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CastAway-CTD User`s Manual (English)

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1. Chris Ward CastAway CTD User s Manual January 2012 SonTek a Xylem brand FCC INFORMATION This device complies with part 15 of the FCC Rules Operation is subject to the following two conditions 1 This device may not cause harmful interference and 2 this device must accept any interference received including interference that may cause undesired operation The CastAway CTD FCC license number can be found in ei locations 1 on the shipping box label and 2 engraved on the back of the CastAway CTD Examples of the shipping box label and engraving are shown below rf Item 400000 E CID Serial T 123456 PATENTS PENDING SNN RES inaa ysy Incorporated e e Yellow Springs Ohio 45387 USA A CastAway CTD User s Manual January 2012 V SonTek a Xylem brand TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION E GETTING STARTED sanidad 1 LL SYSTEM COMPONENTS eege lora Veda 1 1 2 OPERATING THE CASTAWAYECTD tisdale 2 1 2 1 TUFAINO ON En 2 de eZ MONET DOSCHID HOM EE 3 T23 System Datena TIMO A A AAA AAA cease Aa A lo eis ed 3 1 2 4 POD IVICNUBGIG SLOLUS ICONS EE 4 LS STATUS EED EE 5 LA ACOUIRINGA GPS EE 6 1 9 SYSTEM INFORMATION SCREENS ua dalt od 6 1 5 1 Raw ked TIMECODE GE 6 1 5 2 Recorder 7 ege 6 SSES HGH EELER 7 Za OVERVIEW OF CD CAST PROCEDURE eege 7 2 2 PRE CAST PROCEDURES AND te 8 23 DEPLOYMENT ETC Ile 9 ZE CAST DATA REQUIREMENTS 2000 AAA EE 9 2 9 PERFORMING A CTD CAST ss 10
2. Figure 31 Example of Temperature and Conductivity Profiles Figure 31 gives an example of the raw conductivity temperature and pressure data collected by the CastAway CTD this data was collected in the Pacific Ocean near San Diego California In this data a temperature gradient of about seven degrees exists in the upper layer of the ocean The thermocline is located at a pressure of about 30 decibar depth of about 30 meters Below this the temperature is much more stable The influence of temperature on conductivity is seen in the nearly identical vertical structure of the two measurements Since the salinity of the ocean is fairly constant in this area the change in temperature is mostly responsible for the change in conductivity To separate the influence of temperature on conductivity scientists often use a derived parameter called specific conductivity SA 6 64 CastAway CTD User s Manual January 2012 SonTek a Xylem brand A 6 CTD Derived Parameters In addition to conductivity and temperature a number of valuable parameters can be derived from the data collected by a CTD Using an advanced microprocessor the CastAway CTD provides four of the most commonly derived parameters after the completion of each cast specific conductance salinity sound speed and depth In the CastAway CTD Software you can also view density To derive these additional parameters the CastAway CTD uses established internationally recogn
3. 5 5 9 which flags the files as deleted but does not permanently remove them The Purge Deleted Files function permanently removes these files from the software database Purged files cannot be recovered unless they have been backed up or are still available on the instrument that collected the files From the menu icon click Maintenance and then Purge Deleted Files Confirm that permanently removing these files from the database 5 8 3 Import Language File The CastAway CTD Software can operate in different languages The software includes a utility called the CastAway Translator that allows users to generate their own language files and thus allows custom translations into any language For information on using the CastAway Translator to generate a new language file see 5 8 4 To load a language file into the software Click the menu button in the upper left corner O Select Maintenance Select Import Language File Select the desired language file lang This will load the desired language file into the software It will then restart the software using the new language settings This new language is then added to the list of available languages in the software settings menu 5 6 1 You should feel free to exchange language files with other CastAway CTD users CastAway CTD User s Manual January 2012 47 SonTek a Xylem brand 5 8 4 Create Language File The CastAway CTD Software is configured to allow opera
4. J LP en En a Pes e The simplest description of CastAway CTD data processing is that Processed profile is a weighted 5 average of the down and up casts based on fall de velocity Up Casts are more heavily weighted near the surface and down casts are more heavily weighted near the bottom Details of how data are processed to produce the final profile are given in Section A 9 The figure to the right shows an example plot of processed CastAway CTD data using the same data shown for Raw and Down Up casts 70 CastAway CTD User s Manual January 2012 SonTek a Xylem brand A 9 Data Processing Algorithms Data Processing for Casts When processing cast data from the CastAway CTD we take a number of things into account Weighting The sensors work best when they have a steady flow of water through the cell A higher flow of water through the cell provides the best measurements The measured temperature will increase slightly with time when the water or the CID is stationary Thus when combining measurements we weight the measured data based on the vertical speed of the system which is determined by monitoring the change in pressure For near surface data the up cast is weighted more heavily than the down cast This is because the up cast will have been moving at a steady rate for some time while the down cast has just started moving providing more reliable data For near bottom data the down cast is weig
5. A mi No GPS position flashing red LED START CAST LOCATION Low quality GPS position flashing yellow LED GA Lan ul High quality GPS position solid green LED O Sats O The number of satellites being tracked is also displayed If the number of satellites is greater than 10 the actual number of satellites is the last digit of the number A value of 1 for the first digit indicates that a good position is being computed After installing batteries the first GPS signal lock can take 3 to 10 minutes depending on your location and the number of available satellites The first GPS signal lock of the day can also take 3 to 10 minutes depending on when and where your last successful signal lock occurred e To minimize GPS signal acquisition time keep the CTD level with the LCD facing the sky in a clear open area free of overhead obstructions Trees buildings and bridges can interfere with GPS reception GPS location is not required to perform a CTD cast but we encourage recording high quality GPS data as this is a valuable addition to the measurement If GPS coverage is not available or you choose not to get a GPS fix you can begin the cast at any time The CastAway CTD Software can be used to manually enter the location of the cast at a later time 5 5 8 3 When ready press the lower right button to begin the CTD cast Press any other button to abort the cast and return to the home screen SonTek a Xylem brand 2
6. Feds PEJE OLN GE 10 ZOD DOMI ENEE 11 E e PEDE PIO TEE 12 2 5 4 REVIEW Cast Data ON LED aena E U O E RE TA O T A Richie A OR 13 255 ee CASES aaa 13 256 Post Cast ee ee afetten E 13 SECTION 3 CTD POINT MEASUREMENTS ee 14 3 1 OVERVIEW OF POINT MEASUREMENT PROCEDURES iia Aina aden SE 14 3 2 POINT MEASUREMENT REQUIREMENTS daneses ora eos 14 3 3 PERFORMING A POINT IMEASUREMENT eege 15 3 3 1 Start TNE Measurement a dins 15 332 NEE EE SAND A EE 16 3 3 3 kevew Data ON ED a ad 16 3 3 4 Invalid Point Measurements c occcnccnncnnccnnccnncnnoconccnnccnaconacnnnonaronocnnnonaronccnnronaronncnanonaronconanonaronccnaronacanocnns 17 3 3 5 Post Measurement Cleaning and Maintenant eeir i a a A 17 SECTION 4 REVIEWING DATA ON THE COD oia aan 18 AL SUMMARY SCREEN aaa e e lea 18 A2 DATA REVIEW SCREEN S a A A eae 19 4 2 1 COST PROMO E 19 4 2 2 P int Measurement Data Creen Sii a ita 20 4 3 CONDUCTIVITY AND SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE oia Ai 20 SECTION 5 CASTAWAY CTD SOFTWARE sscisiicrsncnnccn canti sacedans nase raaa 21 SE SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS ANDCOMPATIBIL AS 21 Dez INSTALLING THE SOFTWARE eo ea 21 KS SOFTWARE OVERVIEW coa 22 5 4 CONNECTING AND CONFIGURING YOUR CASTAWAY CTD ocoococcccconooronconcanooronroncancnrooroncnacanooronroncnaroronrnncnacarooroncnacns 24 5 4 1 BIUCTO OLIVIA ADT das 24 5 4 2 Communicating with the lnstrument 24 5 4 3 CONTIGUING CMO ANS TUNE bi 26 5 4 4 Download Data Format Memory Firmware Upgrode 27 vi Cast
