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CHEMICAL MOVEMENT IN LAYERED SOILS, CMLS

1. Figure 34 Example of display of potential evapotranspiration data obtained by double clicking on the PET checkmark for the Christchurch Airport weather station Page 47 Temperature information of Wauchula FL ol x File 3 lava Application Window Figure 35 Example of display of temperature data obtained by double clicking on the temperature checkmark for the Wauchula Florida weather station Page 48 2 0 x Parameter values of Altus OK Irr Res Sta Monthly data of Altus OK Irr Res Sta Parameter Value MEA AXDRY C 25 6 10 431535 0 140496 0 312384 0 449033 PTMAX C 5 54 20 456693 0 168258 0 35249 0 421007 MEANCYTMAX C 17 71 30 454545 0 155556 0 380241 0 452956 PCYTMAX C 17 83 40 452899 0 17226 0 38659 0 653458 ME s C 21 46 50 506203 0 24938 0 391276 0 99108 ME IN C 9 51 0 424419 0 234867 0 38351 1 249551 PTMIN C 5 44 70 438735 0 149582 0 396528 0 705275 MEANCYTMIN C 17 67 8 0 439114 0 157783 0 341141 0 828855 PCYTMIN C 17 86 9 0 488215 0 170676 0 356899 1 081445 MEANRDRY 470 100 480769 0 144362 0 341393 1 204225 ANIPE 195 11 0 493333 0 118519 0 396314 0 594321 MEANRWET 300 120 478261 0 122574 0 348048 0 448638 F ava Application Window Figure 36 Example of display of WGEN parameters obtained by double clicking on the WGEN checkmark for the Wauchula Fl weather station Adding a new station and e
2. where CNy is the moisture condition II curve number for the soil CNy values are the normal tabulated curve numbers Equations 13 to 16 estimate infiltration in inches for precipitation in inches Page 7 Evapotranspiration Estimation Four sources of daily evapotranspiration ET are currently supported in CMLS98B These are 1 actual ET values stored in a data file 2 estimated ET using daily pan evaporation data 3 estimated ET using the SCS Blaney Criddle equations with historical or generated weather data and 4 estimated ET using the FAO Blaney Criddle method and historical or generated weather Users can use other estimators outside of CMLS98B and create actual ET files for use in this software However only the Blaney Criddle estimators can be used for Monte Carlo simulations If you have other estimators you would like to have incorporated contact the authors The methods used to estimate infiltration and flux of water passing the current chemical depth make CMLS98B somewhat less sensitive than many crop models to the distribution of daily evapotranspiration In fact CMLS98B is sensitive only to the total ET between infiltration events The distribution of ET during that time period has no effect on the predicted flux of water and chemical leaching The basic concept with all of the ET estimators is to determine a reference crop evapotranspiration value ETo and to relate ET to ET for the crop of interest by means of time d
3. Changes made to the database are immediately stored in random access memory and are available for the current use of the software The modified database can be written to a file in the local computer by selecting the Export User Data option in the File menu at the top of the screen The next time the program is used these data can be restored by using the Import User Data option in the File menu Page 39 Regions and Areas Figure 26 shows the regions and areas included in the current database These values can be edited on this screen Pressing the Add an Area button adds a blank line to the bottom of the table shown The user can then enter an area for an existing region or enter both a new region and a new area This must be done before soils crops or weather can be added for that area This screen also enables the user to delete an area from the database Caution Deleting an area automatically deletes all soils associated with that area If that is the only area in the region the region is also deleted along with all crops and weather stations in that region Chemical Movement in Layered Soils E ioj x File Data Requirements Help Chemical Movement in Layered Soils CMLS Introduction Choose the desired table from the database Regions Areas Soils Chemicals Crops Weather Stations Soil Region Name Area Name Florida Jackson Florida Santa Rosa MII ew Zealand Canterbury Oklahoma Caddo Crop W
4. ed Organic Chemicals in the Environment Marcel Dekker Inc NY pp 49 143 Hornsby A G P S C Rao J G Booth P V Rao K D Pennell R E Jessup and G D Means 1990 Evaluation of models for predicting fate of pesticides Project Completion Report Contract No WM 255 Bureau of Groundwater Protection Florida Department of Environmental Regulation 2600 Blair Stone Road Tallahassee FL 32399 2400 130p Jensen M E R D Burman and R G Allen Editors 1990 Evapotranspiration and Irrigation Water Requirements Am Soc Civil Eng 332 pp Karickhoff S W 1981 Semi empirical estimation of sorption of hydrophobic pollutants on natural sediments and soils Chemosphere 10 833 846 Karickhoff S W 1984 Organic pollutant sorption in aquatic systems J Hydr Eng 110 707 735 Ma Fengxia 1993 Using the Unix shell to integrate a management model with a GIS M S Thesis Oklahoma State University 75 pp Nofziger D L and A G Hornsby 1986 A microcomputer based management tool for chemical movement in soils Appl Agr Res 1 50 56 Nofziger D L and A G Hornsby 1987 Chemical Movement in Layered Soils User s Manual Circular 780 Florida Coop Ext Ser Inst of Food and Agr Sci Univer of Florida Gainesville FL 44 pp Nofziger D L Jin Song Chen and C T Haan 1994 Evaluating CMLS as a tool for assessing risk of pesticide leaching to groundwater J Env Sci and Health A29 6 1133 1155 Pennell K
5. Customize Back ava Application Window Databases Figure 18 Probability of exceeding different depths of 2 4 D acid 365 days after application in the Cobb Loamy Sand red line and Eufaula Sand purple line soils based on 100 different weather realizations for the site in Caddo County Oklahoma Page 30 Table 3 Types of probability distributions that can be selected Probability of exceeding different e Depths at a specified time after application e Depths at a specified amount of chemical remaining in profile e Depths at a specified cumulative infiltration e Depths at a specified cumulative drainage e Depths at a specified cumulative flux density passing chemical e Amounts of chemical linear scale passing a specified depth e Amounts of chemical logarithmic scale passing a specified depth e Amounts of chemical linear scale at a specified time after application e Amounts of chemical logarithmic scale at a specified time after application e Amounts of chemical linear scale at a specified cumulative infiltration e Amounts of chemical logarithmic scale at a specified cumulative infiltration e Amounts of chemical linear scale at a specified cumulative drainage e Amounts of chemical logarithmic scale at a specified cumulative drainage e Amounts of chemical linear scale at a specified cumulative flux density passing chemical e Amounts of chemical logarithmic scale at a specified cumulative flux density passing chemical
6. Tabular summaries of more than one simulation the report will contain information about the collection of simulations Chemical Movement in Layered Soils s a ioj x File Data Requirements Help Chemical Movement in Layered Soils CMLS Introduction Select Type of Report Soil Select the Type of Table Desired Weather Selected parameters as a function of time Tabular summaries of more than one simulation simulation Irrigation Java Application Window Figure 19 Introductory screen for all reports The user uses this screen to select the type of report desired and then presses the Next button Page 32 Selected parameters as a function of time To make this report the user must select the soil chemical systems of interest as illustrated in Figure 20 This selection process is just like the one used for line graphs for individual simulations Figure 12 The next step shown in Figure 21 is to select the years to be included in the report The final step is to select the parameters to be included in the report and the number of days to simulate for each application date Figure 22 Figure 23 illustrates part of the report generated by the preceding screens The file menu contains options for printing the report or saving it as a text file Chemical Movement in Layered Soils Be i l o x File Data Requirements Help Chemical Movement in Layered Soils CMLS Introduction
7. and half life t is the degradation half life of the chemical at time t By default the half life is taken as a constant over all times However CMLS98B is capable of adjusting the degradation half life for temperature changes The half life at time t and the depth of the pesticide mass center where the soil temperature is Temp t is given by E 1 1 half life t H 3 Di alf life t Hpgp arl R ia Temprep m Here Hrer J is the reference half life determined at the incubation temperature Temprer for layer j Ea is the activation energy of the degradation reaction and R is a universal gas constant 0 008315 kJ mol K The soil temperature at the pesticide mass center at time t is predicted from observed surface soil temperature data using the equation 3 st DE Temp t Temp Ae Pe sin 21 i J z 12 where Tempave and Ao are the annual mean and amplitude of daily average surface soil temperature to is the time lag from the starting date of simulation to the occurrence of the minimum temperature in a year and d is the damping depth of annual fluctuation CMLS98B uses dt equal to one day and selects j as the layer containing the chemical at time t The damping depth d is estimated from clay content of the solid particles porosity and an average water content of the composite soil Wu and Nofziger 1998 The annual mean amplitude and time lag are evaluated through a least square optimization procedure to el
