corridor to the Surround
22. from experiments Mode for setting up materials building components fire sprinklers etc for usage in the model of enclosure The fire that is used as the starting fire in Argos Glossary 158 Distance from floor to smoke layers Energy formula fire Evacuation simulation Fire growth Fire installation Fire precautions Fire simulation Fire simulator Fire zone Flash over Floor pressure Argos User s Guide Height from floor level to smoke layers Fire development described by a mathematical formula e g at Simulation of egress from a building Increase of fire with time Active system installed in the building in Argos includes automatic smoke venting sprinklers and automatic fire alarms Passive or active system Simulation of fire development and spread within the model of enclosure Software for making fire simulations e g ARGOS Zone where the fire is located i e where the smoke and energy are generated and released Not modelled separately in Argos Transition to a state of total involvement in a fire of combustible materials within an enclosure Pressure in the rooms measured at floor level Glossary 159 Geometry Heat detector Heat loss Heat loss through surfaces Heat radiation Heat radiation from smoke layers Hot gas zone Initial fire Liquid pool fire Lower ceiling surfaces Maximum distance or Max distance Argos User s Guid
23. gases as CO Energy Formula Fire Two types of energy formula fires can be defined fire development following second order polynomial or a doubling time formula The second order polynomial is the most typical and covers the often used alpha t squared fire where the fire develops with a heat release rate of Q a x t a is defined in four categories see NFPA 204 M OL kw s Time s to reach 1055 kW The doubling time formula is used to enter a fire where the size is doubled with a fixed time interval The input parameter is the size of the fire at the beginning and the doubling time Parameters for an Energy formula fire can only be changed in the database Chapter 2 Concepts of Fire Simulation 3 Argos User s Guide Data Point Fire This fire type can be used to enter sets of time and heat release rate so that any type of heat release curve can be used in the program This is typically used to enter data from tests where the heat release has been measured over a period of time Argos comes with more than 200 predefined data point fires Most of them have been taken from the nitial Fires report by Stefan S rdqvist This report is included in the documentation for Argos For more information turn to the section Additional information on Argos in the Introduction Viewing a data point fire in Argos The same fire codes that are used in the Initial Fires report can be found in Argos In order to view a data poi
24. information on the General tab Ft Argos File Data Help Overview General Rooms in Scenario Auditorium Scenario Auditorium Client name TLTArchitechs Consultant anna wiliam Reference no PO Company type aos m Basic building construction Brick wall concrete roof_ Remarks Fire brigade in city area V Distance to fire station km 35 Fire station 24 hrs service v Calculated response time min Last revision 03 11 2003 14 08 28 Revision no 16 Last simulation Database Figure 4 2 The General tab 2 Click the Save changes button A new tab labelled Room in Scenario 1 Room Auditorium appears 3 On the Room Overview tab enter the basic physical information of the room such as name room usage area height and max distance Chapter 4 Case Scenarios 65 Argos User s Guide Ele Data Help Overview General Rooms in Scenario Auditorium Room Overview Room General Surfaces and components Stocks Machines Fire installations Area n Avg height m Max distance m i Office administration 108 00 Figure 4 3 The Room Overview tab 4 Proceed to the Surfaces and components tab On the Walls subtab enter the doors components in the walls between the room and the surroundings as shown in figure 4 4 Ft Argos File Data Help Overview General Rooms in Scenario Auditorium Room Overview Room G
25. light damping through the smoke The amount of smoke in the smoke layer smoke particles equally spread in the smoke layer measured as light damping through the smoke The amount of oxygen in the smoke layer The amount of oxygen in the room or in the zone below the smoke layer when a smoke layer has been formed Fire precautions based on passive systems Fire protection systems that do not need to be activated by the fire e g an El60 wall A fire plume is the buoyant flow from a fire including any flames Glossary 161 Post flash over simulation Post flash over Post flash over model Pre flash over Pre flash over simulation Rate of heat release Room geometry Scenario Self closing doors Simulation options Smoke density Argos User s Guide Simulation of fire scenario after flashover has occurred The period after flash over has occurred A computer model that describes the fire after flash over has occurred The period before flash over has occurred Simulation of fire scenario before flash over has occurred Total energy released per unit time by an item during combustion under specified combustions in watts The basic geometry measurements for a room which is to be modelled e g area and height of the room A given setup for a geometry specifying which doors are open which fire installations are active and an initial fire Doors that initially are open and will be cl
26. long side of the object Chapter 2 Concepts of Fire Simulation 34 Argos User s Guide e The velocity of horizontal flame spread is constant e The rate of heat release per area flame zone is constant e The time interval from ignition of a partial area until the same partial area is burned out i e the local burn out time is proportional to the height of the object For further information on the Melting Material Fire model please refer to the Argos Theory Manual Liquid Pool Fire The model is based on fire in combustible liquid on a floor where it will form a burning pool The size of the pool and the effective heat of combustion determines the rate of heat release from the fire The model also includes a minimum pool depth which has a specific area for a given amount of fuel and a maximum fire area The model limits the rate of heat release to a value corresponding to the smaller of the two areas For further information on the Liquid Pool Fire model please refer to the Argos Theory Manual Liquid pool fire External radiation e g from smoke layer l Radiation from flames N Mass release evaporation Heat loss from material Figure 2 8 A liquid pool fire as oil burning in a tank Chapter 2 Concepts of Fire Simulation 35 Argos User s Guide Liquid Tank Fire The model for liquid tank fires assumes that liquid is leaking from a vertical cylindrical vessel that has a hole in the bottom The rate o
27. otutetetatatubctulctetetatatetetetaretatebetalatetetatareset 8 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON ARGOS iseseeeeeeene eene messis e sese sese e eese e eese ene 9 SIMULATING FIRE THE BASIC S TAGES seeded aeuo tease 11 SDeCITVIFHO Requirements atqoe nGA I Lond tesa de s ent Romanes es uM docu m OR OUI Me DP 12 Seung UP Te SCONO Owecctese sites seceoten Em 12 RUNING tae SCONOTIO oe eroi cir canto orate E t tasses on Second uds diras 14 CHAPTER 1 GETTING STARTED WITH ARGOS ee eee eene eee 17 LAUNCHING ARGOS ER 17 THEARGOS MAIN WINDOW eiieeii itus e EEEE EAE AE AAA A ATARA AAE AEE 18 THO MON OL EEA ATE EEE ATEN EEO OEN 18 TOTO ONO Ge ara aN E A OE OT ETEEN T OTE OR 18 TCD CONGIIO PONE irea EA E E boda N RN 19 CLIENT MODE AND DATABASE MODE 5 ces eve dose us vxex Uta acti eue vo TEELE ALEE EEEE NU ds 20 LHe SIMUEATEFIRE VVINDOW sussana t eee Re eR RR RE d Qa eau t dade cde aad addas 22 TAE SIMULATION OPTIONS VVINIDOWE ineat tha tnt tateam Coe tate E NENEN 23 THE Parameters COMMMONG 3s esssseecun soto ut eb erect ao COR amr oc upe E ci ads oae oppeto Erato RE 24 CHAPTER 2 CONCEPTS OF FIRE SIMULATION ccccccccscccccescccs 27 WHY FIRE SIMULATION eere EE EE ERE EE OE CENE E EE EE e V UP SD UeD P DD DD 27 ZONE MODE S 43 222 secad2 E atacctece ac otaentuestoceteestocetacutendtondtoadieadinedteedtacace 27 PVC ANC CV CIO mu tena E dn E E pudees vn O T 28 Criticar Conamiornis Tor Lie Sely reseita 30 FIRE REC USITAS m 32 PINITIAL FIRES
28. parked next to the burning car more than 1 free space away Radiation limits for humans and risk of fire spread Safety distances are defined in Argos as the distance from the edge of the flaming zone in meters for 5 different levels of radiation The safety distance can be used to see how distant humans have to be from a fire so that they are not affected e g during an evacuation The safety distance for a radiation level of 15 kW m2 can be used to determine the risk of nearby objects being ignited Chapter 7 Working in the Argos Database 152 Argos User s Guide Erie graphs File Safety distance Small vehicles Car Z3 21 Fire value 2940 42 MJ Argos ver 4 5 41 Wim 9 25 KV Im de 5 KV Im F 10 KC fm 15 KW im E v o c G o uo gt E b 0 50 Time min Figure 7 15 The Safety distance graph Exposure of humans e 1 kW m for indefinite skin exposure e 2 5 kW m for a maximum of 5 minutes e 5kW m is a typical upper limit for short term exposure maximum 10s exposure e 10kW m is a typical upper limit for fire fighters in protective clothing Risk of flame spread e 15kW m is a typical lower limit for pilot ignition of combustible materials Chapter 7 Working in the Argos Database 153 Argos User s Guide Chapter 7 Working in the Argos Database 154 Argos User s Guide Chapter 8 Backing Up Your Work The key to your work in Argos is the argos gdb file This file stores
29. release from fire graph clearly shows that the heat release is stabilized after approximately 7 minutes At this point no more combustible material is involved in the fire than that material which is currently burning Chapter 4 Case Scenarios 104 Argos User s Guide 4 Argos Graphs 4 Room 1 Room 2 xk Room 3 F Room 4 Room 5 Figure 4 53 The Optical smoke density in rooms graph The Optical smoke density in rooms graph shows critical conditions do not occur at any point in Room 1 In the other rooms however we do find critical conditions for the people there as the level surpasses 1 0 OD dB m This happens e in Room 2 after 10 minutes e in Room 3 after 12 minutes e in Room 4 after 27 minutes e in Room 5 after 24 minutes Note that the optical density in the fire room is less than in the other rooms This is because a 2 zone model is generated in the fire room whereas a 1 zone model with cold smoke is generated in the remaining rooms Chapter 4 Case Scenarios 105 Argos User s Guide 4 Argos Graphs Room 1 Room 2 3k Room 3 Room 4 Room 5 Figure 4 54 The Distance from floor to smoke layers graph The Distance from floor to smoke layers graph shows that a smoke layer is only formed in Room 1 At no point do we find critical conditions in any of the rooms We also see that there is a smoke layer in Room 1 where the fire is located Chapter 4 Case Scenarios 106 Argos User s Guide
30. s Guide Figure 4 6 The Stocks tab 7 Delete all machine entries on the Machines tab In this scenario no machines are considered possible fire sources Figure 4 7 The Machines tab 8 Leave the Fire installations tab empty We will include fire installations in case scenarios 2 4 Chapter 4 Case Scenarios 68 Argos User s Guide Ft Argos File Data Help Overview General Rooms in Scenario Auditorium Room Overview Room General Surfaces and components Stocks Machines Fire installations Room Auditorium Z pn Overview AFV Heat AFV Smoke AFY Timer Sprinkler system AFA Heat AFA Smoke Smoke venting AFV heat detector Smoke venting amp FV smoke detector Sprinkler system Smoke venting amp FV timer r Automatic fire alarm AFA heat detector Database Figure 4 8 The Fire Installations tab 9 You have now entered all the information for the Auditorium scenario and may proceed to run it Running the Case Scenario The first step in running the scenario is to choose a plausible fire The auditorium is equipped with various items which may initiate a fire under the right wrong circumstances An overhead projector an electricity supply panel and a waste paper basket Each of these fire sources will produce a different fire Chapter 4 Case Scenarios 69 Argos User s Guide Auditorium Figure 4 9 The fire st
31. tab 6 Select the Surfaces and components tab On the Walls subtab enter information about the walls in each room Use the Connected check box to indicate that rooms are connected with each other via doors or openings Don t forget to indicate the length of each wall Note that the type of wall between the virtual cells is not important since most of the wall is in effect an opening In this case we have chosen a steel wall Chapter 4 Case Scenarios 100 Argos User s Guide Fo Argos steel uninsolated 5mm steel uninsolated 5mm Room 3 Surroundings steel uninsolated 5mm Room 3 Room 4 steel uninsolated 5mm Room 3 Room 5 steel uninsolated 5mm Hole Miscellaneous Figure 4 48 On the Walls subtab enter information about the walls in each room 7 Proceed to the Ceilings subtab to enter information about the ceiling in each room Steel mineral wool 50 mm Figure 4 49 On the Ceiling subtab enter information about the walls in each room Chapter 4 Case Scenarios 101 Argos User s Guide 8 Onthe Stocks tab delete all stock entries for all rooms This information is not relevant for this scenario 9 Onthe Machines tab delete all machine entries for all rooms This information is not relevant for this scenario 4 Click Post entries to save the case scenario Running the Scenario 1 Once all relevant information has been entered in Argos you are ready t
32. with AFA smoke detector installed Chapter 4 Case Scenarios 8 3 Argos User s Guide To add the automatic fire alarm 1 Select the scenario in the Scenario pane and go to the Rooms in Scenario tab 2 Select the Fire installations tab 3 On the AFA Smoke tab enter the type of smoke detector and the spacing between the detectors E Argos File Data Help Client Overview General Rooms in Scenario Auditorium Room Overview Room General Surfaces and components Stocks Machines Fire installations Room Auditorium nM Overview AFV Heat AFV Smoke AFV Timer Sprinkler system AFA Heat AFA Smoke Automatic fire alarm installed Smoke detector Smoke sensitivity dB m 0 30 Distance between 1000 Distance from 70 detectors m 10 00 detector to fire m 7 07 Figure 4 26 Select the AFA smoke detector on the AFA Smoke tab 4 Click the Save changes button to save your changes Running the Scenario 1 On the toolbar click the Simulate fire button to open the Simulate fire window 2 Click Settings to open the Simulation options dialog box 3 On the Fire Installations Wind load tab select the Automatic Fire Alarm enabled in simulation check box Make sure to deactivate the remaining fire installations Chapter 4 Case Scenarios 84 Argos User s Guide 4 Click OK to save the changes Simulation options Auditorium Fig
33. 000 0 5000 0 5000 0 Density radiation Smoke layer fd B m 0 Page 2 of 9 Figure 9 A fire calculation report Introduction 16 Argos User s Guide Chapter 1 Getting Started with Argos This chapter describes how to get started with Argos The interface is introduced and the overall principle for simulating fires in the program is presented Launching Argos To launch Argos double click the Argos shortcut on the desktop Alternatively select Start Applications Argos 4 5 The Argos main window opens Fv Argos File Data Help The menu bar Client Scenario Button for entering Client mode Button for entering Database mode Database Steckler room Client name 1 TLT Architechs TLT Architects DIFT Model verification project Danish Concrete Institution Garman amp Worse A S Haustrup Ecko Birch amp Krogboe Gitte Ullmann amp Peter Holt Mallers Plastics Copenhagen Fire Brigade National Agency for Industry Roulunds Fabriker Baden SYNTAX National amp gency for Industry Post flash over fire with Port Ellen Engineering Ltd Argos Consultant Anna Williams Anna Williams Bjarne Paulsen Husted Niels Baden Niels Baden Kielland NTB MAJ Niels Baden J rgen Harbst Niels Baden Niels Baden NTB NTB Bjarne Paulsen Husted Niels Baden opening factor 0 04 John Lawlor Tw BPH Last revision 03 11 2003 14 08 28 06 10 2003 13 58 27