7. If you collect a cast shallower than 50 cm a warning message will display on the CastAway as follows Deeper than 50cm Good cast no warning 5 50cm warning too shallow message Instrument will display depth and location no data plots The software will show cast as invalid but the user can change it from invalid to point measurement and the software will process the data and display derived parameters The data and the processed parameters may be okay but there were not enough sample points to process it as a cast Shallower than 5 cm invalid too shallow message Neither the CTD or the software will display processed data The software will show cast as invalid users can change from invalid to a point measurement in the software The data is invalid and resulting parameters are likely incorrect because the CTD was probably not fully submerged but users have the option to look at processed parameters as a point measurement CastAway CTD User s Manual January 2012 9 SonTek a Xylem brand 2 5 Performing a CTD Cast 2 5 1 Before Profiling The system includes 15 m 50 ft of deployment line The line is 3 mm 1 8 in diameter polymer cord It allows minimal water absorption and is close to neutrally buoyant The line is appropriate for casts in relatively shallow water To use this deployment line e Securely tie the line to a locking carabiner Attach the carabiner and line to the top
8. 14 Chart details can be specified in the software settings menu 5 6 2 Number and location of charts Temperature CT 7 Conductivity uS cm Datatype Common axis variable Typically the vertical axis Chart appearance 44500 45000 45500 Figure 14 Example CTD Charts A pull down menu at the top of each chart is used to specify the plotted variable The number of casts plotted is based on the selected casts listed at the bottom of the screen To zoom or pan on a plot first click on the desired chart Zooming a Mouse wheel Use the mouse wheel to Zoom in or out b Keyboard o Hold Alt while clicking and dragging a rectangle to zoom into that area Use the and keys to zoom in and out Panning a Mouse Click and drag on the charts to pan the view shift the view left right up down b Use the arrow keys lt t on the charts to pan the view To return the chart to its original appearance right click and select Fit to view Press the Home key to return the chart to its original appearance CastAway CTD User s Manual January 2012 33 SonTek a Xylem brand Use the toolbar at top to modify the charts Use Enable auto fit to determine if the plot axes change when additional measurement data is added or removed Show auto fit samples If enabled the axes will automatically adjust each time an __ Charts additional measurement file is added or removed lf disabled the axe
9. CastAway CTD to more than 100 m 330 ft of line The maximum deployment depth of the CastAway CTD is 100 m 330 ft Deploying the system to greater depths can result in permanent damage If your CTD accidently exceeds 100 meters during a deployment you will need to send it back to the factory for recalibration and to check for damage Do not use a large diameter line or one with significant positive buoyancy This can slow or stop the CTD descent during the down cast Use a line that has good abrasion and cut resistance with a suitable working load We recommend a working load of at least 10 kg 20 Ib For deeper casts consider using a small winch or other mechanical device to simplify retrieval of the system One good option is a scuba dive reel The link below provides some examples of dive reels SonTek has tested some of the devices on this page and found them to work well with the CastAway CTD There are a variety of devices available from many different companies http www leisurepro com Cat Context_965 Page 1 Reels 969 html Secure deployment of the CastAway CTD is the customer s responsibility deployment devices and methods should be evaluated carefully 2 4 Cast Data Requirements In order to collect quality CTD data the following procedures should be followed Casts should have a total cast depth of at least 50 cm 20 inches If collecting data in water shallower than this usually a point measurement is adequate
10. almost every lake river estuary and ocean is stratified into different layers The formation of these layers is usually driver by temperature salinity and or and density In general cold water is denser than warm water while salt water is denser than fresh water Denser water usually tends to settle near the bottom while less dense water tends to float towards the surface although there are exceptions Figure 29 is a graphic representation of intersecting layers of water where a freshwater river is flowing into the ocean Because the fresh water is less dense it floats near the surface as it enters the ocean Fresh water wedges can extend out into the ocean for several kilometers and salt water wedges can migrate similar distances up rivers during high tides Figure 29 Boundary Layers for a Fresh Water River Flowing into the Ocean Temperature conditions in one layer may be notably different from conditions in another layer The boundary between two layers with different temperature is called a thermocline Water of different salinities will often be stratified in layers especially where fresh and salt waters come together The boundary where there is a notable change in salinity is called a halocline Likewise a change in density is called a pycnocline In coastal waters the pycnocline usually coincides with the halocline because water density is directly related to temperature and salinity Underwater acoustics are widely used t
11. an area that has been imbedded with precise location data The CastAway CTD Software can use geo referenced images as a background for plotting in various parts of the map The Geo Images tab allows you to load and configure geo referenced images Figure 21 is an example of the map with a geo referenced image The use of geo reference images is intended for more advanced users Because of the wide variety of images that are available SonTek provides only limited support for this option Ge See ek E A Settings af x w 3 i x s i General Charts Map Geo images Units Kn e EE par D kp de a ay Wri gt Visible File name Transparency Projection i om D A ee PE jl i A VIA s AN Ea y f d G AN ry P i Y ga a MU l A d a CN D d MissionBay tif 0 g Map data provided by c OpenStreetMap and contributors C BSA Safi Di Gon IES Figure 20 Geo Images Settings Figure 21 Software Map with Geo Image Adding an Image To add a geo referenced image to the software e Click the Add New button e Select the image file and click OK to load Once the file has been loaded you can specify how it is used The Visible check box determines whether or not the image is shown Transparency can be used to show the map through the image 0 shows only the image and 100 shows only the map Projection can be used to change which mapping projection is used The software supports Web Mercator and WGS 84 Merc
