User's Guide
Contents
1. Aircraft Emissions and Performance AL ae Piano X Load Airbus 4300 600R RANGE REPORT desim range amp standard payload Adjust Basic Design Weights TOW 170500 kg OEW 89813 kg Fuel 55322 kg Payload 25365_kq Weight kg Standard Payload Range mode fixed mach step up cruise Max Take Off 170500 267 passengers Climb schedule 250 308 kcas mach 0 737 above 25072 feet on BE 950 kg each Cruise at Mach 0 790 FL 310 350 Max Zero Fuel 130000 Oo kg cargo ICA 31000 feet 464 ktas 293 kcas CL 0 50 S0016_ newtons eng MCR 134 Max Landing 140000 FCA 35000 feet 455 ktas 268 kcas CL 0 45 37661 newtons eng MCR 25 Fuel Capacity litres Distance Time Fuelburn 68150 in miles min ikg Climb 104 16 3188 S L to ICA n Cruise 3709 486 43598 ICA to ICA Save Adjustments Load Adjustments D scent 18 380 ICA to S L Trip total 520 47166 Block total 534 48012 p Block Range Summary vi Emissions taxi t o climb cruise descent app taxi total kg NOx 8 9 72 7 529 0 1 4 2 6 614 6 Design Range with Standard Payload kg HC 1 09 0 33 11 39 3 81 1 13 17 75 ikg C0 5 1 2 3 102 3 17 7 132 9 N kg COZ 1539 10075 137768 1202 151719 Range nm with Payload kg tkg 2000 25365 Manoeuvre allowances taxi out ll4 kg extra to t o mass takeoff 373 kg approach 246 kg taxi in ll4 kg taken from reserves Reserves at landing mass hzz715 kg Diversio2. Cruise Mach can be set to a specific value or calculated as Economy maximum air range Long Range 99 of max air range or nominal High Speed max cruise rating at reference cruise The Max Mach option keeps max cruise rating throughout provided only one FL is supplied this option is used rarely sometimes by business jets Adjust Speeds and Flight Levels be Cruise Mach 0 780 O Economy Long Range High Speed Max single FL vee t100 310 350 330 Climb Speed KCAS up to Climb Mach Leave empty for standard climb 250 kts limit used below FL100 Climb speeds are calculated or assigned based on a constant calibrated airspeed in Knots kcas subject to a 250 kt limit below FL 100 and up to some Mach limit at high altitude Descent uses a similar soeed schedule in reverse Reserves and Allowances Range calculations include sufficient fuel reserves to cover some combination of diverting over a fixed distance holding for a set time and retaining an amount for contingencies as a percentage of fuel or time Adjust Reserves and Allowances v Diversion Distance nm Holding Time mins Allowances taxi out takeoff approach taxi in miss App iai In calculating block fuel allowances are normally made for taxi out takeoff approach and taxi in based on time spent at a corresponding power setting for each phase Note that individual aircraft mo
3. Detailed Flight Profile outputs The latter more detailed method calculates portions of fuel allowances instead of using fixed time assumptions Results will be essentially the same for typical allowances If you produce very long reports you may want to use the Clear Output button at various times preceded by Save Output if required to flush all previous screen output There is much more information in the User s Guide for Piano the complete aircraft design and performance tool available at www piano aero This online guide includes a list of terms and abbreviations applicable to all output reports produced by either Piano or Piano X There are also descriptions of the basic concepts and methodologies which are common to both programs Contact For all enquiries about Piano X contact Dr Dimitri Simos at Lissys Limited 6 Paterson Drive Woodhouse Eaves LE12 8RL United Kingdom Piano X 2008 Lissys Ltd 8 www piano aero Piano X Aircraft List Aerospatiale AS100 Aerospatiale AS100ER Aerospatiale AS125 Aerospatiale AS125ER Al R 58 Al R 70 Airbus A3XX 50R Airbus A3XX 100 Airbus ASXX 100R Airbus A3XX 200 Airbus A300 600 light Airbus A300 600R Airbus A300 B2 200 Airbus A310 200 Airbus A310 300 Airbus A318 basic Airbus A319 basic Airbus A319 option Airbus A320 200 basic Airbus A320 200 option Airbus A321 100 Airbus A330 200 230t Airbus A330 300 230t Airbus A340 200 275t Airbus A340 300
