Avaya Configuring Data Encryption Services User's Manual
Contents
1. Billerica NY LTSS 43 FR or PPP NPK E E NPK E E i Ues Santa Clara TEK Billerica TSS jp LTSS 25 LTSS 43 LTSS 54 LTSS 44 KEK LTSS 2 TIME WEPO001A Figure 1 1 Hierarchy of Encryption Keys The keys are the e Node Protection Key NPK It encrypts the LTSS e Long Term Shared Secret LTSS It is the sourcefor the Master Encryption Key e Master Encryption Key MEK It encrypts the Traffic Encryption Key e Traffic Encryption Key TEK The TEK encrypts the data that travels across the network Random Number Generators RNGs RNGs generate values for the keys These values are statistically random An RNG uses as its source a seed that you supply Refer to Creating Seeds in Chapter 3 for instructions Site Manager uses two of the RNGs to generate NPKs and LTSSs The router uses the third RNG to generate TEKs 117386 A Rev A 1 5 Configuring Data Encryption Services Node Protection Key NPK The NPK encrypts and decrypts LTSSs Caution The NPK is the most critical key in the hierarchy If the NPK is compromised all encrypted data on the router could be compromised Protect the files that store the NPKs preferably by using removable media that you store securely Also protect the routers on which the NPKs reside The NPK is stored in2. Example if command syntax is ping lt ip_address gt you enter ping 192 32 10 12 Indicates text that you need to enter command names and buttons in menu paths Example Enter wfsm amp Example Use the dinfo command Example ATM DXI gt Interfaces gt PVCs identifies the PVCs button in the window that appears when you select the Interfaces option from the ATM DXI menu Indicate optional elements You can choose none one or all of the options Horizontal and vertical ellipsis points indicate omitted information Indicates variable values in command syntax descriptions new terms file and directory names and book titles Indicate the title of a chapter or section within a book Indicates data that appears on the screen Example Set Bay Networks Trap Monitor Filters Separates menu and option names in instructions and internal pin to pin wire connections Example Protocols gt AppleTalk identifies the AppleTalk option in the Protocols menu Example Pin 7 gt 19 gt 20 Indicates that you enter only one of the parts of the command The vertical line separates choices Do not type the vertical line when entering the command Example If the command syntax is show at routes nets you enter either show at routes or show at nets but not both Xii 117386 A Rev A Acronyms ANSI BRI DES DLCI DTR ISDN LTSS MD5 MEK MIB NPK NTP pefs PPP PVC PRI RNG SEO TEK WAN WEP
3. Configuring Data Encryption Services BayRS Version 12 00 Site Manager Software Version 6 00 Part No 117386 A Rev A September 1997 rS Bay Networks CES Bay Networks 4401 Great America Parkway 8 Federal Street Santa Clara CA 95054 Billerica MA 01821 Copyright 1997 Bay Networks Inc All rights reserved Printed in the USA September 1997 The information in this document is subject to change without notice The statements configurations technical data and recommendations in this document are believed to be accurate and reliable but are presented without express or implied warranty Users must take full responsibility for their applications of any products specified in this document The information in this document is proprietary to Bay Networks Inc The software described in this document is furnished under a license agreement and may only be used in accordance with the terms of that license A summary of the Software License is included in this document Trademarks ACE AFN AN BCN BLN BN BNX CN FN FRE GAME LN Optivity PPX Bay Networks SynOptics SynOptics Communications Wellfleet and the Wellfleet logo are registered trademarks and Advanced Remote Node ANH ARN ASN BaysSIS BayStack BayStream BCNX BLNX EZ Install EZ Internetwork EZ LAN IP AutoLearn PathMan PhonePlus Quick2Config RouterMan SN SPEX Switch Node Bay Networks Press the Bay Networks logo and the SynOptics logo are trademar
4. Enable for WEP to function Site Manager Encrypt Enable parameter page A 2 Set a Change Time for the MEK The MEK Change parameter sets the amount of time in minutes between changes in the MEK The value for this attribute must be the same on both sides of a link Site Manager MEK Change parameter page A 3 Click on Apply to save your changes Click on Done to exit the window Configure the WEP parameters 3 Refer to the following section Configuring WEP Parameters EE 117386 A Rev A 3 17 Configuring Data Encryption Services Configuring WEP Parameters WEP has both line and circuit interface parameters WEP parameters have default values You can edit those values to customize WEP for your network Enabling Encryption The WEP Enable parameter defaults to Enable when you select WEP from the Protocols menu Both the WEP Enable parameter and the Frame Relay or PPP Enable parameter must be set to Enable for WEP to function Site Manager Enable parameter page A 4 lines page A 5 interface Selecting Encryption Strength Encryption is available in two versions regular and strong The standard router software includes encryption that uses regular encryption that is 40 bit keys We also offer a strong encryption option that uses 56 bit keys Strong encryption is generally available only in the United States and Canada Select the encryption strength that
5. Encrypt Enable parameter 3 15 3 17 encryption 40 and 56 bit 1 2 architecture 1 1 disabling telnet access when using 2 2 keys 1 2 overview 1 1 to 2 4 starting 3 2 using with AN routers 2 2 Index 1 encryption strength selecting 40 bit or 56 bit 2 1 3 18 entering an NPK on a router 3 9 F floppy disks for storing key files 1 7 2 4 G generating a TEK 3 11 an LTSS 3 8 an NPK 3 7 K key files security 1 7 setting a path to UNIX 3 5 keys 1 2 integrity of 1 3 LTSS 1 7 MEK 1 8 NPK 1 6 summary 1 4 TEK 1 8 L LTSS changing 3 11 creating a seed for on a PC 3 3 on a UNIX platform 3 5 function A 3 generating 3 8 storing on removable media 3 3 LTSS Name 1 7 3 17 LTSS Value 3 17 LTSS defined 1 7 Index 2 Management Encryption Key MEK 1 8 MEK Change parameter 3 15 3 17 Message Digest 5 MDS 1 3 N Node Protection Key NPK defined 1 6 NPK changing 3 10 creating a seed for on a PC 3 3 on a UNIX platform 3 5 entering in MIB 1 7 entering on router 1 6 3 9 function A 1 generating 3 7 in nonvolatile RAM 3 9 overwriting 3 10 selecting 2 3 storing on removable media 3 3 O opening Site Manager 3 7 3 8 overwriting an NPK 3 10 P password secure shell 1 6 1 7 pefs utility 2 4 performance effect of encryption on 2 2 publications ordering xiii R Random Number Generators RNGs 1 5 removable media for s
6. EXPRESS OR IMPLIED INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION ANY WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE Licensee is responsible for the security of 117386 A Rev A iii its own data and information and for maintaining adequate procedures apart from the Software to reconstruct lost or altered files data or programs 4 Limitation of liability IN NO EVENT WILL BAY NETWORKS OR ITS LICENSORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY COST OF SUBSTITUTE PROCUREMENT SPECIAL INDIRECT INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES RESULTING FROM INACCURATE OR LOST DATA OR LOSS OF USE OR PROFITS ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE PERFORMANCE OF THE SOFTWARE EVEN IF BAY NETWORKS HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES IN NO EVENT SHALL THE LIABILITY OF BAY NETWORKS RELATING TO THE SOFTWARE OR THIS AGREEMENT EXCEED THE PRICE PAID TO BAY NETWORKS FOR THE SOFTWARE LICENSE 5 Government Licensees This provision applies to all Software and documentation acquired directly or indirectly by or on behalf of the United States Government The Software and documentation are commercial products licensed on the open market at market prices and were developed entirely at private expense and without the use of any U S Government funds The license to the U S Government is granted only with restricted rights and use duplication or disclosure by the U S Government is subject to the restrictions set forth in subparagraph c 1 of the Commercial
7. LTSSs on a PC or UNIX platform is wep_Itss dat Caution Do not attempt to edit this file If you do the NPKs may become invalid 3 8 117386 A Rev A Enabling Encryption Entering an NPK on a Router The router stores its NPK in nonvolatile RAM To enter the NPK you work in the secure shell of the router Follow these instructions to copy the NPK to the router from the file you created using the Site Manager WEP tool You enter an NPK on each secure router These instructions assume that you have connected a PC or UNIX computer directly to the console port of the router For instructions on connecting a computer to the router console port refer to the installation manual that came with your router To enter an NPK on a router 1 At any shell prompt on a UNIX platform or at the DOS prompt on a PC enter ksession You enter the secure shell which prompts you for the password 2 Enter the password Your password should be at least 10 to 12 characters long It should not be anything obvious Change it often The prompt changes to SSHELL 3 To view NPKs display the wep_npk_file On a Unix platform use an editor such as vi or emacs in read only mode For example vi R a wep_npk_file On a PC use an editor such as EDIT or Notepad 4 Using a text editor copy the NPK for this router 5 Atthe SSHELL prompt enter the kset command followed by a space and paste in the NPK kset NPK 0x lt NPK_value g