12. and has been turned on The maximum Bluetooth range is 10 m 30 ft When possible place the CTD within 1 2 m 3 6 ft of the PC for best results Under the Devices tab in the software make sure that Device Status communication for that instrument has not been disabled If it has been disabled right click on the Status area and click Communication disabled to toggle this setting If possible attempt to communicate with the instrument using another computer and a different USB Bluetooth adaptor This can help resolve where the problem OCCUIS lf none of the above is successful you may have a problem with the driver installation for the USB Bluetooth adaptor Some general guidelines are given here consult your system administrator when making any changes Access the Device Manager of your Windows operating system e Windows XP the following should access the Device Manager e Open the Control Panel e Click the System icon Select the Hardware tab and click on Device Manager e Window Vista the following should access the Device Manager CP DM Open the Control Panel e Click the System icon For XP and Vista the Device Manager will be similar to Figure 28 96 CastAway CTD User s Manual January 2012 SonTek a Xylem brand E Device Manager File Action View Help e ege a BB Acronis Devices Batteries Bluetooth Radios EJ Generic Bluetooth Radio 4 Microsoft Bluetooth E
13. and hydrologists dedicate so much of their time to studying water The CastAway CTD will open new doors in the science of water The small handheld size makes collecting data easy enough for a single person to do just about anywhere The integrated LCD screen displays a simple yet comprehensive user interface along with instantaneous data feedback You can view graphs and statistics from your casts without the need for a separate computer The integrated GPS for precise location data completes the picture of a functional and field friendly solution for capturing high quality data with a minimum of time and effort Coastal and inland water profiling has never been easier A 1 Purpose The CastAway CTD Principles of Operation provides both experienced and novice users with a technical description of the instrument and the data it records It includes basic advice on methods for collecting the best CTD data and how to interpret your data This document is intended to work in tandem with the CastAway CTD User s Manual which describes the details for operating the system A 2 Whatis a CTD A CID measures conductivity and temperature profiles with respect to depth The acronym CID stands for Conductivity Temperature and Depth For a CTD profiling refers to a series of measurements collected as the instrument itself descends from the surface of the water to the bottom and back up again To collect profile data a CTD is typically lowered from
14. button to move to previous file DA Press lower right button to view data screens 4 2 2 18 CastAway CTD User s Manual January 2012 SonTek a Xylem brand 4 2 Data Review Screens 4 2 1 Cast Profile Screens Using the lower right button on the CastAway you can scroll through profile plots of the data collected for the cast The settings for these plots units and visibility can be configured when the CastAway is connected to the CastAway software under the devices tab 85 3 If the cast was invalid less than 5 cm max depth data will not be shown and a large red X will be displayed across the screen lf the cast was less than 50cm a large yellow X will be displayed across the screen 2 5 5 Temperature Salinity Conductivity Speed of Sound Mir Max Max 15 8 m 15 8 m Figure 4 Four cast measurement profile plots Date and time of the cast is shows at the bottom of each screen Press the lower right button MA to move to the next profile plot After the last profile the file information screen is shown You can return to the home screen from the file information screen e Using the upper e and lower L left buttons you can scroll through data from multiple files recorded on the instrument Press the upper left button to move to the next later CTD cast based on date time Press the lower left button to move to the next earlier CTD cast based on date time Using the CastAway CTD Software you can ch
15. has been designed to recover from any foreseeable problem This section gives procedures that should be used only if the firmware has become corrupted and the system is not working reliably In some cases most commonly after a failed firmware upgrade the system enters a state where it appears the instrument is not working properly e The LCD display is blank The LED is flashing red The system does not respond to any buttons In most cases the instrument will recover from this automatically Leave the instrument alone for up to 5 minutes The instrument will typically reboot and should operate normally CastAway CTD User s Manual January 2012 49 SonTek a Xylem brand If the above does not work Remove the batteries from the instrument Leave the instrument without batteries for at least 30 minutes This allows internal capacitors to discharge and forces the system to a complete reset Install new batteries this resets the system and should return it to normal operation If the above options do not work contact SonTek for additional support The instructions below should not be attempted without direct assistance from SonTek Only if the above options have failed and you are certain that the firmware is corrupted should the next steps be used 50 Remove the batteries from the instrument Leave the instrument without batteries for at least 30 minutes This allows internal capacitors to discharge and f
16. in GPS most measurements include location data lf no GPS location data is included in the file typically due to blocked satellites you can manually input a location for that file Location data can be manually input only if no GPS data was stored with the file In the File view these files show the Location Source as None To manually specify the location for a file Goto file view and select the desired measurement file Go to map view and zoom pan the map to the region with your desired location From the selected file list click the file and drag the S cursor to the desired measurement location on the map 5 The location for that file will be marked by a blue dot if a valid cast or a green square if valid point measurement To remove a manually entered location Goto the file view and select the desired file Right click on that file and specify Location Remove Manual Location That file will now show Location Source as None 5 5 9 Deleting Measurements To delete a measurement Go to the file view and select the desired file s e Right click on that file and select Mark as deleted These files are maintained in the software database and can be recovered To delete multiple measurements Select the samples you would like to delete e Click on the main menu icon and select Maintenance e Select Mark all selected samples as deleted These files are maintained in the software databas
17. is properly calibrated for use 6 5 Data Quality Assurance and Control The CastAway CTD is a field instrument and though robust it is possible for the system to get damaged To assure data quality there are built in diagnostic checks performed automatically The CTD will display a warning message if it detects a problem 6 5 1 Built in System Tests Built in diagnostic tests will alert you if there is a problem with the system The conductivity cell monitors redundant electrodes for erratic measurements to check for possible contaminant coatings in the flow cell e Comparisons of internal and external temperatures are checked for extremes and possible problems The system will also check to make sure the system has been deployed deep enough to collect a valid measurement The thresholds for point measurements and casts are described in 2 4 and 3 2 6 5 2 User System Tests To confirm the instrument is operating correctly perform a few simple checks To check a system in the air Rinse the instrument in fresh water and allow to air dry completely Follow the instructions in 1 5 1Error Reference source not found to navigate to the real time data display screen Temperature should be close to the local air temperature If the temperature sensor is wet the measured temperature could be different from the actual air temperature CastAway CTD User s Manual January 2012 53 SonTek a Xylem brand e Conductivit
