Wiley Microsoft Office Excel 2007 for Project Managers
Contents
1. is E 47178book book Page 1 Wednesday December 6 2006 10 10 AM t 4 Establishing Project Management Fundamentals Zl NS 47178bo0k book Page 2 Wednesday December 6 2006 10 10 AM This chapter will start us off with the fundamentals of project management We want to make sure that your understanding of PELS project management is in line with ours because after all there is more than one way to manage a project If your experience is like ours you probably tried several approaches until you found one that worked for you For some the process of managing a project organizing data and communicating with stakeholders and team members comes naturally For others let s just say there were a few knocks along the way and finding a system that works is still somewhat of a struggle No matter how you manage a project or what your understanding of project management processes is we re going to set the foundation here and walk you through a process that incorporates sound project management principles with the benefits of Excel 2007 and other Office 2007 products to manage your projects and project data more efficiently Project Management Institute Project management brings together a set of tools and techniques that describe organize and monitor the activities and work of the project Project management is performed by people and you probably have experience doing just that whether you call it project man ageme2. 47178book book Page 21 Wednesday December 6 2006 10 10 AM Key Project Management Skills 21 gt lt As you will discover later using portal software such as Windows SharePoint Services WSS or SharePoint Portal Server SPS allows you to enhance the abilities you have to store documents For example using SPS now called Microsoft Office SharePoint Server MOSS you can add metadata data about the data to a spreadsheet file as well as create different views of the data for various users It s also helpful to follow a consistent naming convention for your files so that if you do have to search for them you at least know what they re called Staying with the project status reports example you may consider naming the files with the date followed by the name For example if you have weekly status reports name them something like 01 11 08 Status Report Or if you have monthly status reports Jan 08 Status Report will work If you require individual team members to provide you with status reports this is a good idea you could name them similarly and file them in a subfolder under Project Status called Team Status Reports In this case use the date and the team member s name You might want to consider creating an Excel spreadsheet to track where and when information was filed especially if you are managing a very large project that will likely collect mounds of documentation or you re managing multiple projects
3. Establishing a project budget Zl NS 47178bo0k book Page 8 Wednesday December 6 2006 10 10 AM 8 Chapter 1 Establishing Project Management Fundamentals Defining project activities Developing a project schedule Determining resource needs skills and talents Executing The Executing process is where the work of the project happens The project man ager coordinates and directs project resources and oversees the completion of the project plan This process also ensures that future project work stays in alignment with the project goals Approved changes to the project plan are typically implemented here Sometimes the changes require a trip back through the Planning processes to adjust plans or schedules to keep the project on track The following list includes some of the accomplishments for this process group Forming and motivating the project team Directing and leading the project team Obtaining other project resources Communicating project information Conducting project status meetings Monitoring and Controlling Monitoring and Controlling as the name implies is where the work of the project is measured verified and accepted or where action is taken to correct work that is not in line with the project plan Performance measurements are taken and evaluated during these processes to determine if variances exist between the work results and the project plan If variances are discovered corrective action is taken t
4. be successful but decision making meetings are much more effective with fewer participants In fact some of the research going on regarding successful projects shows that small teams are much more successful than large teams so whenever you can limit the participants to those who are critical to the task at hand Po The Project Management Institute states that project managers spend 90 per TE cent of their time communicating Based on our experience that s a correct statement If you aren t spending the majority of your day talking or other wise communicating with team members stakeholders and others about the project get started now Hang out at the water cooler if you have to Prac tice both good sending and receiving skills Communications like leadership is a topic that could fill several books all on its own It s beyond the scope of this book for us to go into all the details but we re hoping you ll put the pointers we ve given you to good use on your next project Next we ll stir up a little conflict and reveal some helpful negotiating and problem solving techniques o 0 UN 47178book book Page 16 Wednesday December 6 2006 10 10 AM 16 Chapter 1 Establishing Project Management Fundamentals Negotiating and Problem Solving Skills Negotiating and problem solving skills make up another foundation stone of successful project management Along with leadership and communication you will use negotiatin
5. For example the Cost Management knowledge area involves budgeting estimating and cost control The nine knowledge areas are as follows Project Integration Management This knowledge area involves identifying and defining the work of the project and combining unifying and integrating the appropriate processes to com plete that work The information developed and documented in this knowledge area includes the project charter the project scope statement and change control processes 0 UN 47178book book Page 18 Wednesday December 6 2006 10 10 AM 18 Chapter 1 Establishing Project Management Fundamentals Project Scope Management Project Scope Management is concerned with defining the work of the project and is highly interactive It also concerns defining both project scope and prod uct scope Project scope involves managing the work of the project whereas product scope concerns defining the characteristics of the product Some of the activities in this knowledge area are creating the scope statement creating the work breakdown structure and controlling project scope throughout the project Project Time Management This knowledge area is concerned with estimating the duration of the project plan activities devising a project schedule and monitoring and controlling devia tions from the schedule Collectively this knowledge area deals with completing the project in a timely manner Time management concerns keeping the p
