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User's manual FLIR T6xx series

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1. sess 105 30 3 Reflected apparent temperature ss 106 30 4 Distance 106 30 5 Relative humidity 106 90 6 Other p rarrieters ciiin rete ANECA SEEE tener AETIA odd teg de NEAS 106 History of infrared technology ssssssssssssseseeeneneneenenenennennenetnenrnnt nennen tnn 107 Theory of thermography eee nnne ee eel di 32 1 Introduction 32 2 The electromagnetic spectrum 32 3 Blackbody radiation 323 1 Plancks law siete beo gene ee nee ee eere EET 32 3 2 Wiens displacement law ertet heec ettet dece fere d 114 32 3 8 Stefan Boltzmann s law sssssseseeeeeeteeetnn tet PEEK AEAEE anna 116 32 3 4 Non blackbody emitters rtt tete teen dece nies 117 32 4 Infrared semi transparent materials sss 119 The measurement formula sssssssssssseeeeeneeeeennenennennennenne nnne enne nnns 121 Emissivity tables eec eee rec end le seda Dd uer x bon RP uta 127 SAN TROTCLONCOS PR ER 127 34 2 Important note about the emissivity tables sssseee en 127 S4 cio D 128 Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 ix Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 WARNING Warnings amp Cautions Applies only to Class A digital devices This equipment generates
2. sessseeene ee 41 16 6 Changing the palette oo es 42 16 7 Deleting an image 16 8 Deleting all images 44 16 9 Creating a PDF report in the camera sesesesesesssersrsrsrsrsrsrsroronsesseserereneneneneneneneseseseererernre 45 Working with picture in picture and thermal fusion image modes ssssss 46 Working with measurement tools ssssssssnee enne nnne 18 1 Laying out measurement tools spots areas etc 18 2 Laying out measurement tool isotherms ssssssseenn enne 18 8 Moving or resizing a measurement tool seen 18 4 Creating and setting up a difference calculation 0 0 cee eee teenie 18 5 Changing object parameters oe ie eee te ese tnnsne nese sector seeeteneenaees Fetching data from external Extech meters ssssssssssseeee eee 56 19 1 Typical moisture measurement and documentation procedure eeeese 58 Working with Isotherms 2 acne ecelesia 59 2031 Building Isotherms nter eee erect inet epe otii 59 Annotating images eee er ei Sepe ie e ee Dd Q e Tx a Uu a Rd ea Da e e SEL PE Acute 61 214 Taking a digital photo ex eet iet me tg ice capa ire tne een px mena vad 62 21 2 Creating a voice annotation essssssseseeeeene tete tenente tnt nntn atn tn steterat 63 21 3 Oroanga txt popiersie eta tec ee mure dee pe rag kae EDI ious
3. Nickel electroplated on 22 T 0 11 4 iron unpolished Nickel oxidized 200 T 0 37 2 Nickel oxidized 227 T 0 37 4 Nickel oxidized 1227 T 0 85 4 Nickel oxidized at 600 C 200 600 T 0 37 0 48 1 Nickel polished 122 T 0 045 4 Nickel wire 200 1000 J 0 1 0 2 1 Nickel oxide 500 650 T 0 52 0 59 1 Nickel oxide 1000 1250 T 0 75 0 86 1 Oil lubricating 0 025 mm film 20 T 0 27 2 Oil lubricating 0 050 mm film 20 T 0 46 2 Oil lubricating 0 125 mm film 20 T 0 72 2 Oil lubricating film on Ni base Ni 20 T 0 05 2 base only Oil lubricating thick coating 20 T 0 82 2 Paint 8 different colors 70 LW 0 92 0 94 9 and qualities Paint 8 different colors 70 SW 0 88 0 96 9 and qualities Paint Aluminum various 50 100 T 0 27 0 67 1 ages Paint cadmium yellow T 0 28 0 33 1 Paint chrome green T 0 65 0 70 1 Paint cobalt blue T 0 7 0 8 1 Paint oi 17 SW 0 87 5 Paint oil black flat 20 SW 0 94 6 Paint oil black gloss 20 SW 0 92 6 Paint oil gray flat 20 SW 0 97 6 Paint oil gray gloss 20 SW 0 96 6 Paint oil various colors 100 T 0 92 0 96 1 34 Emissivity tables Paint oil based average 100 T 0 94 2 of 16 colors Paint plastic black 20 SW 0 95 6 Paint plastic white 20 SW 0 84 6 Paper 4 different colors 70 LW 0 92 0 94 9 Paper 4 different colors 70 SW 0 68 0 74 9 Paper black io 0 90 1 Paper black dull T 0 94 1 Paper black dull 70 LW 0 89 9 Paper black dull 70 SW 0 86 9 Paper blue dark T 0 84 1 Pa
4. Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 45 17 What is picture in picture What is thermal fusion Types Image examples 46 Working with picture in picture and thermal fusion image modes Picture in picture is similar to thermal fusion in that it lets you display part of a digital photo as an infrared image However picture in picture displays an infrared image frame on top of a digital photo Thermal fusion is a function that lets you display part of a digital photo as an infrared image For example you can set the camera to display all areas of an image that have a certain temperature in infrared with all other areas displayed as a digital photo Depending on the camera model up to four different types are available These are Above All areas in the digital photo with a temperature above the specified tem perature level are displayed in infrared Below All areas in the digital photo with a temperature below the specified tem perature level are displayed in infrared Interval All areas in the digital photo with a temperature between two specified temperature levels are displayed in infrared Picture in Picture An infrared image frame is displayed on top of the digital photo This table explains the four different types Fusion type Above Below Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 17 Working with picture in picture and
5. General Procedure NOTE 36 Previewing an image You can preview an infrared image full infrared fusion picture in picture or a digital photo before you save it to a memory card This enables you to see if the image or photo contains the information you want before you save it In preview mode you can also manipulate the image before you save it and add annotations in order to simplify report generation To preview an image briefly push and release the Autofocus Save button Note that this is notthe default setting of the camera and requires that you change the behavior of the button See below for instructions You can change the function of the Autofocus Save button under 25 Mode gt Settings gt Preferences The function can be set to one of the following Preview Save Brief depression Preview Long depression Save Save directly default setting a Always preview Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 16 Working with images 16 3 Opening an image General When you save an image the image is stored on a memory card To display the image again open it from the memory card Procedure Follow this procedure to open an image esL Push the joystick up down or left right to select the image you want to view Push the joystick This will display the image at full size Do one of the following To edit the opened image push the joystick
6. The discovery was made accidentally during the search for a new optical material Sir William Herschel Royal Astronomer to King George III of England and already famous for his discovery of the planet Uranus was searching for an optical filter material to reduce the brightness of the sun s image in telescopes during solar obser vations While testing different samples of colored glass which gave similar reductions in brightness he was intrigued to find that some of the samples passed very little of the sun s heat while others passed so much heat that he risked eye damage after only a few seconds observation Herschel was soon convinced of the necessity of setting up a systematic experiment with the objective of finding a single material that would give the desired reduction in brightness as well as the maximum reduction in heat He began the experiment by actually repeating Newton s prism experiment but looking for the heating effect rather than the visual distribution of intensity in the spectrum He first blackened the bulb of a sensitive mercury in glass thermometer with ink and with this as his radiation de tector he proceeded to test the heating effect of the various colors of the spectrum formed on the top of a table by passing sunlight through a glass prism Other ther mometers placed outside the sun s rays served as controls As the blackened thermometer was moved slowly along the colors of the spectrum the temperature reading
7. The measurement formula 10400603 a2 1 0 C 32 F 20 C 68 F 50 C 122 F At 0 6 Atm D A Figure 33 3 Relative magnitudes of radiation sources under varying measurement conditions SW camera 1 Object temperature 2 Emittance Obj Object radiation Refl Reflected radiation Atm atmosphere radiation Fixed parameters T 0 88 T e 20 C 68 F Tatm 20 C 68 F Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 125 33 The measurement formula 10400703 a2 1 0 C 32 F 20 C 68 F 50 C 122 F DD D 2929 9 Figure 33 4 Relative magnitudes of radiation sources under varying measurement conditions LW camera 1 Object temperature 2 Emittance Obj Object radiation Refl Reflected radiation Atm atmosphere radiation Fixed parameters T 0 88 Tye 20 C 68 F Tatm 20 C 68 F 126 Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 34 Emissivity tables This section presents a compilation of emissivity data from the infrared literature and measurements made by FLIR Systems 34 1 References Mika l A Bramson Infrared Radiation A Handbook for Applications Plenum press N Y William L Wolfe George J Zissis The Infrared Handbook Office of Naval Research Department of Navy Washington D C Madding R P Thermographic Instruments and systems Madison Wisconsin Univer sity of Wisconsi
8. as end user end use and destination restrictions issued by U S and other governments For additional information see http www microsoft com exporting Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 vi Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 Table of contents 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Warnings amp Cautlorns 2 tede ater ete eee Det De de ete de etus 1 Notice to User aot eode ec det hei c neta pes ce e eta eye n aede E ecu 4 Customer help enter t rottura etn eee AEN 5 Documentation updates essent trennt retenta tenenda ra trattati 6 Important note about this manual ssssssssseee eene 7 Cucm cR 8 6 1 SCOOPEO AONYA E aa mE 8 6 2 List of accessories and services s srersrsrsrsssrssererererererereneoroeseoesssnsnrnrneneninenenesesesereseenene 8 Quick Start Guide nauen ee A e e t TAI t WT HT ati AAT used 11 A note about ergonomics ssanie aiiai ariii iaia yeaa a aiaa nnne tnnt nennen inneren 12 Camera parts 14 9 1 View from the right es 14 9 2 Miew from tHe TOM eerte et E RE RE RURE ee E I a deeds 15 9 3 Miewifrom Ilie Tear etie Eee Eat e t E me Te E Dn cerit dresden 16 9 4 View ron the DOWO ete e SURE ame eet edet x seein Dx dpa 18 9 5 Battery condition LED indicator teet eite i tendat 19 9 6 Power LED indicator 9 7 tcl RR Screen elements UR ee aet bees
9. for which constant less than 1 A selective radiator for which e varies with wavelength According to Kirchhoff s law for any material the spectral emissivity and spectral ab sorptance of a body are equal at any specified temperature and wavelength That is Ey Ay From this we obtain for an opaque material since a p 1 amp p 1 For highly polished materials approaches zero so that for a perfectly reflecting material i e a perfect mirror we have p l For a graybody radiator the Stefan Boltzmann formula becomes W ec T Watt m This states that the total emissive power of a graybody is the same as a blackbody at the same temperature reduced in proportion to the value of from the graybody 118 Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 32 Theory of thermography 10401203 a2 Figure 32 8 Spectral radiant emittance of three types of radiators 1 Spectral radiant emittance 2 Wavelength 3 Blackbody 4 Selective radiator 5 Graybody 10327303 a4 Figure 32 9 Spectral emissivity of three types of radiators 1 Spectral emissivity 2 Wavelength 3 Blackbody 4 Graybody 5 Selective radiator 32 4 Infrared semi transparent materials Consider now a non metallic semi transparent body let us say in the form of a thick flat plate of plastic material When the plate is heated radiation generated within its volume must
10. it is important that you hold the camera ergonomi cally correct This section gives advice and examples on how to hold the camera NOTE Please note the following a Always tilt the touch screen LCD to suit your work position When you hold the camera make sure that you support the optics housing with your left hand too This decreases the strain on your right hand T638727 a2 T638728 a1 Figure 12 Publ No 559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 8 A note about ergonomics T638729 a1 T638730 a1 T638731 a2 T638732 a1 Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 13 9 9 1 Figure Explanation Camera parts View from the right 2 3 This table explains the figure above Knob to change the dioptric correction for the viewfinder Handstrap Digital zoom button Autofocus Save button Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 9 Camera parts 9 2 View from the left Figure T638747 a2 Explanation This table explains the figure above Lamp for the digital camera Laser pointer Lamp for the digital camera Infrared lens Digital camera Focus ring Button to operate the laser pointer Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 15 9 Camera parts 9 3 Figure Explanation 16 View f
11. uses and can radiate radio frequency energy and if not installed and used in accordance with the instruction manual may cause interference to radio communications It has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class A computing device pursuant to Subpart J of Part 15 of FCC Rules which are designed to provide reasonable protection against such interference when operated in a commercial environment Operation of this equipment in a residential area is likely to cause interference in which case the user at his own expense will be required to take whatever measures may be required to correct the interference Applies only to Class B digital devices This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference in a residential installation This equipment generates uses and can radiate radio frequency energy and if not installed and used in accordance with the instructions may cause harmful interference to radio communications However there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular in stallation If this equipment does cause harmful interference to radio or television reception which can be determined by turning the equipment off and on the user is encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or more of the following measures a Reorient
12. which represents about the amount of the sun s radiation which lies inside the visible light spectrum 116 Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 32 Theory of thermography 10399303 a1 Figure 32 7 Josef Stefan 1835 1893 and Ludwig Boltzmann 1844 1906 Using the Stefan Boltzmann formula to calculate the power radiated by the human body at a temperature of 300 K and an external surface area of approx 2 m we obtain 1 kW This power loss could not be sustained if it were not for the compensating absorption of radiation from surrounding surfaces at room temperatures which do not vary too drastically from the temperature of the body or of course the addition of clothing 32 3 4 Non blackbody emitters So far only blackbody radiators and blackbody radiation have been discussed However real objects almost never comply with these laws over an extended wave length region although they may approach the blackbody behavior in certain spectral intervals For example a certain type of white paint may appear perfectly white in the visible light spectrum but becomes distinctly gray at about 2 um and beyond 3 um it is almost black There are three processes which can occur that prevent a real object from acting like a blackbody a fraction of the incident radiation a may be absorbed a fraction p may be reflected and a fraction v may be transmitted Since all of these factors are more or less waveleng
13. which will bring up a menu Move left right to view the previous next image Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 37 16 Working with images 16 4 General Example 1 38 Adjusting an infrared image A M An infrared image can be adjusted automatically or manually You use the button to switch between these two modes Note that this only works in live mode and not in preview archive mode This figure shows two infrared images of cable connection points In the left image a correct analysis of the left cable is difficult to do if you only auto adjust the image You can analyze the left cable in more detail if you change the temperature scale level change the temperature scale span The image on the left has been auto adjusted In the right image the maximum and minimum temperature levels have been changed to temperature levels near the object Onthe temperature scale to the right of each image you can see how the temperature levels were changed 10577503 a2 A automatic M manual Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 16 Working with images Example 2 This figure shows two infrared images of an isolator in a power line In the image on the left the cold sky and the power line structure have been recorded ata minimum temperature of 26 0 C 14 8 F In the right image the maximum and minimum temperature levels have
14. 1 Titanium polished 1000 RD 0 36 1 Tungsten 200 T 0 05 1 Tungsten 600 1000 Jp 0 1 0 16 1 Tungsten 1500 2200 T 0 24 0 31 1 Tungsten filament 3300 P 0 39 1 Varnish flat 20 SW 0 93 6 Varnish on oak parquet 70 LW 0 90 0 93 9 floor Varnish on oak parquet 70 SW 0 90 9 floor Wallpaper slight pattern light 20 SW 0 85 6 gray Wallpaper slight pattern red 20 SW 0 90 6 Water distilled 20 T 0 96 2 Water frost crystals 10 T 0 98 2 Water ice covered with 0 T 0 98 1 heavy frost Water ice smooth 10 T 0 96 2 Water ice smooth 0 T 0 97 1 Water layer 20 1 mm 0 100 T 0 95 0 98 1 thick Water snow T 0 8 1 Water snow 10 T 0 85 2 Wood 17 Sw 0 98 5 Wood 19 LLW 0 962 8 Wood ground T 0 5 0 7 1 Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 O 144 34 Emissivity tables pine 4 different samples pine 4 different samples planed planed oak 70 20 20 0 81 0 89 0 67 0 75 0 8 0 9 0 90 planed oak 70 0 88 planed oak 70 0 77 plywood smooth dry 36 0 82 plywood untreat ed 20 0 83 white damp 20 0 7 0 8 oxidized at 400 C 400 0 11 142 oxidized surface polished sheet 1000 1200 200 300 50 0 50 0 60 0 04 0 05 0 20 Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 A note on the technical production of this publication This publication was produced using XML the eXtensible Mar