18. leave the LCD screen disabled for normal data collection lt is also possible to view raw data on the LCD without recording 1 5 1 Place the CTD in the desired measurement location Keep the instrument at this location moving back and forth to flush water through the measurement cell for about 10 seconds Point measurements need to be taken below a certain depth to ensure no air is in the cell The required depth for a valid point measurement is 20 cm 0 7 ft A good rule of thumb is to have your elbow under water to be sure the sensor is deep enough to collect a good measurement e Since this is a point measurement it is not necessary to collect data for a long period of time Just 10 seconds of data is sufficient When complete press any button to end the CTD measurement When the measurement is complete the CastAway CTD automatically loads the review data screen to allow immediate field verification of data quality Section 4 3 3 3 Review Data on LCD After each measurement the summary screen will be displayed Verify that you have collected a successful point measurement This screen will show an invalid message if the maximum depth was less than 5cm and a caution warning if the maximum depth was less than 20cm The warning message warning too shallow is displayed in yellow and is provided as a quality control feature for the user Both raw and processed data will be available for these samples Plots of
19. of specific conductance salinity sound speed density and depth are calculated for each pressure bin Algorithms for these derived parameters are taken directly from Millard amp Fofonoff 1983 using the 1980 International Equation of State for Seawater EOS 80 Temperatures are multiplied by 1 00024 to convert from ITS 90 to ITPS 68 before computing the EOS 80 derived parameters The up down and processed output temperatures are in ITS 90 the conversion to ITPS 68 is only applied for EOS 80 calculations 15 The final step is to convert the pressure bins to depth bins CastAway CTD User s Manual January 2012 73 SonTek a Xylem brand e Gravity is calculated using the WGS84 ellipsoidal gravity formula using local latitude and altitude measured by the GPS If there is no information from the GPS a default latitude of 30 degrees and a default altitude of zero are used These defaults can be changed in the software 5 6 1 e The depth is calculated from equation 25 of Millard amp Fofonoff 1983 and includes a full integration of the geopotential anomaly over the entire cast to account for changes in water density Data Processing for Point Measurements Previous sections A 8 and A 9 describe data processing for a CTD cast in detail Some of the same methods apply to a CTD point measurement although the processing is simpler since only a single point is being measured A summary of processing for a CastAway
20. of the CastAway CTD protective sleeve and engage the lock Attach the opposite end of the line to something secure in case the line should slip out of your hands Never attach the other end of the line to yourself Be sure the deployment line is long enough for expected cast depth e Coil the line without knots or tangles so it is easy to pay out during the cast Be aware of local bottom conditions Use caution around rocks reefs piers bridges sunken trees etc to avoid snagging the line or the CTD e Layers of silt or mud on the bottom could plug the conductivity flow cell Try not to drag the CTD along the bottom if you are casting from a moving vessel Always be aware of the currents in the water e You may need to add weight to the bottom of the CTD if you are casting in strong currents Strong currents may keep the CTD from descending because of drag on the line We recommend attaching no more than 2 5 kg 5 lb to the protective sleeve 10 CastAway CTD User s Manual January 2012 SonTek a Xylem brand 2 5 2 Starting a Cast To start a CTD cast from the home screen 1 Press to highlight the CTD cast icon then press ei to CTD ft 10F000234 execute this function R 2 Record Starting GPS Position 2010 07 01 The CastAway CTD first acquires a starting GPS location 19 34 54 Icons at the bottom of the LCD plus the status LED show the quality of the GPS location data UTC Date amp Time
21. per Meter S m Specific conductance MicroSiemens per Centimeter uS cm Siemens per Meter S m Salinity Practical Salinity Scale PSS Sound velocity Meters per Second m s Feet per Second ft s Kilometers per Hour km h Miles per Hour mph Density Kilograms per Cubic Meter kg m Grams per Cubic Centimeter g cm Pounds per Cubic Foot Ibs ft Pounds per Cubic Inch Ibs in When ready click OK to enable new settings or Cancel to revert to previous settings 42 CastAway CTD User s Manual January 2012 SonTek a Xylem brand 5 7 Importing and Exporting Data The CastAway CTD Software can import and export data in a variety of formats Click the Import Files Export Files or gt Export Summary icons at the top right corner of the screen Import Export Export files files summary Tasks 5 7 1 Import Files Data files can be imported in two different formats 1 Archive zip files as exported by the CastAway CTD Software 5 7 2 2 Raw data files ctd cactd generated by the CastAway CTD Click the Import Files icon and select the desired files or you can drag these files onto the software screen and they wil be imported automatically The software shows a dialog that allows you to select which files are imported how they are merged if the file already exists and whether or not project information is imported with the data files Figure 23 CastAway CTD Use
22. prior to entering the water while holding at the surface and while waiting at the bottom between the down and up cast Common axis This specifies the value against which all charts are shown Depth Pressure or Time Axis synchronization When set to Common axis only all charts are zoomed and scaled to the dimensions of the common axis allowing for easier comparison of multiple plots When set to None each chart is zoomed and scaled independently Max number of auto loaded charts lf a large number of casts are selected this can clutter the charts This option determines the maximum number of files that are automatically displayed The default setting is 5 This means that if you select 20 different casts only data from the first 5 of those casts will be automatically plotted It is always possible to manually add or remove casts from the plot 5 5 2 Line width This specifies the line size on charts Point size This specifies the size of symbols on charts when individual samples are displayed Font size This specifies the text size for labels on charts 38 CastAway CTD User s Manual January 2012 SonTek a Xylem brand 5 6 3 Map Settings The Map tab configures the world map used as the background display Settings Ele E General Charts Map Geo images Units Display up cast location O Map Coordinates display Two lines v Lat lon format 12 20 44 44 S 123 27 24 44 E v Background map Offline Map v Newcus
23. the start of each header line which may make the CSV file easier to load for some software programs The default setting is which is the comment indicator for MATLAB This setting allows MATLAB to ignore the header lines when loading a CastAway CTD CSV file y Settings General Charts Map Geo images Units Layout Kee Graph type Processed e Common axis Depth v Axis synchronization Common axis only i Max number of auto loaded charts 5 ji Line width Point size A Font size 8 z OK Cancel Figure 16 Software Settings Charts CastAway CTD User s Manual January 2012 37 SonTek a Xylem brand 5 6 2 Chart Settings The Charts tab configures the plots used to display CTD data Layout Determines the number and relative location of Rows 1 Clues plots that are shown A variety of different aa ee row column configurations are available cm Figure 17 o Cos Rows 3 Columns 1 ows 3 Columns 2 Graph type SE This specifies the type of data that is used in the en au CTD charts For information about processing of Figure 17 Layout Options CTD cast data see A 8 Processed down and up cast data are combined to produce the best measurement possible Appendix A Down only data from the down cast are shown Up only data from the up cast are shown Down and Up data from the down and up cast are both plotted Raw all samples are shown without processing or editing This includes data