8. so if the root zone can store 21 mm of water at the time of irrigation the system would actually apply 30 mm since 21 mm is 70 of 30 mm Chemical Movement in Layered Soils Eoo File Data Requirements Help Chemical Movement in Layered Soils CMLS Introduction Select Desired Irrigation Practices O None Periodic Demand Irrigation occurs at regular time intervals during the season Begin Irrigation June viis v End Irrigation September v 10 v Days Between Irrigations 7 Irrigation Amount mm 50 0 Java Application Window Figure 9 Input screen for periodic irrigation Page 19 Chemical Movement in Layered Soils File Data Requirements Help Chemical Movement in Layered Soils CMLS 15 x Introduction Select Desired Irrigation Practices Irrigation occurs when only a specified fraction of available water remains Begin Irrigation June So End Irrigation September 10 v Weather Graphics Critical Available Water Level 50 i Irrigation efficiency 0 un i Minimum Application Amount mm Databases Java Application Window Figure 10 Screen for specifying parameters for demand scheduling of irrigation Page 20 Graphics CMLS supports many different types of graphs as shown in Figure 11 The first type includes graphs of data from individual simulations of soi
9. 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1972 1 0 0 0 93 0 0 1 1972 2 0 023 0 87 7 6 1 1972 3 0 041 0 81 13 7 1 1972 4 0 041 0 76 13 7 1 1972 5 0 041 0 71 14 2 1 1972 6 0 083 0 66 28 4 1 1972 7 0 155 0 62 53 0 1 1972 8 0 155 0 57 53 0 1 1972 9 0 155 0 54 53 0 1 1972 10 0 278 0 5 103 0 1 1972 11 0 292 0 47 110 4 1 1972 12 0 292 0 44 110 4 1 1972 13 0 292 0 41 110 4 1 1972 14 0 292 0 38 110 4 1 1972 15 0 292 0 35 110 4 1 1972 16 0 292 0 33 110 4 1 1972 17 0 383 0 31 160 4 1 1972 18 0 383 0 29 160 4 1 innta LA nani narr 13a i ava Application Window Figure 23 Illustration of the report generated by inputs from the previous screen The pull down menu associated with the File option at the top of the screen provides options for printing the report or saving it in a disk file Page 36 Tabular summaries of more than one simulation These reports include the raw data used to obtain histograms and probability distributions Figure 24 illustrates the screen used to specify the soil chemical systems to be summarized and the parameter whose distribution is desired The values are then sorted and displayed in the table in increasing or decreasing order as specified on this screen If several soil chemical systems are selected the report will contain the sorted data for each system unless the Combine all systems option is selected In that case data from all systems will be combined before sorting and a single distribution will be output in the report Figure
10. 198 0 MeanRWet 300 0 Table 6 Format of WGEN Monthly parameter file Columns are separated by tab keys Month PWW PWD ALPHA BETA 1 0 409091 0 153179 0 324357 0 442812 0 467005 0 183986 0 340742 0 470576 0 409524 0 18693 0 365041 0 588176 0 423913 0 167683 0 444659 0 742441 0 477193 0 246998 0 402377 1 163035 0 440816 0 235294 0 391554 1 108837 0 411765 0 164464 0 373781 1 180033 0 335079 0 180207 0 379064 0 879246 9 0 378109 0 194053 0 394694 1 213369 10 0 4375 0 127119 0 35608 1 156289 11 0 379085 0 135371 0 337475 0 803611 12 0 438596 0 139168 0 318023 0 5483 COND NB WL Page 52 Preferences CMLS 2000 can be customized to meet the preferences of the user The screen shown in Figure 38 is used for this purpose It provides a means for selecting constant or temperature dependent degradation rates for the chemical English or metric units of length and SCS or FAO Blaney Criddle estimators of evapotranspiration These preferences can be saved in a file and then read from that file at a later date Degradation Degradation is assume to be a first order process in CMLS By default the degradation constant is assumed to be constant with time and depth The user can use the edit option to enter different half life values for each soil layer Thus the software supports degradation that is a function of soil depth provided the user knows the way in which the half life varies with depth The software also supports degradation constants that
11. 25 illustrates the report generated with from this input panel Chemical Movement in Layered Soils E o x File Data Requirements Help Chemical Movement in Layered Soils CMLS Introduction Select Type and Content of Report Soil Distribution of Different Depths at a Specified Time After Application m anil Time of Interest days after application 365 Summarize systems individually Combine all systems Crop Display values in increasing order Decreasing order Weather Available Soil Chemical Systems Selected Syste a Caddo Cobb Loamy Sand Cobb 1 Cotton 1 irrigation 2 4 D ACID 06 01 1972 0 000 m 1 0 7 gt l Fort Cobb OK Fort Cobb OK periodic Graphics Begin 06 01 1972 100 22 Caddo Cobb Loamy Sand Cobb 1 Cotton p Reports ALDICARB 01 01 1972 0 000 m 10 0 2 Fort Cobb OK Fort Cobb OK periodic lt lt r Databases nn un Details Edit Delete Back Finish erence Java Application Window Figure 24 This screen is used to select the type of distribution and the soil chemical systems to be summarized Page 37 Chemical Movement in Layered Soils lt il 5 o x File Data Requirements Help Chemical Movement in Layered Soils CMLS Introduction Depth of chemical 365 days after application Chemical depth m 0 985 1 05 1 075 1 095 1 114 1 158 1 168 1 168 1 205 1 206 1 207 1 211 1 213 1 214 1 235 1 241 1 25 1 254 1 262 LACH So
12. Chemical Movement in Layered Soils CMLS Introduction Select the Years of Interest If you have chosen to simulate movement for more than one year of application results for more than one year can be displayed on a graph Select the year or years to be displayed for each soil chemical system from the list of available years Soil Chemical Selected soil chemical Systems Years Years Weather 2 4 D ACID 06 01 1972 0 000 m 1 0 1973 1972 1 Fort Cobb OK Fort Cobb OK demand 1974 3 gt 1973 e Begin 06 01 1972 100 1975 A 1974 l Caddo Eufaula Sand Euf 1 Cotton ES T Graphics 2 4 D ACID 06 01 1972 0 000 m 1 0 lt ol 3 Fort Cobb OK Fort Cobb OK demand ce 1978 Reports Begin 06 01 1972 100 A T Databases Preference Figure 13 Screen for selecting years to be displayed for each system Choose color Page 23 Back Next Java Application Window Pressing Next on the screen shown in Figure 13 produces the final screen shown in Figure 14 for this graphics option Here the user chooses the parameter to be displayed on the vertical axis and the parameter to be displayed on the horizontal axis along with the number of days to be simulated for each chemical application The example shown shows the depth of chemical as a function of time after application for 365 days for all 100 simulations of 2 4 D Acid in the Cobb Loamy Sand and in the Eufaula Sand Clearly the chemical moves deeper
13. D A G Hornsby R E Jessup and P S C Rao 1990 Evaluation of five simulation models for predicting aldicarb and bromide behavior under field conditions Water Resources Res 26 2679 2693 Rao P S C J M Davidson and L C Hammond 1976 Estimation of nonreactive and reactive solute front locations in soils In Proc Hazard Wastes Res Symp EPA 600 19 76 015 Tucson AZ pp 235 241 Richardson C W and D A Wright 1984 WGEN A model for generating daily weather variables USDA Agricultural Research Service ARS 8 83p USDA SCS 1972 National Engineering Handbook Section 4 Hydrology Zhang H C T Haan and D L Nofziger 1990 Hydrologic modeling with GIS An overview Applied Engineering in Agriculture 6 453 458 Page 55 Acknowledgements The authors express appreciation to Dr A G Hornsby for his inspiration and cooperation in developing the original version of CMLS Funds for the development of this version of the software were provided by the Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station the Santelmann Warth Professorship and the USDA Higher Education Cahallenge Grant 00 38411 9324 The Java software was designed by D L Nofziger and programmed by Xiwang Zhang Jinquan Wu and D L Nofziger Contact D L Nofziger at din okstate edu with questions suggestions and comments Revised May 31 2005 Page 56
14. D ACID 06 01 1972 0 000 m 1 0 1974 Irrigation 1l Fort Cobb OK Fort Cobb OK demand 1975 Begin 06 01 1972 100 gt gt 111976 PERE Databases Java Application Window Figure 21 Screen for selecting years to be included in the report Page 34 Chemical Movement in Layered Soils File Data Requirements Help Chemical Movement in Layered Soils CMLS Select Table Content Number of days simulated Available Table Parameters Select the parameters to be included as columns in the table One column will contain the time in days after application Daily Rainfall Cumulative Rainfall Daily Evapotranspiration Cumulative Evapotranspiration Daily Irrigation Cumulative Irrigation Daily Infiltration Daily Drainage betel Clear i ava Application Window Figure 22 Screen for selecting parameters to be included in the report and the length of time to be simulated for each application date Selected Table Parameters Depth of Chemical Amount of Chemical Cumulative Infiltration Chemical Movement in Layered Soils File Data Requirements Help Chemical Movement in Layered Soils CMLS Introduction Soil Chemical Crop Weather Irrigation Graphics Reports Databases Preference 15 x Report System Application year Time days Depth of Chemical m Amount of Chemical Cumulative Infiltration mm 1 1972 0