34. 16 oeedesedavedevenley esos eaten dew dono deae deve ogoaleged esos saevo deu euo dog eg eae oan dina s 33 Table of Contents Argos User s Guide SONG Material TAC Es 33 Melting MOLCHGIFING i usos t E aie E Nolae aM IU I Dune auis 34 PIG UIO qoo A T A 35 LJUE SCHARF mE 36 SMOUACTING iu qe ened 37 Energy FONA TMC adest ire eO OR In eR ceva asd eua uie nta cid ote 37 Doto Pol FITC isset du cd ub eM Ori asian aio cp Pp c o onEU deci c red 36 CHAPTER 3 FIRE SIMULATION IN ARGOG cccccccccceccccscccecs 39 THE BASIC REQUIREMENTS ascsocsescotossitecotoeolte qute seit as tesolteastecoloau ecole soltculte volte eau u e 39 SETTING UP THE SCENARO cca caodacustodosbtea tbe ioutcbtuottuaichteut siehts uote deus 40 Credatingthe SCCM ONO sspe obo Re Ds atleast M tS ras 40 DeHDIDO TAC ROOMS qos pasesutatielo cas oobau E ON tetotee RE 42 Delning Walls ana Celllgs o aiora aE sauna oeste hes Quen iss AT 43 Dening StoEKsana MACINNES sies usce etuer e Pea EEEE iato tients CAES 45 Denning Rre Vaksroli org ora CH 48 RUNNING THE SCENARIO issus gie ed apres tl o AGRUM BLUE NUR 49 CUSTOMIZING THE SCENARO sesertes iva e E NEID ee es 5 Customizing the Simulation Model essen 52 Selecting GROOM and an TQutidl FIEe ss eec oe Spit eH RN EO RSEN SESS 53 Turning Manual Alarm On and OIf i uos totae ro E Uaec tuo NAE 54 Turning Fire Tnstaltatioris Omand Off suesetoent c ett nos eot n d eoe oda e
35. 8 45 Fire has been put out Time 00 18 45 b Start il kanse lul Graph B Export ES Settings Report Damage Figure 4 36 Launch the scenario in the Simulate fire window Interpreting the Results The Distance from floor to smoke layers graph shows that the smoke layer is first formed in the Auditorium When the height of the smoke layer drops below 2 10 meters which is the height of the door between the Auditorium and the corridor the smoke enters the corridor After a short time a smoke layer is formed in the corridor Chapter 4 Case Scenarios 91 Argos User s Guide Fo Argos Graphs Auditorium e Corridor Figure 4 37 The Distance from floor to smoke layers graph Chapter 4 Case Scenarios 92 Argos User s Guide VI The Auditorium with Corridor Self Closing Doors In this scenario we will see how the deployment of a self closing door influences the conditions in the auditorium and in the corridor Creating the Case Scenario Since we have already created the Auditorium with corridor scenario we simply need to update it with the information about the self closing door Figure 4 38 A self closing door To add the self closing door 1 Load the Auditorium with corridor scenario and go to the Components and surfaces tab 2 Select the Walls subtab In the Components in selected wall section select the Se f closing door option 3 Click the Save chan
36. Argos User s Guide A step by step guide to fire simulation By Thomas Deibjerg Bjarne Paulsen Husted Henrik Bygbjerg and David Westerman December 2003 Danish Institute of Fire and Security Technology DIFT Argos User Manual Argos User s Guide A step by step guide to fire simulation By Thomas Deibjerg Bjarne Paulsen Husted Henrik Bygbjerg David Westerman Danish Institute of Fire and Security Technology Hvidovre Copenhagen 2003 revised October 2005 ISBN 87 88961 49 4 Acknowledgements Danish Institute of Fire and Security Technology DIFT and the authors would like to thank Bachelors of Engineering Anders Dragsted and Ronni Bech for their valuable contributions to the creation of this documentation We would also thank Morten Duvander Holst for his contribution to the illustrations Trademarks Argos is a registered trademark belonging to the Danish Institute of Fire and Security Technology DIFT All other registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners Illustrations Trine Preisler Morten Duvander Holst Bjarne Paulsen Husted Henrik Bygbjerg Anders Bach Vestergaard Argos User Manual 2 Argos User s Guide Table of Contents INTRODUCTION 5 biu V Seo Sese Usu PPn T ePECOnU VE Sa see e E E E DERE S E SED UE EU RUUE 7 WELCOME TO ARGOSG sccececscscscsccscecsccescscscsccscsccesessscscesesesesesessscsvesessseseseseeces 7 ABOUT THIS USER S GUIDE Eb Oi 22 te aPet una 2o at
37. Building components Load bearing structures Materials Room uses Overview General Solid material fire Melting material fire Liquid pool fire Liquid tank fire Smouldering fire Energy formula fire Data point fire Name Horizontal fire spread m min Max heat release rate Mwn Local burn out time min Initial flame height m Vertical doubling time min Optical smoke potential dB m CO potential Armchair e S3 co ce ce amp t uj e Physical dimensions of stock Height m 0 70 Stocks CO potential Width m 0 70 Machines Jdddddd Other toxic potential Length m 0 70 Heat sensitivities Smoke sensitivities Figure 7 2 Use the Solid material fire tab to enter information about the solid material fire 8 Click Save changes The new initial fire is now accessible in Client mode and may be used when simulating fires Creating a melting material fire The model for fires in melting materials is especially suited for the modelling of fires in objects with a large void fraction for example piles of polyethylene boxes where the combustible materials are separated by air filled spaces To create a melting material fire 1 Click Fires in the left hand Argos panel 2 Activate the General tab to enable the Create button 3 Before clicking Create select the appropriate tab in this case the Melting material fire tab Chapter 7 Worki
38. In the Simulate fire window click Settings to open the Simulation options dialog box 2 Onthe Fire Start tab choose the room in which the fire will start from the Fire start in room drop down list box Chapter 3 Fire Simulation in Argos 53 Argos User s Guide 3 Onthe Fire start name drop down list box select the name of the fire and then select a fire type in the adjacent field 4 Adjust the parameters of the fire in the Height Width and Length fields Note that not all fire types include these parameters 5 Select the Keep current fire check box if you wish the selected fire to be used with every simulation in the current scenario Click the Use default fire button to have Argos revert your selection of fire to the Argos default fire The default fire used will depend on your selection for company type and room use Simulation options Example 1 General Fire Start Fire Brigade Alarm Fire Installations Wind load Doors openjclased Fire start in room eod store Keep current Fire W Use default Fire Fire start name soli material Fire Jarmchair Height above g floor m Melting material fire Liquid pool Fire Liquid tank Fire Smouldering Fire X Cancel Figure 3 12 Use the Fire Start tab of the Simulation options dialog box to select an initial fire For more information about the customization options on this tab turn to the Argos Help Turning Manual Alarm On and Off
39. NCE FROM FLOOR TO SMOKE LAYERS sscecsccecscccceccececcetsccetecseseccesecceseucess 119 TEMPERATURE IN SMOKE LAYERS sccecececsccececcceccccceececcecseesesceseseseccesesessscesesess 120 HEAT RADIATION FROM SMOKE LAYERS cccecsecececccsccecccecsccccesessccecesesecsuceseseceacs 121 HEAT LOSS THROUGH SURFACES 2922 25 20 00 aAA AE compen eoe A AAAA AARS 122 OXYGENIN ROOM CP a E E E OA a E E O aa A T C NATAR 123 PrE Ea E S EENAA A A ESEE ES ET E EATE EEA EAA 124 LOWER CEILING SURFACES ciascun oe oso tehesisiesinso peo toe Lobo diotiediesie sese sonores n od oFosonoi n adnEs 125 UPPER CEILING SURFACES scscscscscscscscsccccccececncscscscscsesesevevevesenenensesessssssucacns 126 CEILING TEMPERATURE PROFILE sceccecscscsccacseccsccncsesceccccessescncsessescnccessencaseees 127 AVERAGE TEMPERATUR E ercvevevrvPvEDEUPPLUIU DUUM EUR A M DP EDI T P EDD DE MD LEE 128 POOR PRESSWIRE s dotcdsadicatucadi dani mau adusdqudduaaucaqacaqaaqudadadadadade dada dadadedac a 129 NUMERICAL INTEGRATION STEP LENGTH cccccscececccscceccecceccecseceeccucesesesceseseseseacs 130 CHAPTER 6 PRESENTING YOUR WORK ccccccccccsccccccccccccccces 131 CHAPTER 7 WORKING IN THE ARGOS DATABASE ssssssccees 135 STRUCTURE OF THE ARGOS DATABASE nrnna en EEE EAS 136 CREATING NEW ENTRIES IN THE DATABASE 0csccccscccscsccscccsccaccccesccacccccscsacsccees 136 CREATING INITIAL FIRES wcsicicesrstsecesasatcacscecscececacacscsctcacacacacsca
40. Small vehicles Car Data points Smoke detectors Code Q t Mw 0 000 0 001 CO potential a ial I Building components 2 0 800 CO potential 0 320 1 450 Other toxic potential 1 800 1 120 R 1 470 oom uses 1350 Stocks 1 200 1 250 Machines 1 550 1 800 Heat sensitivities 1 670 1 500 Smoke sensitivities 1 150 v Bae ies coer Optical smoke potential dB m Load bearing structures Materials Figure 7 8 Use the Data point fire tab to enter information about the data point fire 7 Click Save changes The new initial fire is now accessible in Client mode and may be used when simulating fires Copying an initial fire Argos provides a means for copying the information from one initial fire to a new fire With this time saving feature you may re use all default values of the existing fire To copy an initial fire 1 In the main window select the initial fire you wish to copy 2 On the toolbar click the Copy fire button The Name of new fire dialog box opens Chapter 7 Working in the Argos Database 146 Argos User s Guide Name of new fire Figure 7 9 Enter a name for the new fire 3 Enter the new name and click OK The new fire is inserted in the main window 4 Proceed to the General tab of the new fire and make the necessary adjustments 5 Click Save changes The Fire Graphs in Argos Argos includes five graphs that are available for all the different fire t
41. Smoke detectors Basic building constr Building components Load bearing structures Materials Room uses Stocks Machines Heat sensitivities Smoke sensitivities Overview General Fire type Solid material fire Solid material fire Solid material fire Solid material fire Solid material fire Solid material fire Solid material fire Solid material fire Solid material fire Solid material fire Solid material fire Solid material fire Solid material fire Solid material fire Solid material fire Solid material fire Solid material fire Solid material fire Solid material fire Solid material fire Solid material fire Solid material fire Name t Armchair Empty pallet rack Euro pallets Euro pallets 100 m3 Finished PE goods Furniture PUR 80 m Hilton room furnit Hilton total room Light pallets Mail bags filled Packing material PE bottles in carton Plast film in rolls PS foam in cartons Rack PS carton 96m3 Rack w mailbags Rack w moulds Rack w PE raw mat Rack w plast carton Rack w plast rolls Rack w PS cartons Rack w PU furniture Sofa 3 persons Figure 1 4 List of fires in Database mode The Simulate Fire Window Argos User s Guide The Simulate fire window is where you launch the actual simulation You activate the window by clicking the Simulate fire button on the toolbar This window lets you study how the fire progresses in terms of smoke temperature and radiation developm
42. TW BPH Last revision 03 11 2003 14 08 28 06 10 2003 13 58 27 03 12 2003 10 44 26 27 06 2001 14 43 35 27 06 2001 14 43 32 29 10 2003 11 10 08 27 06 2001 14 43 32 27 06 2001 14 43 32 27 06 2001 14 43 33 27 06 2001 14 43 33 27 06 2001 14 43 33 27 06 2001 14 43 34 27 06 2001 14 43 34 27 06 2001 14 43 33 03 12 2003 10 44 36 27 06 2001 14 43 34 27 06 2001 14 43 34 29 10 2003 13 49 14 11 06 2002 14 14 46 Argos User s Guide Using Argos you may calculate and predict the effect of a specified fire on temperatures gas concentrations and smoke layer heights in multi compartment buildings Argos models up to 5 compartments in one scenario The output from Argos is presented in various graphs Fo Argos Graphs File View Rate of heat release from fire Auditorium with corridor Fire start name Waste Basket i 2 Argos ver 4 5 Time min Figure 2 Graph depicting the rate of heat release from a fire About this User s Guide The Argos User s Guide is structured as follows e Chapter 1 Getting Started with Argos provides a general introduction to the program and its graphical user interface e Chapter 2 Concepts of Fire Simulation presents the purposes and concepts of fire simulation such as zone modelling fire growth fire types etc e Chapter 3 Fire Simulation in Argos describes the process of setting up and running fire simulations in Argos The chapter Introduction Argos User s G
43. The size of the pool and the effective heat of Chapter 7 Working in the Argos Database 139 Argos User s Guide combustion determines the rate of heat release from the fire The model also includes a minimum pool depth which has a specific area for a given amount of fuel and a maximum fire area The model limits the rate of heat release to a value corresponding to the smaller of the two areas To create a liquid pool fire 1 Click Fires in the left hand Argos panel 2 Activate the General tab to enable the Create button 3 Before clicking Create select the appropriate tab in this case the Liquid pool fire tab 4 Click Create 5 Type in the name of the new fire 6 In the left hand side of the Liquid pool fire tab enter the fire technical properties of the fire such as optical smoke potential heat release information etc Earaos Oe x File Data Help Overview General Solid material fire Melting material fire Liquid pool fire Liquid tank fire Smouldering fire Energy formula fire Data point fire Heat detectors Name acetone Ref Smoke detectors Max heat release rate MW Zr 1 Basic building constr Fire value GJ n 06 50 0 2 40 e ptical smoke potential dB m Building components Parabolic growth Mw mir Load bearing structures Materials Physical dimensions of pool Volume of fuel m 0 2000 Maximum fire area me 1 00 Machines Minimum pool depth m
44. Xe SCOTIA O isc sss ae 8B bee ac eue tM LI i be tu di e 84 Table of Contents Argos User s Guide Interorenmng tie RESUS ases cosa te ih dott det En IRI pide Sp dpraapa e tee 86 V THE AUDITORIUM WITH CORRIDOR cscscccscsacscccscsacscccsccacsccescsacnccescsaccseseons 87 Creatino the COSC Scenario v sees ites edt rdiet satiated Pam I e iia odds 87 RUNNING THE SCENT O erste CR 89 interpreting CAC RESUMS so testas rose oR N hte neuronal tenet one 91 VI THEAUDITORIUM WITH CORRIDOR SELF CLOSING DOORS 0sscssececcsceccceccccesececcccesesecs 93 Creating 09 056 5 CONGO scare ud SRM np EH MARE RA IM E eats 95 kunning Me Scena oce 94 Interbretg the RESUMS sosse an tme E E E ARER 96 VIE TPE SPORES ARENA osaa Aea aaa aeaa tutte 97 Creating te Cdse Scena an a a E A 99 RUDnBo S36 SCENA O ooe N T E TE T OAOA 102 Interpreting Me Results iato E EA tod dei TA 104 VIII THE AUDITORIUM WITH FLASH OVER cscccccsscscsccscccscsccccescsacccescsacsccsseeas 109 Ranning te SCerak dO esses stt asue ilta i esc an td N ET 109 Interpreting the RESUS sos oet ee at o ete Et evo bata E E 112 CHAPTER 5 GRAPHS IN ARGOS ccsccccccccccccccccccccccccccscccccces 115 RATE OF HEAT RELEASE FROM FIRE 55 5 roro sry RP YER EON EVE NES TENES EUR ERN EERE TREES ERREUR TEENS 116 OPTICAL SMOKEDENSI FY INSROOMS osser teree a leute ettet ctetu teta 117 OPTICAL SMOKE DENSITY IN SMOKE LAYERS scscsccscccscsccccccscsaccccescsacscccscsacsccees 118 DISTA
45. al conditions The oxygen level also influences the development of the fire If the level goes below 10 5 96 the rate of heat release will be reduced The graph is particularly relevant when evaluating personal safety 4 Argos Graphs Burn room Full corridor Figure 5 8 The Oxygen in rooms graph Chapter 5 Graphs in Argos 123 Argos User s Guide Oxygen in layers This graph shows the oxygen level in the smoke layer as seen over time Note that if the smoke reaches the floor the oxygen concentration in the smoke layer determines the heat release If the level drops below 10 5 96 at this stage the rate of heat release will be reduced FT Argos Graphs 4 Burn room Full corridor Figure 5 9 The Oxygen in layers graph Chapter 5 Graphs in Argos 124 Argos User s Guide Lower ceiling surfaces This graph shows the temperature development on the lower ceiling surface The temperature depends on the size of the fire and the material used for the ceiling The temperature may be used to estimate what temperature the ceiling construction is exposed to This can be used in subsequent calculations outside Argos to determine if the ceiling will lose its strength because of the estimated temperature ay Argos Graphs Burn room Full corridor Figure 5 10 The Lower ceiling surfaces graph Chapter 5 Graphs in Argos 125 Argos User s Guide Upper ceiling surfaces This graph shows