15. 20 T 0 24 1 Iron and steel rolled sheet 50 T 0 56 1 Iron and steel rough plane sur 50 T 0 95 0 98 1 face Iron and steel rusted heavily 17 SW 0 96 5 Iron and steel rusted red sheet 22 T 0 69 4 Iron and steel rusty red 20 T 0 69 1 Iron and steel shiny etched 150 T 0 16 1 Iron and steel shiny oxide layer 20 T 0 82 1 sheet Iron and steel wrought carefully 40 250 T 0 28 1 polished Iron galvanized heavily oxidized 70 LW 0 85 9 Iron galvanized heavily oxidized 70 SW 0 64 9 Iron galvanized sheet 92 T 0 07 4 Iron galvanized sheet burnished 30 T 0 23 1 Iron galvanized sheet oxidized 20 T 0 28 1 134 Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 34 Emissivity tables Iron tinned sheet 24 T 0 064 4 Krylon Ultra flat Flat black Roomtemperature LW Ca 0 96 12 black 1602 up to 175 Krylon Ultra flat Flat black Roomtemperature MW Ca 0 97 12 black 1602 up to 175 Lacquer 3 colors sprayed 70 LW 0 92 0 94 9 on Aluminum Lacquer 3 colors sprayed 70 SW 0 50 0 53 9 on Aluminum Lacquer Aluminum on 20 T 0 4 1 rough surface Lacquer bakelite 80 T 0 83 1 Lacquer black dull 40 100 T 0 96 0 98 1 Lacquer black matte 100 T 0 97 2 Lacquer black shiny 20 T 0 87 1 sprayed on iron Lacquer heat resistant 100 T 0 92 1 Lacquer white 40 100 T 0 8 0 95 1 Lacquer white 100 T 0 92 2 Lead oxidized gray 20 T 0 28 1 Lead oxidized gray 22 T 0 28 4 Lead oxidized at 200 C 200 T 0 63 1 Lead shin
16. A function highlighting those parts of an image that fall above below or between one or more temperature intervals A bottle shaped radiator with a uniform temperature viewed through the bottleneck An electrically powered light source on the camera that emits laser radiation in a thin concentrated beam to point at certain parts of the object in front of the camera laser pointer level manual adjust An electrically powered light source on the camera that emits laser radiation in a thin concentrated beam to point at certain parts of the object in front of the camera The center value of the temperature scale usually expressed as a signal value Away to adjust the image by manually changing certain param eters NETD Noise equivalent temperature difference A measure of the image noise level of an IR camera noise Undesired small disturbance in the infrared image object parameters object signal A set of values describing the circumstances under which the measurement of an object was made and the object itself such as emissivity reflected apparent temperature distance etc A non calibrated value related to the amount of radiation re ceived by the camera from the object Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 99 29 Glossary Term or expression Explanation palette The set of colors used to display an IR image pixel Stands for picture element One sin
17. Advanced General Thermography Course attendance 1 pers Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 6 Parts lists ITC ADV 3029 ITC Advanced General Thermography Course group of 10 pers TC CER 5101 ITC Level 1 Thermography Course attendance 1 pers ITC CER 5105 ITC Level 1 Thermography Course additional student to on site class 1 pers ITC CER 5109 ITC Level 1 Thermography Course group of 10 pers TC CER 5201 ITC Level 2 Thermography Course attendance 1 pers ITC CER 5205 ITC Level 2 Thermography Course additional student to on site class 1 pers ITC CER 5209 ITC Level 2 Thermography Course group of 10 pers ITC EXP 1001 ITC Training 1 day attendance 1 pers ITC EXP 1009 ITC Training 1 day group up to 10 pers ITC EXP 1011 ITC Short course Introduction to thermography attendance 1 pers 1 day ITC EXP 1019 ITC Short course Introduction to thermography inclusive 10 pers 1 day ITC EXP 1021 ITC In house training additional attendance 1 pers per day ITC EXP 1029 ITC In house training group up to 10 pers per day ITC EXP 2001 ITC Training 2 days attendance 1 pers ITC EXP 2009 ITC Training 2 days group up to 10 pers ITC EXP 201 1 ITC Short course building thermography attendance 1 pers ITC EXP 2019 ITC Short course building thermography inclusive 10 pers ITC EXP 2061 ITC Short course HVAC and plumbing attendance 1 pers ITC EXP 2069 ITC Short course HVAC a
18. Measure the temperature of the tape using one of the following measurement functions a Isotherm helps you to determine both the temperature and how evenly you have heated the sample Spot simpler Box Avg good for surfaces with varying emissivity Write down the temperature Move your measurement function to the sample surface Change the emissivity setting until you read the same temperature as your previous measure ment Write down the emissivity Note Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 105 30 Thermographic measurement techniques Avoid forced convection Look for a thermally stable surrounding that will not generate spot reflections Use high quality tape that you know is not transparent and has a high emissivity you are certain of This method assumes that the temperature of your tape and the sample surface are the same If they are not your emissivity measurement will be wrong 30 3 Reflected apparent temperature This parameter is used to compensate for the radiation reflected in the object If the emissivity is low and the object temperature relatively far from that of the reflected it will be important to set and compensate for the reflected apparent temperature cor rectly 30 4 Distance The distance is the distance between the object and the front lens of the camera This parameter is used to compensate for the following two facts That radiation f
19. Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 21 Annotating images 21 5 Adding a sketch General A sketch is freehand drawing that you create in a sketch work area separate from the infrared image using a stylus pen or your index finger You can use the sketch feature to create a simple drawing write down comments add dimensions etc Procedure Follow this procedure to add a sketch Make sure that the camera is set to preview images before saving them If it is not use the joystick to go to 2S Settings gt Pp Preferences gt Save button To preview an image push the Autofocus Save button fully down and re lease it P Use the joystick to select Ce Push the joystick to display a submenu Use the joystick to select Sketch Push the joystick to display a sketchboard T639063 a1 On this sketchboard you can a Draw a sketch using the stylus pen a Change the color of the lines Erase lines and start again a Erase the entire sketch The sketch will now be added to what is called a group and will be grouped together with the infrared image in the image archive and also when moving files from the camera to reporting software on the computer Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 67 22 General Procedure 68 Recording video clips You can record non radiometric infrared or visual video clips In this mode the camera can be regarded as an ordina
20. Rules of the Arbitration Institute of the Stockholm Chamber of Commerce The place of arbitration shall be Stockholm The language to be used in the arbitral proceedings shall be English U S Government Regulations m The products described in the user documentation may require government authorization for export re export or transfer Contact FLIR Systems for details Depending on license and export procedures lenses may be permanently fixed to cameras shipped to customers outside United States Interchangeable lenses fall under U S Department of State jurisdiction Copyright 2011 FLIR Systems All rights reserved worldwide No parts of the software including source code may be reproduced transmitted transcribed or translated into any language or computer language in any form or by any means electronic magnetic optical manual or otherwise without the prior written permission of FLIR Systems This documentation must not in whole or part be copied photocopied reproduced translated or transmitted to any electronic medium or machine readable form without prior consent in writing from FLIR Systems Names and marks appearing on the products herein are either registered trademarks or trademarks of FLIR Systems and or its subsidiaries All other trademarks trade names or company names referenced herein are used for identification only and are the property of their respective owners Quality assurance The Quality Management S
21. been changed to temperature levels near the iso lator This makes it easier to analyze the temperature variations in the isolator 10742503 a3 63 9 C 662 C 60 60 40 P m 20 40 o 30 20 20 26 0 C 19 3 C A automatic M manual Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 39 16 Working with images Changing the temperature scale level Changing the temperature scale span 40 Follow this procedure to change the temperature scale level push AMJ Use the joystick to select EY Manual To change the scale level push the joystick up down Optional step Do one of the following Push the joystick to perform an one shot auto adjust sequence Push again and select Auto to return to automatic mode Follow this procedure to change the temperature scale span usn AMJ Use the joystick to select pa Manual To change the scale span push the joystick left right Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 16 Working with images 16 5 Hiding overlay graphics programmable button General Overlay graphics provide information about an image e g measurement functions and parameters You can choose to hide all overlay graphics Procedure Follow this procedure Push to display the menu system Use the joystick to go to 25 Settings Push the joystick Use the joystick to go to Pp Preferenc
22. choice NOTE Note that all images in the same group will be deleted at the same time e g digital photos Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 43 16 Working with images 16 8 Deleting all images General You can delete all images Procedure Follow this procedure to delete an image pun PJ Push the joystick up down or left right to select any image Push the joystick to display the image Push the joystick to display a menu On the menu select Delete all and confirm the choice 44 Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 16 Working with images 16 9 Creating a PDF report in the camera General You can create a PDF report in the camera You can then transfer the PDF report to a computer iPhone or iPad using the FLIR Viewer app and send the report to a customer Procedure Follow this procedure to create a PDF report pun DP Push the joystick up down or left right to select an image Push the joystick to display the image Push the joystick to display a menu On the menu select Create report This will display a menu where you can change the following Header Footer Logo The location of the logo should be report logo on the memory card The file format shall be jpg The maximum width shall be 134 pixels for A4 pagesize and 139 pixels for US Letter pagesize On the menu select Create report
23. image below shows a connection of a cable to a socket where improper contact in the connection has resulted in local temperature increase 10739603 a1 Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 27 Application examples 27 3 Oxidized socket General Depending on the type of socket and the environment in which the socket is installed oxides may occur on the sockets contact surfaces These oxides can lead to locally increased resistance when the socket is loaded which can be seen in an infrared image as local temperature increase NOTE A socket s construction may differ dramatically from one manufacturer to another For this reason different faults in a socket can lead to the same typical appearance in an infrared image Local temperature increase can also result from improper contact between a wire and socket or from difference in load Figure The image below shows a series of fuses where one fuse has a raised temperature on the contact surfaces against the fuse holder Because of the fuse holder s blank metal the temperature increase is not visible there while it is visible on the fuse s ceramic material 10739703 a1 Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 91 27 Application examples 27 4 General NOTE Figure 92 Insulation deficiencies Insulation deficiencies may result from insulation losing volume over the course of time and thereby not e
24. the actual existence of the infrared wavelengths Different investigators in attempting to confirm his work used various types of glass indiscriminately having different transparencies in the infrared Through his later experiments Herschel was aware of the limited transparency of glass to the newly discovered thermal radiation and he was forced to conclude that optics for the infrared would probably be doomed to the use of reflective elements exclusively i e plane and curved mirrors Fortunately this proved to be true only until 1830 when the Italian investigator Melloni made his great discovery that naturally occurring rock salt NaCl which was available in large enough natural crystals to be made into lenses and prisms is remarkably transparent to the infrared The result was that rock salt became the principal infrared optical material and remained so for the next hundred years until the art of synthetic crystal growing was mastered in the 1930 s 108 Publ No 559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 31 History of infrared technology 10399103 a1 Figure 31 3 Macedonio Melloni 1798 1854 Thermometers as radiation detectors remained unchallenged until 1829 the year Nobili invented the thermocouple Herschel s own thermometer could be read to 0 2 C 0 036 F and later models were able to be read to 0 05 C 0 09 F Then a breakthrough occurred Melloni connected a number of thermocouples
25. wavelength re gions called bands distinguished by the methods used to produce and detect the radiation There is no fundamental difference between radiation in the different bands of the electromagnetic spectrum They are all governed by the same laws and the only differences are those due to differences in wavelength 10067803 a1 D DI 3l 4 10nm 1mm 10m 100m 1km 10mm 100mm 1m 2um 13 um Figure 32 1 The electromagnetic spectrum 1 X ray 2 UV 3 Visible 4 IR 5 Microwaves 6 Radiowaves Thermography makes use of the infrared spectral band At the short wavelength end the boundary lies at the limit of visual perception in the deep red At the long wave length end it merges with the microwave radio wavelengths in the millimeter range The infrared band is often further subdivided into four smaller bands the boundaries of which are also arbitrarily chosen They include the near infrared 0 75 3 um the middle infrared 3 6 um the far infrared 6 15 jum and the extreme infrared 15 100 Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 111 32 Theory of thermography um Although the wavelengths are given in um micrometers other units are often still used to measure wavelength in this spectral region e g nanometer nm and ngstr m A The relationships between the different wavelength measurements is 10 000 1 000 nm 1 u 1 pm 32 3 Blackbody radiat
26. 1 26 Dimensional drawings 26 12 Battery 2 Figure T638737 a1 eo F e E E N o NOTE Use a clean dry cloth to remove any water or moisture on the battery before you install it Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 85 26 Dimensional drawings 26 13 Battery charger 1 Figure T638733 a1 o S 2 E E b eo NOTE Use a clean dry cloth to remove any water or moisture on the battery before you put it in the battery charger 86 Publ No 1559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 26 Dimensional drawings 26 14 Battery charger 2 Figure T638734 a1 50 4 mm 1 98 133 2 mm 5 20 NOTE Use a clean dry cloth to remove any water or moisture on the battery before you put it in the battery charger Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 87 26 Dimensional drawings 26 15 Figure NOTE 88 Battery charger 3 T638735 a1 97 7 mm 3 80 133 2 mm 5 20 Use a clean dry cloth to remove any water or moisture on the battery before you put it in the battery charger Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 27 27 1 General NOTE Figure Application examples Moisture amp water damage It is often possible to detect moisture and water damage in a house by using an in frared camera This is partly becaus
27. 2 EX845 Clamp meter IR therm TRMS 1000A AC DC T910973 MO297 Moisture meter pinless with memory NOTE FLIR Systems reserves the right to discontinue models parts or accessories and other items or to change specifications at any time without prior notice Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 7 Quick Start Guide Procedure Follow this procedure to get started right away Put a battery into the battery compartment Charge the battery for 4 hours before starting the camera for the first time or until the green battery condition LED glows continuously Insert a memory card into a card slot Push the D button to turn on the camera Aim the camera towards the object of interest Autofocus the camera by pushing the Autofocus Save button half way down Push the Autofocus Save button fully down to save an image directly Move the image to a computer by doing one of the following a Remove the memory card and insert it in a card reader connected to a computer Connect a computer to the camera using a USB mini B cable Move the image from the card or camera using a drag and drop operation NOTE You can also move the images to the computer using FLIR Tools which comes with your camera In FLIR Tools you can analyze the images and create PDF reports Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 11 8 A note about ergonomics General To prevent strain related injuries
28. 30190061 9 EULA Terms m You have acquired a device INFRARED CAMERA that includes software licensed by FLIR Systems AB from Microsoft Licensing GP or its affiliates MS Those installed software products of MS origin as well as associated media printed materials and online or electronic documentation SOFTWARE are protected by international intellectual property laws and treaties The SOFTWARE is licensed not sold All rights reserved m IF YOU DO NOT AGREE TO THIS END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT EULA DO NOT USE THE DEVICE OR COPY THE SOFTWARE INSTEAD PROMPTLY CONTACT FLIR Systems AB FOR INSTRUCTIONS ON RETURN OF THE UNUSED DEVICE S FOR A REFUND ANY USE OF THE SOFTWARE INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO USE ON THE DEVICE WILL CONSTITUTE YOUR AGREEMENT TO THIS EULA OR RATIFICATION OF ANY PREVIOUS CONSENT GRANT OF SOFTWARE LICENSE This EULA grants you the following license m You may use the SOFTWARE only on the DEVICE m NOT FAULT TOLERANT THE SOFTWARE IS NOT FAULT TOLERANT FLIR Systems AB HAS INDEPENDENTLY DETERMINED HOW TO USE THE SOFTWARE IN THE DEVICE AND MS HAS RELIED UPON FLIR Systems AB TO CONDUCT SUFFICIENT TESTING TO DETERMINE THAT THE SOFTWARE IS SUITABLE FOR SUCH USE m NO WARRANTIES FOR THE SOFTWARE THE SOFTWARE is provided AS IS and with all faults THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO SAT ISFACTORY QUALITY PERFORMANCE ACCURACY AND EFFORT INCLUDING LACK OF NEGLIGENCE IS WITH YOU ALSO THERE I