15. Irrigation Graphics Reports Databases Preference Soil Properties Caddo Cobb Loamy Sand Cobb l vw i Layer DE Bottom Organic Carbon Bulk DES Porosity ota N me whe ia 0 80 1 00 1 20 1 40 1 60 3 2E 003 3 2E 003 2 7E 003 2 7E 003 1 7E 003 1 7E 003 1 0E 003 1 0E 003 i a 1 55 1 55 1 55 1 52 1 46 1 51 Back 3 a 0 30 0 30 0 30 0 24 0 24 0 25 i i 0 12 0 12 0 12 0 07 0 05 0 10 7 0 42 0 42 Java Application Window Figure 3 Soil properties screen for viewing properties of selected soils If more than one soil was selected the soil to be displayed is selected in the pull down menu at the top of the screen Page 12 Chemical Selection Figure 4 illustrates the screen used to select one to twenty chemicals that can be simulated for each selected soil Individual chemicals can be highlighted in the available chemical list and moved to the list of selected chemicals The Enter Application Parameters button should then be pressed to specify the date depth and amount of each chemical application That screen is illustrated in Figure 5 To simulate a chemical applied several times per year the chemical can be selected several times on the selection screen Figure 4 and different application dates used on the screen in Figure 5 Note No units are specified for the application amount This simply means that the units associated with the simulated amounts in the
16. Rainfall e Cumulative Rainfall e Cumulative Evapotranspiration e Daily Evapotranspiration e Cumulative Irrigation e Cumulative Evapotranspiration e Cumulative Infiltration e Daily Irrigation e Cumulative Drainage Below Root Zone e Cumulative Irrigation e Cumulative Flux Density Passing e Daily Infiltration Chemical e Cumulative Infiltration e Daily Drainage Below Root Zone e Cumulative Drainage Below Root Zone e Daily Flux Density Passing Chemical e Cumulative Flux Density Passing Chemical Page 25 Histograms of results of more than 1 simulation Selecting this graphics option on the screen shown in Figure 11 and pressing the Next button yields a screen similar to the one in Figure 15 Here we need to select the soil chemical system of interest as we did for the previous option However we do not need to select the years to be displayed since this option summarizes data for all the years simulated In this case we need to select the type of data to be summarized The options available are shown in Table 3 In the example shown we have chosen to display a histogram of the depth of the 2 4 D acid in the Cobb Loamy Sand at the end of 365 days Pressing the Finish button produces the histogram shown in Figure 16 Chemical Movement in Layered Soils File Data Requirements Help Chemical Movement in Layered Soils CMLS Introduction Define Histogram of Interest Soil Distribution of Depths at a
17. Select Soil Chemical Systems to be Included in Report Soil Select one or more soil chemical systems to be displayed in this report Then press the button to select the years of interest Chemical Available Soil Chemical Systems Selected Systems Crop Caddo Cobb Loamy Sand Cobb 1 Cotton 1 2 4 D ACID 06 01 1972 0 000 m 1 0 Weathe l Fort Cobb OK Fort Cobb OK demand ugun Begin 06 01 1972 100 Imionti Caddo Cobb Loamy Sand Cobb 1 Cotton rrigation ALDICARB 05 01 1972 0 000 m 100 0 2 Fort Cobb OK Fort Cobb OK demand Graphics Begin 05 01 1972 100 Caddo Eufaula Sand Euf 1 Cotton Reports 2 4 D ACID 06 01 1972 0 000 m 1 0 3 Fort Cobb OK Fort Cobb OK demand Databases Details Edit Delete Back Next Preference Java Application Window Figure 20 Screen for selecting soil chemical systems to be included in the report Page 33 Chemical Movement in Layered Soils E j ol x File Data Requirements Help Chemical Movement in Layered Soils CMLS Introduction Select the Years to be Included in Report If you have chosen to simulate movement for more than one year of application results for more than one year can be displayed in a report Select the year or years to be displayed for each soil chemical system from the list of available years Soil Chemical Selected soil chemical Systems Years Years Caddo Cobb Loamy Sand Cobb 1 Cotton 1972 1973 Weather 2 4
18. Specified Time After Application v Chemical Time of Interest days after application 365 Crop Available Soil Chemical Systems Selected Systems Wasihor Caddo Cobb Loamy Sand Cobb 1 Cotton 1 lima 2 4 D ACID 06 01 1972 0 000 m 1 0 1 Fort Cobb OK Fort Cobb OK demand Irrigation Begin 06 01 1972 100 gt gt x Caddo Cobb Loamy Sand Cobb 1 Cotton Graphics ALDICARB 05 01 1972 0 000 m 100 0 lt 2 Fort Cobb OK Fort Cobb OK demand Reports Begin 05 01 1972 100 lt lt bed Databases Details Edit Delete Back Finish Preference Java Application Window Figure 15 Screen for selecting soil chemical systems and parameters for which a histogram is desired The Details and Edit buttons function in the same manner as for line graphs of individual simulations Page 26 Chemical Movement in Layered Soils File Data Requirements Help Chemical Movement in Layered Soils CMLS Introduction Distribution of depth of chemical 365 days after application 0 4 0 3 Probability Reports 0 0 0 5 1 0 1 5 2 0 2 5 3 0 Chemical depth m Change limits on the graph Customize Back F ava Application Window Databases Figure 16 Histogram showing the distribution of the simulated depth of 2 4 D acid 365 days after application in the Cobb Loamy Sand soil based on 100 different weather realizations for the site in Caddo County Oklahoma Page 27 Table 3 Types of histograms that can be
19. e Times to reach a specified depth e Times to reach a specified amount remaining e Times to reach a specified cumulative infiltration e Times to reach a specified cumulative drainage e Times to reach a specified cumulative flux density passing chemical e Cumulative infiltration at a specified time after application e Cumulative infiltration required to move chemical to specified depth e Cumulative infiltration corresponding to a specified amount of chemical remaining e Cumulative infiltration resulting in specified cumulative drainage e Cumulative infiltration resulting in specified cumulative flux density passing chemical e Cumulative drainage at a specified time after application e Cumulative drainage corresponding to movement to a specified depth e Cumulative drainage corresponding to a specified amount remaining e Cumulative drainage resulting from a specified amount of infiltration e Cumulative drainage corresponding to a specified cumulative flux density passing chemical Page 31 Reports This option provides model output in tabular form These tables can be viewed on the screen printed on a printer and saved in text files for use in other programs The steps involved are similar to those of graphics The user must first select the type of report desired from the screen shown in Figure 19 If Selected parameters as a function of time is chosen the report will contain detailed data on each simulation selected for each day simulated If
20. from equation 6 is less than Opwp j 9 G t is set equal to Opwe j Page 4 ASSUMPTIONS IN STEP 1 1 The amount of water removed by evapotranspiration from each layer of the root zone is proportional to the amount of available water in that layer 2 The water content of the soil does not decrease below the permanent wilting point 3 Water does not move upward from below the root zone The chemical does not move upward anywhere in the profile Step 2 Adjust Water Content for Infiltration Water content in the soil root zone is adjusted for infiltration by filling consecutive layers of the profile to field capacity until the entire root zone is recharged or until the infiltrating water has been stored The amount of water required to recharge a layer to field capacity or the soil water deficit for the layer is given by swd j T IOFo 05 7 If I j t dt represents the amount of water infiltrating into layer j between time t and time t dt then the amount of water entering layer j 1 is given by j 4t dt t dt swd j 8 If I j 1 t dt is greater than zero then 0 j t dt O c j and equations 7 and 8 are applied to the next layer in the root zone If I j 1 t dt in equation 8 is less than zero then I j 1 t dt 0 and j t dt O j t dt 6 j t j t dt 0 j t TI 9 For layers below the root zone the water content is equal to the field capacity at all times Thus water passing the ro
21. in the Eufaula sand Also we can see the large range of depths predicted due to different weather regimes all characteristic of the same weather station Many other types of graphs can be selected from the pull down menu on this screen These choices are given in Table 2 Chemical Movement in Layered Soils File Data Requirements Help Chemical Movement in Layered Soils CMLS Introduction Soil Vertical Axis Horizontal Axis Depth of Chemical r Time After Application gt Chemical Number of days simulated 365 View results Back Change limits on the graph Customize Crop Time After Application days 0 0 75 150 225 300 375 Weather n E rrigation z Graphics orts Rep AA A Databases Preference Java Application Window Figure 14 Illustration of final screen in graphics option showing simulated depth of 2 4 D acid in two soils using 100 different weather realizations for the site in Caddo County Oklahoma Page 24 Table 2 Parameters that can be displayed on horizontal and vertical axes of line graphs Vertical Axis Horizontal Axis e Time including year of application e Time including year of application e Time after Application e Time after Application e Depth of Chemical e Depth of Chemical e Amount of Chemical linear scale e Amount of Chemical linear scale e Amount of Chemical logarithmic scale e Amount of Chemical logarithmic scale e Daily Rainfall e Cumulative
22. in the soil is adjusted for infiltration 3 the flux of water passing the chemical is determined 4 the new depth of chemical is calculated and 5 the amount of chemical remaining in the soil is calculated The following paragraphs present the details of these calculations In those paragraphs the soil is made up of layers entered by the user and additional layers with bottoms at the root zone depth and at the current depth of the chemical Step 1 Adjustment for Evapotranspiration CMLS98B assumes water is removed from the root zone to meet daily evapotranspiration demands The water content of the root zone never decreases below the water content at permanent wilting point Evapotranspiration is partitioned between layers in the root zone such that each layer looses water in proportion to the amount of water available for plant growth which is stored in that layer The water stored in a layer j at time t is given by WS j T DIO 1 Opwp 4 where WS j is the water stored T J is the thickness of the layer 0 j t is the volumetric water content of the layer and 0pwp j is the water content of layer j at permanent wilting point The total water stored in the root zone is WS ora Y WS j 5 j where n is the number of layers in the root zone The water content after evapotranspiration 0 j t is ET e WS j WSroraT j O j t 0 j t 6 where ET is the evapotranspiration on the current day If 0 j t calculated