24. to an internet connection Open Street Map Osmarender This online map provides improved resolution with a street view but requires access to an internet connection The two online maps Open Street Map and Open Street Map Osmarender provide an essentially identical view The two versions are hosted by different web servers giving a redundant source of data in the event that one of the servers is unavailable New Custom Map The CastAway CTD Software can be used with a variety of other online maps This button provides a dialog to configure the software for use with other online maps Figure 19 This option is intended for advanced users only Map name a unique name to identify the map Because of the wide variety of maps that are Parameterized URL e g http myserver com tiles Z Y X png available SonTek is not able to provide direct parameters S subdomain XP Y Z tile X Y Z level or Q quad key support for the use of Subdomains one per line not required other online maps This option is provided for customer convenience but is not considered an integral and supported Max level part of the software 5 Map data provided by not required Copy settings from Add map Cancel Figure 19 Custom Map Dialog 40 CastAway CTD User s Manual January 2012 SonTek a Xylem brand 5 6 4 Geo Images Settings A geo referenced image is typically a satellite or aerial photograph of
25. to the right shows temperature data from the 3 down and up cast for the same file shown in Raw data The difference between the two casts are likely caused by internal waves propogating along the different temperature and density layers When you first view the data difference between the up and down cast in this data set it may appear that there is a problem with the sensor However there are many factors that can influence the distribution of measured parameters in the water column Internal waves are certainly one phenomenon to be aware of but more often the differences will be from the CTD moving through different columns of water Even though you may be stationary during your measurements the water could be moving Even enclosed bodies of water have thermally driven currents that you can t see from the surface As a result your down cast and up cast could be through two different volumes of water Changes in water temperature and conductivity can be abrupt especially near merging bodies of water like lakes and rivers or rivers and oceans These areas will often produce interesting data CastAway CTD User s Manual January 2012 69 SonTek a Xylem brand Processed Temperature C This is the most common form of the data from the CastAway CTD and is what we recommend for the majority of our users In this form data from the down and up cast have been combined to give the best possible measurement of the true profile
26. upgrade process Reset factory defaults This option changes all instrument settings to the factory defaults This option may be useful if settings were accidentally changed Click No to exit or Yes to reset the CTD configuration to factory defaults CastAway CTD E 2 Do you want to reset the device configuration to the factory defaults 28 CastAway CTD User s Manual January 2012 SonTek a Xylem brand 5 5 Viewing Data with the Software 5 5 1 Using the Map View Zooming on the Map There are three ways to zoom on the map SL Zoom to world Q Zoom to filtered 1 Use your mouse wheel to zoom in or out a Zoom to selected 2 Use your keyboard a Alt key to zoom to a boxed area click Alt and drag a rectangle to zoom into the highlighted area b Click the and keys to zoom in or out c Press the Home key to zoom to the entire world map 3 Use the buttons on the View toolbar in the software a Zoom to World shows the entire world map b Zoom to Filtered scales the map to fit only currently filtered casts 5 5 4 c Zoom to Selected scales the map to fit only currently selected casts Panning on the Map To pan the view on the world map choose from these methods 1 Click and drag on the map to pan the view shift the view left right up down 2 Use the arrow keys lt t to pan the view 5 5 2 Selecting Casts for Display To display data from one or more CTD measurements you must se
27. 17 97 19 26 0 150 3 233 GPS e 4 gt Figure 7 Software Map View Figure 7 shows the main screen of the CastAway CTD Software A toolbar across the top gives access to a number of key functions The main map area shows the location of CTD measurements Only currently filtered measurements are displayed 5 5 4 The blue circles indicate the locations of CTD measurements the number inside indicates how many measurements are at that location A highlighted blue circle indicates the measurement is currently selected The bottom section of the screen lists the selected CTD measurements including key parameters such as serial number and measurement date time The right side of the main screen shows charts plots of data from the selected CTD measurements Under the settings menu the number and location of charts can be 22 CastAway CTD User s Manual January 2012 SonTek a Xylem brand changed for instructions on adding modifying or removing charts refer to section 5 4 3 of this manual The main tab toolbar allows you to toggle between the data display and the devices display xy Data Devices D Show files a Zoom to world Devices Zoom to filtered Selecting the Devices tab allows you to connect to download data from and configure the CastAway CTD 5 3 Show map AL Zoom to selected View Selecting the Data tab Data allows you to view data using either map or
28. 36 15_20100331_211550 15_20100331_211359 15_20100331_210347 15_20100331_210149 15_20100331_202405 15_20100331_202215 15_20100331_202107 15_20100331_195159 Invalid Cast Cast Invalid Cast Invalid Cast Cast Cast Cast Cast Invalid Depth m 18 18 5 19 Symbol Min conductivity Max conductivity Min temperature Max temperature Min pressure Max pressure Location source 4 44023 140 45360 740 44461 490 45826 640 44160 310 45270 290 44482 420 45624 200 44138 750 45543 740 Il Device Cast time local 2010 06 02 18 45 38 2010 06 02 18 45 37 2010 06 02 18 43 51 2010 06 02 18 43 50 2010 06 02 18 41 32 aaa Figure 8 Software File View CastAway CTD User s Manual January 2012 23 SonTek a Xylem brand 5 4 Connecting and Configuring your CastAway CTD This section will walk you through connecting and configuring a CastAway CTD using the CastAway CTD PC Software In summary First make sure the bluetooth adapter is inserted in the USB drive on your computer and that your bluetooth connection is enabled and working Then add the CastAway to the list of devices registered in the software When the corresponding CastAway is then turned on connection should automatically be established The rest of this section will go into these steps in more detail and describe how to configure the instrument settings while connected through the software 5 4 1 Bluetooth Adapter The soft
29. 5 3 Perform the Profile 8 A recording data screen is displayed to indicate the cast is starting The flashing green LED Gi indicates the system is actively collecting CTD data e The LCD screen will go blank to conserve power The instrument can be configured to display real time data on the LCD during a cast The option is enabled using the CastAway C TD Software 5 4 3 This significantly affects power consumption of the instrument We recommend using this option only when necessary For field diagnostics it is also possible to view raw data on the LCD without recording 1 5 1 Lower the CTD to just below the water surface and keep the instrument at the water surface for approximately 10 seconds This allows the CTD sensors to stabilize to the surface water conditions Allow the CTD to free fall to the bottom Don t deploy deeper than the 100 m 330 ft pressure rating After the CTD reaches the bottom retrieve the instrument to the surface at a steady rate of about 1 m s 3 ft s For best data quality don t stop during the down or up cast When complete press any button to end CTD data collection Record Ending GPS Position UTC Date amp Time MA Lastly the instrument acquires an end GPS location Icons at the bottom of the LCD and the status LED show the quality of END CAST LOCATION the GPS location data Y Lat Lon Sats ull Xx No GPS position flashing red a ul X Low quality GPS position
