User Manual - Mon site perso
Contents
1. 21 4 10 Export of the sundial to dxf format 22 4 11 Desktop sundial 23 4 12 Tricks and cleverness 24 4 13 Shortcuts 25 4 14 The examples 26 4 15 Format of the input output files 27 4 16 Reduced parameters 27 Contents 1 Introduction This manual explains how to use Calcad to create a sundial in any position at any angle without any specialized knowledge Calcad is exchangeware You can copy it pass it on to your friends and use it free of charge All we ask in exchange is that when you have created your own sundial you transmit a picture of it to the program s author yvon masse sfr fr The current version should satisfy the most demanding users In addition to the essential functionalities of a sundial software measurement of the dial orientation accurate definition of the different lines layout of the s2. 11 3 9 Numeric data 11 3 10 Building the sundial 13 3 11 Reading the sundial 13 3 12 Equation of time adjustment on the sundial 15 Additional information 16 4 1 Position of a point 16 4 2 A scale model with 3 scissor cutS 17 4 3 Animating the shadOW 18 4 4 Simulating sundials 18 4 5 How to measure declination with a compass 19 4 6 How to measure inclination with a protractor 20 4 7 Does the horizon line have to be horizontal 21 4 8 Difference between style and gnomon 21 4 9 Solar ephemeris
3. i Fe Ee RS 9 be EM Ly ei oo See named view Model Ce 44 O ae 7 3D D STYLE we Properties a x AHA AcadMaintenanceve O A AcadVersion Dxfl f Anglebase 0 4ngularirection E AngularL nit E 4ngularritPrecision O AssociatedDimensior True Attribute visibility Normal AutoCAD version 401009 Sulas 0 ra Em Bee ener fens E Properties z Header Pr 4 View setti 4 11 Desktop sundial This functionality allows you to display on the desktop of the computer the sundial with its shadow that moves to indicate the time Two cases are to consider o The sundial is defined without complete localization the shadow is drawn as in normal mode of Calcad taking in account the choice standard daylight saving time in the Other tab of the input box o The sundial is defined with complete localization Calcad take in account the time zones of the computer and the sundial Therefore it is possible to display sundials set up in different countries of the word they will indicate the local time of these countries E To run the Desktop sundial mode after the drawing of the sundial to put on the desktop use the Other menu or type Ctrl H To return to the normal mode right click on the sundial and select Return Calcad or type Ctrl H when the sundial is selected Desktop Do a Always visible Return Calcad 4 12 Tricks and cleverness o Entering dates To indicate your
4. o Mr Rush This example shows that the way to record the shadow points is very flexible Here they are recorded on different dates but at the same time of day o Mr Scatti This example is for sundial specialists who normally use particular angles to define the sundial orientation it 1s these reduced parameters that are used for the simulation see Section 4 4 p 18 Although the Calcad method does not use these angles it does calculate their values see Section 4 16 p 27 As a result You can measure these angles without the usual instruments You have a bridge towards other more advanced sundial software 26 o Mr Southern The goal of this example 1s to show that Calcad can be used anywhere in the world including the southern hemisphere without particular care 4 15 Format of the input output files The input output data is stored in a file of text type txt that can be especially edited with Windows Notepad GNU Linux gedit Mac OS X TextEdit or a more advanced text editor From the version V14avr12 the extension change and become ccd It is automatically linked to Calcad by the Windows installer From the version V4oct14 the coding change to UTF 8 The file includes three parts separated by lines of 3 dashes o The first part includes all the input values and the configuration of the layouts o The second holds the user comments o The third includes the calculated results as shown in the large text window
5. are incorrect by up to 15 minutes depending on the time of year see Section 3 11 p 13 Calcad can draw curved hour lines they look like a figure 8 that compensate for these seasonal variations and diurnal arcs that show where to take the reading depending on the date see Section 3 12 p 15 Select which lines to include by the Hours Arcs Other and Shadow caster menus o Hours Subdivision Draw the dotted half hour quarter hour or 10 minute lines Hour lines Draw straight hour lines the readings will need to be adjusted by the equation of time shown in black Restriction Limit the layout of the hour lines to the useful length which depends on the shape of the shadow caster S January June Draw the curved hour lines for the period from December 21 22 to June 20 21 shown in blue Z July December Draw the curved hour lines for the period from June 20 21 to December 21 22 shown in red o Arcs Signs Draw the arcs of the solstices the equinoxes and at the beginning of each zodiac sign shown in purple Date Draw the arc for the date specified in the input box in the Other tab January June Draw an arc for the first day of the months from January to June These are shown in blue and the dotted arc corresponds to January 1 July December Draw an arc for the first day of the months from July to December These are shown in red and the dotted arc corresponds to July 1 o Other 2 points Show the position of the 2 shadow points