23. selected Distribution of e Depths at a specified time after application e Depths at a specified amount of chemical remaining in profile e Depths at a specified cumulative infiltration e Depths at a specified cumulative drainage e Depths at a specified cumulative flux density passing chemical e Amounts of chemical linear scale passing a specified depth e Amounts of chemical logarithmic scale passing a specified depth e Amounts of chemical linear scale at a specified time after application e Amounts of chemical logarithmic scale at a specified time after application e Amounts of chemical linear scale at a specified cumulative infiltration e Amounts of chemical logarithmic scale at a specified cumulative infiltration e Amounts of chemical linear scale at a specified cumulative drainage e Amounts of chemical logarithmic scale at a specified cumulative drainage e Amounts of chemical linear scale at a specified cumulative flux density passing chemical e Amounts of chemical logarithmic scale at a specified cumulative flux density passing chemical e Times to reach a specified depth e Times to reach a specified amount remaining e Times to reach a specified cumulative infiltration e Times to reach a specified cumulative drainage e Times to reach a specified cumulative flux density passing chemical e Cumulative infiltration at a specified time after application e Cumulative infiltration required to move chemical to specified depth e Cumulat
24. shown in this manual are based on using this weather station and 100 simulations as shown here Page 17 Chemical Movement in Layered Soils a pr Ioj x File Data Requirements Help Chemical Movement in Layered Soils CMLS Introduction Select Source for Daily Rainfall and Evapotranspiration Daily rainfall and PET Historical Weather Weather Generator Weather Station Fort Cobb OK Number of Simulations 100 Random Number Seed Automatic Manual 81188 Databases Java Application Window Figure 8 Screen for specifying the weather generator as the source of weather data Page 18 Irrigation Irrigation practices can have a large impact upon chemical leaching CMLS supports two irrigation management systems The first is called periodic In this method a specified amount of water is applied at regular intervals during the irrigation season Figure 9 illustrates the screen used for periodic irrigation The second type of irrigation is irrigation on demand That is the amount of water stored in the root zone is calculated daily During the irrigation season when this amount of water reaches a specified level water is added to the soil to bring it back to field capacity This input screen is shown in Figure 10 Irrigation efficiency as used here refers to the ratio of the amount of applied water stored in the root zone to the amount of water applied to the soil In the illustration this is 70
25. 0 Irrigation 4BEMECTIN AVERMECTIN 4760 0 28 0 4 CEPHATE 2 0 3 0 4 CIFLUORFEN SODIUM SALT 113 0 14 0 Graphics 4CHLOR 170 0 15 0 DICARB 30 0 30 0 DOXYCARB ALDICARB SULFONE 10 0 20 0 Reports ETRYN 300 0 60 0 ITROLE 100 0 14 0 Database LAZI 1000 0 1 0 H 4SULAM SODIUM SALT 40 0 7 0 400 0 T3 Add a chemical Delete a chemical erence F ava Application Window Figure 29 Screen for editing chemical properties or adding a new chemical to the database Page 43 Crops Crops data consists of a region name crop name root depth and crop coefficient for the first day of each month of the year Pressing the Crops tab results in the screen shown in Figure 30 to be displayed Data for an existing crop can be edited by selecting the crop from the displayed table and pressing the Edit button A new crop can be added by pressing the Add a new crop button Both options utilize a screen like the one shown in Figure 31 to enter or edit the data Chemical Movement in Layered Soils File Data Requirements Help Chemical Movement in Layered Soils CMLS Introduction Choose the desired table from the database cals Crops Crop coefficients of all crops Soil Chemical Crop Weather Irrigation Graphics Reports Databases Add a new crop Edit an existing crop Delete an existing crop Java Application Window Preference Figure 30 Screen displaying crop names and proper
26. 1950 9 00 54 0 72 0 1950 10 0 0 54 0 77 0 1950 11 0 0 41 0 80 0 1950 12 0 0 37 0 72 0 1950 13 0 0 38 0 71 0 1950 14 0 0 34 0 72 0 1950 15 0 026 36 0 64 0 1950 16 0 217 35 0 64 0 1950 17 0 0 35 0 74 0 1950 0 0 39 0 64 0 1950 19 0 0 36 0 62 0 1950 20 0 0 29 0 57 0 1950 21 0 0 26 0 57 0 1950 22 0 0 43 0 78 0 1950 23 0 064 48 0 76 0 1950 24 0 0 50 0 83 0 1950 25 0 0 52 0 84 0 1950 26 0 0 49 0 80 0 1950 27 0 0 44 0 74 0 1950 28 0 0 64 0 83 0 1950 29 0 0 48 0 74 0 1950 30 0 0 46 0 74 0 1950 31 0 0 47 0 74 0 1950 1950 0 001 35 0 60 0 0 0 40 0 70 0 DO e e e e a e e i nr ae na nr ae rar a ae er e ren E Eta ta tan a i n an a i i a oe N Page SI WGEN parameters are obtained by processing 20 or more years of historical weather data with the WGEN software of Richardson and Wright 1984 The documentation for this weather generator and source code for the program are available here Two files are needed for the WGEN parameters One contains site parameters and one contains monthly data The format of each is illustrated below Table 5 WGEN Site Parameter file contains 2 columns and 12 rows The first column is the name of the parameter and the second column is its value The two columns are separated by the tab key MeanTmaxDry 76 036964 AmpTmax 21 877216 MeanCVTmax 0 125157 AmpCVTmax 0 076647 MeanTmaxWet 69 8256 MeanTmin 48 341244 AmpTmin 22 346968 MeanCVTmin 0 196495 AmpCVTmin 0 14403 MeanRDry 460 0 AmpR
27. 3 m J E J ra Tallahassee FL 16 76 ml E E J ra Tampa FL 5 79 m n Bi J ra Wauchula FL 99 97 m v m v ra Christchurch Airport NZ 30 00 m v Da J wi Darfield NZ 50 00 ml v J E Hororata NZ 40 00 mi v J E Lincoln NZ 25 00 m v v E E Winchmore NZ 100 00 m v v J Ada OK 310 90 m J J J iv Altus OK Irr Res Sta 420 62 m m J lv Antlers OK 152 40 m i J J a Ardmore OK FAA Airport 222 50 m LJ E DU Pa Arnett OK 749 81 m 1 E J a Bartlesville OK 219 46 m Bl E E vl Databases Bear Mountain OK Tower 243 84 m LJ E _ Pa Oklahoma Reaver NK TSS Of ml i fl 5 s E a S 5 Add a new weather station Edit a weather station i Preference Java Application Window Figure 32 Screen displaying weather stations in the database along with the types of data available for each station Page 46 Rainfall information of Wauchula FL 5 x File Se Oa ew re eS _ ii p ro ote un Oo _ Figure 33 Example of display of rainfall data obtained by double clicking on the rainfall checkmark for the Wauchula F1 weather station velina msi ont pe pont dont pei font p poni font nt poni font p poni p pn p n Java Application Window
28. 72 0 000 m 100 0 2 Fort Cobb OK Fort Cobb OK demand Begin 03 01 1972 100 Caddo Eufaula Sand Euf 1 Cotton 2 4 D ACID 06 01 1972 0 000 m 1 0 3 Fort Cobb OK Fort Cobb OK demand S Next Details Edit Delete Back Java Application Window Figure 12 Screen for selecting soil chemical systems to be used in graphs A E ERRE 4 Page 22 Table 1 Parameters listed in short description of soil chemical systems in Graphics option Area Soil Name Crop Chemical Name Appl Date Appl Depth Appl Amount Rainfall Source PET Source Irrigation Type Date Simulation Begins Number of Simulations The second step in defining the systems to be displayed is to choose the years of interest for each soil chemical system If only 1 year is of interest that year is highlighted in the column labeled Available Years and moved to the column labeled Desired Years This selection process is repeated for each selected soil chemical system In the example shown in Figure 13 all of the available years were selected by using the lt lt button That means the system will draw 100 lines for each system since that is the number of simulations specified in the weather panel Figure 8 If the default color chosen by the computer is not satisfactory a new color can be chosen by pressing the Choose Color button at the bottom of the screen Chemical Movement in Layered Soils File Data Requirements Help
29. CHEMICAL MOVEMENT IN LAYERED SOILS CMLS Java Web Start Version By D L Nofziger and Jinquan Wu Department of Plant and Soil Sciences Oklahoma State University Stillwater OK 74078 Revised May 2005 PURPOSE OF PROGRAM CMLS Nofziger and Hornsby 1986 1987 was written to provide a tool for managing agricultural chemicals The interactive program was written in a manner which is easy to use The software includes graphical output to aid in understanding and comparing simulated movement and fate of chemicals The model was designed to use soil and chemical parameters which are readily available The model is being used widely especially in educational settings Recently it has been compared with experimental measurements and with other models with good results Pennell et al 1990 Nofziger et al 1994 Because the model requires only basic soil properties which are readily available or easily estimated the model has been used for evaluating the impact of pesticides on large areas A batch program using the computational algorithms of CMLS was developed and interfaced with geographic information systems Zhang et al 1990 Ma 1993 This batch program facilitated simulation for many soils and chemicals with minimal user effort CMLS was originally written for MS DOS computers in the early days of interactive software It was revised in 1994 to include 1 functions for estimating daily infiltration and evapotranspiration from daily we
