Wiley Pathways PC Hardware Essentials Project Manual
Contents
1. 0 Up to eight SCSI devices can be connected to the same SCSI 1 or SCSI narrow cable the first and last devices on the cable are terminated with a resistor bank The terminating resistor bank can be physically inserted or removed it can be electrically inserted or removed by a single jumper or it can be set with software SCSI devices can be connected as internal devices external devices or a combination of internal and external devices Internal SCSI devices usually use a 50 pin ribbon cable there are several types of external SCSI cables Consult the installation manual for cabling instructions In this project you will record the current hard drive setup information remove the hard drive determine the hard drive setup information for the drive to be installed set the hard drive jumpers install the hard drive and check the SCSI configuration to see if the hard drive is configured You can install the same hard drive or a different one Any hard drive you install must be compatible with the BIOS of your computer the SCSI controller and the operating system you are using 124 PC Hardware Essentials Project Manual Outcomes After completing this project you will know how to A remove a SCSI hard drive A install a SCSI hard drive What you ll need To complete this project you will need A acomputer with a SCSI hard drive and host adapter installed A a bootable floppy start up disk A anew internal SCSI hard drive to instal2. Select The SCSI hard drive should appear in the SCSI scan Boot to a startup disk in drive A and then attempt to access the hard drive you just installed by typing A gt C If you see the message INVALID DRIVE SPECIFICATION the drive needs to be formatted Type A gt FORMAT C to format the new drive Hard Drives 127 10 When the format is complete type A gt C to access the hard drive 11 If the computer shows a C prompt the installation was a success Project 7 7 Partitioning and Formatting a Hard Disk Drive Overview For a hard disk to be able to hold files and programs it has to be partitioned and formatted Partitioning is the process of creating logical divisions on a hard drive A hard drive can have one or more partitions represented by different drive letters Formatting is the process of preparing a hard disk for use by an operating system Formatting establishes a file system creates and configures a file allocation table FAT and creates a root directory Different operating systems support different types of file systems such as FAT16 FAT32 and NTFS In this project you will learn how to partition unallocated space on a hard disk and format it Outcomes After completing this project you will know how to A partition a hard disk A formata hard disk What yov ll need To complete this project you will need A administrative rights on a Windows XP Windows 2000 or Windows Server 2003 computer that has an ad
3. hard drives and on most new hard drives the drive that is attached to the end of the ribbon cable is the C drive For some systems the drive position on the ribbon cable does not matter Figure 7 4 Ribbon cable Connect a power cable from the power supply to the drive Reassemble the computer replace the expansion cards if you removed any and the cover Start the CMOS setup sequence and make sure the settings match those of the new drive Usually the hard drive is automatically detected however if the computer BIOS does not automatically detect the drive you must set the heads cylinders and sectors manually Sometimes a hard drive is detected with the wrong settings The wrong settings may cause the hard drive to be installed with the wrong size specified Exit the CMOS setup The computer will reboot Boot to a startup disk in the A drive and then type A gt C to attempt to access the hard drive you just installed If you see the message INVALID DRIVE SPECIFICATION the drive needs to be formatted Type A gt FORMAT C to format the new drive When the format is complete type A gt C to access the hard drive Hard Drives 119 13 Ifthe C prompt is displayed the installation is a success Project 7 4 Installing a SATA Hard Drive Overview SATA drives are a faster alternative to IDE drives They support greater storage capacities and higher data transfer speed SATA drives use a narrower and longer data cable that
