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User Manual T*SOL Pro®

1. eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eene nennen eene nnne eene nnne 31 4 11 2 Options Defaults Unit Systems cesses esee eee eene nennen nennen nnne eene 31 5 Calculation Examples eeeeeeeee eee eee eee eene e nennen tenente haste sense senssa Esna 33 5 1 Setup a New Project csscccsssscessscessecesseccessecensescensecesssecensescessesesssecensescessesenseeeenees 33 5 2 Usirigthe D sign ASSISEant eoeee e eere eee ea ee eee aa re eee ae eee eee se eeu e eus e ease euseevsessaeae eeu eon 34 B24 System TA IDRLDIIPERERETRE RR 35 5 2 2 Define CONSUMPLIOM xvinavensevevecesiaaversveverederuauuetevereveDeraaaeteuavercdeenaaledeuaderstaraabedeaiys 37 5 2 3 Define Collector Array and Design Targets cccccccssessssssseecccceceeessssesecceeeeeeeaeeess 38 5 3 Configuring a Solar System via the Main Menus eeeeeeeeee eene e enne 40 5 3210 Desigiia New Varlaht ieoeoeree eene to nne rye ee ananas uin revo no revenu tedio EEEE 41 5 3 2 Define Parameters iere een e ree re inea nene rne need 42 5 3 3 Sim latioh sinarna EIE 45 5 3 4 Evaluation using Graphics Presentation ssssssesssssssssseeceeessssssecceosssssseeceeesssssseeeee 46 CM CACERES dats deedve cvdendeveedeceeswasedadsvceuded todscdedvecesseiswissdecsvevucdiseccedessedeeded 49 6 1 WECOME 1i cree tant e eue vean Exe aede exu ae ev un awe Nan uev vuv v EREE ETETE 49 6 2 Location Data eerte ve eee re ve vv vvv ved ev
2. Economic efficiency calculation 8 Economic Efficiency Calculation 28 Economics calculation 20 Jis Tu 18 Energy output by the solar system 18 Energy Balance eeeeeessss 16 Energy consumption eeeesssess 17 Erie te V input us eee esee eee eoe eee eese eoe eeeseeeses dO Energy output ssis 16 Energy supply ccccccccccceceeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 20 Examples oooeeeensoDepeoeBO ne 39 F Sim latior rhe i27 Software requirements 9 Solar fraction esccccisscicsccccsrsssesssessssssesesri 18 Storage tank model 20 Storage tank operation 20 Swimming pool calculation 22 Swimming pool heating requirement 22 System Parametet eere eee ne26 System efficiency eeeeussssss 18 System features eec 7 System selection eesssss wees 26 System types cniinn 8 56 T Features overview cccccsesssccceesesccceeeseees 7 Feed in Fe d OUt ccccccccceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 20 Fraction sisti E ae RP APER ERR EER OE RM EUR 22 H Target temperature eese 22 U UNITS SYSTEM nS 1 V Hardware requirements e 9 Heat capacity erret reote norton 17 Dr Valent
3. OF 2 0 0 eee INC You Still Don t Have a Serial Number This could be the case if for example you have installed the program from the Demo CD or you have downloaded it from the internet You will need to purchase a full version of the program before you can receive a Serial Number Send us the Order Form which you can print within the program under Info Registration or you can purchase the program direct from our website You ve Purchased the Program and Can t Find Your Serial Number No problem Send us the invoice for the program with your contact details and we will send you the Serial Number again 2 3 2 Request a Key Code After entering the Serial Number and automatic allocation of the Program ID you will need to provide us with this information so that we can send you your Key Code You will see the following window on your screen Enter Cenni humber 2 ces TEATS w repent gr You can request the Key Code in three different ways 2 3 3 Request a Key Code Online This method requires that your computer has internet access Click on the Online button underneath Program ID in the Registration window A form opens in which you enter the data required to obtain a Key Code The fields marked have to be completed to continue After completing the form you can send it straight off the recipient s address is entered automatically After sending you will receive the Key Code by return allow
4. There is no simple method of calculation which can be used to exactly determine the yields for a solar system The number of parameters required to determine the operating behaviour of a system is too large This is not only affected by the changeable non linear behaviour of the weather but also by the dynamic nature of the system itself Of course there are rules of thumb such as 1 2 m collector surface per person and 50 litre storage tank capacity per m of collector surface but these are only valid if at all for small systems serving one or two households Only calculation based simulation makes it possible to investigate larger systems in respect of the influence of the surrounding conditions consumption variations and different components on the operating conditions of the solar system Solar systems can be used for heating purposes above all in areas where heating is also required in summer These systems will then even during the transitional period make a considerable contribution to heating the building However something that should be avoided at all costs is the design of a solar system for heating without the possibility of seasonal storage even in winter This would lead to extremely large collector surfaces and at the same time excess energy in summer i e to systems with very poor efficiency and therefore very high heating costs In order to design and optimize a solar system with T SOLS the following steps should be foll
5. You should always enter the county state and postal zip code as these will be helpful when you want to use the sort facility in T SOL s load weather data file dialog You will also need to enter the Lowest Outside Temperature This value is required to calculate the annual heating energy requirement In Germany the DIN 4701 standard ambient temperature should be entered Otherwise the lowest daily average temperature e g as used in sizing the heating system page 50 of 80 Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH T SOL Manual 6 MeteoSyn The Temperature Range is the Difference between the highest monthly average value for the highest hourly daily temperature and the lowest monthly average value for the lowest hourly daily temperature The monthly mean values for the highest hourly daily temperature or the monthly mean values for the lowest hourly daily temperature is calculated from the hourly temperature values where the lowest or highest hourly temperature is determined for each day and the average for each month is then calculated Temperature Range Monthly max Daily max T Days per month Monthly min Daily min Ti x Days per month with i as the hourly j as the daily and k as the monthly running index A Time Zone is an area in the world where the same time is valid Ideally they run along the degrees of longitude from the North South Poles For political reasons however the time zones for many countrie
6. Continuous Aow bers 16 1 Circi vosh sinks M x n EJ v 13 Serom wee cares 10 15 10 15 19 DEMAND FACTOR on 03 6 40 625 026 040 on 03 6 40 040 2 STORAGE CAPACITY FACTOR 125 0 90 00 o 60 0 56 106 200 on 100 100 Domare earan hai be tan Pore os fate or Pore rmm itecturens draho fee nwodet to be used fhn s rewa PRD f ROE RYE C apro y Vo lille esa sr desc Fore cage m e edi aces wet an c Ey O1 mie 6s me ios Cerca det sil Seis o6 ee oder nt For more up to date information on usual hot water demand and many other consumption references see http www ashrae org and the publications of the American Society of Heating Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers ASHRAE Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH page 55 of 80 7 Appendix T SOL Manual 7 3 List of Adjustable Parameters With reference to system B5 swimming pool and combination tank system for hot water and heating Components Parameters Default Value System Item Variant 20 C Control DHW priority switching ro Savings Reference system fro 78 Natural gas H Climate Berlin Location Benin Hot water 1601 4 50 C B C TES Detached house evening peak Circulation no Circulation i0 m 5k 0 3 WK Operating times all days equally yes 6 22 hours Operating times 365d TS Be Beat requirement Standard building heat flow 6 kW requirement sum 21 C a2 C 14 C Medium heavy building Relation window area gross floor area Double thermopane gla
7. DHW vaky fictio x C DHW tersparakure meras ToHw gt Figure 5 3 8 Selection dialog to produce a results graph First of all you select from the results that are available for each component listed in the project tree in the left hand section With the Bivalent DHW Tank information on the upper tank temperature is given if Sensor Auxiliary Heating Onis selected orient Air Collectors zo wA goym dsm Feb Ww for My Ju X g Sep Od Now Der Simutaban parod 1 1 31 12 Wl con solar fraction 45 8 E Pracet DHW 4 082 iem eee FR DHW consumption 20 526 m C Cross CL 1 18005 in z Tmn oe IL 24 C ECapaaty tank 0082 n Figure 5 3 9 m T Average tate 39 C m E Elec aacinc water neater 0 im Graphic presentation of simulation results On clicking OK a graph is produced plotting the mean monthly temperatures Daily temperature values can be set by double clicking on the x axis or via the Axes X Axis menu Display Interval E Month z Column width E Days w Display from 1 8 Figure 5 3 10 Sizing the x axis for a daily temperatures graph Cancel You can select the Display Interval and the value for the Column Width here With a setting of Month Days and Display from 1 6 as illustrated above the daily tank temperature is shown from Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH page 47 of 80 5 Calculation Examples T SOL Manual 1 June You can change the
8. page 44 of 80 Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH T SOL Manual 5 Calculation Examples If you want to use a storage tank that is not included in the database you are able to change the tank volume after loading The tank will then be saved in the project with the data as amended We do not need to make any further entries for the storage tank and the Control settings also remain unchanged The pre set value for the Desired Temperature of Tank of o K Kelvin on the Control worksheet means that the upper tank temperature corresponds to the desired temperature of hot water which in this case we set at 5o C A further click on the red arrow brings us to the Boiler dialog The architect s plans show a floor space of 240 m As we need to define a heating boiler but a calculation of the heating requirement is not available we can estimate the required power at 240 m 5o W m 12 kW and load a correspondingly sized heating oil boiler from the database via the Se ect button We leave the pre set value for the boiler s Nominal Output unchanged Dil Boiler 4 Parameters Efficiency G p Fixed Manufacturer T SOL Database Type Oil Boiler 12 kw Nominal Output 112 kw C Specific Reference ire Nominal Output is dependent on the Hot Water and Space Heating Requirement Fuel Fuel Oil Operating Times Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul amp ug Sep Oct Nov Dec Operating Days 273
9. 3 5 Comprehensive Database of Components The program comes with a comprehensive database of the following components e Collectors e Boilers e Storage tanks If you want to stay up to date we would recommend a T SOL Service Agreement You will then be sent regular program updates and revised component database units page 8 of 80 Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH T SOL Manual 2 Installation 2 Installation 2 1 Hardware and Software Requirements T SOL is a WINDOWS application One of the following operating systems needs to be installed on your computer before you can run the program Windows ME Windows NT Windows 2000 or Windows XP T SOL requires a minimum of 256 MB RAM With less memory there is no guarantee that the program will run Recommended system configuration 500 MHz Pentium PC 256 MB RAM 400 MB hard disk drive VGA colour monitor CD drive The fully installed program uses approximately 120 MB of hard disk space Each additional weather data file requires 5 MB You will require approximately 220 MB of free hard disk space in order to run T SOL comfortably complete with all available weather data Please ensure that you have enough space free on the hard disk before you install the program In order to run T SOL you must have the full licence rights full access to the T SOL installation folder The formats for currency numbering time and date that are defined within the country settings
10. A v VaLenrIn software P 15 T SOL Pro User Manual T SOL Pro Version 5 0 Design and Simulation of Solar Thermal Systems Contents T SOL Program Manual The information contained in this manual is without warranty The program developers assume no responsibility for its contents The software described in this manual is distributed in accordance with the terms of the licence agreement which are accepted on installation of the program Liability claims are excluded The reproduction of any part of this manual is prohibited Berlin June 2010 COPYRIGHT 1993 2010 Dr Ing Gerhard Valentin OFFICE DR VALENTIN ENERGIESOFTWARE GMBH STRALAUER PLATZ 34 10243 BERLIN GERMANY FAX 49 30 588 439 11 E MAIL info valentin de Internet http www valentin de Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH T SOLProgram Manual Contents Contents 1 Program Information o icsseoiee es Ieces espe er eee eco Ree Fee o deu IUE TG eo NER NGHE RUE UG NE NN EE UGER Ne EURLAL UAE 7 1 01 Why T S0E92 5 iL RERO REID Un mdi 7 1 2 What iS new in T SOL 5 0 sssccccsssscccessscceeessccceeusescceeussceseasesccseuesccsseusecessussscessensses 7 1 3 System FeatUT65S c eee eee ree o ete ERE Fe ER ERE Fe FERRE ee EE ERE NER EE ER e ea ER ERE TR EN Mene e EN Pa ne a ER Ea nena ERN 7 1 3 1 OVeTVIGW i ie ee EET FERRE NERA EER ERN NEM EE RE SERA ERES ERRARE ERE SERERE a 7 1 3 2 4 System LY POS iere eere eene ee exe Pee eere eee kh
11. MeteoSyn T SOL Manual A detailed description of MeteoSyn and how it is used with T SOL is given in the dialog window which also contains a link to a website where you can obtain additional weather data 6 2 Location Data MeteoSyn np ems Define New Location Location from Database Country County State NENNEN Location Name NENNEN Location Data Postal Zip Code 1 Height o m Lowest Outside jo Monthly Values Temperature 0 00 C D1 calculate T 3t o oc e calculate Longitude East 180 m Show Decimal Place in West 180 Degrees 00 00 00 59 Hourly Values Latitude South Pole 90 North Pole 90 Time Zone 0 0 E nid oe To Decimals 0 00 0 99 1 Cancel This is where you select the location you want to generate weather data for You can e load a location from the database delivered with the program e or you can create a new location You are only able to save a location in hourly format for use in the MeteoSyn database if you select Define New Location If you select Location from Database you will need to select the country and location from the lists provided The weather data record generated for T SOL is then created in either case in the Hourly Values dialog The database delivered with the program contains monthly values for approximately 2 000 locations worldwide Location names that appear in green are user defined locations which can be amended and deleted
12. Q 6 Lymax 6 0 gui 122 7 Cyro 07 9e Q 6 Lene Anoor s Seeder Prot moste froot M ord arech shope Apurtrsert houses No of apertrerts 20 of less 12 09s 145 5 Lit 893 0 gel O0 2 Leon 42 6 gei 156 2 Lap w 10 0 gal 97 9 Logt 730 ge 20 7 apt 40 0 gai 151 4 Lege 75 amp 5 gas O2 2 Leap 94 0 gots 1250 Lw 56 0 gale 144 Lyopt 100 7098 C9 5 Leet 60 0 gai 227 4 Lyapt 37 0981 M02 Lage 2000 of fov 50 gai Li 50 0 gai 195 Lvagt 35 0 gai 152 7 Liga Eherion ny soot 08 gu 2 5 Listedont 159 15 7 Listudent DA gu 2 5 Lys Arbor or senior h 1 AR 20ga 134 19 ov d amp reqpakate Vor reredss aa Per aay of opausan Tabie 8 Hot Water Demand per Fixture for Various Types of Buildings Gallons of water per hour per fixture calculated at a final temperature of 140 F per ASHRAE 19971 Apphoutors Huribood Cage 44 Senace Wi rer Heaton Apartreent Gym ihndurtrisi Otice Private Mouse Chub nasum Motel Piart D Residence School YNCA Bara private kwatory 2 2e 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Basre public ivory 4 6 8 6 Li 12 4 15 8 3 Batwoons 20 20 M x 20 t Dichwoshers 15 50 150 50150 5e 200 a 106 15 20 100 20 100 5 Foot bua 3 3 u 3 12 3 3 u 6 Khia Sant 10 20 m D 10 20 7 Lordy Stony Yes m 26 2 2 2 23 6 Panty srk E 10 s 10 10 5 LJ n B Showers w 1 zu 75 75 225 w Lu 25 25 10 Saraca Sant E 20 m E 15 20 m 11 Hydro bp Showers 400 12 Hudba bue fo 13 Leg bathe 100 14 fern bathe 3 15 Str baitha 14
13. Solar fraction hot water aw Qkww Qzww Qsuzg Solar fraction heating QSHzg Qzuzg The calculation for a solar system with a combined storage tank is as follows Legend E K Solar fraction total VEM NN c Collector loop Qk Qzww Qzuze A Auxiliary heating Qk Qsuze S Solar yield as per the Solar fraction hot water Qk Qstize Qzww storage tank net HL Heating loop Solar fraction heating Ue __ DHW Qsuzg Qzuzg Domestic hot water including Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH page 19 of 80 3 Introduction T SOL Manual The energy supply for heating drinking water is the energy required to heat the cold water to the temperature of hot tap water Losses from the storage tank or the circulation are not included here The fuel used is the amount of fuel required to reheat the standby tank the standby part of the storage tank to the target temperature Heat losses from the storage tank and the boiler efficiency are included here 3 2 3 Storage Tank Model and Operation The stratified storage tank model uses storage layers of varying thickness i e also of varying volume whose number can vary depending on the operational state The number of layers is not set rather new layers are formed and the layer thickness is changed during the course of the simulation This takes place via the feed in and feed out of volumes of water and the intermixture of temperature layers if the te