4. 340B Saab 2000 Shorts FJX Sino Swearingen SJ30 2 Sukhoi IL RRJ 60B Sukhoi IL RRJ 60LR Sukhoi IL RRJ 75B Sukhoi IL RRJ 75LR Sukhoi IL RRJ 95B Sukhoi IL RRJ 95LR Superjet 100 75B Superjet 100 75LR Swearingen SJ30 original Tupolev Tu 154M Tupolev Tu 204 220 Tupolev Tu 334 100 Tupolev Tu 334 200 Tupolev Tu 334 200Str Yakovlev Yak 42M v93 Yakovlev Yak 46PF v93 WWW plano aero Terms and Conditions The Piano X software and its data files are Copyright 2008 Lissys Limited The licencee undertakes to respect fully the confidentiality and proprietary nature of Piano X files Piano X files and information derived from them may only be used by the licencee and must not be distributed or sold to other parties Statistical results or generic analyses derived from the use of the Piano X database but not including information on individually identifiable aircraft may be published under fair use terms provided full credit is given to Piano X and provided such results are not specific to and thereby compromise the value marketability or proprietary nature of any Piano X files Lissys is not responsible for any damages whatsoever that might result from the use of the software incidental or otherwise Piano X data must not be used in any form of operational flight planning or safety related calculations Information in Piano X files constitutes the best estimate of aircraft characteristics generated by Lissys using the full Piano software and d
5. fuel and zero payload cases together with an additional list of intermediate points Takeoff and Landing Field Lengths Takeoff and Landing field lengths are calculated according to FAR JAR 25 rules at arbitrary combinations of weight pressure altitude and temperature deviation from the International Standard Atmosphere delta ISA Output T akeoff Landing Field Lengths v Takeoff Landing Weight kg 73500 64500 Aide 0 pees ISA deg C Piano X 2008 Lissys Ltd 7 www piano aero Note that in contrast to in flight performance predictions takeoffs and landings are subject to variation from uncertainties regarding retardation systems high lift devices differences in flying techniques rating structures etc Takeoff and Landing performance should therefore be regarded as indicative only Using Piano X Piano X is extremely simple to run Nonetheless the underlying methods are complex and various warnings may be shown if a calculation doesn t complete If you can t obtain performance for a mission that you think is achievable consider allowing lower and higher Flight Levels or changing the speed mode For ultra short stage lengths say 200 nm you may need to fix a single low level Such as FL 200 If you factor individual thrust ratings the climb cruise or takeoff can become impossible under different flight conditions There may be small differences between numbers given by the Block Range Summary and
6. 10 Douglas DC 10 30 Douglas MD 81 Douglas MD 82 88 Douglas MD 83 auxCap Douglas MD 87 Douglas MD 90 30 Douglas MD 90 50 Douglas MD 95 Tay Eclipse v00 Eclipse 500 v04 Embraer 170 basic Embraer 170 LR Embraer 175 basic Embraer 175 LR Embraer 190 basic Embraer 190 LR Embraer 195 basic Embraer 195 LR Embraer EMB 120 Embraer EMB 135 Embraer EMB 145 Euroflag FLA turbofan FA X 100 FA X 100ER FA X 200 FA X 200ER FA X 300 FA X 300ER FAAB Mriya Fairchild Dornier 528JET Fairchild Dornier 728JET Fairchild Dornier 928JET 9 Sample as of March 08 The list of available models is subject to change Fokker F50 Srs 100 Fokker F70 basic Fokker F70 option Fokker F100 basic Fokker F100 option Fokker F130 basic Fokker F130 option Fokker F28 Mk4000 Global 5000 Global Express v02 Global Express v99 Global Express XRS v08 Gulfstream G IV Gulfstream G IV SP Gulfstream G V v99 Gulfstream G V SP Gulfstream G550 Gulfstream G650 Honda HondaJet IAI 1125 Astra IAI Galaxy G200 Ilyushin IL 62M Ilyushin IL 96 300 Ilyushin IL 96M JADC YSX75 KARI 100seater Learjet 31A Learjet 31A ER Learjet 45 Learjet 55C Learjet 60 Lockheed L 1011 200 Lockheed L 1011 500 MD 11 basic MD 11 option MD 12 HC MD 12X MD 17 Globemaster MD XX v91 NLA sample NSA G1 NSA G2 NSA G3 NSA G4 Raytheon Beechjet 400A Raytheon Hawker Horizon Raytheon Premier 1 Regioliner R92 Rombac 1 11 ReEng Saab
