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RAMMS::ROCKFALL User Manual

1. 75 5 2 1 Summi e EE 78 5 2 2 Barrier del 79 5 223 NUMDEROT ROCKS tua A 81 5 2 4 Number or DeDOSIted ROCKS usas ot th 81 5 2 5 REACH DEODODIIEY UM VE 81 53 CORY ee 82 5 3 1 Open CRL De e ei ele e 83 5 32 Misualzesdifferent Dal aMMOLerS ees 83 5 3 3 Working EEGENEN 86 5 3 4 ROCK Trajectory POV EE 88 5 3 5 Mie TON 89 5 36 Trajectory Data Log GE 91 5 3 7 Rock tr jectory aniati n EE 92 5 3 8 Creating an image or a GIF anmaton nne 92 References and further reading an 93 6 1 RETERCNC CS EU LU 93 94 ESCOTE ULES 96 Bee Om 99 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 Introduction 1 1 Mlotivation Mitigation of natural hazards relies increasingly on numerical process models to predict the area inundated by rapid geophysical mass movements These movements include e snow avalanches e torrent based debris flows and hillslope debris flows e mudslides e avalanches and glacier lake outbreaks e rockfalls and rock avalanches Process models are used by engineers to predict the speed and reach of these hazardous movements in complex terrain The preparation of hazard maps is a primary applicati
2. 30 R10 rts 2293 25309 05 030 Workshop Test Line Pos30 2 11 85 7189 10 0 41 Workshop Test Line Pos30 R amp rts 7 87 327952 0 33 Workshop Test Line Pos30 19 88 1922241 0 33 Workshop Test Line Pos31 R2 rts 16 60 1454841 064 Workshop Test Line Pos31_R3 rts 985 453284 0 13 Workshop Test Line Pos31 5 16 62 1484173 077 Workshop Test Line Pos31 R amp rts 531 178226 0 39 Workshop Test Line Pos31 R7 rts 15 02 1152524 044 Workshop Test Line Pos31_R rts 15 26 1169580 041 Workshop Test Line Pos31 17 75 1793437 0 84 Workshop Test Line Pos32 R4 rts 1534 1150225 0 32 Workshop Test Line Pos32 R amp rts Figure 5 1 Trajectory values in a given cell 71 CHAPTER 5 RESULTS RAMMS then calculates the following statistic values for this given cell out of the 63 values e g Jump Height e Mean value mean gt 3 54 m e Median value 50 gt 3 49 m e 90 Quantile value 90 gt 5 17 e 95 Quantile value 95 gt 6 26 m e 99 Quantile value 99 gt 6 72 e Maximum value max 6 72 m Grid Cell Values Grid Cell Values Summary Thu Apr 16 12 21 40 2015 Grid Cell Nr 205139 JumpHeight m Velocity m s KinEnergy kJ RotVelaocity rot s 1 6 Lines Mean Median 90 95 99 10 99 768027 0 40 9 65 5619 09 037 1922241 0 64 20350 60 0 74 Figure 5 2 Statistic values of a given cell 5 1 1 Quantile Values The
3. Figure 5 15 Data information part of Barrier Plot 5 2 3 Number of Rocks Number of rocks that passed through a given cell 5 2 4 Number of Deposited Rocks Number of rocks that stopped in a given cell 5 2 5 Reach probability Source The probability that a rock arrives in a given cell The release cells source feeding a given cell are taken into account when calculating the Source reach probability Total Same as above but release cells are not taken into account Total reach probability is calculated from total released rocks 81 CHAPTER 5 RESULTS 5 3 Trajectory Mode To analyze simulation results in more detail the rocks can be opened in Trajectory Mode This mode enables a detailed analysis of single trajectories of specific rocks No statistic is available in Trajectory Mode 82 CHAPTER 5 RESULTS 5 3 1 Openresults in Trajectory Mode Open trajectories with Ctrl T or go to Track gt Open gt Rockfall Trajectories Choose the trajectories that you are interested in from the output scenario folder and click Open aA x 5 ROCKFALL Beispiele Test output Test New folder Organize d Favorites Name Date modified Type Size Desktop A data 21 04 2015 14 02 File folder m Downloads A doc 21 04 2015 14 02 File folder L i E Test 533 R rte 21 04 2015 10 27 Real Time Streami 59 KB ramms Test Pos41 R2 rts 21
4. horizontal toolbar under Results 85 CHAPTER 5 RESULTS 5 3 3 Working with trajectories Select a trajectory with the mouse e RAMMS ROCKFALL 1 5 01 D RAMMS Rockfall Beispiele 0205_Gurtnellen06 NewVersion_DPhi0 000000_DTheta0 000000_DPsi0 000000 rts Track Edit Input Show Run Results Trajectory GIS Extras Project Help EX amp Hoo Bek a HVE KR Rt 4 ROCKFALL Select m mouse z PARAMETER Velocity m s 1 s General Display Rock Region ER Simulation Parameters Nr Of Nod 259900 Information i is refreshed HE Nr Of Cells 258876 End Time s 200 Dump Step s 0 0 Grid Resolution m Rock Magnification x 5 Input information Filename New Version_DPhi0 000000_DTheta1 M 00000 DPsiO 000000 xml Z offset 0 000000 Rock Position X 691560 00 Rock Position Y 175880 00 Rock Position Z 1345 0000 Overall Friction Choose Terrain Matera 4 ml um Bp em Dump Steps Click to select or click amp drag selection box X 6 912E 005 Y 1 760 005 Z 1143 Figure 5 22 Trajectory information General tab The information filename start position of trajectory etc is refreshed in the General tab on the right side Additionally the Rock tab indicates the rock used for the selected trajectory see next figure 86 CHAPTER 5 RESULTS amp RAMMS ROCKFALL 1 5 01 D RAMMS Rockfall Be
5. RAMMS Rockfall 4 Run Rockfall SP Uninstall RAMMS Rockfall Figure 2 13 RAMMS program group 15 CHAPTER 2 INSTALLATION AND SETUP 2 3 Licensing Access to RAMMS is controlled by a personal use license Personal use licenses are time limited licenses tied to a single personal computer This method of licensing requires a machine s unique host ID to be incorporated into a license request file After the license request file is sent to SLF WSL you will receive a license key Entering the license key on a personal computer enables full RAMMS functionality for the specific personal computer For more information please visit http ramms slf ch Double click the RAMMS icon or use Start gt Programs RAMMS Rockfall gt Run RAMMS Rockfall to start RAMMS for the first time Whenever you start RAMMS the splash screen below will pop up IDL Virtual Machine Distribution Platform To Run IDL Applications Figure 2 14 start window Click on the image It willdisappear and RAMMS willstart up The following dialog window appears RAMMS 1 6 35 Licensing Create personal license request file EI LICENSE KEY Figure 2 15 RAMMIS licensing window 2 3 1 Personal license request file Click the button to create your personal license request file In Figure 2 16 enter your full name and the name of your company 16 CHAPTER 2 INSTALLATION AND SETUP RAMMS 1 6 35 User Information Enter
6. e The simulation s willbe opened 4 4 5 About RAMMS Some information about the RAMMS installation on your computer is found here Help About RAMMS RAMMS Version 1 6 29 64 bit a for Windows XP amp 7 32 and 64 bit This product is licensed to Username Claudia Licensed modules ROCKFALL Expiration Date 31 03 2015 Restricted Rights Legend Use duplication or disclosure of this software is subject to your license agreement with WSL SLF February 2014 SLF Davos Switzerland SLFAVSL Marc Christen Perry Bartell ves Buehler Christoph Graf Brian Werner Gerber James Glover Lisa Dreier Julia Kowalski Urs Gruber ETH Adrian Schweizer Remco Leine Christoph Glocker Figure 4 23 About RAMMS ROCKFALL 50 CHAPTER 4 SETTING UP A SIMULATION 4 5 Rock Input 4 5 1 Rockfall starting zone A rockfall starting zone can be specified by setting a release point drawing a release line containing many release points or defining a release area polygon The definition and localization of a rockfall starting zone has a strong impact on the results of RAMMS simulations Therefore we recommend using reference information such as photography GPS measurements or field maps to define release points release lines and release areas This should be done by persons with experience concerning the topographic geological and meteorological situation of the investigation area The release points li
7. Modelling the rock ground contacts in this way permits the entire mechanics of an impact to be simulated deterministically The moment arms and torques responsible for how different rock shapes convert translational movement into angular momentum and influence rebound heights are computed and therefore allows an accurate modeling of rolling skipping sliding and jumping The three dimensional motion equations including rock rotations and gyroscopic forces will be presented in section 3 3 Complex mountain terrain is modelled using a high resolution digital elevation model DEM The specification of the DEM will be discussed in more detail in section 3 10 3 2 Modelling Rock Shape Rock bodies are introduced into the simulation domain coordinate frame with origin O as a cloud of points based in a coordinate system of their own with origin K The coordinate frame K serves to map the rotations of the rock body Points are given in x y z format as pts files and can be artificially generated or gathered from a laser scan of rock deposits Figure 3 1 and Figure 3 2 A convex hull of the rock body s point cloud is created in doing so an entirely convex body is created concavities are closed over in the process The next step is to calculate the center of mass of the body for which the density is assumed homogeneous Finally the inertial tensor of the body is calculated finding the three principal moments of inertia the origin is the rock
8. medium deepness Rank vegetation Penetration depths are small Ground is flat Rocky debris is present Shallow surface soil Usually little initial vegetation Rocks jump over ground Mixture of large and small rocks Usually without any vegetation Meadow Non paved mountain roads mountain meadow pebble Rock scree pebble coarse rock paved roads 33 CHAPTER 3 THEORY Ground is very hard and is marginally Extra Hard deformed by rocks Bedrock cliff No vegetation and no surface soil Rocks slide on Snow Snow snow surface 1 The used parameters for every terrain material are explained in the table below Table 3 2 Ground parameters default values Terrain Mu Min Mu Max Beta Kappa Epsilon Drag Extra Soft 0 2 2 50 1 0 0 9 Soft 0 25 2 100 1 25 0 0 8 Medium Soft 0 3 2 125 5 0 0 7 Medium 0 35 2 150 2 0 0 6 Medium Hard 0 4 2 175 25 0 0 5 0 55 2 185 3 0 0 4 Extra Hard 0 8 2 200 4 0 0 3 Snow 0 1 0 35 150 2 0 0 7 34 CHAPTER 3 THEORY With this deterministic modeling approach the influences of rock shape on the dynamics and persistence of runout can be simulated This is important because the model is highly sensitive to rock shape which in the case of rebound approaches has to be treated with stochastic methods Bourrier et al 2009 The role of rock shape in runout dynamics is crucial in determining the rotational and rebound behavior For specific rock shapes characteristic of geolog
9. 04 2015 10 27 Real Time Streami 71 KB di Lizenzen Test 545 R2 rts 21 04 2015 10 27 Real Time Strearni 74 A C Codes 1 E Test Pos24 R3 rts 21 04 2015 10 26 Real Time Streami 80 n Implementation ie Test 15 R5 rts 21 04 2015 10 26 Real Time Streami 85 KB di SWITCHdrive Test 536 RA rte 21 04 2015 10 27 Real Time Strearmi 90 KB Si Recent Places ie Test 59 Hl rte 21 04 2015 10 25 Real Time Streami 97 E Test 533 R3 rts 21 04 2015 10 27 Real Time Streami 98 KB Libraries E Test Pos29 RA 21 04 2015 10 26 Real Time Streami 100 KB Eg Documents ie Test Pos18 R2 rts 21 04 2015 10 26 Real Time Streami 104 KB Music E Test Pos24 R2 rts 21 04 2015 10 26 Real Time Streami 104 KB Pictures E Test Pos34 Birte 21 04 2015 10 27 Real Time Streami 104 KB BE Videos Test Pos22 R5 rts 21 04 2015 10 26 Real Time Streami 107 KB File name Test Pos34 Test 533 Test 541 R2 rts Test Posd5 Life Figure 5 17 Open trajectories dialog window It is suggested to open only up to 100 single trajectories at one time e g from a specific scenario Although it is possible to open more trajectories it is not recommended because the memory usage will increase strongly and the handling of your visualization will get very slow Control if the trajectory mode is ON in the general tab of the right field and the toolbar shows the number of trajectories The buttons og
10. 2 e save the coordinates of the release point go to Input gt Release gt Save Point Location and enter a file name 52 CHAPTER 4 SETTING UP A SIMULATION Exercise 4 46 How to load an existing release point e Activate the project by clicking on it once e Click The mouse cursor changes to arrow e Click on the project with the middle button Select release point file txt and click open gt The release point appears in the project Exercise 4 4c How to create a new release line e Switch to 2D mode by clicking 22 e Activate the project by clicking on it once e Click e Click into the project where you want to start drawing the outline of the release line e Continue drawing the release line by moving the cursor and clicking the left mouse button If you would like to delete one step of the drawing click the middle mouse button e end the release line click the right mouse button Figure 4 26 Project with emerging release lines Before the release line is created you have to answer the following questions e Add more polylines You can either answer with Yes and create a second release line as explained above or answer with No and continue with the next step e Choose a new release line file name e g line rel the addition rel helps the user to run a simulation because the model recognizes the shapefile as a release line 53 CHAPTER 4 SETTING UP A SIMULATION Exercise
11. 3 7 1 Coulomb Friction and Slmppage 27 3 7 2 Miscoplastc Ground Drag cat cus s nives ae to Dre cud 29 35 TEE de ME 30 WE e 31 3 19 PER 36 EREECHEN 37 De e ie E 37 4 1 1 Topographic data Digital Elevation Model 37 4 1 2 Project and Een Ee CN 38 Dor MEM Ce ee ee er 38 1 3 Creatine anew ebe 41 44 eer EIER deeg 45 4 4 1 Moving resizing rotating viewing nennen nnns 45 4 4 2 Beleg 47 4 4 3 Changing maps and remote sensing 48 4 4 4 How to save input files and program 48 AAS About RAMMS xiii ti Eier etta cete ia ee eet vu pti Pa i Eee via 50 ROCK MMO UE EE 51 4 5 1 ROcKTall st ring zone EE 51 4 5 2 TO I CUO GT EN 54 4 6 57 4 6 eege 57 4 6 2 Reie WE 59 RUS WE ien EE e EE 60 4 7 1 ELE EE 60 4 7 2 ee an dana te Racine 60 4 7 3 Sei EE 61 4 7 4 HE 61 4 7 5 Miele EN 62 4 7 6 Exercise NOW to run SEET ee 63 4 7 7 Scenario Preparation and Simulation Process 67 PRES LIES EEN 71 5 1 C edle DEC T Um 71 5 1 1 Auntie IU cuc 72 5 1 2 EE 73 5 2 Statie Moden
12. CHAPTER 4 SETTING UP A SIMULATION How many e do you want to use gt Leave empty amp click OK to use 7 default or click Cancel to abort Figure 4 42 Rockfall simulation information window This window shows the number of planned rockfall simulations 95 in this example red field as well as the number of CPU s that your PC offers 8 green field In the field below blue field you can enter the number of CPU s you want to use simultaneously for this rockfall scenario The more you specify the faster your scenario will be calculated It is best practice to specify one less than the number of CPU s available if you click OK with an empty field this will happen Scenario Preparation If you specified both terrain and or forest shapefiles RAMMS will gather the data and show one of the following windows Figure 4 43 Scenario Preparation Gathering Data window After that RAMMS creates all the input files for this scenario Figure 4 44 Scenario Preparation Preparing Scenario window then starts the simulations Figure 4 45 Scenario Preparation Start Simulation window 68 CHAPTER 4 SETTING UP A SIMULATION For every rock trajectory RAMMS generates an output file rts After the completion of all simulations or if the user clicks Cancel RAMMS will open the simulation files in Statistic Mode see next chapter and present the Scenario Logfile e RaMMS Scenaro
13. Exercise 5 1 How to analyze the Statistics Summary Plot e Switch to 2D mode by clicking 22 Activate project by clicking on it once Be sure that you are in the Statistics Mode Trajectory Mode OFF in the right toolbar e Goto Statistics gt Summary Plot A window opens displaying the Statistics Summary Plot You can save print or edit the plot Lr WS A by clicking one of the buttons on the lower left corner ri E w i 4 78 CHAPTER 5 RESULTS Velocity m s 1 Statistics Summary Parameter Velocity m s 1 Min Max 0 00 37 98 Nr of Data Values 17578 Mean Median 14 27 14 17 Histogram Bin Size 0 67 Std Dev 6 09 Q1 Q3 IQR 9 83 18 45 8 62 Q90 Q95 Q99 22 16 24 52 28 92 20 Velocity m s 1 5 2 2 Barrier Plot If you need to analyze special areas region of a dam planned or realized rockfall nets etc then the Barrier Plot is a good choice A Barrier Plot can be created for a line profile or a polygon region line profile and polygon are shapefiles A Barrier Plot contains the same statistical information as a Summary Plot but for a certain region of interest line or polygon Barrier Plot from new Line Profile Draw line profile by clicking EI e g dam or places that you are specifically interested in e g a place where several trajectories pass through RAMMS opens both a Line Profile Plot and the Barrier Plot for the line 79 C