14. Systems Selection _ Dialog If you already know which system components you want to use you can select these directly from the System Select menu This gives you an overview of all of the component combinations available with your version of the program Select the system you want to use by double clicking on the image or on the list entry The system will take on the parameters of the currently active project variant You can view the selection as icons or in a list 4 6 Enter System Parameters This menu allows you to enter or change your solar system s component parameters Collector Array x Parameters Inclination Piping Number of Collectors 5 Gross Surface Area 5 m Active Solar Surface 5 m Collector Manufacturer T SOL Database Type Standard Flat Plate Reference Flat Plate Collector Parameters Figure 4 6 1 Data entry dialog for system components e g collector array A number of parameter dialogs are displayed onto which all the necessary data is entered Use the red arrow buttons in the bottom corner to move between each component s dialog window page 26 of 80 Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH T SOL Manual 4 Brief Instructions Another possibility for entering the parameters is via the Main Dialog In the Main Dialog you can also use the red arrow buttons to move between the component dialog windows You should also note that there may be a number of tabs
15. at the design outdoor temperature Standard outdoor temperature e C Outdoor air temperature used to calculated standard heat loss It represents the lowest two day median the air temperature has reached or dropped below 10 times in 20 years Standby storage tank A system storage tank which is used exclusively for storing domestic hot water pre heated to the target temperature e g System A2 Storage charging loop Pump circuit for charging the storage tank storage charging system page 76 of 80 Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH T SOL Manual 7 Appendix Storage charging system Storage tank heating from bottom to top by means of a charging pump storage charging loop the heating surface can be located inside or outside the storage tank Storage model Representation of loading and unloading processes The stratified storage model uses storage layers of variable strength The number of layers in not fixed but adjusted during simulation Storage regrouping Heat transport from the solar storage tank to the standby tank When activated storage regrouping occurs when a higher temperature is present in the solar storage tank top than in the standby tank top Storage tank ST To bridge weather related and or seasonal fluctuations in irradiation storage tanks are used to buffer heat The volume of the storage tanks is governed by the heating requirement and the period of time to be bridged Stratification Facility e
16. display interval with the red arrow button and jump to the next month The graph therefore gives the answer to the question of the number of days that the tank reaches a temperature of 35 degrees The evaluation is even simpler if you convert the graph into a table via the Table menu A more precise measure of the temperature course can be gained if the temperature break down is shown in hourly intervals However in order to do this it is necessary to record the values in hourly intervals during simulation Go back to the Calculations Simulation menu and set the Recording Intervalat 1 hour Carry out a new simulation and then you will be able to study temperature changes by the hour To do this select a Display nterval of 1 day for the x axis Continue with this example and consider how the number of days can be reduced in which the temperature falls below 35 C Change individual parameters such as storage tank size tilt angle and collector area Run another simulation and evaluate the results Finally the architect is asking you about additional building requirements Recommend that hot water connections for a washing machine and dishwasher be built into the system With these machines the hot water consumption is increased by 20 40 litres daily which can be supplied by the solar system and therefore save valuable energy page 48 of 80 Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH T SOL Manual 6 MeteoSyn 6 MeteoSyn With the MeteoSyn meteo
17. entry dialog for simulation parameters The size of the simulation interval sample varies between one and six minutes What is decisive here is the system inertia resulting from the capacities and energy flows For the evaluation of the simulation results it is often enough to work with values resulting from larger simulation intervals hourly or daily Use the speed button at the top of the screen or the pull down menu to carry out a simulation for the project variant that is currently active Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH page 27 of 80 4 Brief Instructions T SOL Manual If you go to the simulation dialog via the pull down Calculations menu you are able to select the simulation period and the recording interval Depending on the selected simulation period a number of different recording intervals are offered Clicking on the View button allows temperature conditions to be observed graphically during the simulation The exact time of each simulation step is shown in the status bar for the variant in the bottom left corner At the end of the simulation a selection dialog opens so that you can view the results report or graphics or carry out an economic efficiency calculation 4 9 Economic Efficiency Calculation Economic Efficiency Calculation Entry Parameters x Parameters Investment Running Costs Savings Loan Life Span 20 Years Interest on Capital 4 Price Increase Rate Energy t x Runn
18. it switches on the circulation pump in the collector loop ensuring heat transport to the storage tank 3 132 How the Absorber and Collector Work Black surfaces are particularly good at absorbing shortwave radiation of light and then converting it into heat This physical property is used in the so called absorbers These are made from plastic or metal in the form of panels mats or pipes with a black surface which depending on the quality Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH page 13 of 80 3 Introduction T SOL Manual of the absorber is voltaic or otherwise finished Absorbers are the active part of a solar system Depending on the scenario and the level of the required temperature a distinction is made between absorber systems and collector systems Absorber systems are not insulated or covered The heat transfer medium flows directly through them These are structurally simple affordable systems suitable for operating temperatures below 40 C Their primary areas of application are heating swimming pool water and preheating service water Absorber mats usually made from plastic can be placed on flat or slightly inclined roofs also retrospectively with little construction work Collector systems with flat plate collectors contain an absorber typically in metal in a sealed housing fitted with a transparent cover and heat insulation on the rear side The transparent covering reduces irradiation from the absorber to the environm
19. measurements The adjusted parameters in this system are therefore fixed and not changeable In this system this concerns the entire storage tank the control parameters of the collector array and the performance controller of the collector loop pump As a result of testing by the ITW and the subsequent validation procedure for the simulation this system holds the status of a tested company system Manufacturer Test report no Tested components Broetje GmbH 04STO98 and o3CTRo8 Combination storage tank and matching controller BBT Thermotechnik Buderus o4STO98 and o3CTRo8 Combination storage tank and matching controller Feuron GmbH 03STO94 Combination tank Ratiotherm GmbH 03STO91 Combination storage tank and matching controller Teufel und Schwarz GmbH 02STO83 o2CTRo and Combination storage tank and 03CTRo9 matching controller Wagner Co GmbH 03 STO88 and o3CTR11 Combination storage tank and matching controller Max Weishaupt GmbH 04STO97 Combination storage tank and matching controller page 60 of 80 Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH T SOL Manual 7 Appendix 7 5 Company Systems 7 5 4 Solahart Systems nh These system types are exclusively offered by Solahart They comprise thermosyphon systems with optional downstream flow heater Further information can be obtained from www solahart com 7 5 2 Viessmann Systems Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH page 61
20. number of large scale solar systems The system components collectors boiler storage tank and also consumption profiles are taken from the database respectively T SOL calculates both shade from the horizon and from objects close to the system For the objects you can take account of seasonal variations in shading e g trees with and without leaves 13 3 Simulation and Results The calculation is based on the investigation of energy flows and provides yield prognoses according to the hourly meteorological data provided T SOL calculates the energy produced by the solar system in the production of hot water and space heating and the corresponding solar fraction The results are saved and can be presented in graph format or in a results overview Summary Report The graph maps the course of energy and other values over any given period and can be saved as a table in text format so that the results can be copied into other programs for further evaluation By varying individual system parameters the optimal system configuration can be found 1 3 4 Economic Efficiency Calculation After running a simulation over a period of one year you are able to carry out an economic efficiency calculation for that variant Taking into account the system costs and any financial support e g government grant the economic efficiency parameters e g capital value annuities and cost of heating are calculated and detailed in a report 1
21. of different system variants within a project The weather data record for Augsburg has already been entered as this was selected in the General Project Data dialog However this can be changed by clicking on the button Weather Independent of the weather data record the location of the building can also be entered e g the street address where the solar system will be installed In order to reach a result we now have to go through the individual worksheets of the Design Assistant entering the information required Use the buttons Continue Backand Cancelat the bottom of the dialog to do this You can also click on the icons on the left of the dialog to access the individual sheets direct 5 2 1 System Selection n OE sa ra cre EET I iel ng TSO Pro Desga assistant ber Select new system Which armersie would you bhe to supply meti star ergy e T y Corsssc hat water AN pb lh Figure 5 2 2 Design Assistant amenities selection The next two sheets contain details on system selection This depends on the planned use of the system You will have to select whether the system is to be used to supply hot water and or space heating For the Project Example above therefore you should click on the circle to select Space Heating Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH page 35 of 80 5 Calculation Examples T SOL Manual TOR Pro Design assistant cs cdm i l Select new sy
22. of price dynamic payment sequences over the lifetime Investments Subsidies The pay back time is the period the system must operate for the investment to yield a cash value of zero Pay back times of over 40 years are not supported To calculating the heating price the cash value of the costs is determined CV of costs investment CV of operating and maintenance costs If the CV of the costs is converted into a constant sequence of payment r 1 then the following applies to this sequence Z Z CVof costs H7 9 r For r 1 1 b T q r to the annuity factor a q T q q 1J q E again as per VDI 2067 The heating price is then Heatingprice Annualcos ts Z Annualenergyyield Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH page 21 of 80 3 Introduction T SOL Manual 3 4 Swimming Pool Calculation The swimming pool is calculated as a 1 layer storage tank including the following gains and losses e Evaporation losses at the surface e Convection losses at the surface e Transmission losses at the pool wall e Irradiation gains at the surface e Reflection losses at the surface e Heat radiation at the surface e Fresh water intake as a result of evaporation pool discharge and filter cleaning The swimming pool heating requirement to the extent that auxiliary heating is available is defined as the total energy transferred from the solar system and the auxiliary heating to the swimm
23. or relative to the collector area Zero loss collector efficiency no States the proportion of radiated energy absorbed by the collector on vertical incidence when the median temperature of the heat transfer medium in the collector is equal to the ambient air temperature page 78 of 80 Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH T SOL Manual 7 7 Index A Annuity factor eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee 21 ASHRAE B 7 Appendix Heating price eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee 21 Hot Water Demand Balancing NS e Brief instructions cesses 23 C Capital expenditure 20 Capital valtonen 20 Cash value eese eene 20 21 Change in temperature LO CO emissions eesseeeeeeee 18 Collector loop efficiency 18 Company systems eee 56 Concept Nd D Installation tette D Irradiation Model ees 17 Irradiation Processor 17 ITW system types eese 56 0 Operating costs eeeeeeeeeeneneee 20 P Pay back time rrr rmi Program activation cscccccccssssssseteeeeeee 10 MEOW AERE Y R Data bases eeeeeeeeeeeeeee eene enne 8 DESIN pinsin l0 29 E Results ossis tries srera 8 30 S
24. target temperatur for DHT ed c ffs What 2 tte coti water terceretire la Figure 5 2 4 Definition of hot water requirement in the Design Assistant Two worksheets need to be completed here hot water and heating consumption You have a choice of two ways of entering the hot water consumption If you know what the average daily consumption will be you can click on the circle and then enter the amount direct If you do not know then you can enter the estimated or actual number of people that will be using the system A figure for the absolute consumption will then be calculated based on the number of people via a pre set specific consumption figure The specific consumption per person can be entered and changed from the system screen via the menu Options gt Default Settings Design Assistant Our building contains 6 flats If the calculation is based on 2 5 occupants per flat this gives a total figure of 15 occupants for the block enter 15 in answer to the question Wo of people to be supplied As hot water secondary circulation is usual in many blocks of flats we should click on the corresponding circle so that circulation losses depending on total consumption will be included in the calculation The desired hot water temperature and the cold water temperature should be entered here and can also be pre set under Options Click on the tab labelled Space Heating to get to the worksheet for the space heating requirements Our bu
25. the System definition menu e Click on one of the components in the system schematic to select the system component and then double click with the left mouse key to get to the component dialog or click just above or below the system to select the whole system and then double click to get to the system dialog or click to select the component system and then click with the right mouse key and select Characteristics from the mini menu Orclickon the main dialog button to access the main dialog directly E Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH page 41 of 80 5 Calculation Examples T SOL Manual 5 3 2 Define Parameters Vrtari Ait Collectors 3 Ste date Components Savings nese unt r Collectors Cirats 3 Swarts DHA vegumement ad aor c fetami terqeratize at boder 7 lt Figure 5 3 2 Variant menu gt System definition Variant X For the complete definition of a system as required in our example it is best to go directto the Main System Dialog as this will automatically take you through all the necessary dialogs In the main dialog you can use the red arrow buttons in the bottom right hand corner to move between the various component dialogs In the Reference entry field of the first worksheet in the main dialog you can enter a new variant name or amend an existing name This reference in this case Type A1 is the name that is shown in T SOL s blue title bar and is the reference