6. course that can offer more information than we have the space for here Tips for Managing Information Managing time and managing information have a lot in common In fact if you re effective at managing information you ll save time How many times have you found yourself won dering where you put an email or stashed a file on your hard drive Thank goodness for search engines but there is a better way Developing an effective filing system and sticking with it will cut down on the number of times you ll need to call upon a search engine Keep in mind there s no right way to do this We ll offer you a few suggestions but you should use what works best for you Feel free to modify these ideas to fit your style Often project managers manage more than one project at a time Therefore it makes sense to create folders for each project For example suppose you have a project titled Web Redesign and one titled Retail Feasibility Study Create an electronic folder for each project Then within each folder you might consider subfolders with names that describe the types of information they hold such as for example project status reports budget vendor list project schedule stakeholder communication and so on If your project will extend over several months consider creating another set of subfolders within each of these that are date based For example the project status folder would have subfolders called Jan 2008 Feb 2008 and so on
7. that can bring about a new project For example spikes in utility prices or interruptions in oil supplies and reserves may bring about projects to create alternative energy sources Zl NS 47178bo0k book Page 6 Wednesday December 6 2006 10 10 AM 6 Chapter 1 Establishing Project Management Fundamentals Business needs Business needs such as improving efficiency reducing costs and increasing inventory churn are often reasons for project creation An example business need might involve implementing an enterprise resource planning system that improves the customer ordering and fulfillment process while providing the organization with up to the minute revenue information Customer requests Customer requests are an endless source of project creation We usually think of customers as external to the organization Keep in mind that there are also internal customers Typically the information technology human resources and accounting divisions have internal customers within the organization that they serve Customer requests both internal and external may drive many projects For example the folks in the human resources department might decide to implement an automated system for tracking all human resource transactions They want to track job applications promotions terminations and so on online rather than in file drawers Legal requirements Legal requirements primarily come about as a result of government action For example the Food
8. you This means you ll have to go beyond simple compromise You ll need to establish effective relationships with the stakeholders and understand their needs and issues You ll have to do a little personality sleuthing and determine how best to communicate and work with each individual And you ll have to have genuine concern for their stake in the project and the competing needs they face within their own divisions As the project manager it s your job to bring these issues to light and help the entire group understand them You should also present and discuss alternative solutions and bring the group to consensus on a resolution Conflict Resolution But what happens when you can t reach consensus on a resolution and end up with a conflict on your hands Conflict is when the desires needs or goals of one person or group are not in agreement with another You could throw in the towel and go home but that s not rec ommended In all seriousness withdrawal is a conflict resolution technique just not a very effective one There are five conflict resolution techniques that use different approaches to solving the issue at hand forcing smoothing compromise problem solving and withdrawal Of them problem solving is the best approach and should be used whenever possible How ever there are times when this technique may not work or may not be appropriate It s also handy to understand these techniques because you ll be able to easily spot which on
9. 1 11 2008 Contract Accounting Departmant Hard Copy Jim Swit Accounting Fab 2 18 08 Proyect Requirements Web Redesign Project Sue Taft informaton Tius 19 a draft 5 2 18 2008 v1 doc Proact Saner Requirements version 5 0 Zl NS 47178bo0k book Page 22 Wednesday December 6 2006 10 10 AM 22 Chapter 1 Establishing Project Management Fundamentals Professional Responsibility Certified project managers are required to adhere to a code of professional conduct Certified or not it s still a great idea As in most professions honesty and integrity should be your num ber one priority Honesty builds credibility with your team members and stakeholders When you hit those bumps in the project road stakeholders may not like the news you have to deliver but they ll know you re telling the truth if you ve practiced honesty and integrity all along Project managers are often in positions in which they have a lot of interaction and contact with vendors stakeholders and outside boards or commissions These people may have influ ence over your career or have the ability to reward you in other ways Your personal gain whether a promotion or a golf trip to Arizona should never be taken into account when mak ing project decisions Don t allow vendors or stakeholders to pressure you into making deci sions that sound right for you personally but might be a disaster for the project You ll also want to avoid conflict of interest situatio
10. This is especially helpful if you have a collection of documents some electronic and some hard copy that are filed in two different places Figure 1 3 shows a sample portion of a project file tracking spreadsheet We often hear the term information overload today You can manage project information overload by following some of the tips we outlined in these last two sections Keeping yourself and your team organized will save you time Writing things down helps prevent loss and also protects the project from delays when a key team member leaves with all the information in their head FIGURE 1 3 Sample file tracking log x NOM E Home met Pagelayout Formulas Data Rewiew Vew Develeper Adens rox cm Cut pe To oral re n Tm FX 7 Etom s gt P Wrap Tes Seneral x E i f com E io a A gr A Past miz ua ZIER Mergand center 152 Aj Cenditicas Fom Cel Insert Delete Format Sota Find amp x F Format Painter a y k da Formatting as Table fes l s a gt 2 Cheer gt Fiter Select Cipooara 5 Font 5 Aligrment 5 Number 5 Styles Cells tating A2 amp Date ls A E c D E F G H 1 J K i 1 Project File Tracking Log 2 Date Document Name Location of Document Folder and Sub lolder Name Document Owner Special Notes Date Archived Sue Taft information 3 11 8 2007 Project Inibistior Request doc Project Server Web Radesgninciaton achnology Wit be avalabla ir POF format in 4