4. of the hard drive so you can later match it with the striped edge on the data cable when the drive is reinstalled After you ve done this disconnect the data cable ribbon cable and power cable from the hard drive Physically remove the hard drive from the computer Unbolt the hard drive from the drive bay and then remove the drive from the computer In another sketch draw the hard drive jumper block and show the current jumper settings Note The jumper settings should be master or single if this is the bootable drive If the jumper settings do not match the installation the drive will not function Hard drive jumpers found in various locations on hard drives set the installation options If any hard drive jumper is moved the hard drive configuration is changed Sometimes it is very difficult to find documentation for jumper settings Hard drives may be configured as master single slave or cable select The hard drive configuration must match the drive s usage The cable select status permits the computer to automatically select the master or slave status but it requires a special hard drive cable that is identified by a notch or hole in the cable Hard Drives 117 Project 7 3 Installing an IDE Hard Drive Overview Before installing a new IDE hard drive you will need to plan how it will be configured IDE drives are connected to the motherboard using an IDE ribbon cable Motherboards typically have two connectors for IDE ribbon
5. 000 000 or into GB by dividing by 1 000 000 000 What is the storage capacity of the drive 114 PC Hardware Essentials Project Manual 6 What is the storage capacity of a drive with the following drive geometry 15690 cylinders 16 heads and 63 sectors per track Project 7 2 Removing an IDE Hard Drive Overview IDE Integrated Device Electronics is an interface for connecting storage devices such as hard drives tape drives and optical CD DVD drives IDE is a specification that was originally written in 1988 When it was accepted as an ANSI standard it was renamed Advanced Technology Attachment ATA The first ATA standards used a parallel bus and are referred to as parallel ATA or PATA The most recent ATA standards are based on a serial bus and referred to as serial ATA SATA IDE has been the most popular interface for hard disk drives in mainstream systems for many years which means that you will very likely be called upon to remove and install them In this project you will identify and remove an IDE hard drive Outcomes After completing this project you will know how to A identify an IDE hard drive A remove an IDE hard drive What you ll need To complete this project you will need A working Windows computer with an IDE hard drive installed A a technician s toolkit with antistatic wrist strap and antistatic mat Completion time 60 minutes Precautions Be sure to take all necessary ESD precautions Al
6. 2 675 248 MB Documents and Settings Carol Application D Documents and Settings Carol Application D Documents and od gt Volume size Figure 7 12 Analysis Report dialog box 9 Record the following volume information Cluster size Used space Free space Percent free space 10 11 13 Hard Drives 133 Record the following information about the most fragmented file Fragments File size File name If defragmenting is recommended click the Defagment button to start the defragmenting process You can follow the process in the Disk Defragmenter window When the process is complete a message box will appear Click the Close button to close the message box Close the Disk Defragmenter and any other open windows 134 PC Hardware Essentials Project Manual
7. Disk 1 Basic New Partition 1 51 GB 1 51 GB Online Unallocated Properties Bf Unallocated i Primary partition I E Help 2 space Figure 7 9 Disk Management The Welcome screen of the New Partition Wizard appears with information on creating a partition Click the Next button to continue The Select Partition Type screen appears You have the option of selecting either a primary partition or an extended partition The Primary Partition option button should be selected by default Record the information available on this screen about how many primary partitions can be created on a basic disk Accept the default selection Primary Partition by clicking the Next button The Specify Partition screen appears Here you must select the size for the partition Note Choose a partition size that is no greater than one half of the size of the unallocated space Enter a value for the size of the partition in the Amount of disk space to be used spin box Record the maximum disk space the minimum disk space and the size that you selected 11 13 14 15 16 18 19 Hard Drives 129 Click the Next button to open the Assign Drive Letter or Path screen Here you can assign a drive letter or path for the partition Note You can always change the drive letter and path at a later date Typically the computer s initial hard drive will be assigned the letter C with D assigned to a CD ROM o