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9. seeds for the NPKs and LTSSs The section Creating TEKs later in this chapter describes how to create the seed for a TEK 3 2 117386 A Rev A Enabling Encryption Creating Seeds on a PC To use a PC to create seeds that the WEP software uses to generate NPKs and LTSSs issue the wfkseed command at the DOS prompt Default values exist for the key file path and the length of the LTSS key If you want to change these values do so before you create the seeds Changing the Path to the Key Files WF_KEY_FILE_PATH is an environment variable that resides in the windows siteman ini file It defines the location or directory path for WEP to write the seeds and from which Site Manager can both retrieve the seeds and write the generated keys to LTSS and NPK files The default value of the path is n where n is removable media If you want to change the storage place for your key files use an editor such as Notepad to edit the WF_KEY_FILE_PATH line Note Store the files containing NPKs and LTSSs on removable media such as floppy disks and store that media in a safe place Changing the Length of the LTSS Key Generator You can set the length of the LTSSs to a value other than the default of 128 bits by editing the WF_LTSS_KEY_GEN_LEN line in the windows siteman ini file Use an editor such as Notepad You can enter a value from 128 to 248 Running the wfkseed Command The wfkseed command creates the seed that en
10. the router s nonvolatile memory and its fingerprint is in the MIB The NPK and its fingerprint must match for encryption to occur The process of generating and using NPKs is as follows 1 The key management software uses an RNG in Site Manager to generate as many NPKs as your network requires and you specify a name for each NPK 2 You use the Technician Interface to enter an NPK in the router s nonvolatile RAM You do this for each secure router 3 Youenter the same NPK in the Site Manager Frame Relay or PPP Node Protection Key parameter for that router Bay Networks recommends that you create and use a different NPK for each secure router on your network Generating an NPK To generate an NPK you must 1 Use the WEP software to create a seed that initializes the random number generator for the NPKs 2 Usethe WEP Key Manager on Site Manager to generate NPKs Entering the NPK on the Router You enter the NPK into a router locally via the console port and the secure shell section of the Technician Interface A password protects access to the secure shell Both the NPK and the secure shell password are stored in the router s nonvolatile memory You cannot access the NPK or the password via the MIB or by using normal Technician Interface debug commands You cannot invoke the secure shell in a Telnet session 1 6 117386 A Rev A Data Encryption Overview The easiest way to enter the NPK is to use a text editor in read
11. uses 40 bit or 56 bit encryption Accept the default 40 unless you have the strong encryption option that enables you to use 56 bit encryption Select both values if you have 56 bit encryption and don t know the value on the other side of the link If you select both the link uses 56 bit encryption if both sides support it if not it uses 40 bit encryption The Site Manager screen displays the value of this parameter in hexadecimal notation Ox 10000000 56 bit encryption Ox 20000000 40 bit encryption Ox 30000000 Both 1 3 6 1 4 1 18 3 4 28 1 1 5 A 4 117386 A Rev A Parameter Path Default Options Function Instructions MIB Object ID Parameter Path Default Options Function Instructions MIB Object ID Encryption Parameters TEK Change Bytes Configuration Manager gt Protocols gt WEP gt Lines 65 535 bytes 256 through 2 147 483 647 bytes Sets the number of data bytes between changes in the value of the TEK Accept the default or select another value within the specified range 1 3 6 1 4 1 18 3 4 28 1 1 6 TEK Change Seconds Configuration Manager gt Protocols gt WEP gt Lines 10 seconds 1 through 65 535 seconds Sets the number of seconds between changes in the value of the TEK Accept the default or select another value within the specified range 1 3 6 1 4 1 18 3 4 28 1 1 7 WEP Circuit Interface Parameters Parameter Path Default Options Function
12. About This Guide American National Standards Institute Basic Rate Interface Data Encryption Standard data link connection identifier data terminal ready Integrated Services Digital Network long term shared secret Message Digest 5 Master Encryption Key management information base Node Protection Key Network Time Protocol personal computer file system Point to Point Protocol permanent virtual circuit Primary Rate Interface random number generator strong encryption option Traffic Encryption Key wide area network WAN Encryption Protocol Ordering Bay Networks Publications To purchase additional copies of this document or other Bay Networks publications order by part number from Bay Networks Press at the following numbers e Phone U S Canada 888 422 9773 Phone International 510 490 4752 e FAX U S Canada and International 510 498 2609 117386 A Rev A xiii Configuring Data Encryption Services The Bay Networks Press catalog is available on the World Wide Web at support baynetworks com Library GenMisc Bay Networks publications are available on the World Wide Web at support baynetworks com Library tpubs Bay Networks Customer Service You can purchase a support contract from your Bay Networks distributor or authorized reseller or directly from Bay Networks Services For information about or to purchase a Bay Networks service contract either call your local Bay Networks field sales office o
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14. Enabling Encryption Changing an NPK in the MIB To change the MIB NPK value 1 At any shell prompt on a UNIX platform or at the DOS prompt on a PC enter ksession You enter the secure shell which prompts you for the password 2 Enter the password The prompt changes to SSHELL 3 Enter ktranslate lt old_NPK_value gt The MIB now has the same NPK as the router 4 Save the configuration file Changing LTSSs You should change LTSSs periodically as well To change LTSSs create new ones using the WEP Key Manager tool as described in the previous sections Creating TEKs The router stores its TEK seed in nonvolatile RAM WEP uses and manages the TEK to encrypt data Your only task is to create a seed for the RNG that generates TEKs These instructions assume that you have connected a PC or UNIX computer directly to the console port of the router For instructions on connecting a computer to the router console port refer to the installation manual that came with your router 117386 A Rev A 3 11 Configuring Data Encryption Services The kseed command creates the seed that enables WEP to generate random numbers To create a TEK seed you work in the secure shell of the router 1 At the C shell prompt on a UNIX platform or at the DOS prompt ona PC enter ksession You enter the secure shell which prompts you for the password Enter the password Your password should be at least 10 to 12 characters long
15. Instructions MIB Object ID Enable Configuration Manager gt Protocols gt WEP gt Circuit Interface Enable Enable Disable Enables or disables encryption on this interface Defaults to Enable only if you select WEP in the Protocols menu Accept the default Enable to use encryption on this interface Remember to enable either the PPP or Frame Relay Encrypt Enable parameter also 1 3 6 1 4 1 18 3 4 28 2 1 2 117386 A Rev A A 5 Configuring Data Encryption Services Parameter Path Default Options Function Instructions MIB Object ID Parameter Path Default Options Function Instructions MIB Object ID Cipher Mode Mask Configuration Manager gt Protocols gt WEP gt Circuit Interface Inherit from Line Inherit from Line 40 156 Both Determines whether this line uses 40 bit or 56 bit encryption Accept the default Inherit from Line or select another option To select another option first deselect Inherit from Line and then select either 40 bit or 56 bit encryption or both Accept the default 40 unless you have the strong encryption option that enables you to use 56 bit encryption Select both values if you have 56 bit encryption and don t know the value on the other side of the link If you select both the link uses 56 bit encryption if both sides support it if not it uses 40 bit encryption The Site Manager screen displays the value of this parameter in hexadecimal nota