26. the supplied climate files irradiation to the horizontal plane is given in watts per square metre of active solar surface The program converts this to the tilted surface during the simulation and multiplies it by the total active solar surface Here the radiation must be split into diffuse and direct radiation The splitting is carried out according to Reindl s radiation model with reduced correlation Reindl D T Beckmann W A Duffie J A Diffuse fraction correlations Solar Energy Vol 45 No 1 S 1 7 Pergamon Press 1990 These are then converted into irradiation on the tilted surface using the anisotropic sky model by Hay and Davis Duffie J A Beckmann W A Solar engineering of thermal process John Wiley amp Sons USA second editions 1991 This model takes into account the anisotropy factor for circumsolar radiation and the ground reflection factor 0 2 Irradiation on the collector area active solar surface is calculated from the radiation strength W m on the horizontal plane the height of the sun and the solar azimuth is determined on the basis of the date time and latitude On the basis of the height of the sun the solar azimuth angle the collector tilt angle and the collector azimuth angle the position of the sun relative to the collector surface is calculated This allows conversion of the direct share of solar radiation on the horizontal plane into the direct share of solar radiation to the col
27. under which you will be able to find the variant again eg in the Load Variant dialog The weather data is also loaded here the hot water requirement is entered and the ambient temperature for the central boiler plant is defined This temperature is the reference temperature for the calculation of storage tank losses and secondary circulation losses After loading the weather file for Aachen from the weather database for Germany additional weather data for other countries can be installed from the CD we click on the red arrow to go to the next dialog Hot Water Consumption On the Parameters worksheet you enter the average daily consumption for the operating period given on the Operating Times worksheet usually the average daily consumption over a year At the same time the total consumption for the operating period and the resulting energy consumption are shown The total consumption figure is dependent on the values entered under Temperatures on the Parameters worksheet For our example of a bungalow in Aachen we know that hot water is required for a family of 5 If we assume a high standard say 35 litres per person per day we get to a total of 175 litres per day at a temperature of 50 degrees centigrade This daily consumption will not be spread out equally over the day but will be required at certain periods in differing volumes This pattern of use is illustrated in the Consumption Profiles A number of different consumption profiles a
28. up to 20 minutes for this It will be sent to the e mail address entered on the form Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH page 11 of 80 2 Installation T SOL Manual 2 3 4 Request a Key Code by Fax If you click on the Fax button underneath Program ID in the Registration window a form opens for you to complete and print off Send the completed form by fax to 49 30 588 439 11 You will then receive the Key Code by fax within one working day You can also enter an e mail address to which the Key Code should be sent 2 3 5 Request a Key Code by Telephone If you do not have a fax or an e mail address you can request a Key Code by telephone In this case you will need to give your Program ID over the phone 2 3 6 Enter the Key Code Once you receive the Key Code you will need to enter it by hand or copy and paste it into the field under Enter Key Code in the Registration window and then click on the OK button This completes the program registration and activation procedure An information window appears with a message that registration has been completed and the program is now fully functional information es i Your programme is now activated The logo illustrated here will be used as the program icon After installation it will appear in the Windows Start menu The single licence version of T SOL can only be installed locally However since the database and project files can be saved to any file paths
29. use as intended under normative boundary conditions The final energy consumption is therefore stated by energy sources used Flow FL Flow generally denotes the warmer string in a heat loop In a solar loop flow corresponds to the pipe from the collector to the storage tank Fresh water requirement here the domestic water supplied to the swimming pool for filling Fresh water station Hygienic domestic hot water heating with the help of a plate heat exchanger in a continuous flow process compact station with heat exchanger pump controller Fuel consumption The calculation of fuel use natural gas oil wood pellets district heating is derived from the energy transferred to the auxiliary heating heat exchanger via the fuel s heat equivalent and the auxiliary heating efficiency Fuel price kWh The price for the stated final energy valid at the time of calculation It must be entered in the currency given in Windows country settings Fuel saving a Fuels are primarily used to generate heat In addition to reducing heat loss the use of solar heat generates fuel savings The program converts the available solar heat at any one time using the respective auxiliary heating efficiency and the corresponding heat equivalent of the energy source into fuel savings Global irradiance G W m Hemispherical irradiation onto a horizontal surface Gross collector area Ac m Surface area of the collector excluding devices f
30. C the aperture is equal to the product of the length and width of the mirror surface Auxiliary heating AuxH Ensures that the target temperature is reached even when there is insufficient irradiation Where applicable it also supplies the heating loop Usually refers to the boiler Balance B seen Energy balance Balancing PE Energy balance Base load W kW Minimum load output an energy supply system must make available constantly during a period of use Boiler Boil Serves to convert chemical energy into heat Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH page 67 of 80 7 Appendix T SOL Manual Boiler efficiency n The boiler efficiency describes the relationship between the energy used by the boiler and the energy produced over a specific period of time Buffer tank PSP A storage tank filled with domestic hot water usually in steel The heat is transferred either internally via a serpentine pipe or outside the tank by means of an external heat transfer medium Building energy requirement Q KWh a Generic term for heating requirements cooling requirements energy requirements for hot drinking water lighting humidification Calculation of pollutants The solar system s CO2 emissions savings are calculated This is based on the emissions factors of the fossil fuel under consideration for heat generation The emissions factors used here depend on the saved fuel fuel savings CO2 emissions Capital val
31. Days Figure 5 3 6 Dialog for the definition of the boiler As we want the solar system to provide hot water in summer without the use of a boiler we click on the months of June July and August under Operating Times they change from green to white so that boiler operation is halted during these months We have now reached the end of the dialog chain and can exit the main dialog by clicking on OK 5 3 3 Simulation After entering the parameters for your solar system you are now in a position to calculate the system operating conditions over a period of a year by running a simulation The simulation can be started in two ways either click on the Start Simulation button in the button bar calculator symbol or via the main menu Calculations Simulation which will open the Simulation Period dialog prior to simulation On the Simulation Period dialog the Simulation Period is pre set at 1 whole year and the results Recording Intervalat 1 day Both settings will suffice for our first simulation 7he Pre run of 3 days means that the simulation runs for 3 days before the first data is recorded on 1 January Simulation with the pre set values can be started direct by clicking on the Start Simulation button in the button bar From the Simulation Period dialog the simulation is started by clicking on OK Once the simulation has started you are able to click on the View button and observe the system s Dr Valentin Energ
32. DistHeat Heat supply for heating buildings and drinking water In district heating waste heat created during power generation cogeneration is used among others Transfer of heat is predominantly effected via underground piping DKE DKE German Commission for Electrical Electronic amp Information Technologies of DIN and VDE Organization in Germany responsible for creating standards and safety regulations in the field of electrical engineering electronics and information technology Domestic hot water WW Domestic hot water typically refers to warm drinking water and in contrast to heating or buffer tank water can be consumed Efficiency Eff The collector loop efficiency and the system efficiency are calculated Electric heating element el HE Electrical auxiliary heating in the storage tank Electrical power Pei W kW The electrical power states how much electrical energy is used in a specific unit of time Energy E Joule Energy is the ability to perform work The forms of energy are divided into mechanical energy kinetic and potential energy thermal electrical and chemical energy radiation energy and nuclear energy Energy balance Comparison of incoming and outgoing energy flows in a system the sum of energy supplied energy released and the storage of energy by the heat capacity of the system components must be equal to zero Balancing is not carried out wholesale for the entire system but for the indivi
33. Version or register the Full Program This dialog appears until you have activated the program successfully i remiran ET Welcome ekome you ram mzw erbwais your programme Toni This Involved the fellewaeeg thart z a i Eater perih ammer Enos I Freep amma DD iw aie abe E honest kep code 4 Estur key code Hel 7 Program Activation is carried out by entering a Key Code The Key Code is provided by the program manufacturer on request First you will need to make sure that e You have a Serial Number e The program has already been installed e When you start the program you click on the License Full Version button Program Activation is carried out in four steps Activation e Enter Serial Number e Notify allocated program ID by e mail fax or telephone e Receive Key Code e Enter Key Code 2 3 1 Enter the Serial Number If you purchased the program from us you will already have a Serial Number You will find this on the CD case on the invoice or we have Sent it to you by e mail The Serial Number has the following format 30138 012P 250 CHWD 1 EHB8 PH CEPR AGU It needs to be entered exactly as it appears without any spaces After the Serial Number has been entered the program allocates a Program ID which is based on the Serial Number and a code for your PC page 10 of 80 Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH T SOL Manual 2 Installation Biter Serial Number A enm Hanter prbg 0338 180 CHNID L DeiaB PH CEPR A d
34. ant Reference Type All You have a number of options to design a new Variant C Always use default system C Duplicate Existing Variant Selection of New System Hydraulics C Selection of New System Hydraulics with Current Values C Open T SOL Design Assistant Figure 5 3 1 Dialog for setting up a new variant We have already set up a project via the File New Project menu in this case it is the project named Examples For the above Project Example you will need to set up a new variant of Examples via the File New Variant menu A dialog appears into which you can enter a l ar ant Reference and in which you can select the method for design We name our variant TYPE A1 and select Mew System Hydraulics After confirming with OK the Load System screen opens The amount and types of systems available for selection and simulation depends upon which of the T SOL modules you have installed on your computer Standard Swimming Pool SysCat You can change between icons of the systems and a listing in order to get an overview We select the system labelled A1 and load it into our variant with a double click or a single click and a click on OK and we are then back in the system screen We now need to enter the specific parameters for the location consumption and system components into the system we have selected There are a number of ways of doing this e individual components can be accessed via the menu commands of
35. area be e Atwhich tilt angle should the collectors be installed on the flat roof e How often does the temperature drop below 35 degrees centigrade in the storage tank e How much heating oil can we expect to save e Which other measures should be taken into account when building the house The following additional details are provided with the house plans e Thebungalow s longitudinal axis is oriented from the south east to the north west e 240m floor space This type of solar system is frequently used for one and two family houses As a rule pre configured systems are used here as offered by many collector manufacturers The configuration of number of collectors storage tank and other components should then be entered into T SOL For frequently used systems you can save these as a standard project and then copy into a new project as required and simply change the pre set data such as location collector tilt angle and orientation In this case the calculations using T SOL mainly serve to determine the expected primary energy savings as well as the system s solar fraction An important result is also the proof that the system is not oversized When a system is oversized this is shown by the maximum tank temperature frequently being reached thus leading to high collector temperatures page 40 of 80 Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH T SOL Manual 5 Calculation Examples 5 3 1 Design a New Variant Variant Reference x Vari
36. ay and the Summary Report The graphical display allows you to select up to eight curves A graphics window appears as with its own menu so that you can format the graphs as you wish You can change the break down of the values the display interval from 1 day up to 1 year font type and style colour and presentation line graph or bar chart of the curves and the guide lines The axes can be redefined and the graphic can be given a title The values can be copied and pasted into other programs for further evaluation The Summary Report consists of a three page overview including the system schematic E the entry data and the simulation results The summary report can be printed via the page preview page 30 of 80 Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH T SOL Manual 4 Brief Instructions 4 11 Options Defaults Regions amp Units 4 11 1 Options Defaults Regions Getautt sengs Preccid armbyxzr Project report Chrate data record Owaign ameter Unts reet upeiete Locator locos Regional settings Marth Arma Furl chon Figure 4 11 1 Use higher hestng value HH Hs Lise lowe heating due NARH Options gt Default settings gt l tia an dn M is an MA edt hi a i ead ae Localization Select a region T SOL offers a regionalized version for the U S market i e having set the option Region U S the program offers not only u s units but U S components offered for sale in North America o
37. ce between the two surfaces is 1 Kelvin Criterion for assessing the quality of insulating material Thermal engineering Thermal engineering describes all aspects of energy conversion storage and transfer in machines and apparatus with the exception of electrical energy Thermal equivalent Conversion process making energy sources comparable by their heat content heating value Thermosyphon system Operation in a closed circuit according to the gravity filtration principle without the use of pumps or controls Tilt angle B inclination Describes the angle between the horizontal and the collector surface This is o when the collectors are flat on the ground and 90 when they are vertical Value for the energy requirements of a system er The value for the energy requirements of a system describes the ratio of primary energy absorbed by the system technology in relation to the available heat released by it The smaller the value the more efficient the system In residential buildings the value for the energy requirements of a system also takes account of preparation of a standard amount of hot water VDE German Association for Electrical Electronic amp Information Technologies Volumetric flow rate Vp Flow l h l m2h The movement of a volume of a medium in a unit of time through the cross section of a tube The volumetric flow rate for the collector array is stated in l h and can be specified either absolutely