8. allows for better airflow and more flexibility in mounting a hard disk inside the PC case The SATA power cable has a new type of 15 pin power connector The SATA data cable connects to a new 7 pin IDE header directly integrated on the motherboard or on a PCI SATA expansion card SATA drives also operate at lower voltages than IDE drives reducing power consumption Another important feature is that SATA drives are hot swappable under Windows 2000 Windows XP Windows Vista and Windows Server 2003 One hard drive can be removed and another plugged in without rebooting the computer The hot swap feature and the higher data transfer speeds suggest that SATA drives may become a competitive alternative to SCSI hard disks Many PC motherboards in current use do not have onboard support for SATA drives SATA support can be added to these systems through PCI SATA expansion cards from third party vendors Typically these expansion cards can support two or more SATA drives Outcomes After completing this project you will know how to A install a SATA hard drive in a computer What yov ll need To complete this project you will need A a Windows computer with a free drive bay and a motherboard that includes onboard SATA support if it does not you must first install a PCI SATA expansion card A an appropriate SATA hard drive A atechnician s toolkit with antistatic wrist strap Completion time 60 minutes Precautions Be sure to take all necessa
9. ard Drives 131 5 Click the T Risk Defragmenter OOO E File Action View Help e 02 27 91 GB Estimated disk usage before defragmentation Estimated disk usage after defragmentation Defragment Pause Stop View Report GB Fragmented files J Contiguous files Unmovable files Free space Figure 7 10 Disk Defragmenter window Click the Anal 7 The computer will now analyze the fragmentation of the hard disk drive A message box will appear when the analysis is complete with a recommendation as to whether the volume should be defragmented Figure 7 11 Disk Defragmenter 2 x Analysis is complete for C ze button You should defragment this volume i _oxramnen cose _ Figure 7 11 Analysis completed 8 Click the V 132 PC Hardware Essentials Project Manual t button An Analysis Report dialog box opens Figure 7 12 21x Analysis is complete For C You should defragment this volume Volume information Volume C Volume size Cluster size Used space Free space Percent free space volume fragmentation Most fragmented files 27 91 GB 4 KB 23 98 GB 3 93 GB 14 P Documents and Settings Carol Application D 3 047 332MB Documents and Settings Carol Application D 2 918 192MB Documents and Settings Carol Application D 2 903 127 MB Documents and Settings Carol Application D 2 716 43MB Documents and Settings Carol Application D
10. ard drive from the drive bay and then remove the drive from the computer In another sketch draw the hard drive jumper block and show the current jumper settings and terminating resistor The jumper settings should be a binary number from 000 to 111 The boot hard drive is usually set to binary 0 which is indicated by no SCSI ID jumpers being set The first and last devices on the cable are terminated with a resistor bank 126 PC Hardware Essentials Project Manual E Part B Install a SCSI drive 1 4 Verify the hard drive CMOS settings The CMOS should be set to SCSI or NO DRIVE Record the information Note Newer hard drives have diagrams of their jumper blocks on their labels Set the jumpers on the new hard drive to have the same SCSI ID number as the drive you removed from the computer Set the terminating resistor if it was set on the hard drive you removed Record how you set the jumpers Place the new hard drive in the drive bay and secure it with screws or mounting rails or screws Attach the SCSI ribbon cable to the hard disk drive and the SCSI host adapter with the striped edge of the ribbon cable on pin 1 of the plugs Figure 7 8 Figure 7 8 Striped edge of ribbon cable Attach a power cable to from the power supply the drive Reassemble the computer replace the expansion cards if you removed any and the cover Boot the computer and press Ctr A You should see the message Press Ctrl A for SCSI
11. cables called the primary IDE channel and the secondary IDE channel The IDE ribbon cables themselves have a connector for attaching to the motherboard and one or two connectors for the IDE drives If two drives are connected with the same ribbon cable one drive must be designated as Master and one as Slave This configuration is done typically through jumpers or switches on the drive itself Other drive configuration options include Single which specifies that there is only one drive on the ribbon cable and Cable Select You can use a Cable Select configuration when you are using a Cable Select ribbon which automatically designates one position on the cable as master and the other as slave In general for best performance it is best to have drives on their own separate ribbon cable If you need to install a second drive on a ribbon cable choose the newest fastest or most used to act as Master In this project you will determine the hard drive setup information for the drive to be installed set the hard drive jumpers install the hard drive and then configure the CMOS if the drive is not automatically detected You can install the same hard drive as you removed in the previous project or a different one Outcomes After completing this project you will know how to A install an IDE hard drive What you ll need To complete this project you will need the computer from which you removed the hard drive in Project 7 2 A A a bootable f