16. It should not be anything obvious Change it often The prompt changes to SSHELL Enter the kseed command and press Return WEP asks Do you wish to create the TEK Key File Press Return to create the TEK Key File WEP displays To initialize the seed for the cryptographic random number generator please now enter a series of characters which you would consider to be random As you enter them dots will be displayed to indicate progress If your string is not random enough questions will be displayed In that case modify the pattern you are entering When enough data is input you will be prompted to stop near 3 lines of input As you type the screen displays a dot for each keystroke the WEP accepts If your keystrokes are not random enough the screen displays When you have entered a sufficient number of random keystrokes WEP displays a message telling you you re done and returns you to the prompt All done thank you 3 12 117386 A Rev A Enabling Encryption 5 Exit the Secure Shell by entering kexit You return to the regular prompt Starting Encryption for PPP To configure encryption for PPP 1 Insert the floppy disk or other removable media that contains your NPK and LTSS files Note Take the following precaution to make sure that your NPK and LTSS source files are the ones you generated When you enter values for the NPK the LTSS Value and LTSS Name parameters follo
17. NPIESS re A E sabor ln pco pa rao t 1 6 Entering the NPK on the Router TU TE E a 1 6 Ghoosing a Secure ShellPassWwarll ana a uei ni 1 7 Entering the NPK into Site Manager uurssssunnssnensnnannnnnnnnannnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn 1 7 Longe lern Shared Secret LISS saniar 1 7 Master Encryption Key MEK aient ob p ci e decedat dab nean Capote 1 8 Aran Enc plam EOS TIER anna 1 8 117386 A Rev A V Chapter 2 Implementation Notes Reguirements for Ensbling ECU anne ua 2 1 Selsoimg Enermpnon SHENG ea 2 1 Synchronizing Router Clocks ET nem TA 2 2 Using Encrypion wih AN Reue een 2 2 Enerpion and Adis DM een an 2 2 Using Data Compression witht EPhOPVBEOIT ann ie 2 3 Bic Mir eek 2 3 Using Floppy Disks to Store Key Files EEE Deb eu iadd eRe 2 4 Configuring Encryption with Dial Backup una Pectore ceci tasa doe ba Rae tips 2 4 Chapter 3 Enabling Encryption Berme YOU Bel c HN 3 1 Hang MEMB ODEO ID ernennen 3 1 Starting Encryption ee aai EEE a 3 2 CREATING SEES ere a 3 2 IBAN SEE HAPE piiairti 3 3 Changing the Path to the Key Files sedan ERLERNTE RIESEN 3 3 Changing the Length of the LTSS Key Generator eese 3 3 Running the wfkseed Gotrimand u 3 3 loreating Seeds oma UNIX Plan c m 3 5 Senga Path ts Wie Key PIGS casei aaa cider sateen harass 3 5 Changing the Lengt
18. Rev A ix About This Guide If you are responsible for configuring and managing Bay Networks routers read this guide to learn how to configure data encryption If you want to Go to Learn about data encryption services Chapter 1 Read implementation notes Chapter 2 Start encryption services Chapter 3 Obtain information about Site Manager parameters this is the same Appendix A information you obtain using Site Manager online Help Learn about k commands Appendix B Before You Begin Before using this guide you must complete the following procedures For a new router e Install the router refer to the installation manual that came with your router e Connect the router to the network and create a pilot configuration file refer to Quick Starting Routers Configuring BayStack Remote Access or Connecting ASN Routers to a Network Make sure that you are running the latest version of Bay Networks Site Manager and router software For instructions refer to Upgrading Routers from Version 7 11 xx to Version 12 00 117386 A Rev A xi Configuring Data Encryption Services Conventions angle brackets lt gt bold text brackets ellipsis points italic text quotation marks screen text separator gt vertical line Indicate that you choose the text to enter based on the description inside the brackets Do not type the brackets when entering the command
19. ables WEP to generate random numbers You run this command twice to create seeds for both the NPKs and the LTSSs 1 Atthe DOS prompt enter wfkseed WEP asks Do you wish to create the LTSS or NPK Key File LTSS 117386 A Rev A 3 3 Configuring Data Encryption Services Press Return to create the LTSS key file WEP displays this message Enter the path of the key path Enter lt n gt n is the removable disk you are using to store the key files WEP then displays this message To initialize the seed for the cryptographic random number generator please now enter a series of characters which you would consider to be random As you enter them dots will be displayed to indicate progress If your string is not random enough questions will be displayed In that case modify the pattern you are entering When enough data is input you will be prompted to stop near 3 lines of input Type a series of random characters The screen displays a dot for each 5 keystrokes that WEP accepts If your keystrokes are not random enough the screen displays After you enter a sufficient number of random keystrokes WEP displays a completion message and returns you to the prompt All done thank you Enter the wfkseed command again to generate the NPK key file WEP asks Do you wish to create the LTSS or NPK Key File LTSS Type NPK and press Return Repeat Steps 3 and 4 above to generate the NPK
20. ces Starting Encryption To use Bay Networks data encryption on your network you must 1 Create the seeds that the RNG uses as source values for the NPKs and LTSSs Create an NPK for each secure router Create an LTSS for each secure line or interface Enter an NPK on each secure router via the console interface 2 3 4 5 Create the seeds that are source values for TEKs 6 Enter the NPK in the Frame Relay or PPP Node Protection Key parameter 7 Enter the LTSS in the Frame Relay or PPP LTSS Name and LTSS Value parameters You can also customize encryption by editing the Frame Relay or PPP encryption parameters as well as the WEP line and interface parameters Creating Seeds You create seeds to initialize the RNGs that generate keys using a PC or UNIX platform on which you have installed Site Manager Site Manager 6 00 includes software that enables you to create these seeds The software includes a default length of 128 bits for the LISS key generator Site Manager for the PC also includes an environment variable that defines the location where the files that will contain the NPKs and LTSSs reside On a UNIX platform you must set this path You must create three seeds to use encryption on your network The RNGs on Site Manager use two of these seeds to generate random numbers for the NPKs and LTSSs The RNG on a secure router uses the third seed to generate a TEK The following sections provide information about creating
21. er In the NPK name box type a name for the NPK Specify a name that identifies this router perhaps by location for example Boston Click on Add The NPK name and value appear in the NPK list box Repeat Steps 3 and 4 to generate as many NPKs as you need After you finish click on OK Site Manager stores these values on the removable media you selected when you set the key file path Site Manager does not save the NPKs until you click on OK The file name that stores NPKs on both PC and UNIX platforms is wep_npk dat Caution Do not attempt to edit this file If you do the NPKs may become invalid 117386 A Rev A 3 7 Configuring Data Encryption Services Creating LTSSs To generate an LTSS 1 5 6 Start Site Manager Note that you open Site Manager after you have set the path to the key files Select Tools gt WEP Key Manager gt LTSS Manager In the LTSS name box type a name for the LTSS Remember that the routers on both ends of a link share the LTSS Choose a name that identifies the link perhaps by locations for example Boston_Sacramento Click on Add The LTSS name and value appear in the LTSS list box Repeat Steps 3 and 4 to generate as many LTSSs as you need After you finish click on OK Site Manager stores these values on the removable media you selected when you set the key file path Site Manager does not save the LTSSs until you click on OK The file name that stores
22. er Refer to Configuring Frame Relay Services for instructions Click on OK You return to the FR PVC List window 5 Select the Node Protection Key parameter Click on Values The NPK Values that you generated previously appear in the WEP NPK window 6 Highlight the NPK that you want to assign to this router Click on Confirm The value appears in the Node Protection Key parameter box 7 Click on Apply You have entered an NPK The Frame Relay PVC List window remains open After you enter the NPK the remaining parameters become available If you are editing a configuration file that you created during a previous session you must enter exactly the same NPK that you used before 3 16 117386 A Rev A Enabling Encryption 4 Enter the LTSS Value and LTSS Name Site Manager Path You do this System response 1 Select the LTSS Value parameter Click on The LTSS Names and LTSS Values that Values you generated previously appear in the WEP LTSS window 2 Highlight the LTSS that you want to assign The value appears in the LTSS Name to this router Click on Confirm and LTSS Value parameter boxes 3 Click on Apply You have entered an LTSS Name and Value The PPP Interface Lists window remains open 5 Enable Encryption The Encrypt Enable parameter defaults to Disable Both the Frame Relay Encrypt Enable parameter and the WEP Enable parameter must be set to