30. Away CTD User s Manual January 2012 SonTek a Xylem brand S VIEWING DATA WITH THE SOFTWARE eebe a 29 5 5 1 USING THC A eege 29 52 EE 29 5 5 3 Managing Data with Projects ni tardes 30 odo EE ee E EE 31 5559 MOV Char et 33 5 5 6 CODEUTING Screen MOTOS das 34 E E CHANGING eat 34 535 8 SPeCIVING Meadas ure mentLoc ee 35 5 5 9 Ree Ee EE 35 OO EE 36 5 6 1 EE 36 5602 CNA EE 38 5 6 3 Malte E ge e 39 5 6 4 GEO IMAGES e e EE 41 5 6 5 UNESENO EE 42 5 7 IMPORTING AND EXPORTING DATA it da 43 5 7 1 O vs 43 So EXPO FUNC elas ties ieee teeta di ee eines wes ae Mae anata 44 DIGS EXDORE SUNNY EE ees 45 9 0 SOFTWARE MAINTENANCE FUNCTIONS egenen eege Noa 46 5 8 1 Data Storage ana Baku Dia a a 46 382 Pwde E NEE 47 58 3 dJmport Language File EE 47 584 Create Language FIle ia A AS 48 389 Repar Device EE EENEG 49 SECTION 6 MAINTENANCE QUALITY CONTROL amp TROUBLESHOOTING cccccccoccocccccococcnccnocnccnccncccccnccnconcnnons 51 Sch CTD WMIAINTENANGCE AND CARE scans tia 51 O2 CTO ROUSING EE 51 BS BATTERIE S ito lets 52 6 3 1 Battery Installation and Removal Brocedures 52 E ere E Re EE 52 6 4 CALIBRATION GUIDELINES Ss dida 53 6 3 DATA OUATITY ASSURANCE AND CONTROL succionar 53 6 5 1 BONIH SYSEL POSES ote easier O Ot 53 6 5 2 USC SYSTEM Ee 53 63 3 Venid Dota QUAY dnd 54 Becke TROUBLESHOOTING MPSS 55 6 6 1 NOS VS TON FUNC AA a dis 55 6 6 2 Bluetooth Communication Troubleshooting a000aae0sa
31. C TD point measurement is below For a point measurement only two data types are available selecting the Down Up Cast data shows the same data as selecting Processed data Raw Data Raw data is exactly that the raw samples of conductivity temperature and pressure data versus time No derived parameters specific conductivity salinity sound speed density or depth are available Pressure data has been corrected for atmospheric pressure using data collected in the air at the start and end of the measurement This sets pressure at the water surface to zero Raw data is used only for specialized applications In most cases it is better to use the Processed data Raw data includes all data during the entire measurement in air at the beginning in the water and in the air at the end Processed Data Same as Down and Up Cast Pressure data has been corrected for atmospheric pressure using data collected in the air at the start and end of the cast This sets pressure at the water surface to Zero e We calculate the rate of change of pressure versus time which is the vertical speed of the system through the water We use this to eliminate data collected in the air We then look for the point where the change of pressure is greater than 0 15 decibars from the first recorded point This typically occurs when the system is first submerged into the water e We wait 2 seconds and take one sample of conductivity temperature and p
32. CastAway CTD When using this data it is important to understand the difference between conductivity and specific conductance In the simplest sense conductivity is the raw measurement while specific conductance is this measurement compensated for the influence of temperature With the CastAway CTD we use and display both values depending on where and how the data is being used For additional details refer to the CastAway CTD Principles of Operation Appendix A 20 CastAway CTD User s Manual January 2012 SonTek a Xylem brand Section 5 CastAway CTD Software The CastAway CTD software is powerful and easy to use As with any specialized application there are a number of features in the software that are not common in other software programs At first some of these features may be difficult to locate and understand so experiment with the software and try out different functions This section is intended as a reference to locate and use all of the different functions available within the software 5 1 System Requirements and Compatibility The CastAway CTD Software runs from a PC with the following system capabilities APC with any of these operating systems should be able to use the software Windows XP Windows Vista Windows 7 Access to a high speed internet connect is not required but does provide a greater number of options for the background map 5 6 3 5 2 Installing the Software The CastAway CTD Software a
33. Click Add to add the files to that project Create new project Add jasGlose F Remove files from project To remove files from a project Filter the display to show only files from one project 5 5 4 Remove selected files from project e Select one or more measurements to remove We e Click the Remove from Project button to see the remove files dialog All projects containing the selected files will be listed Remove clasa 30 CastAway CTD User s Manual January 2012 SonTek a Xylem brand 5 5 4 Filtering Measurements By default all measurements stored in the CastAway CTD Software will be displayed on the map and in the file list The number of measurements will increase rapidly especially if you are working with more than one Instrument To simplify data management you can filter the measurements displayed based on the following parameters Project e Dates e Devices CTD serial number Sample type CTD cast or point measurement lf more than one type of filter is specified only those files which meet all filter criteria will be displayed w Project EA E Af DO All d Al All files Dates Devices Sample l i H 3 type we Filter Figure 13 Filter Files Toolbar 1 Project To filter files by project use the Project pull down menu to specify the desired project or choose All Files 2 Date To filter files by date click on the Dates icon and choose from the fo
34. D User s Manual January 2012 67 SonTek a Xylem brand A 8 Overview of Available Data The user can view several types of data from the CastAway CTD Processed Down Cast Up Cast Or Raw For most applications we recommend using the processed data without additional modification This section provides an overview of the different types of data available from the CastAway CTD Raw Data Raw data is exactly that the raw samples of conductivity temperature and pressure data versus time No derived parameters specific conductivity salinity sound speed density or depth are available e Pressure data has been corrected for atmospheric pressure using data collected in the air at the start and end of the cast This sets pressure at the water surface to zero Raw data is used only for specialized applications In most cases it is better to use either the Processed data or the Down Up Cast data Raw data includes all data during the entire cast in air at the beginning at the surface down cast at the bottom up cast and in the air at the end The figure to the right shows raw temperature data from a sample cast collected in a reservoir in San Diego California Notice the variation in temperature at the top indicating some of that data was collected in air This data is removed by the CastAway CTD processing Notice the temperature at the bottom When the system first hits the bottom the temp
35. D to just below the water surface and keep the system at the water surface for approximately 10 seconds This allows the CTD sensors to stabilize to the surface water conditions Allow the CTD to free fall to the bottom Do not deploy deeper than the 100 m 330 ft pressure rating After the CTD reaches the bottom immediately retrieve the system to the surface at a steady rate of about 1 m s 3 ft s For best data quality do not stop system at any point during down or up cast and don t leave it resting on the bottom Once the CTD is at the surface stop data collection and record the ending GPS location 2 5 3 Complete the cast and review data on the LCD 2 5 4 Rinse system with fresh water allow to air dry and store securely until the next cast 2 5 6 CastAway CTD User s Manual January 2012 7 SonTek a Xylem brand 2 2 Pre Cast Procedures and Diagnostics The CastAway CTD is designed to require minimal maintenance while providing a long life of reliable measurements To ensure quality data collection we recommend that you perform the following simple diagnostic procedures prior to data collection 1 2 Follow SonTek guidelines for CastAway CTD maintenance 86 1 Make sure you haven t exceeded one year since the factory calibration 6 3 lf your CastAway has been in storage for more than a month you may want to confirm that your sensors are operating correctly by checking the raw data from the se