14. Extra soft e Soft e Medium soft e Medium e Medium hard e Hard e Extra hard e Snow A detailed description of the terrain types is given in Table 3 1 Please make sure that the selected shapes are depicted in the list otherwise they will not be considered in the simulation 4 7 3 Forest Here you load the forest shapfiles and specify the forest type and or the type Lake River Moor to stop rocks immediately The available types are e Open Forest 20 m ha e Medium Forest gt 35 m ha e Dense Forest gt 50 Lake River Moor A detailed description of the terrain types is given in Table 3 1 Please make sure that the selected shapes are depicted in the list otherwise they will not be considered in the simulation 4 7 4 Release Here you specify the release type and load the according shapefile s e Point e Line Multipoint e Area In the number of points field you can choose how many individual release points are nestled along the line or polygon You can optionally give the rocks initial velocities and initial rotation velocities along all three axis x y 2 To set the rock offset initial fall height of the rocks measured from the center of mass you have two options RAMMS can automatically calculate the minimal offset that is necessary to start the rock Automatic Alternatively you can set the rock offset manually This offset should be high enough so that the rock is not sticking in the terrain and c
15. Polygon Shapefile gt Draw New release areas within the same shapefile There are two possibilitiesto load existing release areas 1 Use Input gt Polygon Shapefile gt Load Existing Polygon Shapefile 2 Use the file tree in the General tab in the ROCKFALL panel on the right side Click on the appropriate shapefile to load the release area into the visualization Click Refresh Tree el refresh the file tree Exercise 4 4a How to define a release point e Switch to 2D mode by clicking 22 e Activate project by clicking on it once e Click e Click into the project where you want to define your rockfall release point 1 RAMMS ROCKFALL 1 6 22 HARAMMSA13 Testing Manual Rockfall Tests ManualRockfall TestsNManualRockfall Tests xri ee ooo cei s Trac Edit Input show Run Results Trajectory GIS Extras Project Help GOR R rotre A ooo DEVIS AOS BO He 4 ROCKFALL General Display Rock Region Simulation Parameters Nr Of Nodes 3003501 Nr Of 732252 6 BS 2 Choose Parameter Move Mouse Over Topography Get XYZ Coordinates and Simulation Ben fr in Lower Fight Statue Bar Gick Let Mouse Bution Open Tex Wih X 554142 Y 126779 atude n 1841 2 Figure 4 25 Define a release point and find its coordinates e The lower right status bar then displays the position of the release point within the terrain
16. The RAMMS ROCKFALL module is used to study the rigid body motion of falling rocks The model predicts rock trajectories in general three dimensional terrain Rock trajectories are governed by the interaction between the rock and ground The model contains six primary state variables three translational speeds and three rotational velocities of the falling rock From these kinetic energy runout distance and jump heights can be derived Generalized rock shapes are modeled Rock orientation and rotational speed are included in the rock ground interaction The RAMMS ROCKFALL module is therefore fundamentally different from the RAMMS AVALANCHE and RAMMS DEBRISFLOW modules because it is based on hard contact rigid body Lagrangian 6 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION mechanics not Eulerian flow mechanics It also differs from existing rockfall modules because the rock ground interaction is not governed entirely by simple rebound mechanics but frictional dissipative rock ground interactions These govern the onset of rock jumping The RAMMS ROCKFALL module predicts all rigid body motions rock sliding rolling jumping and skipping The RAMMS ROCKFALL module was coupled to the same user friendly visualization tool used in the RAMMS AVALANCHE and RAMMS DEBRISFLOW modules The visualization tool allows easy preparation execution visualization and interpretation of simulations In all RAMMS modules new constitutive models have been developed and
17. USERNAME and COMPANY Username Company Figure 2 16 Enter user name and company name In the next dialog window choose the destination directory of your personal license request file and save it to your target machine Your personal license request file should look similar to Figure 2 17 Datel Bearbeiten Format Ansicht Username Muster Test Company Test HOStID 643150416152 d Figure 2 17 Personal license request file RAMMS ROCK request Muster txt 2 3 2 Getting the personal license key You find an order form on the RAMMS web page Order Form or Demo Order Form at http ramms slf ch Fill in all your personal information choose the license period license type and number of licenses you wish to order attach your personal license request file s accept the license agreement and click Submit Order An order confirmation email is sent to your email address We then process your order and send you an invoice As soon as we received your payment we will send you your personal license key Your personal license key is named similar to ROCK Muster Test RAMMS txt Open the file in a text editor It should look similar to Figure 2 18 E ROCK Muster Test RAMMS txt Editor Datei Bearbeiten Format Ansicht Username Muster Test Company Test Installation Key d Figure 2 18 Personal license key file RAMMS license Muster Test txt 17 CHAPTER 2 INSTALLATION AND SETUP Now restart RAMMS as e
18. change any of your installation settings click Back Click Cancel to exit the wizard Figure 2 9 IDL Visual Studio Merge Modules ready to install the program Step 10 Installing IDL Visual Studio Merge Modules The wizard is installing the files Please wait until it is finished IDL Visual Studio Merge Modules InstallShield Wizard Installing IDL Visual Studio Merge Modules The program features vou selected are being installed Please wait while the InstallShield Wizard installs IDL visual Studio Merge Modules This may take several minutes Status Cancel Figure 2 10 IDL Visual Studio Merge Modules installing CHAPTER 2 INSTALLATION AND SETUP Step 11 InstallShield Wizard Completed The wizard completed the installation Click Finish GG IDL Visual Studio Merge Modules InstallShield Wizard InstallShield Wizard Completed The InstallShield Wizard has successfully installed IDL Visual Studio Merge Modules Click Finish to exit the wizard Finish Cancel Figure 2 11 Installation destination directory dialog window After having successfully installed RAMMS and the necessary files on your personal computer you will notice the RAMMS icon on your desktop for all users Figure 2 12 RAMMS icon Additionally a new application folder is created in Start gt Programs for all users e RAMMS Rockfall gt Run RAMMS Rockfall e RAMMS Rockfall gt Uninstall RAMMS Rockfall
19. changed again manually 39 CHAPTER 4 SETTING UP A SIMULATION Exercise 4 1 Working directory Choosing the right working directory is very useful and saves a lot of time searching for files and folders VERY IMPORTANT Do use blanks or special characters the path names e Click use Track gt Preferences or Ctrl P to open the RAMMS preferences window e Click into the field Working directory A window pops up where you can choose your new working directory Click OK in both windows Do this also for other directories if necessary Ordner suchen Please Select a Directory 4 1 RAMMS DEM FOREST MAPS ORTHOPHOTO PROJECTS EEE 4 n Figure 4 6 RAMMS preferences Figure 4 7 Browse for the correct folder 40 CHAPTER 4 SETTING UP A SIMULATION 4 3 Creating a new project A new project is created with the RAMMS Project Wizard shown in the exercise below The Wizard consists of four steps Exercise 4 2 How to create a new project e Click or Track gt New Project Wizard to open the RAMMS Project Wizard e The following window pops up Project Wizard Step 1 of 4 Project Information Enter project name project details and location of the project in the fields below The project name will be used to name your project directory and your input files Project details Location HARAMMESABspiMorvw Project will be created at HARAMMS3B
20. default quantile values in RAMMS ROCKFALL are 9096 9596 and 9996 These three values can be changed by the user see details below The Mean Median and Max values are fixed and cannot be changed How to change the Quantile Values Use Help Advanced Additional Preferences Edit or use the button Additional Preferences in the lower left toolbar 72 CHAPTER 5 RESULTS SUM 125 SUM GULL 25 0 FLAT BOUNDART 2 0 CHANNEL 1 5 GULLY 3 0 MAX GULLY SLOPE 25 0 i SLOPE 15 0 ROT UNIT 73 0 ech 1 EE 2 RELOAD Simulations MOVE LINE VERTEX 0 END Figure 5 3 Additional Preferences Quantile Values Find the keyword QUANTILE VALUES change the values accordingly and press the Save button Changing these values results in adjusted statistical analyses and dropdown menus according to the values the user entered and saved BEE EH SE EE Kinetic Rock Energy kJ Statistics Summary Parameter Kinetic Rock Energy kJ Min 0 00 18668 61 Nr of Data Values 201768 Mean Median 4078 94 3812 10 Histogram Bin Size 122 02 A 2568 42 08 55 5702 22 3585 57 7 45 8682 17 11168 64 end 5000 E 0 03 4000 0 028 3 3000 gt E 2000 0 01 E 31000 Figure 5 4 Adjusted quantile values in Statistic Mode Left Statistic Summary Plot Right Quantile dropdown me
21. generating rotations and rebounds that represent the true mechanics of an impact 3 7 Contact Friction and Drag Two physically different forces oppose the motion of a falling rock sliding friction and drag Sliding friction acts at points of the rock s surface that are in contact with the ground it is Coulomb type friction associated with the distance the rock slides on the ground When the rock is no longer in contact this friction no longer acts However because this friction acts on a point on the rock s surface it will generate torques that initiates rotational movements The parameterization of the friction force is of great importance because it controls when the rock 26 CHAPTER 3 THEORY slides rolls or jumps Drag on the other hand acts at the rock s center of mass and therefore creates no additional rotational moments It acts in the direction opposite to the rocks movement velocity There are two drag forces in the RAMMS ROCKFALL model The first accounts for vegetation drag the second accounts for the viscoplastic drag due to terrain deformation during ground contact 3 7 1 Coulomb Friction and Slippage The mechanical contact law considers hard contacts between the rigid body and the terrain In principle this is only representative of extremely hard rock on rock contacts In reality rock ground interaction occurs on a range of different materials with differing deformation properties extreme case the roc
22. have to answer the following questions Add more polygons You can either answer with Yes and create a second polygon as explained above or answer with No and continue with the next step Choose a new polygon file name Enter a new name according to the terrain material represented by the polygon s e g bedrock The ending shp is added automatically The polygon shapefile will now be created and opened directly Create polygon shapefiles as described above for all the different and important terrain materials inside the area of interest These polygons can then be loaded in the run a simulation dialogue Alternatively you can draw the polygon shapfiles in a GIS software and load them directly in the Run a simulation dialogue 58 CHAPTER 4 SETTING UP A SIMULATION 4 6 2 Forested area Forest has a major impact on runout and velocities of rockfalls To include forested areas into a RAMMS simulations you need to specify the areas as polygon shapefiles as described in Exercise A Ga The same applies for rivers lakes and swamps Choose appropriate filenames for the shapefiles see Exercise 4 6b below and specify a forest type for every shapefile It is possible to consider a gap while generating really detailed shapefiles on a small scale RAMMS ROCKFALL will apply a linear viscous drag force which is acting only within the forest areas Detailed information about the forest drag forces can be found in Chapter 3 8 Three differen
23. implemented thanks to calibration and verification at full scale test sites such as St L onard Walenstadt rockfall mitigation measures Vall e de la Sionne snow avalanches and debris flow At present two new scientific RAMMS modules are under development RAMMS AVAL EXTENDED and RAMMS DBF EXTENDED The RAMMS web page http ramms slf ch provides useful information such as a moderated discussion forum frequently asked questions FAQ or recent software updates Please visit this web page frequently to stay up to date 1 3 RAMMS ROCKFALL Model The RAMMS ROCKFALL model was developed by the Centre of Mechanics at the ETH Zurich and the RAMMS program team of the WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF This joint project was supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation Grant SNF 200021 19613 The Centre of Mechanics was responsible for the development of the simulation code in close contact with geological geophysical and software engineering experts from the SLF WSL to discuss modeling issues specific to rockfall mechanics The SLF WSL calibrated and validated the simulation code and provided rock shapes The RAMMS program team of the SLF WSL integrated the simulation code in an extensive and easy to use graphical user interface GUI This manual describes the features of the RAMMS program allowing beginners to get started quickly as well as serving as a reference to expert users 1 4 Learning by do
24. kg m3 2700 Volume m3 224 Mass kg 5500 8 Max Rock Dimensions X IY IZ my 2 08 1 586 1 04 Select Rock File Folder pts click to select 4 Empty Stop at First Contact RUN 717 SIMULATIONS Figure 4 35 Rock Tab gt Rock Sphere Cuboid Rock lt 1 Rock Cuboid X Y Z 2 00 100 1 00 2 Rock Characteristics Density kg m3 2700 Volume m3 2 00 Mass kg 5400 0 Max Rock Dimensions XI Y 2 00 1 00 1 00 Figure 4 36 Rock Tab gt Cuboid Rock 1 lt gt Rock Characteristics Density kg m3 2700 amp Sphere Cuboid Rock Sphere Rock Radius 1 0 Volume m3 4 19 Mass kg 11308 7 Max Rock Dimensions XIY HZ my 2 00 2 00 7 2 00 Figure 4 37 Rock Tab gt Sphere 65 CHAPTER 4 SETTING UP A SIMULATION Release Tab for Point release 1 2 3 4 5 Enter the number of random orientation per release point Choose release type For a calculation with a release point click Point Rock position The coordinates of your release point are shown automatically If not or if you want to change them simply type in the correct values manually Define the Initial Velocity m s and the Initial Rotational Velocity rad s of the rock body at release time This can be useful for cases where the values are known or specific situations should be simulated Select Rock Z Offset Automatic RAMMS defines th
25. kin pot Kinetic Rock Energy E Resultant Kinetic Rock Energy translational eech Kinetic Rock Energy rotational Tangential Contact Force Perpendicular Contact Force Slippage Friction Value Figure 5 10 Statistics Mode Dropdown menu Results All other results are available in Trajectory Mode only For the visualization of the parameters you can choose between the values Mean Median 90 95 99 or Max values The dropdown is 190 located in the upper toolbar The menu Statistics offers the following functions Summary Plot Barrier Plot Nr of Racks Mr of Deposited Rocks Reach Probability Source Reach Probability Total Figure 5 11 Statistics Mode Menu Statistics e Summary Plot statistics summary of the selected parameter e Barrier Plot statistics of line profile or polygon area of selected parameter e Nr of Rocks e Nr of Deposited Rocks e Reach Probability Source e Reach Probability Total 77 CHAPTER 5 RESULTS In the horizontal toolbar you can find the following functions e Barrier Plot e Line Profile J e Cell Info File gt e Quantile dropdown menu 5 2 1 Summary Plot Choose the result parameter that you are interested in e g Jump Height Rock Velocity Kinetic Rock Energy or Resultant Rotational Rock Velocity The results appear in the main window Exercise 5 1 shows how to produce and analyze a Summary Plot
26. license agreement dialog window Step 4 Select destination directory Choose your destination directory This dialog shows the amount of space available on your hard disk and required for the installation Click Next to start the installation process 55 Installing RAMMS Rockfall Destination folder Select a destination folder where RAMMS Rockfall will be installed Setup will install files in the following folder If you would like to install RAMMS Rockfall into a different folder then click Browse and select another folder Destination folder C Program Files RAMMS Rockfall Space required 185 15MB Space available 134 27GB Figure 2 4 Installation destination directory dialog window 11 CHAPTER 2 INSTALLATION AND SETUP Step 5 Installing the files RAMMS is copying the files to the destination location The window shows the installation progress 1 5 Installing RAMMS E 5 Installing Files Copying RAMMS files to your computer To interrupt or pause the installation process click Cancel Directory C Program Files x86 RAMMS bmp File LOGO BMP Figure 2 5 Installation installing files dialog window Step 6 Finished installing the files RAMMS finished copying the files Click Next to finish the installation process TA Installing RAMMS Installing Files Copying RAMMS files to your computer Click Next to continue the installation Figure 2 6 Installation finished