29. 6 0 07 Aluminum sheet 4 samples 70 LW 0 03 0 06 differently scratched Aluminum sheet 4 samples 70 SW 0 05 0 08 differently scratched Aluminum vacuum deposited 20 T 0 04 Aluminum weathered heavily 17 SW 0 83 0 94 Aluminum bronze 20 T 0 60 Aluminum hydrox powder T 0 28 ide Aluminum oxide activated powder T 0 46 Aluminum oxide pure powder alu 3H 0 16 mina Asbestos board 20 T 0 96 Asbestos fabric T 0 78 Asbestos floor tile 35 SW 0 94 Asbestos paper 40 400 T 0 93 0 95 Asbestos powder T 0 40 0 60 Asbestos slate 20 T 0 96 Asphalt paving 4 LLW 0 967 Brass dull tarnished 20 350 T 0 22 Brass oxidized 70 SW 0 04 0 09 Brass oxidized 70 LW 0 03 0 07 Brass oxidized 100 T 0 61 Brass oxidized at 600 C 200 600 T 0 59 0 61 Brass polished 200 T 0 03 Brass polished highly 100 T 0 03 Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN Novem ber 7 2011 129 34 Emissivity tables Brass rubbed with 80 20 T 0 20 2 grit emery Brass sheet rolled 20 1 0 06 1 Brass sheet worked with 20 T 0 2 1 emery Brick alumina 17 Sw 0 68 5 Brick common 17 Sw 0 86 0 81 5 Brick Dinas silica 1100 T 0 85 1 glazed rough Brick Dinas silica refrac 1000 T 0 66 1 tory Brick Dinas silica 1000 T 0 80 1 unglazed rough Brick firebrick 17 SW 0 68 5 Brick fireclay 20 T 0 85 1 Brick fireclay 1000 iT 0 75 1 Brick fireclay 1200 i 0 59 1 Brick masonry 35 SW 0 94 7 Brick masonry pl
30. 6 30 Infrared lens 13 1 mm A5 iste rte t e ri tee nde 83 Muere 84 26 12 Battery 2 85 26 13 Battery charger 1 86 26 14 Battery charger 2 es 87 26 15 Battery charger 3 dette er cec ede ee e ee M dea ai 88 Publ No 559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 Application examples 2 nene ee ee Hee Ae Re ended 89 274 Moisture amp water damage e He e edd EE UR HER 89 27 2 Faulty contactin SOCKel eee ten tea tee see ee s HR tnde 90 27 3 Oxidized socket 27 4 Insulation deficiencies Hs A MB IM T C PUE E About FLIR Systems ouo dero aerei desine dora recta de e E Re E Ve Ia 28 1 More than just an infrared camera 28 2 Sharing Our Knowledge 2 to pne ee deese dee deeper ande tea deer d deni da eese 28 3 S pportirig our CUSIOFTIerS econtra v P n ve dea ved deas 28 4 A few images from our facilities ssssssssseseeesenennenennenennentnenn tnn GOSS Y seated E dacctintane 98 Thermographic measurement techniques 102 30 1 Introduction oo eee eects 102 30 2 Emissivity 102 30 2 4 Finding the emissivity of a sample ou eee erent te eee teenie 103 30 2 1 1 Step 1 Determining reflected apparent temperature 103 30 2 1 2 Step 2 Determining the emissivity
31. ENGTH 635 nm MAX OUTPUT POWER 1 mW THIS PRODUCT COMPLIES WITH 21 CFR 1040 10 AND 1040 11 EXCEPT FOR DEVIATIONS PURSUANT TO LASER NOTICE NO 50 DATED JUNE 24 2007 Wavelength 635 nm Maximum output power 1 mW This product complies with 21 CFR 1040 10 and 1040 11 except for deviations pur suant to Laser Notice No 50 dated June 24 2007 Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 21 10 Figure Explanation Figure 22 Screen elements T638697 a5 Spot 23 0 9C Measurement result table Measurement tools e g spotmeter Temperature scale Back button Setup mode camera video program settings Predefined sets of measurement tools Measurement tools Color palettes Measurement parameters To display the menu system tap the screen Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 11 Navigating the menu system e T638762 a2 T638758 a1 Figure Explanation The figure above shows the two ways to navigate the menu system in the camera a Using the index finger or the stylus pen to navigate the menu system left a Using the joystick to navigate the menu system right Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 23 12 Figure Explanation 24 Connecting external devices and storage media T638748 a2 This table explains th
32. IR Systems Procedure Follow this procedure to create a voice annotation Make sure that the camera is set to preview images before saving them If it is not use the joystick to go to 2S Mode gt Settings gt Pp Prefer ences gt Save button To preview an image push and release the Autofocus Save button fully down P Use the joystick to select s Push the joystick to display a submenu On the submenu select Voice Do one or more of the following and push the joystick to confirm each choice Some buttons have more than one function To start a recording select e To pause resume a recording select 1 To stop a recording select m To listen to a recording select gt To pause a voice annotation that you are listening to select wu To go to the beginning of a recording select n To delete a recording move the joystick left right or up down and select a To save a recording select Save Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 63 21 Annotating images 21 3 Creating a text General A text is grouped with an image file Using this feature you can annotate images by entering free form text This text can be revised later Procedure Follow this procedure to create a text Make sure that the camera is set to preview images before saving them If it is not use the joystick to go to 2S Mode gt Settings gt Pp Prefer ences gt Save
33. Keep cedo a eaa 64 21 46 Creatings a table ee tern cero bo ee ert T ain Prod te ect es M voci be 65 21 5 Adding A sketch 5 intimate cerei c ee ds apes egrave sue ever 67 Recording video clips erret te te eie tete 68 Changing settings 2 Ie ete inen s a E e de nh dd trc e end 69 Cleaning the camera preio gerere pit e eden ee ena ge ea eiiis a dde ata ee cs 70 24 1 Camera housing cables and other items sse 70 24 2 Infrared eris refer sve eer cai ce verraten tenon E S DD RI 71 24 3 Infrared detector uico cer eter de e rone ee eh rip do ve e ve dn ect 72 Technical data roO RR REG EEG AC Urs 73 Dimenslonal drawings m crece eed e ede RR 74 26 1 Camera dimensions front view 1 ssssssseeeeeeeneenenenen eene 74 26 2 Camera dimensions front view 2 ssssssssssseeeeeeenenne enema 75 26 3 Camera dimensions side view 1 ssssssssseeeeeeeeneeeneeneenenennennennne 76 26 4 Camera dimensions side view 2 e ceccecceeeeeeeeeeeeceeeeeeeseteeeaeeseseeeeaeseeeaeseeseseeseeseeseeeeaeene 77 26 5 Camera dimensions 41 3 mm 15 lens side view 78 26 6 Camera dimensions 24 6 mm 25 lens side view 79 26 7 Camera dimensions 13 1 mm 45 lens side view 80 26 8 Infrared lens 41 9 mim 15 uestre n t ee e n te e n nee ede bt 81 26 9 Infrared lens 24 6 mmi 25 rinse terere ne tere nhe eee ro D Reed rn 82 2
34. LISH EN November 7 2011 57 19 Fetching data from external Extech meters 19 1 General Procedure 58 Typical moisture measurement and documentation procedure Thefollowing procedure can form the basis for other procedures using Extech meters and infrared cameras Follow this procedure Use the infrared camera to identify any potential damp areas behind walls and ceilings Use the moisture meter to measure the moisture levels at various suspect locations that may have been found When a spot of particular interest is located store the moisture reading in the moisture meter s memory and identify the measurement spot with a handprint or other thermal identifying marker Recall the reading from the meter memory The moisture meter will now continuously transmit this reading to the infrared camera Use the camera to take a thermal image of the area with the identifying marker The stored data from the moisture meter will also be saved on the image Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 20 20 1 General About the Humidity isotherm About the Insulation isotherm Setting upa humidity alarm Setting up an insulation alarm Working with isotherms Building isotherms The camera features isotherm types that are specific to the building trade You can make the camera trigger the following types of isotherms Humidity Triggers when a measurement too
35. NGLISH EN November 7 2011 26 Dimensional drawings 26 6 Camera dimensions 24 6 mm 25 lens side view Figure T638754 a2 157 8 mm 6 21 164 9 mm 6 49 NOTE This drawing also shows the tripod adapter Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 79 26 Dimensional drawings 26 7 Camera dimensions 13 1 mm 45 lens side view Figure T638755 a2 166 5 mm 6 55 164 9 mm 6 49 NOTE This drawing also shows the tripod adapter 80 Publ No 559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 26 Dimensional drawings 26 8 Infrared lens 41 3 mm 15 Figure T638759 a1 46 5 mm 1 83 67 0 mm 2 64 a es Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 81 26 Dimensional drawings 26 9 Infrared lens 24 6 mm 25 Figure T638760 a1 40 6 mm 1 60 67 0 mm 2 64 82 Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 26 Dimensional drawings 26 10 Infrared lens 13 1 mm 45 Figure T638761 a1 49 3 mm 1 94 67 0 mm 2 64 Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 83 26 Dimensional drawings 26 11 Battery 1 Figure T638736 a1 48 7 mm 1 90 83 8 mm 3 30 NOTE Use a clean dry cloth to remove any water or moisture on the battery before you install it 84 Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 201
36. S NO WARRANTY AGAINST INTERFERENCE WITH YOUR ENJOYMENT OF THE SOFTWARE OR AGAINST INFRINGEMENT IF YOU HAVE RECEIVED ANY WARRANTIES REGARDING THE DEVICE OR THE SOFTWARE THOSE WARRANTIES DO NOT ORIGINATE FROM AND ARE NOT BINDING ON MS No Liability for Certain Damages EXCEPT AS PROHIBITED BY LAW MS SHALL HAVE NO LIABILITY FOR ANY INDIRECT SPECIAL CONSEQUENTIAL OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES ARISING FROM OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFOR MANCE OF THE SOFTWARE THIS LIMITATION SHALL APPLY EVEN IF ANY REMEDY FAILS OF ITS ESSENTIAL PURPOSE IN NO EVENT SHALL MS BE LIABLE FOR ANY AMOUNT IN EXCESS OF U S TWO HUNDRED FIFTY DOLLARS U S 250 00 m Limitations on Reverse Engineering Decompilation and Disassembly You may not reverse engineer decompile or disassemble the SOFTWARE except and only to the extent that such activity is expressly permitted by applicable law notwithstanding this limitation SOFTWARE TRANSFER ALLOWED BUT WITH RESTRICTIONS You may permanently transfer rights under this EULA only as part of a permanent sale or transfer of the Device and only if the recipient agrees to this EULA If the SOFTWARE is an upgrade any transfer must also include all prior versions of the SOFTWARE m EXPORT RESTRICTIONS You acknowledge that SOFTWARE is subject to U S export jurisdiction You agree to comply with all applicable international and national laws that apply to the SOFTWARE including the U S Export Administration Regulations as well
37. T 0 66 Iron cast oxidized 538 T 0 76 Iron cast oxidized at 600 C 200 600 T 0 64 0 78 Iron cast polished 38 T 0 21 Iron cast polished 40 T 0 21 Iron cast polished 200 T 0 21 Iron cast unworked 900 1100 T 0 87 0 95 Iron and steel cold rolled 70 LW 0 09 Iron and steel cold rolled 70 SW 0 20 Iron and steel covered with red 20 T 0 61 0 85 rust Iron and steel electrolytic 22 T 0 05 Iron and steel electrolytic 100 T 0 05 Iron and steel electrolytic 260 T 0 07 Iron and steel electrolytic careful 175 225 T 0 05 0 06 ly polished Iron and steel freshly worked 20 T 0 24 with emery Iron and steel ground sheet 950 1100 Ji 0 55 0 61 Iron and steel heavily rusted 20 T 0 69 Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN Novem sheet ber 7 2011 133 34 Emissivity tables Iron and steel hot rolled 20 T 0 77 1 Iron and steel hot rolled 130 T 0 60 1 Iron and steel oxidized 100 T 0 74 1 Iron and steel oxidized 100 T 0 74 4 Iron and steel oxidized 125 525 T 0 78 0 82 1 Iron and steel oxidized 200 RD 0 79 2 Iron and steel oxidized 1227 T 0 89 4 Iron and steel oxidized 200 600 T 0 80 1 Iron and steel oxidized strongly 50 T 0 88 1 Iron and steel oxidized strongly 500 P 0 98 1 Iron and steel polished 100 T 0 07 2 Iron and steel polished 400 1000 T 0 14 0 38 1 Iron and steel polished sheet 750 1050 JT 0 52 0 56 1 Iron and steel rolled freshly
38. The camera can use these object parameters Emissivity i e how much radiation an object emits compared with the radiation of a theoretical reference object of the same temperature called a blackbody The opposite of emissivity is reflectivity The emissivity determines how much of the radiation originates from the object as opposed to being reflected by it Reflected apparent temperature which is used when compensating for the radi ation from the surroundings reflected by the object into the camera This property of the object is called reflectivity Object distance i e the distance between the camera and the object of interest Atmospheric temperature i e the temperature of the air between the camera and the object of interest Relative humidity i e the relative humidity of the air between the camera and the object of interest External IR window compensation i e the temperature of any protective windows etc that are set up between the camera and the object of interest If no protective window or protective shield is used this value is irrelevant and should be left in active If you are unsure about the values the following are recommended Atmospheric temperature 20 C 69 F Emissivity 0 95 Object distance 1 0 m 3 3 ft Reflected apparent temperature 20 C 69 F Relative humidity 50 Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 18 Working with measur
39. The measurement formula U CW source Tara or with simplified notation U ource CW source source where C is a constant Should the source be a graybody with emittance the received radiation would consequently be W ource We are now ready to write the three collected radiation power terms 1 Emission from the object TWop where is the emittance of the object and T is the transmittance of the atmosphere The object temperature is Topj 2 Reflected emission from ambient sources 1 TW ef where 1 is the re flectance of the object The ambient sources have the temperature T efl It has here been assumed that the temperature T is the same for all emitting surfaces within the halfsphere seen from a point on the object surface This is of course sometimes a simplification of the true situation It is however a necessary simplification in order to derive a workable formula and T _ can at least theoretically be given a value that represents an efficient temperature of a complex surrounding Note also that we have assumed that the emittance for the surroundings 1 This is correct in accordance with Kirchhoff s law All radiation impinging on the surrounding surfaces will eventually be absorbed by the same surfaces Thus the emittance 1 Note though that the latest discussion requires the complete sphere around the object to be considered 3 Emission from the at
40. User s manual FLIR T6xx series Revision User s manual FLIR Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 TERTE e Legal disclaimer All products manufactured by FLIR Systems are warranted against defective materials and workmanship for a period of one 1 year from the delivery date of the original purchase provided such products have been under normal storage use and service and in accordance with FLIR Systems instruction Uncooled handheld infrared cameras manufactured by FLIR Systems are warranted against defective materials and workmanship for a period of two 2 years from the delivery date of the original purchase provided such products have been under normal storage use and service and in accordance with FLIR Systems instruction and provided that the camera has been registered within 60 days of original purchase Detectors for uncooled handheld infrared cameras manufactured by FLIR Systems are warranted against defective materials and workmanship for a period of ten 10 years from the delivery date of the original purchase provided such products have been under normal storage use and service and in accordance with FLIR Systems instruction and provided that the camera has been registered within 60 days of original purchase Products which are not manufactured by FLIR Systems but included in systems delivered by FLIR Systems to the original purchaser carry the wa
41. a in a temperature higher than 50 C 122 F unless specified otherwise in the user documentation High temperatures can cause damage to the camera Applies only to cameras with laser pointer Protect the laser pointer with the protective cap when you do not operate the laser pointer Applies only to cameras with battery a Do not attach the batteries directly to a car s cigarette lighter socket unless a specific adapter for connecting the batteries to a cigarette lighter socket is provided by FLIR Systems a Do not connect the positive terminal and the negative terminal of the battery to each other with a metal object such as wire Do not get water or salt water on the battery or permit the battery to get wet Do not make holes in the battery with objects Do not hit the battery with a hammer Do not step on the battery or apply strong impacts or shocks to it Donotputthe batteries in or near a fire or into direct sunlight When the battery becomes hot the built in safety equipment becomes energized and can stop the battery charging process If the battery becomes hot damage can occur to the safety equipment and this can cause more heat damage or ignition of the battery a Do not put the battery on a fire or increase the temperature of the battery with heat Do not put the battery on or near fires stoves or other high temperature loca tions Do not solder directly onto the battery Do not use the battery i
42. ack 27 1 0 78 4 34 Emissivity tables Copper oxidized heavily 20 T 0 78 Copper oxidized to black T 0 88 ness Copper polished 50 100 T 0 02 Copper polished 100 T 0 03 Copper polished commer 27 T 0 08 cial Copper polished mechan 22 T 0 015 ical Copper pure carefully 22 T 0 008 prepared surface Copper scraped 27 T 0 07 Copper dioxide powder T 0 84 Copper oxide red powder T 0 70 Ebonite T 0 89 Emery coarse 80 F 0 85 Enamel 20 T 0 9 Enamel lacquer 20 T 0 85 0 95 Fiber board hard untreated 20 SW 0 85 Fiber board masonite 70 LW 0 88 Fiber board masonite 70 SW 0 75 Fiber board particle board 70 LW 0 89 Fiber board particle board 70 SW 0 77 Fiber board porous untreated 20 SW 0 85 Gold polished 130 i 0 018 Gold polished carefully 200 600 T 0 02 0 03 Gold polished highly 100 T 0 02 Granite polished 20 LLW 0 849 Granite rough 21 LLW 0 879 Granite rough 4 different 70 LW 0 77 0 87 samples 132 Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 34 Emissivity tables Granite rough 4 different 70 SW 0 95 0 97 samples Gypsum 20 T 0 8 0 9 Ice See Water Iron cast casting 50 T 0 81 Iron cast ingots 1000 T 0 95 Iron cast liquid 1300 T 0 28 Iron cast machined 800 1000 T 0 60 0 70 Iron cast oxidized 38 Ji 0 63 Iron cast oxidized 100 T 0 64 Iron cast oxidized 260