7. 271t Airbus A340 500 v03 Airbus A340 500 v05 Airbus A340 600 v03 Airbus A340 600 v05 Airbus A350 XWB 800 Airbus A350 XWB 900 Airbus A350 XWB 1000 Airbus A350 800 v05 Airbus A350 900 v05 Airbus A380 800 v02 Airbus A380 800 v03 Airbus Corporate Jetliner Airbus Mil A400M Antonov An 70T Antonov An 124 Ruslan Antonov An 124 210 Antonov An 148 100 Antonov An 148 200 ARJ 21 AVIC1 v05 ATR 42 ATR 72 Avro Ru 85 basic Avro RJ 85 option Avro RJ 70 Avro RJ 100 Avro RJ 115 B707 320C B717 200 v00 B717 200 BGW v99 B717 200 HGW v99 B727 200A B737 200 B737 300 B737 300 B737 400 B737 400 B737 500 B737 500 B737 600 B737 600 B737 700 NG basic B737 700 NG basic wnglt B737 700 NG option B737 700ER w basic option basic option basic option NG basic NG option am An ev cs sn Ove Om OD ss t Piano X 2008 Lissys Ltd B737 800 NG basic B737 800 NG basic wnglt B737 800 NG option B737 900 NG option B737 900ER wnglt B737 BBuJ1 B737 BBJ2 B747 8 Intercontl v06 B747 8 Intercontl v08 B747 100 B747 200B B747 400 mfrspec B747 400 stretch v91 B747 400ER B747 500X dec96 B747 600X dec96 B747 SP B747X v01 B747X stretch v01 B757 200 basic B757 200 option1 B757 200 option2 B757 300 B767 200 basic B767 200ER B767 300 B767 300ER B767 300ER option B767 400ER X B777 200 A 506 B777 200 A 515 B777 200 A 535 B777 200 B 580 B777 200 B
8. 590 B777 200 ER IGW B777 200 ER max B777 200 LR v04 B777 300 632 B777 300 660 B777 300 ER v04 B787 3 shrink v05 B787 3 shrink v08 B787 8 baseline v05 B787 8 baseline v06 B787 8 baseline v08 B787 9 stretch v05 B787 9 stretch v08 BAe 125 700 BAe 125 800 BAe 1000 BAe ATP BAe Jetstream 41 BAe NRA Beech King Air 200 Beechjet 400A Boeing 7E7 v04 baseline Boeing 7E7 v04 stretch Boeing Business Jet v97 Boeing model 763 246C Boeing model 763 246CER Boeing model 763 246CS Bombardier BRJ X 90 Bombardier BRJ X 110 Bombardier C v04 110ER Bombardier C v04 110ST Bombardier C v04 135ER Bombardier C v04 135ST Bombardier C v05 110ER Bombardier C v05 110STD Bombardier C v05 130ER Bombardier C v05 130STD Bombardier Challenger 300 Bombardier Continental v02 Canadair Challenger 601 3A Canadair Challenger 604 Canadair CRJ 200ER Canadair CRJ 200LR Canadair CRJ 700 Canadair CRJ 700ER Canadair CRJ 900 Canadair CRJ 900ER Canadair CRJ 900LR Canadair RJ 100 Canadair RJ 100ER Cessna Citation III Cessna Citation V Cessna CitationJet1 Cessna CitationJet2 Cessna Sovereign Cessna X Dash 8 Series 100 Dash 8 Series Q200 Dash 8 Series Q300 Dash 8 Series Q400 HGW Dassault Falcon 7X Dassault Falcon 900 C Dassault Falcon 900 EX Dassault Falcon 2000 Dassault Falcon 2000EX Dassault Falcon 9000 v92 Dornier 328 Dornier 328JET Dornier 428JET Douglas DC 9 14 Douglas DC 9 34 Douglas DC 10
9. ances or pick the units you prefer Finally select the Output you are interested in and click the GO button The report you asked for will be shown in the text output area on the right side Outputs can include Summaries or detailed step by step analyses of any flight over arbitrary distances with given payloads tabulations of block missions instantaneous performance at any particular flight conditions complete payload range characteristics and takeoff landing field lengths Depending on what you choose from the Adjust and Output menus you will be presented with clear input options for specifying your requirements Two buttons are available that let you save and later reload any adjustments you make to the aircraft You can create and keep as many adjusted models as you want Output reports can be saved to a text file or cleared from the screen at any time Piano X 2008 Lissys Ltd 2 www piano aero Basic Weights Basic aircraft weights are the maximum takeoff weight MTOW operating empty weight OEW maximum zero fuel weight MZFW and maximum landing weight MLW Adjust Basic Design Weights Weight kg Standard Payload Max Take Off 170500 O67 passengers Operating Empty 99913 95 0 kg each Max Zero Fuel 130000 2 oO kg cargo Max Landing 140000 Fuel Capacity litres 68150 Piano X weights represent the best available information and you can alwa