11. an open door policy and stand behind it the policy that is You ll be surprised what people will tell you when they see your leadership qualities and you have gained your trust and respect gt lt Project management processes are important but people are even more important Members of high performing teams have a high level of respect and trust for their leader and for each other Strong leadership skills along with clear communication will go a long way toward building that trust Leadership involves many aspects and it s beyond the scope of this book to go into everything leadership entails Mastering the skills listed previously and remembering to actively engage your team members and stakeholders will help your project progress along the successful path Communicating Successfully A very close second to leadership skills is communication skills Actually we don t know how you can be a leader without being a good communicator It s possible to communicate without being a leader we ve all got our war stories about bosses like that but being a leader with out being an effective communicator isn t really possible So let s examine some of the key skills needed for effective communication in the project management arena Senders Communication at its basic level is an exchange of information Notice the word exchange in that definition Communication requires a sender a transmission of the message and a receiver Yes the pro
12. and Drug Administration requires an extensive testing process for new medical devices before they can be introduced to the marketplace and used on us mere humans Those processes may drive a project or drive the need for additional requirements for an existing project The legal requirements category may also include industry regulations imposed to ensure safety accountability environmental protection and so on Technological advances This one happens to be the authors favorite category Without technological advances we wouldn t have the iPod cell phones personal digital assistants digital cameras or myriad other devices we could not live without Today it seems that tech nological advances come about almost overnight It especially seems that way after you ve just purchased what you thought was the latest and greatest only to find the next latest and great est introduced the week after you purchased your model Social needs Projects driven by social needs may include things like preventing infectious dis ease purifying drinking water and creating educational programs for underprivileged children Social needs may come about due to customers or concerned citizens Each category represents opportunities business requirements or problems that need solved Management generally decides how to respond to needs and demands and those deci sions will likely bring about a new project Overview of the Project Process Groups Most project
13. but their followers aren t usually happy about it Successful project managers know that certain key aspects of leadership are important Imparting a vision of the project s value to the organization Imparting a vision of the product or service of the project the project s end result Gaining consensus on the goals and deliverables of the project and other issues that arise as the project progresses Establishing direction and a clear plan for meeting the goals of the project Managing the expectations of stakeholders management and team members Inspiring others to perform at their best Backing the team and their actions when it s appropriate Removing obstacles from the project team s path Managing conflict Building trustworthy relationships Most of these factors probably seem obvious At a minimum they make sense However don t fall into the trap of thinking that you ve accomplished these things as we ve seen many project managers do They lull themselves into believing everyone knows the plan or that everyone knows you re there to help with issues and conflicts as they arise Make it a habit 0 UN 47178book book Page 13 Wednesday December 6 2006 10 10 AM Key Project Management Skills 13 to ask Ask your team members Ask your stakeholders Ask questions such as these Do you know the goal of this project Are there any problems I should be aware of Don t assume anything Institute
14. e other participants are using and try to steer them into the problem solving technique Let s look briefly at each of them next UN 47178book book Page 17 Wednesday December 6 2006 10 10 AM Key Project Management Skills 17 Forcing Forcing is just as it sounds One person forces a solution on the other parties This typically occurs when one of the stakeholders has more authority than the others or more power to exert their influence While this is a permanent solution it isn t necessarily the best one People will go along with it because well they re forced to go along with it but it doesn t mean they agree with the solution Smoothing Smoothing is where one of the parties attempts to make the conflict appear less important than it is Everyone looks at each other and scratches their head and wonders why they thought the conflict was such a big deal anyway As a result a compromise is reached and everyone feels good about the solution until they get back to their desk and start think ing about the issue again When they realize that the conflict was smoothed over and really is more important than they were led to believe they ll be back at it and the conflict will resurface Compromise Compromise is achieved when each of the parties involved in the conflict gives up something to reach a solution Everyone involved decides what they will give on and what they won t give on and eventually through all the give and take a s
15. e project are used in the most effective way possible Some of the activities you ll perform in this knowledge area are acquiring project teams team building and managing and moti vating teams Project Communications Management Project Communications Management makes certain that all project information including project plans risk assessments meeting notes and more is collected documented archived and disposed of at the proper time This knowledge area also ensures that information is distributed and shared with stakeholders management and project members at appropriate times When the project is closed the information is archived and used as a reference for future projects This is referred to as historical information in several project processes The information you ll gather document and report in this knowledge area includes communication plans performance measurements status reports and more Project Risk Management Risks include both threats and opportunities to the project This knowledge area is concerned with identifying analyzing and planning for potential risks UN 47178book book Page 19 Wednesday December 6 2006 10 10 AM Key Project Management Skills 19 both positive and negative that may impact the project This means minimizing the probabil ity and impact of negative risks while maximizing the probability and impact of positive risks Some of the documents you ll create in this knowledge area are a r