38. collector with an area of 1 m You can however select any collector of your choice from the database by clicking on the collector button or from the system screen select your preferred standard collector under Options gt Site Data The tilt angle and orientation of the collector array need to be entered next The values for the piping are based exclusively on the collector loop The single length of piping should be entered The heating losses and hydraulic resistance of the piping are calculated from these values After clicking on the Continue button the Design Target needs to be entered In our Project Example a solar fraction of 20 of the total energy consumption hot water and space heating is required We have selected natural gas as our fuel for auxiliary heating By clicking on Continue we are provided with a selection of storage tanks that the Design Assistant recommends for our system Each of the recommended tanks can be changed by opening the database and making a new selection For each of the three buffer tanks recommended we can carry out a variation calculation by clicking on Variation page 38 of 80 Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH T SOL Manual 5 Calculation Examples Wi TR Pro Design assistant pri j Tan wort envaltts Sole fracoon Ceagy Tae ff Beatty of varution caitidation DHW rk 100 DHW tari 100 a s Dew tak 100 T i i w b i as 1i teas 95 4 t 3 1D 14 hates af collectors fal Acce
39. ction Type Design type Insulation U value W K External Wall 0 22 External Wall 0 39 External Wall 1 70 External Wall 0 13 External Wall 0 17 External Wall 0 22 External Wall 0 23 External Wall 0 43 External Wall 3 05 Ground 0 58 Ground 1 09 Ground 8 42 Ground floor heating 0 30 Ground floor heating 0 58 Ground floor heating 842 Roof 016 Roof 024 Roof 432 Roof 013 Roof 018 Roof 3 16 7 Roof with cooling 0 24 Roof with cooling 432 Roof with cooling 013 Roof with cooling 018 Roof with cooling light medium uninsulated 3 16 Roof with cooling 016 page 54 of 80 Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH T SOL Manual 7 Appendix 7 2 Hot Water Demand Tables ASHRAE ASHRAE 1991 Applications Handbook Chapter 44 Service Water Heating Table 7 Hot Water Demands and Use for Various Types of Bullcings S DH a eee Meris Gorrmmetones 34 gai 34 4 Lrsudeet 22 0 gei 83 4 Lystudent 13 1 gel MP 7 Listodent MWomeriv gai 16 M 5 on 100 4 Ly 12 3 gai i464 Motels No ot units 20 oF ess 60 9n Q2 7 Lora 350 Qui 132 6 Lara 20 0 gai 75 4 Lyu w 50 gai 12 T Lyere 25 0 gai 4 5 Lyne 14 0 gal 53 1 Ljuni 100 or moare 4 0 gai 152 Lyere 15 0 gal ZE D Lyn 10 D gai 37 2 Lyusi homes 45 gai 17 Lyted 3200 gal 113 T Lysed 154 D Lp tend Otte 4 H5 204 76 uon 1 OBL on Fond serene etl e tirsemts Type fe meci 159m 405 7 Om 10 goi 6t 7 Limos igra i bma f es btts arr oifeWveees A D Tw feet Type B dee oras 07 9d
40. ctivity of a construction material or product under specific external and internal conditions which can be considered typical of the behavior of this product when installed in a component Site Data Def Design temperature C Temperature determined by the relevant climate zone as per DIN EN 12831 supplement 1 table 1a The design temperature is the maximum necessary temperature of the heating water which suffices at the lowest winter temperature for the heating system to provide the building with required amounts of heat Deverter injection system Special version of a control circuit Particularly useful when the user is far away from the output but if required needs hot water promptly often RLT DHW consumption DHW con DHW requirement Daily consumption Diffuse radiation Gair W m Part of solar irradiation which strikes a horizontal or tilted surface via scattering through air molecules and mist particles or reflection on clouds Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH page 69 of 80 7 Appendix T SOL Manual DIN V 18599 Energy efficiency of buildings calculation of net final and primary energy requirements for heating cooling ventilation domestic hot water and lighting Basis of calculation for the EnEV 2009 certifications for residential and non residential buildings Direct radiation Gair W m Part of solar irradiation which strikes a horizontal or tilted surface without changing direction District heating
41. dby tank to the total amount of energy transmitted to the standby tank from the solar system and auxiliary heating Solar heat Solar heat describes the conversion of solar energy into available heating energy Solar storage tank The solar tank is the storage tank or part of a tank that is loaded from the collector array Solar yield kWh m Energy released by the collector loop within a specific period of time Space heating Heat All technical elements and systems which serve to generate store distribute and transfer heat Specific heat capacity The amount of heat per m of active solar surface that the collector including its heat transfer medium content can store at a temperature increase of 1 Kelvin Benutzerhandbuch T SOL Anhang Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH 153 SRCC Solar Rating and Certification Corporation USA Standard heat load amp u W kW Standard DIN EN 12831 August 2003 describes the calculating procedure to determine the output of the heat generator and the heating surfaces required under normal design conditions to ensure that the required standard indoor temperature is reached in the rooms used in the building Standard heat requirement Qu ceb W kW Former term for heating load The standard heat requirement is the basis for the dimensioning of the heat generator boiler solar system It states the required heating output to maintain the desired indoor temperatures e g 20 C in all rooms
42. desea vues eee teet euentus ENEE NY 13 3 1 1 Basic Construction of a Solar System eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eese eene eene nnn nnne 13 3 1 2 How the Absorber and Collector WOrk cccssssccccssssccceessscceeesesccsesecceeesseceeeeesees 13 33 3 Task Of the Storage Tank er ee rre eee rhet ree i xo ve ae een diis 14 3 1 4 How the Controller Works cccccssssccccessscccesssccceusscccceseccseasesceseuseccseesssceseeesees 14 3 1 5 Design of a Solar System eret eene tei eet e eta ys 15 3 1 6 Economics of Solar Syslems eo eere eo ten aee aenea en au aee nego ea au aa aue eae ea aa PE yes 15 3 2 Calculation Basics 5 nier tote ae ceto gae e veo gv eive dae ed ee Ev ed ee E Nodes T Nee o E eade gara end 16 3 24 General Design NOLES c scccccewscecceeescececestcececuussecseges seceded Fee ada e TN e ERU ges nue 16 3 2 2 Energy Balances ise eii vitra ive EET EVER TE YEA EYE Ea auno 16 3 2 3 drradiation PIOCeSSOL eee reete oe eH eI I I e euer 17 3 2 4 Consumption of Primary Energy eeeeeeeeeeee eene eee eene enne nnne eene nennen 17 3 2 5 Calculation of CO2 EMISSIONS sssccccssssccccessscccessccceeussccseesseceseusecessenseceseansees 18 3 2 6 Efficiency and Solar Fracties serer raara narar NEEE EEr E e 18 3 2 7 Storage Tank Model and Operation cesses eese e eene eene 20 3 2 8 Feed In and Feed Out ccccssssccccesssccccesssccceesssccceessccceeuesccseesssc
43. dual system components Energy balance scheme es Sankey graph Energy input E Qz Wh kWh Energy supplied to a component e g irradiation heat supply at the heat exchanger or heat transfer by mass flow due to consumption or circulation Energy output Qab Wh kWh Energy heat transferred from one component collector loop storage tank etc to another component or the environment Energy produced by solar system Qab Wh kWh Comprises the energy transferred to the standby tank from the solar tank due to consumption and any existing return circulation control in the solar tank page 70 of 80 Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH T SOL Manual 7 Appendix Energy supply ves Energy input External financing Part of the capital commitment is covered not by personal capital but by taking out loans If the loan interest is higher than the capital interest borrowing incurs further costs Final energy requirement Qc KWh m a Calculated amount of energy available to the system technology heating system ventilation and air conditioning system hot water heating system light system to ensure the set inside temperature heating of warm water and desired lighting quality over the whole year This amount of energy includes the auxiliary power required to operate the system technology The final energy is transferred at the interface of the building s external envelope and thus represents the amount of energy required by the user for
44. e EEE eue EEEE T ue Vane e uev Nee E UEM eee eeu I Ud 8 13 3 Sim latiori and Results Rer FREE EE ERE ERESEER SERERE EEREREURR sear 8 1 3 4 Economic Efficiency Calculation eeeeeeeeeeee eese eene eene eee eene nnne 8 1 3 5 Comprehensive Database of Components eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eene eene eene 8 2 UnstallatiOnsccisicisscesteisvsestcledcesucdsiscededsvcuresssvccetcasscecesdseGeutesecccecestecetsassesascereceeseaeseeus 9 2 4 Hardware and Software Requirements sssssessssssssseceessssssseeeceossssssececeosssssseeceeosssssseeeee 9 2 2 Program lristallatiOn 2 ERES EFE REREEAFANIE ER FIEEFEREEER ER eR 9 2 3 Program Activation i eee eee era ee erae a ES NER cece cess cuca eg Sac EAE NEEEEENEN SEEN EN ENSE E KANN N ERE REN RE tba 10 2 3 1 Enter the Serial N mber 3 rrr rrr cece saci FEE AIR FERE EET R ERR FATO RE FERRE EFIE EREEERQEE 10 253722 Requestia Key COdG i rentrer or eo eee ehe ea eeu regna ha eee regu hr eae EET 11 2 3 3 Request a Key Code Online siseeeeeeeeeeeeeee eese e eee eene eene nnn nnne nennen rnnt 11 2 3 4 Request a Key Code by Fax eee e tene t e e dene vaa na PR 12 2 3 5 Request a Key Code by Telephone eeeeeeeeeeeee eere eene eene eene nnne ener nnne 12 2 3 6 Enter the Key Code innere eroe ie i eee aao ee Vau reins 12 3 INGMOMUCTION 2 cesses 13 34 o Functional Ba51CS eoe cortan eoe aeo
45. e collectors is either the absorber area or the aperture area With evacuated tube collectors e g with mirror constructions and vertically standing absorbers the active solar surface is often a purely theoretical value Annual heating requirement Qn kWh a The total heat which must be supplied to the rooms of a building within one year to maintain a target temperature building energy Annuity A A series of equal payments allowing for lifetime and interest rate for repayment of a capital debt It is the product of annuity factor and investment sum Anti Legionnaire s switch LEG The guidelines of the German Association for Gas and Water specify that the entire content of the storage tanks and the piping in systems with a drinking water storage tank size of 400 liters and domestic hot water pipe content of over 3 liters must be heated to 60 once a day The hot water storage tank is loaded in adjustable intervals in systems with an anti Legionnaire s switch Aperture Aa m Largest projected area through which unconcentrated solar irradiation enters the collector In flat plate collectors the area of the collector covering through which solar irradiation can penetrate the inside of the collector housing light penetration area In evacuated tube collectors the aperture is the product of the length and width of the absorber strip and the number of tubes If evacuated tube collectors are fitted with a reflector CP
46. e eene eva eene en aen eu rey 50 6 3 Montlily ValUeS eise eoe eoe gu n e anoo enu neve sv staan Yu aee vane au eva aee ua uuu au vga aene vau a 52 6 4 Hourly Values i vera ret tenere re eo reo ee Yee Re E Fev ee PNE R FE YE EE ERE ERR ERE VE EE ERE ERE EY EY YR u NIE 53 EE Ju Dni ooe rini 54 7 1 Heat Transfer Coefficient Overview cccccssssccccessscccesssccceessscceeessccsseussceseesssceseeseses 54 7 2 Hot Water Demand Tables ASHRAE sscccsssssscccesssccceessscceeessscceeusscceeeeseceseusesceeeeeseee 55 7 3 IIW System EaVOUl eher a a r PEN A Eee 60 7 4 sCompary Systelmis iiie ee eo eterno eren n o evetse SESSE SOKE a opea apos eara abeo eo eo ape aoo eo apee eor aa pee eae ares ro 61 7 4 3 Solahart Systems sesesssercscsevesciesosesevesstesds torvet ct eee eene nnn nente eene nnn thee neenon nnne eene 61 Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH T SOLProgram Manual Contents 7 42 Viessmann SYSTEMS iE Dm eem e eet vetri 61 7 4 3 Wagner Systems reser ER PRSE ERR RR RR ERR SER RR ERR FER ESEVE NENEVE NEESKENS EVKE ERR RR rri Rr eer 62 7 4 4 Beretta Sylber und Vokera Systems eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eene eene nennen nnne enne 63 7 4 5 Riello and Thermital Systems eeeeeeeeeeeeeee eee eene eene nennen eene enn nnne eene 64 7 4 6 Vaillant Systems eee e ener eR EE ER Ee ve P Een oaa Freue EEEE EEEE EEEE EUR 66 7 5 Listof Adjustable Pararmieters e
47. ed All other details can be entered at a later date as and when required Exit the dialog with OK to set up the project You can then define and work on as many project variants as you wish page 24 of 80 Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH T SOL Manual 4 Brief Instructions 4 4 Design Assistant ig TIO Pro Design assistant E i oem sara renes Janani Ae Cofectors Sraten bahor Wurrturg Wete date Selection Wueriburg lh Figure 4 4 1 NE Design Assistant If you do not have a firm idea of the design of your solar system yet you might use the Design Assistant to size your system rather than manually entering every time The Design Assistant is available using the default setting region Europe only The Design Assistant leads you through all the necessary stages including the selection of a suitable collector and storage tank These components are determined after entry of the target solar fraction i e the annual solar contribution percentage by the calculation results of a mini simulation By clicking on the Accept button the parameters entered and determined in the Design Assistant are transferred into the system Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH page 25 of 80 4 Brief Instructions T SOL Manual 4 5 Select a System ff xac ee Eager UNES Sees EH m e Z7 4 k s bi s M I s Z h f F _s E A2 it AF a N PUE y P y gi ETT ELT i d a m a l g u x y 4 e Figure 4 5 1
48. eference energy J kWh MWh kBtu MBtu 1 Volume solid Dimensions Lenght mm m km inch ft yd Area m2 mm km2 in sq ft Volume l m3 cu ft gal Temperature Temperature C F Temperature difference K deg F Other units Vol mefl w Uh l min l s gpm Velocity m s ft s Weight kg lbs Inverse units 1 Ref Energy kWh kBtu 1 Area m sq ft 1 Volume fluid l gal m3 gal page 32 of 80 Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH T SOL Manual 5 Calculation Examples 5 Calculation Examples Read the following two project examples and at the same time carry out the individual steps in the T SOL program E You will find further project examples in the project folder which is reached via the menu File gt Open Project or by clicking on the button 5 1 Setup a New Project Open Project E x Projecti Figure 5 1 1 Project selection dialog When you start T SOLS the first dialog window will prompt you to select the project you want to start with Click on the New Project button in the dialog If however you have already started T SOL you can reach the same stage via the File New Project menu or by clicking on the button in the upper button bar General Project Data x Project Project Name E ample Project Folder F ample Set Data for Weather Data Record for New Variant Weather Data Record Augsburg wby Select Locati
49. ent while the thermal insulation reduces heat losses on the rear side enabling temperatures of over 150 C to be reached Primary areas of use are in water heating and space heating Flat plate collectors are available in various sizes from 1 to 10 m Special designs e g triangular are also possible They are integrated within the roof cladding in prefabricated modules or attached to the roof cladding and interconnected Evacuated tube collectors contain a metal absorber sealed in evacuated glass tubes The vacuum ensures that heat losses are kept to a minimum enabling temperatures of over 200 C to be reached Areas of use are heating service water space heating and generating process heat as well as solar cooling of buildings 3 1 3 Task of the Storage Tank As in all hot water systems the storage tank s task is to balance peak demand and charging power in supplying hot water and in solar systems additionally compensates for time differences between solar energy supply and hot water requirements It typically features a heat exchanger at the bottom in which the transfer medium from the collector usually a water antifreeze mixture transfers the solar energy from the collector to the storage tank s content Where required the upper part of the storage tank is additionally heated by a conventional heating system so that the hot water taken from the upper part is always at the required target temperature irrespective of available solar e
50. eport in PDF format using Acrobat Reader via the Options Site Data gt Project Report menu Once a report has been created it can be accessed via the Results Project Report menu In order to answer the question regarding daily storage tank temperature click on the Create Graph button or go to the Results Graphics menu page 46 of 80 Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH T SOL Manual 5 Calculation Examples Gh Dipty resutts Avmdabis wasa by peseci ima Lint of all avokada sane EET 1 Gigt kored Toe fcon Vl Joder hedro roz an T Aux haa an t IA DEA emis Factor F even ope tergen Tempe tare T PAE Preset Ow i Change nrtend sray E Capacity iok Wh EA eR Def conmumgten RI Drcuobon keres E eel re wh 1 i Colecter pela qc 1 C Geeracr index Degrez niecom x coos 2 1 O OR e isiioes vended ON ewmerions avoided ta BAT Mem collector KL C Cd peter tarpasise T Codd meia T PAE Capecty tank fT average tar ict oop retwerce tarpais CL 1 T Onai colliosa CL 1 t AT Acc heat on C Collector cult terge I0 1 T DiMet oofechor OL 1 T E Be cerc waster hester I9 Colechcr ersperabaw CL 1 T Maan cokca CL 1 V C Contung on Nears gat HI Compearg Neh ost IH r C Canmurg an Hakaal gaz H Conmare Netrel gar M i C Cond tace IO 4 Corts scher 10L 1 1 G DHW ceraungsion VFR DHW cenaunaplaon l f DHW hosing eres reges E Preset DHW wh C DHW heating sreng nppl E DHw Wh F DHW sty faction