43. ared Human skin exhibits an emissivity 0 97 to 0 98 Non oxidized metals represent an extreme case of perfect opacity and high reflexivity which does not vary greatly with wavelength Consequently the emissivity of metals is low only increasing with temperature For non metals emissivity tends to be high and decreases with temperature 102 Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 30 Thermographic measurement techniques 30 2 1 Finding the emissivity of a sample 30 2 1 1 Step 1 Determining reflected apparent temperature Use one of the following two methods to determine reflected apparent temperature 30 2 1 1 1 Method 1 Direct method 1 Look for possible reflection sources considering that the incident angle reflection angle a b 10588903 a1 Figure 30 1 1 Reflection source 2 If the reflection source is a spot source modify the source by obstructing it using a piece if cardboard 10589103 a2 Figure 30 2 1 Reflection source Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 103 30 Thermographic measurement techniques 3 Measure the radiation intensity apparent temperature from the reflecting source using the following settings Emissivity 1 0 LI Dopj O You can measure the radiation intensity using one of the following two methods 10589003 a2 Figure 30 3 1 Reflection source Not
44. as 20 T 0 94 1 tered Brick red common 20 T 0 93 2 Brick red rough 20 T 0 88 0 93 1 Brick refractory corun 1000 T 0 46 1 dum Brick refractory magne 1000 1300 T 0 38 1 site Brick refractory strongly 500 1000 T 0 8 0 9 1 radiating Brick refractory weakly 500 1000 1 0 65 0 75 1 radiating Brick silica 95 SiO 1230 T 0 66 1 Brick sillimanite 33 1500 T 0 29 1 SiO 64 Al Os 130 Publ No 559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 34 Emissivity tables Brick waterproof 17 SW 0 87 5 Bronze phosphor bronze 70 LW 0 06 9 Bronze phosphor bronze 70 SW 0 08 9 Bronze polished 50 T 0 1 1 Bronze porous rough 50 150 F 0 55 1 Bronze powder XE 0 76 0 80 1 Carbon candle soot 20 T 0 95 2 Carbon charcoal powder T 0 96 1 Carbon graphite filed sur 20 T 0 98 2 face Carbon graphite powder T 0 97 1 Carbon lampblack 20 400 T 0 95 0 97 1 Chipboard untreated 20 SW 0 90 6 Chromium polished 50 T 0 10 1 Chromium polished 500 1000 T 0 28 0 38 1 Clay fired 70 T 0 91 1 Cloth black 20 T 0 98 1 Concrete 20 T 0 92 2 Concrete dry 36 SW 0 95 7 Concrete rough 17 SW 0 97 5 Concrete walkway 5 LLW 0 974 8 Copper commercial bur 20 T 0 07 1 nished Copper electrolytic careful 80 T 0 018 1 ly polished Copper electrolytic pol 34 T 0 006 4 ished Copper molten 1100 1300 T 0 13 0 15 1 Copper oxidized 50 T 0 6 0 7 1 Copper oxidized bl
45. bed tied iua 22 Navigating the menu system sssssssssseeeneneenen nennen nnne nnne nnns 23 Connecting external devices and storage media esse 24 Pairing Bluetooth devices sessi reiten teneatis instantes 25 Configuring WEP iiaa nera rav n e D erede eec dede ve A desire 26 Handling th mef Ankeren rre eter hi teni ete nec ett c er den feretur nesters 28 15 1 y Turning On the Camera eem pee tee ep iet ed pcd oci dde T 28 15 2 Turning off the camera 28 15 3 Adjusting the viewfinder s dioptric correction 29 15 4 Adjusting the angle of the lens 30 15 5 Adjusting the infrared camera focus manually sse 31 15 6 Autofocusing the infrared camera sssssssssssseeeeeeeneennnenenenrtntnntnns 32 15 7 Operating the laser pointer ctr tte e Renten 33 15 8 Using the digital zoom function sssssssssssseeeenenennennnennnnenntnennennnnennnnnnntnenes 34 Working with Images inneren eee e ARE A etd 35 16 1 Saving arimage ne ee he ee eed eee eene uei Leid 35 16 2 Previewing an image es 36 16 3 Opening an image 37 16 4 Adjusting an infrared image ente eee eere attend 38 Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 vii 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 viii 16 5 Hiding overlay graphics programmable button
46. button To preview an image push the Autofocus Save button fully down and re lease it P Use the joystick to select L Push the joystick to display a submenu On the submenu select Text This will display a soft keyboard where you can enter the text you want to save Click OK NOTE To select special characters press and hold down the corresponding key on the soft keyboard 64 Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 21 Annotating images 21 4 Creating a table General A table can be regarded as a form where you add labels and values about the item that you are inspecting This is an example Label examples Value examples Company Company A Company B Company C Building Workshop 1 Workshop 2 Workshop 3 Section Room 1 Room 2 Room 3 Equipment Tool 1 Tool 1 Tool 3 Recommendation Recommendation 1 Recommendation 2 Recommendation 3 This feature is very efficient when saving information on an image when you are in specting a large number of similar objects Using text annotations avoids filling out forms or inspection protocols manually NOTE a This procedure assumes that you have not set the camera to automatically add a text annotation To select special characters press and hold down the corresponding key on the soft keyboard Procedure Follow this procedure 1 Make sure that the camera is set to preview images before saving
47. e Using a thermocouple to measure reflected apparent temperature is not recom mended for two important reasons A thermocouple does not measure radiation intensity A thermocouple requires a very good thermal contact to the surface usually by gluing and covering the sensor by a thermal isolator 30 2 1 1 2 Method 2 Reflector method 1 Crumble up a large piece of aluminum foil 2 Uncrumble the aluminum foil and attach it to a piece of cardboard of the same size 3 Put the piece of cardboard in front of the object you want to measure Make sure that the side with aluminum foil points to the camera 4 Set the emissivity to 1 0 104 Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 30 Thermographic measurement techniques 5 Measure the apparent temperature of the aluminum foil and write it down 10727003 a2 4 NM Figure 30 4 Measuring the apparent temperature of the aluminum foil 30 2 1 2 Step 2 Determining the emissivity Select a place to put the sample Determine and set reflected apparent temperature according to the previous procedure Put a piece of electrical tape with known high emissivity on the sample Heat the sample at least 20 K above room temperature Heating must be reasonably even Focus and auto adjust the camera and freeze the image Adjust Level and Span for best image brightness and contrast Set emissivity to that of the tape usually 0 97
48. e figure above Memory card USB mini B cable to connect the camera to a PC HDMI cable Power cable USB A cable Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 13 Pairing Bluetooth devices General Before you can use a Bluetooth device with the camera you need to pair the devices Procedure Follow this procedure Go to 2S Mode and then choose Settings Go to the Connectivity tab Activate Bluetooth Note You also need to activate Bluetooth connectivity on the external de vice Select Add Bluetooth device Select Scan for Bluetooth device and wait until a list of available devices is displayed This will take about 15 seconds When a Bluetooth device is found select the device to add it The device is now ready to be used NOTE a You can add several devices You can remove an added device by selecting the device and and then selecting Remove After adding a MeterLink device such as the Extech MO297 or EX845 the result from the meter will be visible in the measurement result table After adding a Bluetooth enabled headset it is ready to be used in camera preview mode a tis also possible to add live snapshot values from MeterLink devices in preview mode Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 25 14 Configuring Wi Fi General Depending on your camera configuration you can connect the camera to a wireless local a
49. e oscilloscope 20 kg 44 Ib and the tripod 15 kg 33 Ib The operator also needed a 220 VAC generator set and a 10 L 2 6 US gallon jar with liquid nitrogen To the left of the oscilloscope the Polaroid attachment 6 kg 13 Ib can be seen RIGHT FLIR i7 from 2009 Weight 0 34 kg 0 75 Ib including the battery FLIR Systems manufactures all vital mechanical and electronic components of the camera systems itself From detector design and manufacturing to lenses and system electronics to final testing and calibration all production steps are carried out and supervised by our own engineers The in depth expertise of these infrared specialists ensures the accuracy and reliability of all vital components that are assembled into your infrared camera 28 1 More than just an infrared camera At FLIR Systems we recognize that our job is to go beyond just producing the best infrared camera systems We are committed to enabling all users of our infrared camera systems to work more productively by providing them with the most powerful Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 95 28 About FLIR Systems camera software combination Especially tailored software for predictive maintenance R amp D and process monitoring is developed in house Most software is available in a wide variety of languages We support all our infrared cameras with a wide variety of accessories to adapt your equipment to the most demanding
50. e the damaged area has a different heat conduc tion property and partly because it has a different thermal capacity to store heat than the surrounding material Many factors can come into play as to how moisture or water damage will appear in an infrared image For example heating and cooling of these parts takes place at different rates depend ing on the material and the time of day For this reason it is important that other methods are used as well to check for moisture or water damage The image below shows extensive water damage on an external wall where the water has penetrated the outer facing because of an incorrectly installed window ledge 10739503 a1 Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 89 27 Application examples 27 2 General NOTE Figure 90 Faulty contact in socket Depending on the type of connection a socket has an improperly connected wire can result in local temperature increase This temperature increase is caused by the reduced contact area between the connection point of the incoming wire and the Socket and can result in an electrical fire A socket s construction may differ dramatically from one manufacturer to another For this reason different faults in a socket can lead to the same typical appearance in an infrared image Local temperature increase can also result from improper contact between wire and socket or from difference in load The
51. ed gases as cooling agents such as liquid nitrogen with a temperature of 196 C 320 8 F in low temperature research In 1892 he invented a unique vacuum insulating container in which it is possible to store liquefied gases for entire days The common thermos bottle used for storing hot and cold drinks is based upon his invention Between the years 1900 and 1920 the inventors of the world discovered the infrared Many patents were issued for devices to detect personnel artillery aircraft ships and even icebergs The first operating systems in the modern sense began to be developed during the 1914 18 war when both sides had research programs devoted to the military exploitation of the infrared These programs included experimental systems for enemy intrusion detection remote temperature sensing secure commu nications and flying torpedo guidance An infrared search system tested during this period was able to detect an approaching airplane at a distance of 1 5 km 0 94 miles or a person more than 300 meters 984 ft away The most sensitive systems up to this time were all based upon variations of the bolometer idea but the period between the two wars saw the development of two revolutionary new infrared detectors the image converter and the photon detector At first the image converter received the greatest attention by the military because it enabled an observer for the first time in history to literally see i
52. ement tools Procedure Follow this procedure to change the object parameters Push or tap the screen to display the menu system Use the joystick to go to y Push the joystick to display a dialog box Use the joystick to select and change an object parameter Push the joystick This will close the dialog box NOTE Of the parameters above emissivity and reflected apparent temperature are the two most important to set correctly in the camera Related topics For in depth information about parameters and how to correctly set the emissivity and reflected apparent temperature see section 30 Thermographic measurement techniques on page 102 Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 55 19 General Figure Supported Extech meters Technical support for Extech meters NOTE Procedure 56 Fetching data from external Extech meters You can fetch data from an external Extech meter and merge this data into the result table in the infrared image T638370 a1 HIGH INT REL MOIST cond ZERO A Histo erii perat ca STORE ALARM OL ea csl Meter ink Bluetooth M0297 Extech Moisture Meter MO297 Extech Clamp Meter EX845 support extech com This support is for Extech meters only For technical support for infrared cameras go to http support flir com This procedure assum
53. es Under Programmable button select Hide graphics You have now assigned this function to the P button This is a programmable button and you can assign other functions to it NOTE Other functions that can be associated with the programmable button include the following a Hide graphics a Invert palette Switch palette a View mode IR lt gt DC camera Adjust image a Lamp Zoom Calibrate Save Preview Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 41 16 Working with images 16 6 General Procedure 42 Changing the palette You can change the color palette that the camera uses to display different tempera tures A different palette can make it easier to analyze an image Follow this procedure to change the palette oo o Push to display the menu system Push the joystick to display a submenu Use the joystick to go to Use the joystick to select a different palette Push the joystick Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 16 Working with images 16 7 Deleting an image General You can delete one or more images Procedure Follow this procedure to delete an image esL Push the joystick up down or left right to select the image you want to delete Push the joystick to display the image Push the joystick to display a menu On the menu select Delete and confirm the
54. es that you have paired the Bluetooth devices and set the functionality of the Save button to Preview Save For more information about products from Extech Instruments go to http www extech com instruments Follow this procedure 1 Turn on the camera 2 Turn on the Extech meter Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 19 Fetching data from external Extech meters 3 On the meter enable Bluetooth mode Refer to the user documentation for the meter for information on how to do this 4 Onthe meter choose the quantity that you want to use voltage current resistance etc Refer to the user documentation for the meter for informa tion on how to do this Results from the meter will now automatically be displayed in the result table in the top left corner of the infrared camera screen 5 Doone of the following To preview an image push the Preview Save button At this stage you can add additional values To do so take a new measurement with the meter and select Add on the infrared camera screen To save an image without previewing push and hold down the Pre view Save button Dependent on camera model To add a value to a recalled image turn on the meter after you have recalled the image then select Add on the infrared camera screen A maximum of eight values can be added but note that some values are broken into two lines Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENG
55. f when you use charge or store the battery there is an unusual smell from the battery the battery feels hot changes color changes shape or is in an unusual condition Contact your sales office if one or more of these problems occurs Only use a specified battery charger when you charge the battery Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 1 Warnings amp Cautions The temperature range through which you can charge the battery is 0 C to 45 C 32 F to 113 F unless specified otherwise in the user documenta tion If you charge the battery at temperatures out of this range it can cause the battery to become hot or to break It can also decrease the performance or the life cycle of the battery The temperature range through which you can discharge the battery is 15 C to 50 C 5 F to 122 F unless specified otherwise in the user documen tation Use of the battery out of this temperature range can decrease the per formance or the life cycle of the battery a When the battery is worn apply insulation to the terminals with adhesive tape or similar materials before you discard it Remove any water or moisture on the battery before you install it a Do not apply solvents or similar liquids to the camera the cables or other items This can cause damage Becareful when you clean the infrared lens The lens has a delicate anti reflective coating a Do not clean the infrared lens t
56. fety and protection devices which if they become damaged can cause the battery to become hot or cause an explosion or an ignition Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 1 1 Warnings amp Cautions CAUTION a f there is a leak from the battery and the fluid gets into your eyes do not rub your eyes Flush well with water and immediately get medical care The battery fluid can cause injury to your eyes if you do not do this a Do not continue to charge the battery if it does not become charged in the specified charging time If you continue to charge the battery it can become hot and cause an explosion or ignition Only use the correct equipment to discharge the battery If you do not use the correct equipment you can decrease the performance or the life cycle of the battery If you do not use the correct equipment an incorrect flow of current to the battery can occur This can cause the battery to become hot or cause an explosion and injury to persons Make sure that you read all applicable MSDS Material Safety Data Sheets and warning labels on containers before you use a liquid the liquids can be dangerous Do not point the infrared camera with or without the lens cover at intensive energy Sources for example devices that emit laser radiation or the sun This can have an unwanted effect on the accuracy of the camera It can also cause damage to the detector in the camera Do not use the camer