16. e project is complete project teams have a tendency to jump right into the next project Taking the time to collect and archive documents will really pay off when you undertake a new project that s similar in size and scope to the project you ve completed You can review the documents reuse templates and save time by reviewing risks plans and so on to speed up the Planning processes in particular Here are some of the accomplishments for this process group Obtaining acceptance of the deliverables Documenting lessons learned Archiving project records Formalizing project closure Releasing project resources PX If you re working on a large project or a project that contains multiple sub lt a projects the Closing process group will become an input to the Initiating pro cess group For example imagine you re working on a construction project that is extending a university campus and adding several new buildings New buildings roads and other infrastructure components make up the overall project At the completion of each phase of the project building A building B building C and so on the closing process becomes an input into the next phase Therefore Initiating can signal not only the beginning of a project but also the beginning of the next phase of a project As we stated earlier these processes are iterative Planning Executing and Monitoring and Controlling are the most often repeated processes Also the out
17. e time management tool It contains a calendar a task list and a contact list all in one place Most of you are probably familiar with its capabilities or have used a product similar to it You can set recurring project meetings for example create tasks and give them specific due dates and so on One of the new features of Outlook 2007 allows you and each of your team members to publish your calendars to the Office Server making it available to others This is helpful when setting up meetings or when checking on someone s availability We ll talk more about scheduling team members activities and setting up resource calendars in Chapter 8 Constructing the Project Schedule and Budget Task lists are another feature of Outlook You can set up customized views to see the status of tasks by owners and due date and percent complete and so on However we find tasks lists easier to create and manage in Excel For example in your role as a project manager you will have multiple team members and tasks to track These tasks will roll up into project deliver ables Again we ll look more closely at task lists in Chapter 8 Tips for Managing Time Remember that project managers spend up to 90 percent of their time communicating This means talking to people and writing project documentation and status updates and so on If you don t 0 Zl NS 47178book book Page 20 Wednesday December 6 2006 10 10 AM 20 Chapter 1 Establis
18. f each of the process groups Initiating The Initiating process is where the project comes to life Initiating officially acknowledges that a project should begin It also indicates that resources both human and financial should be encumbered for the project The project manager is usually named here and is authorized to begin work on the project The first project documentation gets created in this group in the form of the project charter This document describes the goals of the project the business reason or justification for the project a high level description of the project s product or service and more The following are some of the accomplishments for this process group Determining the major goals of the project Assigning the project manager Documenting and publishing the project charter Planning The Planning process group is where a great deal of the project management work of the project occurs Here you ll further define the goals of the project discover and docu ment deliverables and requirements formulate communication plans highlight risks that may occur on the project determine quality metrics and more The Planning processes are critical to the functions of the remaining process groups In project management terms Planning is more than likely the most important process group of all The accomplishments for this pro cess group include the following Documenting and publishing the project scope statement
19. g and problem solving skills almost daily We ll look at the typical project management situa tions where negotiation skills are needed next and follow up with an overview of five conflict resolution techniques Negotiating Skills Usually when we think of negotiation we think of contracts or complex disputes that need resolved While that s true negotiation occurs on a much smaller scale as well You will often have to negotiate for team members with other managers in the organization you ll negotiate for additional time or money you ll negotiate costs and delivery times with vendors and there s usually a never ending stream of project issues that require negotiation to resolve These issues can range from the very minor up to and including a decision to kill the project As a project manager you may find yourself in a situation where you do not necessarily have ultimate authority over the project decisions For example you may have several divisions within your organization that have pooled their resources both budget and people to execute a project That means the stakeholders from each of the participating divisions have an equal say in decisions or where and how money will be spent Like the Survivors who use extreme mea sures to fight their way into the last person standing position this calls for extreme negotiating skills Only in this example you don t want to be the last person standing you want all the oth ers to come along with
20. gement has moved from the tactical buried eight levels deep in an obscure department to the strategic Project management offices PMOs have cropped up everywhere The PMO is responsible for the management of all the major projects within an organization also known as portfolio or program management and its director often holds a high level management position We re even beginning to see C level job postings Chief Project Management Officer to head up those PMOs Project management is no longer a matter of how to take a project from step 1 to step 10 although the tactical aspects will never go away Project management has now taken a seat at the executive table Today project management is strategic as well as tactical Where once an organization may have decided to implement a technology product to improve workforce effi ciency for example that same project is now examined from the perspective of the overall value it adds to the organization It s weighed against the strategic direction of the organiza tion and other projects of similar importance Return on investment is investigated as is the value to the customer or end user Global business implications are determined And the list goes on The factors today are considered from an organizational perspective rather than a departmental perspective 0 UN 47178book book Page 12 Wednesday December 6 2006 10 10 AM 12 Chapter 1 Establishing Project Management Fu
