IEA-DHC, Annex X Summary Final Report Universal Calculation
Contents
1. w IEADHC CHP IEA DHC Annex X Summary Final Report Universal Calculation Model Tool Date 2014 09 10 Authors Maria Justo Alonso Frode Frydenlund and Jacob Stang w IEA DHC Annex X User Manual UMC Tool IEADHC CHP This page is empty on purpose w IEA DHC Annex X User Manual UMC Tool Pe OSIENE Contents O16 q 219 ee eee eee ene eee ee ae ee ee eee 3 SUTIN SS ORR A a cas estes qe EE A E cx poedec se EE E E E 4 Universal Calculation Model Tool Quick guide cccccccecccecceeeceeee secu eeeeeceeeseeseeeaeeeeeseeees 6 1 1 LJOMVOTEG EMC OY aia caedcocanesaviaccuindaecdens AT T E one ae eee ee eee E E ee eee 7 To PRTC gered eee eg evecersios see ee edres coe E anne ees esnect ues sana ts ouneasaeenteaeedetaeatumesneamsesmeaetes T TA 0 e ee cee eee eee ee ener ene 7 We CAG E A A A 7 1 6 Moredetails oy ane ee eee ence ne oe nen a cee eee mer cee oe eee eer cee eee 7 1 7 Results and reporting ccccceccecceeceeceeceeceeeceeceeceeceesuecuecuesaeeeeecseseeseesansaesaeseeeseeees T RPI MNEC AP acc ete sts ce eats artes E ec E E E T G 8 2 Deng RIG DA NEl ereere OE Ee E e Ei 8 More detailed calculations of the DH can be especified Here one can define the pipes in the network and see the detailed losses for the design conditions This condition is normally TOO S BOWN eee E E EEE E EE A peste ope a EE EE E EEEE ES 8 E 0 eee EE E AA E E AAIE ee ee eee E E E2. Exergy method 6 200 method It is possible to include additives and ash in the calculation however this is not a mandatory input As the standards 4 do not yet ask for introduction of additives and ash the tool will give the possibility to remove them It is further possible to include infrastructure like buildings for power plants chillers pipes trenches etc Heat loss and head loss can be included as a factor related to the network s energy density Alternatively a more detailed calculation for a specific network based on the pipe diameter flow temperature levels length and seasonal load levels can be performed The yearly heat cool distribution throughout the year is based on a load curve simplified to four different seasons with appurtenant temperatures and flows The efficiency of the CHP will influence the values of PEF and CO emission Based on Lindahl 3 and Berner 2 mainly average efficiencies for the CHP have been applied Several other reports 5 6 demonstrate the impact of different part load levels Therefore a possibility to include plant specific efficiency values is included When the alternative generation method is applied for the allocation harmonized reference values should be utilized 7 By using non standardized reference values large variations in the result might occur w IEA DHC Annex X User Manual UMC Tool IEADHC CHP Universal Calculation Model Tool quick guide The calculation t
3. energy factors and the emission of greenhouse gases for selected case studies The overall aim of the UCM is to illustrate the environment potential and the potential of saving primary energy by DHC and or CHP systems in a transparent and understandable way to the energy society The calculation tool is partly based on the previous works by Berner Lindahl and Stang 1 3 Here we have included sub processes such as pipelines trenches additives and ash as well as the building of the CHP plant and fuel transport see Figure 1 below However all this is not mandatory in the standards related to Directive 2010 31 EU Recast 7 N e Elec l pumps l l Construction Construction l m and and l Additives eal miinan l a l l e e e e e ee ADO chiller ane ictri _ di District l Building Fuel icineration Bae eating ane yandling bolant l ih l l l and and I lesinant dismantling l ces ces wei meme oes oe Figure 1 Sub processes included in the Universal Calculation tool w IEA DHC Annex X User Manual UMC Tool IEADHC CHP Allocation e g distribution of the environmental impact between produced heat cool and electricity can be calculated by different methods The following allocation methods are included in the tool 1 Power bonus method PBM 2 Power loss method Dresden method 3 Energy method 4 Alternative generation method 5
4. 4 Summer 26 10 70 35 60 45 1202 0 19 33 Total 123 4 1573 0 114 5 Close Figure 3 Screen for defining the DH network More detailed calculations of the DH can be especified Here one can define the pipes in the network and see the detailed losses for the design conditions This condition is normally 100 flow The tool calculates also the losses for spring autumn and summer season with reduced flow and lower flow temperatures The average yearly losses are then used in the calculation of PEF Ww IEA DHC Annex X User Manual UMC Tool IEADHC CHP 4 Chiller If the network produces also cooling the chiller must be defined By selecting Chiller in the main screen the screen shown in Figure 6 appears The user must first define the type of chiller being able to decide between mechanical absorption combined and free cooling for further information please check 1 E Figure 8 Type Combined hd Design capacity 1300 kW Mechanical fraction 04 COP 3 5 H Heat source CHP Absorption effiency 07 Absorption chiller stage Stage 1 Close Figure 4 Screen for specifying the chiller In combined cooling both absorption and mechanical refrigeration are used In this case user must also define the mechanical fraction i e the fraction of the cooling that is produced by mechanical cooling The COP is defined as the cooling power divided by the input power for the compressor in the mechanical chiller a