23. eters and for either Frame Relay or PPP If you enable encryption for the line and circuit but not for a protocol data does not travel over the network If you enable encryption for the line circuit and protocol and some other attribute for encryption is misconfigured WEP drops data rather than sending it unencrypted Selecting Encryption Strength Both sides of a link must use the same encryption strength Note that you can select both encryption strengths enabling a router that has 56 bit encryption strength to use 40 bit encryption with a router that has only 40 bit encryption 117386 A Rev A 2 1 Configuring Data Encryption Services Synchronizing Router Clocks The Master Encryption Key must be the same at both ends of a link Therefore the MEK Change parameter value which sets the amount of time between changes in the value of the MEK must also be the same For these values to be the same routinely the MEK changes must occur at approximately the same time which requires that the routers use the same date and time If the routers clocks differ by more than the MEK Change value WEP drops all packets You can use the Network Time Protocol NTP to synchronize the routers You can also set the MEK Change parameter to a value large enough to accommodate differences between the routers clocks Using Encryption with AN Routers AN router models earlier than Version 8 12 2 12 lose both date and time if they are po
24. eturn to Bay Networks the Software user manuals and all copies Bay Networks is not liable to Licensee for damages in any form solely by reason of the termination of this license 8 Export and Re export Licensee agrees not to export directly or indirectly the Software or related technical data or information without first obtaining any required export licenses or other governmental approvals Without limiting the foregoing Licensee on behalf of itself and its subsidiaries and affiliates agrees that it will not without first obtaining all export licenses and approvals required by the U S Government i export re export transfer or divert any such Software or technical data or any direct product thereof to any country to which such exports or re exports are restricted or embargoed under United States export control laws and regulations or to any national or resident of such restricted or embargoed countries or ii provide the Software or related technical data or information to any military end user or for any military end use including the design development or production of any chemical nuclear or biological weapons 9 General If any provision of this Agreement is held to be invalid or unenforceable by a court of competent jurisdiction the remainder of the provisions of this Agreement shall remain in full force and effect This Agreement will be governed by the laws of the state of California Should you have any questions conce
25. gt Frame Relay Service List Window gt PVCs gt Add Default None Options 16 hexadecimal digits Function 1 Protects LTSSs on Site Manager 2 Encrypts and decrypts LTSSs stored in the router s MIB 3 Works as a password The router compares the NPK from RAM to the NPK entered in Site Manager this ensures that the MIB values are encrypted under the same NPK Each router or configuration file requires an NPK Instructions Select the NPK from the list in the Site Manager WEP NPK window Refer to instructions in Chapter 3 117386 A Rev A A 1 Configuring Data Encryption Services Parameter Path Default Options Function Instructions MIB Object ID Encrypt Enable PPP Configuration Manager gt Protocols gt PPP gt PPP Interface Lists window Frame Relay Configuration Manager gt Protocols gt Frame Relay gt Services gt Frame Relay Service List Window gt PVCs gt Add Disable Enable Disable Enables or disables encryption services on this port Set to Enable if you want to use encryption on this interface Encryption will not work unless both this parameter and the WEP Enable parameter are set to Enable If you select WEP in the Protocols menu but set this parameter to Disable data does not travel over this circuit PPP 1 3 6 1 4 1 18 3 4 28 5 1 2 Frame Relay 1 3 6 1 4 1 18 3 4 28 4 1 2 Parameter LTSS Name Path PPP Configuration Manager gt Protocols gt PPP gt PPP Interface L
26. h of the LTSS Key Generator TE 3 5 Running the WEP wfkseed Command sese 3 6 GEMO NERE Sd EDS quuin damit ass 3 7 Creating NPKS access er rere ee peter E E rere E Pe 3 7 Geath LISSE eT REP D 3 8 Enteingan NPK DIR DUE nennen 3 9 Changmo NEPRE P M 3 10 TUIS TIERE 5 t een ena es 3 10 Changing an NPK on a Router eeesssss ee rere Pen 3 10 Changing an MPR Im Te MIE ae ee 3 11 RSAC Nic sn a NN 3 11 ay ccu Ec e t 3 11 vi 117386 A Rev A isis nere om OE PE sense tea 3 13 Staring EPRI TOR Frame Haley oai bueno nern Rad 3 15 Conigurnd WEF rri C E E E E T E E teiaree ea eeeer es 3 18 EHsD EB EDD toe i ae ae rbd ed pda a o eb Ope t ree 3 18 Selecting Encryption Strength een T TE 3 18 Setting Change Rates Tor the TER ans i 3 18 NER CIUS BUIGB een einer 3 19 TEK Change TIME ui PS ERS dude se es EN 3 19 DisabNDd Ent DUI een 3 19 Deleting Encryption from an Interface sssssssssssseseeere enne 3 19 Deleting Enervipton tom a Haller una 3 20 Appendix A Encryption Parameters PPP and Frame Relay Encryption Parameters TEE Ce A 1 WEF Eine Paahiker she eg A 4 WEP Circuit nterface Parameters sein A 5 Appendix B Definitions of k Commands Index 117386 A Rev A vii Figure Figure 10 Hierarehyor Encryption ee en 1 5 117386 A
27. hat uses encryption with a PPP dial backup circuit If the primary line fails traffic travels unencrypted over the PPP backup circuit PPP dial backup does not work with PPP circuits that you configure for encryption Further if a PPP primary circuit includes values in any PPP encryption parameters whether or not the circuit uses encryption PPP dial backup does not work Frame Relay dial backup does not work with Frame Relay circuits that you configure for encryption 2 4 117386 A Rev A Chapter 3 Enabling Encryption This chapter describes how to configure data encryption Before You Begin Before you can start data encryption you must 1 Create and save a configuration file that has at least one PPP or Frame Relay interface 2 Retrieve the configuration file in local remote or dynamic mode 3 Specify router hardware if this is a local mode configuration file 4 Reboot the router Using the MIB Object ID The Technician Interface allows you to modify parameters by issuing set and commit commands with the MIB object ID This process is equivalent to modifying parameters using Site Manager For more information about using the Technician Interface to access the MIB refer to Using Technician Interface Software Caution The Technician Interface does not verify parameter values you enter Entering an invalid value can corrupt your configuration 117386 A Rev A 3 1 Configuring Data Encryption Servi
28. is appropriate for your network Note that you can select both encryption strengths This option enables a system that has 56 bit encryption strength to support secure links with either 40 bit and 56 bit strength encryption sites If you select both WEP uses 56 bit encryption if both sides of the link can support it Site Manager Cipher Mode Mask parameter page A 4 lines page A 6 interface Setting Change Rates for the TEK The TEK changes depending on the values of the TEK Change Time and TEK Change Bytes parameters 3 18 117386 A Rev A Disabling Enabling Encryption TEK Change Bytes The TEK Change Bytes parameter sets the number of bytes between changes in the value of the TEK Site Manager TEK Change Bytes parameter page A 5 lines page A 6 interface TEK Change Time The TEK Change Time parameter sets the number of seconds between changes in the value of the TEK Site Manager TEK Change Seconds parameter page A 5 lines page A 7 interface Encryption Remember that the Frame Relay or PPP Encrypt Enable parameter and the WEP line and circuit interface parameters must all be set to Enable for encryption to work This does not mean that you can temporarily disable encryption on a line or interface by setting any of these parameters to Disable If you enable encryption for the line and circuit but not for a protocol and an LTSS exists data does not travel o
29. ists window Frame Relay Configuration Manager gt Protocols gt Frame Relay gt Services gt Frame Relay Service List Window gt PVCs gt Add Default None Options A string of up to 29 characters Function Distinguishes this LTSS from others Instructions Select the LTSS from the list in the Site Manager WEP LTSS window Refer to instructions in Chapter 3 When you enter the LTSS Value you automatically enter the LTSS Name it represents A 2 117386 A Rev A Parameter Path Default Options Function Instructions MIB Object ID Parameter Path Default Options Function Instructions MIB Object ID Encryption Parameters LTSS Value PPP Configuration Manager gt Protocols gt PPP gt PPP Interface Lists window Frame Relay Configuration Manager gt Protocols gt Frame Relay gt Services gt Frame Relay Service List Window gt PVCs gt Add None 32 through 62 hexadecimal characters Creates the Master Encryption Key MEK The LTSS must be the same on both sides of the link Select the LTSS from the list in the Site Manager WEP LTSS window Refer to instructions in Chapter 3 When you enter the LTSS Value you automatically enter the LTSS Name PPP 1 3 6 1 4 1 18 3 4 28 5 1 5 Frame Relay 1 3 6 1 4 1 18 3 4 28 4 1 8 MEK Change PPP Configuration Manager gt Protocols gt PPP gt PPP Interface Lists window Frame Relay Configuration Manager gt Protocols gt Frame Relay gt Ser