10. dels may use different assumptions depending on their calibration and reflecting real world discrepancies in reserve rules typical International US domestic European shorthaul etc Each model can be adjusted as necessary Piano X 2008 Lissys Ltd 5 www piano aero Unit Preferences You can choose various combinations of metric and imperial US units Adjust Unit Preferences v Ranges kilometres nautical miles Weights kilograms pounds Altitudes O metes feet Field Lengths metres feet All Other Units Metric US imperial Block Ranges and Flight Profiles Mission performance can be calculated for any required combination of range and payload within the capability of the aircraft The nominal design range is also shown based on the standard payload Output Block Range Summary bi Design Range with Standard Payload Range nm with Payload ka 1000 13650 Output Detailed Flight Profile bi The outputs from a Block Range Summary include all necessary times distances fuel burns and pollutant emissions This is sufficient for most practical purposes The alternative choice of a Detailed Flight Profile uses the same inputs but generates an exhaustive step by step history for the entire flight From this it is possible to derive any spatiotemporal information and a detailed in flight distribution of pollutants Block Performance Tables This output option wil
11. djust the maximum takeoff climb or cruise ratings of the engine as well as its specific fuel consumption SFC Calculations of engine thrust and fuel flow depend on altitude Mach number and power setting any factors you apply will shift all relevant characteristics up or down in direct proportion Aerodynamic drag is calculated in detail as a function of lift coefficient Mach number and Reynolds number and tuned with actual lift drag data polars whenever these are Known You can either factor the drag uniformly using one overall value or you can adjust certain items individually These are the zero lift and lift induced drag contributions and the nominal divergence Mach number which will influence the high speed compressibility Piano X 2008 Lissys Ltd 3 www piano aero drag If you change them you should know that aerodynamic methodologies generally differ in their accounting of drag items which may be grouped under various labels Adjust Thrust Drag Fuel Flow Factor Factor Takeoff Thrust Zero lit Drag 1 000 Climb Thrust Induced Drag 1 000 Cruise Thrust Divergence M 1 0000 All Thrusts AllDrag 1 000 applied on top of other factors Fuel Flow SFC 1 000 Emission Characteristics Aviation pollutant emissions include oxides of nitrogen NOx hydrocarbons HC carbon monoxide CO and carbon dioxide COz All except the CO2 are calculated according to standard procedures based on tested en
12. gine characteristics The best public source for engine emissions is the ICAO aircraft engine emissions databank maintained by the UK Civil Aviation Authority This uses four sea level conditions which are representative of idle approach climbout and takeoff Values at arbitrary flight conditions are derived by a method based on fuel flow Boeing 2 Inputs take the form of reference emissions indices which means simply the grams of each pollutant per kilogram of fuel burn Adjust Emission Indices fuel flow idle approach climbout takeoff kg sec 0 1000 0 2500 0 7000 0 8500 Reference Emissions Indices grams pollutant per kg fuel Carbon dioxide is not part of any databank as it is directly proportional to the fuel burn One kg of jet fuel will produce 3 16 kg of COs It is only shown explicitly in the summary range reports Piano X models include predefined values for emissions characteristics according to either the actual engine or a nearest approximation to an actual engine Data may not be provided for some early project aircraft and for turboprops If input boxes are left blank no emissions will be calculated Piano X 2008 Lissys Ltd 4 www piano aero Speeds and Flight Levels You can obtain mission performance data for any speeds and Flight Levels within the capability of the aircraft FL is standard pressure altitude in hundreds of feet Piano X selects optimum FLs from those listed as available