5. E ee 9 5 More details on the CHP nannannannnnnannannannnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnrrnrrnrrnernrrnrrnrrnrrnrrnernrrnernrrnernernernerernne 9 S E o Ee oc ee ee ee eee E et me eee ee ee 9 5 2 Choosing the allocation method cccccccccecccecceeeceeeeeeseeeeeeceeeeeeseeeeeeseeeseeseeeeesees 11 Do A eee Ee EEEE E EE EEE EEEE E EAEE EAEE ES EENE EENS 12 O REON OS oa E E E EE ee eee 12 FigUreS ese ege sc hrc eset tcp cc 8s cep eid cscas cc ds cerned dere esieved eceigwee ti cede ae Fehler Textmarke nicht definiert WSS E E E O EA AE A AE E E Fehler Textmarke nicht definiert w IEA DHC Annex X User Manual UMC Tool IEADHC CHP Executive Summary Directive 2010 31 EU on the energy efficiency of buildings emphasizes that the energy performance of a building shall be calculated by use of Primary Energy Factors PEF Furthermore its use is aiming to reduce the use of non renewable energy inciting the use of heat and electricity from CHP and reducing the energy consumption in the building sector The objective of this project has been to develop a universal well documented and transparent method for calculation of Primary Energy Factor PEF and Primary Energy Use PEU and emission of greenhouse gases CO eq A theory guide that presents the theory behind the method a user guide that shows how to use the tool and the tool itself have been delivered to the IEA DHC The developed calculation tool has been validated by calculating the primary
6. about the construction and dismantling please check Appendix C 2 in 1 How the PE use in the construction and dismantling is calculated is explained in the same appendix The PE use follows the following expression PE A Size of the plant in MW B However if the user knows the precise value the first part of the formula should be set to zero and the variable B right hand side field under Construction amp Dismantling to its precise value In context with additives the user can choose whether or not to include additives and ash in the calculation by ticking or unticking the box Include additives and ash This can be performed also in the Ash screen see below 5 2 Choosing the allocation method The allocation method is chosen by selecting Allocation in the main screen at which time the screen shown in Fehler Verweisquelle konnte nicht gefunden werden appears No 11 w IEA DHC Annex X User Manual UMC Tool IEADHC CHP allocation method is chosen by default The assumptions behind the allocation methods are explained in detail in 1 Some allocation methods need additional information 5 3 Ash After the choice of the allocation method the user must define the transport of the ash which is done by clicking Ash in the main screen As the transport of the ash is not standardized the user can choose whether or not to use it in the CO and PEF calculations by ticking or unticking the box Include ash and addit
7. ed Official Journal of the European Union 2007 12
8. city is negative there is no production of electricity in the system and the necessary amount is imported from the grid At the start no allocation method is selected and that is often the reason for no electricity production A proper allocation method can be selected using the button Allocation 1 2 CHP This section specifies the CHP plants the fuel type and technology for each plant It is possible to set the relative weight of the sum of heat and electricity and select which plants are active 1 3 DH net This section defines the district heating DH network for distribution of the heat It is possible to use predefined values for the losses or define a pipe network and calculate the losses in more detail 1 4 Chiller This section defines the type of the chiller for the cooling production It is possible to combine several types and select the heat source if absorption chiller is used 1 5 DC net This section defines the district cooling DC network for distribution of the cool from the chiller It is possible to use predefined values for the losses or define a pipe network and calculate the losses in more detail 1 6 More details CHP Fuel data See the data behind each fuel It is also possible to define your own fuel Ash Give the transport length to the ash treatment disposal site Allocation Choose an allocation method for calculating the emission and resources for heat and electricity Choose the mix of the electric
9. gy use related to the combustion etc For the fuel combustion the lower heating value is used as default For the default values see Table 3 The choice of the PEFs for the different fuels is further explained in Appendix B of 1 E roue Spuma ae File Edit View Insert Tools Desktop Window Help Fuel Wood chips v PEF fuel handling 1 06 kWh kWh PEF ren fuel handling 0 003333 kWh kWh CO2 eq fuel handling 8 6 g kWh Efficiency alternative heat 90 Efficiency alternative electricity 38 PEF ren combustion 1 kWh kWh COP 1 Emissions kg GJ kg GJ kg GJ Ash amount 1 Ash H 12 5 MJ kg Contruction amp Dismantling C amp D C amp D Plant size MW Fuel use GWh year Lifetime year PE X plant size TJ PEren X plant size TJ CO2 eq X plant size ton CO2 eq Additives Use additives Solid fuel Include additives and ash Close E Figure 5 Fuel data screen Table 1 Default values for PEFs and CO equivalents for the different fuels PEF io PEF cs COz eq COz eq PEF en fuel fuel fuel combustion combustion handling handling handling kWh kWh kWh kWh g kWh g kWh kWh kWh 10 w IEA DHC Annex X User Manual UMC Tool IEADHC CHP Natural gas steam cycle pe p 1 24E 03 s a cycle rasa a me pe p e e o m fpe pep e C S C C C a pE e Wood chips logging 3 33E 03 residues allocation a Cc C S i CC mem EE To fill in the fields