21. he secret to the child next to them and so on until it goes around the circle The last child tells everyone the secret As you know it s usually nothing at all like the original version This illustrates not only the importance of active listening but also the importance of limiting the number of participants in the circle or meeting as may be the case The more people in the communication chain the more likely misinterpretations will occur Figure 1 2 illustrates the lines of communications among 8 participants If you counted all the lines in the figure you d come up with 28 lines of communication among the 8 participants That amounts to 28 places for misunderstanding and misinterpre tation If you prefer to do this mathematically you can calculate the lines of communication as follows n n 1 2 total lines of communication 0 47178book book Page 15 Wednesday December 6 2006 10 10 AM Key Project Management Skills 15 FIGURE 1 2 Lines of communication As you can see the more participants you have the harder you ll have to work to make cer tain everyone hears and understands the message This doesn t mean the project meetings become an exclusive club with only a handful of members It s most important to consider the number of people in meetings where decisions need to be made Once you go over 10 or 11 participants the lines of communication become unwieldy Again it doesn t mean you can t
22. hing Project Management Fundamentals schedule time to perform these functions they may not happen And talking to your team members should rank high on your priority list Keep these tips in mind when managing your time Schedule time on your calendar every day to talk to team members so your calendar shows that time as busy Schedule time to update project documentation Again block out 30 minutes or whatever time it will take so that no one else schedules you for a meeting during that time Don t forget to add travel time before and after offsite appointments Set project status meetings change control meetings stakeholder updates and so on as recurring appointments Review your calendar and task list first thing every morning and again before you leave the office At the end of the day determine what tasks need carried over to the next day and review upcoming appointments You ll wish you had remembered this one the first time you show up to work and realize you have an important stakeholder meeting on the schedule but you wore your grubby clothes that day Handle every piece of information you see email regular mail voicemail memos and so on preferably only once but as few times as possible Read it answer it file it or delete it as soon as you re finished If you find yourself always feeling rushed or find that your day manages you rather than you managing your day you should invest in a time management
23. his book you may find that you ve used the processes and pro cedures outlined but perhaps called them by another name Others may be new to you That s okay follow along and you ll learn some of the terms and processes found in A Guide to the PMBOK and how to make the best use of Excel 2007 functions and features to make your project a success First we ll look at what a project is and some of the ways they come about What Is a Project We can t think of a better place to lay our foundation than by defining the term project It may seem odd to have to explain what a project is but people frequently confuse projects with ongoing operations Projects have definite beginning and ending dates and produce a unique product or service Ongoing operations don t typically have start or end dates and usually the same process is used to produce the same result We ll look more closely at these definitions in the next section The focus of this book is on projects Projects follow a specific process from start to finish and that process is repeatable for any project you undertake For example all projects start with a request produced in the Initiating process Each project requires proper planning and monitoring techniques to ensure that the goals of the project are met and that they satisfy stakeholder expectations We ll examine these processes as we proceed through the remaining chapters of this book Projects versus Ongoing Operations As
24. isk management plan a risk identification list a risk register risk responses and more Project Procurement Management This knowledge area is concerned with purchasing goods or services from vendors contractors suppliers and others outside the project team The activ ities and documents you ll perform in this knowledge area include planning for purchases pre paring bids and requests selecting vendors and writing contracts There is a lot of information covered in each of these knowledge areas and we ll discuss each throughout the remainder of this book For example the Project Integration Knowledge area covers the project charter and project scope statement We ll talk about the project char ter later in this chapter and jump into the scope statement in Chapter 4 Determining Project Requirements Organizing Time and Information Another skill that project managers should have in their tool bag is solid time management and organization skills Each of us has eight hours or so every workday to accomplish our tasks It seems some people accomplish twice the amount of work in that period of time than others Time management is a process that you use to control the priorities in your day so that you can work on the most important items Organizational skills are particularly useful in project management terms when it comes to organizing project documentation organizing meetings and organizing teams Microsoft Outlook is an effectiv
25. ject manager can speak and no one may listen but according to our definition that isn t communication We won t go into the mechanics of the communication model but keep in mind that information that is distributed but isn t read or acknowledged by the receiver hasn t accomplished anything If for example you know before opening an email that you re likely to get sucked into a 20 minute reading marathon to try to find the point you may not read it At best you ll skim through it and may miss the point So how can project man agers avoid some common communication blunders We re glad you asked Here are a few tips on making your communication as effective as possible when you are the sender Write clear and concise documents and stay on topic Create communication that s appropriate for the audience Executives like bullet points use them Rehearse important topics or meetings beforehand Ask someone to critique your rehearsal if needed UN 47178book book Page 14 Wednesday December 6 2006 10 10 AM 14 Chapter 1 Establishing Project Management Fundamentals Make certain you define terms that are not familiar to the receiver Leave negative emotions at your desk but take passion with you Communicate the right information and the right amount of information to avoid receivers tuning you out Receivers On the receiving end of communication is listening We re certified marriage counselors in our spare ti