12. curs Operations slow noticeably and the hard drive light flickers to indicate constant activity Microsoft provides a utility called Disk Defragmenter to help the hard drive reorganize itself Defragmentation is a process of rewriting files and organizing them so that access to the files is improved This process can take several hours if you do not have adequate free space for the system to rewrite files or if there is a lot of fragmentation on the hard drive In this project you will learn how to use the Disk Defragmenter to analyze the level of fragmentation of a hard drive and defragment it if necessary Outcomes After completing this project you will know how to A analyze a hard disk to determine its level of fragmentation A defragment a hard drive What you ll need To complete this project you will need A administrative rights on a Windows XP Windows 2000 or Windows Server 2003 computer Completion time 30 minutes or more depending on the amount of fragmentation Precautions Run Disk Defragmenter only when you are not using the computer for anything else The defragmentation process can slow the time it takes to access other disk based resources and any files that are open or in use cannot be defragmented Turn on the computer and log on as an administrator Open the Start menu and select My Computer Right click the C drive and click Properties to open the Properties dialog box Click the Tools tab wes 2 Toe H
13. ditional unpartitioned hard drive installed You can also use a computer whose hard disk is set up to use basic storage and has unallocated space available Completion time 30 minutes Precautions Do not tamper with the logical drive usually the C drive that contains the Windows system files If necessary turn on the computer and log on as an Administrator 2 Open the Start menu select Control Panel and then select Administrative Tools to open the Computer Management window 3 Double click Storage in the left pane of the window if necessary and then click Disk Management to display the disk configuration information in the Details pane 4 Record the information about the hard disks and other storage devices that you see 128 PC Hardware Essentials Project Manual 5 6 10 Right click an area of unpartitioned space and choose New Partition on the shortcut menu Computer Management m Fie Action View Window Help e e Ds Computer Management Local Yolume Layout _ Type File System Status Capacity F System Tools c Partition Basic NTFS Healthy System 2 0066 1 Gi Event Viewer g Shared Folders z Local Users and Groups Performance Logs and Alerts a Device Manager sy Storage Removable Storage Disk Defragmenter Disk Management lt Services and Applications Sisk 0 ee Basic C 3 02 GB 2 00 GB NTFS 1 02 GB Online Healthy System Free space S
14. es not have a SCSI host adapter embedded on the motherboard A an ISA PCI or PCI X SCSI host adapter card board depending on the system s bus and appropriate cables an available PCI or ISA slot a technician s toolkit with antistatic wrist strap documentation for the host adapter recommended 60 minutes None Part A Install a SCSI host adapter 1 If necessary shut down the computer and unplug it Disconnect any external peripherals attached to the PC 2 Carefully remove the computer case Note As soon as the cover is removed use the antistatic wrist strap to protect the computer from ESD 3 Locate an open expansion slot compatible with your host adapter 4 If you are installing an older ISA host adapter card you may need to configure jumpers or DIPswitches on the card before installing it Check the manufacturer s documentation for any 122 PC Hardware Essentials Project Manual required settings Most modern host adapters Figure 7 7 are Plug and Play however so this is likely to be unnecessary Figure 7 7 Atypical host adapter card 5 Remove the slot cover from the back of the computer and carefully insert the card into the available slot 6 Secure the card in the slot with the case screw Reconnect the power cable and any other peripheral cables you disconnected 8 Turn on the computer As the computer starts look at the monitor Most SCSI host adapters display a start up message with a p