30. ater passing the chemical If Dc t represents the chemical depth at time t and q represents the amount of water passing that depth during time dt the depth of chemical at time t dt is given by q Do t dt Dc t RO 1 where Orc is the volumetric water content of the soil at field capacity and R is the retardation factor for the chemical in the current layer of the soil The retardation factor is given by K R 1 hd 2 rc where p is the bulk density of the soil and Kg is the partition coefficient or linear sorption coefficient of the chemical in the soil Equation 2 assumes the sorption process can be described by the linear reversible equilibrium sorption model The partition coefficient Ka depends upon the soil and chemical properties However for many soils and organic chemicals it can be estimated from the organic carbon partition coefficient Koc using the equation where OC is the organic carbon content of the soil Hamaker and Thompson 1972 Karickhoff 1981 1984 This equation is used in the model to estimate K4 for each layer of each soil However the user can enter a specific Ka for each layer if that is Page 3 known ASSUMPTIONS IN CHEMICAL MOVEMENT Chemicals move only in liquid phase Dispersion of the chemical can be ignored Soil and chemical properties are uniform within a soil layer All water in the profile takes part in the flow process Water already in the soil profile is pushed ahead of infiltrati
31. atforms as well as on Linux and MacOS X We recommend 256 MB or more of Random Access Memory Approximately 40 MB of disk space is required Before a Java Web Start program can be used on a computer the supporting software must be installed This is needed only 1 time per computer no matter how many different applications use it Sun Microsystems Inc provides this package free of charge at http java sun com products or it can be downloaded here If this is the first time you are using it just download the file from the site above Follow the instructions given there for installations I recommend that you accept the default values proposed in the install process After you have installed the Java Runtime Environment on your computer as described in the preceding paragraph click here to download and start the program If you use the program more than one time you will be given the option of storing an icon for the program on your local computer You can then start the program without being connected to the internet Page 2 MODEL PROCESSES AND ASSUMPTIONS In this section the conceptual and mathematical framework of CMLS98B is presented As that is done we have attempted to identify major simplifying assumptions which were used We strongly recommend that you evaluate the appropriateness of these assumptions for the systems of interest to you We have found them acceptable for many problems but you must keep them in mind when interpreting re
32. ather records 2 irrigation routines 3 a stochastic weather generator WGEN 4 Monte Carlo simulation using different weather sequences at a particular site 5 an improved user interface 6 expanded graphics options and increased resolution and 7 database management features CMLS94 was also written for MS DOS computers We soon realized that a batch version of the software was needed to enable users to simulate movement of many chemicals through many soils with little user input and to store output in files for later processing That software called CMLS98B includes the computational algorithms used in CMLS94 without the interactive features used to define soil chemical management systems to select and display graphs and reports of simulated results to manage databases and to display on line help CMLS98B was written in standard C and can be used on any platform supporting standard C With the advent and popularity of the Windows operating system users requested and expected a version of CMLS with a graphical user interface This manual describes CMLS2000 a version of CMLS designed with a graphical user interface and enhanced capabilities Page 1 COMPUTER PLATFORMS AND SOFTWARE INSTALLATION The software is written in Java and runs as a Java Web Start application The Java run time package and Web Start software are available free of charge from Sun Microsystems Inc The program was developed and tested on various Windows pl
33. ch soil chemical combination These are listed in Figure 12 as available systems An abbreviated description of the system is found beside each number Table 1 describes the content of this description Full details of the soil chemical weather system can be viewed printed or stored in a file by pressing the Details button One or more soil chemical systems are highlighted and moved to the Selected Systems window Each selected system is assigned a color This is the default color used for lines from this system The Edit button displays the partition coefficient and half life for each soil layer based on soil and chemical properties in the database These parameters can be edited in this screen if the user wants to use other values When editing has been completed for all systems selected the Next button is pressed and the screen illustrated in Figure 13 is displayed sei Chemical Movement in Layered Soils i Sa i x File Data Requirements Help Chemical Movement in Layered Soils CMLS Introduction Select Soil Chemical Systems to be Displayed Select one or more soil chemical systems to be displayed on this graph Then press the button to select the years of interest Available Soil Chemical Systems Selected Systems Caddo Cobb Loamy Sand Cobb 1 Cotton 1 al 2 4 D ACID 06 01 1972 0 000 m 1 0 A 3 1 Fort Cobb OK Fort Cobb OK demand A Begin 06 01 1972 100 CA Caddo Cobb Loamy Sand Cobb 1 Cotton A ALDICARB 05 01 19
34. change with soil temperature as developed by Wu and Nofziger 1999 Temperature dependent degradation requires additional parameters which are often not available If those data are known for a particular chemical they can be entered on this screen and used in the calculation The impact of temperature upon degradation can be observed by means of the Temperature Dependent Degradation Interactive Software of Nofziger and Wu 2003 Units The software supports metric units or English units when reporting and entering length related units The type of unit selected on this screen determines the length units used in the remainder of the program Evapotranspiration Estimators This screen enables the user to choose the evapotranspiration estimator to be used when potential evapotranspiration is calculated from weather data Parameters needed by the estimators are also entered on this screen The Computations section of the manual provides more details on these estimators Storing Preferences Preferences defined on this screen can be stored in a disk file for use at another time To store the preferences press the Select button in the lower right corner of the screen This will allow you to select the folder and file name in which the preferences will be stored To load preferences from a file saved at an earlier time press the Select File button next to the Load From file name and then select the folder and file containing the desired preferences Pa
35. d at a specified time interval during the irrigation season In the second case irrigation is scheduled by the available water remaining in the root zone During the irrigation season this demand mode of irrigation applies water whenever the amount of available water in the root zone is decreased below some critical depletion level The amount of water to be applied is calculated by dividing the amount of water needed to return the root zone to field capacity by the application efficiency If this calculated amount of water needed is less than the minimum amount of water which can be applied by the system the minimum amount will be applied For example if 30 mm of water is needed to return the soil to field capacity and the application efficiency is 75 and the minimum amount which can be applied is 35 mm the amount of water applied would be 40 mm 30 mm 0 75 40 mm which is larger than 35 mm minimum If the application efficiency is 90 35 mm would be applied 30 mm 90 33 3 mm which is less than the 35 mm minimum ASSUMPTION ABOUT IRRIGATION 1 All irrigation water infiltrates into the soil Page 9 SOFTWARE INTRODUCTION Figure 1 shows the opening screen of CMLS Along the left side of the screen are options needed to define soil chemical management systems and to view the results in graphical and tabular forms It also includes an option for managing the databases used in CMLS so new soil chemical and weather data can be added or modif
36. diting data for an existing one is carried out using the screen shown in Figure 37 The left column provides information on the weather station location and units used for precipitation and temperature The right column enables users to select the type of data available at this site by placing a check mark in front of each data type and to select the data file names that contain this information The rainfall temperature and evapotranspiration data files are stored in tab delimited text format The first line of the file is a header line identifying the data present The rainfall temperature and PET data for a single station can be stored in a single file or in separate files Table 4 illustrates the file format for a portion of the data from Wauchula FL Each file must begin with the columns of Year Month and Day Other columns may be Rainfall MinimumTemperature MaximumTemperature and PET Page 49 2 Add weather station Figure 37 Screen for defining characteristics of a weather station and files names for different types of data available for that station Page 50 Table 4 Sample of weather data file for Wauchula FL First line identifies contents of file AIl entries are separated by Tab keys Year Month Day Rainfall MinimumTemperature MaximumTemperature 1950 1 00 49 0 86 0 1950 2 0 0 45 0 69 0 1950 3 0 0 37 0 70 0 1950 4 0 0 47 0 84 0 1950 5 0 0 62 0 82 0 1950 6 00 56 0 81 0 1950 7 0 0 64 0 82 0 1950 8 0 0 64 0 77 0