13. l generate tabulated block mission data for any specified combinations of range and payload Output Block Performance Tables g Ranges nm 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 Payloads kg 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 Use tab separators Piano X 2008 Lissys Ltd 6 www piano aero The resulting tables can be large and you may need to scroll to see specific portions It is best to save such output in a file using the Save Output button and then examine it separately in any editor like WordPad If you tick the box labelled Use tab separators the subsequent text can be copied pasted into a spreadsheet document and will then align correctly in rows and columns Point Performance The point performance option generates details of instantaneous aircraft performance at a specific speed altitude and weight Speed can be given in terms of Mach or kcas ktas and keas calibrated true equivalent Outputs include various drag coefficients lift drag ratio engine thrust fuel flow and SFC specific air range nm Ib or km kg and residual performance capability as an available rate of climb Output Point Performance b Mach w Altitude ft Weight kg Clean Configuration The aircraft is assumed to be in a clean cruise configuration Payload Range Boundary The boundary of the Payload Range chart is shown at the standard corner points which correspond to MTOW with max payload MTOW with max
14. n distance 200 n miles Diversion mach 0 607 Diversion altitude 22044 feet Diversion fuel 2785 Eg Holding time 30 minutes Holding mach 0 290 Holding altitude 1500 feet Holding fuel 2363 Eg Contingency fuel 2389 kg 5 4 of mission fuel Total Reserve fuel 7537 Eg Save Output Clear Output a iye peeetee pret soy rehsei own p st ereeree p7 polara irer s a weiere ereng t toc toes E io rl pew plge ee etre or ssteionw pae i pa giest ear ere tpp 91asear es Cow Sy prence wm am ept Getting Started Double click on the compressed file you downloaded This will create a new directory called Piano X Inside it you will find the application itself Piano X exe and two directories One called pianox planes which holds all your aircraft files and another called pianox adjustments in which you can save any adjustments you make The application always expects to find these two directories at the same hierarchical level as itself That s all Concept There are three menus Load Adjust and Output Use Load first to choose an aircraft If you want to change anything select an option from Adjust You can reset the basic design weights factor the thrust drag or fuel consumption input your own emissions indices alter the flight levels and speeds specify reserves and allow
15. oes not purport to represent guaranteed performance levels or imply the approval or involvement of any aircraft manufacturer or other organisation Whilst Lissys endeavours to update the Piano X database continually it cannot warrant the frequency of any updates Piano X 2008 Lissys Ltd 10 www piano aero
16. ys adjust them to any alternative specification Some aircraft such as recent versions of the ubiquitous Boeing 737 are marketed in a great variety of certificated weights Information on weight options is easy to find though often with one significant exception Manufacturers may be reluctant to quote a representative OEW In fact this is the most critical weight needed in assessing performance Specifications often provide a manufacturers empty weight MEW but this does not include operational items needed by the airline and is not usable without an indication of the extra weight for a particular operator The standard payload is one for which the aircraft is nominally designed with all seats filled in a typical seating configuration Maximum payload equal to MZFW minus OEW can be higher corresponding to extra cargo or dense seating arrangements The maximum fuel capacity is not a weight limit but is required because it will normally constitute a boundary in the Payload Range capabilities of the aircraft together with the MZFW and the MTOW Thrust Drag and Fuel Flow Engine performance in Piano X is based on calibrated best estimates of typical installed powerplants In cases where different engine options are available on the same airframe the calibration will be as representative of the fleet as possible but may not explicitly identify any differences between engine types Normally these are small You can use factors to a
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