57. for these you will need to enter an access key Push the joystick to confirm the choice 26 Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 14 Configuring Wi Fi NOTE Some networks do not broadcast their existence To connect to such a network select Add manually and set all parameters manually according to that network Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 27 15 15 1 Procedure 15 2 Procedure 28 Handling the camera Turning on the camera To turn on the camera push and release the D button Turning off the camera To turn off the camera push and hold the D button for more than 0 2 second Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 15 Handling the camera 15 3 Adjusting the viewfinder s dioptric correction NOTE This procedure only applies to cameras with a viewfinder General The viewfinder s dioptric correction can be adjusted for your eyesight Figure T638740 a2 Procedure To adjust the viewfinder s dioptric correction look at the displayed text or graphics on the screen and rotate the adjustment knob clockwise or counter clockwise for best sharpness a Maximum dioptric correction 2 a Minimum dioptric correction 2 Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 29 15 Handling the camera 15 4 Adjusting the angle of the lens General To make your working position as comfor
58. ften shows a typical stream pattern You can see this stream pattern clearly in the picture below Also keep in mind that drafts can be concealed by heat from floor heating circuits The image below shows a ceiling hatch where faulty installation has resulted in a strong draft 10739903 a1 Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 93 28 About FLIR Systems FLIR Systems was established in 1978 to pioneer the development of high performance infrared imaging systems and is the world leader in the design manufacture and marketing of thermal imaging systems for a wide variety of commercial industrial and government applications Today FLIR Systems embraces five major companies with outstanding achievements in infrared technology since 1958 the Swedish AGEMA Infrared Systems formerly AGA Infrared Systems the three United States companies Indigo Systems FSI and Inframetrics and the French company Cedip In November 2007 Extech Instruments was acquired by FLIR Systems T638608 a1 PATENT SPECIFICATION H DRAWINGS ATTACKED United States Patent Office 3 253 498 Patented May 31 1966 PER JOHAN LINDBERG aad HANS GUNNER Mi IALMBERG 1 2 1057 624 Date of Application and fling Complete Specification Nov 15 1963 SCANNING MECHANISM FOR ELECTRO Complete Specification Published Feb 1 1967 Crown Copyright 1967 1 057 624 COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Scanning Mechanism iy on throug
59. gle spot in an image radiance Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time area and angle W m sr radiant power Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time W radiation The process by which electromagnetic energy is emitted by an object or a gas radiator A piece of IR radiating equipment range The current overall temperature measurement limitation of an IR camera Cameras can have several ranges Expressed as two blackbody temperatures that limit the current calibration reference temperature reflection relative humidity A temperature which the ordinary measured values can be compared with The amount of radiation reflected by an object relative to the received radiation A number between 0 and 1 Relative humidity represents the ratio between the current water vapour mass in the air and the maximum it may contain in satu ration conditions saturation color span spectral radiant emittance temperature difference or difference of temperature temperature range The areas that contain temperatures outside the present lev el span settings are colored with the saturation colors The sat uration colors contain an overflow color and an underflow color There is also a third red saturation color that marks every thing saturated by the detector indicating that the range should probably be changed The interval of the temperature scale usually expressed a
60. h Figure 28 1 Patent documents from the early 1960s The company has sold more than 140 000 infrared cameras worldwide for applications such as predictive maintenance R amp D non destructive testing process control and automation and machine vision among many others FLIR Systems has three manufacturing plants in the United States Portland OR Boston MA Santa Barbara CA and one in Sweden Stockholm Since 2007 there is also a manufacturing plant in Tallinn Estonia Direct sales offices in Belgium Brazil 94 Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 28 About FLIR Systems China France Germany Great Britain Hong Kong Italy Japan Korea Sweden and the USA together with a worldwide network of agents and distributors support our international customer base FLIR Systems is at the forefront of innovation in the infrared camera industry We an ticipate market demand by constantly improving our existing cameras and developing new ones The company has set milestones in product design and development such as the introduction of the first battery operated portable camera for industrial inspec tions and the first uncooled infrared camera to mention just two innovations 10722703 a2 752 SLT 25 Les ume SZ SX SA Gs DS A Figure 28 2 LEFT Thermovision amp Model 661 from 1969 The camera weighed approximately 25 kg 55 Ib th
61. he atmosphere Tatm This task could sometimes be a heavy burden for the operator since there are normally no easy ways to find accurate values of emittance and atmospheric transmittance for the actual case The two temperatures are normally less of a problem provided the surroundings do not contain large and intense radiation sources A natural question in this connection is How important is it to know the right values of these parameters It could though be of interest to get a feeling for this problem already here by looking into some different measurement cases and compare the relative magnitudes of the three radiation terms This will give indications about when it is important to use correct values of which parameters The figures below illustrates the relative magnitudes of the three radiation contributions for three different object temperatures two emittances and two spectral ranges SW and LW Remaining parameters have the following fixed values T 0 88 Tre 20 C 68 F Tatm 20 C 68 F Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 123 33 The measurement formula It is obvious that measurement of low object temperatures are more critical than measuring high temperatures since the disturbing radiation sources are relatively much stronger in the first case Should also the object emittance be low the situation would be still more difficult We have finally to answer a question about the im
62. hen the laser pointer is turned on The position of the laser dot is indicated on the infrared image depending on the camera model Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 33 15 Handling the camera 15 8 Using the digital zoom function General You can digitally zoom in on infrared images This enables you to view details in an image Figure T638743 a2 Procedure To zoom push the zoom button left or right 34 Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 16 16 1 General Image capacity Naming convention Procedure NOTE Working with images Saving an image You can save an image directly without previewing the image first This table gives information on the approximate number of infrared IR and digital camera DC images that can be saved on memory cards Card size IR DC 30 seconds voice annotation The naming convention for images is IR xxxx jpg where xxxx is a unique counter To save an image directly push the Autofocus Save button You can change the function of the Autofocus Save button under 2S Mode Settings gt Preferences The function can be set to one of the following Preview Save Brief depression Preview Long depression Save Save directly default setting a Always preview Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 35 16 Working with images 16 2
63. in series to form the first thermopile The new device was at least 40 times as sensitive as the best thermometer of the day for detecting heat radiation capable of detecting the heat from a person standing three meters away The first so called heat picture became possible in 1840 the result of work by Sir John Herschel son of the discoverer of the infrared and a famous astronomer in his own right Based upon the differential evaporation of a thin film of oil when exposed to a heat pattern focused upon it the thermal image could be seen by reflected light where the interference effects of the oil film made the image visible to the eye Sir John also managed to obtain a primitive record of the thermal image on paper which he called a thermograph 10399003 a2 Figure 31 4 Samuel P Langley 1834 1906 Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 109 31 History of infrared technology The improvement of infrared detector sensitivity progressed slowly Another major breakthrough made by Langley in 1880 was the invention of the bolometer This consisted of a thin blackened strip of platinum connected in one arm of a Wheatstone bridge circuit upon which the infrared radiation was focused and to which a sensitive galvanometer responded This instrument is said to have been able to detect the heat from a cow at a distance of 400 meters An English scientist Sir James Dewar first introduced the use of liquefi
64. infrared applications 28 2 Sharing our knowledge Although our cameras are designed to be very user friendly there is a lot more to thermography than just knowing how to handle a camera Therefore FLIR Systems has founded the Infrared Training Center ITC a separate business unit that provides certified training courses Attending one of the ITC courses will give you a truly hands on learning experience The staff of the ITC are also there to provide you with any application support you may need in putting infrared theory into practice 28 3 Supporting our customers FLIR Systems operates a worldwide service network to keep your camera running at all times If you discover a problem with your camera local service centers have all the equipment and expertise to solve it within the shortest possible time Therefore there is no need to send your camera to the other side of the world or to talk to someone who does not speak your language 28 4 A few images from our facilities 10401303 a1 Figure 28 3 LEFT Development of system electronics RIGHT Testing of an FPA detector 96 Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 28 About FLIR Systems B 10401403 a1 Figure 28 4 LEFT 10401503 a1 Figure 28 5 LEFT Testing of infrared cameras in the climatic chamber RIGHT Robot used for camera testing and calibration Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 97 29 Term o
65. ion A blackbody is defined as an object which absorbs all radiation that impinges on it at any wavelength The apparent misnomer black relating to an object emitting radia tion is explained by Kirchhoff s Law after Gustav Robert Kirchhoff 1824 1887 which states that a body capable of absorbing all radiation at any wavelength is equally capable in the emission of radiation 10398803 a1 Figure 32 2 Gustav Robert Kirchhoff 1824 1887 The construction of a blackbody source is in principle very simple The radiation characteristics of an aperture in an isotherm cavity made of an opaque absorbing material represents almost exactly the properties of a blackbody A practical application of the principle to the construction of a perfect absorber of radiation consists of a box that is light tight except for an aperture in one of the sides Any radiation which then enters the hole is scattered and absorbed by repeated reflections so only an infinites imal fraction can possibly escape The blackness which is obtained at the aperture is nearly equal to a blackbody and almost perfect for all wavelengths By providing such an isothermal cavity with a suitable heater it becomes what is termed a cavity radiator An isothermal cavity heated to a uniform temperature gener ates blackbody radiation the characteristics of which are determined solely by the temperature of the cavity Such cavity radiators are commonly used as sources of radiation in tempe
66. kup Language For more information about XML please visit http www w3 org XML A note on the typeface used in this publication This publication was typeset using Swiss 721 which is Bitstream s pan European version of the Helvetica typeface Helvetica was designed by Max Miedinger 1910 1980 List of effective files 20235103 xml a24 20235203 xml a21 20235303 xml a18 20236703 xml a57 20237103 xml a10 20238503 xml a9 20238703 xml b8 20250403 xml a21 20254903 xml a75 20257003 xml a40 20257103 xml a17 20257303 xml a33 20279803 xml a8 20281003 xml a1 20287303 xml a9 20292403 xml a5 20295003 xml a14 20295703 xml a8 20295803 xml a8 20295903 xml a7 20296003 xml a4 20296103 xml a13 20296203 xml a14 20296303 xml a12 20296403 xml a12 20296503 xml a13 20296603 xml a15 20296703 xml a11 20296803 xml a14 20296903 xml a10 20297003 xml a16 20297203 xml a9 20297303 xml a10 20297403 xml a8 20297503 xml a4 20297603 xml a2 20299603 xml a8 R132 rcp a4 config xml a5 Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 143 144 Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011
67. l apply a contrasting color to all pixels with a temperature above one or more set temperature levels Below This will apply a contrasting color to all pixels with a temperature below one or more set temperature levels Interval This will apply a contrasting color to all pixels with a temperature between two or more set temperature levels Humidity This will apply a contrasting color to all pixels with a tempera ture below a threshold calculated by humidity parameters Insulation This will apply a contrasting color to all pixels with a temper ature below a threshold calculated by insulation parameters This will display a flag in the temperature scale To change the temperature level tap and drag the flag up or down See the image below T639069 a1 32 Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 51 18 Working with measurement tools 18 3 General NOTE Procedure 52 Moving or resizing a measurement tool You can move and resize a measurement tool This procedure assumes that you have previously laid out a measurement tool on the screen a You can also move and resize the measurement tool using the stylus pen Follow this procedure to move or resize a measurement tool oo 00 Push i or tap the screen to display the menu system 2 Use the joystick to go to Tools Push the joystick to display a submenu Use the joystick to go to W Adjust tools Push the jo
68. l detects a surface where the relative humidity exceeds a preset value Insulation Triggers when there is an insulation deficiency in a wall To detect areas where the relative humidity is less than 100 you can use the Hu midity isotherm where you can set the relative humidity above which the isotherm will colorize the image The Insulation isotherm can detect areas where there may be an insulation deficiency in the building It will trigger when the insulation level which is called thermal index in the camera falls below a preset value of the energy leakage through a wall Different building codes recommend different values for insulation level but typical values are 60 8096 for new buildings Refer to your national building code for recom mendations Follow this procedure oa oO Push E to display the menu system p Use the joystick to go to Push the joystick to display a submenu Use the joystick to go to Ah Push the joystick This will display a submenu In the submenu select Humidity This will display a dialog box where you can set the necessary parameters Atmospheric temperature The current atmospheric temperature Relative humidity The current relative humidity Relative humidity limit The relative humidity level at which you want the alarm to be triggered 100 means that the humidity falls out as liquid water Push the joystick The setup is now complete and an isotherm
69. menu system Use the joystick to go to amp Settings Push the joystick This will display a dialog box Do the following Move the joystick up down or left right to go between tabs and up down on tabs Push the joystick to edit the currently selected setting Push the joystick to confirm choices Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 69 24 24 1 Liquids Equipment Procedure CAUTION 70 Cleaning the camera Camera housing cables and other items Use one of these liquids a Warm water a A weak detergent solution A soft cloth Follow this procedure Soak the cloth in the liquid Twist the cloth to remove excess liquid Clean the part with the cloth Do not apply solvents or similar liquids to the camera the cables or other items This can cause damage Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 24 Cleaning the camera 24 2 Liquids Equipment Procedure WARNING CAUTION Infrared lens Use one of these liquids 96 isopropyl alcohol a A commercial lens cleaning liquid with more than 30 isopropyl alcohol Cotton wool Follow this procedure Soak the cotton wool in the liquid Twist the cotton wool to remove excess liquid Clean the lens one time only and discard the cotton wool Make sure that you read all applicable MSDS Material Safety Data Sheets and warning labels on c
70. mosphere 1 T TW atm where 1 T is the emittance of the atmosphere The temperature of the atmosphere is Tq The total received radiation power can now be written Equation 2 Wa ETW Se TW Lr W atm We multiply each term by the constant C of Equation 1 and replace the CW products by the corresponding U according to the same equation and get Equation 3 Uo ETU gb E TU na r U atm Solve Equation 3 for Uopj Equation 4 122 Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 33 The measurement formula Usu nece Le X obj atm ET io eT This is the general measurement formula used in all the FLIR Systems thermographic equipment The voltages of the formula are Figure 33 2 Voltages Calculated camera output voltage for a blackbody of temperature T pj i e a voltage that can be directly converted into true requested object temperature Measured camera output voltage for the actual case Theoretical camera output voltage for a blackbody of temperature Tes according to the calibration Theoretical camera output voltage for a blackbody of temperature Tatm according to the calibration The operator has to supply a number of parameter values for the calculation the object emittance the relative humidity Tatm object distance Dopj the effective temperature of the object surroundings or the reflected ambient temperature Taf and the temperature of t