15. l HARD DRIVES PROJECTS _ l l _ Project 7 1 Examining Drive Geometry Project 7 2 Removing an IDE Hard Drive Project 7 3 Installing an IDE Hard Drive Project 7 4 Installing a SATA Hard Drive Project 7 5 Installing a SCSI Host Adapter Card and Device Driver Project 7 6 Replacing a SCSI Hard Drive Project 7 7 Partitioning and Formatting a Hard Disk Drive Project 7 8 Defragmenting a Hard Drive 111 112 PC Hardware Essentials Project Manual Project 7 1 Examining Drive Geometry Overview To understand how disks store data you need to understand disk geometry which refers to the electronic organization of the disk drive The components of disk geometry include the physical number of read write heads usually one for each side of the platter and the number of cylinders tracks and sectors of the disk You can use this information to determine the storage capacity of a hard drive In this project you will examine the drive geometry cylinders heads and sectors of a hard drive Older drives list the cylinders heads and sectors or the sectors per track SPT Note that because the number of tracks per surface is the same as the number of cylinders on the drive manufacturers only report the number of cylinders not tracks Outcomes After completing this project you will know how to A identify the drive geometry of a hard drive A use drive geometry informa
16. l alternatively you can reinstall the SCSI hard drive that you removed in Part A of the project a power connector inside the computer that matches the plug on the new drive usually a Molex an internal terminator if the host adapter doesn t already have one built in an interface cable usually a ribbon cable with the appropriate connectors for connecting the new drive to the host adapter a technician s toolkit with antistatic wrist strap and antistatic mat Completion time 60 minutes Precautions Be sure to take all necessary ESD precautions Also make sure that any data on the hard drive that you will be removing has been backed up E Part A Remove the current SCSI hard drive 1 2 3 4 If necessary turn on the computer and access the CMOS setup routine also referred to as the BIOS setup program or BIOS screen The CMOS setup routine is available for only a short time during the book sequence Most computer manufacturers tell you how to enter the CMOS startup screen as the computer is booting typically by pressing a specific key combination such as F2 or Ctl 71 The initial screen typically displays a menu of configuration categories each of which lead to one or more additional menu screens and options Select the Drive Configuration option and press the Enter key Record the information that appears When you have finished recording the information press the Escape key and allow the computer t
17. loppy start up disk A an IDE hard drive compatible with the BIOS of the computer and the operating system that can be installed a ribbon cable for an IDE drive a Molex power connector that matches the plug on the drive a technician s tool kit with antistatic wrist strap and mat the manual that came with the drive optional but recommended Completion time 60 minutes Precautions Be sure to take all necessary ESD precautions 1 Research the settings for the new hard drive and record the jumper and CMOS setup information in the space provided Jumper settings 118 PC Hardware Essentials Project Manual 9 10 11 12 Cylinders Heads Sectors Note Newer hard drives have diagrams of their jumper blocks on their labels If necessary shut down the computer Remove the power cable from the computer and carefully open the computer case Locate an available drive bay and identify where the cables will connect Set the jumpers on the new hard drive so they have the same function master slave or cable select as the drive you removed from the computer The jumper blocks may be very different Record how you set the jumpers Insert the new hard drive into the drive bay securing it with mounting rails or screws Attach the ribbon cable Figure 7 4 to the hard disk drive and motherboard or the hard disk controller with the striped edge of the ribbon cable on pin 1 of the plugs On early
18. nd reattach cables as necessary Project 7 5 Overview Outcomes What yov ll need Completion time Precautions Hard Drives 121 Installing a SCSI Host Adapter Card and Device Driver SCSI Small Computer Systems Interface is an interface standard that supports a variety of internal and external peripheral devices including hard drives SCSI technology is typically found in server computers but is also available for PCs Before you can install a SCSI hard drive into a computer system the computer must be able to support it Some computers have SCSI support built into their motherboards or come with a SCSI adapter in a slot as standard equipment If the computer does not have one of these two things you must install a SCSI host adapter A SCSI host adapter is used to manage all of the devices on the SCSI bus as well as to send and retrieve data from the devices There are a variety of host adapter cards available including those compatible with 8 bit ISA 16 bit ISA and PCI buses The host adapter chosen must be compatible with the motherboard s expansion buses In this project you will learn how to install a SCSI host adapter card and confirm that its associated device driver has been installed After completing this project you will know how to A install a SCSI host adapter card A confirm that the SCSI host adapter device driver has been installed To complete this project you will need A a working computer that do