30. key file 3 4 117386 A Rev A Enabling Encryption Creating Seeds on a UNIX Platform To create a seed on a UNIX platform 1 Set the environment variable for the path to the key files 2 Ifyou want to set a length other than the default value 128 bits for the LTSSs change the value before you generate the seeds 3 Enter the WEP wfkseed command Setting a Path to the Key Files You must set an environment variable to establish a location for the key files Note Store the files containing NPKs and LTSSs on removable media such as floppy disks and store that media in a safe place At the C shell prompt enter setenv WF_KEY_FILE_PATH lt n gt nis aremovable disk that you are using to store the key files Changing the Length of the LTSS Key Generator You can set the length of the RNGs for the LTSSs to a value other than the default of 128 bits At the C shell prompt enter setenv WF LTSS KEY GEN LEN number of bits from 128 to 248 gt 117386 A Rev A 3 5 Configuring Data Encryption Services Running the WEP wfkseed Command The wfkseed command creates the seed that enables you to generate random numbers You run this command twice to create seeds for the NPK and the LTSSs To create the LTSS seed 1 At the C shell prompt enter wfkseed WEP asks Do you wish to create the LTSS or NPK Key File LTSS Press Return to create the LTSS key file WEP displays this message To i
31. ks of Bay Networks Inc All other trademarks and registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners Restricted Rights Legend Use duplication or disclosure by the United States Government is subject to restrictions as set forth in subparagraph c 1 ii of the Rights in Technical Data and Computer Software clause at DFARS 252 227 7013 Notwithstanding any other license agreement that may pertain to or accompany the delivery of this computer software the rights of the United States Government regarding its use reproduction and disclosure are as set forth in the Commercial Computer Software Restricted Rights clause at FAR 52 227 19 Statement of Conditions In the interest of improving internal design operational function and or reliability Bay Networks Inc reserves the right to make changes to the products described in this document without notice Bay Networks Inc does not assume any liability that may occur due to the use or application of the product s or circuit layout s described herein Portions of the code in this software product are Copyright 1988 Regents of the University of California All rights reserved Redistribution and use in source and binary forms of such portions are permitted provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are duplicated in all such forms and that any documentation advertising materials and other materials related to such distribution and use acknowledge tha
32. l be free from defects in materials and workmanship under normal use for a period of 90 days from the date Software is first shipped to Licensee Bay Networks will replace defective media at no charge if it is returned to Bay Networks during the warranty period along with proof of the date of shipment This warranty does not apply if the media has been damaged as a result of accident misuse or abuse The Licensee assumes all responsibility for selection of the Software to achieve Licensee s intended results and for the installation use and results obtained from the Software Bay Networks does not warrant a that the functions contained in the software will meet the Licensee s requirements b that the Software will operate in the hardware or software combinations that the Licensee may select c that the operation of the Software will be uninterrupted or error free or d that all defects in the operation of the Software will be corrected Bay Networks is not obligated to remedy any Software defect that cannot be reproduced with the latest Software release These warranties do not apply to the Software if it has been i altered except by Bay Networks or in accordance with its instructions ii used in conjunction with another vendor s product resulting in the defect or iii damaged by improper environment abuse misuse accident or negligence THE FOREGOING WARRANTIES AND LIMITATIONS ARE EXCLUSIVE REMEDIES AND ARE IN LIEU OF ALL OTHER WARRANTIES
33. me Relay 1 Insert the floppy disk or other removable media that contains your NPK and LTSS files Note Take the following precaution to make sure that your NPK and LTSS source files are the ones you generated When you enter values for the NPK the LTSS Value and the LTSS Name parameters following the directions in the steps below make sure that the path that appears in the top bar of the Configuration Manager window the WEP NPK window and the WEP LTSS window is the path that you set for your NPK and LTSS files 117386 A Rev A 3 15 Configuring Data Encryption Services 2 Select the WEP protocol Site Manager Path You do this System responds 1 Select a port to configure for Frame Relay The Add Circuit window opens 2 Click on OK The WAN Protocols window opens 3 Select Frame Relay and click on OK The Select Protocols window opens 4 Scroll down to select WEP You can also select other protocols Click on OK You return to the Configuration Manager 3 Enter the NPK You need to do this once for each router or configuration file Site Manager Path You do this System responds 1 In the Configuration Manager window select Protocols gt Frame Relay gt Services The Frame Relay Service List window opens 2 Click on PVCs The FR PVC List window opens 3 Click on Add The FR PVC Add window opens 4 Enter a DLCI numb
34. must match the NPK in the router s nonvolatile memory or encryption cannot occur This means that if you want to change anything in your encryption configuration after you have exited from the original configuration session you must reenter the NPK exactly as you entered it initially If you install a new CPU board on a router or swap boards between routers you must reenter the NPK on the affected routers The NPK remains on a board that you remove from a router using data encryption For security reasons you need to plan ahead to make sure that an NPK you are using resides only on a router that carries encrypted traffic 117386 A Rev A 2 3 Configuring Data Encryption Services Using Floppy Disks to Store Key Files For security reasons Bay Networks recommends that you use removable media such as floppy disks to store key files You can use the same floppy disks on both PCs and UNIX platforms if you have UNIX personal computer file system pcfs compatibility which allows UNIX platforms to access data on floppy disks formatted for PCs Issue the following series of commands 1 Log on as superuser su 2 Enter the superuser password password lt password gt 3 Move to the root file system cd 4 Make a mount point directory mkdir lt directory_name gt 5 Mount the floppy disk mount t pcfs dev fdO directory name Configuring Encryption with Dial Backup You can configure a Frame Relay PVC t
35. nitialize the seed for the cryptographic random number generator please now enter a series of characters which you would consider to be random As you enter them dots will be displayed to indicate progress If your string is not random enough questions will be displayed In that case modify the pattern you are entering When enough data is input you will be prompted to stop near 3 lines of input Type a series of random characters The screen displays a dot for each 5 keystrokes that WEP accepts If your keystrokes are not random enough the screen displays After you enter a sufficient number of random keystrokes WEP displays a completion message and returns you to the prompt All done thank you Enter the wfkseed command again to generate the NPK key file WEP asks Do you wish to create the LTSS or NPK Key File LTSS Type NPK and press Return Repeat Step 3 to generate the NPK key file 3 6 117386 A Rev A Enabling Encryption Creating NPKs and LTSSs After you generate the NPK and LTSS seeds you open Site Manager and use the WEP Key Manager tool to generate NPKs and LTSSs You enter an NPK on each router and in the Site Manager NPK parameter You enter the LTSSs in the MIBs of each router on a link Creating NPKs To generate an NPK 1 Start Site Manager Note that you open Site Manager after you set the path to the key files Select Tools gt WEP Key Manager gt NPK Manag