37. eather Irrigation Graphics Reports Databases Peifarincn Add a new area Delete an area Java Application Window Figure 26 Screen for adding a new geographical region or area editing the names of existing regions and areas or deleting areas from the database Warning Deleting an area deletes all data associated with that area Page 40 Soils and Soil Properties Selecting the Soils tab on the Database option results in a screen similar to that in Figure 27 Soils already in the database are listed for each region and area Selecting one of these soils and pressing the Edit an existing soil button at the bottom of the screen enables one to modify the data for that soil Pressing the button to add a new soil results in the screen shown in Figure 28 Soils can be removed from the database by selecting the soil and pressing the Delete an existing soil button Chemical Movement in Layered Soils File Data Requirements Help Chemical Movement in Layered Soils CMLS Introduction Databases Java Application Window lo x Choose the desired table from the database Jackson Albany Sand AlbanyS 2 1 0 Florida Jackson Apalachee Clay Apalachee 3 1 0 Florida Jackson Bethera SL Bethera 4 1 0 Florida Jackson Blanton Coars Blanton l 6 1 0 Florida Jackson Blanton Coars Blanton 2 7 1 0 Florida Jackson Bonifay Sand Bonifay l 8 1 0 Florida Jackson Bonifay Sand Bo
38. ependent crop coefficients kcrop t That is ET t K crop t ET 9 t 1 7 Values of kcrop t are obtained by linear interpolation between tabulated kcrop t values where t is time measured from the date of planting For the pan evapotranspiration method the reference crop evapotranspiration is given by ET t K ePan t 18 where K is a pan constant and Pan t is the pan evaporation amount on day t In CMLS98B the SCS Blaney Criddle estimate of ETo is calculated by dividing the estimated monthly consumptive use by the number of days in the month Each day in the month then has the same ET value The consumptive use U for the month is obtained using the equation Temp p 100 U K 19 where K is the consumptive use factor specified by the user Tempr is the mean monthly air temperature in degrees Fahrenheit and p is the mean monthly percentage of annual daytime hours Jensen et al 1990 A table of values of p as a function of latitude from 0 to 64 degrees is built into the software The mean temperature is taken as the mean of the high and low temperatures for each day in the month The value of U calculated in equation 19 has units of inches The reference crop evapotranspiration for the FAO Blaney Criddle method is given by ET a bef 20 where a and b are constants for a particular site and f p 0 46Temp 8 13 21 Here p is the mean daily percent of annual daytime hours and Tempc is the mean air temperature in de
39. ge 53 Chemical Movement in Layered Soils E o x File Data Requirements Help Chemical Movement in Layered Soils CMLS Introduction Preferences Degradation cai Degradation rate constant does not change with temperature Degradation rate constant depends upon soil temperature Chemical Max Daily Temp C 35 Thermal diffusivity m day 5 Crop Min Daily Temp CC 10 Date of Min Temp January Y 1 v Reference Temperature if not available in Chemical Database C 25 Weather Activation energy if not available in Chemical Database KJ mol 40 Uniti Irrigation rm Metris Depth m Infiltration mm i Evapotranspiration mm Graphics Missioni e e E Evapotranspiration estimators Reports SCS Blaney Criddle k 1 00 FAO Blaney Criddle a 1 00 b 2 00 Databases Load preference from file or save preference to file Preference Load from File name Select Save to File name Select Java Application Window Figure 38 Screen for selecting general preferences to be used in the program Page 54 References Bergstr m L F and N J Jarvis 1994 Evaluation and comparison of pesticide leaching models for registration purposes Overview J of Env Sci and Health Vol A29 6 1061 1072 Haan C T B J Barfield and J C Hayes 1993 Design hydrology and sedimentology for small catchments Academic Press Hamaker J W and J M Thompson 1972 Adsorption In Goring C A I and J W Hamaker
40. grees Celsius Jensen et al 1990 The mean temperature is taken as the mean of the high and low temperatures for each day in the month ETo in Page 8 equation 20 has units of mm Weather Generating CMLS98B incorporates the stochastic model for generating daily weather variables developed by Richardson and Wright 1984 This software uses parameters derived from 10 or more years of daily weather data at a site to generate daily rainfall minimum and maximum temperatures and radiation characteristic of the site WGEN enables one to examine the behavior of chemicals at a site which has only limited historical data It is used to determine probability distributions for chemical fate and transport at a particular site Since future weather is not known at the site the model can be used to generate many independent sequences of weather data typical of that site By simulating the movement of the chemical for each weather sequence probability distributions can be determined for soil chemical management systems of interest The publication of Richardson and Wright 1984 includes a program for extracting the parameters needed to generate weather from historical weather data Irrigation The irrigation module is capable of applying water in two primary modes in addition to using actual irrigation stored in a data file In the first case irrigation is scheduled by the calendar In this mode called periodic a specified amount of water is applie
41. he Cobb Loamy Sand and the Eufaula Sand soils Line colors correspond to the colors of the system numbers shown in Figure 17 Chemical Movement in Layered Soils File Data Requirements Help Chemical Movement in Layered Soils CMLS Introduction Define Cumulative Probability Graph of Interest Soil Probability of Exceeding Different Depths at a Specified Time After Application T Chemical Time of Interest days after application 365 Crop Summarize systems individually Combine all systems Available Soil Chemical Systems Selected Syste Weather Caddo Cobb Loamy Sand Cobb 1 Cotton 1 E 2 4 D ACID 06 01 1972 0 000 m 1 0 gt 3 Irrigation 1 Fort Cobb OK Fort Cobb OK demand Begin 06 01 1972 100 z Graphics Caddo Cobb Loamy Sand Cobb 1 Cotton ALDICARB 05 01 1972 0 000 m 100 0 lt Reports 2 Fort Cobb OK Fort Cobb OK demand Begin 05 01 1972 100 PE A Databases Details Edit Delete Choose color Back Finish Preference Java Application Window Figure 17 Screen for selecting soil chemical systems and probability distribution of interest Page 29 Chemical Movement in Layered Soils Bie i Dj x File Data Requirements Help Chemical Movement in Layered Soils CMLS Introduction Probability of exceeding different depths 365 days after application 0 6 0 5 0 4 Probability Reports 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Chemical depth im Change limits on the graph
42. ied and saved in computer files for use at a later date The Preferences button allows the user to select units used in the displays and certain computational schemes used in the software Soil and weather data are associated with different geographical regions of the world The user selects the geographical region of interest in this opening screen Chemical Movement in Layered Soils File Data Requirements Help Chemical Movement in Layered Soils CMLS Introduction Introduction Soil CMLS is a model designed to assist managers of agricultural chemicals by predicting the movement and fate of pesticides applied to soils Chemical The buttons on the left allow the user to select soils chemicals crops weather stations and irrigation strategies for the area of interest Crop Results can then be displayed in graphs and tabular reports Weather livication The databases are organized by geographical regions of the world Please select the region of interest from the list below Graphics Reports Databases Preference Java Application Window Figure 1 Introductory screen of CMLS2000 The geographical region of interest is selected here Page 10 Soil Selection Figure 2 shows the screen used to select one or more soils of interest Each geographical region of interest can be broken down into areas When the user selects the area of interest available soils from that area are displayed in the list of available so
43. il Chemical Crop Weather Irrigation Graphics Reports 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Databases Preference F ava Application Window Figure 25 Sample summary report of chemical depth after 365 days Note that the depth is shown in increasing order The year in which the application corresponding to that depth was made is also listed Page 38 Databases CMLS requires a substantial amount of data but the data are generally available or easily estimated A small amount of data are provided with the software primarily so users can examine the capabilities of the software before needing to enter large amounts of data If users want to utilize the software for their soils crops weather and chemicals they will need to expand the database to include their local data This part of the software is designed to enable users to expand the database for their own use and to store it on their local computer Figures 26 to 33 illustrate the data entry and editing screens Soils crops and weather have strong geographical dependencies Soils are identified with a specific region of the world possibly a country or a state and a local area within the region possibly a county or district Crops and weather stations are identified with a specific region of the world Chemicals are not identified with any region since the chemical properties stored in the database are much less dependent upon location