6. is a straight line all the diurnal arcs and hour curves are complex shapes you can t just draw a straight line between their end points To make it easy to reproduce them on the sundial choose Squares in the Other menu Calcad will then superimpose a grid on the diagram as shown below You can adjust the size of the squares in the input box 15 Superposition of the curves for the whole year 4 Additional information 4 1 Position of a point The position of the point A is obtained by measuring the distance from A to Y Y parallel with X X this gives the value X 100 mm Then the distance from A to XX is measured parallel with Y Y to give the value Y 84 Calcad will indicate the position of the point A by 100 84 For the point B proceed in the same way but to indicate that B is at the left side of the axis Y Y give X a negative value Calcad will then indicate the position of the point B by 118 134 Finally for the point C which is located under the axis X X give Y a negative value Generally speaking Calcad will use the letter L for the X or Y value when the indicated point is located on the outline of the sundial When the value is negative a minus sign precedes the letter L So for the point C Calcad will indicate L 150 16 4 2 A scale model with 3 scissor cuts When all the data have been entered you can quickly create a small scale functional model from paper to get an idea of the future sun
7. left and right sides will be the x axis X X the other one will be the y axis Y Y with Y on the top edge This axis system will allow you to note the position of any point inside the dial see Section 4 1 p 16 Install a temporary gnomon with its tip above point O perpendicular to the plane of the dial at a distance that 1s about a quarter of the shortest side of the sundial You will measure the position of the tip s shadow on two separate occasions to provide Calcad with the information it needs to calculate the layout of the dial Check the perpendicularity by set square photo 1 Do this at least twice with the set square aligned 1n different directions Measure the height of the tip accurately photo 2 Photo 1 Photo 2 Now you can specify the dial information for Calcad Open the mput box by clickmg on the Input menu or by typing Escape on the keyboard then enter the side of the square or the height and width of the rectangle and the height of the gnomon s tip Dial Point1 Point 2 Place Other Side of the dial 400 ra Rectangular dial Height Do mm width Do rar Height of the gnomon i 2 mm 3 2 Recording the shadow points You need to do this twice ideally with 4 to 6 hours between the times of the two readings Record the position of the shadow of the gnomon s tip see Section 4 1 p 16 and the exact time and date You can take the two readings on different days as l
8. or the Add Remove Programs option of the Control Panel Uninstalling Calcad will not remove any data files or diagrams that you generated 2 2 Portable zipped version in Windows and GNU Linux Unzip the archive after downloading the software 1s within the unzipped directory Calcad exe for Windows and Calcad for GNU Linux It launches when you double click on it To facilitate the launch create one or more shortcuts To uninstall remove the directory and the eventual shortcut 2 3 Application for Mac OS X Open the disk image after downloading and drag the application Calcad to the Applications directory To uninstall remove the application 3 Instructions for use 3 1 Preparing the sundial Choose a site for your sundial that is in sunlight for a large part of the day The dial should be flat but it can have any orientation and it can be horizontal vertical or even sloping On the flat surface draw a square or a rectangle of the size you want to give your sundial Make sure that the corners are right angles exactly 90 Select the side you will call top For a vertical or slanting sundial the choice is obvious but you also need to make this assignment for horizontal sundials When Calcad produces the diagram of the sundial it will represent the top side at the top Draw two straight lines between the centers of the opposite sides to get the center O of the square or rectangle The straight line that connects the