46. ards opening Away from opening Figure 3 15 Wind towards the opening forces smoke to the next room In figure 3 16 the effect of smoke venting is shown with wind towards the opening This will improve the venting of the hot gasses compared to when there is no wind towards the opening In other words wind will lead to a less reliable simulation 7 Towards opening Figure 3 16 Wind towards the opening enhances smoke venting hapter 3 Fire Simulation in Argos 5 7 Argos User s Guide Opening and Closing Doors Argos allows you to control the opening and closing of doors Initially this is defined as part of setting up the scenario but using the Simulation options dialog box you may customise door behaviour in various ways To customise door behaviour 1 In the Simulate fire window click Settings to open the Simulation options dialog box 2 Onthe Doors open closed tab select the Door is closed initially option A closed door will result in more smoke in the room not more heat 3 In the Self closing door activated option select any self closing doors to be activated by timer or by detectors Simulation options Example 1 xi General Fire Start Fire Brigade Alarm Fire Installations Wind load Doors open closed ED Between room and room PfSolid wood door 34mm Administration Surroundings Solid wood door 34 mm Administration Workshop Solid wood door 34 mm Administrati
47. arts in a waste paper basket located in the corner of the auditorium The Max distance is 15 meters In this scenario we will use a fire in a waste paper basket 1 Onthe toolbar click the Simulate fire button Argos will load the scenario information and prepare it for launch The Simulate fire window opens 2 Click the Settings button to open the Simulation options dialogue box On the Fire Start tab set the fire type to Energy formula fire and select the Waste paper basket fire a fast fire with a maximum of 0 5 MW Chapter 4 Case Scenarios 70 Argos User s Guide Simulation options Auditorium Eneray formula fre m waste Basket Figure 4 10 Use the Simulation options dialog box to select an initial fire 3 Click Start Note the status area as the fire progresses The figure below shows the key points in the development of the fire Note that the fire brigade is alarmed after 10 minutes After 18 45 minutes the fire has been put out 4 Simulate fire Auditorium Fire progression Energy formula fire gt Waste Basket Fire brigade is alarmed Fire brigade arrived preparing extinguishing Fire brigade ready extinguishing started Fire is declining Fire has been put out Nl Pee Figure 4 11 The Simulate fire window will show the events for the simulation Chapter 4 Case Scenarios 71 Argos User s Guide Interpreting the Results Since the auditorium will often be used by many
48. ated the Auditorium scenario we simply need to update it with the information about the sprinkler system To add the sprinkler system 1 Select the scenario in the Scenario pane and go to the Rooms in Scenario tab 2 Select the Fire installations tab 3 On the Sprinkler system tab type in the following information Chapter 4 Case Scenarios 78 Argos User s Guide 4l Argos File Data Help Client Overview General Rooms in Scenario Auditorium Room Overview Room General Surfaces and components Stocks Machines Fire installations Room Auditorium Pf Overview AFV Heat AFV Smoke AFV Timer Sprinkler system AFA Heat AFA Smoke Sprinkler installed detector Activation temperature C ATI m s Distance between detectors m 4 20 Select the sprinkler system on the Sprinkler system tab 4 Click the Save changes button to save your changes Running the Scenario 1 On the toolbar click the Simulate fire button to open the Simulate fire window 2 Click Settings to open the Simulation options dialog box 3 On the Fire Installations Wind load tab select the Sprinkler system enabled in simulation check box Make sure to deactivate the remaining fire installations 4 Click OK to save the changes Chapter 4 Case Scenarios 79 Argos User s Guide Simulation options Auditorium General Fire Start Fire Brigade Alarm Fire Installations Wi
49. bes Chapter 4 Case Scenarios 98 Argos User s Guide The geometry of the five cubes is as follows e m p ge pe ew m MM Creating the Case Scenario The first step is to create a new scenario in Argos 1 Click the Create button go to the General tab and enter the following information Fr Argos Of x File Data Help Overview General Rooms in Scenario Sports Arena Scenario Sports Arena Client name Port Elen Engineering ltd Consultant John Lawor Reference no Wsnd is Company type various rJ Basic building construction Brick wall concrete root Remarks Fire brigade in city area v Distance to fire station km Fire station 24 hrs service v Calculated response time min Last revision 03 12 2003 12 57 21 Revision no 34 Last simulation Database NU UU MEUM LM Figure 4 46 The General tab Chapter 4 Case Scenarios 99 Argos User s Guide 2 Click the Save changes button Go to the Rooms in Scenario Sports Arena tab 3 On the Room Overview subtab enter the basic physical information of each room Fv Argos File Data Help Overview General Rooms in Scenario Sports Arena Room Overview Room General Surfaces and components Stocks Machines Fire installations Area nf Avg height m Max distance m i Workshop Workshop Workshop Workshop Workshop Database Figure 4 47 Define each of the rooms on the Rooms in Scenario
50. bility figure is below 10 meters in larger rooms and 3 5 meters in smaller rooms you have what are considered as critical conditions Factors such as the size of the fire and the amount of smoke generated by the burning materials will influence smoke density For instance burning diesel oil will generate more smoke than burning wood Fv Argos Graphs File View Optical smoke density in rooms COOPER11 Fire start name Bed Burn room E Full corridor 0 020 20 Argos ver 4 5 Time min Figure 5 2 The Optical smoke density in rooms graph Chapter 5 Graphs in Argos 117 Argos User s Guide Optical smoke density in smoke layers This graph shows the density of the smoke in the smoke layer The smoke that is generated here is distributed between the smoke layer and the smoke in the room The graph tells us how dense the smoke is It can be used for evaluating the life safety in a smoke filled room for instance will people be able to see the Exit signs The formula for visibility in smoke layers is Visibility 2 10 OD Ft Argos Graphs Burn room Full corridor Figure 5 3 The Optical smoke density in smoke layers graph Chapter 5 Graphs in Argos 118 Argos User s Guide Distance from floor to smoke layers This graph shows the distance from the floor to the smoke layer In any given fire the curve will start horizontally and then suddenly descend dramatically Wh
51. ble results and help you in your analysis and conclusion making Customizing the Simulation Model Argos allows you to customize how the simulation is executed in various ways To customize the simulation model 1 In the Simulate fire window click Settings to open the Simulation options dialog box 2 Selecting the Enable post flash over model check box means that Argos will continue the calculation after the flash over has occurred in a room After the flash over the calculation will only apply to the room in which flash over occurred Chapter 3 Fire Simulation in Argos 52 Argos User s Guide 3 Selecting Stop on event check box specifies that the program will pause at critical points and display a message e g Fire is declining or Flash over in room 4 The program will pause until the user responds to the message by clicking Resume Simulation options Example 1 General Fire Start Fire Brigade Alarm Fire Installations Wind load Doors openjclased Stop on event Maximum simulation time min 60 00 x Cancel Figure 3 11 The General tab of the Simulation options dialog box For more information about the customisation options on this tab turn to the Argos Help Selecting a Room and an Initial Fire Use the Fire Start tab in the Simulation options dialog box to set various options related to the initial fire and the room in which it starts To select a room and an initial fire 1
52. cumentation for your region Development Phase Figure 2 5 Fire still in development phase Critical conditions have occurred within the room i e distance from floor to smoke layer hapter 2 Concepts of Fire Simulation 3 1 Argos User s Guide Fully Developed Fire Figure 2 6 The fully developed fire Fire Precautions Fire in an enclosure can be controlled by either passive or active fire precautions Passive fire precautions Passive fire precautions include e The use of fire separating building structures e The use of materials that are difficult to ignite or have low surface flame spread ratings e The use or storage of fewer combustible items and materials in the building Active fire precautions e The use of sprinkler systems e Automatic fire ventilation AFV Chapter 2 Concepts of Fire Simulation 32 Argos User s Guide e Automatic door closing systems e Automatic fire alarm system AFA Both passive and active fire precautions may be modelled in Argos Initial Fires Argos includes seven types of fire growth simulations These are e Solid material fire e Melting material fire e Liquid pool fire e Liquid tank fire e Smouldering fire e Energy formula fire e Data point fire energy release rate versus time These types of fires are used to determine how the energy generation rate of the fire will be simulated Solid Material Fire The solid material fire model is especially sui
53. e The building that is to be modelled This includes rooms average room height and connections between the different rooms A detector that responds at a certain temperature Heat transported to the surroundings Heat transported from the room through the surfaces to the surroundings Heat transportation from a warm media to a cold media as radiation Heat radiation from the hot smoke layer to the floor in Argos Upper warm layer containing heat and smoke Same as design fire starting fire This is the fire that burns at the onset of the fire and until the fire reaches flash over Fire in a pool containing liquid e g oil The inner surface of the ceiling Maximal distance that smoke shall travel to reach a boundary i e from the centre of the fire to the corner furthest away from the fire Glossary 160 Melting material fire Numerical integration step length Optical smoke density Optical smoke density in rooms Optical smoke density in smoke layers Oxygen in layers Oxygen in rooms Passive fire precautions Passive systems Plume Argos User s Guide Fire where the material melts when heated e g a candle Time step between results made by ARGOS during the calculation Measure of the attenuation of a light beam passing through smoke expressed as the logarithm log o I T of the opacity of smoke The amount of smoke smoke particles equally spread in the room measured as
54. e Scenario later in this chapter An important note on sprinklers and automatic fire ventilation AFV If you choose to employ both sprinklers and AFV make sure to select a sprinkler with a response time index RTI value which is less than the RTI value of the AFV If the RTI value of the AFV is lower than the similar sprinkler value the AFV might be released before the sprinkler which could delay the activation of the sprinkler To define fire installations 1 Select the Fire installations tab The Overview subtab contains a summary of the five adjacent tabs 2 Select the relevant fire installations 3 Click the Save changes button to save your changes For more information about the fields on the Fire installations tab turn to the Argos Help Chapter 3 Fire Simulation in Argos 48 Argos User s Guide Et Argos File Data Help Client Overview General Rooms in Scenario Example 2 Room Overview Room General Surfaces and components Stocks Machines Fire installations Room Production hall PTT Overview AFV Heat AFV Smoke AFV Timer Sprinkler system AFA Heat AFA Smoke Smoke venting amp FV heat detector oso Smoke venting AFV smoke detector lH Smoke venting AFV timer ERR s Sprinkler system oan Automatic fire alarm AFA heat detector NECEEEEENESEN Automatic fire alarm AFA smoke detector Smoke detector 0 3 Database Figure 3 8 Select
55. e production and CO Generation from single Items and Room Fire Tests Department of Fire Safety Engineering Lund University Sweden Lund April 1993 References 165
56. e radiated by the fire Hate of heat release per area kW re only used for Energy formula and data point fire J J Film coefficient ambient air Mair KJ CE cm Film coefficient room gases W s me K o io c Effective radiative emissivity o c Bernaulli flow coefficient oo ce Lower heat af combustion per kg air MJ ka O efficiency For past flash over fires Restore default values Cancel Figure 1 7 Use the Parameters dialog box to set various values that will control how simulations are run A fire that produces little smoke will have a lower radiation level about 0 20 whereas a very sooty fire will have a higher radiation level up to 0 5 Changing the rate of heat release per area will affect the flame height calculation as well as the safety distance from the fire when using energy formula and data point fires as shown in Fire Area in chapter 7 When doing performance based design without knowledge of the specific fire load the rate of heat release per area can be used For shops malls etc this could be set to 500 kW m which matches the average rate heat release per area in a building of this type For other objects such as tunnels this value could increase significantly For further information about the Parameters command see Argos Help Note If you alter the parameters by accident click the Restore default values button to restore the fact
57. e rate of the heat release from a fire is a major indication of the threat from the fire to life and property Increase in the heat release rate will increase heat and smoke production which will worsen the escape conditions The following factors will have impact on the heat release rate in Argos The type of fire used for the simulation the nature of openings ingress of fresh air and sprinklers Fv Argos Graphs File View Rate of heat release from fire COOPER11 Fire start name Bed 5 Argos ver 4 5 Time min Figure 5 1 The Rate of heat release from fire graph Chapter 5 Graphs in Argos 116 Argos User s Guide Optical smoke density in rooms This graph shows the density of the smoke in the room before the smoke layer is formed In this period all smoke spreads evenly in a room and the smoke density is the same everywhere When a smoke layer is formed in a room optical smoke density in rooms refers to the volume below the smoke layer The cold smoke which is generated before the smoke layer is formed is located below the smoke layer The optical density OD is measured in dB m An optical density of zero means that there is unlimited visibility An optical density of 1 db m equals a visibility of 10 m An optical density of 2 dB m equals a visibility of 5 m The formula for visibility in meters in rooms is Visibility 10 OD The graph tells us at what point in time critical conditions can occur If the visi
58. en the curve breaks the smoke layer has started forming The graph shows the speed with which the smoke layer reaches the bottom of the room More importantly it allows us to estimate the point of time when the smoke layer implies critical conditions The critical condition figure equals 1 60 m 10 96 of the room height This graph is useful in scenarios used for evaluating life safety Er Argos Graphs File View Distance from floor to smoke layers COOPER11 Fire start name Bed Burn room i e Full corridor Distance m Argos ver 4 5 Time min Figure 5 4 The Distance from floor to smoke layers graph Chapter 5 Graphs in Argos 119 Argos User s Guide Temperature in smoke layers This graph shows the temperature in the smoke layer in any given fire The graph will always start at room temperature and then gradually rise as the fire evolves The graph shows how hot it gets in the smoke layer Since flash over occurs at 500 600 C we may use the graph to evaluate what fire controlling devices should be considered to reduce the temperature The graph can also be used for evaluating the fire s impact on load bearing and fire separating structures 4 Argos Graphs B Burn room Full corridor Figure 5 5 The Temperature in smoke layers graph Chapter 5 Graphs in Argos 120 Argos User s Guide Heat radiation from smoke layers This graph shows the heat radiated from the smoke layers Th