36. Max temperature Min pressure Max pressure Location source yA 26 2010 06 02 18 45 38 44023 140 45360 740 17 94 19 10 0 150 3 205 GPS Hl enre 14 2010 06 02 18 45 37 44461 490 45826 640 17 81 18 96 0 150 3 169 GPS HI SZ 26 2010 06 02 18 43 51 44160 310 45270 290 17 96 19 03 0 150 2 998 GPS E 27 14 2010 06 02 18 43 50 44482 420 45624 200 17 85 18 88 0 150 2 941 GPS HI eNe 26 2010 06 02 18 41 32 44138 750 45543 740 17 97 19 26 0 150 3 233 GPS E 14 2010 06 02 18 41 30 44483 230 45947 190 17 90 19 12 0 150 3 164 GPS 26 2010 06 02 18 39 54 43555 030 45338 120 17 88 19 20 0 150 3 323 GPS E 14 2010 06 02 18 39 52 44458 310 45974 800 17 82 19 11 0 150 3 274 GPS E 26 2010 06 02 18 34 10 45204 820 45204 820 19 35 19 35 1 178 1 178 GPS 14 2010 06 02 18 34 09 45400 770 45400 770 19 05 19 05 1 289 1 289 GPS left side of the selected measurement list Figure 12 Selected Measurement List 5 5 3 Managing Data with Projects To organize data you can generate projects and group selected measurements to those projects A project is much like a folder used to organize data on your PC A project can contain any number of CTD measurements and a CTD measurement can be included in more than one project To add files to a project or create a new project Add to existing project Select one or more measurements to go in the project e e Click Add to Project to see the add files dialog Select the desired project or type in a new project name e
37. SonTek a Xylem brand SonTek a Xylem brand 9940 Summers Ridge Rd San Diego CA 92121 3091 USA Telephone 1 858 546 8327 e Fax 1 858 546 8150 E mail inquiry sontek com e Internet www sontek com User s Manual 1 5 Software Version 1 5 Firmware Version 1 5 Copyright 2012 by Xylem Inc All rights reserved This document may not in whole or in part be copied photocopied reproduced translated or reduced to any electronic medium or Machine readable form without prior consent in writing from Xylem Every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of this manual However Xylem makes no warranties with respect to this documentation and disclaims any implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose Xylem shall not be liable for any errors or for incidental or consequential damages in connection with the furnishing performance or use of this manual or the examples herein The information in this document is subject to change without notice CastAway CTD User s Manual January 2012 i SonTek a Xylem brand ii CastAway CTD User s Manual January 2012 SonTek a Xylem brand Release Notice This is the January 2012 release of the CastAway CTD User s Manual During the creation of this manual the following were the latest versions of firmware software As such if you are using different firmware software versions not all aspects of this manual may apply CastAway firmware version 1 5 C
38. a boat or dock by hand or with a winch Conductivity temperature and pressure are recorded while descending and ascending This data provides a complete picture of water properties that change with respect to depth Using these three measurements and applying the appropriate equations we can calculate salinity sound speed density and depth to name a few of the more commonly sought parameters 60 CastAway CTD User s Manual January 2012 SonTek a Xylem brand A 3 Who Uses CTDs The CTD is a versatile tool that is used by many different groups of people e Oceanographers studying and modeling the intricate details of seawater consider the CTD to be one of their most essential tools Hydrographic surveyors use CTDs to characterize the speed of sound in water so that they can precisely calibrate the ranges of their echo sounding equipment e Hydrologists employ CTDs to detect salt water intrusion and other contaminants in rivers lakes wells and reservoirs Biologists in the aquaculture and fisheries industries regularly collect CTD data to ensure the health and well being of the fish they monitor Coastal engineers use CTDs in rivers inlets and estuaries to study local tides Even fisherman use CTDs to locate parcels of water that are attractive to certain species of fish CastAway CTD User s Manual January 2012 61 SonTek a Xylem brand A 4 Water Layers Temperature Salinity and Density The water in
39. ame from the list on the first line of the translator table in the translated value column The culture name is typically an abbreviation of 2 6 letters for example es mx is the abbreviation for Spanish Mexico Type the translated value for each parameter in translated value column c When satisfied with all translations click Save As and specify a name for the new language file lang Exit the CastAway Translator and load the language file into the software 5 8 3 The CastAway Translator software can also be used to edit and update existing language files as needed using the New Open Save and Save As functions 48 CastAway CTD User s Manual January 2012 SonTek a Xylem brand The Filter function allows viewing only items whose Id starts with a given text string The ld text strings are in the first column of the translation table Type the desired text into the Filter window The software will then display only items whose Id starts with the entered text For example if filtering based on Common_Button only those parameters whose Id starts with that text will be shown Figure 26 _ CastAway CTD Translator v1 3 from 11 23 2011 new file New Open Save Save as Filter Common_Button Clear supported culture names English Value Translated Value Figure 26 CastAway Translator Filter Example 5 8 5 Repair Device without Firmware The instrument operating system is extremely robust and
40. ange the units used for display of any parameter and which profile plots are shown 5 4 3 CastAway CTD User s Manual January 2012 19 SonTek a Xylem brand 4 2 2 Point Measurement Data Screens Using the lower right button on the CastAway you can scroll through data screens for the point measurement The units displayed and visibility of the screens can be configured when the CastAway is connected to the CastAway software under the devices tab 5 3 If the cast was invalid no data will be shown and a large red X will be displayed across the screen If the cast was less than 20cm a large yellow X will be displayed across the screen 3 3 4 Figure 5 Four data screens Date and time of the measurement is shows at the bottom of each screen Press the lower right button gt gt to move to the next data screen After the last data screen the file information screen is shown You can return to the home screen from the file information screen Using the upper and lower left buttons you can scroll through data from multiple files recorded on the instrument Press the upper left button e to move to the next later CTD measurement based on date time Press the lower left button D to move to the next earlier CTD measurement based on date time Using the CastAway CTD Software you can change parameter units 5 4 3 4 3 Conductivity and Specific Conductance Conductivity is one of the key parameters measured by the
41. artment of Defense World Geodetic System 1984 The depth is calculated from equation 25 of Millard Fofonoff 1983 and includes a full integration of the geopotential anomaly over the entire cast to account for changes in water density 66 CastAway CTD User s Manual January 2012 SonTek a Xylem brand A 7 Best Measurement Practices Making measurements with the CastAway CTD is quite simple the basic steps are described in detail in the User s Manual Section 2 and Section 3 There are a few key items that should be kept in mind to ensure the best quality data At the start of the cast hold the system underwater near the surface for 5 10 seconds This allows the temperature and conductivity sensors to adjust from air to water conditions and avoids problems in the first part of the down cast For the down cast allow the system to free fall to the bottom The size shape and weight of the instrument have been specifically designed to free fall at approximately 1 m s 3 3 ft s Allowing a clean free fall ensures a steady flow of water through the flow through cell and past the sensors For the up cast retrieve the system at a steady rate of about 1 m s 3 3 ft s A steady rate ensures a steady flow of water past the sensors for the best quality data e Do not let the system rest on the bottom Begin the up cast as quickly as possible Do not pause during either the down or up cast CastAway CT