19. o finish booting Shut down the computer and unplug it Disconnect any external peripheral cables Carefully remove the computer case cover Note After you remove the cover use the antistatic wrist strap to protect the computer from ESD Hard Drives 125 Prepare a sketch that shows where each expansion card goes in the motherboard expansion slots and where any cables or wires are connected to the expansion card On this sketch note the pin 1 edge the edge that has a stripe on the cables and the colors of individual wires attached to the expansion card If any of the expansion cards are obstructing your access to the hard drive you will need to remove them Disconnect the wires and cables that are connected to the expansion card remove the mounting screw grasp the expansion card with both hands and pull upward while gently rocking the board from front to back Note As soon as the expansion card is out place it on an antistatic mat to protect against ESD The power cable plug on the hard drive is keyed so it fits only one way but the ribbon data cable can be accidentally reversed if it is not keyed To keep this from happening note the pin position of the hard drive so you can later match it with the striped edge on the data cable when the drive is reinstalled After you ve done this disconnect the data cable ribbon cable and power cable from the hard drive Physically remove the hard drive from the computer Unbolt the h
20. put on your antistatic wrist strap to protect the computer from ESD Prepare a sketch that shows where each expansion card goes in the motherboard expansion slots and where any cables or wires are connected to the expansion card On this sketch note the pin 1 edge the edge that has a stripe on the cables and the colors of individual wires attached to the expansion card 116 PC Hardware Essentials Project Manual 6 If any of the expansion cards are obstructing your access to the hard drive you will need to remove them Disconnect the wires and cables that are connected to the expansion card remove the mounting screw grasp the expansion card with both hands and pull upward while gently rocking the board from front to back Figure 7 3 Note As soon as the expansion card is out place it on an antistatic mat to protect against ESD 1 Remove any connectors diagramming them first 2 Remove the board s mounting screw 3 Grasp the board along its top edge and rock it gently up and out 4 Once the board is out of its slot avoid touching the edge connector Y C Rock gently front to back not side to N ANAARAABAE A BARARAR TE Motherboard Figure 7 3 Removing the expansion card The power cable plug on the hard drive is keyed so it fits only one way but the ribbon data cable can be accidentally reversed if it is not keyed To keep this from happening note the pin 1 position
21. r DVD ROM drive Here accept the default assignment Click the Next button to open the Format Partition screen Here a file system for the drive must be selected NTFS is the file system selected by default What are the other file systems available Choose NTFS as the file system and enter a label name for the partition in the Volume label text box Record the label that you selected Make sure the Perform a Quick Format checkbox is selected Click the Next button The Completing the New Partition Wizard screen appears Review the information presented and then click the Finish button to complete the process Return to the Computer Management window to see the newly created primary partition Close the Computer Management window and all other open windows What are some other methods available to partition and format a hard disk drive 130 PC Hardware Essentials Project Manual Project 7 8 Defragmenting a Hard Drive Overview When you create a file it normally occupies contiguous hard drive space the clusters used to store the file are adjacent to each other Over time as the file size increases there may not be enough contiguous space for the file So the file gets broken up This process is called fragmentation When enough files become fragmented the hard drive wastes time going to different clusters to retrieve them If fragmentation becomes bad enough a condition called disk thrashing oc