9. result each day the tip of the shadow will follow a slightly different path across the hour lines These paths are called diurnal arcs They range between two extremes the summer solstice when the sun 1s highest in the sky and the winter solstice when it 1s lowest The solstices generally fall on June 20 21 and December 21 22 In the diagrams below Calcad has drawn in purple the diurnal arcs for the winter and summer solstices and the changeover dates for the astrological signs The central arc the equinoctial is a straight line corresponding to the equinoxes March 20 21 and September 22 23 If you choose to integrate the equation of time adjustment directly on the sundial by drawing the hour curves Calcad calculates the exact position of the shadow s tip for each diurnal arc including the adjustment The resulting curves snake between the solstices in the shape of an inverted S for the months from July to December shown in red in all three diagrams and an S for the months from January to June shown in blue in the third diagram Together the complete hour curves form a figure 8 shape called an analemma Note If you choose to draw the diurnal arcs for the first of each month Calcad uses the same color as the corresponding S curves Adjustment of the equation of time from July to December In the pictures the shadow ts on the diurnal arc for October 23 and it is exactly 14 00 Except for the arc of the equinoxes which
10. used to perform the calculations Axes Draw the axis system Squares Display a grid of square boxes to make it easier to transfer curved lines x x X X o Shadow caster x G Horizon Refraction Shadow Desktop sundial Visible Type on to the sundial The Other tab of the input box allows you to choose the size of the squares Draw the horizon line see Section 4 7 p 21 Integrate the adjustment for refraction in the layout of curves This is only possible if you have provided complete location information in the Place tab latitude plus either half day or longitude and time zone Show the shadow of the style or the gnomon and enable its animation If you have provided complete location information in the Place tab latitude plus either half day or longitude and time zone the shadow is drawn according to the refraction effect see Section 4 3 p 18 Run the Desktop sundial mode see Section 4 11 p 23 Display the shadow caster which will be represented lying on the sundial Show the shadow caster as style triangle or trapezoid or gnomon single perpendicular bar See Section 4 8 p 21 Calcad Souche_enu txt File Input Hours My comments Arcs Other Shadow caster F Accuracy indication 1 39 The sundial i of boreal type the style stands on the plane of the sundial towards the celestial North Pole The shadow is drawn for January 19 2005 at 13h 40 sundial hour First
11. value of the inclination with a simple protractor Apply it to the plane of the sundial perpendicular to the area and in such way that it is also vertical Read the measure on the horizontal line that goes through the center of the protractor Plane ot the chal In the case of the figure the inclination is 60 Note Some spirit levels include a rotating tube that allows you to measure angles directly 20 4 7 Does the horizon line have to be horizontal The horizon line is a direct result of the sundial s location that is to say of the data you enter in the Place tab of the input box o Ifthe location is correct the horizon line will be horizontal on the final sundial o If the location is wrong the horizon line will be tilted However the hour lines and the diurnal arcs will be perfectly correct but their ends will be either truncated or extended Note If the axes of the sundial are drawn tilted a horizontal line on the final sundial will be represented tilted on the diagram given by Calcad In the same way a line represented horizontally on the diagram will be tilted on the final sundial 4 8 Difference between style and gnomon The style is a linear shadow caster device which may include a point indicator for example a pinhole The linear edge has to be parallel to the Earth s axis of rotation so it is often called a style axis or polar style Calcad represents the style by a right angled triangle if the sundial h
12. The desktop sundial file ccb is automatically generated when Calcad run this mode It mainly holds the positions and sizes of the windows It is a text file The output diagram file is a png file Portable Network Graphics It contains the diagram of the sundial as it is shown in the main Calcad window The format of the dxf file was defined by the company Autodesk Inc for its popular software AutoCAD It is a vector format that is now accepted by the majority of CAD systems as well as many graphics software packages The dxf file generated by Calcad holds the layout of the dial as it was configured and the complete geometry of the shadow caster It holds also 3D elements that allow you to visualize the sundial in the space 4 16 Reduced parameters These are the parameters that are used in traditional gnomonics they are based on the use of an intermediate local reference In Calcad you supply this reference via the Place details which are optional and can be approximate While the parameters can take different values they do form a coherent set that allows you to draw all the lines of the dial identically except of course the horizon line This reflects the principle of the sundial out of place which is well known by gnomonists a sundial that has been properly designed for a given geographic situation can be used elsewhere provided that you change its orientation appropriately o Time zone The value from the input box if the locali