27. men File RAMMS ROCKFALL Simulation Scenario Logfile Version 1 6 27 DEV Scenario Name Test Scenario Folder D RAMMS ROCKFALL Beispiele Test output Test Simulation Started Mon Apr 13 12 32 57 2015 Simulation Finished Mon Apr 13 12 33 22 2015 Simulation Time min 0 4 Simulation Settings Nr Source Points 19 Nr Simulated Rocks 1 Nr Random Orientations 5 Z Offset lterations 1 Nr Simulations Per Source Point 5 Total Nr Simulations 95 Simulation Results Min Mean Max Values Jumpheights m 0 83 5 56 50 03 Velocities m s 0 00 20 00 52 10 Kin Energies kJ 0 00 3953 89 19545 29 Rot Velocities rot s 1 0 00 2 05 5 42 Average Slope Degrees 35 98 44 59 53 85 Input Settings General Time Step 0 010 Dump Step 0 020 DEM File Test Test xyz Friction Overall Type Medium Release Type Line Line Shapefile rel shp Automatic Z Offset s 2 45 8 78 m Rock Rock Density kg m3 2700 00 Rock Volume m3 5 07 Rock Form Real Long 1 2 5 1m3 pts Figure 4 46 RAMM S Scenario Logfile 69 CHAPTER 4 SETTING UP A SIMULATION If some of the rocks could not release because the specified Z offset was not big enough RAMMS will show a message like this e ma Rock below Terrain 4 ATTENTION FOUND 6 14 output files where the release rock lies below the terrain These files were not calculated O
28. of inertia The vector u contains the rock s three translational and three rotational velocities The rock body s motion is governed by a number of forces which can determine its trajectory Gravitational force acts globally a drag force D is implemented to represent the effects of trees undergrowth and soil deformation Along with gyroscopic forces G which can cause rocks of irregular shape to become upright and rotate about a rolling axis All force terms h are a function of the rock s position q and velocity u forming the force vector h hegu 3 2 i G 3 4 Contact forces On contact detection between the rock body and the terrain contact forces and frictional contact forces act about the point of contact These forces can be considered as external forces that change the direction of the falling rock The contact of the rigid rock body is detected by continually measuring the vertical gap length gy between the rock body s corner points P and the terrain projections Q Figure 3 4 The gap length is defined as 29 7 2 2 3 3 Then when g gt 0 there is no contact when g lt Othere is contact and the contact forces acting at the contact point P are computed The contact forces are denoted using the Greek letter lambda because the contact forces are Lagrangian multipliers that enforce the non penetration constraint Minimal penetration with the terrain is permitted
29. on the original file not the just saved one b Position settings e f you have moved and or or rotated your project for a better view you can save this position by going on Extras Save Active Position e You can now get back to this position anytime by choosing Extras gt Reload Position Exercise 4 3g How to open an input file Close any active project file Goto Track gt Open gt Input File or click 1 e window opens to browse for a rockfall input file xml e Click Open after the file name was selected e project willbe opened Exercise 4 3h How to load an optional shapefile e load a shapefile go to GIS gt Import Shapefile or click e window opens to browse for a shapefile shp e Click Open after the file was selected 49 CHAPTER 4 SETTING UP A SIMULATION Exercise 4 3i How to open an output file rockfall simulation Close any active project file e Goto Track gt Open gt Rockfall Scenario or click i Choose a scenario in the output folder Click OK Choose the File Name Filter click OK Click No if you will open only the chosen scenario Yes if you will open another scenario Goto Track gt Open gt Rockfall Simulation Files Ctrl A A window opens to browse for rockfall simulation files rts Click OK e Goto Track gt Open gt Rockfall Trajectories Ctrl T e window opens to browse for rockfall simulation files rts Click OK
30. rock masses and their aggregate forms Top left An example of equant cubic rock forms generated in a sequence of sandstones exposed to an extensional deformation regime the primary joint sets are near equally spaced and orthogonal to one another Topright The complex joint of this granodioritic rock mass result in highly irregular and angular rock block forms Bottom left The uplifted and folded limestone sequence is well bedded producing distinguished slabs which detach as pronounced platy rock forms Bottom right Distinguished columnar jointed basalt sequence produces the characteristic elongate rock forms Glover 2015 The specification of general rock geometries will be discussed in the next section 3 2 Another feature of the RAMMS ROCKFALL model is the inclusion of rock rotations in both the airborne phase and during the interaction with the ground The RAMMS ROCKFALL model includes 20 CHAPTER 3 THEORY gyroscopic forces induced by rock rotations These forces are necessary to model wheel like rock skipping and jumping modes that are often responsible for extreme runout To model ground interaction considering rocks with arbitrary geometry and rotational speed requires methods to accurately track the rock orientation relative to the ground RAMMS ROCKFALL employs quaternion algebra for this purpose This method tracks rotation sequences even when non linear contact forces change the translational and rotational direction of the rock
31. to allow the assessment of the contact condition Eq 3 3 This is a non physical penetration and purely for numerical purposes Contact forces are modeled as hard unilateral constraints with Coulomb friction using non smooth contact dynamics approaches see Acary and Brogliato 2008 Glocker 2001 and Moreau 1988 For the case of contact the governing equations of motion now become Mu h q u AW 3 4 23 CHAPTER 3 THEORY where the direction of the contact forces is given by W q There can be a number of active contact forces depending on the rock body s configuration at the point of contact Ultimately it is the combination of these forces A and force directions W g that allows the complex rotations and trajectory deviations that are inherent to rockfall to be simulated nl NI Figure 3 4 Contact detection Definition of gap length gy The advantage of this hard contact rigid body approach is that the contact forces are applied directly about these contact points respecting the configuration orientation and kinetics of the impact This is achieved by considering the contact pair Q P within the contact frame C t2 which is attached to the terrain surface at contact point Q Figure 3 5 3 5 Friction forces The contact frame has a normal contact force component Ay and two tangential components The contact force An guarantees the unilaterality of the co
32. 000 764771 000 764771 000 76417171 000 7641771 000 76417171 000 764771 000 fed 70 999 764770 995 764770 991 HE HS HEH 64770 976 64770 971 Figure 5 27 Trajectory Data Log File 171831 000 171831 000 171831 000 171831 000 171831 000 171831 000 171831 000 171831 000 171831 000 171831 000 171831 000 171830 998 171830 990 171830 981 171830 968 171830 955 171830 940 1 1630 926 171830 910 1653 000 1653 000 1652 962 1652 969 1652 941 1652 917 1652 890 1652 674 1652 841 1652 606 1652 735 1652 700 1652 664 1652 625 1652 565 1652 54 0 125 0 125 0 125 0 125 0 125 0 125 0 125 0 125 0 125 0 125 0 125 0 124 0 122 0 120 0 119 0 119 0 119 0 119 0 118 0 163 0 163 0 163 0 163 0 163 0 163 0 163 0 163 0 163 0 163 0 163 0 164 0 165 0 167 0 165 0 169 0 170 0 172 0 173 91 CHAPTER 5 RESULTS 5 3 7 Rock trajectory animation It is possible to start an animation of all trajectories Switch to 3D mode by clicking x 2D mode is working as well Start the animation Alternative F8 Pause the animation Alternative F8 Stop Restart the animation Alternative F9 Change the speed of the animation in the Display tab on the right side speed slider from fast to slow Animation Control FAST 4 Figure 5 28 Animation speed control slider 5 3 8 Creating an image or a GIF animation Image It is possible to export your results as
33. 15 small sliding friction can act even after the rock is no longer in contact with the ground The parameter Q is linked to the penetration depth of the rock into the ground Larger penetration depths softer materials are associated with smaller B values 3 7 2 Viscoplastic Ground Drag An additional slip dependent drag force is introduced to account for the viscoplastic deformation that occurs in soft soils under rock impact Large viscoplastic deformations are also encountered in harder substrate materials such as scree where rubbing between scree granules dissipates energy Viscoplastic ground drag is given by F RES 3 9 Ground drag acts when the rock is in contact with the ground lt 0 as the rock is sliding the terrain surface s gt 0 The drag force F is proportional to the square of the rock velocity 2 as well as the mass of the rock m That is heavier and faster moving rocks will experience more drag than smaller slower moving rocks as they penetrate the ground surface The drag force is proportional to the rock s total kinetic energy The drag coefficient C varies between 0 0 m hard and 1 0 m soft 29 CHAPTER 3 THEORY 3 8 Forest Vegetation Forest drag is given by Figure 3 9 5 f 0 ifZ lt Z dk 3 10 O 42 The idea behind forest drag is that a resisting force acts on the rock s center of mass when it is located below the drag layer heigh
34. 2 50000 Project Boundary Coordinates Xmin WEST 44001 250 Xmax EAST 48501 250 Y min SOUTH 221251 25 Y max NORTH 225001 25 Figure 4 14 Step 4 of the 5 JE Wizard Project Summary Project creation The creation process can take a while Different status bars will pop up and show the progress of the project creation process 43 CHAPTER 4 SETTING UP A SIMULATION The following files willbe created in the project folder es di DATA 0 RAMMS ROCKFALL Beispiele Test Organize Include in library 7 Share with e Burn New folder Favorites Desktop Downloads 2 Dropbox n ramrms Lizenzen Ji Codes n Implementation IDL SWITCHdrive E Recent Places Libraries Documents D 10 items Mame di doc logfiles A output n racks curvidl asc dhm asc k dhm sav slope asc E Test xml 8 Test xyz Date modified 13 04 2015 11 39 13 04 2015 11 39 13 04 2015 11 39 13 04 2015 11 39 13 04 2015 11 40 15 04 2015 11 39 13 04 2015 11 39 13 04 2015 11 40 13 04 2015 11 39 13 04 2015 11 39 File folder File folder File folder File folder ASC File ASC File IDLbinaryFile ASC File XML File AY File 5622 1204 37748 KB 2 3808 Figure 4 15 Files and directories created with a new RAMMS ROCKFALL project
35. 3 1680 45 1681 19 1681 6 679034 1672 44 1674 31 1676 06 1676 94 1677 63 1678 18 1678 57 1679 11 1680 5 1681 62 1682 19 1682 679036 1673 46 1675 46 1676 79 1677 78 1678 67 1679 57 1679 57 1679 84 1681 56 1682 27 1682 71 168 679038 0 Ze e om s am ame pu 4 8 nn Mt AI oA aa 679040 0 236500 00 798 81 236500 00 799 0 236500 00 799 2 236500 00 799 50 236500 00 799 82 o0000000000 o0000005 0000000 4 Dr cken Sie FL um die Hife aufzurufen NF Dr cken Ste F1 um die Hilfe aufzurufen Figure 4 1 Example ESRI ASCII grid Figure 4 2 Example ASCII X Y Z single space data 37 CHAPTER 4 SETTING UP A SIMULATION Conversion into ESRI ASCII grid An ESRI ASCII grid can be created in ArcGIS with the function ArcToolbox gt Conversion Tools gt From Raster gt Raster to ASCII RAMMS it is possible to import ASCII X Y Z single space data and convert the data into an ESRI ASCII grid using Track New Convert XYZ to ASCII 4 1 2 Project and Scenarios A project is defined for a region of interest Within a project one or more scenarios can be specified and analyzed For every scenario a calculation can be executed A project consists therefore of different scenarios input files with different input parameter files release and friction files The basic topographic input data is the same for every scenario If you want to change the topographic input data e g chan
36. 4 4d How to load an existing release line e Choose Input gt Open Point Line Area File Select the release file shp and click Open gt release line appears in the project e Or simply click the name of the selected release file shp in the file tree in the ROCKFALL panel 2 25 Release m e see Figure 4 27 The release line immediately Line rel shp E appears in the project EI rel shp 3 Figure 4 27 File Tree 4 5 2 Rock builder RAMMS offers the Rock Builder to create realistic point cloud files from predefined rock shapes We strongly recommend using the Rock Builder instead of using spheres or cuboids for rockfall simulations as the rock shape has major impact on the output of the rockfall simulations with RAMMS There are already several realistic rock shapes included in the library Exercise 4 5 demonstrates how to create a realistic rock shape with the Rock Builder tool The rock mass and volume for realistic rocks have to be defined in the Rock Builder and have to be saved in the rock pts file You cannot change the rock volume or mass afterwards 54 CHAPTER 4 SETTING UP A SIMULATION Exercise 4 5 How to create a rock with the Rock Builder e Click to open the Rock Builder Choose Rock Shape Rock Shape Viewer Rock Characteristics From Rock Library eegener Dimensions X Y Z 1 24 1 18 1 14 Rock Density kg m3 2700 0 Rock Mass kg 2694 8 Rock Vol
37. 7 SIMULATIONS Figure 4 34 Tab Forest 64 CHAPTER 4 SETTING UP A SIMULATION Rock Tab Rock 1 You can directly go back to the Rock Builder to change your rocks 2 Choose rock type Click Rock to run a simulation with a real rock shape which you produced before in the Rock Builder Exercise 4 5 3 Select the pts file of the rock you wish to simulate visualization of the selected rock is then shown in the rock window Use your mouse to move the rock in any direction The rock characteristics and dimensions shown on the right side 4 You can select the rocks folder in your scenario folder The number of pts files in the folder will be shown On the right side you can check which rocks the folder includes Select a file from the list to look at the rock in the window Rock Tab gt Cuboid Sphere 1 Choose rock type Click Cuboid Sphere to run a RAMMS simulation with a cuboid sphere 2 Specify the volume of the cuboid by defining the length of the three axes X Y and Z m Specify the Rock Radius of your rock sphere Use your mouse to move the cuboid sphere interactively in any direction You find the rock characteristics and dimensions on the right side of the Rock tab b RAMMS Run Simulati Genet Tora Rock Rock Builder 9 1 jCuboid Wi Rock 2 Sphere Select ROCK File pts Equant 2 0 2 0m3 pts Rock Characteristics Density
38. 821 Bartelt P Salm B and Gruber U 1999 Calculating dense snow avalanche runout using a Voellmy fluid model with active passive longitudinal straining In Journal of Glaciology 45 150 242 254 95 List of Figures FIGURE 2 1 INSTALLATION WELCOME DIALOG WINDYQONN Lees eren ener en nnn tonne nhan nnne tnn nnn 10 FIGURE 2 2 INSTALLATION README DIALOG WINDOW anne ae aa ta 10 FIGURE 2 3 INSTALLATION LICENSE AGREEMENT DIALOG WINDOW AA 11 FIGURE 2 4 INSTALLATION DESTINATION DIRECTORY DIALOG WINDONWNV eene 11 FIGURE 2 5 INSTALLATION INSTALLING FILES DIALOG WINDONWN eren 12 FIGURE 2 6 INSTALLATION FINISHED INSTALLING FILES DIALOG WINDOW eene 12 FIGURE 2 7 INSTALLATION FINISHED INSTALLATION DIALOG WINDOW 13 FIGURE 2 8 IDL VISUAL STUDIO MERGE MODULES WELCOME DIALOG WINDOW eese 13 FIGURE 2 9 IDL VISUAL STUDIO MERGE MODULES READY TO INSTALL THE 14 FIGURE 2 10 IDL VISUAL STUDIO MERGE MODULES INSTALLING nenn 14 FIGURE 2 11 INSTALLATION DESTINATION DIRECTORY DIALOG 15 FIGURE 2 12 RAMMS ICON EE 15 FIGURE 2 13 RAMMS PROGRAM EE EE 15 FIGURE 2 14 RAMMS START WINDOW ea A eeh 16 FIGURE 2 15 RAMMIS LICENSING WINDOW ee 16 FIGURE 2 16 ENTER USER NAME AND COMPANY NAME sauer 17 FIGURE 2 17 PERSONAL LICENSE REQUEST FILE RAMMS R