71. n Extension Department of Engineering and Applied Science William L Wolfe Handbook of Military Infrared Technology Office of Naval Research Department of Navy Washington D C Jones Smith Probert External thermography of buildings Proc of the Society of Photo Optical Instrumentation Engineers vol 110 Industrial and Civil Applications of Infrared Technology June 1977 London Paljak Pettersson Thermography of Buildings Swedish Building Research Institute Stockholm 1972 Vicek J Determination of emissivity with imaging radiometers and some emissivities at A 5 um Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing Kern Evaluation of infrared emission of clouds and ground as measured by weather satellites Defence Documentation Center AD 617 417 hman Claes Emittansm tningar med AGEMA E Box Teknisk rapport AGEMA 1999 Emittance measurements using AGEMA E Box Technical report AGEMA 1999 Mattei S Tang Kwor E Emissivity measurements for Nextel Velvet coating 811 21 between 36 C AND 82 C Lohrengel amp Todtenhaupt 1996 ITC Technical publication 32 ITC Technical publication 29 34 2 Important note about the emissivity tables The emissivity values in the table below are recorded using a shortwave SW camera The values should be regarded as recommendations only and used with caution Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 127 34 Emi
72. n the dark However the sensitivity of the image converter was limited to the near infrared wavelengths and the most interesting military targets i e enemy soldiers had to be illuminated by infrared search beams Since this involved the risk of giving away the observer s position to a similarly equipped enemy observer it is understandable that military interest in the image converter eventually faded The tactical military disadvantages of so called active i e search beam equipped thermal imaging systems provided impetus following the 1939 45 war for extensive secret military infrared research programs into the possibilities of developing passive no search beam systems around the extremely sensitive photon detector During this period military secrecy regulations completely prevented disclosure of the status of infrared imaging technology This secrecy only began to be lifted in the middle of the 1950 s and from that time adequate thermal imaging devices finally began to be available to civilian science and industry 110 Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 32 Theory of thermography 32 1 Introduction The subjects of infrared radiation and the related technique of thermography are still new to many who will use an infrared camera In this section the theory behind ther mography will be given 32 2 The electromagnetic spectrum The electromagnetic spectrum is divided arbitrarily into a number of
73. n will be based on the temperature levels inside the aiming frame that is displayed in the middle of the image Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 49 18 18 1 General Procedure 50 Working with measurement tools Laying out measurement tools spots areas etc To measure a temperature you use one or more measurement tools e g a spotmeter or a box Follow this procedure to lay out a measurement tool 88 Push i or tap the screen to display the menu system Use the joystick to go to Push the joystick to display a submenu Use the joystick to go to a measurement tool Push the joystick This will display the measurement tool on the screen Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 18 Working with measurement tools 18 2 Laying out measurement tool isotherms General The isotherm command applies a contrasting color to all pixels with a temperature above below or between one or more set temperature levels Using isotherms is a good method to easily discover anomalies in an infrared image Procedure Follow this procedure to lay out an isotherm Push x5 or tap the screen to display the menu system 2 Use the joystick to go to Push the joystick to display a submenu Use the joystick to go to A Push the joystick This will display a submenu In the submenu select one of the following a Above This wil
74. nd plumbing group up to 10 pers ITC EXP 3001 ITC Training 3 days attendance 1 pers ITC EXP 3009 ITC Training 3 days group up to 10 pers ITC SOW 0001 ITC Software course attendance 1 pers per day ITC SOW 0009 ITC Software course group up to 10 pers per day T197717 FLIR Reporter 8 5 SP3 Professional T197717L10 FLIR Reporter 8 5 SP3 Professional 10 user licenses T197717L5 FLIR Reporter 8 5 SP3 Professional 5 user licenses T197731 Tripod Adapter 1197753 Stylus pen T197771 Bluetooth Headset T197778 FLIR BuildIR 2 1 T197778L10 FLIR BuildIR 2 1 10 user licenses T197778L5 FLIR BuildIR 2 1 5 user licenses T197883 Large eyecap 1197896 High temp option 300 C to 2000 C 572 F to 3632 F for FLIR SC645 SC655 and T6xx T197914 IR lens f 41 3 mm with case 15 T197915 IR lens f213 1 mm with case 45 2 days 2 days 2 days 2 days em pam te T197922 IR lens f 24 6 mm with case 25 Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 6 Parts lists T197924 Hard transport case for T6xx series T197965 FLIR Tools T198055 Battery T198126 Battery charger incl power supply with multi plugs T6xx T199836 One year extended warranty for T6xx series T199838 General Maintenance T6xx series T910737 Memory card micro SD with adapters T910814 Power supply incl multi plugs T910891 HDMI type C to HDMI type A cable 1 5m T910930 HDMI type C to DVI cable 1 5 m T91097
75. ntirely filling the cavity in a frame wall An infrared camera allows you to see these insulation deficiencies because they either have a different heat conduction property than sections with correctly installed insu lation and or show the area where air is penetrating the frame of the building When you are inspecting a building the temperature difference between the inside and outside should be at least 10 C 18 F Studs water pipes concrete columns and similar components may resemble an insulation deficiency in an infrared image Minor differences may also occur naturally In the image below insulation in the roof framing is lacking Due to the absence of insulation air has forced its way into the roof structure which thus takes on a different characteristic appearance in the infrared image 10739803 a1 Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 27 Application examples 27 5 General NOTE Figure Draft Draft can be found under baseboards around door and window casings and above ceiling trim This type of draft is often possible to see with an infrared camera as a cooler airstream cools down the surrounding surface When you are investigating draft in a house there should be sub atmospheric pressure in the house Close all doors windows and ventilation ducts and allow the kitchen fan to run for a while before you take the infrared images An infrared image of draft o
76. o be a registered user When you want to submit a question make sure that you have the following informa tion to hand The camera model The camera serial number The communication protocol or method between the camera and your PC for example HDMI Ethernet USB or FireWire Operating system on your PC Microsoft Office version Full name publication number and revision number of the manual On the customer help site you can also download the following Firmware updates for your infrared camera Program updates for your PC software User documentation Application stories Technical publications oa 4 General Documentation updates Our manuals are updated several times per year and we also issue product critical notifications of changes on a regular basis To access the latest manuals and notifications go to the Download tab at http support flir com It only takes a few minutes to register online In the download area you will also find the latest releases of manuals for our other products as well as manuals for our historical and obsolete products Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 5 Important note about this manual General FLIR Systems issues generic manuals that cover several cameras within a model line This means that this manual may contain descriptions and explanations that do not apply to your particular camera model NOTE FLIR Systems
77. om Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 73 26 26 1 Figure NOTE 74 Dimensional drawings Camera dimensions front view 1 T638750 a2 195 1 mm 7 68 164 9 mm 6 49 This drawing also shows the tripod adapter Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 26 Dimensional drawings 26 2 Camera dimensions front view 2 Figure 7638751 a2 Optical axis 144 1 mm 5 67 80 9 mm 3 19 154 5 mm 6 08 41 5 mm 1 63 NOTE This drawing also shows the tripod adapter Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 75 26 Dimensional drawings 26 3 Camera dimensions side view 1 Figure T638753 a1 Optical axis 40 mm 1 57 52 4 mm 2 06 97 5 mm 3 84 NOTE This drawing also shows the tripod adapter 76 Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 26 Dimensional drawings 26 4 Camera dimensions side view 2 Figure 93876402 158 4 mm 6 24 134 2 mm 5 28 164 9 mm 6 49 NOTE This drawing also shows the tripod adapter Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 T77 26 Dimensional drawings 26 5 Camera dimensions 41 3 mm 15 lens side view Figure T638752 a4 163 7 mm 6 44 164 9 mm 6 49 NOTE This drawing also shows the tripod adapter 78 Publ No T559598 Rev a572 E
78. om community boards This notice only applies to cameras with measurement capabilities We recommend that you send in the camera for calibration once a year Contact your local sales office for instructions on where to send the camera This notice only applies to cameras with measurement capabilities For very accurate results we recommend that you wait 5 minutes after you have started the camera before measuring a temperature For cameras where the detector is cooled by a mechanical cooler this time period excludes the time it takes to cool down the detector 10742803 a1 As with most electronic products this equipment must be disposed of in an environ mentally friendly way and in accordance with existing regulations for electronic waste Please contact your FLIR Systems representative for more details To read about infrared training visit a http Awww infraredtraining com http www irtraining com a http www irtraining eu Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 3 General Submitting a question Downloads Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 Customer help For customer help visit http support flir com To submit a question to the customer help team you must be a registered user It only takes a few minutes to register online If you only want to search the knowledge base for existing questions and answers you do not need t
79. ontainers before you use a liquid the liquids can be dangerous Be careful when you clean the infrared lens The lens has a delicate anti reflective coating Donotclean the infrared lens too vigorously This can damage the anti reflective coating Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 71 24 Cleaning the camera 24 3 General NOTE CAUTION Procedure 72 Infrared detector Even small amounts of dust on the infrared detector can result in major blemishes in the image To remove any dust from the detector follow the procedure below a This section only applies to cameras where removing the lens exposes the infrared detector In some cases the dust cannot be removed by following this procedure the infrared detector must be cleaned mechanically This mechanical cleaning must be carried out by an authorized service partner In Step 2 below do not use pressurized air from pneumatic air circuits in a workshop etc as this air usually contains oil mist to lubricate pneumatic tools Follow this procedure Remove the lens from the camera Use pressurized air from a compressed air canister to blow off the dust Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 25 Technical data For technical data refer to the Technical Data Catalog on the user documentation CD ROM that comes with the camera Technical data is also available at http support flir c
80. oo vigorously This can damage the anti reflective coating a In furnace and other high temperature applications you must mount a heatshield on the camera Using the camera in furnace and other high temperature applica tions without a heatshield can cause damage to the camera Applies only to cameras with an automatic shutter that can be disabled Do not disable the automatic shutter in the camera for a prolonged time period typically max 30 minutes Disabling the shutter for a longer time period may harm or ir reparably damage the detector The encapsulation rating is valid only when all openings on the camera are sealed with their designated covers hatches or caps This includes but is not limited to compartments for data storage batteries and connectors Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 3 2 Typographical conventions User to user forums Calibration Accuracy Disposal of electronic waste Training Notice to user This manual uses the following typographical conventions Semibold is used for menu names menu commands and labels and buttons in dialog boxes Italic is used for important information Monospace is used for code samples UPPER CASE is used for names on keys and buttons Exchange ideas problems and infrared solutions with fellow thermographers around the world in our user to user forums To go to the forums visit http www infraredtraining c
81. or Figure T638739 a1 Explanation This table explains the battery condition LED indicator Type of signal Explanation The green LED flashes two times per The battery is being charged second The green LED glows continuously The battery is fully charged Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 19 9 Camera parts 9 6 Power LED indicator Figure T638745 a1 Explanation This table explains the power LED indicator Type of signal Explanation The LED is off The camera is off The LED is blue The camera is on 20 Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 9 Camera parts 9 7 General Figure WARNING NOTE Laser warning label Laser rules and regulations Laser pointer The camera has a laser pointer When the laser pointer is on you can see a laser dot on the target This figure shows the difference in position between the laser pointer and the optical center of the infrared lens T638756 a2 44 mm 1 73 Do not look directly into the laser beam The laser beam can cause eye irritation The symbol A is displayed on the screen when the laser pointer is on The laser pointer may not be enabled in all markets A laser warning label with the following information is attached to the camera 10743603 a2 WAVEL
82. or relocate the receiving antenna Increase the separation between the equipment and receiver a Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to which the receiver is connected a Consult the dealer or an experienced radio TV technician for help Applies only to digital devices subject to 15 19 RSS 210 NOTICE This device complies with Part 15 of the FCC Rules and with RSS 210 of Industry Canada Operation is subject to the following two conditions 1 this device may not cause harmful interference and 2 this device must accept any interference received including interference that may cause undesired operation Applies only to digital devices subject to 15 21 NOTICE Changes or modifica tions made to this equipment not expressly approved by manufacturer name may void the FCC authorization to operate this equipment Applies only to digital devices subject to 2 1091 2 1093 OET Bulletin 65 Radiofre quency radiation exposure Information The radiated output power of the device is far below the FCC radio frequency exposure limits Nevertheless the device shall be used in such a manner that the potential for human contact during normal operation is minimized Applies only to cameras with laser pointer Do not look directly into the laser beam The laser beam can cause eye irritation Applies only to cameras with battery Do not disassemble or do a modification to the battery The battery contains sa
83. per coated with black T 0 93 1 lacquer Paper green T 0 85 1 Paper red T 0 76 1 Paper white 20 T 0 7 0 9 1 Paper white 3 different 70 LW 0 88 0 90 9 glosses Paper white 3 different 70 SW 0 76 0 78 9 glosses Paper white bond 20 T 0 93 2 Paper yellow 1 0 72 1 Plaster 17 SW 0 86 5 Plaster plasterboard un 20 SW 0 90 6 treated Plaster rough coat 20 T 0 91 2 Plastic glass fibre lami 70 LW 0 91 9 nate printed circ board Plastic glass fibre lami 70 SW 0 94 9 nate printed circ board 138 Publ No 559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 34 Emissivity tables Plastic polyurethane isola 70 LW 0 55 tion board Plastic polyurethane isola 70 SW 0 29 tion board Plastic PVC plastic floor 70 LW 0 93 dull structured Plastic PVC plastic floor 70 SW 0 94 dull structured Platinum 17 T 0 016 Platinum 22 T 0 03 Platinum 100 T 0 05 Platinum 260 T 0 06 Platinum 538 T 0 10 Platinum 1000 1500 T 0 14 0 18 Platinum 1094 T 0 18 Platinum pure polished 200 600 F 0 05 0 10 Platinum ribbon 900 1100 T 0 12 0 17 Platinum wire 50 200 T 0 06 0 07 Platinum wire 500 1000 T 0 10 0 16 Platinum wire 1400 T 0 18 Porcelain glazed 20 T 0 92 Porcelain white shiny T 0 70 0 75 Rubber hard 20 T 0 95 Rubber soft gray rough 20 iT 0 95 Sand T 0 60 Sand 20 T 0 90 Sandstone polished 19 LLW 0 909 Sandstone rough 19 LLW 0 935 Silver polished 100 T 0 03 Silver p