59. eneral Surfaces and components Stocks Machines Fire installations Room Auditorium Average height m 4 00 Perimeter m 42 00 Walls Ceiling Vv Auditorium Surroundings Cavity wall insulated 30 cm Components in selected wall Name of component No of width m Height m Height above floor m Self closing door gt Steel door 10 cm Solid wood door 34 mm Figure 4 4 The Surfaces and components tab Walls subtab Chapter 4 Case Scenarios 66 Argos User s Guide 5 Theceiling is identified as a Gypsum mineral concrete type of ceiling There are no additional components in the ceiling On the Ceilings subtab enter the type of ceiling as shown in figure 4 5 Components such as skylights can be subsequently added E Argos File Data Help Client Overview General Rooms in Scenario Auditorium Scenario Room Overview Room General Surfaces and components Stocks Machines Fite installations Average height m 4 00 Perimeter m 42 00 Walls Ceiling Ceiling E ypsum mineral wool concrete Components in ceiling Name of component No of Width m Lenath m Height above floor m Database Figure 4 5 The Surfaces and components tab Ceiling subtab 6 The Stocks tab enables you to enter information about any stock in the room In this model we assume that there is a stock of paper which covers 5 of the floor Chapter 4 Case Scenarios 67 Argos User
60. ent Chapter 1 Getting Started with Argos 22 Argos User s Guide d Simulate fire Auditorium Auditorium act 0 000 Smoke in room 0 00 Smoke in layer 20 41 Floor to layer 0 00 Layer temperature 263 Heat radiation 4 22 Fire progression Energy formula fire gt Ultra Fast 00 03 46 Fire is declining 00 10 00 Fire brigade is alarmed 00 12 43 Room Auditorium Entry by fire brigade is no longer possible 00 17 00 Fire brigade arrived preparing extinguishing 00 18 00 Fire brigade ready extinguishing started 00 20 19 Fire has been put out Time 00 20 19 gt Start il rause iul Graph E Export l Settings Report Damage Figure 1 5 The Simulate fire window The Simulation Options Window Prior to launching a simulation you can set various simulation options in order to adjust or change the circumstances for the fire simulation To open the Simulation options window click Settings in the Simulate fire window For instance you can run the same scenario with different initial fires and see how the results change You can also adjust the time it will take for the fire brigade to arrive on the scene and turn fire installations on and off to see their impact on the results Furthermore you can choose to have doors open or closed during the simulation Chapter 1 Getting Started with Argos 23 Argos User s Guide Simulation options
61. er 3 Depending on how the scenario is set up the simulation stops when the fuel has burned or when the fire brigade puts out the fire The result is displayed in the Simulate fire window You may then proceed to view the graphs and reports generated by Argos Alternatively choose to customize the scenario and run it again Chapter 3 Fire Simulation in Argos 50 Argos User s Guide di Simulate fire Example 1 x Administration Workshop Wood store Ships hail Drying hall ott 2 193 Smoke in room i 0 00 0 00 0 25 0 00 Smoke in layer 3 12 Floor to layer 0 60 Layer temperature 104 Heat radiation 1 03 Fire progression Solid material fire gt Empty pallet rack 00 08 06 Room Wood store Smoke detected smoke venting activated 00 25 05 Fire is declining 00 30 00 Fire brigade is alarmed 00 38 00 Fire brigade arrived preparing extinguishing 00 39 00 Fire brigade ready extinguishing started 00 40 11 Fuel is burnt out Time 00 40 11 gt Start ill Pause lul Graph E Export l Settings Report Damage ffi Close Figure 3 10 The Simulate fire window after a simulation Customizing the Scenario Argos allows you to set various simulation options prior to running a scenario For instance you can select which initial fire to use in the scenario If the first fire chosen does not fully provide the answers you are seeking c
62. er s Guide 1 Click Fires in the left hand Argos panel 2 Activate the General tab to enable the Create button 3 Before clicking Create select the appropriate tab in this case the Smouldering fire tab 4 Click Create 5 Type in the name of the new fire 6 Enter the fire technical properties of the fire such as heat release information optical smoke potential CO potential etc Ft Argos File Data Help Database Heat detectors Smoke detectors Basic building constr Building components Load bearing structures Materials Room uses Stocks Machines Heat sensitivities Smoke sensitivities Overview General amp tj uj a Solid material fire Melting material fire Liquid pool fire Liquid tank fire Smouldering fire Energy formula fire Data point fire Name Heat release rate Mw Optical smoke potential dB m CO potential CD potential Dther toxic potential Figure 7 6 Use the Smouldering fire tab to enter information about the smouldering fire 7 Click Save changes The new initial fire is now accessible in Client mode and may be used when simulating fires Chapter 7 Working in the Argos Database 143 Argos User s Guide Creating an energy formula fire Two types of energy formula fires can be defined fire development following a second order polynomial or a doubling time formula The second order polynomial is the most typical and covers the often used
63. ere is no radiation from the smoke layer until it has been formed The radiation comes from the soot particles in the smoke layer The level of heat radiation tells us something about the personal safety in the room Flash over will occur at approximately 15 kW m The fire brigade could not enter a room with a radiation level above 10 kW m For more information on radiation limits please refer to the section Radiation limits for humans and risk of fire spread in Chapter 7 Working in the Argos Database Fr Argos Graphs File View Heat radiation from smoke layers COOPER11 Fire start name Bed Br Burn room Full corridor E 5 n D ERES Argos ver 4 5 Time min Figure 5 6 The Heat radiation from smoke layers graph Chapter 5 Graphs in Argos 121 Argos User s Guide Heat loss through surfaces This graph shows the heat loss through the surfaces covered by smoke The graph can be used to estimate how much energy is lost through the walls The heat loss will depend on which wall and ceiling materials you have chosen for your scenario Fv Argos Graphs Burn room Full corridor Figure 5 7 The Heat loss through surfaces graph Chapter 5 Graphs in Argos 122 Argos User s Guide Oxygen in rooms This graph shows the oxygen level in the room as seen over time The graph tells us how much oxygen is available for humans If the oxygen concentration is below 1596 we have critic
64. es the following stages Introduction Specifying requirements based on the usage of the building Setting up the scenario entering basic construction data Running the scenario making calculations Viewing and interpreting the results comparing the requirements with the calculated results Customizing and re running the scenario to get comparison results Argos User s Guide Specifying Requirements As a first step you need to draw up the overall requirements of the building Where is the building to be located what is it to be used for what is the basic building construction wood concrete how many rooms will it hold what are the surroundings etc Before entering data into Argos there are several things to consider in order to create the best possible scenario What fires are likely to occur and what fire installations should be tested Do the walls have any openings Do they connect to other rooms What are their geometry and location Will any doors be opened closed after a period of time Setting Up the Scenario When setting up the scenario in Argos you enter the various types of data into Argos These data may include not all information is mandatory e Basic scenario information such as scenario name company type and construction information e he number of rooms and the basic geometry of each room area and height e Information about doors the walls connecting the rooms and the surroundings ma
65. eselect or select the relevant fire installations 3 he Wind speed option allows you to enter a figure for the wind speed The default value for wind speed is O m s and a typical value to enter is 5 m s The wind speed can affect smoke spread and smoke venting Please refer to figures 3 15 and 3 16 Simulation options E xample 1 x General Fire Start Fire Brigade Alarm Fire Installations Wind load Doors openjclosed E Room Installations AFV heat Sprinkler system AFA heat AFA smoke Administrati v v H Drying hall Automatic hire ventilation enablediin sinulation SGHnWer system enmauled Itt simulations Automatic Fire Alarm enabled in simulation Wind speed m s towards opening away From opening Clear all X cancel Figure 3 14 The Fire Installations Wind load tab of the Simulation options dialog box For more information about the customisation options on this tab turn to the Argos Help The Effect of the Wind on the Simulation How does wind affect a simulation In figure 3 15 wind passing through a fire room can lead to increased smoke spread to adjacent rooms especially if no smoke layer is formed This means that the smoke is cold and will not move by itself So here wind will worsen smoke spread The simulation is more reliable when a wind speed other than zero is chosen Chapter 3 Fire Simulation in Argos 56 C Argos User s Guide Wind direction Tow
66. extinguishing started 00 18 30 Fire is declining 00 18 45 Fire has been put out Time 00 18 45 gt Start lil Pause 1 ES Settings E Report E Damage Close Figure 4 17 Launch the simulation in the Simulate fire window Chapter 4 Case Scenarios 76 Argos User s Guide Interpreting the Results The Distance from floor to smoke layers graph is particularly interesting Note that the smoke layer does not go as low as in the previous scenario This is of course due to the automatic venting device being activated after 1 06 minutes After 3 minutes the height of the smoke layer stabilises at approximately 2 7 meters This means that critical conditions do not arise at any point in the course of this fire aum Graphs File View Distance from floor to smoke layers Auditorium 1 1 Fire start name Waste Basket 2 4 B 18 Argos ver 4 5 Time min Figure 4 18 Distance from floor to smoke layers graph Chapter 4 Case Scenarios Argos User s Guide lil The Auditorium Sprinkler System Installed In this scenario we re use the information from the first scenario only this time we install a sprinkler system The objective is to analyse how the rate of heat release is influenced by sprinkler release Sprinkler system installed Sprinkler activation time Figure 4 19 Scenario with sprinkler system installed Creating the Case Scenario Since we have already cre
67. f leakage from the tank therefore decreases as the liquid level in the tank de creases As the liquid runs out of the tank it forms a pool on the floor The area of the pool depends on the rate of leakage the depth of the pool and the burning rate The following assumptions are made e The liquid pool on the floor is ignited immediately when the leak starts e The rate of heat release per area pool is constant e The tank is open with vertical sides and horizontal bottom e The area of the pool is determined as either the specified maximum fire area or the calculated pool volume divided by the minimum pool depth whichever is the smallest For further information on the Liquid Tank Fire model please refer to the Argos Theory Manual Volume of Fuel Tank diameter Hole diameter Maximum fire area Minimun pool depth Figure 2 9 A liquid tank fire Chapter 2 Concepts of Fire Simulation 36 Argos User s Guide mouldering Fire The model assumes that the rate of heat release is equal to the specified constant value A typical fire of this kind occurs when a cigarette is dropped onto a bed which starts smouldering with a constant rate of heat release This kind of fire is characterized by a low rate of heat release which is seldom enough to create a smoke layer Smouldering occurs without open flames which gives poor and incomplete combustion of the burning items This results in a high proportion of unburned and toxic
68. ges button to save your changes Chapter 4 Case Scenarios 93 Argos User s Guide Argos File Data Help Client Overview General Rooms in Scenario Auditorium with corridor Room Overview Room General Surfaces and components Stocks Machines Fire installations Room Auditorium a Average height m 4 00 Perimeter m 42 00 Wals Ceiling Connected W all from room to room Surroundings Cavity wall insulated 30 cm Corridor Concrete wall 15 cm Components in selected wall Name of component No of Width m Height m Height above floor m Self closing door gt Steel door 10 cm Database Figure 4 39 Select the Self closing door option in the Components in selected wall section Running the Scenario Before running the scenario you need to activate the automatic fire alarm AFA In this scenario it is the automatic fire alarm that triggers the self closing door but it may also be closed by a timer 1 On the toolbar click the Simulate fire button to open the Simulate fire window 2 Click Settings to open the Simulation options dialog box 3 Onthe Fire Installations Wind load tab select the Automatic Fire Alarm enabled in simulation check box 4 Click OK to save your changes Chapter 4 Case Scenarios 94 Argos User s Guide Simulation options Auditorium with corridor Te ame cem fi Auditorium futometic kire Ventilation enabled in simulation IM
69. he scenario pane has three tabs Overview General and Rooms in Scenario On the Overview tab each scenario is represented by four columns Scenario Client name Consultant and Last revision By clicking the column header you may sort the scenarios in descending or ascending order Client Mode and Database Mode Argos may be run in two different modes Client mode and database mode Client mode Client mode is where you work with your scenarios This is where you create and edit the scenarios and run the actual simulation and subsequently view and interpret the results To enter client mode click Client in the Argos panel Chapter 1 Getting Started with Argos 20 Ft Argos File Data Help Client Database Scenario Auditorium with corridor Beta test 5 rum COOPER11 DIFLAGER Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 Example 4 Example 5 Example 6 Example 7 Example 8 HOME Husted PLASTEST PO FLASH Sports Arena Steckler room Overview General Rooms in Scenario Auditorium Client name 1 TLT Architechs TLT Architects DIFT Model verification project Danish Concrete Institution Garman amp Worse A S Haustrup Ecko Birch amp Krogboe Gitte Ullmann amp Peter Holt Mallers Plastics Copenhagen Fire Brigade National Agency for Industry Roulunds Fabriker Baden SYNTAX National Agency for Industry Post flash over fire with Port Ellen Engineering Ltd Argos Figure 1 3 List of
70. hoosing another fire might give you the desired result Note You can create your own fires in Database mode For more information turn to Chapter 7 Working in the Argos Database Argos also allows you to turn the manual alarm of the fire brigade on and off which will influence the time it takes for the fire brigade to arrive on the scene If for instance you extend the brigade s time of arrival a powerful fire will burn longer and give you relevant information about damaged stock and machines Chapter 3 Fire Simulation in Argos 51 Argos User s Guide Argos cannot predict exactly how the fire brigade will try to extinguish the fire brigade i e how many fire fighters are needed or estimate the amount of water which is necessary for putting out the fire In the simulation the time to extinguish the fire depends on the size of the fire After flash over neither the fire brigade nor the sprinkler system can extinguish the fire You can turn fire installations on and off to see the impact on the results What happens if you turn off automatic fire ventilation while keeping the sprinkler systems Or vice versa Finally you can choose to have the doors open or closed during the simulation or perhaps turn self closing doors on and off The purpose of customizing the scenario is simply to change the circumstances for the fire Changing these settings while running the simulation several times allows you to get the best possi