39. 92 07 yllcorner 178911 679006 00 236500 00 792 58 2 679008 00 236500 00 793 01 value 9999 679010 00 236500 00 793 47 cellsize 1667 2 1666 67 1665 84 1665 16 1664 96 1665 45 1666 61 1668 1669 23 1670 04 1670 87 1671 38 679012 0 1665 8 1665 03 1664 58 1664 47 1664 9 1666 06 1667 78 1668 97 1669 96 1670 59 1671 28 1672 679014 0 1664 05 1663 9 1664 1664 31 1665 09 1666 89 1668 44 1669 28 1670 03 1670 83 1671 62 1672 57 679016 1662 43 1663 17 1663 86 1664 45 1665 78 1667 79 1669 15 1670 01 1670 55 1671 51 1672 3 1673 679018 t 1661 27 1662 33 1663 92 1665 06 1666 76 1668 91 1671 24 1671 47 1671 83 1672 45 1673 15 167 679020 t 1661 57 1662 53 1663 77 1666 16 1668 46 1669 98 1671 7 1672 53 1673 21 1673 33 1673 95 1674 679022 1662 89 1663 57 1664 79 1667 08 1669 38 1670 83 1672 67 1673 97 1674 67 1674 86 1675 66 167 679024 1664 96 1665 22 1665 73 1668 08 1670 02 1671 3 1674 13 1675 09 1675 71 1676 1 1676 59 1677 679026 t 1666 74 1666 83 1667 49 1669 27 1670 54 1672 33 1674 98 1675 88 1676 57 1676 9 1677 78 679028 1668 36 1669 06 1669 8 1671 1672 33 1673 71 1675 47 1676 45 1677 25 e 1679 39 679030 236500 00 793 93 236500 00 794 38 236500 00 794 87 236500 00 795 43 236500 00 795 96 236500 00 796 48 236500 00 797 0 236500 00 797 5 236500 00 798 06 236500 00 798 46 1669 94 1671 01 1672 53 1673 74 1674 22 1674 89 1676 03 1677 4 1678 31 1678 93 1679 98 1680 679032 1671 69 1672 93 1674 56 1675 8 1676 3 1676 6 1677 47 1678 22 1679 6
40. ATISTIC MODE LEFT STATISTIC SUMMARY PLOT RIGHT QUANTILE DROPDOWN MENU IN UPPER RIGHT TOOLBAR OF GUL 73 FIGURE 5 5 BOXPLOT EXPLANATIONS 01 LOWER QUARTILE 25 Q3 UPPER QUARTILE 75 IQR INTERQUARTILE RANGE EE 74 FIGURE 5 6 BROWSE FOR SCENARIO FOLDER EE 75 FIGURE 5 7 THE FILE NAME FILTER SHOWS INFORMATION ABOUT THE SCENARIO THAT YOU ARE OPENING YOU CAN ENTER A FILE STRING OR CLICK OK TO OPEN ALL EILER A 75 FIGURES S OPEN MORE ENEE 76 FIGURE 5 9 STATISTIC MODE INFORMATION IS SHOWN IN THE RIGHT ROCKFALL PANEL MIN Q1 MEAN MEDIAN G3 IOT S TDDEV EE 76 FIGURE 5 10 STATISTICS MODE DROPDOWN MENU 77 FIGURES LESTATISTICS MODE MENU eege ae 77 98 FIGURE S 12 STATISTICS RE 79 FIGURE S 13 LINE PRORIEE PEO E 80 FIGURE 5 14 BARRIER PLOT OF A LINE PROFILE SCENARIO AND LINE PROFILE NAME ARE MARKED IN THE UPPER RIGHT CORNERARED EE 80 FIGURE 5 15 INFORMATION PART OF BARRIER PLOT sen aan 81 FIGURE 5 16 ROCKFALL TRAJECTORIES DIFFERENT COLORS DEPICT DIFFERENT KINETIC ROCK ENERGIES KJ 82 FIGURE 5 17 OPEN TRAJECTORIES DIALOG WINDOW nee ei eege 83 FIGURE 5 18 TRAJECTORY MODE DROPDOWN MENU 5 5 84 FGOURESLIRESULTSVEEOCITY E 85 FIGURE 3 20 RESULTSJU e Ee AE 85 FIGURES ZT RESULTS KINETIC ROCK ENERGY ai 85 FIGURE 5 22 TRAJECTORY INFORMATION GENERAL TAB THE INFORMATION FILENAME S
41. Erinterans Translational kinetic energy kJ kJ zt Height position of lowest point on rock body s m surface Normal contact force kN Ft Tangential contact force kN Slippage Slippage distance m us Coulomb friction value u tano Vres Absolute velocity ms Wres Absolute angular velocity rot 1 jumpH Jump height plumb vertical distance of CoM to m the terrain surface projDist Projected distance traced over ground from release m point 35 CHAPTER 3 THEORY Data symbol Description Units Jc Distance to the center of SD m Distance between SD at Jc to m SD Distance between two impacts m 3 10 Terrain Model The RAMMS ROCKFALL model simulates the trajectories of falling rocks in three dimensional terrain using a high resolution digital elevation model The terrain coordinate system is taken as the simulation frame Terrain elevation Z is specified for each coordinate pair Xm Ym for which four coordinate pairs define the vertices of planes constructing the tessellated terrain surface Figure 3 10 The planes are flat while their orientation is different because the Zm elevation of each coordinate pair can differ The distance between coordinates Xm Ym defines the model terrain resolution and therefore the accuracy with which the terrain morphology is represented Typically a resolution between 1 m and 10 m is employed for simulations
42. Feistl T and Volkwein A 2012 Integral hazard management using a unified software environment numerical simulation tool RAMMS for gravitational natural hazards In Koboltschnig G H bl J Braun J eds 12th Congress INTERPRAEVENT 23 26 April 2012 Grenoble France Proceedings Vol 1 Klagenfurt International Research Society INTERPRAEVENT 77 86 e Christen M Gerber W Graf Ch B hler Y Bartelt P Glover J McArdell B Feistl T Steinkogler W 2012 Numerische Simulation von gravitativen Naturgefahren mit RAMMS Rapid Mass Movements In Zeitschrift f r Wildbach Lawinen Erosions und Steinschlagschutz 169 282 293 94 CHAPTER 6 REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING B hler Y Christen M Kowalski J and Bartelt P 2011 Sensitivity of snow avalanche simulations to digital elevation model quality and resolution In Annals of Glaciology 52 58 7280 Christen M Kowalski J and Bartelt P 2010 RAMMS Numerical simulation of dense snow avalanches in three dimensional terrain In Cold Regions Science and Technology 63 1 14 Christen M Bartelt P and Kowalski J 2010 Back calculation of the In den Arelen avalanche with RAMMS Interpretation of model results In Annals of Glaciology 51 54 161 168 Sartoris G and Bartelt P 2000 Upwinded finite difference schemes for dense snow avalanche modelling In International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 32 799
43. General Display Hack Region Rock Information vatock pts Dimensions Tr m 1 5071 38 1 44 Rock Density ka m3 2700 0 Hack Volume m3 1 864 Hack Mass kg 5032 2 Figure 4 29 Rock Information 56 CHAPTER 4 SETTING UP A SIMULATION 4 6 Terrain Forest Input After you successfully created a new project and defined the rock input two more topics have to be considered before starting a rockfall simulation e Terrain Material e Forest areas 4 6 1 Terrain material Define a global terrain category and optionally draw or import polygon shapefiles for areas with differing terrain types from extra soft to extra hard with several steps between Choose appropriate filenames for the different shapefiles while generating them so there is no confusion which shapefile belongs to which terrain type Exercise 4 6a below demonstrates how to specify the terrain types Each terrain category defines the parameters of the rockfall slippage friction law as well as a ground drag value The ground drag value accounts for the viscoplastic drag due to terrain deformation during ground contact The terrain classes are described in detail in Table 3 1 The friction parameters and drag forces should be defined for every terrain material shapefile The list below gives an overview on some possible terrain materials You can choose between the categories Snow Extra Soft Soft Medium Soft Medium Medium Hard Hard and Ex
44. HAPTER 5 RESULTS Simulation Brienz_MediurnHard_Line2 a3 ce oe de 20 c d IL E ce 300 Proj Distance m Figure 5 13 Line Profile Plot Barrier Statistics Summary Parameter Jump Height m Min 1 38 24 37 Mean Median 4 95 4 16 Std Dev 2 52 GG IQR 3 28 5 94 2 66 Nr of Data Values 714 090 Q95 Q99 8 11 9 90 15 05 Histogram Bin Size 0 59 10 15 Altitude Plot Figure 5 14 Barrier Plot of a line profile Scenario and line profile name are marked in the upper right corner red box 80 CHAPTER 5 RESULTS EE Barrier Plot from file 4 Use Statistics gt Barrier Plot or the horizontal toolbar button to select a polyline or polygon shapefile you wish to create a Barrier Plot from A window opens displaying the Statistics Barrier Plot see figure above In the Data information part of the Barrier Plot you find the information about the selected scenario and the name of either the polyline or the polygon shapefile Additionally you will find a statistical summary with the most important statistic values Barrier Statistics Summary Parameter Jump Height m Min 1 38 24 37 scenario Brierz MediumHard Line2 Mean Median 4 85 4 16 Line Profile profile shp std Dev 2 52 G3 IQR 3 28 5 94 2 66 Nr of Data Values 714 G85 Q99 8 11 8 80 15 05 Histogram Bin Size 0 58
45. IGURE 4 26 PROJECT WITH EMERGING RELEASE LINES nee a u eege 53 27 M M 54 FIGURE 4 258 ROCK BUILDER an ne ee kei 55 FIGURE 29 ROCMINEORIWIA TOWN Ze nnd 56 FIGURE 4 30 PROJECT WITH EMERGING POLYGON SHAPEFILE AAA 58 FIGURE 4 31 PROJECT WITH EMERGING POLYGON SHAPEFILES WHICH REPRESENT FORESTED AREAS 60 FIGURE GENERAL E 63 AER E IR 64 TAB FOREST cn 64 quum m 65 FIGURE 4 36 ROCK TAB gt CUB OID EE 65 FIGURE ROCK TAB gt SPHERE 65 FIGURE 38 TAB EE 66 FIGUR EA SILINE RELEASE TAB nennen 6 FIGURE RR ER E 67 FIGURE 4 41 SCENARIO ALREADY EXISTS DIALOGU E anne a u uo dnt ann 67 FIGURE 4 42 ROCKFALL SIMULATION INFORMATION WINDOW AA 68 FIGURE 4 43 SCENARIO PREPARATION GATHERING DATA WINDOW A 68 FIGURE 4 44 SCENARIO PREPARATION PREPARING SCENARIO WINDOW AA 68 FIGURE 4 45 SCENARIO PREPARATION START SIMULATION 68 FIGURE 4 46 RAMIVISSSCENARIO LOGFILE eben 69 FIGURE 4 47 MESSAGE ABOUT ROCKS THAT COULD NOT RELEASE A 70 FIGURES T TRAJECTORY VALUES IN AGIVEN GELL 2 us ay teva Ha paa VERS INS CURE ET dv e FE RU 71 FIGUIRE gt STATISTIC VALUES OF A GIVEN EE 72 FIGURE 5 3 ADDITIONAL PREFERENCES QUANTILE VALUES A 73 FIGURE 5 4 ADJUSTED QUANTILE VALUES IN ST
46. IL THE SCAR MORPHOLOGY IS TAPERED WIDENING TOWARDS THE ACCUMULATION OF EARTH AT THE SCAR END WERE AN EARTH RAMP STRUCTURE IS FORMED 96 THIS IS MODELED AS A CLIMBING FRICTION FROM THE BEGINNING OF THE SCAR S 0 AT FIRST CONTACT WHICH TENDS TOWARDS HIGH FRICTION AT THE END OF THE SCAR eese 27 FIGURE 3 8 SLIDING FRICTION IN RAMMS IS GOVERNED BY A SLIP DEPENDENT MATERIAL LAW AT ROCK IMPACT SLIP IS S 0 AND SLIDING FRICTION IS GIVEN BY umn WITH S50 FRICTION INCREASES ACCORDING TO THE COEFFICIENT AT SOME POINT S THE MAXIMUM FRICTION IS REACHED AFTER CONTACT THE FRICTION EXPONENTIALLY DECREASES WITH COEFFICIENT p THEREFORE p DESCRIBES THE DURATION OF THE FRICTION AS THE ROCK IS LEAVING THE SCAR 28 FIGURE 3 9 FOREST DRAG Fy IS IMPLEMENTED TO ACT ON THE CENTER OF GRAVITY OF THE ROCK BODY AT Zusam 31 FIGURE 3 10 HIGH RESOLUTION THREE DIMENSIONAL TERRAIN MODEL FORMS SIMULATION FRAME IN WHICH THE FOUR SIDED PLANES FORM THE TESSELLATED TERRAIN SURFACE WITH WHICH THE ROCK BODY COM EIN TOFCONTAET WITH E 36 FIGOURE4 1 EXAMPEBESRLASEI GRID an Ra ae 37 FIGURE 4 72 EXANIPEE ASCILA SINGLE SPACE EE 37 FIGURE 4 3 THE SAME PROJECT EXTENT AREA OF INTEREST CAN BE USED TO CALCULATE DIFFERENT SCENARIOS WITH DIFFERENT INPUT PARAMETERS nee NH HA 38 FIGURE 4 4 GENERAL OFRAMMS PREFERE NEES u YE Rx 39 FIGURE 4 5 ROCKFA
47. Installation This setup program will install RAMMS Rockfall on your computer Click Cancel if you do not want to install this application Click Next to continue the installation WARNING This program is protected by international copyright law and treaties Unauthorized reproduction or distribution of this program or any portion of it may result in severe civil and criminal penalties and will be prosecuted to the maximum extent of the law Figure 2 1 Installation welcome dialog window Step 2 Readme Short introduction to RAMMS Click Next to continue 25 Installing RAMMS Rockfall Readme Please read the following information RAMMS 1 6 34 Rapid Mass Movements RAMMS Rapid Mass MovementS is a state of the art numerical simulation model to calculate the motion of geophysical mass movements snow avalanches debris flows rockfall and shallow landslides from initiation to runout in three dimensional terrain d It was designed to be used in practice by hazard engineers who need solutions to real everyday problems It is coupled with a user friendly visualization tool that allows users to easily access display and analyze simulation results New constitutive models have been developed and implemented in RAMMS thanks to calibration and verification at full scale tests at sites such as Vall e de la Sionne snow avalanches Illgraben debris flows Veltheim hillslope and St Leonard Walenstadt ro
48. LL TAB OF RAMIMS PREFERENCES E 39 FIGURE 4 5 RAIVIVIS PREFERENCES ee ent 40 FIGURE 4 BROWSE FOR THE CORRECT FOLDER TT 40 FIGURE 4 8 RAMMS ROCKFALL PROJECT WIZARD STEP 1 OF A A 41 FIGURE 4 9 STEP 1 OF THE RAMMS PROJECT WIZARD PROJECT INFORMATION AA 42 FIGURE 4 10 WINDOW TO BROWSE FOR A NEW PROJECT LOCATION AA 42 FIGURE 4 11 STEP 2 OF THE RAMMS PROJECT WIZARD GIS INFORMATION AAA 42 FIGURE 4 12 PROJECT COORDINATES LOWER LEFT AND UPPER RIGHT CORNER OF PROJECT AREA 43 FIGURE 4 13 STEP OF THE RAMMS PROJECT WIZARD PROJECT BOUNDARY COORDINATES 43 FIGURE 4 14 STEP 4 OF THE RAMMS PROJECT WIZARD PROJECT 0 43 FIGURE 4 15 FILES AND DIRECTORIES CREATED WITH A NEW RAMMS ROCKFALL PROJECT 44 FIGURE 4 16 ACTIVE PROJECT WITH LINES AND CORNERS FOR 4 45 FIGURE T7 ACTIVE IPROJECI WITHROTATION AXES ee ee 46 FIGURE 4 18 3D VIEW OF EXAMPLE MODE ae 46 FIGURE 4 19 2D VIEW OF EXAMIPEE EE 46 FIGURE 4 20 THE DISPLAY TAB EE 47 FIGURE 4 21 PROPERTIES WINDOW ee hen 47 FIGURE27 WINDOW TO CHOOSE MAP IMAGE ee ale 48 FIGURE4 23 ABOUT RAMIMSZROCERFALL ee YO px een 50 FIGURE 4 24 FILE TREE AT THE BOTTOM THE RIGHT TAB ne a 51 97 FIGURE 4 25 DEFINE A RELEASE POINT AND FIND ITS COORDINATES A 52 F
49. OCK REQUEST MUSTER TXT 17 FIGURE 2 18 PERSONAL LICENSE KEY FILE RAMMS LICENSE MUSTER 17 FIGURE 3 1 PHOTOGRAPHS OF ROCK MASSES AND THEIR AGGREGATE FORMS TOP LEFT AN EXAMPLE OF EQUANT CUBIC ROCK FORMS GENERATED IN A SEQUENCE OF SANDSTONES EXPOSED TO AN EXTENSIONAL DEFORMATION REGIME THE PRIMARY JOINT SETS ARE NEAR EQUALLY SPACED AND ORTHOGONAL TO ONE ANOTHER TOPRIGHT THE COMPLEX JOINT OF THIS GRANODIORITIC ROCK MASS RESULT IN HIGHLY IRREGULAR AND ANGULAR ROCK BLOCK FORMS BOTTOM LEFT THE UPLIFTED AND FOLDED LIMESTONE SEQUENCE IS WELL BEDDED PRODUCING DISTINGUISHED SLABS WHICH DETACH AS PRONOUNCED PLATY ROCK FORMS BOTTOM RIGHT DISTINGUISHED COLUMNAR JOINTED BASALT SEQUENCE PRODUCES THE CHARACTERISTIC ELONGATE ROCK FORMS GLOVER 2015 20 FIGURE 3 2 LASER SCANS OF REAL ROCKS ARE CAPTURED IN THE FIELD THE POINT CLOUD REPRESENTING THE ROCKS GEOMETRY ARE THEN USED BY THE ROCKFALL MODEL TO CREATE A CONVEX HULL POLYHEDRON REPRESENTATIVE OF THE ROCK BODPY a deoa e ui 22 FIGURE 3 3 ROCK IS GENERATED FROM A POINT CLOUD AND CONVERTED INTO A RIGID BODY pim niri ap 22 FIGURE 3 4 CONTACT DETECTION DEFINITION OF GAP LENGTH Dn 24 FIGURE 3 5 CONTACT FRAME C AT POINT Q DETECTED WITH THE GAP FUNCTION GN 25 FIGURE 3 6 FRICTION FORCESAT THE CONTACT POINT aan 26 FIGURE 3 7 ROCK IMPACT SCAR ON SOFT SO
50. RAMMS ROCKFALL User Manual RAMMS rapid mass movements system A numerical model for rockfall in research and practice User Manual v1 6 Rockfall WSL Institut fur Schnee und Lawinenforschung SLF WSL Institut pour l tude de la neige et des avalanches SLF WSL Instituto per lo studio della neve e delle valanghe SLF WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF SM it ETH Eidgen ssische Technische Hochschule Z rich Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich WSL Title picture Rockfall at Viznau LU Werner Gerber 2003 Contributors alphabetical order SLF WSL Perry Bartelt Claudia Bieler Yves B hler Marc Christen Lisa Dreier Werner Gerber James Glover Maike Schneider Centre of Mechanics ETH Zurich Christoph Glocker Remco Leine Adrian Schweizer Table of Content 1 4 GUCCI o MEE m 6 11 e ue UL ln e E 6 12 E 6 1 3 RAMMS ROCKFALL Model 7 SE EI EE 9 2 1 system rfeguirements sense 9 92 EE 9 SSC We E 16 2 3 1 Personal license request 16 2 3 2 Getting the personal license key 17 18 PACON E 19 MERC e 19 322 Modelling ROCk SHAD 21 3 3 Free Flight Motion with Gravity and Gyroscopic Forces 23 Sm De E PE I T TEE 23 9 FCU Le 24 25 Impulsive forces EE 25 3 7 Contact HEUDOP PITU UEM UE 26
51. TART POSITION OF TRAJECTORY ETC IS REFRESHED IN THE GENERAL TAB ON THE RIGHT SIDE ADDITIONALLY THE ROCK TAB INDICATES THE ROCK USED FOR THE SELECTED TRAJECTORY SEE NEXT FIGURE enn 86 FIGURE 5 25 TRAJECTORY INFORMATION ROCK TAB na ae eu oou et o 87 FIGURE 5 24 TRAJECTORY MODE MENU TRAJECTORY zen 87 FIGURE 5 25 TRAJECTORY a ane VE tes 88 FIGURE S26 EINE PROEIEE PLOT Lu ae eo a 89 EIGURE 5 27 TRAJECTORY DATA LOG ni enne Cra used 91 FIGU RE 5 298 ANIVIATION SPEED CONTROL SLIDER eva vet eive eal 92 List of tables TABLE 3 1 GROUND CATEGORIES IN 5 4 32 TABLE 3 2 GROUND PARAMETERS DEFAULT VALUES 34 TABLE 3 3 RAMIMS ROCKFALL DYNAMIE DATA otra eei nov E va Ee Ep ROS ES ep EE YE YES USE 35 TABLE 4 1 LISTING OF FILES AND DIRECTORIES CREATED WITH A NEW RAMMS ROCKFALL PROJECT 44 99
52. Table 4 1 Listing of files and directories created with a new RAMMS ROCKFALL project File Folder doc folder logfiles folder output folder rocks folder dhm asc ASCII grid with altitude values dhm sav Internal binary file containing DEM information slope asc Calculated slope angles of DEM curvidl asc Calculated planar curvatures of DEM _ xml Input file _ Topographic data used in RAMMS Purpose Folder containing input and output log files Project creation and calculation log files Folder containing calculated scenarios Folder to save rock files pts 44 CHAPTER 4 SETTING UP A SIMULATION 4 4 Working with the interface Once the project is created there are several useful tools which can be helpful when working with RAMMS They are explained in the exercises below 4 4 1 Moving resizing rotating viewing Exercise 4 3a Moving and resizing model a Terrain model has a dimension of 100 or smaller e By clicking on the arrow o the model can be moved and resized Figure 4 16 Active project with lines and corners for resizing e move the model without changing size or aspect ratio move the cursor to the model and check if the cursor turns to Then click and hold the left mouse button and drag the model to the desired position e resize the model without changing the aspect ratio use the mouse wheel to zoom in or out Alternatively you can resize the model by ch