84. portance of being allowed to use the calibration curve above the highest calibration point what we call extrapolation Imagine that we in a certain case measure Uo 4 5 volts The highest calibration point for the camera was in the order of 4 1 volts a value unknown to the operator Thus even if the object happened to be a blackbody i e Uopj Ui we are actually performing extrapolation of the calibration curve when converting 4 5 volts into tem perature Let us now assume that the object is not black it has an emittance of 0 75 and the transmittance is 0 92 We also assume that the two second terms of Equation 4 amount to 0 5 volts together Computation of Uopj by means of Equation 4 then results in Uopj 4 5 0 75 0 92 0 5 6 0 This is a rather extreme extrapolation particularly when considering that the video amplifier might limit the output to 5 volts Note though that the application of the calibration curve is a theoretical procedure where no elec tronic or other limitations exist We trust that if there had been no signal limitations in the camera and if it had been calibrated far beyond 5 volts the resulting curve would have been very much the same as our real curve extrapolated beyond 4 1 volts pro vided the calibration algorithm is based on radiation physics like the FLIR Systems algorithm Of course there must be a limit to such extrapolations 124 Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 33
85. r expression Glossary Explanation absorption absorption factor The amount of radiation absorbed by an object relative to the received radiation A number between 0 and 1 atmosphere The gases between the object being measured and the camera normally air autoadjust A function making a camera perform an internal image correc tion autopalette The IR image is shown with an uneven spread of colors display ing cold objects as well as hot ones at the same time blackbody Totally non reflective object All its radiation is due to its own temperature blackbody radiator calculated atmospheric transmission cavity radiator color temperature An IR radiating equipment with blackbody properties used to calibrate IR cameras Atransmission value computed from the temperature the relative humidity of air and the distance to the object A bottle shaped radiator with an absorbing inside viewed through the bottleneck The temperature for which the color of a blackbody matches a specific color conduction continuous adjust The process that makes heat diffuse into a material A function that adjusts the image The function works all the time continuously adjusting brightness and contrast according to the image content convection dual isotherm emissivity emissivity factor emittance environment estimated atmospheric transmission 98 Convection is a heat transfer mode whe
86. radiation is a function of object surface temperature makes it possible for the camera to calculate and display this temperature However the radiation measured by the camera does not only depend on the tem perature of the object but is also a function of the emissivity Radiation also originates from the surroundings and is reflected in the object The radiation from the object and the reflected radiation will also be influenced by the absorption of the atmosphere To measure temperature accurately it is therefore necessary to compensate for the effects of a number of different radiation sources This is done on line automatically by the camera The following object parameters must however be supplied for the camera The emissivity of the object The reflected apparent temperature The distance between the object and the camera The relative humidity Temperature of the atmosphere 30 2 Emissivity The most important object parameter to set correctly is the emissivity which in short is a measure of how much radiation is emitted from the object compared to that from a perfect blackbody of the same temperature Normally object materials and surface treatments exhibit emissivity ranging from approximately 0 1 to 0 95 A highly polished mirror surface falls below 0 1 while an oxidized or painted surface has a higher emissivity Oil based paint regardless of color in the visible spectrum has an emissivity over 0 9 in the infr
87. rature reference standards in the laboratory for calibrating thermo graphic instruments such as a FLIR Systems camera for example 112 Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 32 Theory of thermography If the temperature of blackbody radiation increases to more than 525 C 977 F the source begins to be visible so that it appears to the eye no longer black This is the incipient red heat temperature of the radiator which then becomes orange or yellow as the temperature increases further In fact the definition of the so called color temperature of an object is the temperature to which a blackbody would have to be heated to have the same appearance Now consider three expressions that describe the radiation emitted from a blackbody 32 3 1 Planck s law 10399203 a1 Figure 32 3 Max Planck 1858 1947 Max Planck 1858 1947 was able to describe the spectral distribution of the radiation from a blackbody by means of the following formula Ihe x 10 Watt m um Blackbody spectral radiant emittance at wavelength A Velocity of light 2 3 x 108 m s Planck s constant 6 6 x 1034 Joule sec Boltzmann s constant 1 4 x 10 23 Joule K Absolute temperature K of a blackbody Wavelength um Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 113 32 Theory of thermography The factor 10 is used since spectral emittance in the curves is expressed in Wat
88. re a fluid is brought into motion either by gravity or another force thereby transferring heat from one place to another An isotherm with two color bands instead of one The amount of radiation coming from an object compared to that of a blackbody A number between 0 and 1 Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time and area W m Objects and gases that emit radiation towards the object being measured Atransmission value supplied by a user replacing a calculated one Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 29 Glossary Term or expression Explanation external optics Extra lenses filters heat shields etc that can be put between the camera and the object being measured filter A material transparent only to some of the infrared wavelengths FOV Field of view The horizontal angle that can be viewed through an IR lens FPA Focal plane array A type of IR detector graybody An object that emits a fixed fraction of the amount of energy of a blackbody for each wavelength IFOV Instantaneous field of view A measure of the geometrical reso image correction internal or external infrared IR isotherm isothermal cavity Laser LocatlR lution of an IR camera A way of compensating for sensitivity differences in various parts of live images and also of stabilizing the camera Non visible radiation having a wavelength from about 2 13 um infrared
89. rea network WLAN using Wi Fi or let the camera provide Wi Fi access to another device You can connect the camera in two different ways Most common use Setting up a peer to peer connection also called ad hoc or P2P connection This method is primarily used with other devices e g an iPhone or iPad a Less common use Connecting the camera to a WLAN Setting up a Follow this procedure peer to peer connection most 2S common use Go to Mode and then choose Settings Go to the Connectivity tab Under Wi Fi select Connect device Select Wi Fi settings Enter values for the following parameters SSID the name of the network Channel the channel that the other device is broadcasting on Encryption the encryption algorithm e g None or WEP Key the access key to the network Address the IP address for the network Gateway the gateway IP address for the network Note These parameters are set for your camera s network They will be used by the external device to connect that device to the network Push the joystick to confirm the choice Connecting the Follow this procedure camera to a wireless local area 28 network less Go to Mode and then choose Settings common use Go to the Connectivity tab Under Wi Fi select Connect to WLAN Select Wi Fi settings Select one of the available networks Password protected networks are indicated with a padlock icon and
90. reserves the rightto discontinue models software parts or accessories and other items or to change specifications and or functionality at any time without prior notice N Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 6 Parts lists 6 1 Scope of delivery Hard transport case Infrared camera with lens Battery 2 ea Battery charger Bluetooth headset Calibration certificate Downloads brochure FLIR Tools PC software CD ROM HDMI DVI cable HDMI HDMI cable Large eyecap Lens caps Memory card with adapter Neck strap Power supply including multi plugs Printed Getting Started Guide Printed Important Information Guide Service amp training brochure Tripod adapter USB cable Std A to Mini B User documentation CD ROM Warranty extension card or Registration card Dependent on the camera model customer configuration NOTE FLIR Systems reserves the right to discontinue models parts or accessories and other items or to change specifications at any time without prior notice 6 2 List of accessories and services 1124544 Neck strap 1910423 USB cable Std A lt gt Mini B 1910490 Cigarette lighter adapter kit 12 VDC 1 2 m 3 9 ft APP 10000 FLIR Viewer iPad iPhone Application APP 10001 FLIR Remote iPad iPhone Application DSW 10000 FLIR IR Camera Player ITC ADV 3011 ITC Advanced Building attendance 1 pers ITC ADV 3019 ITC Advanced Building group of 10 pers ITC ADV 3021 ITC
91. rom the rear T638744 a2 7 s e ho m fa fs This table explains the figure above 1 Sensor that adjusts the touch screen LCD intensity automatically 2 Button to switch between touch screen LCD mode and viewfinder mode dependent on the camera model 3 Viewfinder dependent on the camera model 4 Programmable button 5 Joystick with push button functionality 6 Button to display the menu system Back button 7 Stylus pen Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 9 Camera parts Button to switch between different image modes Infrared camera a Digital camera Thermal fusion a Picture in picture 10 Button to switch between automatic mode manual mode manual minimum mode and manual maximum mode Image archive 11 Touch screen LCD 12 13 Power indicator On off button Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 17 9 Camera parts 9 4 View from the bottom Figure T638853 a1 Explanation This table explains the figure above Tripod mount Requires an adapter included Latch to open the battery compartment 18 Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 9 Camera parts 9 5 Battery condition LED indicat
92. rom the target is absorbed by the athmosphere between the object and the camera That radiation from the atmosphere itself is detected by the camera 30 5 Relative humidity The camera can also compensate for the fact that the transmittance is also dependent on the relative humidity of the atmosphere To do this set the relative humidity to the correct value For short distances and normal humidity the relative humidity can nor mally be left at a default value of 5096 30 6 Other parameters In addition some cameras and analysis programs from FLIR Systems allow you to compensate for the following parameters Atmospheric temperature i e the temperature of the atmosphere between the camera and the target External optics temperature i e the temperature of any external lenses or windows used in front of the camera External optics transmittance i e the transmission of any external lenses or win dows used in front of the camera 106 Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 31 History of infrared technology Before the year 1800 the existence of the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum wasn t even suspected The original significance of the infrared spectrum or simply the infrared as it is often called as a form of heat radiation is perhaps less obvious today than it was at the time of its discovery by Herschel in 1800 10398703 a1 Figure 31 1 Sir William Herschel 1738 1822
93. rranty if any of the particular supplier only FLIR Systems has no responsibility whatsoever for such products The warranty extends only to the original purchaser and is not transferable It is not applicable to any product which has been subjected to misuse neglect accident or abnormal conditions of operation Expendable parts are excluded from the warranty In the case of a defect in a product covered by this warranty the product must not be further used in order to prevent additional damage The purchaser shall promptly report any defect to FLIR Systems or this warranty will not apply FLIR Systems will at its option repair or replace any such defective product free of charge if upon inspection it proves to be defective in material or workmanship and provided that it is returned to FLIR Systems within the said one year period FLIR Systems has no other obligation or liability for defects than those set forth above No other warranty is expressed or implied FLIR Systems specifically disclaims the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose FLIR Systems shall not be liable for any direct indirect special incidental or consequential loss or damage whether based on contract tort or any other legal theory This warranty shall be governed by Swedish law Any dispute controversy or claim arising out of or in connection with this warranty shall be finally settled by arbitration in accordance with the
94. ry digital video camera The video clips can be played back in Microsoft Windows Media Player but it will not be possible to retrieve radiometric information from the video clips Follow this procedure to record infrared or visual non radiometric video clips os oo Push to display the menu system Use the joystick to go to 25 Mode then select Video Do the following To start a recording briefly push and release the Autofocus Save button To stop a recording briefly push and release the Autofocus Save button When you have stopped the recording a toolbar will be presented where you can do one or more of the following Save the recording Cancel the recording Play back the recording Add a text annotation Add a table Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 23 Changing settings General You can change a variety of settings for the camera Camera settings e g the display intensity power management touch screen calibration and default settings Preferences e g settings for annotations and overlay Connectivity e g settings for Wi Fi and Bluetooth Regional settings e g the language date and time date and time format and temperature and distance units This area also contains uneditable camera information e g the serial number firmware version and battery level Procedure Follow this procedure to change settings Push to display the
95. s a signal value Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time area and wavelength W m um A value which is the result of a subtraction between two temper ature values The current overall temperature measurement limitation of an IR camera Cameras can have several ranges Expressed as two blackbody temperatures that limit the current calibration temperature scale thermogram The way in which an IR image currently is displayed Expressed as two temperature values limiting the colors infrared image 100 Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 29 Glossary Term or expression transmission or transmittance factor transparent isotherm Explanation Gases and materials can be more or less transparent Transmis sion is the amount of IR radiation passing through them A number between 0 and 1 An isotherm showing a linear spread of colors instead of cover ing the highlighted parts of the image visual Refers to the video mode of a IR camera as opposed to the normal thermographic mode When a camera is in video mode it captures ordinary video images while thermographic images are captured when the camera is in IR mode Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 101 30 Thermographic measurement techniques 30 1 Introduction An infrared camera measures and images the emitted infrared radiation from an object The fact that
96. s showed a steady increase from the violet end to the red end This was not entirely unexpected since the Italian researcher Landriani in a similar experiment in 1777 had observed much the same effect It was Herschel Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 107 31 History of infrared technology however who was the first to recognize that there must be a point where the heating effect reaches a maximum and that measurements confined to the visible portion of the spectrum failed to locate this point 10398903 a1 Figure 31 2 Marsilio Landriani 1746 1815 Moving the thermometer into the dark region beyond the red end of the spectrum Herschel confirmed that the heating continued to increase The maximum point when he found it lay well beyond the red end in what is known today as the infrared wavelengths When Herschel revealed his discovery he referred to this new portion of the electro magnetic spectrum as the thermometrical spectrum The radiation itself he sometimes referred to as dark heat or simply the invisible rays Ironically and contrary to popular opinion it wasn t Herschel who originated the term infrared The word only began to appear in print around 75 years later and it is still unclear who should receive credit as the originator Herschel s use of glass in the prism of his original experiment led to some early controversies with his contemporaries about
97. ssivity tables 34 3 Figure 34 1 T Total spectrum SW 2 5 um LW 8 14 um LLW 6 5 20 um 1 Material 2 Specification 3 Temperature in C 4 Spectrum 5 Emissivity 6 Reference Tables 3M type 35 Vinyl electrical 80 LW Ca 0 96 13 tape several col ors 3M type 88 Black vinyl electri 105 LW Ca 0 96 13 cal tape 3M type 88 Black vinyl electri lt 105 MW lt 0 96 13 cal tape 3M type Super Black vinyl electri lt 80 LW Ca 0 96 13 33 cal tape Aluminum anodized black 70 LW 0 95 9 dull Aluminum anodized black 70 SW 0 67 9 dull Aluminum anodized light 70 LW 0 97 9 gray dull Aluminum anodized light 70 SW 0 61 9 gray dull Aluminum anodized sheet 100 T 0 55 2 Aluminum as received plate 100 T 0 09 4 Aluminum as received sheet 100 T 0 09 2 Aluminum cast blast cleaned 70 LW 0 46 9 Aluminum cast blast cleaned 70 SW 0 47 9 Aluminum dipped in HNO 100 T 0 05 4 plate Aluminum foil 27 3 um 0 09 3 Aluminum foil 27 10 um 0 04 3 Aluminum oxidized strongly 50 500 T 0 2 0 3 1 Aluminum polished 50 100 iT 0 04 0 06 1 Aluminum polished sheet 100 T 0 05 2 Aluminum polished plate 100 T 0 05 4 128 Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 34 Emissivity tables Aluminum roughened 27 3 um 0 28 Aluminum roughened 27 1Oum 0 18 Aluminum rough surface 20 50 T 0 0