51. eseusssceseuesceeeeuss 20 Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH Contents T SOL Program Manual 3 3 Economics Calculation csssscccssssccccesssccceessscccsessccseesescceeuseccsseuseccseuesceseueescesenes 20 3 4 Swimming Pool Calculation ccsssscccsssssccceesssccceesssccceusescceessscceeessceseusesceseusssceseues 22 A Brief Instr ctlOlis oes enin eere ve ere e ead eoo aeo aevo as eee ker aeo sau AERA aveo Pros id 23 4 1 General Information on Design cccssssscccssssccccesseccceesssccceusescceeusecceseussccseaesscesenesses 23 4 2 Enter Site Data iive meePREUPRPePRPePBPebP ebbe biet 23 4 3 Set Up a New Project i e Ee REOR EE ERROR ERREUR ERREUR E ei ED 24 AL Design ASsiStant iu s n S REPRE EERRERERREREERERERREERERERRREER YR EE EET 25 H5 Select BS AUCIIIBREESOSEADPTPDDODTDPPPUEDALADPPSDABEPPPPPSLDAPPPISPSLEPPIIERS 26 4 6 Enter System Parameters ornan E ER ERR ERE ERE EREE ERR MEER EFE ERE MEER RE REPRE RE RERERER ened 26 47 Seu pal New Varlalit e ce terrere eh eere ene Ex Ee Eee eee Eae ERN E RE Ee EEEE IEEE EEE SEEE 27 4 9 Sim latiOni zii er EE EE RERUM 27 4 9 Economic Efficiency Calculation eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eese eene eene enne eene 28 430 Evaluate Results rri ao n EERFSI FARNE NER FERRE EEFRRSRE RI REAEE 30 4 11 Options Defaults Regions amp Units eeeeeeeeeeeeeee seen eene eene eene nnne nennen nnne 31 4 11 1 Options Defaults Regions
52. et from the Hot Water Consumption dialog On this worksheet the circulation heat losses are calculated based on the single length of piping and the specific losses By changing the temperature difference you can adjust the volumetric flow rate resulting from the circulation pump Click on the individual hours of the switching timer to adjust the daily running times for the pump Deselect All Days the Same to individually adjust the daily running times for each day of the week On the final worksheet of this dialog Operating Times you can enter independently from the Consumption profile settings breaks in the hot water supply e g during holiday periods During the operating times that are deselected here the consumption and circulation will be set at zero This completes the entries for hot water consumption and we click on the red arrow again to take us forward to the Collector Loop Connection dialog From here you can change the Volumetric Flow Ratein the collector loop as well as the mix of the heat conducting medium eg in order to simulate a low flow system In this case the volumetric flow rate in the collector loop would be Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH page 43 of 80 5 Calculation Examples T SOL Manual between 10 and 20 m2 h From the Control worksheet you can define the parameters for the collector loop pump control which is set according to specified temperature differences By clicking again on the red arro
53. f T SOL the system screen The Design Assistant is available using the default setting region Europe only Project Example A renovated block of 6 flats in Augsburg Germany requires a solar system for hot water supply and the support of space heating The building has a pitched roof with a 35 degree inclination facing south east and an area of 40 m Is this area large enough to provide the target 2096 solar fraction of the total energy consumption This question is most easily answered by using the Design Assistant either use the Calculations Assistant menu or the faster option click on the button in the upper button bar You can then select to replace the dimensions of the currently active project variant with one of the sets of values calculated by the Design Assistant If you want to design a new variant use the File New variant menu and click on the command Oper 7 SOL Design Assistant x You are able to use the Design Assistant at any time when working on an existing project For our calculation example however we want to design a new project as the questions regarding collector area and size of storage tank need to be answered right at the beginning of a project page 34 of 80 Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH T SOL Manual 5 Calculation Examples On the first sheet of the Design Assistant you start by giving the planned solar system a name The word Variantis used as itis possible to calculate a number
54. f a system is too large and includes not only the changeable non linear characteristic of the weather but also the dynamic processes in the system itself Although there are rules of thumb such as around 1 2 m of collector area per person and 50 storage content per m collector area these apply at best for small systems in detached or semi detached houses In larger systems computer simulation is the only way to investigate the influences of ambient conditions user behaviour and various components on the operational state of the solar system Solar systems can primarily be used for heating purposes where heating is also required in the summer These systems can then also make an appreciable contribution to building heating in the spring and autumn In buildings with current thermal insulation standards designing solar systems with the option of seasonal storage for heating purposes also in winter is inadvisable This results in very large collector areas and at the time high surplus energy in the summer i e in systems with very poor efficiency and consequently very high solar heat prices To design or optimize a solar system with T SOLS the following steps must be followed 3 2 2 Energy Balance A thermal energy balance is generated to calculate status and temperature changes during a simulation period Mathematically this means the numerical solution of a differential equation Total of all input and output energy Total of a
55. flat plate and evacuated tube collectors Collector array CA The collector array consists of the collectors and the piping Collector loop CL Circuit containing the collector or the absorber and which is responsible for transporting heat from the collectors to the storage tank or heat transfer medium page 68 of 80 Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH T SOL Manual 7 Appendix Collector loop connection The collector loop connection represents the connection between the collector array and the storage tank by flow and return Collector loop efficiency Quotient of the energy emitted from the collector loop and the energy irradiated onto the collector area active solar surface Compound parabolic concentrator CPC Compound parabolic concentrator reflectors used in evacuated tube collectors for enlargement of the aperture area in a geometrically optimized form as a parabolic trough Controller The controller has the responsibility of ensuring optimal operation of the system Control parameters can be set for various components For storage tanks for example target temperatures switching temperatures Cooled Costs Consumption of goods to create and sell services and other goods Daily consumption I The average daily domestic hot water consumption This is usually 35 45 liters per person and day at a water temperature of 50 Declared value for thermal conductivity W mK Value of the thermal condu
56. for each component A quick way of reaching the individual parameters for the individual components is via the system schematic Just position the mouse arrow over one of the components and double click or click with the right mouse key to get to the corresponding dialog characteristics The Basic Data in respect of the climatic conditions and the hot water and IER heating requirements for the actual variant can be modified via the corresponding buttons allocated D 4 7 Set Up a New Variant Variant Reference x Variant Reference Variant2 You have a number of options to design a new Variant im j Cancel C Always use default system C Duplicate Existing Variant Selection of New System Hydraulics Selection of New System Hydraulics with Current Values C Open T SOL Design Assistant Figure 4 7 1 Data entry dialog for setting up a new variant Within each named project you have the possibility of setting up as many variants as you wish each containing different systems and components You can open and work on up to six variants at any one time The variants allow easy comparison of parameter choices while keeping the filing simple There are a number of options for setting up a new variant 4 8 Simulation Simulation Period x r Simulation Period c whole year x C Start 1 1 End 931 Recording Interval 1 Day Prestun 3 Days x Figure 4 8 1 ceme Data
57. ftware GmbH page 57 of 80 7 Appendix T SOL Manual Components Parameters Default Value 0 045 Wii temperature Limited loading times no IX 5 K 90 C 5 K Auxiliary heating Gas condensing boiler 9 KW Natural gas H 365d Efficiency 91 60 C 101 30 C 70 Heating Loop 6o C 4o C 4o C 25 C o Swimming pool Open air pool 8333 Ud 2 jd Auxiliary heating fmo 8 c 10 C 155 159 Operating start 10 days earlier yes Refillpool nt Pool Rectangular 8 m THUS om Tilecolour lightblue Partly available Geographical environment open page 58 of 80 Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH T SOL Manual 7 Appendix Components Parameters Default Value EX T O no Covering 50 Shutters non transparent covering times all days equally yes ae Room alinat 25 D Solar yields Including energy input Complete Considered up to 28 C Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH page 59 of 80 7 Appendix T SOL Manual 7 4 ITW System Layout This solar system with combination storage tank for hot water and space heating is labelled an ITW system layout This means that this combination storage tank and where available its controller have been measured and tested by the Institute for Thermodynamics and Heat Engineering ITW at the University of Stuttgart In the T SOL mathematical model the system parameters have been adjusted by parameter identifications such that the simulation results agree with the
58. he user flow and return flow temperatures are dependent among others on the transfer system to rooms to be heated Two heating loops with different design temperatures can be defined in T SOL a high temperature heating loop for radiators and a low temperature LT heating loop for underfloor heating Heating network HN Concentration of heating requirements in heating output units of varying size in the form of district or local heating networks Heating temperature limit Tuc Minimum maximum outdoor temperatures at which the heating is switched on or off The heating temperature limit is dependent on the insulation class of the building High temperature circuit A heating loop with high flow and return temperatures e g for use in radiators and similar Incident angle modifiers Kg Describe the reflection losses when the sun is not perpendicular to the collector area Installation The installation of the collector array is determined by the tilt angle and the 3 orientation angle azimuth From the tilt angle and orientation angle the radiation processor calculates the irradiation on the tilted surface for a specific location Investment Typically long term targeted capital commitment to generate future yields Investment costs here correspond to the system costs less any subsidies Irradiation model The values saved in the climate data for global radiation are divided into diffuse and direct parts according to the Rei
59. ieSoftware GmbH page 45 of 80 5 Calculation Examples T SOL Manual temperature fluctuations Click on the button again to return to fast mode and once the simulation has been successfully completed the following dialog will appear Cronte n Summary Report y A Brisa Pept ls a Graptecal Evatention ol thi Results roqeeed giiia Kr irs Grephics re e a cany Retura to Programee Screen EP Q Gor Simulstion Results can also be evelusted vis he menus PesultiGmphcs and Results Project Report Simulator Tme 00 00 09 Figure 5 3 7 Selection dialog at end of simulation 5 3 4 Evaluation using Graphics Presentation An initial evaluation of the system is always possible via the Project Report If you create this report the first page will show a summary of the most important dimensions the solar fraction and the system efficiency On this page we are also given the answer to the question of heating oil savings the solar system makes annual savings of approx 400 litres of heating oil On the second page the values for the basic parameters are given and on the third page there are two graphics to assist in evaluation of the system The first graphic shows the course of the solar contribution over a period of 1 year in weekly intervals The second graphic shows the maximum temperatures that the collectors reach on every day of the year If you experience difficulties in printing these graphics with your printer you can produce the r
60. ilding has a floor space of 480 m which we enter as the area to be heated in the first entry field We also have the possibility here to enter the heating energy requirement e g according to DIN 4701 or as this value is often not known to let the program calculate it via internal codes after entering the building heating standard this calculated value can then be seen from the system screen In our case we need to remove the tick by clicking on it for s the space heating energy requirement known and then make the selections illustrated below To provide a figure for the annual space heating requirement which T SOL calculates for every hour of the year you will need to enter the standard external temperature Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH page 37 of 80 5 Calculation Examples T SOL Manual 5 2 3 Define Collector Array and Design Targets cee Lexi ME ATI Gi THOR Pro Design assistant ic p Set collector atay fa Colecte Le which coctis toe Standard faepeteodee Selection p J i At which Bt angie ho the cofactors be set isj A f Which direction y the cofecir onentation south CQ fs Papin Length af ebrei opio spotes Tone ir Length af extermel piov one sie 2 r ha Figure 5 2 5 Definition of the collector array in the rert Design Assistant To start with the Design Assistant uses the standard flat plate collector from the T SOL database This corresponds to a simple
61. in EnergieSoftware GmbH Variant page 79 of 80 7 Appendix T SOL Manual page 80 of 80 Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH
62. ing Costs 0 Load Standard Values Figure 4 9 1 Net Present Value 3 578 Cost of Solar Energy 0 20 kWh i oar Data entry dialog for economic efficiency amp Economic Efficiency Calculation Cancel ca l C ulati on In order to carry out an economic efficiency calculation the results of a simulation carried out over a period of one year must be available Click on the button or access the dialog via the Calculations Economic Efficiency menu E The parameters required to carry out an economic efficiency calculation are initially taken from the Options Default Settings menu which can be changed as required for the design of special systems The simulation results are combined with the Site Data to carry out the calculations You are able to enter different values for each respective variant If the changed values are to be used in the simulation results a warning will appear before saving The following values are entered onto the Parameters worksheet each worksheet is indicated by a dialog tab The Z fespan is the period given by the manufacturer as being the estimated operating life of a system For the majority of solar systems this is between 10 to 20 years The nterest on Capitalis the interest rate at which the capital for the investment is borrowed from a bank or the interest that might be charged on the capital used The Price Increase Rates of the Running Costs and Energy fuel costs are i
63. ing pool Using the swimming pool heating requirement the solar fraction of the swimming pool is derived There is the possibility that the target temperature cannot be reached in pools without auxiliary heating As a result the swimming pool heating requirement cannot be determined from the simulation In this case the swimming pool fraction is defined as the percentage of time in which the swimming temperature is above the target temperature to the total operating time A fraction of 100 means that the pool temperature was reached or exceeded over the entire operating time As the pool can also heat from irradiation and warm ambient temperature without the solar system or auxiliary heating this also results in a positive solar fraction The swimming pool and where auxiliary heating is available swimming pool heating requirement fraction are shown in the project report page 22 of 80 Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH T SOL Manual 4 Brief Instructions 4 Brief Instructions The aim of this section is to introduce the user to the scope of the T SOL9 program drawing on the most important and most frequent questions raised by users The planning and design of a solar thermal system using T SOL will be illustrated using the menus and following the various steps that need to be carried out in their recommended order The corresponding speed button symbols for direct access to the dialogs will be shown 4 1 General Information on Design