53. added to the terrain surface altitude in m a s l scale on the left side Green line active parameter scale on the right side Blue dot actual rock position according to the dump step shown in your simulation 88 CHAPTER 5 RESULTS Red dots points of contact consider the time step of your simulation missing contact points are possible if time steps are too large Bottom scale projected profile distance m 5 3 5 Line profile Go to Extras gt Profile gt Draw Line Profile or click 23 to draw line profile The profile function provides a graph of the currently active parameter along a specific line through the rockfall area This is helpful when it is of interest to know the values and maximum values at these places e g close to a road or dam Line profiles are saved in the file profile txt in the project directory If you want to keep a line profile you have to save it see Exercise 5 2c How to draw a line profile Exercise 5 2c How to draw a line profile 1 Draw a new line profile e Switch to 2D mode by clicking gt e Activate the project by clicking on it once then click us or choose Extras Profile gt Draw New Line Profile e Define the line profile in the same way you specify a new release line see Exercise 4 4 How to create a new release line Finish the line profile with a right click on the mouse button ZJ RAMMS ROCKFALL Line Profile Plot Jump H
54. an image in different formats e g png jpg gif tif etc Click or choose Track gt Export gt Image File and define a file name with the corresponding extension An image of the visible part in the viewer will then be exported GIF animation Creating a GIF animation is only possible in output mode Click or choose Track gt Export gt GIF Animation Enter a file name and location and wait until the simulation stopped As soon as the simulation finished the GIF animation file is saved In the Preferences you can define the interval for the GIF animation GIF animation interval s in the Rockfall tab 92 CHAPTER 6 REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING 6 References and further reading 6 1 References Maps and aerial images gt All topographic base maps and aerial images are reproduced 2015 swisstopo JA100118 Literature Acary V and Brogliato B 2008 Numerical Methods for nonsmooth Dynamical Systems Applications in Mechanics and Electronics In Dynamics of Non Smooth Systems Lecture Notes in Applied and Computational Mechanics 35 Springer Berlin Bourrier F Dorren L Nicot F Berger F and Darve F 2009 Toward objective rockfall trajectory simulation using a stochastic impact model Geomorphology 110 3 4 68 79 Bourrier F Berger F Tardif P Dorren L and Hungr O 2012 Rockfall rebound comparison of detailed field experiments and alternative modelling approache
55. anging the percentage value in the horizontal toolbar amp 100 b Terrain model has a dimension gt 100 e All steps explained above are still possible e In addition to this the white hand right next to the rotation button becomes active as well After clicking on this so called view pan button E it is also possible to move the model 45 CHAPTER 4 SETTING UP A SIMULATION Exercise 4 3b Rotating the model After activating the rotation button 5 the model can be rotated along the rotation axis by moving the cursor directly on one of the axis until the cursor changes from E Otherwise a freehand rotation in any direction is possible Figure 4 17 Active project with rotation axes Exercise 4 3c How to switch between 2D and 3D mode Click to switch from 3D to 2D view This button then changes to E and by clicking again you will return to 3D view Figure 4 18 3D view of example model Figure 4 19 2D view of example model In 2D mode you have all possibilities that work for the 3D mode It works for input files as well as for simulations For the following functions of RAMMS it is necessary to switch from 3D to 2D view INPUT OUTPUT Draw New Release Points Draw Line Profile amp Draw New Release Line Draw New Polygon Shapefile 4 46 CHAPTER 4 SETTING UP A SIMULATION 4 4 2 Colorbar As soon as a parameter is shown in the project the colorbar appears on the rig
56. annot start 61 CHAPTER 4 SETTING UP A SIMULATION 4 7 5 Rock In the Rock tab you can choose between three different types of rocks e Artificial sphere defined by the radius e Artificial cuboid defined by the x y and z dimension e Real rocks defined in the Rock Builder You can also choose a folder containing different rocks You have to fill the folder with rocks generated with the Rock Builder in advance All rocks in the specified folder will be calculated To introduce variability into the rockfall simulation you can specify the number of random initial orientations of the rocks This number multiplied with the number of rocks to calculate equals the number of total simulations to perform This number is automatically updated and displayed in the Run XXX Simulations button 62 CHAPTER 4 SETTING UP A SIMULATION 4 7 6 Exercise how to run a simulation Exercise 4 7 How to run a simulation To run a simulation choose Run gt Run Rockfall Simulation or click 2 The 5 Simulation window opens Before clicking Run Simulation you should check the input parameters General Tab 1 Select specific output filename If more than one trajectory is simulated this filename corresponds to the basic scenario name RAMMS automatically adds the different parameter variations to this name 2 Dump step s is preset by RAMMS to a default value of 0 02 This value is twice the time st
57. as this accurately models important terrain features such as gullies and cliffs The properties of each plane can be varied to take into account variable surface properties such as hardness and roughness For example forests are defined to be planes with enhanced drag Figure 3 10 High resolution three dimensional terrain model forms simulation frame O in which the four sided planes form the tessellated terrain surface with which the rock body can come into contact with 36 CHAPTER 4 SETTING UP A SIMULATION 4 Setting up a simulation 4 1 Preparations To successfully start a new RAMMS project a few important preparations are necessary Topographic input data DEM in ASCII format project boundary coordinates and georeferenced maps or remote sensing imagery should be prepared in advance tif format and tfw file maps and imagery are not mandatory but nice to have Georeferenced datasets have to be in the same Cartesian coordinate system e g Swiss CH1903 LVO3 as the DEM Polar coordinate systems in degree e g WGS84 Longitude Latitude are not supported For more information about specific national coordinate systems please contact the national topographic agency in your country 4 1 1 Topographic data Digital Elevation Model DEM The topographic data is the most important input requirement How a rock moves i e final runout distance jump heights translational and rotational velocities and total energy content of
58. ases according to the coefficient At some point s the maximum friction Uma is reached After contact the friction exponentially decreases with coefficient Therefore describes the duration of the friction as the rock is leaving the scar ramping Moreover Ar Ms Ay 3 6 force Ay enforces non penetrability constraint the force Ar acts tangentially on the terrain surface see Figure 3 6 The dependence of the friction coefficient on the slip distance s is 2 HC Mig Guy max arctan s 3 7 where piis Umax and are parameters of the friction model The initial friction encountered at the contact where s 0 is Hoen Over the slip period tends toward u for large slip values see Figure 3 8 The parameter controls how quickly the friction increases from to Umax Typically lt Umax meaning that the friction increases the longer the rock is in contact with the ground It is entirely possible that there are brittle ground materials where the opposite behavior Umax gt is encountered 28 CHAPTER 3 THEORY The slip distance s is a transition state variable having a time evolution which is described by a simple differential equation Gin 105 50 ps gy gt 0 S The parameter controls how quickly the friction is released as the rock departs the ground scar If is large friction is immediately removed as the rock moves away from the ground Conversely when
59. ckfall These models allow the application of RAMMS to solve both large extreme avalanche debris flow block fall events as well as smaller mass movements such as hillslope debris flows shallow landslides and rock fall Figure 2 2 Installation readme dialog window 10 CHAPTER 2 INSTALLATION AND SETUP Step 3 Accepting the license agreement Read the license agreement carefully and accept it by activating the check box in the lower left corner If you do not accept the license agreement you not able to proceed with the installation After accepting the license agreement click Next to continue the installation 15 Installing RAMMS ers XN License Agreement To proceed with the installation you must accept this License Agreement Please read it carefully RAMMS General License Agreement Please read the follawing general licence agreement carefully If you do not agree with the conditions do not install the RAMMS software The licence fee will be returned to you By installing the RAMMS software you accept the following contract conditions A PROGRAM RAMMS 1 RAMMS is a program developed by the WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF The functions of the program are described in the handbook delivered with the program 2 RAMMS and the handbook are protected by copyright All rights are reserved by WSL SLF 4 I agree with the above terms and conditions Figure 2 3 Installation
60. e Z offset so that the starting of the rock is guaranteed Select Rock Z Offset Manual Type in a value m to define the release height of a rock above the terrain Select Use Multi to release several rocks at the same point but different release heights Delta specifies the heights m and Steps defines how often Delta is applied RUN XXX SIMULATIONS shows how many rocks will be simulated in the defined scenario Click on the button and the simulation will start RAMMS Run Simulati General Temain Forest Rock Release RELEASE TYPE Nr of Random Orientations 10 1 Area 2 Q Point Line Multipoint Rock Position Rock Position X m 729277 65 Rock Position Y m 205239 75 Rock Position Z m 820 40 Initial Velocities optional Initial Velocity X Y Z m s 000 00 000 Initial Rot Velocity X Y Z rad s 0 00 000 000 Manual 4 Rock Z Offset Automatic Rock Z Offset m 5 00 Use Multi Stop at First Contact ea Figure 4 38 Tab Release RUN 10 SIMULATIONS 66 CHAPTER 4 SETTING UP A SIMULATION Release Tab for Line Area release 1 Choose release type For a calculation with a release line click Line For a calculation with a release area click Area 2 Select a release polyline or release area file you created before For the rock starting poin
61. e center of gravity of the rock body at height Z 3 9 Terrain Material The terrain material has considerable influence on the simulation result Shapefiles are used to delimit terrain areas with specific terrain materials Eight predefined terrain categories are listed in Table 3 1 These are Extra Soft e Soft e Medium Soft e Medium e Medium Hard e Hard e Extra Hard e Snow 31 CHAPTER 3 THEORY Selection of the appropriate terrain material model is the primary task of the hazard engineer when using RAMMS If there is uncertainty about the specific terrain material we recommend the user to compare the results of different terrain scenarios Please consider the examples in Table 3 1 as a preliminary suggestion Table 3 1 Ground Categories in RAMMS ROCKFALL Category Picture Extra Soft Soft Medium Soft Description Example Very wet ground Cannot cross without deep sink Moor turf gley in No high vegetation Soft ground with many deep soil layers Ground contains no large rock fragments Often very moist Foot inundations remain and are visible Wet and deep surface soil Moist meadow Rocks penetrate meadow surface leaving impact scars Soil is deep Meadow few rock fragments Rank vegetation 32 CHAPTER 3 THEORY Medium Medium Hard Hard Meadow is deep but contains rock fragments The meadow can be covered with vegetation Soil structure of a
62. eight m File Edit Insert Operations Window Help Dee 10 2040 2020 8 S Altitude m Jump Height m 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Proj Distance m Data Space 29 04 Y 2013 Figure 5 26 Line Profile Plot e A window opens displaying the Line Profile 89 CHAPTER 5 RESULTS Plot explanations Blackline track profile altitude scale on the right side Red line active parameter multiplied by 10 added to the track profile altitude scale on the right side You may change the Profile Parameter Exaggeration under Help gt Advanced gt Additional Preferences gt Edit Grey line active parameter scale on the left side Bottom scale projected profile distance m If you change the active parameter or the Min and Max values in the Display tab in RAMMS the plot will be directly updated You can start the simulation 9 and then watch the time variations in your line profile plot To save the coordinates of the points belonging to the line profile select Extras gt Profile gt Save Line Profile Points and enter a file name To save the line profile parameter s data distance m and the active parameter e g the jump height m at the current dump step select Extras Profile Export Line Profile Plot Data and enter a file name 2 Load an existing line profile Switch to 2D mode by clicking gt Activate the projec
63. ep This means the data of every second time step is saved in the output If you want the data of every time step you need to set the dump step to 0 01 If you want to save storage capacity you can set the dump step higher 3 The Stop criterion is set automatically and depends on rock mass and rock stop velocity The rock stop velocity ROCK STOP VEL may be set in RAMMS via Help gt Advanced gt Additional Preferences gt Edit Additionally you may choose an End time s to stop your simulation after a given time The simulation stops at the first stop criterion to reach GENERAL SIMULATION PARAMETERS SCENARIO Name Engi GL 1 Dump Step 00200 2 Stop Criterion RAMMS uses a min kinetic energy threshold for every single rock This threshold depends on the rock mass and its speed at halt VelStop The threshold calculated in the following way minkinEnergy 0 5 x RockMass x VelStop 2 VelStop 0 07 E Use End Time optional lime sy 200 Digital Elevation Model Information DEM File Engi DL oz lt 4 Stop at First Contact RUN 747 SIMULATIONS Figure 4 32 Tab General 4 Digital Elevation Model Information shows you which DEM is used for the simulation 5 Activate the box Stop at first contact only if you wish to stop your simulation as soon as the rock reaches the terrain 63 CHAPTER 4 SETTING UP A SIMULATION T
64. errain Tab 1 Choose the category of the overall terrain material of your simulation area 2 Click into the field to select a terrain material shapefile and choose the corresponding category of the specific terrain material 3 Click 2 for each selected shapefile to add it to the list only shapefiles in the list are considered in the calculation 4 All defined shapefiles are listed You can delete single shapefiles from the list Forest Tab 1 Click into the field to select a terrain material shapefile and choose the corresponding category of the specific terrain material 2 Click for each selected shapefile 3 All defined shapefiles are listed You can delete single shapefiles from the list Please note When loading multiple shapefiles for different terrain materials and surface covers be aware that the order of specification matters the last shapefile dominates the others RAMMS Run Simul Overall Terrain Material Medium Soft Terrain Material Shapefile 4 2 Terrain Material Select Terrain Material Delete forest yvi shp Medium Soft E 4 forest yvi 2 shp Extra Hard Stop at First Contact RUN 1 SIMULATIONS Figure 4 33 Tab Terrain RAMMS Simulate FOREST PARAMETERS FOREST Shapefile clickto select 1 FOREST Type Select FOREST Type Wald shp Medium Forest 35 m2 ha Stop at First Contact RUN 74