71. in smaller rooms conditions are considered to be critical A larger room is defined as a compartment larger than 150 m A smaller room is defined as a compartment smaller than 150 mf e Distance from floor to smoke layer smoke free height If this distance reaches a level which is less than 1 6 m 10 96 of the height of the room conditions are considered to be critical In a room with a height of 3 meters the critical smoke height will be 1 90 m 1 6 0 1 x 3 m e Temperature in smoke free zone If the temperature in the smoke free zone reaches 60 80 C conditions are considered to be critical Chapter 2 Concepts of Fire Simulation 30 C Argos User s Guide e Heat radiation from smoke layers If the radiation surpasses is more than 2 5 kW m conditions are considered to be critical e Oxygen level When the oxygen level is less than 15 in the lower layer conditions are considered to be critical At this point it is no longer possible to breathe normally e Carbon Dioxide CO level When the CO level in the air is higher than 596 conditions are considered to be critical e Carbon Monoxide CO level When the CO level in the air is higher than 2000 ppm conditions are considered to be critical The figures above serve as generally accepted criteria for critical conditions for life safety Slight variations may exist between different countries different regulations We advise you to consult the appropriate do
72. ing predefined active fire precautions i e automatic fire ventilation AFV triggered either due to smoke or heat Once you have run a simulation you may go back and change the input data and launch a new simulation for the current scenario For instance you can see how the simulation changes if you install another fire installation or choose to install self closing doors Running the Scenario Once you have created the scenario you are ready to run it i e perform the actual fire simulation When running the scenario you choose an initial fire Argos then calculates how temperatures and smoke develop 1 Click the Simulate fire button This will open the Simulate fire window Chapter 3 Fire Simulation in Argos 49 Argos User s Guide ay Simulate fire Example 1 x Administration Wood store Ships hail Drying hal Qe Smoke in room Smoke in layer Floor to layer Layer temperature Heat radiation Fire progression Solid material fire gt Empty pallet rack Time 00 00 00 b Start ill Pause Ter erann Ji Report E Damage fl Close Figure 3 9 The Simulate fire window in which you launch the scenario 2 f you wish to use the default initial fire suggested by Argos Click Start to run the scenario Argos allows you to run the same scenario with different initial fires For more information turn to the Selecting a Room and an Initial Fire section later in this chapt
73. ings Corridor Auditorium Figure 4 32 The fire starts in the auditorium hapter 4 Case Scenarios 8 8 Argos User s Guide Running the Scenario Once all relevant information has been entered in Argos we are ready to run the scenario 1 On the toolbar click the Simulate fire button to open the Simulate fire window 2 Click Settings to open the Simulation options dialog box 3 Onthe Fire Start tab indicate that the fire should start in the Auditorium 4 Select the Waste paper Basket fire again Simulation options Auditorium with corridor General Fire Start Fire Brigades Alarm Fire Installations Wind load Doors openjclased Fire start in room Use default Fire F Fire start name Height above Floor m x Cancel Figure 4 33 Use the Fire Start tab in the Simulation options dialog box to indicate that the fire starts in the auditorium 7 Proceed to the Fire Installations Wind load tab and deselect fire installations Chapter 4 Case Scenarios 89 Argos User s Guide Simulation options Auditorium with corridor General Fire Start Fire Brigade Alarm Fire Installations Wind load Doors open closed H Room Installations AFA heat AF smoke v Automate hire ventilation enabled in simulations GITE system enabled It Simulations Automatic Fire Alarm enabled in simulation towards opening Wind speed m s oi away From opening Clear a
74. ity 10 0 55 18 m The formula for visibility is Visibility 10 OD As the visibility does not drop below 10 meters critical conditions do not occur Chapter 4 Case Scenarios 73 Argos User s Guide Distance from floor to smoke layers Tr Argos Graphs Figure 4 14 The Distance from floor to smoke layers graph The Distance from floor to smoke layers graph shows that the distance from floor to smoke is drastically reduced in the period between 1 minute and 6 minutes Critical conditions occur after 2 5 minutes at which point the smoke layer decreases below 2 meters 1 6 m 0 1 x 4 m After 6 minutes the height is approximately 1 meter Chapter 4 Case Scenarios 74 Argos User s Guide II The Auditorium Smoke Venting Installed In this scenario we will run the Auditorium scenario with smoke venting devices installed This means that the smoke will be trans ported through roof vents that open automatically The objective is to see how this temperature in the auditorium will be affected Smoke venting installed Figure 4 15 Scenario with automatic smoke venting installed Creating the Case Scenario Since we have already created the Auditorium scenario we simply need to update it with information about the smoke venting device To add the smoke venting device 1 Select the scenario in the Scenario pane and go to the Rooms in Scenario tab 2 Select the Fire installations tab 3 On the
75. k up your work 1 Close Argos 2 Launch Windows Explorer and go the Argos program folder at C Program Files Argos 3 Select Argos gdb and copy it to a safe place Moving Your Work to Another Computer To move your work to another computer 1 Close Argos 2 Launch Windows Explorer and go the Argos directory at C Program Files Argos 3 Select Argos gdb and copy it to the clipboard or save it to a diskette or a network drive If you have access to the other computer from you current work station you may simply drag and drop the file to the new location 4 Copy Argos gdb to the Argos program folder on the new computer C Program Files Argos Now all the data are available on the new computer Note The directory path to the Argos folders depends on the language of your computer s operating system By default the Argos folder will be located where all your other programs are installed For instance on a Danish computer the path is C Programmer Argos and on a Swedish computer it is C Program Argos Chapter 8 Backing Up Your Work 156 Glossary Active fire precautions Active systems Ambient zone Automatic fire alarm Automatic fire ventilation Average temperature rises Fire safety engineering Ceiling temperature Argos User s Guide Active system to discover extinguish or alert in case of fire Automatic system activated by fire such as an automatic fire alarm system automatic
76. k w moulds Rack w PE raw mat Rack w plast carton Rack w plast rolls Rack w PS cartons Rack w PU furniture Search Click column header Name or Code in order to search Figure 7 1 The main window of the Argos database Chapter 7 Working in the Argos Database 135 Argos User s Guide Structure of the Argos Database Argos comes with a large number of predefined records describing initial fires stocks machines fire installations and building components If required you may create your own records in the Argos database The Argos database holds records of the following types of information e Heat detectors e Room uses e Smoke detectors e Stocks e Basic building constructions e Machines e Building components e Heat sensitivities e Load bearing structures e Smoke sensitivities e Materials Creating New Entries in the Database As mentioned previously you may create your own entries in the Argos database The procedure is more or less similar across the different entry types 1 Click the entry type in the left hand Argos panel 2 Click Create and proceed to the individual tabs to enter the appropriate information 3 Click Save changes The Argos Help provides detailed information about the individual tabs options and parameters Chapter 7 Working in the Argos Database 136 Argos User s Guide Creating Initial Fires The initial fires in Argos fall in one of three categories semi e
77. ll X Cancel Figure 4 34 Deselect fire installations on the Fire Installations Wind load tab 8 On the Doors open closed tab make sure that the solid wood door in the Auditorium is closed The steel door between the Auditorium and the Corridor as well as the solid wood door between the corridor and the surroundings should be open Simulation options Auditorium with corridor General Fire Start Fire Brigade Alarm Fire Installations Wind load Doors openjclosed Bs LL Been son and room 1 Auditorium Surroundings E Steel door 10 cm Auditorium Corridor n Solid wood door 34 mm Corridor Surroundings Door is closed initially w Door defined as self closing I Self closing door activated by detectors C by timer 10 delay s X cancel Figure 4 35 Indicate door positions on the Doors open closed tab 9 Click OK to save the changes 10 Back in the Simulate fire window click Start to run the scenario Chapter 4 Case Scenarios 90 Argos User s Guide d Simulate fire Auditorium with corridor Auditor in art 0 000 Smoke in room 0 00 Smoke in layer 20 88 Floor to layer 0 00 Layer temperature 129 Heat radiation 1 34 Fire progression Energy formula fire gt Waste Basket 00 10 00 Fire brigade is alarmed 00 17 00 Fire brigade arrived preparing extinguishing 00 18 00 Fire brigade ready extinguishing started 00 18 30 Fire is declining 00 1
78. mperature Venting Visibility Zone model Zone modelling The average temperature of the upper hot layer that contains smoke Ability of a substance to produce adverse effects upon a living organism The temperature of the surface on a ceiling construction at the top side away from the fire Ventilating smoke and heat away from the room or enclosure Ability to see through smoke Description of fire scenario including propagation of fire in a number of zones with different characteristics A two zone model describes a lower cold zone mostly free of smoke and an upper warm zone containing the smoke generated Mathematical modelling of the fire scenario in zones Glossary 164 Argos User s Guide References Bj rn Karlsson and James G Quintiere Enclosure Fire Dynamics CRC Press USA 2000 Dougal Drysdale An introduction to Fire Dynamics 2 edition John Wiley and Sons Ltd England April 2000 Erhvervs og Boligstyrelsen Information om brandteknisk dimensionering Denmark 2004 can also be downloaded from www ebst dk John H Klote and James A Milke Design of smoke management systems American Society of heating refrigerating and Air conditioning Engineers Inc Society of Fire Protection Engineers USA 1992 The SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering DiNenno et Al Third Edition National Fire Protection Association Inc USA 2002 Stefan S rdqvist Initial Fires RHR Smok
79. mpirical models solid material fire melting material fire liquid pool fire liquid tank fire smouldering fire mathematical models energy formula and experimental data models data point fire Each fire is represented by the following information e Fire technical properties e Physical dimensions On the following pages we will describe the basic steps for creating the different types of fires Creating a solid material fire The solid material fire model is especially suited for modelling of fires in objects with a large void fraction for example piles of pallets or storage racks with combustible goods where the combustible materials are separated by air filled spaces To create a solid material fire 1 Click Fires in the left hand Argos panel 2 Activate the General tab to enable the Create button 3 Before clicking Create select the appropriate tab in this case the Solid material fire tab 4 Click Create 5 Type in the name of the new fire 6 In the left hand side of the Solid material fire tab enter the fire technical properties of the fire such as horizontal fire spread heat release information CO potentials etc 7 In the right hand side of the Solid material fire tab enter the physical dimensions of the fire such as height width and length Chapter 7 Working in the Argos Database 137 Ft Argos File Data Help Argos User s Guide Heat detectors Smoke detectors Basic building constr
80. ncecsccececcsceucecs 156 MOVING YOUR WORK TO ANOTHER COMPUTER ccecccccsccsccccceccesccsccsccecceccesseecs 156 GLOSSARY 1 o exul velud e oen du eue a eda zopeUV s vebeeudu A Ea 157 REFERENCES PETI c 165 Table of Contents Argos User s Guide Introduction Welcome to Argos Argos is a software based zone model used for simulating fire development and smoke transport in an enclosure Argos can be used by engineering companies regulators fire brigades and insurance companies to assess fire hazards Ft Argos File Data Help Client Auditorium with corridor Beta test 5 rum COOPER11 DIFLAGER Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 Example 4 Example 5 Example 6 Example 7 Example 8 HOME Husted PLASTEST PO FLASH Sports Arena Steckler room i TLT Architechs TLT Architects DIFT Model verification project Danish Concrete Institution Garman amp Worse A S Haustrup Ecko Birch amp Krogboe Gitte Ullmann amp Peter Holt Mallers Plastics Copenhagen Fire Brigade National Agency for Industry Roulunds Fabriker Baden SYNTAX National Agency for Industry Post flash over fire with Port Ellen Engineering Ltd Argos Figure 1 The Argos main window Introduction Anna Williams Anna Williams Bjarne Paulsen Husted Niels Baden Niels Baden Kielland NTB MAJ Niels Baden Jorgen Harbst Niels Baden Niels Baden NTB NTB Bjarne Paulsen Husted Niels Baden opening factor 0 04 John Lawlor
81. nd load Doors open closed fi Room Installations AFA heat JAFA smoke ki Auditorium v v v Sprinkler system enabled in simulation w Automatic Fire Alarm enabled in simulation 900 towards opening Wind speed m s a away From opening Clear all X Cancel Figure 4 21 Activate the sprinkler system on the Fire Installations Wind load tab in the Simulation options dialog box Back in the Simulate fire window click Start 4 Simulate fire Auditorium Augitrium Smoke in room Smoke in layer Floor to layer m Layer temperature Heat radiation Fire progression Energy formula fire gt Waste Basket 00 03 44 Room Auditorium Sprinkler installation AWS activated 00 04 15 Fire is declining 00 04 29 Fire has been put out Time 00 04 28 gt Start il Pause i B export Report Damage ffi Close Figure 4 22 Launch the simulation in the Simulate fire window 6 Note that the sprinkler is activated and released after 3 44 minutes and the fire is put out after 4 29 minutes Chapter 4 Case Scenarios o0 Argos User s Guide Interpreting the Results In this scenario we will look at the Rate of heat release from fire and Temperature in smoke layer graphs Rate of heat release from fire As can be seen from the graph below the heat release reaches its maximum level of 0 5 after 1 07 minutes This is identical to the previous scenario