36. only mode to display the contents of the file that contains your NPKs Examples of editors include vi or emacs on a UNIX platform and EDIT on a PC Copy the value of the appropriate NPK and paste it into the Technician Interface command line Note We recommend that you enter the NPK in each router using a laptop computer that you attach directly to the router You should not use a terminal server to enter the NPK because of security risks Choosing a Secure Shell Password The Secure Shell password protects all of the secret data in the router that WEP uses Select a password of at least 10 to 12 characters Do not use anything obvious like your nickname family birthdates or your social security number Change this password often and randomly Entering the NPK into Site Manager You also enter the NPK into Site Manager using the Frame Relay or PPP Node Protection Key parameter When you enter an NPK it is visible only until you exit the Configuration Manager You must reenter the NPK each time you modify the security configuration for a router If you do not enter the NPK exactly as you entered it when you configured encryption initially you cannot make changes Long Term Shared Secret LTSS The Long Term Shared Secret is the source for the Master Encryption Key MEK It consists of 128 to 248 bits of secret data that each end of a secure link shares The LTSS resides in the MIB encrypted by the NPK which you must have previo
37. r one of the following numbers Region Telephone number Fax number United States and 800 2LANWAN then enter Express 508 916 3514 Canada Routing Code ERC 290 when prompted to purchase or renew a service contract 508 916 8880 direct Europe 33 4 92 96 69 66 33 4 92 96 69 96 Asia Pacific 61 2 9927 8888 61 2 9927 8899 Latin America 561 988 7661 561 988 7550 Information about customer service is also available on the World Wide Web at support baynetworks com How to Get Help If you purchased a service contract for your Bay Networks product from a distributor or authorized reseller contact the technical support staff for that distributor or reseller for assistance xiv 117386 A Rev A About This Guide If you purchased a Bay Networks service program call one of the following Bay Networks Technical Solutions Centers Technical Solutions Center Telephone number Fax number Billerica MA 800 2LANWAN 508 916 3514 Santa Clara CA 800 2LANWAN 408 495 1188 Valbonne France 33 4 92 96 69 68 33 4 92 96 69 98 Sydney Australia 61 2 9927 8800 61 2 9927 881 1 Tokyo Japan 81 3 5402 0180 81 3 5402 0173 117386 A Rev A XV Chapter 1 Data Encryption Overview Bay Networks data encryption services enable you to protect sensitive traffic on your network Encryption prevents unauthorized persons from reading changing or
38. rd of the secure shell Initializes the cryptographic random number generator while in the secure shell Initiates a secure shell session Sets parameter values in the secure shell Example kset npk lt value gt sets the router Node Protection Key Translates a configuration from an old NPK value to the current NPK value Example ktranslate lt old_npk gt lt new_npk gt 117386 A Rev A Numbers 40 bit and 56 bit encryption 1 2 2 1 A AN routers using encryption 2 2 authentication 1 3 Bay Networks Press xiii C changing an LTSS 3 11 an NPK 3 10 the length of the RNGs for LTSSs on a PC 3 3 on a UNIX platform 3 5 the path to the key files on a PC 3 3 Cipher Mode Mask parameter 3 18 configuring Frame Relay encryption 3 16 PPP encryption 3 13 3 15 WEP 3 18 creating seeds 3 2 to 3 6 customer support programs xiv Technical Solutions Centers xiv D data compression 2 3 117386 A Rev A Index data encryption 40 and 56 bit 1 2 architecture 1 1 keys 1 2 overview 1 1 to 2 4 starting 3 2 Data Encryption Standard DES 1 1 deleting encryption 3 19 disabling encryption 3 19 disks floppy for storing key files 1 7 2 4 dropping traffic 2 1 E EDIT using to enter an NPK 1 7 editing encryption 2 3 editors using to enter an NPK on a router 1 7 emacs using to enter an NPK 1 7 enabling encryption Frame Relay 3 17 PPP 3 15 requirements 2 1 WEP 3 18
39. replaying data that travels between Bay Networks routers Data encryption services include e Software based encryption for PPP dedicated links for the BN AN ARN ASN System 5000 router modules and all serial interfaces This includes encryption on multiline and multilink e Software based encryption for Frame Relay circuits that have one permanent virtual circuit PVC per service record This include encryption on multiline e Encryption configurable on a line or circuit basis e Encryption independent or combined with data compression You can configure PPP dial backup for a Frame Relay circuit that uses data encryption Be aware however that if the primary circuit fails data that travels over the backup circuit is unencrypted Data Encryption Architecture Bay Networks uses the following standards and protocols to provide encryption services e Data Encryption Standard DES Message Digest 5 MD5 e WAN Encryption Protocol WEP proprietary to Bay Networks 117386 A Rev A 1 1 Configuring Data Encryption Services Data Encryption Standard DES Bay Networks bases encryption services on DES which the United States government has adopted to protect sensitive but nonclassified data The American National Standards Institute ANSI the IETF and various banking and financial standards groups have also incorporated DES into security standards DES describes the process that transforms 64 bit blocks of da
40. rks grants the end user of the Software Licensee a personal nonexclusive nontransferable license a to use the Software either on a single computer or if applicable on a single authorized device identified by host ID for which it was originally acquired b to copy the Software solely for backup purposes in support of authorized use of the Software and c to use and copy the associated user manual solely in support of authorized use of the Software by Licensee This license applies to the Software only and does not extend to Bay Networks Agent software or other Bay Networks software products Bay Networks Agent software or other Bay Networks software products are licensed for use under the terms of the applicable Bay Networks Inc Software License Agreement that accompanies such software and upon payment by the end user of the applicable license fees for such software 2 Restrictions on use reservation of rights The Software and user manuals are protected under copyright laws Bay Networks and or its licensors retain all title and ownership in both the Software and user manuals including any revisions made by Bay Networks or its licensors The copyright notice must be reproduced and included with any copy of any portion of the Software or user manuals Licensee may not modify translate decompile disassemble use for any competitive analysis reverse engineer distribute or create derivative works from the Software or user manuals or
41. rning this Agreement contact Bay Networks Inc 4401 Great America Parkway P O Box 58185 Santa Clara California 95054 8185 LICENSEE ACKNOWLEDGES THAT LICENSEE HAS READ THIS AGREEMENT UNDERSTANDS IT AND AGREES TO BE BOUND BY ITS TERMS AND CONDITIONS LICENSEE FURTHER AGREES THAT THIS AGREEMENT IS THE ENTIRE AND EXCLUSIVE AGREEMENT BETWEEN BAY NETWORKS AND LICENSEE WHICH SUPERSEDES ALL PRIOR ORAL AND WRITTEN AGREEMENTS AND COMMUNICATIONS BETWEEN THE PARTIES PERTAINING TO THE SUBJECT MATTER OF THIS AGREEMENT NO DIFFERENT OR ADDITIONAL TERMS WILL BE ENFORCEABLE AGAINST BAY NETWORKS UNLESS BAY NETWORKS GIVES ITS EXPRESS WRITTEN CONSENT INCLUDING AN EXPRESS WAIVER OF THE TERMS OF THIS AGREEMENT iv 117386 A Rev A Contents About This Guide BER NOW BERN users xi Conventions ei sehn indie pP EEE icis cl DEREN nee een xiii Ordering Bay Netwolke Publiestions aussen en ae xiii Bay Networks Customer See aa cece due e a re ita xiv a IS Gel He TU xiv Chapter 1 Data Encryption Overview Dala ENG SiGe We DUO een 1 1 Data Encryppon Standard DES anne ne ee 1 2 40 Bit and 56 Bit Encryption Strengthe zen 1 2 occae DIS SIND a 1 3 WAN Enerepibn Pretecal ONV EPI siegen 1 3 Grewia Data Enay PINON aus ee 1 3 IS SEEN eins AAE E ENE Ro ob du bd deris GO reer ttre 1 4 Configuration Security acer E E EE 1 4 EHE DIISU ev a ee 1 4 Random Number Generators RNGS sse 1 5 Node Proteccion Kay NP aan 1 6 retire BITI
42. security of your network equipment and the configuration process 117386 A Rev A 1 3 Configuring Data Encryption Services Site Security Carefully restrict access to routers that encrypt data and the workstations you use to configure encryption Because DES is a public standard data is secure only if you properly protect the encryption keys The configuration files that contain these keys include safeguards to prevent unauthorized access However the best strategy is to physically protect your equipment Configuration Security Bay Networks recommends that you store the key management files that our encryption services use on removable media such as floppy disks and that you store this media in a secure place This is the easiest way to prevent unauthorized persons from gaining access to these files You should always configure the NPKs locally not over a network When you connect a computer to a router s console port to configure encryption use a computer that is not connected to any other equipment You can configure LTSSs remotely because LTSSs are encrypted Note further recommendations about network security in the following sections of this guide Encryption Keys Figure 1 1 illustrates the hierarchy of secret keys that Bay Networks encryption uses to protect and transmit data 1 4 117386 A Rev A Data Encryption Overview Site Manager Billerica NPK Santa Clara NPK2 Billerica SC LTSS42