26. king your spouse to install new shelving and clean and organize the garage may evoke a state ment like I don t have time for a project like that right now Cleaning and organizing the garage may be a project But how do you know for sure As we said in the previous section projects have a definite beginning and ending date they re limited in duration and at their conclusion a unique product or service is produced In this case cleaning out the garage meets the definition of a project There s a clear start and end date and when you re finished a new result is produced because the shelves are installed and scattered items are now neatly organized and categorized Zl NS 47178bo0k book Page 4 Wednesday December 6 2006 10 10 AM 4 Chapter 1 Establishing Project Management Fundamentals gt The purpose of a project is to meet its goal and conclude The purpose of TE ongoing operations is to keep the organization functioning Now suppose you have company coming for dinner If you re like us there s a mad rush 20 minutes before the guests arrive to tidy up and run the vacuum to get all those dark fuzz ies off the carpet Is this a project No It doesn t fit the definition Vacuuming is an ongoing operation Sure you start and stop at a specified time hopefully before the doorbell rings but there isn t a unique product or service produced at the end Every time you vacuum you use the same process and get the same result And it s
27. l ists engineers integrators hey you and so on Several times before the term project manager became commonplace my coworkers and managers would describe us as those organized people with a mix of technical business and people skills you know the do everything kind In reality this description wasn t and still isn t far from the truth Project managers must have a wide variety of skills and they must have high competency levels in those skill sets Four cornerstones frame the skill set of every good project manager Leading Communicating Team building and motivating Negotiating and problem solving From these skills the project management house is constructed Project management skills form the next floor General management skills technical skills organizational skills business skills industry specific skills and so on all build upon this foundation We will look at each of the foundational skills later in this section with the exception of team building We ll cover that topic in Chapter 5 Planning and Acquiring Resources 0 UN 47178book book Page 11 Wednesday December 6 2006 10 10 AM Key Project Management Skills 11 The four cornerstone skills known as soft skills are the most important set of skills you have as a project manager And of the four leadership is the foundation stone you ll lay first If you aren t good at leading your project and your project team
28. management methodologies have a series of processes through which projects progress Most methodologies start with an initiating process and continue through to closing Since we re basing our methodologies on A Guide to the PMBOK standards we ll look at the five project management process groups they promote Initiating Planning Zl NS 47178bo0k book Page 7 Wednesday December 6 2006 10 10 AM What Is a Project 7 Executing Monitoring and Controlling Closing A number of individual processes collectively make up each group For example the Initi ating process group includes two individual processes Develop Project Charter and Develop Preliminary Project Scope Statement These groups along with their individual processes make up the project management pro cess project starts off in the Initiating group and proceeds through each of the groups until it is either completed successfully and closed out or cancelled PX Often during the course of a project you ll find that you need to revisit a pro lt a cess group most likely the Planning group to update or add information that changes assumptions made previously Project management is an iterative process in that you discover information as you get further along in a project This may require changes and tweaking to previous work to keep documents plans and the work of the project on track with the goals Next let s take a look at a high level definition o
29. me no we never sleep Based on several years of helping couples with their martial woes we can safely say that a large percentage of issues are communication issues And of those listening tends to be the problem When you ask one of the spouses to repeat what they just heard the other say what s repeated is often different than what was stated That s because the listener puts their own perspective and interpretation on what was stated without having really listened to what was said Sure enough we ve experienced this same phenomenon in the workplace One team member hears what a stakeholder or another team member has to say When you get them both in the same room and have each of them restate the issue you usually discover there was some misinterpretation or misunderstanding on one or both of their parts Guard against adding your own seasoning to what you hear and practice active listening with the following techniques Ask clarifying questions Paraphrase what you heard in your own words and ask the speaker if you ve understood the issue correctly Show genuine interest by nodding in agreement or asking questions about the topic Maintain eye contact Do not interrupt wait for the speaker to finish Making Connections If you ve recently attended a child s birthday party you may have played the gossip game All the kids stand in a circle and someone whispers a secret into the ear of the first child They repeat t
30. ndamentals gt Project management has matured from the tactical to the strategic It still TE requires tactical skills to manage the day to day activities of project work but increasingly projects are viewed from the perspective of the organization as a whole and the value they add to the organization or its customers Because of this maturity from the tactical to the strategic it s more imperative than ever that project managers have a well rounded set of skills As we said a project manager s skills are first and foremost built upon leadership abilities Without solid leadership skills it s dif ficult to impart vision gain support for that vision and inspire project teams to perform at their best We ll look at leadership skills in the next section Leadership Skills What s your definition of a leader Is a leader a leader because they hold a position of author ity Do you know leaders who don t hold a managerial title Our guess is your answer to this last question is yes Leaders don t necessarily have a position of authority in the organization Nonetheless they are leaders in their own right These are the go to folks in the organization They re the ones likely to inspire project team members to say I wonder what fill in the blank thinks of that idea and to follow their opinion on the topic Leadership is more than getting people to do what you want them to do Dictators don t have any trouble performing this feat