82. ng in the Argos Database 138 Argos User s Guide 4 Click Create 5 Type in the name of the new fire 6 In the left hand side of the Melting material fire tab enter the fire technical properties of the fire such as horizontal fire spread heat release information CO potentials etc 7 In the right hand side of the Melting material fire tab enter the physical dimensions of the fire such as height width and length Earaos File Data Help Overview General Database Solid material fire Melting material fire Liquid pool fire Liquid tank fire Smouldering fire Energy formula fire Data point fire Heat detectors Name EC test Smoleidatectrs Horizontal fire spread m min 0 3 Basie bulding cont Max heat release rate Mwn 3 ket Local burn out time min Building components l Optical smoke potential dB m Load bearing structures CD potential Materials CO potential Physical dimensions of material 7 Room uses Other toxic potential i Height m 0 10 Stocks Width m Machines n2 Heat sensitivities Smoke sensitivities Figure 7 3 Use the Melting material fire tab to enter information about the melting material fire 8 Click Save changes The new initial fire is now accessible in Client mode and may be used when simulating fires Creating a liquid pool fire The model is based on fire in combustible liquid on a floor where it will form a burning pool
83. nt fire in Argos go to the Fires section in Database mode and click the Code field on the Overview tab Then enter the code in the white Search field at the bottom of the page Chapter 2 Concepts of Fire Simulation 38 Argos User s Guide Chapter 3 Fire Simulation in Argos e This chapter provides a detailed description of how to use Argos for simulating a fire It describes what you need to consider before setting up a scenario how to create and run it and finally how you may view and interpret the results Simulating a fire in Argos comprises the following stages e Specifying requirements based on the usage of the building e Setting up the scenario entering basic construction data e Running the scenario making calculations e Viewing and interpreting the results comparing the requirements with the calculated results e Customizing and re running the scenario to get comparison results The Basic Requirements As a first step you need to draw up the overall requirements of the building Where is the building to be located what is it to be used for how many rooms will it hold what are the surroundings etc Chapter 3 Fire Simulation in Argos 39 Argos User s Guide Also before entering data into Argos there are several things to consider in order to create the best possible scenario What fires are likely to occur and what fire installations should be tested Do the walls have any openings Do they connect to
84. ntry by fire brigade is no longer possible 00 22 51 Room Auditorium Flash over 01 00 00 MAX CALCULATION TIME CALCULATION ABORTED Time 01 00 00 gt Start Ul Pause lul Graph B Export j Settings t El Report Damage close Figure 4 61 Launch the scenario in the Simulate fire window Chapter 4 Case Scenarios 111 Argos User s Guide Interpreting the Results In this scenario we will look at the following graphs e Rate of Heat release from fire e Optical smoke density in rooms e Optical smoke density in smoke layers e Distance from floor to smoke layers As shown in the Rate of heat release from fire graph below the fire goes from being fuel controlled to ventilation controlled after 3 4 minutes After approximately 22 minutes we notice a decrease in the rate of heat release value indicating the occurrence of flash over Fv Argos Graphs File View ixi Rate of heat release from fire Auditorium Fire start name Ultra Fast 10 20 3 40 50 60 70 Argos ver 4 5 Time min Figure 4 62 The Rate of heat release from fire graph Chapter 4 Case Scenarios 112 Argos User s Guide The Optical smoke density in rooms graph below shows that a smoke layer is generated early in the model because of the size of the fire But after 2 minutes the density goes to zero because the smoke layer reaches the floor Figure 4 63 The Optical smoke density in rooms graph
85. o run the scenario 2 On the toolbar click the Simulate fire button to open the Simulate fire window 3 First you must select a fire Click Settings to open the Simulation options dialog box The fire must start in Room 1 Enter information about where the fire starts the type of fire and the name of the fire Simulation options Sports Arena x General Fire Start Fire Brigade Alarm Fire Installations Wind load Doors open closed Fire start in room Loom Keep current fire v Use default fire Fire start name pata point fire Sports Arena Low Height above floor m 0 00 Code F Figure 4 50 Select the initial fire on the Fire Start tab in the Simulation options dialog box 4 Click OK to save your changes Chapter 4 Case Scenarios 102 Argos User s Guide 5 Backin the Simulate fire window click Start to run the scenario Reena Rome Room e Roomd Rooms Q t MW Floor to layer Im Fire progression Data point fire gt Sports Arena Low 01 00 00 Fuel is burnt out 01 00 00 MAX CALCULATION TIME CALCULATION ABORTED Time 01 00 00 gt Start ili Pause lu Graph E Export ES Settings 8 Damage ffi close Figure 4 51 Launch the scenario in the Simulate fire window Chapter 4 Case Scenarios 103 Argos User s Guide Interpreting the Results Fv Argos Graphs Figure 4 52 The Rate of heat release from fire graph The Rate of heat
86. on 27 06 2001 14 43 35 Revision No Fire brigade City area 24 hour Distance fire station km Calculated response time min Room Burn room Room use Office administration Room area m2 14 14 Average height m 2 44 Max distance m 2 69 Floor type Concrete floor 095 Page 1 of 2 Figure 6 1 A scenario report If you need to approach the authorities or a client with an application for constructing a new building we recommend the following items be included Chapter 6 Presenting Your Work 131 Argos User s Guide e Ascenario report detailing how the building is constructed How Use the Print button on the toolbar in the main window to print this report You can then either print the report to a printer or a PDF file Alternatively you can save the report as an RTF file which may be processed in MS Word e An appropriate number of simulation reports Remember you can customize your scenarios and re run them to get comparison results One report for each simulation should be included How Use the Report button in the Simulate fire window to print these reports You can then either print the reports to a printer or to a PDF file Alternatively you can save the report as an RTF file which may be processed in MS Word gu 4 gt m gt BS amp x Chose Smoke layer in all rooms Rate of Heat Density m Smoke layer temp C heat release radia
87. on Ships hall Roll up door Workshop Surroundings E Solid wood door 34 mm workshop Surroundings v Calidad uum dane DA rara Meli Thim h ll Door is closed initially w Door defined as self closing Self closing door activated by detectors C bytimer 10 delay s kc Figure 3 17 Use the Doors open closed tab to control the opening and closing of doors For more information about the customisation options on this tab turn to the Argos Help Chapter 3 Fire Simulation in Argos 58 Argos User s Guide Door closed Door open Standard door Imperviousness 99 xe h 4 e p s mE s E d eio TUE RT eis Lh MF 4 R pra m nis un x SET dant ee c pA PER IER S yrs esa i Muf a t a Door closed Door open Door open Imperviousness 0 Tightness 0 Tightness 0 Figure 3 18 Open and closed doors Since doors are not totally leakproof all doors in Argos are defined with a certain amount of leakage This will insure that there is always a small opening to the surroundings which is also a requirement for a simulation In other words it is not possible to launch a simulation in Argos unless there is an opening to the surroundings The default leakage value for a door is 1 This means that 99 of the door is blocked In Argos the amount of blockage is referred to as imperviousness Every door in the Argos database has an imperviousness value a
88. ory settings Chapter 1 Getting Started with Argos 25 Argos User s Guide Chapter 1 Getting Started with Argos 26 Argos User s Guide Chapter 2 Concepts of Fire Simulation c Why Fire Simulation The reason we want to simulate fires is that it can provide us with the answers to a lot of vital questions regarding fire behaviour and smoke development prior to designing and constructing new buildings Smoke is the major hazard to life in a fire 70 96 of injuries and deaths in fires are due to smoke It can also be the greatest threat to property In some fires 95 96 of the losses have been due to smoke Running fire simulations with Argos allows you to get a detailed picture of the smoke conditions such as smoke temperature toxicity and visibility The results you get from Argos will enable you to assess alternative smoke control strategies evaluate life safety and take the relevant passive or active fire precautions Zone Models As mentioned earlier Argos is a zone model In zone models the compartment is divided into several zones which may include the fire or combustion zone the plume the compartment hot gas zone the upper layer the compartment ambient zone the lower layer and the outside ambient zone Argos is a 2 zone model in which the heated air is divided into an upper hot zone and a lower cold zone More precisely Argos starts Chapter 2 Concepts of Fire Simulation 2 Argos User s Guide
89. os 44 Argos User s Guide Fo Argos File Data Help Overview General Rooms in Scenario DIFLAGER Room Overview Room General Surfaces and components Stocks Machines Fire installations Room Concrete hall Average height m 5 99 Perimeter m 100 00 Walls Ceiling Length m Height above floor m Concrete mineral wool felt EI 30 30 min fire resistance Gypsum board 13 mm Ceiling Gypsum mineral wool concrete Steel amp mineral wool 190 mm Steel mineral wool 50 mm steel uninsolated 10mm Database Figure 3 5 Selecting a predefined ceiling structure For more information about the fields on the Surfaces and components tab turn to the Argos Help Defining Stocks and Machines The next step is to indicate what type of stocks and machines the rooms will hold This information is important since it will affect the conditions for the spread of fire in case of flash over Note You do not need to enter information about stocks and machines in pure pre flashover simulations To define the stock 1 Select the Stock tab 2 Select the relevant stocks for the room The percentage figures entered in connection with stocks are your estimate of how much of the current material will cover the floor of the room Chapter 3 Fire Simulation in Argos 45 Argos User s Guide Depending on the values entered Argos will calculate the total price of the stocks and the to
90. osed on fire indications such as smoke or temperature or by a person timer Different options that can be altered within the simulation The optical density OD of the smoke measured in db m Glossary 162 Smoke detector Smoke layer Smoke Transport Smoke Transport Modelling Smoke venting devices Smouldering fire Solid material fire Sprinkler system Surroundings Argos User s Guide A detector sensitive to particulate products of combustion and or pyrolysis suspended in the atmosphere The hot upper layer that grows in volume and descends from the upper boundary ceiling towards the floor Transportation of smoke from a given point to another Modelling smoke transport from the fire to the smoke layer or from the room of fire origin to another room System for releasing heat and smoke from the model of enclosure This could be either thermal openings such as skylights high placed windows or mechanical i e ventilators Smouldering combustion of a material without flame and without light being visible Fire in a solid material i e wood Automatic fire extinguishing system The system is activated by heat and releases water that if reaching the fire decreases the energy release The area outside the room or building There are ambient conditions in the surroundings Glossary 163 Argos User s Guide Temperature in smoke layers Toxicity Upper ceiling surfaces te
91. otal energy released by the selected fire is shown in the upper right corner as a fire value See also the next section Accumulated Energy Released Chapter 7 Working in the Argos Database 148 Argos User s Guide Accumulated Energy Released This graph shows the accumulated energy released for the current fire More precisely it illustrates the total energy released at a given point of time The accumulated energy release is the area below the rate of heat release curve until a given point of time When the fire has burned out and all the energy has been released the accumulated energy released reaches the fire value This is also seen in the figure for the small vehicle which at 90 minutes has reached a value of nearly 3000 MJ which matches well with the fire value upper right corner of 2940 42 M Erie graphs File Accumulated energy released Small vehicles Car Z3 21 Fire value 2940 42 MJ Argos ver 4 5 3000 141 H Small vehicles Car Z3 21 Figure 7 11 The Accumulated energy released graph The graph can be used to check that the total amount of energy in an item matches the actual energy released For instance if you create a fire in room with a given amount of fuel such as 100 kg wood then only the energy in the wood will be released If the fire is then modelled with a t with a maximum rate of heat release then this fire should end when the accumula
92. other rooms What are their geometry and location Will any doors be opened closed after a period of time Setting Up the Scenario When setting up the scenario in Argos you must create the scenario and then enter the various types of simulation data into Argos These data may include not all information is mandatory e Basic scenario information such as scenario name company type and construction information e he number of rooms and the basic geometry of each room area and height e Information about doors the walls connecting the rooms and the surroundings materials used and wall lengths e Information about the ceiling and any openings in the ceiling materials used and geometry Creating the Scenario To create a scenario 1 On the Overview tab click the Create button Argos then automatically opens the General tab Enter the basic information about the scenario such as shown in figure 3 1 Chapter 3 Fire Simulation in Argos 40 Argos User s Guide Fv Argos File Data Help Client Overview General Rooms in Scenario DIFLAGER Scenario DIFLAGER Client name Danish Concrete Institution Consultant Niels Baden Reference no O O Company type Industry plastics Basic building construction Concrete e Remarks Esample presented at meeting in DIF on October 31 1990 Fire brigade in city area v Distance to fire station km 5 0 Fire station 24 hrs service v Calc
93. people one of the main purposes of running this scenario is to estimate when critical conditions occur In particular the following graphs are of interest e Rate of heat release from fire e Optical smoke density in rooms e Distance from floor to smoke layers Rate of heat release from fire Fv Argos Graphs File View Rate of heat release from fire Auditorium Fire start name Waste Basket 18 Time min Figure 4 12 The Rate of heat release from fire graph The Rate of heat release from fire graph shows a drastic increase in heat release over the first couple of minutes and it reaches its highest level of 0 5 MW after approximately 1 50 minutes For the remainder of the fire the rate of heat release is constant When the fire brigade arrives the fire is extinguished in 45 seconds Chapter 4 Case Scenarios 72 Argos User s Guide Optical smoke density in rooms Fv Argos Graphs File View Optical smoke density in rooms Auditorium Fire start name Waste Basket 2 4 20 Argos ver 4 5 Time min Figure 4 13 The Optical smoke density in rooms graph The Optical smoke density in rooms graph shows that there is a drastic increase in smoke density in the first two minutes followed by a constant period for approximately 1 minute after which the density gradually decreases during the remaining course of the fire The highest level of OD is 0 55 dB m and this shows that the lowest visibility is 18 m Visibil