13. User Manual Calcad V4octl4 l 2 U ntroduction 3 Installation and uninstallation 3 2 1 By installer in Windows 3 22 Portable zipped version in Windows and GNU Linux 4 22 Application for Mac OS X 4 Instructions for USe 4 3 1 Preparing the sundial 4 3 2 Recording the shadow points 5 3 3 Place details 6 3 4 Sundial with solar hours 7 3 5 Computing the sundial 8 3 6 Sundial layout options 8 3 7 Adjusting the shadow caster 10 3 8 File menu
14. as a center and if not by a rectangular trapezoid In both cases it is the shadow of the point most distant from the sundial plane called the first end that indicates the time with the hour curves In Calcad we use the term gnomon to refer to a style reduced to its first end a rod vertical to the sundial plane 4 9 Solar ephemeris This functionality allows you to know the position of the sun in different reference at the date and time input in the Divers tab No error for missing data is returned an invitation to complete them is displayed to access at complementary results To get the Solar ephemeris press the Ephemeris button m the Divers tab or type Ctrl J You will obtain successively o With the date The average of the equation of time on the day The average of the declination of the sun on the day o With the longitude and the time zone more according to the kind of hours selected on the Divers tab The time of the solar midday passing of the sun in the meridian o With the latitude more The sunrise The sunset o With the time more The equation of time The declination of the sun The solar time Its azimuth Its elevation with and without refraction o With the layout of the sundial more The shadow position of the first extremity of the style 21 ano Calcad ano Calcad Ephemeris O Ephemeris 8 Events of the day Events of the day January 19 2005 January 19 2005 Equati
15. box Ctrl P Print all the data concerning the sundial Ctrl J Compute the ephemeris Ctrl K Draw the sundial with the parameters of simulation Ctrl L With the parameters of simulation simulate the input of the 2 points and draw the sundial 25 When the main window is activated the Tabulation key select successively the diagram the value zone and the commentary zone When the diagram is selected its border is red Left arrow Move the shadow caster toward left or 4 num pad Right arrow Move the shadow caster toward right or 6 num pad Up arrow Move the shadow caster upwards or 8 num pad Down arrow Move the shadow caster downwards or 2 num pad Previous page Increase the height of the shadow caster or 9 num pad Next page Decrease the height of the shadow caster or 3 num pad Decrease the current time used for the drawing of the shadow Increase the current time used for the drawing of the shadow Home Decrease the current date used for the drawing of the shadow or 7 pad Increase the current date used for the drawing of the shadow or or num pad 4 14 The examples Calcad is delivered with 4 sample sundial calculations You can load them using Open in the File menu For each example the My comments window tells the associated story Enjoy o Mr Slope This example shows that there is no constraint on the orientation of the initial outline Here it is rectangular but crooked
16. computer s current date just enter one asterisk If the year is not specified Calcad uses the current year So 27 2 is a valid date One period in the field allows you to duplicate the date of the Point 1 tab two periods allow you to duplicate the date of the Point 2 tab o Entering times One period in the time field of the Other tab allows you to duplicate the time of the Point 1 tab two periods allow you to duplicate the time of the Point 2 tab and finally one asterisk allows you to input the time of the computer o Entering angles You can enter angles either as decimal values separated by a period for example for 6 23 enter 6 23 or as degrees minutes and seconds separated by a degree sign for example for 6 13 48 you should enter 6 3 48 You can also mix the two methods any of the degree minute and second values may be decimal So Calcad accepts the angle 6 2 75 6 12 45 and deduces the value 6 2125 24 4 13 Shortcuts Additionally to the keyboard shortcuts inherent to the operating system Calcad propose depending of the context the following keys and combinations of key that activate directly the associated actions In Desktop sundial and normal mode Save the data of the sundial Save the diagram of the sundial Switch between the Desktop sundial and normal modes Quit the program Calcad Only m normal mode Escape Switch between main window and input