31. ns A conflict of interest is where it appears that your own interests are benefiting as a result of project decisions For example suppose you are part owner with your brother in law in a real estate firm One of the require ments of your project is to locate and lease a building You should not choose this real estate company as the firm to find the building needed for the project because there s not only a con flict of interest but a potential for personal gain as well When in doubt avoid even the appearance of impropriety ITE Project managers should strive to maintain a level of professionalism that depicts honesty and integrity Continuing education in your industry and project management techniques should also always be high on your personal to do list Respect your company s data and property lead by example and always report truthfully and honestly Chapter 2 includes an overview of Excel and other Office 2007 products We ll incorporate their features into the following chapters and walk you through constructing processes and templates using these products
32. nt or not As we mentioned there are several established project management processes you could use to manage a project We will be using the principles outlined by the Project Management Insti tute PMI in A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge PMBOK Guide Third Edition PMI sets the standard in project management today It is the most widely recognized organization regarding project management and it has successfully promoted project manage ment best practices around the globe PMI offers two certifications the Project Management Professional PMP and the Certified Associate in Project Management CAPM If you re inter ested in learning more about these certifications please visit www pmi org If you have not yet obtained the PMP certification we encourage you to do so You ll find that this certification is now a requirement for many project management job postings and other positions particularly in the information technology field where project management is a significant function and responsibility of the role Zl NS 47178bo0k book Page 3 Wednesday December 6 2006 10 10 AM What Is a Project 3 gt lt If you re thinking about taking the PMP exam offered through PMI be sure to get a copy of Kim Heldman s PMP Project Management Professional Study Guide Third Edition Sybex 2005 Thousands of people world wide have used Kim s book to study for and pass the PMP exam As you progress through t
33. o once again get the work of the project in line with the plan This might mean another pass through the Planning process group to adjust project activities resources schedules budgets and so on Here are some of the accomplishments for this process group Measuring project performance against the plan Taking corrective actions when needed to bring performance measures within limits Evaluating the effectiveness of corrective action measures Ensuring that the project progresses according to the plan Reviewing and implementing change requests In practice the Executing and Monitoring and Controlling processes are often STE combined and performed together or very close together As work results are produced Executing they re verified and accepted or adjustments are made to correct the work and produce results in line with the plan Monitoring and Controlling If you find it easier to combine these processes as these authors do stay alert to changes and make certain not to skip the important steps within either process group Zl NS 47178bo0k book Page 9 Wednesday December 6 2006 10 10 AM What Is a Project 9 Closing The Closing process group brings a formal orderly end to the project In this group final acceptance of the project occurs project documents are gathered and archived contracts are closed out lessons learned are documented and more Closing is the most often skipped process Once the work of th
34. olution is reached Neither side wins or loses in this situation and it could result in apathy from all the participants If compromise must be used make certain firm commitments to the resolution are made by all parties to help assure that the solution is permanent Confrontation This technique is also called problem solving and is the best way to resolve conflict A fact finding mission results in this scenario The thinking here is that one right solu tion to a problem exists and the facts will bear out the solution Once the facts are uncovered they re presented to the parties and the decision will be clear Thus the solution becomes a per manent one and the conflict expires This is the conflict resolution approach project mangers use most often and is an example of a win win conflict resolution technique Withdrawal Withdrawal occurs when one of the parties gets up and leaves and refuses to dis cuss the conflict This never results in resolution It s probably the worst of all the techniques because nothing gets resolved Withdrawal is a lose lose technique General Management Skills General management skills as mentioned earlier involve accounting marketing procure ment human resources international business and so on From a project management per spective they involve what A Guide to the PMBOK calls the nine knowledge areas These are specific areas of knowledge that bring together information and processes by commonalities
35. over to us in the restroom The topper is the one that came about when one of our coworker s bosses told a newspaper reporter about a project his organization was undertaking The trouble was our coworker hadn t heard a word about the project until he read the article in the Sunday paper You probably have a few stories of your own like these On a serious note there are several reasons a project comes about Understanding the reason will help you clarify the goals and scope of the project For example if you know the project came about due to a new law or mandatory regulation you ll know there are specific require ments that must be met and certain aspects of the project that cannot be compromised The new law may have strict specifications and those specifications must be incorporated as part of the requirements for your project Organizations are always examining ways of creating business staying competitive gain ing efficiencies and serving their customers in new and creative ways Projects may result from all of these needs Business requirements opportunities or problems may also bring about a new project According to A Guide to the PMBOK most projects come about as a result of one of the following six needs or demands We ll briefly examine each next Market demands Market demands often drive new project requests Changes in the economy changes in consumer habits and changes in supply and demand are all examples of market demands