65. f dispersion spread and skewness in the data and show outliers G OI Q3 Minimum Value Maximum Value Median Figure 5 5 Boxplot Explanations Q1 lower quartile 25 96 Q3 upper quartile 75 96 IOR interquartile range 74 CHAPTER 5 RESULTS 5 2 Statistic Mode Open a simulation scenario with Track gt Open Rockfall Scenario or click 221 in the toolbar and then choose a scenario in a project s output folder Select Rockfall SCENARIO Folder Make New Folder Figure 5 6 Browse for Scenario Folder Click OK to choose the selected scenario Nr of Output Files 250 Hle Mame Filter Enter Filter String optional Leave Empty and Click OK to Open All Files Use to Separate Multiple Filter Strings Click Cancel to Abort Figure 5 7 The file name filter shows information about the scenario that you are opening You can enter a file string or click OK to open all files Enter a file name filter for the specific results or click OK if you are interested in all the simulations in the scenario folder Click OK to proceed 75 CHAPTER 5 RESULTS Open more SCEMARIOS Click Yes to select another SCENARIO Folder make sure that you only open SCENARIOS from the same Project Folder Figure 5 8 Open more Scenarios If you would like to open several scenarios click Yes to choose another scenario from the output folder It is important that the scenar
66. g provide quick access to Jump Height Velocity and Kinetic Rock Energy of the simulation 5 3 2 Visualize different parameters The drop down menu Results offers the following functions in the trajectory mode 83 CHAPTER 5 RESULTS Results Statistics Trajectory GIS Extras Project Help Jump Height Rock Velocity _ Rotational Rock Velocity AN 0 Total Rock Energy kin pot Kinetic Rock Energy Kinetic Rock Energy translational Kinetic Rock Energy rotational Resultant Tangential Contact Force Perpendicular Contact Force Slippage Friction Value Figure 5 18 Trajectory Mode Dropdown menu Results e Jump Height e Rock Velocity e Rotational Rock Velocity gt X Y Z Resultant e Total Rock Energy kin pot e Kinetic Rock Energy e Kinetic Rock Energy translational e Kinetic Rock Energy rotational e Tangential Contact Force e Perpendicular Contact Force e Slippage e Friction Value CHAPTER 5 RESULTS Exercise 5 2a Displaying calculation values i E En a ES n E E 3 4 26 a Em t o E m u ic T Figure 5 20 Results Jump Figure 5 21 Results Kinetic Rock Height Energy Figure 5 19 Results Velocity The values of Jump Height Rock Velocity and Kinetic Rock Energy give a good overview of the dimension of the rockfall event in the trajectory mode You can choose the parameters in the
67. ge the input DEM resolution or the project boundary coordinates you have to create a new project Other input parameters like rock shape surface information end time time step etc can be changed for every scenario CES E sp ms TONS aM NER MRC BET Ss E uu I 55 SITES NER IN RSR ES Fan Zz kan 4 5 JER P nd vs Lower left corner 77 N ra BE FIR T DAR 7 Figure 4 3 The same project extent em of preme can wm get Ee weng H different scenarios with different input parameters 4 2 Preferences To ease the file handling we recommend setting the preferences prior to start with simulations The preferences set the path to the working directory and the necessary files such as DEM maps and orthoimagery If the path to the maps and the imagery files is set correctly in the preferences RAMMS will automatically open the georeferenced data when you generate a project Use Track gt Preferences to open the RAMMS preferences window or click the button EI For resetting general preferences use Help gt Advanced Reset General Preferences 38 CHAPTER 4 SETTING UP A SIMULATION Loi RAMMS Preferences 4 RAMMS Preferences Rockfall Working Directory D ARAMMSXROCKFALL Beispiel D Nr Of Calorbar Colors An Map Directory 5 Rock Magnification X 3 Orthophoto Directory D4RAMMS OrthoP
68. he SLF and the nstitute of Mechanics Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETHZ between the years 2010 2013 The rockfall model is the third RAMMS module following the RAMMS AVALANCHE and RAMMS DEBRISFLOW modules and offers many of the same user friendly features The RAMMS ROCKFALL model was officially released after a period of calibration and application testing in April 2015 To date most rockfall models utilize simple rebound mechanics to describe the complex interaction between the rock and the ground Bourrier et al 2012 Dorren 2003 Dorren and Seijmonsbergen 2003 Schweizer 2015 Volkwein et al 2011 Rock geometries consisted of simplified shapes mostly spheres or ellipsoids The rock ground interaction was parameterized using apparent restitution coefficients to model the rock jumping To account for the wide variation of possible jump distances and heights even in homogenous terrain see Glover 2015 random stochastic methods were used to define the bandwidth of possible restitution coefficients Rockfall modeling was therefore both quasi deterministic and quasi stochastic In RAMMS the rock ground interaction is parameterized by frictional operators that act at the rock surface Compared to rebound models that employ apparent restitution coefficients to model entire ground rock interaction the hard contact rigid body approach applies contact forces to the rocks edges and corner points The primary advantage of using hard con
69. his be useful when changing the background color of your project to black or white Track gt Preferences gt Rockfall Tab gt Figure 4 21 The Colorbar Properties window Background Color 47 CHAPTER 4 SETTING UP A SIMULATION 4 4 3 Changing maps and remote sensing imagery It is possible to change the map or imagery of a project anytime Take into account that the corresponding tfw file world file has to be in the same folder as the actual map tif If this is not the case the map will not be found Exercise 4 3e How to add change maps a Add change a map e Goto Extras gt Map gt Add Change Map or click e f more than map is found the following window pops up listing the maps found 2S _ amp Choose map Found several possible map files Y Dim Size MB F Net RAMMS Maps VDLS BIG tif 3256 2 24259 F Net iRAMMS Maps VDLS_BIG tif 5593 4793 53 5095 F NetiRAMMS Maps test tif 2192 2712 3 34166 F NetiRAMMS Maps vdls bigbig tif 4060 4360 4 79636 F NetiRAMMS Maps vdis_small tif 2192 2712 3 34166 4 X Dim Cancel Load selected map Figure 4 22 Window to choose map image e Information on the image dimensions x Dim and y Dim pixel and size MB are provided and might be a selection criterion e Select the map you wish to add and click Load selected map b Map not found e f the ques
70. hotos GIF Animation Interval s 1 DEM Directory D RAMMS DEM Background Color 0 0 0 Animation Delay s 0 1 Figure 4 4 General tab of RAMMS Figure 4 5 Rockfall tab of RAMMS preferences General Tab Setting Working Directory Map Directory Orthophoto Directory DEM Directory Rockfall Tab Setting Nr of Colorbar Colors Rock Magnification X GIF Animation Interval s Background Color Animation Delay s preferences Purpose Set your working directory VERY IMPORTANT DO NOT USE BLANKS in the working directory path Set the folder where you place your georeferenced digital maps consists of a tif file and a corresponding twf file world file Set the folder where you place your digital georeferenced orthophotos aerial picture consists of a tif file and a corresponding twf file world file Set the folder where you place the Digital Elevation Models format ASCII grid Purpose Set default number of colorbar colors Set values between 1 and 100 for magnification of the rock size in the visualization Set interval for GIF animation images in seconds Set background color Set animation delay to the animation speed The following exercise Working directory shows how to choose a new working directory All further settings can be changed in a similar manner The settings are saved until they are
71. ht side of the main window It can be turned on and off by clicking on mj The colorbar can be moved anywhere in the screen and can get lost Use Project Get Colorbarto find a lost colorbar Exercise 4 3d Editing the colorbar Changing the minimum and maximum values of the colorbar as well as changing the number of colors used is done in the panel ROCKFALL right of the map window in the tab Display e Simply type a new value into the respective field and hit the return key on the keyboard Colorbar and Values The display will be refreshed Min 0 00 To view the underlying topography or MN 50 00 image you can change the transparency uc 56 e ATTENTION Values x xxx are not displayed Transparency The cut off depends on the min and max Bee alues lt 0 595 are not displayed values as well as on the number of colors Animation Control Make sure that you have the range of values rast arg you want to display Figure 4 20 The Display tab e Open the editing window by either choosing Properties comm Edit gt Colorbar Properties or clicking in the vertical toolbar 055 255 255 To change the colorbar properties simply click alas into the field you want to change then click OK mda 0 Velocity m s 1 G 95 gt Under Edit gt Colorbar White Color the text 255255255 color of the colorbar can be changed to white T
72. ical zones distinctive runout behavior such as extreme jump heights and runout distances are observed Dynamics of this kind are decisive for hazard mapping and rockfall protection structures and with full three dimensional data of rock position velocities rotations and energies see Table 3 3 for a full list rockfall management and the design of protection structures can be optimized The listed data Table 3 3 are available as log files which can be generated from simulations The application of rigid body theory to rockfall modeling has advanced the capacity to include detailed and hazard specific information on rock shapes and sizes This allows the inclusion of lithology and geological setting to establish realistic initial conditions for a hazard simulation Table 3 3 RAMMS ROCKFALL dynamic data Data symbol Description Units t time S X X coordinate CoM CoM Center of mass m Y coordinate m 2 2 coordinate COM m pO Quarternion 1 Quarternion p2 Quarternion p3 Quarternion Vx Velocity X CoM ms Vy Velocity Y CoM ms Velocity 7 CoM ms 1 Wx Angular velocity about inertial axis X rot s 1 Wy Angular velocity about inertial axis Y rot s wz Angular velocity about inertial axis Z rot s 1 Etot Total energy including potential energy with kJ respects to the lowest point in simulation domain Ekin Total kinetic energy kJ
73. ile with the ending shp is saved ye ff 9 gt FIIR RES za AN e E zi Li 3 d e V 4 N n S 4 3 ER A ur D H lt NW 1 vig ANA E 4 ey gt PL WAL 22 Y d Ee e 2 7 4 EES bc a Figure 4 31 Project with emerging polygon shapefiles which represent forested areas e Create polygon shapefiles as described above for all the areas with different and important surface covers inside the area of interest 4 7 Running a simulation To run a simulation you have to complete the steps described in the chapters above If you wish to take into account different terrain materials and surface covers the corresponding shapefiles have to be created in advance as described in Exercise 4 6 Release lines and release shapefiles have to be generated in advance too as shown in Exercise 4 5 Exercise 4 7 How to run a simulation leads you through the required steps to run a rockfall simulation The following tabs have to be completed subsequently 4 7 1 General In this tab you specify the name of the output folder and the dump step time interval between different dumps saved to disk 4 7 2 Terrain Here you specify the overall terrain type and load the additional terrain shapefiles specify their terrain type and load them to the list The available terrain types are 60 CHAPTER 4 SETTING UP A SIMULATION e
74. indows Virtual Machine VM e RAM memory 2 GB more recommended e CPU Intel Pentium 1 GHz multi core recommended only 64 bit supported e Hard disk ca 185 2 2 Installation Please download the RAMMS ROCKFALL setup file ramms rock user setup 64 zip from http ramms slf ch Downloads section Please make sure that you have a 64 bit Windows system Direct download link http ramms slf ch ramms downloads ramms rock user setu Please do the following steps before beginning to install RAMMS e Click on the path given above or copy the path to any browser A window pops up and the automatic download of the file ramms rock user setup 64 zip starts after clicking Yes e Unzip the file to a temporary location You must have Administrator privileges on the target machine If you not have such privileges the installer cannot modify the system configuration of the machine and the installation will fail Note that you do not need Administrator privileges to run RAMMS afterwards e Read first install afterwards Please read the whole installation process once before you begin the installation e Start the file ramms version rock user setup 64 exe CHAPTER 2 INSTALLATION AND SETUP Step 1 Welcome The welcome dialog introduces you to the English setup program and will guide you through the installation process Click Next to continue 44 Installing RAMMS Rockfall Welcome to the RAMMS Rockfall
75. ing This manual provides an overview of RAMMS ROCKFALL Exercises exemplify different steps in setting up and running a RAMMS simulation especially in Chapter 4 Setting up a simulation However to get the most from the manual we suggest reading it through while simultaneously having the RAMMS program open learning by doing We assume RAMMS users to have a basic level of familiarity with windows based programs commands and general computer terminology We do not describe the basics of windows management such as resizing or minimizing RAMMS windows click options and input masks are similar to other windows based programs and can be used closed reduced or resized in the same way CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION DISCLAIMER RAMMS is intended to be used as a tool to support experienced users The interpretation of the simulation results has to be done by a rockfall expert who is familiar with the local as well as with the topographic and geological situation of the investigation area In no event shall SLF WSL be liable for any damage or lost profits arising directly or indirectly from the use of RAMMS Swiss law applies Court of jurisdiction is Davos If you encounter problems please contact ramms slf ch CHAPTER 2 INSTALLATION AND SETUP 2 Installation and Setup 2 1 System requirements We recommend the following minimum system requirements for running RAMMS ROCKFALL e Operating System Windows 7 64 bit or Windows 8 or W
76. installing files dialog window 12 CHAPTER 2 INSTALLATION AND SETUP Step 7 RAMMS installation finished RAMMS successfully finished the installation Click Finish 15 Installing RAMMS Rockfall RAMMS Rockfall has been successfully installed Click Finish to complete the installation Createlnstall Free Figure 2 7 Installation finished installation dialog window Step 8 Welcome to IDL Visual Studio Merge Modules To ensure that all important system libraries are installed on your target machine follow the instructions below The welcome dialog introduces you to the English setup program and will guide you through the installation process of the IDL Visual Studio Merge Modules Click Next to continue iz IDL Visual Studio Modules InstallShield Wizard Welcome to the InstallShield Wizard for IDL Visual Studio Merge Modules The InstallShield R Wizard will install IDL visual Studio Merge Modules on your computer To continue click Next WARMING This program is protected by copyright law and international treaties Figure 2 8 IDL Visual Studio Merge Modules welcome dialog window 13 CHAPTER 2 INSTALLATION AND SETUP Step 9 Ready to install the program Click Next to continue IDL Visual Studio Merge Modules InstallShield Wizard Ready to Install the Program The wizard is ready to begin installation Click Install to begin the installation IF vou want to review or
77. ios are saved in the same project folder Click No if you want to analyze only the results from one scenario RAMMS will open the scenario and show the 9596 Quantile of the kinetic Rock Energy kJ The 9596 Quantile is the default selection of the quantile dropdown menu in the upper right toolbar You can change the default selection the Additional Preferences Keyword QUANTILE values between 0 5 correspond to the position of the quantile in the dropdown menu see Figure 5 4 of Nodes 373750 Nr of Cells 372526 End Time 200 Dump Step 0 02 Grid Resolution m 2 00 Rock Magnification x Trajectory Information Mr of Trajectories 520 Trajectory Mode OFF Average Slope Degrees 35 08 38 11 56 66 Summary Statistics Kinetic Rack Energy kJ Min 0 00 31 1240 88 Mean 14304 57 Median 8217 68 03 21602 22 154618 88 25000 00 1 Ta c T 4 9 nc IGR 20361 3 Figure 5 9 Statistic Mode information is shown in the um ROCKFALL panel Min Q1 Mean Median Q3 Max IQR StdDev In Statistic Mode only Jump Height H Rock Velocity V Resultant Rotational Rock Velocity and Kinetic Rock Energy E results are available 199 76 CHAPTER 5 RESULTS Statistics Trajectory GIS Extras Project Help Jump Height ump Heig Rock Velocity Rotational Rock Velocity Total Rock Energy