44. ils One or more available soils can be highlighted and added to the list of selected soils In this case three soils from the Caddo area were selected Chemical Movement in Layered Soils ae i lol x File Data Requirements Help Chemical Movement in Layered Soils CMLS Introduction Select Soils of Interest Soil What is the name of the soil in the area of interest Chemical You may select several soils from one or more areas Each soil will be used with the each chemical selected Crop Area Caddo Weather Available Soils Selected Soils Irrigation Cobb Loamy Sand Cobb 2 Caddo Cobb Loamy Sand Cobb 1 Cobb Loamy Sand Cobb 3 L I a eee Eufaula Sand Euf 3 gt Reports McLain SCL McLain Noble Noble 3 Dalla Port SC Port lt lt Teller Loam Teller Preference View Soil Properties Java Application Window Figure 2 Screen for selecting soils of interest At the bottom of the screen for selecting soils is a button that can be used to view the soil properties of the selected soils That screen is illustrated in Figure 3 Here the organic carbon content bulk density volumetric water content at field capacity FC volumetric water content at permanent wilting point PWP and porosity of each soil layer are displayed Page 11 Chemical Movement in Layered Soils File Data Requirements Help Chemical Movement in Layered Soils CMLS Introduction Soil Chemical Crop Weather
45. iminate the noisy fluctuation they can also be estimated from observed annual maximum and minimum temperatures Wu and Nofziger 1998 ASSUMPTIONS IN STEP 5 1 The degradation is a first order process 2 All chemical in the soil degrades at the rate determined by the location of the center of mass Page 6 Infiltration Estimation From Rainfall CMLS requires daily infiltration amounts as described above CMLS required the user to estimate this daily infiltration and enter it into infiltration files CMLS98B provides the user with the option of having the system estimate infiltration from daily rainfall The capability of estimating these amounts is useful for simulating movement at many locations and for Monte Carlo simulations at a particular site The USDA SCS curve number technique USDA SCS 1972 Haan et al 1993 was incorporated for estimating infiltration The amount of water I infiltrating a soil due to precipitation P is given by 2 jap tol iso 13 P 0 8S P for P lt 0 2S where the retention parameter S is given by S Syn 1 0 So 14 W MAX WSrorat is the current amount of water stored in the root zone as given by equations 4 amp 5 WSmax is the maximum water storage capacity of the root zone obtained using equations 4 and 5 with 0 j t replaced by the saturated water content Osar Smax is an estimate of the largest S for this soil and is estimated by the equation Sax cn 1 15 with 10 0 058CN
46. ive infiltration corresponding to a specified amount of chemical remaining e Cumulative infiltration resulting in specified cumulative drainage e Cumulative infiltration resulting in specified cumulative flux density passing chemical e Cumulative drainage at a specified time after application e Cumulative drainage corresponding to movement to a specified depth e Cumulative drainage corresponding to a specified amount remaining e Cumulative drainage resulting from a specified amount of infiltration e Cumulative drainage corresponding to a specified cumulative flux density passing chemical Page 28 Cumulative probability distributions of results for more than 1 simulation Cumulative probability distributions are often more useful than histograms to summarize results Choosing this option on the screen shown in Figure 11 and pressing Next yields the screen shown in Figure 17 Here the user can select the soil chemical systems to be summarized and the type of probability distribution to be drawn Types of probability distributions are shown in Table 4 The user can also choose to draw separate probability distributions for each soil chemical system or they can create a single distribution for several systems The combined approach is often of interest when the the different soils selected represent different pedon properties of the soil found in the same management unit In this example Figure 18 shows separate distributions are drawn for 2 4 D acid in t
47. l chemical weather management systems The second summarizes groups of simulations using histograms The third summarizes groups of simulations as probability distributions The final group ranks soil chemical systems for their potential to leach to groundwater Chemical Movement in Layered Soils y a o x File Data Requirements Help Chemical Movement in Layered Soils CMLS Introduction Select Type of Graph Soil Select the Type of Graph Desired Chemical Line graph of results from individual simulations Crop z Histograms of results of more than 1 Weather pmnan ia Cumulative probability distribution of Irrigation results of more than 1 simulation pal Rank by retardation factor or by attenuation factor Reports Next Databases Preference Java Application Window Figure 11 Screen for selecting types of graphs to be displayed Page 21 Line graphs for individual simulations Figures 12 14 illustrate the steps for creating line graphs for individual simulations Although this option shows data from individual simulations many lines can be drawn on the same graph These can be for different soils different chemicals different crops different weather or different irrigation practices The first step illustrated in Figure 12 is to select the soil chemical systems to be shown on the graph When more than one soil or chemical is selected in the earlier screens the system creates input parameters for ea
48. model output are the same as the units assumed when these amounts were entered Chemical Movement in Layered Soils File Data Requirements Help Chemical Movement in Layered Soils CMLS Introduction Select Chemicals and Application Parameters Soil What chemicals should be used in the simulation Chemical You may select up to 20 chemicals The same chemical can be entered more than once Each chemical selected is used with each soil selected Crop Press the button below to enter the application date depth and amount for each chemical Weather Available Chemicals Selected Chemicals ABEMECTIN AVERMECTIN 2 4 D ACID Irrigation ACEPHATE ALDICARB ACIFLUORFEN SODIUM SALT Graphics ALACHLOR gt gt ALDICARB Reporte ALDOXYCARB ALDICARB SULFONE lt AMETRYN AMITROLE _ lt lt Databases ANILAZINE iti Enter Application Parameters Java Application Window Figure 4 Screen for selecting chemicals to be simulated in each selected soil Page 13 Chemical Movement in Layered Soils 4 E ioj x File Data Requirements Help Chemical Movement in Layered Soils CMLS Introduction Enter Application Parameters for Each Chemcial Chemical Appl Date Appl Depth Appl Amount koc HalfLife Critical __ amm dd yyyy m mlg days Concentration 2 4D ACID 06 01 1972 0 0 1 0 20 0 10 0 70 0 ALDICARB 05 01 1972 0 0 100 0 30 0 30 0 10 0 Soil Chemical Crop Weather Irrigation Gra
49. ng water in a piston like manner 5 The sorption process can be described by the linear reversible equilibrium model RAMPE Water Balance cMLS98B evaluates the depth of the chemical using equation 1 with dt equal to one day This means that q the amount of water moving downward past the current location of the chemical must be estimated each day In this model q is equal to the amount of water entering the soil surface minus the quantity of water which is stored in the soil profile above the chemical The quantity of water stored depends upon the amount of water entering the soil surface the wetness of the soil before infiltration and the capacity of the soil to store water and the current chemical depth Daily infiltration amounts are read from a file or are estimated from weather data as described on the following pages At the beginning of simulation the soil is assumed to be at field capacity at all depths Each day the water content in the root zone is reduced by the amount of evapotranspiration on that day Thus the water content throughout the root zone can be determined The soil water content is never reduced below the water content at permanent wilting point Knowledge of the water content distribution enables one to calculate the water storage capacity above the current chemical depth Hence q can be determined Thus for each day simulated 1 the water content in the root zone is adjusted for evapotranspiration 2 the water content
50. nifay 2 9 1 0 Florida Jackson Dothan LS Dothan l 17 1 0 Florida Jackson Dothan LS Dothan 2 18 1 0 Florida Jackson Dothan LS Dothan 3 19 1 0 Florida Jackson Duplin FSL Duplin l 20 1 0 Florida Jackson Duplin FSL Duplin 2 21 1 0 Florida Jackson Esto LS Esto l 22 1 0 Florida Jackson Esto LS Esto 2 23 1 0 Florida Jackson Esto LS Esto 3 27B 1 0 Florida Jackson Esto LS Esto 4 63B 1 0 Florida Jackson Faceville LFS Faceville l 24 1 0 Florida Tarkean ____ Facewlle LES __ Fareaillett 25 L Add a new soil Edit an existing soil Delete an existing soil Figure 27 Screen for adding editing or deleting soils and their properties The screen shown in Figure 28 is used to enter new soils into the database The region and area in which the soil is located are selected from the lists at the top of the screen The soil name pedon identifier and map unit can then be entered The maximum root zone is the maximum root depth expected for any crop in this soil If the root depth specified in the Crop option Figure 6 exceeds this depth the maximum root depth will be used in the simulation Otherwise the root depth specified on the Crop screen will be used The curve number is the value for the SCS curve number for this soil crop tillage system and is used for partitioning precipitation into infiltration and runoff Page 41 The lower part of the screen enables the user to enter soil properties for each soil layer New lines are added as needed f