43. t You must enter the NPK value in hexadecimal form and you must include the Ox notation 117386 A Rev A 3 9 Configuring Data Encryption Services 6 Save the configuration file 7 Exit the secure shell by entering kexit You return to the regular prompt Changing NPKs You should change NPKs on a router periodically For many applications a period of three to six months is appropriate To change an NPK issue the kset NPK command as described in the previous section The new NPK overwrites its predecessor and WEP now uses the new NPK value Remember that you must enter the new NPK in the Frame Relay or PPP Node Protection key parameter the next time you want to change your encryption configuration Monitoring NPKs If the NPK on a router does not match the NPK in the MIB encryption does not work This situation occurs most frequently when you change a CPU board on one slot of a router and that slot therefore lacks the current NPK You can view the log notes to make sure that the NPK for each slot matches the value of the NPK in the MIB If they do not match you can change either the router NPK value or the MIB NPK value by working in the secure shell of the router To view the log notes in the Technician Interface enter log ffwidt eKEYMGR Changing an NPK on a Router To change the router NPK value follow the procedure in the previous section Entering an NPK on a Router 3 10 117386 A Rev A
44. t such portions of the software were developed by the University of California Berkeley The name of the University may not be used to endorse or promote products derived from such portions of the software without specific prior written permission SUCH PORTIONS OF THE SOFTWARE ARE PROVIDED AS IS AND WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE In addition the program and information contained herein are licensed only pursuant to a license agreement that contains restrictions on use and disclosure that may incorporate by reference certain limitations and notices imposed by third parties ii 117386 A Rev A Bay Networks Inc Software License Agreement NOTICE Please carefully read this license agreement before copying or using the accompanying software or installing the hardware unit with pre enabled software each of which is referred to as Software in this Agreement BY COPYING OR USING THE SOFTWARE YOU ACCEPT ALL OF THE TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF THIS LICENSE AGREEMENT THE TERMS EXPRESSED IN THIS AGREEMENT ARE THE ONLY TERMS UNDER WHICH BAY NETWORKS WILL PERMIT YOU TO USE THE SOFTWARE If you do not accept these terms and conditions return the product unused and in the original shipping container within 30 days of purchase to obtain a credit for the full purchase price 1 License Grant Bay Networks Inc Bay Netwo
45. ta from readable plaintext to scrambled ciphertext A 40 bit or 56 bit number that you generate known as a key controls the scrambling and unscrambling Both ends of a link must use the same key value for one end to be able to decrypt the data that the other end sends DES is designed so that even if someone knows some of the plaintext data and the corresponding ciphertext there is no way to determine the key without trying all possible keys The strength of encryption based security rests on the size of the key and on properly protecting the key Because DES is a public standard the encryption is secure only if the communicating routers and the management station keep the DES key secret and protected from unauthorized change 40 Bit and 56 Bit Encryption Strengths Bay Networks offers two encryption strengths e The standard router software includes encryption that uses 40 bit keys This version provides reasonably strong security e We also offer a strong encryption option SEO that uses 56 bit DES keys SEO software is generally available only in the United States and Canada U S law allows export of the SEO only with a U S export license For more information on the export import and use of SEO outside the United States and Canada refer to the SEO software license agreement 1 2 117386 A Rev A Data Encryption Overview Message Digest 5 MD5 MDS is a secure hash algorithm and is a component in a number of IETF s
46. tandard protocols MD5 operates on data of varying lengths and produces from it a single 128 bit output called the digest It is very difficult given one message and its digest to fabricate another message that has the same digest This property enables MDS to function like a checksum to detect errors in the integrity of a message When a message that contains a secret key is hashed the resulting digest also authenticates the origin of the message only a source that possesses the secret key could have calculated the digest This technique is called keyed MDS Bay Networks encryption uses MD5 to e Authenticate the originator of the message that is to verify that the source possesses the secret key e Verify the integrity of the DES keying material e Create new keys as part of a process that changes key values WAN Encryption Protocol WEP WEP employs the DES algorithm combined with MD5 and the appropriate key to encrypt data and add protocol information the receiver requires to identify the data as encrypted WEP begins by establishing the security of the link and verifying that both ends have the same key The two sides of the link issue connection request and acknowledgment messages They use keyed MD5 to exchange and authenticate these messages If the negotiation fails data communication does not occur on that circuit Security and Data Encryption To use data encryption effectively you must take precautions to protect the
47. ter Clocks in Chapter 2 Traffic Encryption Key TEK The TEK encrypts the data that travels across the network The RNG on a transmitting router creates the TEK WEP then encrypts the TEK using the MEK At the receiving router WEP decrypts the TEK and uses it to decrypt the data The TEK that the standard encryption software generates is 40 bits long The Strong Encryption Option SEO can generate both 40 bit and 56 bit TEKs The TEK automatically changes according to the values in the TEK Change Time and TEK Change Bytes parameters A sending router generates a new TEK and WEP encrypts it The receiving router notes the change decrypts it replaces the old TEK with the new one and uses the new one to decrypt current and future data until the TEK changes again Each router has its own TEK and TEK Change attributes that it uses to protect data that it sends A link therefore has two TEKs which are different and which change independently of each other For more information on configuring key change attributes refer to Appendix A Encryption Parameters 1 8 117386 A Rev A Chapter 2 Implementation Notes This chapter describes special issues that you may encounter in configuring and running encryption Requirements for Enabling Encryption To configure encryption you must configure WEP parameters and either Frame Relay or PPP encryption parameters You must enable encryption for both the line and circuit WEP param
48. tion Ox 10000000 56 bit encryption Ox 20000000 40 bit encryption Ox 30000000 Both 0x 40000000 Inherit from Line 1 3 6 1 4 1 18 3 4 28 2 1 4 TEK Change Bytes Configuration Manager gt Protocols gt WEP gt Lines 65 535 bytes 256 through 2 147 483 647 bytes Sets the number of data bytes between changes in the value of the TEK Accept the default or select another value within the specified range 1 3 6 1 4 1 18 3 4 28 1 1 6 A 6 117386 A Rev A Encryption Parameters Parameter TEK Change Seconds Path Configuration Manager gt Protocols gt WEP gt Lines Default 10 seconds Options 1 through 65 535 seconds Function Sets the number of seconds between changes in the value of the TEK Instructions Accept the default or select another value within the specified range MIB Object ID 1 3 6 1 4 1 18 3 4 28 1 1 7 117386 A Rev A A 7 Appendix B Definitions of k Commands This appendix contains definitions of the k commands that you use to work in the secure shell of the router Command kexit kget lt subcommand gt kpassword kseed ksession kset lt sub_command gt lt flags gt ktranslate lt old_NPK gt System Response Exits the secure shell Obtains a parameter in the secure shell Example kget ppp s21 obtains parameter values for PPP circuit 21 Example kget fr lt arguments gt obtains parameters for Frame Relay circuit lt arguments gt Changes the passwo