10. ity production 1 7 Results and reporting The energy flow through the system is shown in the figure of the main screen The numbers by the arrows indicate the energy flows for heating cooling and electricity CO2 PEF Breaks down the CO2 q emissions and Primary Energy Factor PEF losses in more detail Report Produce a HT ML file containing the input values and the results 7 w IEA DHC Annex X User Manual UMC Tool IEADHC CHP 2 Defining the CHP Figure 3 shows the screen for defining the CHP plant The upper part of this screen defines a single CHP plant You can select a fuel type and the CHP technology and the efficiency and the power to heat ratio a 3 Defining the DH net Figure 4 shows the screen for defining the DH network and how the network performs during the seasons over a year z Figure 5 E _ I pon B x File Edit View Insert Tools Desktop Window Help Duration time 3000 h Max load 33 33 MW Season W SA S 40 50 10 i J Default DH loss High density 8 2 MWh m 60 year Default heat loss 5 39 Has aeieea fl tane araea Aat dated Bo ca po i 1 Real DH loss DH heat loss 0 GWh Elec consumption pumps 0 GWh Calculate DH loss Calculate DH Edit DH network Season DH load Length Supply temp Returntemp Flow rate Heat loss Cooling loss Pump loss C C Vs kW kW kW Winter 100 40 105 50 150 3 1877 0 173 4 Spring atumn 56 50 80 40 114 5 1404 0 86
11. ives as shown in Fehler Verweisquelle konnte nicht gefunden werden This determines also if additives are included and performs the same function as the Include additives and ash tick box in the Fuel data window Previous studies have concluded that ash transport has a small effect on the final result 2 3 Emissions per km of transported ash are hence calculated using a default value 6 References 1 B M Alonso M J Frydenlund F Stang J Lindahl M Alsbjer M Kyung K Calculation model Documentation and user manual for Universal Calculation Model UCM IEA DHC Annex X 2014 Unpublished 2 M Berner Primary Energy Efficiency and District heating NTNU 2010 3 S B Lindahl A Eom J S Eom K l The Potential for Increased Primary Energy Efficiency and Reduced CO2 Emissions by DHC IEA DHC Annex IX 2011 4 Mandate M480 for the support of the EPBD EN 15603 and EN 15316 4 5 ed 2014 5 M Berner and R Ulseth The primary energy concept 2008 6 M Berner R Ulseth and J Stang Primary energy efficiency and system engineering in 12th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling Tallinn Estonia 2010 7 COMMISSION DECISION of 21 December 2006 establishing harmonized efficiency reference values for separate production of electricity and heat in application of Directive 2004 8 EC of the European Parliament and of the Council notified under document number C 2006 6817
12. nd for the pump in free cooling An absorption chiller uses a heat source to produce cooling and this can be selected to be either the CHP or the DH network Two types of absorption chillers are available single or two stage A single stage absorption chiller operates with a single generator and uses low pressure steam whereas the two stage type has a second generator in the cycle and requires high pressure steam for operation Two stage absorption chillers have typically higher efficiencies lf mechanical cooling is selected and the need for cooling is high and electricity production low electricity will be imported from the grid In this case the delivered electricity will appear negative in the main screen 5 More details on the CHP 5 1 Fuel data Given the case when the fuel data introduced as default do not correspond with the ones measured or known by the user then the user has the possibility to define them in detail taking 9 w IEA DHC Annex X User Manual UMC Tool IEADHC CHP into account the fuel PEF and CO emissions the efficiency of its conversion information regarding the ashes and or the construction and dismantling of the plant This is done by selecting Fuel data in the main screen at which time the screen shown in Figure 8 appears Here PEF en or PEF ren fuel handling refers to the renewable primary energy use related to the fuel handling process and PEF en combustion refers to the renewable primary ener
13. ool can be divided in several sub parts which the user will be guided through and asked to provide information depending on the chosen level of detail The user has a possibility to refine the calculation tool by introducing data from his own plant and system instead of using default values for the different parameters Thus the tool includes a set of predefined values for the majority of the parameters but there is also a possibility to check out values and modify them upon request The user will be provided with default values whenever lacking input information For all levels of detail the output from the calculation tool will consist of e Total Primary Energy Factor PEF e Renewable Primary Energy Factory PEF e e Emission coefficient CO gt equivalents g KWh for the district heating and or district cooling delivered to the end customer E Figure 1 1 Delivered energy CHP _ Retweioht 4 Chiller 5 DC net Delivered 1 Heat 100 GWh 1 Dhang Coot 0 4 GWh 1 Et 18 64 GWh 1 6 More details CHP 129 1 Primary gt energy 27 63 7 Results and reporting Heat Energy flow in system Cooling Electricity Figure 2 Main screen of the UCM tool w IEA DHC Annex X User Manual UMC Tool IEADHC CHP Figure 2 shows the main screen of the UCM tool 1 1 Delivered Energy Enter the amount of heat and cooling you want to be delivered during a year The electricity El produced is calculated If electri
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