98. surement situation as illustrated in the figure below is so far a fairly true description of the real conditions What has been neglected could for instance be sun light scattering in the atmosphere or stray radiation from intense ra diation sources outside the field of view Such disturbances are difficult to quantify however in most cases they are fortunately small enough to be neglected In case they are not negligible the measurement configuration is likely to be such that the risk for disturbance is obvious at least to a trained operator It is then his responsibil ity to modify the measurement situation to avoid the disturbance e g by changing the viewing direction shielding off intense radiation sources etc Accepting the description above we can use the figure below to derive a formula for the calculation of the object temperature from the calibrated camera output 10400503 a1 1 Wien 1 T Wien 1 1 Watm 1 Tam Tren fre 1 o Figure 33 1 A schematic representation of the general thermographic measurement situation 1 Surround ings 2 Object 3 Atmosphere 4 Camera Assume thatthe received radiation power W from a blackbody source of temperature Tsource ON short distance generates a camera output signal Us ource that is proportional to the power input power linear camera We can then write Equation 1 Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 121 33
99. t m um Planck s formula when plotted graphically for various temperatures produces a family of curves Following any particular Planck curve the spectral emittance is zero at A 0 then increases rapidly to a maximum at a wavelength max and after passing it approaches zero again at very long wavelengths The higher the temperature the shorter the wavelength at which maximum occurs 10327103 a4 Figure 32 4 Blackbody spectral radiant emittance according to Planck s law plotted for various absolute temperatures 1 Spectral radiant emittance W cm x 109 um 2 Wavelength um 32 3 2 Wien s displacement law By differentiating Planck s formula with respect to A and finding the maximum we have 2898 Aus 3 T Lum This is Wien s formula after Wilhelm Wien 1864 1928 which expresses mathemati cally the common observation that colors vary from red to orange or yellow as the temperature of a thermal radiator increases The wavelength of the color is the same as the wavelength calculated for Ajax A good approximation of the value of Ajax for a given blackbody temperature is obtained by applying the rule of thumb 3 000 T 114 Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 32 Theory of thermography um Thus a very hot star such as Sirius 11 000 K emitting bluish white light radiates with the peak of spectral radiant emittance occurring within the invisible ultraviolet spectr
100. table as possible you can adjust the angle of the lens Figure T638742 a2 30 Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 15 Handling the camera 15 5 Adjusting the infrared camera focus manually NOTE Do nottouch the lens surface when you adjustthe infrared camera focus manually If this happens clean the lens according to the instructions in section 24 2 In frared lens on page 71 The focus ring can be rotated infinitely but only a certain amount of rotation is needed when focusing Figure T638757 a1 Procedure Do one of the following a For far focus rotate the focus ring clockwise looking at the touch screen LCD side For near focus rotate the focus ring counter clockwise looking at the touch screen LCD side Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 31 15 Handling the camera 15 6 Autofocusing the infrared camera Figure T638763 a2 Procedure To autofocus the camera push the Autofocus Save button half way down 32 Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 15 Handling the camera 15 7 Figure Procedure NOTE Operating the laser pointer T638741 a3 Follow this procedure to operate the laser pointer To turn on the laser pointer push and hold the laser button To turn off the laser pointer release the laser button a A warning indicator is displayed on the screen w
101. th dependent the subscript A is used to imply the spectral depen dence of their definitions Thus The spectral absorptance a the ratio of the spectral radiant power absorbed by an object to that incident upon it The spectral reflectance p the ratio of the spectral radiant power reflected by an object to that incident upon it The spectral transmittance T the ratio of the spectral radiant power transmitted through an object to that incident upon it The sum of these three factors must always add up to the whole at any wavelength so we have the relation a p 7 1 Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 117 32 Theory of thermography For opaque materials T 0 and the relation simplifies to a py 1 Another factor called the emissivity is required to describe the fraction e of the radiant emittance of a blackbody produced by an object at a specific temperature Thus we have the definition The spectral emissivity the ratio of the spectral radiant power from an object to that from a blackbody at the same temperature and wavelength Expressed mathematically this can be written as the ratio of the spectral emittance of the object to that of a blackbody as follows e Wy Generally speaking there are three types of radiation source distinguished by the ways in which the spectral emittance of each varies with wavelength A blackbody for which 1 A graybody
102. them If it is not use the joystick to go to 2S Mode gt Settings gt Pp Prefer ences gt Save button 2 To preview an image push the Autofocus Save button fully down and re lease it i Le Use the joystick to select E 4 Push the joystick to display a submenu 5 Onthe submenu select Table Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 65 21 Annotating images T639064 a1 Site Location i Object i ObjectID i Deviation i Remedy i mom M Severity i In this dialog box you can do one of the following a Use an existing table template or create a new template Create new fields a Enter new text values for the fields The table will now be added to to what is called a group and will be grouped together with the infrared image in the image archive and also when moving files from the camera to reporting software on the computer Step 6 9 describes how to add values to existing labels Use the navigation pad to select a label in the list e g Location or Object Push the joystick to display a dialog box 10 In this dialog do one of the following Select one of the predefined descriptions e g engine or vent Click New to create a new description Click Edit to edit one of the predefined descriptions Click Delete to delete one of the predefined descriptions Click OK 66 Publ No T559598
103. thermal fusion image modes Fusion type Interval Picture in Picture Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 47 17 Working with picture in picture and thermal fusion image modes Procedure to set Follow this procedure up picture in pic A Push to display a toolbar On the toolbar select Picture in Picture This will display an infrared image frame on top of a digital photo At this point you can move and resize the image frame using the touchscreen LCD 48 Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 17 Working with picture in picture and thermal fusion image modes Procedure to set Follow this procedure up thermal fusion Push i to display a toolbar On the toolbar select Thermal fusion usn AMJ To change the portion of infrared in the image do one of the following Pushthe joystick left right to select ES then push the joystick up down to change the bottom temperature level Push the joystick left right to select m then push the joystick up down to change the top temperature level Push the joystick left right to select e then push the joystick up down to change the top and bottom temperature level at the same time and left right to change the temperature span NOTE How to use thermal fusion in manual mode is described above When using thermal fusion in automatic mode the temperature levels for the thermal fusio
104. um at wavelength 0 27 um 10399403 a1 Figure 32 5 Wilhelm Wien 1864 1928 The sun approx 6 000 K emits yellow light peaking at about 0 5 um in the middle of the visible light spectrum At room temperature 300 K the peak of radiant emittance lies at 9 7 um in the far infrared while at the temperature of liquid nitrogen 77 K the maximum of the almost insignificant amount of radiant emittance occurs at 38 um in the extreme infrared wavelengths Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 115 32 Theory of thermography 10327203 a4 10 104 10 Figure 32 6 Planckian curves plotted on semi log scales from 100 K to 1000 K The dotted line represents the locus of maximum radiant emittance at each temperature as described by Wien s displacement law 1 Spectral radiant emittance W cm um 2 Wavelength um 32 3 3 Stefan Boltzmann s law By integrating Planck s formula from A 0 to A we obtain the total radiant emittance W of a blackbody W oT Watt m This is the Stefan Boltzmann formula after Josef Stefan 1835 1893 and Ludwig Boltzmann 1844 1906 which states that the total emissive power of a blackbody is proportional to the fourth power of its absolute temperature Graphically W represents the area below the Planck curve for a particular temperature It can be shown that the radiant emittance in the interval A 0 to Amax is only 25 ofthe total
105. ure polished 200 600 T 0 02 0 03 Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN Novem ber 7 2011 139 34 Emissivity tables Skin human 32 T 0 98 2 Slag boiler 0 100 T 0 97 0 93 1 Slag boiler 200 500 T 0 89 0 78 1 Slag boiler 600 1200 T 0 76 0 70 1 Slag boiler 1400 1800 T 0 69 0 67 1 Snow See Water Soil dry 20 T 0 92 2 Soil saturated with wa 20 T 0 95 2 ter Stainless steel alloy 8 Ni 18 500 T 0 35 1 Cr Stainless steel rolled 700 T 0 45 1 Stainless steel sandblasted 700 T 0 70 1 Stainless steel sheet polished 70 LW 0 14 9 Stainless steel sheet polished 70 SW 0 18 9 Stainless steel sheet untreated 70 LW 0 28 9 somewhat scratched Stainless steel sheet untreated 70 SW 0 30 9 somewhat scratched Stainless steel type 18 8 buffed 20 T 0 16 2 Stainless steel type 18 8 oxi 60 T 0 85 2 dized at 800 C Stucco rough lime 10 90 T 0 91 1 Styrofoam insulation 37 SW 0 60 7 Tar T 0 79 0 84 1 Tar paper 20 T 0 91 0 93 1 Tile glazed 17 SW 0 94 5 Tin burnished 20 50 T 0 04 0 06 1 Tin tin plated sheet 100 T 0 07 2 iron 140 Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 34 Emissivity tables Titanium oxidized at 540 C 200 T 0 40 1 Titanium oxidized at 540 C 500 T 0 50 1 Titanium oxidized at 540 C 1000 T 0 60 1 Titanium polished 200 T 0 15 1 Titanium polished 500 T 0 20
106. will be displayed when the parameters are met Follow this procedure Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 59 20 Working with isotherms oO Push to display the menu system 2 Use the joystick to go to Push the joystick to display a submenu Use the joystick to go to A Push the joystick This will display a submenu In the submenu select Insulation This will display a dialog box where you can set the necessary parameters Outdoor temperature The current outdoor temperature Indoor temperature The current indoor temperature Thermal index The insulation level an integer between 0 and 100 60 Push the joystick The setup is now complete and an isotherm will be displayed when the parameters are met Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 21 Annotating images General This section describes how to save additional information together with an infrared image by using annotations Using annotations makes reporting and post processing more efficient by providing essential information about the image e g conditions photos and information about where an image is taken You can set the camera to automatically add an annotation to your images Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 61 21 Annotating images 21 1 Taking a digital photo General When you save an infrared image
107. work its way toward the surfaces through the material in which it is partially absorbed Moreover when it arrives at the surface some of it is reflected back into the interior The back reflected radiation is again partially absorbed but Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 119 32 Theory of thermography some of it arrives at the other surface through which most of it escapes part of it is reflected back again Although the progressive reflections become weaker and weaker they must all be added up when the total emittance of the plate is sought When the resulting geometrical series is summed the effective emissivity of a semi transparent plate is obtained as t 0 7 10 7 Eo When the plate becomes opaque this formula is reduced to the single formula amp 1 p This last relation is a particularly convenient one because it is often easier to measure reflectance than to measure emissivity directly 120 Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 33 The measurement formula As already mentioned when viewing an object the camera receives radiation not only from the object itself It also collects radiation from the surroundings reflected via the object surface Both these radiation contributions become attenuated to some extent by the atmosphere in the measurement path To this comes a third radiation contribution from the atmosphere itself This description of the mea
108. y 250 T 0 08 1 Lead unoxidized pol 100 T 0 05 4 ished Lead red 100 T 0 93 4 Lead red powder 100 T 0 93 1 Leather tanned T 0 75 0 80 1 Lime T 0 3 0 4 1 Magnesium 22 T 0 07 4 Magnesium 260 T 0 13 4 Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN Novem ber 7 2011 135 34 Emissivity tables Magnesium 538 T 0 18 4 Magnesium polished 20 T 0 07 2 Magnesium pow T 0 86 1 der Molybdenum 600 1000 T 0 08 0 13 1 Molybdenum 1500 2200 T 0 19 0 26 1 Molybdenum filament 700 2500 T 0 1 0 3 1 Mortar 17 SW 0 87 5 Mortar dry 36 SW 0 94 7 Nextel Velvet 811 Flat black 60 150 LW gt 0 97 10 and 21 Black 11 Nichrome rolled 700 T 0 25 1 Nichrome sandblasted 700 T 0 70 1 Nichrome wire clean 50 T 0 65 1 Nichrome wire clean 500 1000 T 0 71 0 79 1 Nichrome wire oxidized 50 500 T 0 95 0 98 1 Nickel bright matte 122 T 0 041 4 Nickel commercially 100 T 0 045 1 pure polished Nickel commercially 200 400 T 0 07 0 09 1 pure polished Nickel electrolytic 22 T 0 04 4 Nickel electrolytic 38 y 0 06 4 Nickel electrolytic 260 iT 0 07 4 Nickel electrolytic 538 T 0 10 4 Nickel electroplated pol 20 d 0 05 2 ished Nickel electroplated on 22 T 0 045 4 iron polished Nickel electroplated on 20 T 0 11 0 40 1 iron unpolished 136 Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 34 Emissivity tables
109. you can also take a digital photo of the object of interest This digital photo will automatically be grouped together with the infrared image which will simplify post processing and reporting NOTE This procedure assumes that you have not set the camera to simultaneously take a digital photo at the same time as the infrared image Procedure Follow this procedure Make sure that the camera is set to preview images before saving them If it is not use the joystick to go to 28 Mode gt Settings gt P Prefer ences gt Save button To preview an infrared image briefly push and release the Autofocus Save button P Use the joystick to select L Push the joystick to display a submenu Use the joystick to select Digital camera photo 62 Push the Autofocus Save button to take the digital photo The digital photo will now be added to to what is called an group and will be grouped together with the infrared image in the image archive and also when moving files from the camera to reporting software on the com puter Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 21 Annotating images 21 2 Creating a voice annotation General A voice annotation is an audio recording that is stored in an infrared image file The voice annotation is recorded using a Bluetooth headset The recording can be played back in the camera and in image analysis and reporting software from FL
110. ystem under which these products are developed and manufactured has been certified in accordance with the ISO 9001 standard FLIR Systems is committed to a policy of continuous development therefore we reserve the right to make changes and improvements on any of the products described in this manual without prior notice Patents One or several of the following patents or design patents apply to the products and or features described in this manual 0002258 2 000279476 0001 000439161 000499579 0001 000653423 000726344 000859020 000889290 001 106306 0001 001707738 001707746 001707787 001776519 0101577 5 0102150 0 0200629 4 0300911 5 0302837 0 1144833 1182246 1182620 1188086 1285345 1287138 1299699 1325808 1336775 1365299 1402918 1404291 1678485 1732314 200530018812 0 200830143636 7 2106017 235308 3006596 3006597 466540 483782 484155 518836 60004227 8 60122153 2 602004011681 5 08 6707044 68657 7034300 7110035 7154093 7157705 7237946 7312822 7332716 7336823 7544944 75530 7667198 7809258 7826736 D540838 iv Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 D549758 D579475 D584755 D599 392 DI6702302 9 DI6703574 4 DI6803572 1 DI6803853 4 DI6903617 9 DM 057692 DM 061609 Registration Number ZL00809178 1 ZLO1823221 3 ZL01823226 4 ZL02331553 9 ZL02331554 7 ZL200480034894 0 ZL200530120994 2 ZL2006301301 14 4 ZL200730151141 4 ZL200730339504 7 ZL200830128581 2 ZL2009
111. ystick and select the measurement tool that you want to move or resize Use the joystick to move or resize the measurement tool Optional step Push the joystick or tap and hold down the finger on the screen to display a context menu Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 18 Working with measurement tools 18 4 Creating and setting up a difference calculation General A difference calculation gives the difference between the values of two known mea surement results NOTE This procedure assumes that you have previously laid out at least two measurement tools on the screen Procedure Follow this procedure to create and set up a difference calculation o3 00 Push i or tap the screen to display the menu system PE Use the joystick to go to Tools Push the joystick to display a submenu A Use the joystick to select Add difference Push the joystick This will display a dialog box where you can select the measurement tools that you want to use in the difference calculation Push the joystick The result of the difference calculation is now displayed in the result table Publ No T559598 Rev a572 ENGLISH EN November 7 2011 53 18 Working with measurement tools 18 5 General Types of parameters Recommended values 54 Changing object parameters For accurate measurements you must set the object parameters

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