94. ptical smoke potential dB m Machines CO potential Heat sensitivities CO potential Smoke sensitivities 5 e e oe a o a y e 5 f zl m r3 o o of o eo a e e e o oe ol o e e e e e e Other toxic potential Figure 7 7 Use the Energy formula fire tab to enter information about the energy formula fire Creating a data point fire This fire type can be used to enter sets of time and heat release rate so that any type of heat release curve can be used in the program This is typically used to enter data from tests where the heat release has been measured over a period of time Argos comes with more than 200 predefined data point fires Most of them have been taken from the Initial Fires report by Stefan S rdqvist To create a data point fire 1 Click Fires in the left hand Argos panel 2 Activate the General tab to enable the Create button 3 Before clicking Create select the appropriate tab in this case the Energy formula fire tab 4 Click Create 5 Type in the name of the new fire Chapter 7 Working in the Argos Database 145 Argos User s Guide 6 Enter the fire technical properties of the fire such as optical smoke potential CO potential CO potential etc Et argos File Data Help Overview General Database Solid material fire Melting material fire Liquid pool fire Liquid tank fire Smouldering fire Energy formula fire Data point fire Heat detectors Name
95. rsion has been verified against the DOS version the results are also valid for the Windows version of Argos The manual comes as a PDF document accessible from the Argos application group in the Documentation folder e The Initial Fires report by Stefan Sdrdqvist The Initial Fires report is included in Argos with the kind permission of Stefan Introduction 10 Argos User s Guide S rdqvist and The Department of Fire Safety Engineering at Lund University The report contains data from a total of 199 experiments ranging from Christmas trees to cars These fire data are included in Argos and the report includes additional information about the different fires how they were tested etc Furthermore it gives a good overview of all available fires The individual fire codes in the report are the same as those used in the program The report comes as a PDF document accessible from the Argos application group in the Initial Fires folder 7 Accessories Documentation ASFrotect j Initial Fires Argos and Initial Fires 7 Avery DesignPro Argos 4 5 Copyright f Games TE Intitial fires LTH 7 InterBase Readme A asr 5nfhirare Figure 4 Initial fires documentation Simulating a Fire The Basic Stages The process of simulating a fire is thoroughly described in Chapter 3 Fire Simulation in Argos and exemplified in Chapter 4 Case Scenarios Initially here is a brief overview Simulating a fire in Argos compris
96. s e The Sports Arena e The Auditorium Pre and Post Flash over Calculations Chapter 4 Case Scenarios 63 Argos User s Guide The Auditorium In this case scenario TLT Architects architects and consulting engineers are bidding for a new auditorium to be built for a large company in the service industry The auditorium will be used for educational purposes such as seminars and conferences The auditorium will seat up to 100 persons As part of the bid material TLT Architects needs to assess the fire safety of the building The auditorium is to be built at the Danish Institute of Fire and Security Technology DIFT 12000 1200 9000 900 Auditorium 108 m Figure 4 1 Drawing of the auditorium at the Danish Institute of Fire and Security Technology DIFT All measurements in millimetres The following information is available The auditorium area totals 108 m and the average height is 4 meters The basic building construction is brick wall with a concrete roof The floor is timber The auditorium has two doors a 100 mm thick steel door and a solid wood door which leads to the surroundings Chapter 4 Case Scenarios 64 Argos User s Guide The nearest fire brigade is 3 5 kilometres away Situated in the city area the fire station is permanently staffed Creating the Scenario The first step is to create a new scenario in Argos 1 Click the Create button and enter the following
97. s Guide x Accessones la Argos Mai Documentation T Argos Getting Started Guide mA ASProtect be Initial Fires k 7 Argos Server Installation Guide Avew DesignPro k 32 Argos 4 5 ji Argos Theor M anual re Games T Argos Update and Installation Guide fe InterBase T Argos Validation Report 7 Jase Software 7 haere nth OER Td Figure 3 PDF documentation of Argos e The Argos Update and Installation Guide This guide describes how to install the program and attach the dongle to the computer The document is sent to you when you purchase the program It is also available as a PDF document in the Argos application group in the Documentation folder e Argos Server Installation Guide The Argos Server Installation Guide describes how multiple users can use the same database This is only relevant if there are multiple users of the program on the same site or across a network The document comes as a PDF document accessible from the Argos application group in the Documentation folder e The Argos Getting Started Guide The Argos Getting Started Guide is a quick start guide based on relevant screen shots It is also available as a PDF document accessible from the Argos application group in the Documentation folder e The Argos Validation Report The Argos Validation Report is a verification of Argos against 3 different experiments Currently this is validated for the DOS version of Argos but since the Windows ve
98. s value could be significantly higher Flame Height This graph shows the calculated flame height of the current fire The graph can be used to estimate if flames will reach the ceiling and lead to flames along the ceiling The flame height is used to calculate the safety distance E Fire graphs File Flame height Small vehicles Car Z3 21 Fire value 2940 42 MJ Argos ver 4 5 4 0 q M E i a D 2 2s 2 E im E Figure 7 13 The Flame height graph Safety Distance This graph shows the safety distance for the current fire You can determine the safe distance for humans and also the risk of the fire spreading any further Chapter 7 Working in the Argos Database 151 Argos User s Guide In Argos the safety distance is measured from the edge of the fire to the person or object Other models calculate the safety distance from the middle of the fire Safety distance Figure 7 14 Safety distance Looking at graph 7 15 and using a radiation limit of 1 kW m for humans shows that a person should be more than 6 meters away from the burning car to avoid burn injuries To ignite another object the radiation level should be above 15 kW m From the graph it can be seen that the safety distance for this level of radiation is about 80 cm meaning that if the car were parked in a parking lot the fire would probably ignite the car next to it But it would not ignite other cars if they were not
99. scenarios in Client mode Database mode Argos User s Guide Consultant Anna Williams Anna Williams Bjarne Paulsen Husted Niels Baden Niels Baden Kielland NTB MAJ Niels Baden Jorgen Harbst Niels Baden Niels Baden NTB NTB Bjarne Paulsen Husted Niels Baden opening factor 0 04 John Lawlor TW BPH Last revision 03 11 2003 14 08 28 06 10 2003 13 58 27 03 12 2003 10 44 26 27 06 2001 14 43 35 27 06 2001 14 43 32 29 10 2003 11 10 08 27 06 2001 14 43 32 27 06 2001 14 43 32 27 06 2001 14 43 33 27 06 2001 14 43 33 27 06 2001 14 43 33 27 06 2001 14 43 34 27 06 2001 14 43 34 27 06 2001 14 43 33 03 12 2003 10 44 36 27 06 2001 14 43 34 27 06 2001 14 43 34 29 10 2003 13 49 14 11 06 2002 14 14 46 To enter database mode click Database in the Argos panel Database mode is where you create and maintain the data that are available in client mode initial fires heat detectors building components machines room purposes etc Argos comes with a large number of predefined records describing initial fires stocks machines fire installations and building components If required you may create your own records in Database mode Turn to Chapter 7 Working with the Argos Database for more information on Database mode The Argos database is also extensively documented in the Database section in the Argos Help Chapter 1 Getting Started with Argos 21 Ft Argos File Data Help Heat detectors
100. tal energy content fire value so the percentage figures can be adjusted to get the correct total fire value in the room This is important to the development of the fire in a flashover scenario Furthermore the prices are used to estimate losses due to fire Damage report Losses are calculated for both pre and post flashover fires Note Stocks will only burn in fires which flashover so the fire value of stocks is only important in these Cases 3 Click the Save changes button to save your changes Ft Argos File Data Help Client Overview General Rooms in Scenario Example 2 Room Overview Room General Surfaces and components Stocks Machines Fire installations Room Production hall Est Percentage Price Fire value MJ 10 180000 0 Engineering equipment 10 1125000 0 Paper 10 1125000 4500000 Combustible liquids 5 56250 2250000 Total price 2486250 Total fire value MJ 6750000 Database Figure 3 6 Selecting predefined stocks for a given room For more information about the fields on the Stocks tab turn to the Argos Help Chapter 3 Fire Simulation in Argos 46 Argos User s Guide To define the machines 1 Select the Machines tab 2 Select the relevant machines for the room The percentage figures entered in connection with machines are your estimate of how many machines there will be in the room Depending on the values entered Argos will calculate the
101. tarted with Argos 19 Overview General Rooms in Scenario Auditorium Scenario Auditorium Auditorium with coridor Beta test rum COOPER11 DIFLAGER Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 Example 4 Example 5 Example 6 Example Example 8 HOME Husted PLASTEST PO FLASH Sports Arena Steckler roam Client name TLT Architechs TLT Architects DIFT Model verification project Danish Concrete Institutian Garman amp Worse A5 Haustrup E cko Birch amp Erogboe Gitte Ullmann amp Peter Halt Mallers Plastics Copenhagen Fire Brigade National Agency for Industry Haulundsz Fabriker Baden SYNTAX National Agency For Industry Post flash over fire with Port Ellen Engineering Ltd Argos Figure 1 2 The scenario pane Argos User s Guide Consultant Anna Williams Anna Williams Bjarne Paulsen Husted Niels Baden Niels Baden A Kielland NTB MAJ Niels Baden J rgen Harbst Miele Baden Miele Baden MTB NTE Bjarne Paulsen Husted Niels Baden opening factor 0 04 Jahn Lawlor T BPH Last revision 03 11 2003 14 08 28 06 10 2003 13 58 27 03 12 2003 10 44 26 27 06 2001 14 43 35 27 06 2001 14 43 32 29 10 2003 11 10 08 27 06 2001 14 43 32 27 06 2001 14 43 32 27 06 2001 14 43 33 27 06 2001 14 43 33 2 06 2001 14 43 33 2 06 2001 14 43 34 2 06 2001 14 43 34 2 06 2001 14 43 33 03 12 2003 10 44 36 2 06 2001 14 43 34 27 06 2001 14 43 34 24 10 2003 13 49 14 11 06 2002 14 14 46 T
102. ted energy released matches the total Chapter 7 Working in the Argos Database 149 Argos User s Guide energy in the wood Assuming an energy content of 14 MJ for 1 kg of wood implies that when the accumulated energy released reaches 100 kg 14 MJ kg 1400 MJ then all wood has been burned and the fire should stop Fire Area This graph shows the fire area of the current fire The graph can be used to show how big an area a given fire will cover It is also used by Argos to calculate the flame height Figure 7 12 The Fire area graph The semi empirical fire models in Argos such as solid material fires melting material fires liquid pool fires and liquid tank fires contain information about the fire area in the models itself e g given rate of heat release per fuel area for different fuels For the energy formula fire and the data point fire however there is no information on the fire area The areas for these fires are based on the rate of heat release per area which is entered into the Parameter s Chapter 7 Working in the Argos Database 150 Argos User s Guide menu see The Parameters Command section in Chapter 1 When carrying out performance based design without knowledge of the specific fire load the rate of heat release per area can be used For shops malls etc this could be set to 500 kW m2 which matches the average rate heat release per area in a building of this type For other objects such as tunnels thi
103. ted for modelling of fires in objects with a large void fraction for example piles of pallets or storage racks with combustible goods where the combustible materials are separated by air filled spaces The model is based on the following assumptions e The fire object has the shape of a box with a given height width and length e The fire starts at floor level at the middle of the long side of the object e The velocity of horizontal flame spread is constant Chapter 2 Concepts of Fire Simulation 33 Argos User s Guide e Vertical flame spread increases exponentially e The rate of heat release per volume flame zone is constant For further information on the Solid Material Fire model please refer to the Argos Theory Manual Solid Material Fire External radiation e g from smoke layer i Radiation from flames N Mass release Heat loss from material Figure 2 7 A solid material fire burning wood Melting Material Fire The model for fires in melting materials is especially suited for the modelling of fires in objects with a large void fraction for example piles of polyethylene boxes where the combustible materials are separated by air filled spaces The model is based on the following assumptions e The fire object has the shape of a box with a given height width and length e The fire object will gradually melt and burn as a pool fire underneath the object e he fire starts at the middle of the
104. terials used and wall lengths e Information about the ceiling and any openings in the ceiling materials used and geometry Introduction Argos User s Guide P boy Argos Surroundings Prefab concrete external wall Production Concrete wall 15 cm Store Intermediate store Concrete wall 15 cm Surroundings Prefab concrete external wall Production Concrete wall 15 cm Store Intermediate store Concrete wall 15 cm Figure 6 Argos allows you to print a report of the current client file Introduction 13 Argos User s Guide Running the Scenario When running the scenario in Argos you choose an initial fire and let Argos calculate how temperatures and smoke develop within the enclosure di Simulate fire Auditorium Auditorium art 0 000 Smoke in room 0 00 Smoke in layer 20 41 Floor to layer 0 00 Layer temperature 263 Heat radiation 4 22 Fire progression Energy formula fire gt Ultra Fast 00 03 46 Fire is declining 00 10 00 Fire brigade is alarmed 00 12 43 Room Auditorium Entry by fire brigade is no longer possible 00 17 00 Fire brigade arrived preparing extinguishing 00 18 00 Fire brigade ready extinguishing started 00 20 19 Fire has been put out Time 00 20 19 gt Start l Pause Export Report Damage WL Close Figure 7 The Simulate fire window Once you have run a sim
105. the temperature development on the upper ceiling surfaces The figure tells us if there is a possible risk of the fire spreading to other rooms If the temperature at the upper ceiling surface reaches 300 C there is a risk that items on the floor above the room will be ignited The important factor in this connection is the thermal response figure which indicates whether the top of the ceiling material heats up quickly or slowly during a fire 4 Argos Graphs 4 Burn room Full corridor Figure 5 11 The Upper ceiling surfaces graph Chapter 5 Graphs in Argos 126 Argos User s Guide Ceiling temperature profile This graph shows temperature across the ceiling O mm is at the lowest part of the ceiling The end of the curve projected to the X axis represents the thickness of the ceiling In figure 5 12 the value shown for the thickness of the ceiling is 13 mm rm Argos Graphs Burn room Full corridor Figure 5 12 The Ceiling temperature profile graph Chapter 5 Graphs in Argos 127 Argos User s Guide Average temperature This graph shows the average temperature of the air in the room This temperature will be lower than the temperature in the smoke layer since it is distributed over the entire room At the same time it will be higher than the temperature just below the smoke layer This means that in order to get an upper limit of the temperature below the smoke layer the average temperature can be