64. lector taking into account the active solar surface The position of the sun relative to the collector surface is also required when calculating the reflected irradiation see incident angle modifiers in the collector equation 3 2 4 Consumption of Primary Energy Consumption values efficiencies solar fractions and other parameters can be calculated from the temperatures and the energy flows of the system The use of fuels by energy type natural gas oil wood pellets district heating is calculated from the energy transferred to the auxiliary heating at the heat exchanger via the heat equivalent and the efficiency of the auxiliary heating The efficiency of the auxiliary heating is determined depending on the return flow temperature enabling simulation of the various efficiency levels at different capacity utilisation of the heating system Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH page 17 of 80 3 Introduction T SOL Manual 3 2 5 Calculation of CO2 Emissions The CO emissions saved by the solar system are calculated in the results summary For this it is necessary to know which type of primary energy is saved by the solar system Emissions factors by fuel type are used to calculate the CO emissions of a heating system The following emissions factors are used in T SOL Fuel Heating value M Oil 36722 kJ l 732748 Gas 41100 kJ m3 5 14355 District 5 14355 heating Wood pellet 15490 kJ kg CO neutral Table3 1 Heating
65. lent as they can never be solely responsible at least not year round for supplying heating energy They are therefore connected upstream with conventional systems and function as fuel savers by transporting more or less preheated water to the downstream heating system To consider the economics of a solar thermal system the investment costs are applied to the lifetime of the system taking into account simple interest and an amount for maintenance and operating costs In relation to the annual heating amounts supplied this gives the heating price in cents kWh The heating price for a kilowatt hour generated by solar energy is of the same order as the generation of hot water from electrical current now considerably lower for larger systems This development will also enable and intensify the use of solar thermal systems in medium rise housebuilds in the coming years The money saved from the oncosts of burning fossil fuels is not included here However the slightly higher heating energy bills are becoming accepted by many tenants today as a result of an improved social image and a considerable improvement to residential surroundings with the visibly ecological advertisement Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH page 15 of 80 3 Introduction T SOL Manual 3 2 Calculation Basics 3 2 4 General Design Notes There are no simple methods to calculate the yield of a solar system precisely The number of parameters which determine the performance o
66. ll heat capacity Change in temperature Balancing means that the total of all input energy output energy and storage of energy via the heat capacity of the system components must be equal to zero This balancing is not carried out wholesale for the entire system but for the individual system components e Collector e Collector loop e Heat exchanger e Unlimited layers in storage tanks with stratification For each of these components the change in temperature is calculated with the above formula on the basis of energy input and output and the heat capacity of the respective component Energy input can be depending on the component e Irradiation e Heat supply to the heat exchanger e Heat transfer by mass flow due to consumption or circulation e Intermixture of storage tank layers Energy output can be e Heat losses by radiation from the collector quadratic transmission coefficient page 16 of 80 Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH T SOL Manual 3 Introduction e Heat losses at the insulation of the collector the piping collector loop or circulation the valves or the storage tanks e Heat transfer to the heat exchanger e Heat transfer by mass flow due to consumption or circulation e Intermixture of storage tank layers The heat capacities of the following components are taken into account e Collector e Piping of the collector loop e Storage tank content 3 2 3 Irradiation Processor In
67. mperature stratification is reversed The minimum layer thickness is defined by two system definitions a layer cannot contain less than 1 of the overall storage volume and a temperature difference must be present between the layers 3 2 8 Feed In and Feed Out The cold water intake is always in the lowest storage tank layer hot water is generally drawn from the highest layer The inlets and outlets of the internal heat exchanger are set by the selected storage tank and are correctly represented in the storage tank view in the T SOL interface as are the levels of the temperature sensor to control the collector loop and auxiliary heating 3 3 Economics Calculation The economics calculation in T SOL according to the pay off method is based on the following formulae Capital expenditure systemcosts subsidies Annual operating costs pump capacity lifetime electricity costs The cash value CV of a price dynamic payment sequence Z Z r Z r over T years lifetime as per VDI 2067 is Cash value CV Z b T q r 1 r q Cash value factor T q r 1 q r T q f r r q f rr q q Simple interest factor e g 1 08 at 8 simple interest r Price change factor e g 1 1 at 10 price change The following applies for the capital value of the total investment page 20 of 80 Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH T SOL Manual 3 Introduction Capital value of thetotal investment cv
68. mportant in calculating the Net Present Value Changes can be made to the Investment worksheet as follows page 28 of 80 Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH T SOL Manual 4 Brief Instructions The nvestment can be entered as an absolute amount and as a specific investment cost in m of collector surface area The Subsidy can be entered as an absolute amount as a percentage of the investment and as a specific subsidy in m of collector surface area Note the currency used for the calculations in the program is dependent on the currency setting on your computer The Running Costs worksheet includes the following parameters The Fixed Running Costs of the system can be entered as an annual amount or as a percentage of the investment in percent per annum The Pump Running Costs are the product of the running time produced by the simulation the pump performance and the specific electricity costs From the Savings worksheet it is possible to change the Specific Fuel Price adopted from the Options Site Data menu if you want to design a special system By changing the values produced by the simulation for the Solar Yield and the Fuel Savings the program will warn you before the changes are saved you can for example determine at which values the system would be economically viable On the Loan worksheet up to three loans can be defined The Zoan Capitalis the amount of credit that is taken out The 7erm is the amount of year
69. nabling layered loading of storage tanks Typical stratifications are e g convection chimneys with radial openings Sun height angle of elevation ys Angle of the sun to the horizontal Suneye Device to determine an optimal location for the solar system with the help of annual irradiation graphs and sun active time of day data Supplementary heating Auxiliary heating Supply removal on off Swimming pool SP Swimming pool water heat requirement The total amount of energy generated by the solar system and auxiliary heating for the swimming pool System efficiency Quotient of the available energy generated by the solar system and the energy irradiated onto the collector surface active solar surface It is a benchmark for the system s efficiency Target temperature The minimum temperature of domestic hot water If the target temperature in the upper layer of the tank is not reached the auxiliary heating is switched on Target value Targ Temperature T C The temperature is a material property and describes the ability of a body to generate internal energy in the form of heat Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH page 77 of 80 7 Appendix T SOL Manual Thermal buffer store Contains heating water for heat storage Thermal conductivity W mK The thermal conductivity states the amount of heat passing through one square meter of a 1m thick layer of building material in an hour when the temperature differen
70. nder Global Radiation Continue to the Hourly dialog to create a T SOL weather data record page 52 of 80 Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH T SOL Manual 6 MeteoSyn 6 4 Hourly Values MeteoSyn Location Data F 8 8 8 6 Monthly Values 4 50 2 z 2 4 6 8 10 12 E External Temperature C Global Radiation Hourly Values Back Continue Close Help In this dialog you will need to save the weather location that you have created When you confirm by clicking on Save hourly weather data is generated in file format with the ending wbv and this is saved into T SOL s standard weather directory If you then go back into T SOL you can load the newly created weather file directly from T SOL s load weather data file dialog This file containing the hourly values required to carry out a simulation with T SOL or PV SOL remains permanently in the Meteo directory The file appears in the Select Weather File dialog automatically under the country name that is selected in the MeteoSyn Location Data 5 2 dialog Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH page 53 of 80 7 Appendix T SOL Manual 7 Appendix 7 4 Heat Transfer Coefficient Overview This table matches the building construction and design types with heat transfer coefficient values The lower the U value the less heat transmission losses are due which make one part of the heating demand gt See for reference 4 2 Enter Site Data Constru
71. ndl model Irradiation processor Calculates irradiation on the tilted area from the installation and orientation angle of the collector array taking into consideration the diffuse and direct parts Life of loan Period of time agreed for repayment of a loan Lifetime The period of time stated by the manufacturer in which the system should remain operable Load profile W kW 96 Hot water consumption dependent on time The calculation is based on the definition of different daily weekly and annual profiles Loading loop LL v Storage charging loop Loading time h Describes the period required for the storage tank to be loaded fully supply of energy Loan capital The amount of the loan taken out It bears interest and must be repayed Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH page 73 of 80 7 Appendix T SOL Manual Loan interest The amount of interest that has to be paid on a loan If the loan interest rate is lower than the capital interest rate borrowing a loan results in income from interest Local heating LH Local heating describes the transfer of heat between buildings over relatively short distances in comparison with district heating Low temperature circuit Heating loop with low flow and return temperature e g for use with underfloor heating MeteoSyn Program for generating climate data Nominal size mm States the diameter of a pipe DIN nominal piping sizes are used to calculate the collector l
72. nergy Larger solar systems use several storage tanks connected in series of which the last one is used for reheating 3 1 4 How the Controller Works Solar systems principally use a so called differential temperature controller This control principle compares the temperatures at the absorber and in the storage tank If the absorber temperature is a preset level above that of the storage tank the circulation pump in the collector loop is switched on The irradiation energy converted to heat in the absorber system is transported to the storage tank whose temperature increases When the temperature of the storage tank is equal to that of the absorber no more energy can be supplied to the storage tank and the pump is switched off page 14 of 80 Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH T SOL Manual 3 Introduction 3 1 5 Design of a Solar System Small systems in detached private homes are typically designed such that they largely reach a full supply outside the heating periods so that the boiler can be shut down in the summer Around 60 of annual hot water requirements can be covered by solar energy in this way Larger solar fractions i e if a large proportion of water must be heated by solar energy in spring autumn or in winter give rise to a surplus in the summer which cannot be used The solar system is then no longer operating as effectively as possible In other words an increasing solar fraction reduces the efficiency of a solar system For s
73. ng these energy losses is the job of practical adaptation and planning of the solar system for each specific scenario The system efficiency serves to evaluate these losses It is defined as the ratio of available energy from the solar system to the irradiated energy onto the collector area The share of total energy available covered by solar power is termed the solar fraction 3 1 1 Basic Construction of a Solar System The key component of a solar thermal system is the co ectoror the absorber which converts solar energy into heat and transports it by means of a heat transfer medium via piping systems and heat exchangers to a storage tank In systems for hot water supply the storage tank compensates for fluctuations in energy supplies and requirements at varying times of the day In large solar systems which also greatly contribute to heating energy supplies an underground seasonal storage tank is usually constructed in a local heating system to compensate for seasonal variations in irradiation and energy demand These seasonal supply systems are currently at the trial stage and will not be considered further here Where the solar energy is insufficient an auxiliary heating system supplies the outstanding amount of energy to cover requirements A controller monitors the operational state of the solar system and ensures the most efficient use of the energy irradiated If there is a temperature difference between the storage tank and the collector
74. nly Select the region Europe if you wish to use components available there TheDesign Assistant is available using the default setting region Europe only 4 11 2 Options Defaults Unit Systems oenut settings Preccid arabes Project report Cirata data record Cemig ammiani Unts neret upcists Localisation Select unas leer defoed Deters wets oad TSOL sefeets Stunts US uras Figure 4 11 2 Pom Men coit Ace ssa ies aii tt PH is inn he a ga Unit system selection dialog You can have result values displayed in different units in diagrams or project reports Select between e User defined units While the T SOL default units usually garantee a good display you may use the button define to chanage individual units e SI units All units are displayed according to the international units system Some values might be presented in unusual low or high numbers e US units All units are displayed in U S units This is for lengths temperatures and energies Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH page 31 of 80 4 Brief Instructions T SOL Manual Group Abbreviation Unit selection Time Time s min h d a Energy and Power Thermal energy J kJ MJ Wh kWh MWh Btu kBtu MBtu Electrical energy J kJ MJ Wh kWh MWh Btu kBtu MBtu Thermal power W kW MW Btu hr kBtu hr MBtu hr GBtu h Electrical power W kW MW Btu hr kBtu hr MBtu hr GBtu h R
75. of Windows system control on your computer are automatically reproduced within T SOL These formats also appear in any T SOL documents that you print out In order to run the program it is important that the symbols separating thousands and decimals are different You should set your monitor display to Small Fonts via the Windows system control 2 2 Program Installation Please close all programs before commencing the installation procedure To install the program put the program CD into your computer s CD drive The installation program will start automatically and you will be taken through the installation procedure step by step unless the CD drive autorun function has been deactivated on your computer If the autorun function has been deactivated you will need to start the Setup exe file which is on the CD To do this you can start File Manager or Explorer and double click on the Setup exe file in the CD drive If you install T SOL onto a computer with WinNT WIN2000 or WinXP you will need to have administrator access to the operating system Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH page 9 of 80 2 Installation T SOL Manual To run the program you will need to have full rights read and write to the T SOL program directory e g C Program Files Valentin EnergieSoftware TSOL 2 3 Program Activation After installing and opening the program a small window appears asking whether you wish to start the program as a Demo