22. rompt a set of keystrokes that allows you to enter the SCSI setup system Note what you see Hard Drives 123 9 If there is an option to enter the SCSI setup system type the prompt In the SCSI setup review and record the options offered Refer to the host adapter card s manual for any details about the SCSI setup options E Part B Confirm installation of the SCSI host adapter device driver 1 Most host adapter cards today are Plug and Play When you restart the computer Windows should detect the presence of the adapter card and prompt you through the process of installing the host adapter s drive Do so 2 Once the driver is installed use Device Manager to confirm that this software was properly installed To open Device Manager in Windows XP right click My Computer in the Start menu and select Properties on the shortcut menu to open the Systems Properties dialog box Click the Hardware tab and then click the Device Manager button to open the Device Manager You should see an entry for your host adapter under SCSI and RAID Controllers Project 7 6 Replacing a SCSI Hard Drive Overview Unlike IDE devices which usually have one jumper to select between master slave or cable select status SCSI devices have three jumpers to set their ID number These jumpers provide eight binary combinations from 000 to 111 The host adapter SCSI controller is usually device 7 whereas a bootable hard drive is usually device
23. ry ESD precautions You will need to ensure that drive you are installing is compatible with the motherboard Back up the data on existing hard disks in your PC 2 Review the documentation included with your motherboard or third party SATA expansion card If necessary install a PCI SATA expansion card if the motherboard does not include onboard SATA support 3 Find an empty drive bay for the SATA drive or rearrange the positions of existing storage devices removing the old hard drive if necessary 4 Insert the SATA drive in the drive bay and secure it in place 120 PC Hardware Essentials Project Manual 5 Attach the 4 pin side of a Molex to SATA power cable to a Molex cable from your power supply and attach the 15 pin side to the SATA power connector on the SATA drive Figure 7 5 A PC that includes direct SATA support may include a power supply with a native 15 pin power cable Figure 7 5 SATA power cable 6 Connect the 7 pin data cable to the SATA connector on the drive and to the SATA 1 header on the motherboard or PCI expansion card Figure 7 6 SATA data cable 7 Reconnect any drives expansion cards and internal cables that were disconnected duringthe drive installation Reconnect the external video cable and power cable so that you can power on the computer and confirm that the system BIOS detects the drive properly If the PC doesn t boot the drive is either misconfigured or not detected at all Remove a
24. so make sure that any data on the hard drive that you will be removing has been backed up 1 Ifnecessary turn on the computer and access the CMOS setup routine also referred to as the BIOS setup program or BIOS screen The CMOS setup routine is available for only a short time during the book sequence Most computer manufacturers tell you how to enter the CMOS startup screen as the computer is booting typically by pressing a specific key combination such as 2 or Cir 1 The initial screen typically displays a menu of configuration categories each of which lead to one or more additional menu screens and options Figure 7 2 Select the Drive Configuration option and press the Enter key Record the information that appears Hard Drives 115 AMIBIOS SIMPLE SETUP UTI VERSION 1 21 12 C 2000 American Megatrends Inc All Rights Reserved Standard CHOS Setup Features Setup Advanced Setup CPU PnP Setup Power Management Setup Hardware Monitor PCI Z Plug and Play Setup Change Password Load Optimal Settings Exit Load Best Performance Settings Item Shift F2 per formant Figure 7 2 Accessing the CMOS setup routine When you have finished recording the information press the E computer to finish booting key and allow the Shut down the computer and disconnect the power cable along with any external peripheral cables Carefully remove the computer case Note As soon as the cover is removed
25. tion to calculate the available data storage space on the drive What you ll need To complete this project you will need A an older IDE hard drive that lists the cylinders heads and sectors and which has already been removed from the computer A acalculator Completion time 30 minutes Precautions On newer drives generally those that can store over 8 4 GB the drive will list the mode such as LBA Logical Block Addressing and the number of hard drive sectors For such hard drives you cannot use the below steps to calculate storage capacity 1 Examine the hard drive to locate a section labeled Parameters Figure 7 1 Nn Hard Drives 113 YA Distal GAMA Enhanced IDE Hard Drive Drive parameters 13328 cyl a 15 heads a 63 spt a 6448 6 MB V Sos 046 0025 MA tiie A DATE WO 885 UII I ret WD P N WD64AA O0AAA2 TAC J8 JUMPER SETTINGS Tite Bk 9 46 PIN see 198 64 2 MOST DRIVES ARE SHIPPED WITH A JUMPER AS SHOWN ABOVE NO NEED TO REMOVE FOR SINGLE DRIVE SETTING SLAVE MASTER SINGLE Standard Settings lt r y aaa yO Figure 7 1 Locating the Parameters section on a hard drive Enter the information you find Cylinders Heads Sectors Calculate drive geometry using the formula Cylinders x Heads x Sectors x 512 Drive Capacity Convert the result above into MB by dividing by 1
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