17. dial To do this select Print the Diagram in the File menu and make separate printouts of o The diagram of the sundial without the shadow caster o The shadow caster element alone Use the same format for both Calcad can use from half a sheet to 4 sheets to place side by side Cut out the shadow caster keeping a strip of paper at its base To make it more rigid you could stick it to a piece of card Bend this strip at 90 and glue it on the sundial print Use 4 pieces of adhesive tape to fix the whole on the plane of the future sundial aligning the edges of the sheet with the axes and wait for the sun 17 4 3 Animating the shadow To display the shadow of the style or the gnomon you must select the Shadow option in the Other menu You can animate the shadow to show how its position changes with date and time using the mouse the keyboard or the input box o Mouse Click on the sundial diagram its outline becomes red to indicate that the diagram is selected Modify the time of day of the shadow by holding the Ctrl key down keeping the mouse button pressed and moving its cursor which takes the shape of 2 horizontal arrows Change the date of the shadow by pressing the shift key keeping the mouse button pressed and moving its cursor which takes the shape of 2 vertical arrows Unselect the diagram by right clicking or by clicking outside the diagram o Keyboard If necessary enable the main window by p
18. dial you have just to check the Solar sundial tick box and enter if it 1s not done the longitude and the time zone The sundial will indicate midday when the sun will be at the top at the exact moment of the half day To get the legal hour it is necessary to add a further correction supplied by Calcad Complete localization Longitude 2 Co dr East West Time zone h sundial measurement iw Solar hours 3 5 Computing the sundial When you have entered all the data launch the computation by pressing the Calculate button of the input box or typing Ctrl M Calcad then calculates the sundial parameters and displays the graphical layout in the main window and the details in the text window These include an accuracy indication at the beginning of the large text window o Ifthe accuracy indication is between O and 1 the sundial will be very accurate o Ifthe accuracy indication is between and 4 the sundial will be fairly accurate o Ifthe accuracy indication is greater than 4 the sundial will not be accurate enough to be useful Verify all the previous stages Displaying the 2 shadow points by the Other menu may help you to detect any input errors 3 6 Sundial layout options Calcad displays the diagram of the sundial in the main window There are many options allowing you to choose between simplicity and accuracy because the Earth s axis is tilted a simple sundial with straight hour lines can give readings that
19. e shadow caster larger or smaller by using the Page up and Page down keys or the 9 and 3 keys of the numeric keypad o Using the input box In the Dial tab check the Final shadow caster box Modify the values that define the size and position of the style or the gnomon Press the Calculate button Iw Final shadow caster Height ha mm E Cle mmo Y ooo mm Note when the Final shadow caster box is unchecked the gnomon or the first end of the style tallies with the temporary gnomon that you used to establish the shadow points The configuration of the sundial is now finished The next step is either to make a small scale model of the sundial see Section 4 2 p 17 or to go directly to its final realization Beforehand in both cases use the File menu to save or print the data 10 3 8 File menu The File menu includes o New o Open o Save o Save As o Save the Diagram o Export dxf o Print o Print the Diagram o Quit Erase all the data and begin designing a new sundial Open a file to load the saved data of a sundial Another way to open a data file is to use drag and drop don t work in Mac OS X or in Windows if using installer to double click on the files with ccd extension Save the data of the current sundial Save the data of the sundial into another file Save the diagram of the sundial as shown in the main window Record the layout of the dial and the geometry of the shadow caster in d
20. end of the style Positior O 0 Height 1 The center of the sundial junction point of the hour lines and of the style i outside the sundial Second end of the style Position 5 7 1 L Height 54 3 Length of the style 218 4 j undial on stump for instructons for use 3 7 Adjusting the shadow caster Initially Calcad creates the sundial layout with the shadow caster identical to the temporary gnomon that you used to record the two shadow points Changing its size or its position may lead to more accurate readings and or a more useful layout Calcad allows you to simulate moving and resizing the shadow caster to see how the layout changes You can do this using the mouse or the keyboard or by entering values in the input box Dial tab o Using the mouse Click on the sundial diagram Its outline becomes red to indicate that the diagram is selected Hold down the mouse button the cursor takes the shape of 4 arrows and move the mouse The shadow caster will follow the movement Roll the wheel of the mouse to make the shadow caster larger or smaller Unselect the diagram by right clicking or by clicking outside the diagram o Using the keyboard If necessary enable the main window by using the Escape key Select the diagram by pressing the Tab key until its outline turns red Move the shadow caster using the up down left and right arrow keys or the 8 2 4 and 6 keys of the numeric keypad Make th