51. or additional layers The software supports up to 20 layers in a soil When all data for the soil have been entered it can be saved in the database by pressing the Save button gt Add a soil _ Cancel pra e ois OC ah ATA oe neo Re POI AO NEO Figure 28 Screen for adding a soil to a region and area and for entering the properties of 1 to 20 soil layers A similar screen can be used to edit properties of a soil already stored in the database Page 42 Chemicals Selecting the Chemicals tab on the Database screen produces the screen shown in Figure 29 Values can be edited by selecting the item of interest and entering the value of interest To add a new chemical simply press the Add a chemical button and enter the values on the blank line that appears at the bottom of the table To save the data for use at a later time use the Export User Data option on the File menu Chemical Movement in Layered Soils i iA o x File Data Requirements Help Chemical Movement in Layered Soils CMLS Introduction Choose the desired table from the database i Chemicals Soil i Da Chemical Koc Half Life Critical mlg days Concentration Chemical 1 3 DICHLOROPROPENE 32 0 10 0 4 5 T ACID 80 0 24 0 4 5 T AMINE SALTS 80 0 24 0 Crop 4 5 T ESTERS 1000 0 24 0 4D ACID 20 0 10 0 D DIMETHYLAMINE SALT 20 0 10 0 Weather D ESTERS OR OIL SOL AMINES 100 0 10 0 4 DB BUTOXYETHYL ESTER 500 0 7 0 4 DB DIMETHYLAMINE SALT 20 0 10
52. ot zone depth passes all depths below that ASSUMPTIONS IN STEP 2 1 Infiltrating water recharges one layer of soil to field capacity before water moves deeper into soil 2 Infiltrating water redistributes instantly to field capacity 3 Water content of soil below the root zone is never less than field capacity Step 3 Calculate Flux Passing Chemical The flux of water q passing the depth of the chemical is equal to the flux of water passing the root zone depth if the chemical depth exceeds the root zone depth If the chemical depth is less than the root zone depth the flux q is equal to I Jc t dt given in equation 8 where Jc is the index of the layer with bottom at the chemical depth If the infiltrating water is stored before reaching the bottom of layer Jc q is zero Step 4 Calculate New Chemical Depth The depth of chemical at time t dt is calculated using equation 1 for each soil layer If q equals zero Dc t dt Dc t NOTE If q obtained in step 3 is larger than needed to move the chemical to the bottom of the next layer the excess must be calculated and used in equation 1 with appropriate properties of succeeding layers Page 5 Step 5 Degradation Degradation of the chemical in the soil is assumed to be described by first order processes The amount of chemical remaining in the soil at time t dt is given by M t dt M t 0 5 af ife0 10 where M t and M t dt represent the amount at times t and t dt respectively
53. phics Reports Databases Preference Back Java Application Window Figure 5 This screen enables the user to define the application date application depth and application amount for each selected chemical The organic carbon partition coefficient half life and critical concentration are displayed but cannot be edited here Page 14 Crop Selection The amount of water lost by evapotranspiration depends upon the crop growing in the field of interest and the season of the year and the root depth of the crop The software calculates potential evapotranspiration for a reference crop from weather data This amount is multiplied by a crop coefficient to obtain the potential evapotranspiration amount for each day of the simulation These parameters for a crop can be defined in the database option Figure 6 illustrates the screen for selecting the crop of interest Root depth and crop coefficient values can be edited in this screen but values are not saved permanently in the database Crop coefficients between dates listed are obtained by linear interpolation Chemical Movement in Layered Soils File Data Requirements Help Chemical Movement in Layered Soils CMLS Introduction Select Crop Growing in the Area Soil Crop Cotton x Chemical Root Depth m 0 900 Crop Date Crop Coefficient Date Crop Coefficient Weather Jan
54. sults of this model just as you must do when using any model Comparisons of transport models which include CMLS have been published by Pennell et al 1992 and Bergstr m and Jarvis 1994 Chemical Movement The basic computational part of CMLS94 and CMLS98B is the same as that used in CMLS Nofziger and Hornsby 1986 A summary of the model is presented here so changes and assumptions can be noted and evaluated The model is a modification of the work of Rao Davidson and Hammond 1976 It estimates the depth of the center of mass of a non polar chemical as a function of time after application It also calculates the amount of chemical in the soil profile as a function of time The model assumes that chemicals move only in the liquid phase in response to soil water movement All of the water in the soil is active in the flow process Water already in the profile is pushed ahead of the inflowing water in a piston like manner Water is lost from the root zone by evapotranspiration and deep percolation Movement of the chemical is retarded by its sorption on the solid soil surfaces The linear reversible equilibrium model is used to describe this sorption process Dispersion of the chemical is ignored The soil profile can be divided into 20 layers with different properties in each layer Soil and chemical properties are uniform within a layer Since the chemical moves with soil water the change in depth of the chemical depends upon the amount of w
55. t the same day of year for all years available in the weather file following the application date specified for the chemical In this example the chemicals were applied in 1972 so only 3 or 4 applications are possible depending upon the number of days to be simulated If the application date were in 1948 a total of 28 simulations would be possible The number of simulations desired is specified on this screen as Number of years Page 16 Chemical Movement in Layered Soils E 5 x File Data Requirements Help Chemical Movement in Layered Soils CMLS Introduction Select Source for Daily Rainfall and Evapotranspiration Soil Chemical Daily rainfall and PET Historical Weather Weather Generator Crop Weather Rainfall Source Fort Cobb OK Irrigation Evapotranspiration Source Fort Cobb OK v Graphics Data Exists for years 1948 to 1975 Reports Number of years 28 Databases Preference Java Application Window Figure 7 Screen for specifying historical weather stations to be used in the simulations Figure 8 illustrates the screen used when the weather generator is the source of weather data Here the user selects the weather station of interest the number of simulations desired that is the number of years in which the chemical is applied and whether the computer should use a specific seed for the random number generator or just get a seed from the current value of the computer clock The results
56. ties along with the region in which they are located Page 44 Add crop Figure 31 Screen for entering the name rooting depth and crop coefficients for a new crop in a region Page 45 Weather The last tab on the Database screen is used to enter and edit weather data This can be potential evapotranspiration PET historical rainfall historical temperature or WGEN parameters along with some overall data about the weather station and its location The first screen Figure 32 in this option is a summary of the data available for the site It includes the name of the region in which it is located the station name and the station elevation The last 4 columns in the table are used to indicate the type of data available at this site A check mark in the box indicates that those data are available An empty box indicates that those data are not available At least one type of data must be available for each station Double clicking on the checked boxes will display those data in detail These are illustrated in Figures 33 36 Chemical Movement in Layered Soils i i a i o x File Data Requirements Help Chemical Movement in Layered Soils CMLS Introduction Choose the desired table from the database Please double click the checked boxes to see more details Station Rainfall PET WGEN Chemical Name Parameters Jacksonville FL 7 93 m a Bl J vl Miami FL 2 1
57. uary 1 0 30 July 1 1 00 Irrigation February 1 0 30 August 1 1 00 Graphics March 1 0 30 September 1 1 00 Repas April 1 0 30 Octorber 1 0 80 May 1 0 70 November 1 0 30 Databases June 1 0 90 December 1 0 30 Preference Java Application Window Figure 6 Screen for selecting crop being grown in the soil of interest and editing parameters associated with that crop Page 15 Weather The Weather option Figures 7 and 8 are used to define sources for daily rainfall and potential evapotranspiration data required by CMLS These daily amounts can be obtained in three ways The first is from data files containing daily rainfall and daily potential evapotranspiration calculated outside of CMLS The second is from daily weather files containing daily rainfall and maximum and minimum temperatures along with the coordinates of the weather station The third is by means of the WGEN weather generator Figure 7 illustrates the screen for using historical weather It indicates that the Fort Cobb station has data for 1948 to 1975 That means that the application date specified in the chemical application parameter screen must be in this range or no simulation is possible Because the weather at a site has a large impact upon the depth of movement CMLS enables the user to easily simulate movement for applications in different years so the user can get insight into the variation expected due to weather To do that the software attempts to apply the chemical a

CHEMICAL MOVEMENT IN LAYERED SOILS, CMLS

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