76. of 80 7 Appendix T SOL Manual These system types are exclusively offered by Viessmann Viessmann collectors storage tanks and condensing boilers can be individually selected Further information can be obtained from www viessmann com 7 5 3 Wagner Systems Wagner amp Co SOLARTECHNIK Wagner amp Co SOLARTECHNIK Wagner amp Co SOLARTECHNIK These system types are exclusively offered by Wagner Solartechnik Wagner collectors storage tanks and condensing boilers can be individually selected Further information can be obtained from www wagner solartechnik de page 62 of 80 Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH T SOL Manual 7 Appendix 7 5 4 Beretta Sylber und Vokera Systems Z oS B 8 BER A10 1 z A BER B 1 SYL B 1 VOK B 1 These system types are exclusively offered by Beretta Sylber und Vokera The company s collectors storage tanks and condensing boilers can be individually selected Further information can be obtained from the company s websites www sylber it www berettaclima it and www vokera co uk Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH page 63 of 80 7 Appendix T SOL Manual 7 5 5 Riello and Thermital Systems a n E Z oS Lig LaF RIE Al RIE A1 2 RIE A2 RIE 45 2 RIE A a RIE A7 b aa RIE B3 RIE B6 1 RIE B6 2 j r RIE C4 These system types are exclusively offered by Riello and Thermital The company s collectors storage
77. of a component describes the heat flow heat lost on a temperature difference of one Kelvin per square meter of the component This is the crucial heat insulation property of outdoor components The smaller the heat transfer coefficient the better its insulation efficiency Heat transfer coefficient heat loss coefficient of the collector k W m K kz W m2K2 States how much heat the collector releases to its environment per square meter of active solar surface and temperature difference in Kelvin between the collector median temperature and the environment It is split into two parts the simple and the quadratic part The simple part in W m2 K is multiplied by the simple temperature difference the quadratic in W m K by its square This results in the typically stated efficiency parabolic curves Heat transformer mS Heat exchanger Heating cost Calculated from the quotients of investment operating costs and the heat generated taking into consideration lifetime and capital interest Heating flow Q dot W Represents a quantitative description of heat transfer processes The heating flow is an amount of heat heat output transferred in a given time direction of flow always from area of higher temperature to area of lower temperature page 72 of 80 Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH T SOL Manual 7 Appendix Heating loop HL A self contained system for distributing heat from the heat generator to t
78. of area of 40 m is available the collector area even with a large tank volume is too large to fit onto the roof What can be done Let us try again with better quality collectors evacuated tube collectors Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH page 39 of 80 5 Calculation Examples T SOL Manual We therefore click on the collector icon on the left hand side of the Design Assistant screen and this takes us back to the collector selection sheet Set Collector Array There we click on Collector and select the Standard Evacuated Tube collector from the T SOL database and otherwise change nothing and then click on the icon with the steps on the bottom left of the screen The results are now completely different With a much improved figure of 2996 system efficiency less than 30 collectors are required We decide on the variant with the 2000 litre tank and click on Accept nto Projectto return to the system schematic screen The data that has been entered in the Design Assistant has been transferred into the system on the system screen Back in the system screen it is now possible to carry out an immediate simulation click on m the Start Simulation button or to enter new or change existing parameters 5 3 Configuring a Solar System via the Main Menus Project Example A solar system for the supply of hot water is required for a newly built bungalow in Aachen The bungalow is to be home to a family of five e What size should the collector
79. om south east towards the north west If the collectors are also installed parallel to this axis the collector vertical perpendicular to the active surface points towards the south west The azimuth is therefore in our case the angle between the south and south west that is 45 degrees As our example deals purely with hot water supply we can install the collectors at a tilt angle to gain the maximum possible irradiation The absolute values for irradiation are given at the bottom of the dialog For a south west orientation a tilt angle of 30 to 35 degrees results in maximum irradiation values For the time being it is however more effective to select the steeper angle Thus you can answer the architects question regarding the tilt angle 35 degrees from the horizontal At a later stage we will be able to optimize this angle by carrying out a number of simulations with different angles and then comparing the results In the case that you already have information regarding the length of piping from the water heating system to the roof the single length should be entered on the Piping worksheet If this value is not known the pre set values can be adopted Click on the red arrow to go to the next dialog the Bivalent Domestic Hot Water Tank As our calculation will be based on hot water consumption of 175 litres we select a storage tank of double size i e 350 litres which you can load from the database by clicking on the Se ect button
80. on Augsburg Notes Cancel Figure 5 1 2 General Project Data entry dialog The project name that you enter in the first field is saved as the file name for the project so you won t have any trouble finding it later on On this Project Data dialog worksheet you are already able to define a weather data record by clicking on Se ect The selected weather data record will then be automatically loaded within this project for each new variant selected Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH page 33 of 80 5 Calculation Examples T SOL Manual After confirming the project data with OK a standard system is loaded and the system screen for Variant 1 appears with a diagram of the system From here you can start the Design Assistant by clicking on the button in the upper button bar The system schematic diagram is now of secondary importance 5 2 Using the Design Assistant Tse Pro Design asian pe Peupect data vara rone Varr Ae Colectzrs S pate cutie Wurrburg rete dott Selection Worribup E f f fs fs e T Figure 5 2 1 m Design Assistant first sheet The Design Assistant is there to help you establish the dimensions of a solar system It should therefore be used if you are not sure of the size of the collector array and or the size of the storage tank to be installed The Design Assistant is an independent part of T SOL Professional and the results it produces can be accepted into the main part o
81. oop piping widths The term DN diameter nominal states the internal diameter With copper piping the outer diameter and the wall thickness of the material are stated Off off Switch in a program dialogue box On on Switch in a program dialogue box Operating costs a Costs arising from operation of the system e g maintenance costs electricity costs The 4 cash value and the annuity of the operating costs are derived from the capital interest rate of price increase and the lifetime Operating period h Each respective component is active during the operating period A component is not active during the specific time periods hours days or months that have been switched off Orientation angle a azimuth Describes the angle of deviation of the collector area from the south in the northern hemisphere It is o when the surface is facing due south The azimuth is positive when facing west and negative when facing east An orientation due west corresponds to a value of 490 and an orientation due east is 90 Pay back time Period of time required until the total of returns on an investment static payback method or its capital value dynamic payback method reaches the amount of the investment Here the period of time the system must operate for the investment to yield a capital value of zero The program does not calculate pay back times of over 30 year Primary Pr Primary energy req
82. or attachment and the piping connection Usually width by length Calculated by the external dimensions of the collector the specific collector parameters are not usually taken from the gross area but from the active solar surface Heat consumption Hcon Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH page 71 of 80 7 Appendix T SOL Manual Heat exchanger HE Heat exchangers are used when heat is to be transferred between different heat transfer media Internal and external heat exchangers are differentiated Heat gains Qs Qi Comprise the solar heat gains dependent on the window area type of window and inclination and the internal heat gains e g produced by electrical appliances Heat load amp W kW se Standard heat load Heat loss rate W K Product of heat transfer coefficient and the surface of the heat exchanger The value is equal to the quotient from transferred power and median logarithmic temperature difference at the heat exchanger Heat losses Thermal losses occur through piping radiation and convection of heat in a collector With selective absorber coatings good thermal insulation or a vacuum thermal losses can potentially be kept as low possible Heat requirement Qn kWh The heating capacity required to maintain a target room temperature in a building net energy Heat requirement HR Standard building heat flow requirement Heat transfer coefficient U W m2K The heat transfer coefficient
83. or ret ere FER eee FAR RES FARA Y EE EERR E ERE 56 7 6 Glossary ete EE sucess REN PEPEN NE NR XE E RE PERENNE NE ERR RE EEE SERE NE TERR EE REENPRT RR TREE ERR ER ER 67 y oy AL 3 ree ere ere CC CECE CECCECCCCLOR ECC ECE CECE CETTE Pe 79 Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH T SOL Manual 1 Program Information 1 Program Information 1 1 Why T SOL T SOL is a program for the design and simulation of solar thermal systems including hot water preparation the support of space heating and swimming pool heating The program allows the planner to investigate the influence of individual system components on the operating behaviour of a solar thermal system All system parameters can be quickly changed via the user friendly interface Simulation results can be evaluated in graph or table format making T SOL an excellent tool for planning a solar thermal system 1 2 Whatis new in T SOL 5 0 The most important features e New graphic user interface One window per vVariant e New graphic results presentation Die presentation of system schematics is optimized e Data bases Favorites tables sorting and filtering of components e Data base update New system types systems and components regularly e Air collector systems e Newtank systems with integrated auxiliary heating e We have switched from British to U S English e EnEV Assistent annual yield calculation according to EnEV Energie Einspar Verordnung German act on energy sa
84. orage tank to the collector Sankey graph Graphic representation of energy or material flows using arrows in which the width of the arrows is proportional to the width of the flow Savings The simulation results include the reference fuel savings made during the simulation period through the use of the solar system Secondary loop Heat consumer Secondary loop Contains the medium to be warmed is heated by the primary loop Simulation Test of the influence of ambient conditions user behavior and the various components on the operating conditions of the solar system with the help of computer calculations Simulation period Total period of time for which the simulation is to run Simulation periods of between one day and one year are possible Simulation range Time interval between two successive calculation steps It varies between 1 and 6 minutes depending on the system and is set automatically Solar azimuth as Deviation of the respective position of the sun from the south constantly changes as a result of changes in the sun s position is 0 at 12 00 p m CET Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH page 75 of 80 7 Appendix T SOL Manual Solar cooling SC With the help of heat generated solar thermically solar cooling is used to generate cooling or open sorption based air conditioning in a closed absorption or adsorption process Solar fraction SolFr f The proportion of energy transmitted by the solar system to the stan
85. owed 4 2 Enter Site Data Site Data are characteristics of the project which don t change with the variant i e data on climate building hot water consumption heating demand process heating or such Therefore they menu Site Data is to be found in the main menu bar Database Options Climate ildi Mende Figure 4 2 1 Site Data menu Hot water consumption Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH page 23 of 80 4 Brief Instructions T SOL Manual sunny Geswety Construtrbon luse Hesaro Pusdng constructor Wai ndcoe aes Onnin i x South 9 I ert s n oth 4 8 l Zat Ren eee PT 7 adeton standart ravasoted A Typealweziw daiis pane T Fummwemes 2 E Res spec aosoty Wein x Figure 4 2 2 Example of Site Conca Data xc o Air Collectors only Building S M Construction Dialog 4 3 Set Up a New Project f Priest Building Planner Project Principal Project Name Proiecia Project Folder o 5 Pre Set Data for Weather Data Record for New Variant Weather Data Record Berlin wbv Select Location I N Figure 4 3 1 Data entry dialog for setting up a new project To set up a new project you will need to open the General Project Data dialog and enter at least the reference or name of the project This will also serve as the name of the project folder into which the project variants worked on in the course of the project should be sav
86. re available for selection from the database and these can be loaded via the Se ect button Click on the Parameters button to check and make changes to the consumption profile page 42 of 80 Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH T SOL Manual 5 Calculation Examples Hot Water Consumption x Parameters Circulation Operating Times M Consumption linked to Operating Times Average Daily Consumption 175 Annual Consumption cT 6388 m Resulting Annual Energy Requirement 2953 58 kwh M Temperatures Desired Temp of Hot Water 50 aC Cold Water Temperature in February 8 T Cold Water Temperature in August 12 T Load Profile Consumption Profile House evening max Select Parameters Figure 5 3 3 Hot Water Consumption dialog Our bungalow will have a hot water secondary circulation system You can take account of this by selecting Secondary Circulation Available at the top of the Parameters worksheet Hot Water Consumption dialog Once selected a new worksheet will appear labelled Circulation Hot Water Consumption x Parameters Circulation Operating Times Simple Length of Piping System fo m Temperature Difference Flow Retum 3 K Specific Losses 0 5 W Im k Annual Circulation Losses 1051 2 kwh Resulting Volumetric Flow Rate 34 45 l h m Circulation Operating Times 0 v AllDays the Same Figure 5 3 4 Secondary Circulation workshe
87. required and these can then be set in the program as the standard file paths it is therefore possible to move parts of the program to other hard drives If you wish to install the whole program onto a network you will require the network version of T SOL page 12 of 80 Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH T SOL Manual 3 Introduction 3 Introduction 3 1 Functional Basics With the increasing use of thermal insulation in buildings and the resulting reduction in heating energy requirements the share of energy required for heating water in a building s total energy requirement is growing in significance Thermal solar systems can cover a considerable portion of this energy requirement Current systems for solar water heating function highly reliably and enable annual energy yields of 350 to 500 kilowatt hours per m of collector area At the same time they cut the emission of c 100 150 kg of the greenhouse gas CO2 Solar thermal systems directly use the sun s radiation and convert it into heat on an absorbing surface which is particularly of use in the field of hot water supply A thermal solar system must carry out the following tasks Conversion of the sun s irradiated energy into heat with the use of collectors Heat transfer to the storage tank via the piping system Storage of heat in buffer tanks until required by the user In the process energy is lost at the collector in the piping system and in the storage tank Minimisi
88. rological synthesis climate generator you can produce the hourly data required to simulate a solar system in T SOL from monthly mean values for radiation and temperature You can open the four dialog windows in succession using the Continue and Back buttons or you can click on the corresponding icon in the navigation bar Start Location Data Monthly Values Hourly Values d E SB 6 1 Welcome MeteoSyn a With MeteoSyn you can use monthly values for radiation and temperature to generate the hourly values required to run a T SOL simulation Welcome The MeteoSyn database contains monthly mean values for approx 2 000 locations worldwide By simply entering the monthly mean values for any new e location you can extend the database If you do not know the monthly values for a particular location you can go to the NASA website to obtain monthly values f for radiation and temperature for additional locations Select Average caton Dat Insolation and Air Temperature At 10 m After loading data for a location from the database or entering the monthly mean values the hourly values for T SOL are created and saved in the Meteo folder of the programme directory If you then go back into T SOL you can load the weather file for the new location direct from the T SOL load weather file dialogue window E Monthly Values E Hourly Values Back Continue Cancel Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH page 49 of 80 6