21. hadow for educational objectives back up export of the graphics printing of the data easy installation complete documentation and help etc this new version propose o A multi platform software Calcal now runs on Windows GNU Linux and Mac OS X o A functionality Desktop sundial to get as the applications Clock the time always displayed on your desktop by the sundial of your choice see Section 4 11 p 23 o Detailed solar ephemeris see Section 4 9 p 21 For a quick idea of the possibilities of Calcad see the sample sundials Section 4 14 p 26 Note the users who have data files supplied by the old versions of Calcad will have to modify them in the following way o Open each file with Notepad of Windows o Do Save as and select the coding UTF 8 at the bottom of the selection window o To finish press the button Save 2 Installation and uninstallation You can download the latest update of Calcad at http yvon masse perso sfr fr calcad index enu htm Depending of the used operating system and the kind of selected installation follow the indications below 2 1 By installer in Windows The installation will run automatically after you launch the file install calcad v4octl4 exe Just answer the questions The installer file was compiled using the freeware Inno Setup by Jordan Russell http www jrsoftware org Uninstall Calcad like all Windows applications using either Uninstall Calcad in the Start menu
22. ing the sundial To get the current time from the sundial indication first of all adjust for daylight saving time if necessary o Ifthe sundial was drawn for standard time add 1 hour in summer o Ifthe sundial was drawn for daylight saving time subtract 1 hour in winter If you chose straight hour lines you also need to compensate for seasonal variations using the equation of time given by the curve below 13 Jan Feb Mar Ape May Tune July Aug sep Oct Nov Dec E Or if knowing the time within five minutes is good enough just use to the following table Period Adj ustment Period Adjustment min min From December 30 to January 10 From June 25 to August 23 From January 11 to 25 From August 24 to September 8 0 From January 26 to February 28 From September 9 to 22 From April6to27 0 From November 27 to December 9 10 From May 30 june24 0 From December201029 0 Finally if the sundial is drawn for the solar hours it is necessary to add a correction that depends of the longitude and the time zone This correction can be negative that is to say it must be subtracted It is computed by Calcad and displayed in the numeric data The opposite picture was taken on January 19 2005 This sundial is not of solar hour type what time was it The answer may be found page 9 14 3 12 Equation of time adjustment on the sundial You may have noticed that the sun is higher in the sky in summer than in winter As a
23. ion when you have decided on the position the real measurement of the 2 shadow points will allow you to calculate an accurate layout o Point 1 and Point 2 optionally if you are going to use the Simulate button indicate two different moments when the plane of the dial will be lighted 18 Then in the Other tab enter the three angles that define the orientation of the sundial O O O Simulation Declination 25 f East West Inclination Ei i Draw Rotator 0 i Simulate Declination measures the compass orientation the angle between the sundial and the meridian The declination is O if the sundial faces due south and values can range from 0 to 180 east or west You can get a sufficient estimation using a simple compass see Section 4 5 p 19 Inclination measures the slope of the dial with respect to the surface of the Earth The inclination is 0 for a horizontal dial facing directly upwards and 90 for a vertical dial facing the horizon For intermediate slopes a protractor and a spirit level will allow you to get a sufficient estimation see Section 4 6 p 20 Rotation measures on the sundial the angle between the x axis and an horizontal line of the dial 180 to 180 This will normally be 0 and the horizontal lines of the sundial will be represented horizontally on the diagram unless you want to follow the example of Mr Slope see Section 4 14 p 26 Then still in the Other tab you can O Pre
24. is of solar hour type the additional correction to make o Ifthe selected shadow caster is Gnomon perpendicular rod its position and height o If the selected shadow caster is Style triangle or trapezoid the details of its two end points as follows The first point is always the business end of the style position and height If the sundial center lies inside the dial the style is a triangle and the second point will be the coordinates of the sundial center the junction point of the hour lines and the style height zero If the sundial center lies outside the dial the style will be a trapezoid and the data will include the coordinates and height of the second point The length of the style o If Hour lines is selected for each hour and subdivision if selected the position of the line s 2 end points o Ifthe horizon line is selected the coordinates of its end points o If the arcs of the zodiacal signs are drawn the 2 end positions of the equinoctial line of the equinoxes o The reduced parameters of the sundial see Section 4 16 p 27 in case you want to draw it using other sundial software 12 3 10 Building the sundial With the help of the numeric data draw the Imes of the sundial Then install the shadow caster In the case of a style if it is accurately installed and the hour lines are properly drawn the style will always be aligned with the hour lines no matter what angle you look at the sundial from 3 11 Read