78. ispiele 0205_Gurtnellen06 NewVersion_DPhi0 000000_DTheta0 000000_DPsi0 000000 rts oo e Track Edit Input Show Run Results Trajectory GIS Extras Project Help 5 oc 1 Dat Le Tm tr I FfF a wy 4 ROCKFALL Select with mouse x 1 e pete Z PARAMETER Velocity m s 1 d General Display Rock Region Rock Information Name 3 3m3 80 2 18 1 6pts Dimensions X Y Z 2 00 1 71 1 52 Rock Density kg m3 2700 0 Rock Volume m3 3314 Ka aS x Rock Mass kg 8947 3 Rock Viewer pen pe 85 Dump Steps Click to select or click amp drag selection box X 6 912E 005 Y 1 761 005 Z 1143 ie Figure 5 23 Trajectory information Rock tab The menu Trajectory offers the following functions GIS Extras Project Help View Trajectory AY Plot View Trajectory Data Log File View Trajectory Standard Output Log File View Input File xml Figure 5 24 Trajectory Mode Menu Trajectory e View Trajectory XY Plot e View Trajectory Data Log File e View Trajectory Standard Output Log File e View Input File xml In the horizontal toolbar you can find the following functions e Rock Trajectory XY Plot te e Line Profile 87 CHAPTER 5 RESULTS 5 3 4 Rock Trajectory XY Plot Click on a rock trajectory You can find the function View Trajecto
79. ities of the contact pair before and after impact are governed by the normal restitution coefficient 1 corresponds to complete restitution of normal velocity while smaller en dissipates energy Generally speaking this value is set very low Newton s action reaction law is always fulfilled 25 CHAPTER 3 THEORY Figure 3 6 Friction forces at the contact point 0 3 5 Impulsive normal forces can also induce impulsive tangential forces While this is mainly seen in the elastic impacts of superballs Cross 1999 and therefore in the rockfall model is set at since these effects are absent To determine the resultant force direction acting on the rock body the configuration of the impact must be computed This requires finding the relative velocity between the contact points P and the terrain Q Importantly the velocity of contact point P is composed of the translational velocity with respect to the body s center of mass vs and its angular velocity in the fixed body frame K for which P also has a fixed position vector relative to the center of mass S That is the contact algorithm in the rigid body approach considers the rotational speed of the rock at contact Because the forces are then applied at points away from the center of mass and with a direction respecting the impact configuration to a body with three degrees of translational and rotational freedom torques and moment arms can act
80. k contact can be with soft soils that easily deforms under contact In such contacts there is a compliance of the soft soil terrain and a degree of penetration and sliding of the rock body as it ploughs into the earth cover accumulating material behind it leaving behind distinctive impact scars in the terrain Figure 3 7 scar length Garth pile up Figure 3 7 Rock impact scar on soft soil the scar morphology is tapered widening towards the accumulation of earth at the scar end were an earth ramp structure is formed This is modeled as a climbing friction from the beginning of the scar s at first contact which tends towards high friction at the end of the scar To simulate ground deformation within the framework of a hard contact model requires introducing a slip s dependent friction that acts during sliding and accounts for the increase in friction due to material accumulation behind the rock body as it slides through the impact Figure 3 7 and Figure 3 8 The slip dependent friction is an extension of the Coulomb friction model in which the friction value u is made dependent on the slip distance s travelled by the center of mass u s Figure 3 8 27 CHAPTER 3 THEORY stiction torque Minas U min Contact No Contact A Figure 3 8 Sliding friction in RAMMS is governed a slip dependent material law At rock impact slip is s O and sliding friction is given by with 5 gt 0 friction incre
81. nes and areas can only be drawn in 2D mode Release Point There are two possibilitiesto set a new release point 1 Click gt or use Input Release Set New Release Point move the cursor to the desired position and click with the left mouse button at the position of the release point 2 Use Input gt Release Enter Coordinates X Y to manually enter the coordinates X Y of a release point Save your release point location with Input gt Release gt Save Point Location See exercise 4 4a below for more details Release Line Draw a new release line by clicking or use Input gt Release gt Draw New Release Line Draw the line by clicking points with your left mouse button and finish the line by a click on your right mouse button There are two possibilities load an existing release line 1 Use Input gt Release gt Load Existing Release Line 2 Use the file tree in the General tab in the ROCKFALL panel on the right side Click on the appropriate shapefile to load the release line into the visualization see Figure 4 24 Click Refresh Tree to refresh the file tree 4 Release E Domain 1 4 Shapefile Figure 4 24 File tree at the bottom of the right tab 51 CHAPTER 4 SETTING UP A SIMULATION Release Area Polygon Shapefile Finish the release polygon with right click It is possible to define several Draw a new release area by clicking or use Input gt
82. ntact i e the non penetration constraint The tangential force components are due to Coulomb friction and are governed by the contact laws 24 CHAPTER 3 THEORY Figure 3 5 Contact frame C at point detected with the gap function gy The normal force component Ay is resolved with a contact cone differential inclusion in which the transient normal force vector over the finite contact period can be computed Over the contact period this is a set valued normal force considering all periods of contact identified with the gap function gw The tangential force component is assumed to obey spatial Coulomb s friction law see Figure 3 6 Stiction of the contact occurs so long as the magnitude of the tangential force kAr is less than uAn in which An is the applied normal force and u the friction coefficient The direction is also resolved with a normal cone inclusion projecting a friction disc on to the surface Figure 3 6 The formulation covers both sticking and sliding cases 3 6 Impulsive forces Rebound Impulsive contact forces occur whenever the gap function detects contact with negative velocity lt 0 that is to say that the point would theoretically move through the terrain surface if not treated with the impulsive contact force This requires a velocity jump such that the post impact normal velocity is non negative YN 0 This impact law is based on Newtonian impact law in which the relative normal veloc
83. nu in upper right toolbar of GUI 5 1 2 Statistic Vocabulary Probability Density Function PDF Wikipedia The probability density function PDF or density of a continuous random variable is a function that describes the relative likelihood for this random variable to take on a given value The probability of the random variable falling within a particular range of values is given by the integral of this variable s density over that range that is it is given by the area under the density function but above the horizontal axis and between the lowest and greatest values of the range The probability density function is non negative everywhere and its integral over the entire space is equal to one 73 CHAPTER 5 RESULTS Cumulative Distribution Function CDF Wikipedia n probability theory and statistics the cumulative distribution function CDF or just distribution function describes the probability that a real valued random variable X with a given probability distribution will be found to have a value less than or equal to x Boxplot Wikipedia n descriptive statistics a box plot or boxplot is a convenient way of graphically depicting groups of numerical data through their quartiles Box plots are non parametric they display variation in samples of a statistical population without making any assumptions of the underlying statistical distribution The spacings between the different parts of the box indicate the degree o
84. on The models are especially helpful when proposing technical mitigation measures such as dams and embankments or rockfall protection barriers The models allow hazard engineers to optimize limited financial resources by studying the influence of different hazard scenarios on defense options 1 2 RAMMS The RAMMS RApid Mass Movements System software system contains three process modules RAMMS AVALANCHE RAMMS DEBRISFLOW RAMMS ROCKFALL The RAMMS AVALANCHE and RAMMS DEBRISFLOW modules are designed for flow phenomena containing fast moving particulate debris of snow and rocks In the avalanche module the interstitial fluid is air whereas in the debris flow module the interstitial fluid is mud The RAMMS AVALANCHE and RAMMS DEBRISFLOW models are used to calculate the motion of the movement from initiation to runout in three dimensional terrain The models use depth averaged equations and predict the slope parallel velocities and flow heights This information is sufficient for most engineering applications Information in the slope perpendicular direction e g mass and velocity distribution is lost however this is seldom of practical interest Both models require an accurate digital representation of the terrain Engineers specify initial conditions location and size of the release mass and friction parameters depending on terrain e g roughness vegetation and material e g snow ice or mud content of the debris flow
85. plying RAMMS to a rockfall problem necessitates that rocks of different shapes and sizes can be easily specified RAMMS ROCKFALL the rock body is modelled as a convex hull polyhedron The 19 CHAPTER 3 THEORY shape of rock bodies are user defined by providing a point cloud defining the surface geometry of the rock Shapes can be simple geometric forms such as equant platy or columnar unique feature of RAMMS is that real rock geometries obtained from laser scans during field investigations can be used in a modeling application Over time the user can build up and manage a rockfall library containing rock shapes representative of different geologic settings At present the rocks are considered indestructible that is they do not fragment or change form during the analysis Over and above weathering processes the geometric relationships of rock mass discontinuities joints fractures contacts bedding asperities and schistosity govern block shape size and release mechanism Jaboyedoff 2011 With RAMMS ROCKFALL preconditioning the shape and size and number of possible release orientations of detachable rocks is an essential part of the analysis The observation that different basic geological settings produce characteristic rock shapes has been well documented by Fityus et al 2013 among others Some commonly encountered rock shapes and the associated geological setting are given below Figure 3 1 Figure 3 1 Photographs of
86. ry XY Plot in the horizontal toolbar button te or in the menu Trajectory gt View Trajectory XY Plot If you want to analyze a trajectory in detail the XY plot of a trajectory is the way to go The graph shows the currently active parameter you can change it by clicking one of the buttons in the upper horizontal toolbar ogg or by selecting another result parameter via the Results menu You can keep the Trajectory XY Plot by saving it see Exercise 5 2b below How to create a Trajectory XY Plot Exercise 5 2b How to create a Trajectory XY Plot e Switch to 2D mode by clicking e Activate the project by clicking on it once Then click on the specific rock trajectory you want to plot e Goto Trajectory gt View Trajectory XY Plot or click ke Z3 RAMMS Rockfall Trajectory DorfbergAnrissLinie 14 rts File Edit Insert Operations Window Help Topography Trajectory Data Contact Points Jump Height m am E E f 2 70 2 L lt 5 E 1600 0 200 400 500 300 Proj Distance m Click to select or click amp drag selection box 669 53 Figure 5 25 Trajectory XY Plot e window opens displaying the Trajectory XY Plot e You can save print and modify the plot with the tools in the upper toolbar or open another plot Plot explanations Brown line terrain surface scale on the left side Black line rock trajectory
87. s Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 37 6 656 665 Cross R 1999 The bounce of a ball American Journal of Physics 67 3 222 227 8 Fityus S Giacomini A and Buzzi O 2013 The significance of geology for the morphology of potentially unstable rocks Engineering Geology 162 0 43 52 Dorren L 2003 A review of rockfall mechanics and modelling approaches Progress in Physical Geography 27 1 6987 Dorren L K A and Seijmonsbergen A C 2003 Comparison of three GIS based models for predicting rockfall runout zones at a regional scale Geomorphology 56 1 2 49 64 Fityus S Giacomini A and Buzzi O 2013 The significance of geology for the morphology of potentially unstable rocks Engineering Geology 162 43 52 Frehner M Wasser B Schwitter R 2005 Nachhaltigkeit und Erfolgskontrolle im Schutzwald Wegleitung f r Pflegemassnahmen in Waldern mit Schutzfunktion Bern Bundesamt f r Umwelt 564p Glocker Ch 2001 Set Valued Forces Laws In Dynamics of Non Smooth Systems Lecture Notes in Applied and Computational Mechanics 1 Springer Berlin Glover J 2015 Rock shape and its role in rockfall dynamics Doctoral thesis Durham University 93 CHAPTER 6 REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING Latham J P Munjiza A Garcia X Xiang J and Guises R 2008 Three dimensional particle shape acquisition and use of shape library for DEM and FEM DEM simulation In Mineral
88. s Engineerings Elsevier 797 805 Leine R 1 Schweizer A Christen Glover J Bartelt P and Gerber W 2013 Simulation of rockfall trajectories with consideration of rock shape Submitted to Multibody System Dynamics Moreau J J 1988 Unilateral contact and dry friction in finite freedom dynamics In Non Smooth Mechanics and Applications Springer Berlin 1 82 Jaboyedoff M 2011 Slope tectonics Geological Society London Schweizer A 2015 Ein nichtglattes mechanisches Modell f r Steinschlag Dissertation ETH Z rich Volkwein A Schellenberg K Labiouse V Agliardi F Berger F Bourrier F Dorren L K A Gerber W and Jaboyedoff M 2011 Rockfall characterisation and structural protection a review Natural Hazards and Earth System Science 11 9 2617 2651 6 2 Publications The development of RAMMS is based on scientific findings published in international scientific journals Alist of the most important scientific publications about RAMMS and its applications is given below chronological order e Bartelt P B hler Y Buser O Christen M and Meier L 2012 Modeling mass dependent flow regime transitions to predict the stopping and depositional behavior of snow avalanches In J Geophys Res 117 F01015 doi 10 1029 2010JF001957 e Christen B hler Y Bartelt P Leine R Glover J Schweizer A Graf C McArdell B W Gerber W Deubelbeiss Y
89. s gravity center S The translations of the rock body in the simulation domain are mapped using coordinate frame S in relation to O Figure 3 3 The rock s mass mis given from its volume calculated from the convex hull of the point cloud and a density p which is user defined typically 2700 kg m The rock has three translational linear momentum and three rotational degrees of freedom spin to describe the rocks mass center position q X Y Z any time f in the terrain coordinate frame Rotational motions capture the orientation of the rock s external geometry in space At time 0 the rock is released from position X Y Z which of course must be located some distance above the terrain 2 gt Z and thus the release height bis h ZZ 21 CHAPTER 3 THEORY Figure 3 2 Laser scans of real rocks are captured in the field The point cloud representing the rocks geometry are then used by the rockfall model to create a convex hull polyhedron representative of the rock body Point Cloud Convex Hull Eigenframe Center of mass Moments of inertia Figure 3 3 Rock is generated from a point cloud and converted into a rigid body polyhedral 22 CHAPTER 3 THEORY 3 3 Free Flight Motion with Gravity and Gyroscopic Forces In free flight the governing equation of motion is see Leine et al 2013 Mu h q u 0 3 1 where M isthe constant and diagonal mass matrix containing the mass and three moments
90. spiMorway Figure 4 8 Rockfall Project Wizard Step 1 of 4 41 CHAPTER 4 SETTING UP A SIMULATION Continuation of exercise 4 2 How to create a new project e Enter a project name 1 e Add some project details 2 e The project location 3 suggested is the current working directory To change the location click into the Location field A second window appears and you can browse for a different folder see figure below VERY IMPORTANT Do NOT use BLANKS or special characters in the project location path e Click Next 4 Project Information Enter project name project details and location of the project in the fields below The project name will be used to name your project directory and your input files Project name Example Project details Constant calculation test Location HARAMMS Bsp Norway Project will be created at Figure 4 9 Step 1 of the 5 Project Wizard Project Information Step 2 e Click into the Select DEM file field to browse for the DEM file Locate your DEM file in the folder set in the RAMMS preferences e Grid Resolution field shows you the dimension of a single grid cell e Click Next Browse For Folder Choose Project Location Pythonz A Pythonz ORTHOPHOTO PROJECTS A Temp A Users A windows Figure 4 10 Window to browse for a new project location Project Wi