106. tion Smoke Time Burn room Full corridor kw kW m tayer dB m 00 00 00 00 0 0 0 0 Io DO FC FOO oO oO oO oO oO oO o ooo Oo oO oO oO oO oO oO oD 20000005057 00 o0 eO O O e 0 Page 2 of 16 Figure 6 2 A simulation report e Any documentation related to your simulation reports outlining why you have chosen to make the simulations you have carried out Chapter 6 Presenting Your Work 132 Argos User s Guide How Type your documents in a word processor such as MS Word e Information about the selected fire s You can also include the fire graphs How Select the fire in the Argos database and click Print on the toolbar in the main window You can then either print the reports to a printer or to a PDF file Alternatively you can save the report as an RTF file which may be processed in MS Word e Simulation graphs We recommend that you as a minimum include the following six graphs o Rate of heat release o Optical smoke density in rooms o Optical smoke density in smoke layer o Distance from floor to smoke layer o Temperature in smoke layer o Heatradiation in smoke layer How Click Graph in the Simulate fire window after each simulation Note To save a report as a PDF or an RIF file click the diskette icon instead of the printer icon Chapter 6 Presenting Your Work 133 Argos User s Guide Chapter 6 Presenting Your Work 134 Argos User s Guide Chapter
107. total price of the machines This is used for estimating the loss in case of fire Damage report calculated for both pre and post flashover fires Note The fire value of the machines in the database is not added to the total fire load and has no influence on the calculations Ft Argos File Data Help Client Overview General Rooms in Scenario Example 2 Room Overview Room General Surfaces and components Stocks Machines Fire installations Room Production hall ra No of machines Price gt Turning lathe numerical 5 10000000 Spray painting machine 1 500000 Electric fork lift 3 300000 Total price 1080000 Database Figure 3 7 Selecting predefined machines for a given room 3 Click the Save changes button to save your changes Chapter 3 Fire Simulation in Argos 47 Argos User s Guide For more information about the fields on the Machines tab turn to the Argos Help Defining Fire Installations Working with fire installations in Argos is one of the core areas since this is where you can adjust how the fire will be controlled during the simulation Fire installations include automatic smoke detectors automatic heat detectors automatic smoke venting devices and sprinklers Once activated you may toggle fire installations on and off prior to performing the actual simulation in order to view the differences in the results For more information turn to the section Customizing th
108. ttached When a door with an imperviousness value of 99 is closed then the tightness of the door is 99 When the door is open the tightness is 096 This is illustrated in the upper part of figure 3 18 Chapter 3 Fire Simulation in Argos 59 Argos User s Guide To avoid having to open all doors prior to a simulation for instance when it is known in advance that the doors will be permanently opened you can select a door in the database which has an imperviousness value of 096 You find these doors indicated by the string open at the end of the door name These doors always have a tightness of 096 always open no matter if they are closed or opened This is shown in the lower part of illustration 18 Post processing the Simulation Results Output from Argos comes in the form of graphs a data file and a report All three options are available from the Simulate fire window once the simulation has been run ast rgos Damagereport o Sjal gt wm gt amp amp W amp Cose Damage Report TLT Architechs All amounts in 1000 Building Totals 129 890 58 7 84 8 f Figure 3 19 An Argos Damage report e To display the graphs of the simulation click the Graphs button For a detailed description of the graphs in Argos turn to Chapter 5 Graphs in Argos e To export the simulation results to a text file click the Export button e To print a scenario report click the Report button Chapter
109. turn to Chapter 7 Working in the Argos Database Chapter 3 Fire Simulation in Argos 43 Argos User s Guide To define the walls and ceilings 1 Select the Surfaces and components tab 2 On the Walls subtab enter information about the walls in each room Use the Connected check box to indicate that rooms are connected with each other via walls with or without doors or openings Don t forget to indicate the length of each wall 3 In the Components section of the Walls sub tab enter information about any components in the wall such as doors windows etc Fv Argos File Data Help Client Overview General Rooms in Scenario DIFLAGER Room Overview Room General Surfaces and components Stocks Machines Fire installations Room Concrete hall Average height m 539 Perimeter m 100 00 Walls Ceiling Connected Wall from room to room Vv Concrete hall Surroundings Concrete Eurocode Si 15 cm v Concrete hall Steel plate hall Concrete D5411 const 15 cm Wall Components in selected wall Name of component gt Roll up door Single glass window Database Figure 3 4 Overview of walls and their connections between rooms and surroundings This is also where you can add a predefined opening within a wall 4 Proceed to the Ceilings subtab to enter information about the ceiling in each room 5 Click the Save changes button to save your changes Chapter 3 Fire Simulation in Arg
110. ue s 55 The Effect of the Wind on the Simulation cesses 56 ODentng ana ClOSING DOOFS esssuetensace teo Set at ris m ape io tno tpe th ENS NE vbt vu 58 POST PROCESSING THE SIMULATION RESULTS cerne era er qva rra aru S EIE E de TEES 60 COPYING AS CENARIO E odd duae dus das qae dae dude 61 CHAPTER 4 CASE SCENARIOS cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccceces 63 THE AUDITORIUM isssvssissvsv eschectiniciedvsminkoieseir cdr edicit im pivivx edt moss 64 Creating fne SCCM ONO aa sss dant M SUD cube as Lit O pu ra d dt e Isa mats vss 65 Running the Case Scenario sariini ace a eR art a LP ESI ee Nub Ee i EE edd 69 Iterprenng te RESUS scooter e ches niu das rhet bie utenti qva TOE 72 I THE AUDITORIUM SMOKE VENTING INSTALLED eere eene nnne 5 Creating ne Case Scenari esorta re as beu Sp Au Ex ait Eee RENE Ue ER e ROOM Rn 5 RUNING the SCenallous cesset uv cu ipa aq M Dou EE EE M E HE MED RU MUN 6 PALCHOICHING MERSU S oe coe aote Net tenete sunlit nse MEOS Cua DNA ot CoU but afe 77 IIl THE AUDITORIUM SPRINKLER SYSTEM INSTALLED eere 78 CREGUNG TAC Case Scenari O scies ata doo debut tu tuta susto eoa ta eoo daos dep 78 BUNTING URE SGCNOIIO miorre EA 79 Interpreting LMC RESUS A latctars snscecneaunancrouscnda taunted ielueededapmaoa tank once EA 81 IV THE AUDITORIUM AFA SMOKE DETECTOR INSTALLED eee 83 Credtimno tae Case Senar morrir narar io th cuss E O NOE 83 KUNINI
111. uide provides a detailed presentation of how to enter data into Argos and interpret the simulation results Chapter 4 Case Scenarios presents a series of case scenarios to provide inspiration for your own use of Argos Chapter 5 Graphs in Argos describes the output graphs of Argos what they show and how they may be used in the analysis Chapter 6 Presenting Your Work provides useful information about how to present the simulation report for instance when seeking approval of the building by the authorities Chapter 7 Working in the Argos Database presents the structure of the Argos database and describes how to create new entries such as initial fires Chapter 8 Backing Up Your Work describes how to back up scenarios and the Argos database Glossary a terminology list of the most commonly used terms in fire simulation and in Argos Additional information on Argos For additional information on Argos please refer to the following sources Introduction The Argos Help You access the help system by pressing F1 anywhere in the program The Argos Help is context sensitive which means that you will get help for the current screen or dialog box The Argos Theory Manual The theory manual describes the technical and mathematical background of Argos The manual comes as a PDF document accessible from the Argos application group in the Documentation folder See figure next page Argos User
112. ulated response time min 9 Last revision 27 06 2001 14 43 32 Revision no 12 Last simulation Figure 3 1 The General tab of a scenario 2 Click the Save changes button A new tab labelled Room in Scenario 1 Room appears This tab contains six subtabs a Room Overview an overview of the scenario b Room General used for defining the rooms geometry materials etc c Surfaces and components used for defining the walls ceilings and openings d Stocks used for defining the stocks in the rooms e Machines used for defining machines in the rooms f Fire installations used for defining fire installations in the rooms 3 The scenario has now been created as a record in Argos Chapter 3 Fire Simulation in Argos 41 Argos User s Guide Defining the Rooms As described earlier Argos allows you to model up to 5 different rooms To define a room 1 Select the Rooms in Scenario tab 2 On the Room overview subtab enter the name of the room its usage and geometry information such as area and average height Note You can create new room usages in the Argos database For more information turn to Chapter 7 Working in the Argos Database 3 The field Max distance specifies the maximum horizontal distance from the fire origin to a corner of the room In a fire which starts in the middle of a rectangular room the max distance should be set to half of the diagonal Ft
113. ulation you may go back change the input data and launch a new simulation for the current scenario For instance you can see how the simulation changes if you install another fire installation or choose to install self closing doors The output from Argos is presented in graphs Among other things they will show e the rate of heat release from the fire e smoke density in rooms and in smoke layers e thickness and temperature of the smoke layer Introduction 14 Argos User s Guide e heat radiation from smoke layers e heat loss through surfaces e ceiling temperature profile 4 Argos Graphs Figure 8 Graph depicting the distance from floor to smoke layers For further information about the graphs in Argos turn to Chapter 5 Graphs in Argos In addition to the graphs Argos allows you to print a detailed calculation report Introduction 15 FX Calculation Argos User s Guide 8 Big x Smoke layer in all rooms f Smoke layer temo C Auditorium Time 00 00 00 00 00 oo oo 00 00 00 00 oo 00 00 00 oo 00 00 00 oo 00 00 oo oo 00 DD 00 00 00 00 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 02 02 02 02 02 02 03 03 03 20 20 20 20 20 92 60 71 85 98 Rate of heat release kW 0 0 174 698 1534 2740 42141 592 1 7898 10169 12868 16120 1949 6 23298 27275 3199 3 3705 5 4229 7 47813 5000 0 5000 0 5
114. ure 4 27 Activate the AFA smoke detector on the Fire Installations Wind load tab in the Simulation options dialog box Back in the Simulate fire window click Start P Simulate fire Auditorium Fire progression Energy formula fire gt Waste Basket 00 01 06 Room Auditorium Smoke detected fire alarm AFA activated 00 08 06 Fire brigade arrived preparing extinguishing 00 09 06 Fire brigade ready extinguishing started 00 09 37 Fire is declining 00 09 51 Fire has been put out WU EIE Figure 4 28 Launch the simulation in the Simulate fire window Chapter 4 Case Scenarios 85 Argos User s Guide 6 Note that the AFA is activated after 1 06 minutes The fire brigade arrives after 8 06 minutes and the fire has been put out after 9 06 minutes Interpreting the Results The Rate of heat release from fire graph shows that the AFA has had the intended impact The fire is detected at an earlier stage which means that people can be evacuated earlier and that the fire brigade will arrive earlier on the scene The fire brigade arrives approximately 8 minutes earlier than they would have done without the alarm Fv Argos Graphs File View Rate of heat release from fire Auditorium Fire start name Waste Basket 10 Argos ver 4 5 Time min Figure 4 29 The Rate of heat release from fire graph Chapter 4 Case Scenarios 86 Argos User s Guide V The Auditorium with Corridor In this
115. used The following factors will have impact on the average temperature in Argos The type of fire used for the simulation and the material used for the ceiling Fv Argos Graphs 4 Burn room Full corridor Figure 5 13 The Average temperature graph Chapter 5 Graphs in Argos 128 Argos User s Guide Floor pressure This graph shows relative air pressure at the floor in all rooms This pressure will have influence on smoke and heat transport between rooms via openings Fv Argos Graphs 48 Burn room Full corridor Figure 5 14 The Floor pressure graph Chapter 5 Graphs in Argos 129 Argos User s Guide Numerical integration step length This graph shows the time steps that Argos takes during the entire simulation period If there are great variations in the results the time steps will be small If little is happening Argos will use bigger time steps For instance in the graph below at 1 minute the time step is 1 second At 4 minutes the time step is 0 4 seconds d Argos Graphs Burn room Figure 5 15 The Numerical integration step length graph Chapter 5 Graphs in Argos 130 Argos User s Guide Chapter 6 Presenting Your Work Client COOPER11 Basic information Client Model verification project Scenario name COOPER 11 Consultant Niels Baden Reference no Company type Industry electronics Basic bldg construction Concrete Number of rooms 2 Last revisi
116. wauseaeaesacsessseseseesses 137 CREATING A SOLID MATERIAL FIRE 5 iues e ce dt tet tt ee e e e eee ee ere een 137 CREATING A MELTING MATERIAL FIRE scececcccecececcccsccseccceceeecccesesececceseseceuceses 138 Table of Contents Argos User s Guide CREATING A LIQUID POOL FIRE cececsccccsccecsccecsccccsccscsccccsccecsacscsccecsccecsceceaees 139 CREATING ALIQUID TANK FIRE ses uses uo oes un ea uR ues atu en aee us eoe eua ex unes Us eet uud Ux RU VERS 141 CREATING A SMOWLDERING EIRES esce eee anian e cene eae esee eeu te deteee esaet ueee dt Rd OUS 142 CREATING AN ENERGY FORMULA FIRE cccccccccccccccccceccccccsccsccecccccesccsccecceccesseesees 144 CREATING A DATA POINT FIRE cceccccccccccccccccccsccecceccescccccscceccescessescceccescessessces 145 COPYING AN INITIAL FIRE sssssevsssevesseveccevesteveasevesseeveesievessevessievesseveesevessevees evess es 146 THE FIRE GRAPHS IN ARGOS 2 eet oe vet vue eU eve E e Y OVE YEN ETE NET vUa VE VE YER TS VETE END eV EVEN 147 Rdtewr Heat Rele se s ied edendi ater awe a A a So ates ew dd 148 Accumulated Energy Releused tte e EN IR HERI S DER E ED TI re duy 149 EH OUATOG coctis smaeic Muta sU RIN LI E Rs M M sU DE LO E UE A ALS 150 PORE RETO a AEE Gaceta todo eed EEEE OE ME ETR 151 sale DISTANCE EEE qu EET OE OE T ET ET NOA 151 CHAPTER 8 BACKING UP YOUR WORK cccccccccccccccccccccccces 155 BACKING UP YOUR WORK cccsccecsccecsccccsccscsccscsccecscscsccscescsceacece
117. ypes except the smouldering fire A smouldering fire does not have flames and therefore only the graphs for Rate of heat release RHR and Accumulative energy release are available All the fire graphs are for free burning fires As opposed to this all the graphs within the simulation window are for room fires where there can be limited ventilation and therefore restriction on the amount of oxygen If the amount of oxygen is reduced below a certain level the fire will be reduced To launch the fire graphs select the fire in the fire main window and click the Show fire graphs button The fire graphs of Argos are e Rate of heat release e Accumulated energy released e Fire area e Flame height Chapter 7 Working in the Argos Database 147 Argos User s Guide e Safety distance Rate of Heat Release This graph shows the rate of heat release for a free burning fire during its life cycle In Argos there is no restriction on oxygen availability that in a room fire could reduce the rate of heat release Compared to the rate of heat release graph created during a simulation in a room this graph will be either similar or more intense higher values because of the unlimited supply of oxygen JFire graphs File Rate of heat release Small vehicles Car Z3 21 Fire value 2940 42 MJ 0 Time min Figure 7 10 The Rate of heat release graph The area below the curve corresponds to the energy release in the fire The t

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