25. on of time 10 min 47 5 Equation of time 10 min 47 5 Declination of the sun 20 25 Declination of the sun 20 25 Longitude and time zone not specified Time UTC 1 00 Solar midday 13 02 47 Sunrise 08 37 Sunset 17 28 Sun position 13 40 00 Equation of time 10 min 48 s Declination of the sun 20 25 F Solar time 12 37 12 Azimuth 9 3 west Elevation without refraction 20 26 Elevation with refraction 20 3 Shadow on the sundial X position 60 9 mm Y position 82 9 mm 4 10 Export of the sundial to dxf format The export is accessible by the File menu or typing Ctrl X The generated file holds 3D elements that allow you to visualize the sundial in the space with an appropriate viewer In Windows it is especially possible to use the software DXF Sharp Viewer of the company Wout Ware 1 26 Mb that you can download at http www woutware com dxfsharpviewer html After the 30 days trial period functionalities are disabled particularly the exports but the 3D visualization 1s always functional In DXF Sharp Viewer after the loading of the dxf file and with the aim to enjoy the three dimensional graphic o Unselect the layer STYLE o Inthe tool bar replace Wireframe by OpenGL o Turn the sundial by clicking and move the pointer on the graphic o In the tool bar select the perspective type wire frame cube 22 4 Souche dxf DWG DXF Sharp Viewer Trial Version File Edit Wiew Help
26. ong as the clocks are consistent If you take one reading in standard time and the other in daylight saving time summer time the results will be incorrect The word gnomon comes from the Greek and means indicator It is the object that casts the shadow used to indicate the time It gives its name to gnomonics the science of sundials 5 For each of the two shadow points enter the date time and coordinates in the Calcad input box Dial Foint1 Point 2 Place Other Date 16701 2005 January 16 2005 Time 11 47 00 11 47 00 o 85 mm Y f105 mam Important the kind of hour standard or daylight saving must be the same for the 2 points 3 3 Place details The values in the Place tab are optional and can be approximate without affecting the sundial s accuracy They define the position of the horizon and make 1t possible to restrict the layout to the useful part of the sundial face the times when the sundial will be in sunlight Enter the latitude of the location If necessary to improve this restriction enter either the time of the Half day true midday the time when the sun is directly overhead or the Complete localization longitude and time zone Important o The time of the half day must be consistent with the times of the 2 shadow points all in standard time or daylight saving time o Inthe same way the time zone must be associated to the hours used to record the shadow points or more gene
27. rally to the sundial definition Dial Point1 Point2 Place other We Limit the layout to the useful part Latitude 49 of Noth C South Iw Half day Time at half day 3 13 00 00 Complete localization Longitude Co dr East wes Time zone h sundial measurement Solar hours You can use Google maps http maps google com to find the latitude and longitude o Type the address in the Search box or navigate to the sundial s location o Right click on the marker that appears on the page and select What s here o Google displays the geographical coordinates in the Search box in latitude longitude form The latitude is positive in the northern hemisphere and negative in the southern The longitude is positive if the location is to the east of the Greenwich meridian negative if it is to the west For the time zone you should enter the time zone offset the difference between your local time and UTC GMT Many sites list time zone offsets See for example the bottom of the beautiful world map at http en wikipedia org wiki Time_zone The difference is positive at the east of the Greenwich meridian negative at the west For daylight saving time add 1 hour At the east of USA for example the value of the time zone is 5 for the standard time and 4 for the daylight saving time 3 4 Sundial with solar hours The lines of solar hours or true hours are the lines of the olds sundials If you want draw this kind of sun