91. t 2 This force is linearly proportional to the rock velocity v The forest is parameterized by the effective height of the vegetation layer Z as well as the drag coefficient The effective height Z roughly corresponds to the height of the forest but in some cases for example old forests the drag force in the tree crowns might be negligible and therefore the effective height could be smaller than the real tree height The model does not account for a Z dependency in forest structure as it assumes a homogeneous layer with mean drag properties Typical values for Z are between 5 m and 30 m default value is 30m typical values for range between 100 kg s and 1 000 kg s Three different forest types are implemented in RAMMS ROCKFALL for now e Open Forest gt 20 m ha gt forest drag 250 kg s e Medium Forest gt 35 m ha gt forest drag 500 kg s e Dense Forest gt 50 m ha gt forest drag 750 kg s This model description is a simplified summary of a more complete and detailed explanation provided by Leine et al 2013 in which the time stepping methods are also explained While it is possible with the rigid body approach to model multi body interaction of many particles and it would be possible to include a fragmentation law in the model these features are not yet implemented in the model and remain as future additions to the model 30 CHAPTER 3 THEORY Figure 3 9 Forest drag Fy is implemented to act on th
92. t by clicking on it once then click or choose Extras gt Profile gt Draw New Line Profile Click the middle mouse button once A window pops up and you can browse for the line profile you wish to open 90 CHAPTER 5 RESULTS 5 3 6 Trajectory Data Log File To see the exact values of the simulation results check the Trajectory Data Log File which shows the results for every dump step of a single trajectory After running a simulation click on a rock trajectory in the trajectory mode and go to Trajectory gt View Trajectory Data Log File to open it Further information of a simulation run is available under Trajectory gt Standard Output Log File and Trajectory gt View Input File xml File Trajectory Log File Date Tue Apr 28 17 28 21 2015 Rock type 2 0 Sphere 1 Cuboid 2 Rock ptz file DARAMMEAROCKFALLWBeispieleA Brienz Juli2014XBrienzwocksW BrienzRock 35 0m3 pts Hr of Trajectories 99 Trajectory Mode ON Average Slope Degrees 34 86 42 76 80 55 Filename Bad Values Medium R27 xml Offset 5 00000 Rock Position X 764771 00 Rock Position Y 171831 00 Rock Position Z 1648 0000 Friction Overall Type Medium Selected trajectory D3RAMMS3ROCKFALLBeispieleBrienz Juli 0143Brienziou Bad EE EE kas Piat AFA 0 000 0 010 0 020 0 040 0 050 0 050 0 110 0 130 0 150 0 150 0 180 0 200 0 220 0 240 0 250 0 280 0 300 0 320 0 340 764771 000 764771 000 764771 000 764771 000 764771
93. t forest types are implemented in RAMMS ROCKFALL e Open Forest gt 20 m ha e Medium Forest gt 35 m ha e Dense Forest gt 50 The difference between the forest types considers the stem wood area per hectare basal area The drag force is calibrated according to the NAIS document Nachhaltigkeit und Erfolgskontrolle im Schutzwald Frehner et al 2005 This document describes the silvicultural management of protection forests for different forest habitats and specific natural hazards The revised requirement profile of a rockfall protection forest includes numbers of trees and other information Please consider that the rock mass is essential for the protective effect of a forested area This simple but efficient forest representation applied in RAMMS ROCKFALL will be further developed in the future at SLF WSL User feedback or comments are very welcome Please contact ramms slf ch for any ideas or suggestions 59 CHAPTER 4 SETTING UP A SIMULATION Exercise 4 6b How to create a shapefile to represent a specific surface cover e Switch to 2D mode by clicking 22 e Activate project by clicking on the map once e Click 49 e Trace the forest river lake or swamp outline by creating as many area polygons as necessary proceed as in Exercise 4 6a How to create a shapefile with specific terrain characterization and name your new shapefile according to the surface cover it represents e g lake A new shapef
94. tact approach is that the role of rock shape is accounted for in the ground rock interaction This facilitates a natural modeling of the four primary modes of rock motion sliding rolling skipping and jumping without the use of random stochastic methods to define the rebound parameters All four modes of rock propagation are modeled in RAMMS Long and widespread rock runout is generally associated with the jumping mode however rock stopping requires a transition from jumping to a rolling sliding mode Modelling all four modes is essential for a realistic self consistent and risk based rockfall hazard analysis The natural variation of jumps is defined automatically by the rock shape and orientation at impact The statistical spread of rockfall runout and dispersion is generated only by changing the initial conditions Ground parameters are not random they are deterministic in the sense that one material type is assigned to describe hardness and the general tendency of the terrain to react to a rock impact In RAMMS the clear separation between stochastic initial conditions and deterministic boundary conditions simplifies and enhances the construction of engineering based hazard scenarios and the interpretation of model results At present the RAMMS rockfall model contains six ground categories soft medium soft medium medium hard and hard seventh category snow has been introduced to model rockfall motion on snow in high mountain terrain Ap
95. the rock is strongly influenced by the interaction with the terrain Therefore the simulation results depend strongly on the resolution and accuracy of the topographic input data We recommend a DEM resolution of 5 m or better for meaningful rockfall simulations in complex terrain However if such high spatial resolution DEM data is not available the user has to keep in mind that important terrain features may not be correctly represented by the DEM This can lead to unrealistic simulation results Before you start a simulation make sure all important terrain features are represented in the input DEM RAMMSis able to process the following topographic data e ESRI ASCII grid Figure 4 1 e ASCII X Y Z single space data Figure 4 2 These data types are also available e g from www swisstopo ch Because RAMMS needs the topographic data as an ESRI ASCII grid ASCII X Y Z data can be converted within RAMMS into an ESRI ASCII grid At this stage no other data types are processable The user must therefore prepare the topographic data according to this limitation The header of an ESRI ASCII grid must contain the information shown in Figure 4 1 lenzerheide dem asc WordPad dtm av grid subset xyz WordPad Datei Bearbeken Ansicht Einf gen Format Datei Bearbeken Ansicht Einf gen Format 515 e a Oe sh A e E 13 1157 679000 00 236500 00 791 33 1070 679002 00 236500 00 791 73 xllcorner 763049 679004 00 236500 00 7
96. tion No map found continue search appears you either don t have an appropriate map the map folder directory is set wrong or the map is saved in a different folder In the second case click Yes and choose the correct folder e Click No to cancel search or click Yes to continue search e window pops up to browse for the correct map location and file c Change remote sensing imagery e Goto Extras gt Image gt Add Change Image or click amp l 4 4 4 How to save input files and program settings Once a project is created it is saved under the name and location you entered during step 1 of the RAMMS ROCKFALL Project Wizard Figure 4 8 The created input file has the ending xml The second situation in which the input file is saved automatically is when a simulation is started The saved input file has the same name as the created output file 48 CHAPTER 4 SETTING UP A SIMULATION Exercise 4 3f How to save input files and program settings manually a Input file e Incase you want to save the input file manually before running a simulation go to Track Save This is helpful when for example a release line was loaded but you wish to close the project before doing the simulation e f you wish to save copy of your file under a new name to Track gt Save Copy As or click e window pops up to choose old file which should be overwritten or to type a new name then click Save e Continue working
97. tra Hard The used values have a large impact on the simulation results and therefore it is important to critically think about the chosen parameters The Exercise 4 66 shows how to define these terrain material parameters Table 3 3 gives an overview on the different predefined parameters that are used for the categories Please use these parameters with the awareness that they are currently based on case studies It remains an ongoing research task to reassure these parameters rigorously ASCII files exist for every friction parameter Umin Umax P average gradient from Uma to Umin after ground contact of a rock average gradient from Unin tO Umax after ground contact of a rock and drag if the shapefiles in the friction tab or forest tab are specified If only the overall terrain material is specified and no friction and forest shapefiles no ASCII files will be created and used 57 CHAPTER 4 SETTING UP A SIMULATION Exercise 4 6a How to create a shapefile with specific terrain characterization Switch to 2D mode by clicking 22 Activate project by clicking on map once Click Draw New Polygon Shapefile 2 Clickinto the project where you want to start drawing the outline of the shapefile Continue drawing the shapefile by moving the cursor and clicking the eft mouse button Finish the polygon by clicking the right mouse button The polygon will be closed automatically Before the polygon shapefile is created you
98. ts within a line RAMMS uses the line points specified during the creation of the release line see Exercise 4 4c Within the release area the starting points Grid Points automatically calculated by RAMMS 3 The Nr of Grid Points show how many rocks will be simulated in minimum within one orientation You can vary the number of used grid points and with it the number of simulated rocks in minimum How to select the number of random orientations is described in the Release tab for Point release section Point Area 1 9 Line Multipoint Select Polyline Multipoint Shapefile shp X lt Line rel shp Humber of Points 8 Figure 4 39 Line Release Tab J Point Line Multipoint Area 1 Select Polygon Shapefile shp Grid Point 3 Hr of Grid Points 133 Area relshp Use Every 4 Figure 4 40 Area Release Tab 4 7 7 Scenario Preparation and Simulation Process If the scenario already exists RAMMS will ask you if you want to overwrite the scenario Ca Scenario Test already exists Overwrite Figure 4 41 Scenario already exists dialogue If you click No or Cancel you will be able to rename your scenario in the General tab Click Yes and the old scenario is deleted all the files and subdirectories within the scenario folder Before RAMMS can start the simulation process it will show you the following window 67
99. ume m3 0 998 5 Figure 4 28 Rock Builder e Select a predefined rock shape from the rock library 1 or select a pts file of a rock shape from another source 2 e By pressing the left mouse button and moving the mouse you can move the 3D visualization of the rock interactively and look at it from any direction 3 The rock has predefined initial rock characteristics 4 When changing the rock density the Rock Builder automatically calculates the new mass of the rock After changing the mass of the rock click to adjust the volume and the dimensions X Y Z of the rock Enter a new rock volume and click to adjust the rock mass as well as the rock dimensions X Y Z e Enter a file name or use suggested name and click to save the new pts file 5 RAMMS automatically creates a rocks folder in your project directory It s strongly 55 CHAPTER 4 SETTING UP A SIMULATION recommended to save your new rocks in this directory e Click Close to close the Rock Builder window Once a rockfall simulation has been finished and opened in RAMMS you can find additional information on the rock for every trajectory in the ROCKFALL panel tab Rock see Figure 4 29 Use the left mouse to move the visualization rock in any direction Please consider that you have to be in the trajectory mode and activate a specific trajectory to get information about the rock ROCKFALL PARAMETER Velocity m 1
100. utput files Trin Poel Trin Posl3 Trin Pas2 Trin Pos4 Trin Pas5 Trin Poss _ Figure 4 47 Message about rocks that could not release 70 CHAPTER 5 RESULTS 5 Results RAMMS offers a variety of tools and visualizations to interpret the simulation results There are two different modes to open simulation results a Statistic Mode to visualize a large number of simulations 100 and b Trajectory Mode to analyze single trajectories in detail The two modes are described in this chapter 5 1 Statistic Mode In Statistic Mode we try to answer the following questions e Which cells are affected by which trajectories e How many trajectories fly over a given cell e What are velocity kinetic energy jump height and rotational velocity values in a given cell e What is the probability that a rock reaches a given cell RAMMS analyses every trajectory and then saves jump height velocity kinetic energy and rotational velocity values in the cells affected by the trajectories Example We assume that RAMMS has saved 63 values 63 values of jump height 63 values of velocity etc in a given cell see figure below showing only part of the 63 values Columns JumpHeight m Velocity m s KinEnergy kJ RotVelocity rot s 1 AJ 63 Data Values Output File 376 821 62 023 Workshop Test Line 29 Hire 15 90 14120 13 0 64 Workshop Test Line Pos30 Hirter 863 414231 036 Workshop Test Line
101. xplained before The IDL splash screen appears Figure 2 14 and then the dialog window of Figure 2 15 shows up RAMMS Licensing Copy the license key in this example ROCKFALL ebei flhl ilkg behe 1i5m and paste it at the field LICENCE KEY see Figure 2 15 Notice that there might be the prefix ROCKFALL This prefix is part of the license key and has to be inserted as well If RAMMS accepts your installation key you successfully finished the installation 2 4 Update When you start RAMMS it will automatically check for updates on the internet This can lead to an error message if your firewall blocks the executable idlrt exe this file starts the IDL Virtual Machine you need to run RAMMS Please unblock this file for your firewall You can also disable the AutoWebUpdate function by unchecking Help gt Advanced AutoWebUpdate In the same way you can enable the AutoWebUpdate function by checking Help gt Advanced AutoWebUpdate 18 CHAPTER 3 THEORY 3 Theory 3 1 Overview The RAMMS ROCKFALL model utilizes a hard contact rigid body approach to model rockfall trajectories in general three dimensional terrain Leine et al 2013 The program is designed to be used by hazard engineers to predict rockfall velocity and runout for hazard mapping and planning of rockfall mitigation measures The calculation engine and user interface were developed as part of a joint research project between the WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanc
102. zard Step 2 of 4 GIS Information Choose DEM Digital Elevation Model file and specify the grid resolution of your project Select DEM file Grid Resolution Grid Resolution m 5 0 Figure 4 11 Step 2 of the 5 Project Wizard GIS Information 42 CHAPTER 4 SETTING UP A SIMULATION Continuation of exercise 4 2 How to create a new project Step 3 Enter the X and Y coordinates of the lower left and upper right corner of your project area using the Swiss Coordinate System CH1903 LVO3 or another Cartesian coordinate system as it is shown below for the Vall e de la Sionne area Project Wizard Step 3 of 4 Project Boundary Coordinates Enter Xmin WEST Xmax EAST Y min SOUTH and Y max NORTH Coordinates of your Project Y m NORTH 149659 5600 X Min m WEST 6077768200 6095328200 Y Min m SOUTH 147991 5600 amp X min Y min r I BEE d S 4 12 Project coordinates ler left and Wizard Project Boundary Coordinates Step 4 Roca Pre Wis 1 e Project Wizard Step 4 of 4 e Check the project summary especially if a 5 Project SUMMARY a DEM file was found EEE Project Name test e To make changes click Previous to E create the project click Create Project Project Location H RAMMS Bsp Norwayitest e f several matching tif files exist EE RAMMS shows a list with all these files Grid Resolution

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