89. s deviate from the ideal time zone The actual time zone for the location needs to be entered In MeteoSyn time zones are counted from o westwards up to 23 Greenwich Mean Time GMT time zone o Central European Time CET time zone 23 Click on i next to the Time Zone field for a map showing the world s time zones Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH page 51 of 80 6 MeteoSyn T SOL Manual 6 3 Monthly Values MeteoSyn W Data Source Measured Period Years Simulationsystem INSEL Welcome M Known Measured Period Country Location Dat Seen ee AUSTRALIA ih Country State Monthly Values Location Name ALICE SPRINGS Hourly Values Save Data Record Save Data Record Datensatz l schen Continue Cancel The monthly values are shown here if the locations come from a database If you want to define a New Weather Data you should enter the values here and then save the location Only user defined locations can be deleted or overwritten If you have selected Define New Location in the previous dialog window you can enter the Data Source in the input field provided This entry then appears in the project report If known you can enter the Measured Period Years which should be input in whole years This period is also shown in T SOL s load weather data file dialog and appears in the project report Monthly mean values should be entered in W m u
90. s in which the loan has to be repaid In addition either the Annual nstallment or the Loan Interest Rate has to be entered In each case the other field is blocked and calculated by the program The annual installment is the fixed annual amount with which the loan and interest are repaid over the agreed term The loan interest rate is the percentage of interest that has to be paid on the loan If the loan interest rate if less than the capital interest rate the loan takes on the function of a subsidy if itis more the total costs increase With identical interest rates they remain the same Finally one all the data has been entered the Economic Efficiency Calculation provides figures for the Net Present Value of the system and the Cost of Solar Energy Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH page 29 of 80 4 Brief Instructions T SOL Manual 4 10 Evaluate Results T SOL Pro 4 03 Beispiele Edt Curve Axes Display Options Table Window Help aea Sele ael lt gt a Variant n Feb Me Ap May Jun Ju Aug Sep Od Nov Dec Time Period 4 1 31 12 Tal Natural Ges Saved 234 m CO2 Emissions Avoided 530 kg Collector Array E DHW Sol Frac 57 Z 22 9 mam a Figure 4 10 1 Simulation results graph T SOL offers you a two ways of evaluating the simulation results graphical displ
91. st awd ose in the coment projot 9 DEM tek LOO la Acepto hy hiv DEAN tor 100 Figure 5 2 6 Graph of simulation results in the SRM L Design Assistant This takes you to a graph of the simulation results showing the number of collectors required for the three different buffer tank sizes The collector number with which the target of a 2096 solar fraction is reached is shown by a white symbol It can clearly be seen that with a 1000 litre tank the target of a 2096 total solar fraction will not be reached On the other hand the difference between a 2000 litre and a 5000 litre tank is minimal The result is clearer still after clicking on Continue and the results are then shown in three bar charts DA T Pro Dessge assistant ics gt how j larh wartta eral Soky fachon Design Tatie fca aw ns as ODHMW aot taton aeien aff Ci UB ndy of colectons 3 o 3 Ne HOSS DAFN tari 300 CMW tank 100 Def tank 300 Accest med ose m the current geoject DEW tek 100 Aceh y wih ta DEAN tor 106 Figure 5 2 7 w rati Graphical display of simulation ES results in the Design Assistant E B Included in these charts in addition to the solar fraction is a further important evaluation figure the system efficiency With an increase in the tank volume the system efficiency increases and the collector area reduces with the solar fraction remaining constant Since in our Project Example a maximum ro
92. stem Spat nce spots Conon D spore ater tank System B DG Figure 5 2 3 Design Assistant system types ee em selection Depending on the selections made on this worksheet the following sheet offers a selection of system configurations and types The selection of the various systems is divided into small scale combination tank and buffer tank systems Click on the tabs to view the systems available under each category To define the amount of collector area required the Design Assistant makes use of a shortened simulation procedure on an hourly basis This procedure is restricted to the use of simple system configurations Design Assistant does not therefore contain all of the system configurations that you can access from the system screen via the System Select menu Back to our Project Example the requirement is for a solar system to provide hot water and support of space heating for a block of flats We decide on the DHW System 2 tanks with Space Heating Buffer Tank Small Scale Systems A4 three tank system and click on the corresponding diagram This highlights the system and we click on Continue page 36 of 80 Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH T SOL Manual 5 Calculation Examples 5 2 2 Define Consumption leg T0 Pro Design assistant d Drine cepere ment Hot wate Spscr esong be fw tot vatur rui sumErf krony fic af people ts be mppiec pecpis la a DFW recendatan bop used fs What z thw
93. tanks and condensing boilers can be individually selected Further information can be obtained from the company s websites www riello com and www thermital it page 64 of 80 Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH T SOL Manual 7 Appendix LaF THE A2 ae C ya NI HH ra al THE A5 2 THE A6 5 ET Ji THE A a THE B1 P n ay Fy fog J ts La THE B3 THE B6 1 THE B6 2 id gu 5 THE C4 These system types are exclusively offered by Riello and Thermital The company s collectors storage tanks and condensing boilers can be individually selected Further information can be obtained from the company s websites www riello com and www thermital it Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH page 65 of 80 7 Appendix T SOL Manual 7 5 6 Vaillant Systems amp Vaillant 5 Vaillant Vaillant A1 Vaillant A2 Vaillant Vaillant Vaillant B1 Vaillant Vaillant B5 2 These system types are exclusively offered by Vaillant Vaillant collectors storage tanks and condensing boilers can be individually selected Further information can be obtained from www vaillant de page 66 of 80 Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH T SOL Manual 7 Appendix 7 6 Glossary Active solar surface m The specific collector parameters are not usually related to the gross surface area but to the active solar surface derived from the testing centre reports Depending on the testing centre the active solar surface of flat plat
94. ue Vo Sum of all cash values of investments subsidies savings operating costs and loan costs each signed The interest rate used is equal to that which would apply when borrowing capital for the investment from a bank or at which the capital used could yield interest Cash value Discounted future payments at the start of the period under consideration A cash value is positive if it can be recorded as revenue and negative if the amounts represent costs Items calculated are investments subsidies savings and operating costs capital value Circulation Circ Circulation can be used for hot water preparation This increases comfort hot water is immediately available even with long piping systems but is also coupled with losses Appendix user guide T SOL 154 Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH Climate C Climate is the current atmospheric conditions or a sequence of atmospheric conditions at a specific place which run their course over a specific period of time Climate data The climate data supplied with the program for numerous locations contains hourly median values for global radiation outdoor temperature and wind speed CO2 emissions g kg Carbon dioxide is the quantitively most significant greenhouse gas GHG released by human activity in particular combustion of fossil fuels Calculation of pollutants Collector Coll Technical device for converting radiation energy into heat energy Common types are
95. uirement Qp kWh a kWh m2a Calculated amount of energy which in addition to energy content of the required fuel and the auxiliary power for the system technology also includes amount of energy resulting from upstream process chains outside the building in extracting converting and distributing the respectively used fuels available in table form page 74 of 80 Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH T SOL Manual 7 Appendix Primary loop Heating loop in the heat generator with high temperatures for transferring heat with a heat transfer medium to the secondary loop Process heating PH Process heating is the heating required for a large number of technical processes and procedures drying cooking melting forging etc The process heating must typically be generated by combustion processes or electric current can however in the best case be recovered in part as waste heat Proportional energy saving as DIN EN 12976 Rate of price increase 96 The prices for non renewable energy sources are rising as a result of growing demand and increasingly scarce supplies The development of operating costs and energy consumption play a crucial role in calculating the capital values of investments Appendix user guide T SOL 152 Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH Redirection valve RV Three way valve Return R The return commonly describes the cooler string in a heating loop In a solar loop the return is the pipe from the st
96. values and emissions factors 3 2 6 Efficiency and Solar Fraction The collector loop efficiency is defined as follows Energy output fromthe collector loop os via theheat exchanger Collector loop efficiency Energy irradiated onto the collector area active solar surface The system efficiency is defined as follows Energy output fromthesolar system System efficiency Energy irradiation ontothecollector area active solar surface The energy output by the solar system consists of the energy transferred from the solar storage tank as a result of consumption and where applicable a recirculation system controlled in the solar storage tank to the standby tank As there is no difference between the solar and standby tanks in some systems single storage tank model e g bivalent storage tank or reheated buffer tank the system efficiency of these cannot be calculated The storage losses are therefore at the expense of reheating The solar fraction is defined as follows Energy suppliedtothestandby tank fromthesolar system Total energy suppliedtothestandby tank Solar fraction Solar system auxiliary heating page 18 of 80 Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH T SOL Manual 3 Introduction The following applies to a solar system with bivalent storage tank internal heat exchanger for water heating and auxiliary heating Qkww Qsuzg solar fraction total Qkww Qsuzg Qzww Qzuzg
97. vings e Newclimate data selection 1 3 System Features 1 3 1 Overview e Simulation of solar thermal systems supporting domestic hot water and space heating over any period of time up to one year e Design optimisation of collector array area and storage tank volume of the system to reach specific targets e Influence of partial shading by the horizon and other objects buildings trees etc e Graphic and tabular entry of shade values e Design Assistant with automatic system optimization e Comprehensive component database e Working on a number of system variants at any one time within a project is possible making it easy to compare systems e Domestic hot water consumption profiles included in the calculations e Both radiator and under floor heating can be included Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH page 7 of 80 1 Program Information T SOL Manual e Investigation of energy use pollutant emissions and costs e Calculation of standard evaluation values for solar thermal systems such as system efficiency solar fraction etc e Detailed presentation of results in reports and graphics e Economic efficiency calculation following simulation over a period of one year e Online Help facility 1 3 2 System types You can select a system from the most common system configurations for domestic hot wate and heating support and you can choose between indoor or outdoor swimming pools to the solar cycle Additionally you can select from a
98. w or on the Parameters button you come to the Collector Array dialog In the Col lectorsection of the Parameters worksheet click on the Se ect button to go to the collector database from which you can make a selection from the list of manufacturers and collector types In the header bar there are drop down lists of manufacturers and collector types which assist you in finding the product of your choice quickly and easily a A 1 8 i p j elk I 1 1 i j i I nerrErEEEEFE Figure 5 3 5 Collector selection dialog Click on the preferred collector or select and click on OK to incorporate the collector into your project design Entering the number of collectors automatically gives the collector area We decide to start with 7 collectors with a total active solar surface of 7 m2 This is the active area that is available to convert the sun s radiation and which forms the basis of test institute calculations to determine the collector coefficient On the Inclination worksheet you will find the parameters for the orientation and tilt angle of the collector array The Azimuth Angle is the horizontal deviation between the collector surface vertical and the geographical south in the northern hemisphere or the north in the southern hemisphere It is o when the surface is facing toward the sun s highest point zenith In our case the building is in the northern hemisphere and the building s longitudinal axis runs fr
99. ystems in multiple dwellings or social institutions in which the auxiliary heating cannot be switched off because of tenancy laws or other provisions current solar systems are designed with a solar fraction of up to 30 96 There are no simple methods to calculate the yield of a solar system precisely The number of parameters which determine the performance of a system is too large and includes not only the changeable non linear characteristic of the weather but also the dynamic processes in the system itself In larger systems computer simulation is the only way to investigate the influences of ambient conditions user behaviour and of various components on the operational state of the solar system Solar systems can also be used for heating wherever heat is required in the summer or where solar energy can be used for cooling in summer A further use of solar systems for auxiliary heating is in the field of low energy houses There the fraction of heating energy occupies the same order of magnitude as the hot water supply In buildings with current thermal insulation standards designing solar systems with the option of seasonal storage for heating purposes also in winter is inadvisable This results in very large collector areas and at the time high surplus energy in the summer i e in systems with very poor efficiency and consequently very high solar heat prices 3 1 6 Economics of Solar Systems Current solar systems are always biva
100. zing Inside external heating amount 5 W m Heating Operting mes August May Reduced times all days equally yes 23 6 hours 5 K page 56 of 80 Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH T SOL Manual 7 Appendix Components Connection Collector Loop Collector loop Combination tank Swimming pool Control Collector Array Orientation Piping Collector Shading Storage Tank Parameters Heat transfer medium Glycol share Volume flow Collector loop pump on Collector loop pump off Volume flow Collector loop pump on Collector loop pump off External heat transfer medium Temperature difference Sequence of connections Number of collectors Orientation angle Azimuth angle Simple pipe length inside outside between collectors Thermal conductivity of insulation inside outside between collectors Nominal size of piping Manifold between collectors Thickness of insulation inside outside between collectors File File Relation height diameter Insulation Strength Default Value Water glycol mixture 40 96 40 l h m collector area 8 K 3 K 40 l h m collector area 8 K 3 K 5 K 1 Swimming pool 2 Combination tank 12 30 o o 8 m 1 m 200 mm collector W m K W m K W m K 0 045 0 045 0 045 18 mm 15 mm 20 mm 20 mm 20 mm Standard flat plate collector 1m none Combination tank int heat exchanger 100mm Dr Valentin EnergieSo

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