28. ressing the Escape key Select the diagram by pressing the Tab key one or more times until its outline becomes red Modify the time of day using the space bar or the backspace key Change the date using the Home and End keys or the 7 and 1 keys of the numeric keypad o Input box In the Other tab modify the values of the Date and Time fields If necessary select the suitable configuration used time sundial time Press the Calculate button Dial Pointi Point 2 Place Other Date 19 01 2005 January 19 2005 EPITET Hour of the sundial mesuremen 13 40 00 13 40 00 4 4 Simulating sundials Calcad approach using two shadow points is a quick and easy way to define the layout of a sundial provided that you know exactly where you are going to install it But what if you have the choice of several sites For example suppose you want a sundial that you ll consult mainly in the afternoon Should you site it vertically on the side or the front of your house or horizontally in the middle of the lawn You can simulate the three possibilities and choose the one that gives the most useful readings To simulate a sundial you first enter its details in the appropriate tabs o Dial enter the side s of the dial and the height of the provisional gnomon tool the other values may be added later o Place enter the complete localization of the sundial Values within 1 degree are sufficiently accurate for simulat
29. ss the Draw button or type Ctrl K to draw the dial directly this is in fact the classical method used by other sundial software Press the Simulate button or type Ctrl L to compute the position of the shadow points and then use them to compute the dial In this case you may need to modify the time of the point s so that their shadow falls inside the dial If the simulation succeeds go to the sundial layout options see Section 3 6 p 8 4 5 How to measure declination with a compass A rough measure of the declination compass orientation can be simply made by a compass Verify that its needle is not perturbed by the proximity of ferrous metals and present the north south axis of the graduation perpendicularly to the vertical plane of the dial or if it 1s inclined align the compass perpendicular to a horizontal line on the dial as shown in the figure For a horizontal dial align the north south axis of the compass with the y axis 19 Plane or hon zontal line of the chal The type of declination east or west tallies with the side where the north point of the needle is located Also o Ifthe point is on the east side 1t indicates the value of the declination directly o If itis on the west side subtract the value indicated by the point of the needle from 360 to get the declination In the case shown in the diagram the declination is 25 east 4 6 How to measure inclination with a protractor You can get a rough
30. xf format Most CAD software accepts this vector format see 4 10 p 22 Print the numeric data of the sundial with its diagram The printout will be very useful for the realization of the sundial see 3 10 p 13 Print the diagram in different formats This option will help you to make a scale model of the sundial see 4 2 p 17 Quit the program 3 9 Numeric data Following the accuracy indication and a short description of the calculated sundial boreal southern polar equatorial Calcad lists the information needed to build the sundial the details of the shadow caster and the coordinates of essential features defined 1n the axis system drawn on the dial face see Section 4 1 p 16 11 The data that is listed depends on whether the point where the hour lines intersect the sundial center is inside or outside the layout area o Ifthe center lies inside the dial it will be the start point of all the hour lines If you chose Style as the shadow caster it will be triangular with its lower end point at the sundial center as shown in green in the diagram o If the center lies outside the dial like the sundial made for these instructions for use the data will list both extremities of the hour lines If you chose Style it will be trapezoidal and the data will indicate the position and height of both its end points The numeric data depends on the layout options you choose in the different menus o Ifthe sundial
31. zation is complete otherwise 0 o Longitude The value of the input box in other words the real geographic longitude if the localization is complete Otherwise the zero meridian of Greenwich is replaced by the one where the mean sun is located at midday in standard or daylight saving time corresponding to the time used to record the shadow points The value is positive if the sundial is to the west of the zero meridian negative if it is to the east o Latitude The value of the input box when the localization is complete otherwise the latitude of the equivalent horizontal sundial The latitude is positive in the northern hemisphere and negative in the southern 2 o Declination Zero if the sundial is not localized otherwise the orientation of the sundial plane measured as the angle with respect to south The declination is positive westwards 0 to 180 and negative eastwards 0 to 180 o Inclination Its value is O 1f the localization is not complete Otherwise it the slope of the sundial plane 0 for a horizontal sundial and 90 for a vertical sundial The inclination varies from 0 to 180 o Rotation If you enter the other data in classical sundial software the result must be rotated by this angle anticlockwise if the value is positive clockwise if it is negative 28
Download Pdf Manuals
Related Search