49. tion file that you created during a previous session you must enter exactly the same NPK that you used before 4 Enter the LTSS Value and LTSS Name Site Manager Path You do this System response 1 Select the LTSS Value parameter Click on The LTSS Names and LTSS Values that Values you generated previously appear in the WEP LTSS window 2 Highlight the LTSS that you want to assign The value appears in the LTSS Name to this router Click on Confirm and LTSS Value parameter boxes 3 Click on Apply You have entered an LTSS Name and Value The PPP Interface Lists window remains open 5 Set the Encrypt Enable parameter to Enable 3 14 117386 A Rev A Enabling Encryption The Encrypt Enable parameter defaults to Disable Both the PPP Encrypt Enable parameter and the WEP Enable parameter must be set to Enable for WEP to function Site Manager Encrypt Enable parameter page A 2 6 Set a Change Time for the MEK The MEK Change parameter sets the amount of time in minutes between changes in the MEK The value for this attribute must be the same on both sides of a link Site Manager MEK Change parameter page A 3 7 Click on Apply to save your changes 8 Click on Done to exit the window 9 Configure the WEP parameters Refer to Configuring WEP Parameters later in this chapter Starting Encryption for Frame Relay To configure encryption for Fra
50. toring key files 1 7 3 3 routers syncronizing dates and times 2 2 117386 A Rev A S secure shell 3 9 secure shell password 1 6 1 7 3 12 security 1 2 1 3 1 7 seeds creating 3 2 to 3 6 seeds defined 1 5 SEO software license agreement 1 2 setting a path to the key files UNIX platform 3 5 setting change rates MEK 3 15 3 17 TEK 3 19 starting encryption Frame Relay 3 16 PPP 3 13 3 15 summary of requirements 3 2 storing NPKs and LTSSs 3 3 strong encryption option SEO 1 2 synchronizing routers 2 2 1 Technical Solutions Centers xv Technician Interface 3 1 TEK function 1 8 generating 3 11 TEK Change Bytes parameter 1 8 3 19 TEK Change Time parameter 1 8 3 19 telnet access disabling when using encryption 24 throughput effect of encryption on 2 2 Traffic Encryption Key TEK defined 1 8 U United States law and encryption 1 2 117386 A Rev A V vi editor using to enter an NPK 1 7 W WAN Encryption Protocol WEP defined 1 3 WEP configuring 3 18 overview 1 3 parameters 3 18 security of the link 1 3 WEP Enable parameter 3 18 wep Itss dat 3 8 WF KEY FILE PATH environment variable 3 3 3 5 WF LTSS KEY GEN LEN environment variable 3 3 3 5 wfkseed command 3 3 3 6 Index 3
51. usly entered into Site Manager You need a different LTSS for each circuit that you configure to use encryption The key manager uses an RNG to generate LTSSs and you specify a name for each of these values You thereby create a file of LTSS keys and then assign the same key to each end of a secure circuit Note Store the files of NPKs and LTSSs on removable media such as floppy disks and store that media in a safe place 117386 A Rev A Configuring Data Encryption Services Master Encryption Key MEK The MEK encrypts the Traffic Encryption Key TEK The LTSS for a circuit combined with the current time is the source of its MEK You do not actually generate enter or view the MEK The WEP software automatically calculates this value Like the LTSS the MEK must be the same on each end of a link An MEK periodically changes according to the value of the MEK Change parameter For the encryption software to generate identical MEKs and for the MEKs to remain identical on both sides of a link as their values change they must change at approximately the same time That can only happen if e The MEK Change parameter is set to the same value on each end of a link For more information on configuring this key change attribute refer to Appendix A Encryption Parameters e The clocks on both routers are synchronized For further information about router clocks in relation to encryption see the section Synchronizing Rou
52. ver the network Deleting Encryption from an Interface To delete encryption from an interface on which it is currently configured 1 In the Configuration Manager window select Circuits gt Edit Circuits The Circuit List window opens 2 Click on Edit The Circuit Definition window opens 3 Select Protocols gt Add Delete The Select Protocols window opens 4 Deselect WEP and click on OK Encryption is no longer operating on the interface 117386 A Rev A 3 19 Configuring Data Encryption Services Deleting Encryption from a Router To delete encryption from all circuits on which it is currently configured 1 In the Configuration Manager window select Protocols gt WEP gt Delete WEP A window opens and prompts Do you REALLY want to delete WEP 2 Click on OK You return to the Configuration Manager Encryption is no longer operating on the router 3 20 117386 A Rev A Appendix A Encryption Parameters This appendix contains parameter descriptions for Frame Relay and PPP encryption parameters and for WEP line and circuit interface parameters PPP and Frame Relay Encryption Parameters Encryption parameters for PPP and Frame Relay are the same but Site Manager paths and MIB object IDs differ Parameter Node Protection Key Path PPP Configuration Manager gt Protocols gt PPP gt PPP Interface Lists window Frame Relay Configuration Manager gt Protocols gt Frame Relay gt Services
53. vices gt Frame Relay Service List Window gt PVCs gt Add 60 minutes 1 through 65 535 minutes Sets the amount of time in minutes between changes in the value of the Master Encryption Key Accept the default or select another value within the specified range The value for this parameter must be the same on both sides of a link If the router clocks are not synchronized and you want to use encryption set this parameter to a value large enough to compensate for the time difference between the routers This ensures that the MEKs are the same on both sides of a link PPP 1 3 6 1 4 1 18 3 4 28 5 1 6 Frame Relay 1 3 6 1 4 1 18 3 4 28 4 1 9 117386 A Rev A A 3 Configuring Data Encryption Services WEP Line Parameters Parameter Path Default Options Function Instructions MIB Object ID Parameter Path Default Options Function Instructions MIB Object ID Enable Configuration Manager gt Protocols gt WEP gt Lines Enable Enable Disable Enables or disables encryption on this line Defaults to Enable only if you select WEP in the Protocols menu Accept the default Enable to use encryption on this line Remember to enable either the PPP or Frame Relay Encrypt Enable parameter also 1 3 6 1 4 1 18 3 4 28 1 1 2 Cipher Mode Mask Configuration Manager gt Protocols gt WEP gt Lines DES 40 bit keys DES 40 bit keys DES 56 bit keys Both Determines whether this line
54. wered off Newer models have a battery that maintains the router clock If your AN has a model number in the format AE xxxxxxx it is a new BayStack AN and it has the battery To use encryption with older ANs you must synchronize the router clocks before you configure encryption Caution You should disable Telnet access of any kind between secure routers If anyone changes the date on either of the routers traffic stops Encryption and Performance Using encryption requires substantial resources and reduces router throughput Carefully select the interfaces on which you use encryption You can partially lower the cost of using encryption by using data compression with encryption 2 2 117386 A Rev A Implementation Notes Using Data Compression with Encryption You can configure both hardware and software based data compression over Frame Relay and PPP networks running encryption Enabling compression improves bandwidth efficiency by eliminating redundant strings in data streams This in turn improves network response times and reduces line costs Hardware compression is particularly effective in improving a router s throughput when you use encryption When you use encryption with compression the software compresses the data before it encrypts it To use data compression refer to Configuring Data Compression Services Using an NPK Your configuration file includes a fingerprint of the NPK The NPK in the MIB
55. wing the directions in the steps below make sure that the path that appears in the top bar of the Configuration Manager window the WEP NPK window and the WEP LTSS window is the path that you set for your NPK and LTSS files 2 Select the WEP protocol Site Manager Path You do this System responds 1 Select a port to configure for PPP The Add Circuit window opens 2 Click on OK The WAN Protocols window opens 3 Choose PPP and click on OK The Select Protocols window opens 4 Scroll down to choose WEP You can also You return to the Configuration Manager select other protocols Click on OK 117386 A Rev A 3 13 Configuring Data Encryption Services 3 Enter the NPK You need to do this once for each router or configuration file Site Manager Path You do this System responds 1 In the Configuration Manager window The PPP Interface Lists window opens select Protocols gt PPP gt Interfaces 2 Select the Node Protection Key parameter The NPK Values that you generated Click on Values previously appear in the WEP NPK window 3 Highlight the NPK that you want to assign to The value appears in the Node Protection this router Click on Confirm Key parameter box 4 Click on Apply You have entered an NPK The PPP Interface Lists window remains open After you enter the NPK the remaining parameters become available If you are editing a configura
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