36. puts of one process group Ini tiating for example become the inputs to another process group Planning for example It s important to be as detailed and accurate as you can as you progress through the processes because you ll be building on the documentation and work you ve done previously Figure 1 1 shows the inputs and outputs and the iterative nature of these processes We ll cover each of the process groups as we progress through the remaining chapters of this book with the most emphasis on the Planning processes Planning is probably the most important process group of all and is likely the place where Excel 2007 and the other Office products will get the heaviest use You ll continue to use Excel throughout the remainder of the project but the largest effort will be spent up front establishing templates forms and pro cesses that you ll fill in and update as the work of the project progresses Next we ll take a look at the key skills every good project manager should possess UN 47178book book Page 10 Wednesday December 6 2006 10 10 AM 10 Chapter 1 Establishing Project Management Fundamentals FIGURE 1 1 Project management process groups Project Management Process Groups Monitoring and Controlling Key Project Management Skills When this author Kim started her career in project management the field wasn t even called project management We were known by a host of names analysts implementation specia
37. roject activities on track and mon itoring those activities against the project plan to ensure that the project is completed on time Some of the accomplishments achieved in this knowledge area are defining activities estimating activity durations creating the project schedule and controlling the project schedule Project Cost Management The activities in the Project Cost Management knowledge area establish cost estimates for resources and keep watch over those costs to ensure that the project stays within the approved budget This knowledge area is primarily concerned with the costs of human resources but other costs should be considered as well The activities in this knowl edge area include estimating costs developing the project budget and controlling costs Project Quality Management The Project Quality Management knowledge area assures that the project meets the requirements it was undertaken to produce Some of the activities in this knowledge area are creating the quality management plan measuring performance monitor ing project results and comparing them to the quality standards to ensure that the customer will receive the product or service they thought they purchased Project Human Resource Management Project Human Resource Management involves all aspects of people management including leading coaching dealing with conflict perfor mance appraisals and more This knowledge area ensures that the human resources assigned to th
38. seemingly a never ending chore Vacuuming must occur every few days or so and it s almost always performed in the same way That describes an ongoing operation There is no clear start and end date the tasks are repetitive in nature and generally the same result is produced over and over Ongoing operations may or may not follow a specific process and they can TE take on a million different forms The process for one operation isn t neces sarily the same as it is for another This doesn t mean that you can t use the templates and spreadsheets presented in this book for tracking ongoing oper ations or organizing other data or tasks In fact you may find several of the forms and spreadsheets in this book useful for other applications so feel free to modify them and incorporate them into your routine Perhaps your boss approaches you with the following scenario She d like to consolidate the four disparate networks in your organization into one network and clearly define the roles and responsibilities for each of the team members under the new scenario Isit a project Yes It has a definite start and end date and it produces a unique product or service at its con clusion However when this project is over and the networks are successfully consolidated the process of monitoring and fine tuning the network becomes an ongoing operation This scenario tends to occur quite often in the information technology field A project is completed and then as
39. similated into the ongoing everyday work of the organization For example a new software program is written to monitor customers buying patterns When the software is tested and implemented another team of specialists takes over the day to day tasks of monitoring the software and helping users work through problems In other industries projects may come to a conclusion without being assimilated into ongoing operations The construction and manufacturing industries are some examples that come to mind Once you ve constructed a building or produced a new product it s turned over to the consumer Table 1 1 recaps the characteristics of projects and ongoing operations Zl NS 47178bo0k book Page 5 Wednesday December 6 2006 10 10 AM What Is a Project 5 TABLE 1 1 Projects versus Ongoing Operations Projects Ongoing Operations Definite beginning and ending No definitive beginning and ending Temporary Ongoing Produces a unique product or service Produces the same product or service over and over Resources are dedicated to the project Resources are dedicated to operations Ending is determined by specific criteria Processes are repeated over and over How Projects Come About The authors have over 40 years combined experience working on or managing projects It never ceases to amaze us how new projects come about We ve seen them announced at team meetings mentioned in the hallway scribbled down on a lunch napkin and turned
40. will likely suffer for it Tech nical skills are important but without a mastery of the soft skills the technical skills aren t a lot of help Think of it as having a set of stairs in a 20 story building The trip to the top floor is possible but it s a lot of hard work and you ll likely lose team members along the way An elevator would make the journey a lot more pleasant BP Whether you believe soft skills are intertwined with our personalities and 1a styles or you believe they can be learned it s safe to say none of us knows everything and there s always opportunity to learn new information and add a few new tips and tricks to your tool bag Mastering the four foundation skills is even more important today than it was in the past because the field of project management has grown up within the organization We ll look at how that s happened next Project Management Maturity As the project management profession has grown and matured so has its place in the typical organization For example in the early days of our careers we wielded notebooks full of spreadsheets checklists and documentation for each project we were assigned The positions we held were buried several layers deep in the organization usually somewhere in the cus tomer service or information technology departments Today many organizations take a much more holistic approach to project management Sure we still have the spreadsheets and checklists but project mana
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