42. astAway software version 1 5 Trademarks The terms SonTek CastAway and RiverSurveyor are registered trademarks of Xylem Inc All rights are reserved All other brand names are trademarks of their respective holders Warranty Terms and Conditions Thank you for purchasing the CastAway CTD The instrument was thoroughly tested at the factory and found to be in excellent working condition If the shipping crate appears damaged or if the system is not operating properly please contact us immediately The system you have purchased is covered under a two year limited warranty that extends to all parts and labor for any malfunction due to workmanship or errors in the manufacturing process The warranty does not cover shortcomings that are due to the design nor does it cover any form of incidental damage as a result of errors in the measurements lf your system is not functioning properly first try to identify the source of the problem If additional support is required we encourage you to contact us immediately and we will work to resolve the problem as quickly as possible lf the system needs to be returned to the factory please contact technical support to obtain a Service Request SR number We reserve the right to refuse shipments without SR numbers We require the system to be shipped back in the original shipping container using the original packing material with all delivery costs covered by the customer including all taxes and dutie
43. asured while the fall velocity is greater than 0 05 decibars second This sets the maximum pressure to the measurement taken just as the system hits the bottom or the end of the casting line Based on the maximum measured pressure An array of pressure bins is created from the surface downward Each bin has a width of 0 3 decibars The center of the first bin is located at 0 15 decibars the second at 0 45 decibars the third at 0 75 decibars and so on The reported pressure is always the center of the bin except for the last deepest bin The reported pressure in the last bin is set to the maximum measured pressure The temperature and conductivity from down cast samples and up cast samples are averaged separately into 0 3 decibar bins lf the absolute value of the fall velocity of the system is less than 0 025 decibars second during a down cast this sample is not used for the bin average lf the absolute value of the upward velocity of the system is less than 0 025 decibars second during an up cast this sample is not used for the bin average CastAway CTD User s Manual January 2012 SonTek a Xylem brand 9 All samples in the up and down portions of the cast that take place within a given 0 3 decibar slice of the water column are averaged together using the fall velocity as a weighting function Faster velocities have more weight in the average 10 lf there should be no measurements in a bin after filtering bas
44. asurement Flashing Green Actively collecting CTD data Figure 3 LED Status Light Reference Table Flashing CastAway CTD User s Manual January 2012 5 SonTek a Xylem brand 1 4 Acquiring a GPS fix When acquiring GPS location during a cast or point measurement the CastAway CTD will display an icon to indicate the quality of the GPS measurement based on the number of satellites that the system is picking up The number of satellites being tracked is also displayed If the number is greater than 10 the actual number of satellites is the last digit of the number A value of 1 for the first digit indicates that a good position is being computed ul No GPS position less than 4 satellites no position fix Low quality GPS position 4 or more satellites low quality position fix Good GPS position 4 or more satellites good quality position fix 1 5 System Information Screens To access system information from the home screen Press lad to highlight the system information icon a Press Bl to execute this function kal The system information screen displays the instrument serial f 1 07 number firmware version number and contact information From aes this screen you have three options tt Return to the home screen RE plano H Display raw real time CTD data Firmware Version wi si com CastAway View recorder battery status EE 800 765 4974 3 1 5 1 Raw Real Time CTD Data This may be useful to ve
45. ate and time with the ctdx extension CastAway with edits remove project info Exports data in CastAway CTD Software format ctdx including post processing modifications but any project information has been removed The default file name uses serial number date and time with the ctdx extension CSV comma separated values Export Cancel ha A Import Export Export files files summary Tasks F Export Files x Files to export Format CastAway with edits Export packaging Zip file Cast data Fields Figure 24 Export Files Dialog Exports data as an ASCII file easily imported by other software programs such as Microsoft Excel The system outputs one line per sample including only the fields specified Units can be changed by navigating to Main Menu gt Settings gt Units Includes a one line file header which shows the parameter and units for each column Fields Pressure Depth Temperature Conductivity Specific Conductance Salinity Sound velocity and Density The default file name uses serial number date and time with the csv extension 44 CastAway CTD User s Manual January 2012 SonTek a Xylem brand CSV comma separated values INFO HEADER Exports data as an ASCII file easily imported by other software programs such as Microsoft Excel The file includes an informational header with cast information such as date time and GPS location Each header line can be proce
46. ator projections Organizing Image Layers When multiple geo images are loaded they can be displayed on top of one another Images listed towards the top of the list are shown in front of those listed below Move Up This button moves an image one step higher in the list Move Down This button moves an image one step lower in the list CastAway CTD User s Manual January 2012 SonTek a Xylem brand 5 6 5 Unit Settings Settings E General Charts Map Geo images Units Pressure Decibar dbar Depth Meter m 4 4 Temperature Celsius C Conductivity MicroSiemens per Centimeter uS cm Specific conductance MicroSiemens per Centimeter uS cm s Salinity Practical Salinity Scale PSS ad tine ted A D j OK Figure 22 Software Settings Units The Units tab allows you to specify the units used for parameters displayed and output by the software These units affect both the software display and exported data See 5 4 3 to change the units shown on the instrument LCD A pull down menu is used to select the units for each parameter the following units are available for each parameter type Time Seconds Pressure Bar bar Decibar dBar Pascal pa Pounds Force per Square Inch psi Depth Centimeter cm Meter m Fathom fathom Foot ft Yard yd Temperature Celsius C Fahrenheit F Kelvin K Conductivity MicroSiemens per Centimeter uS cm Siemens
47. capacity calculations See 86 3 for battery life estimates Choose from Alkaline NIMH Rechargeable or Energizer Ultimate Lithium 1 5 V depending on the batteries currently installed Show data during cast This enables disables the display of data on the LCD during a cast or measurement This significantly increases power consumption and decreases battery life Use this option only when necessary and keep it disabled the rest of the time 26 CastAway CTD User s Manual January 2012 SonTek a Xylem brand 5 4 4 Download Data Format Memory Firmware Upgrade Several functions are available for configuring the CTD setup while EEE connected to an instrument These setting can be configured from the devices tab in the Tasks section Refresh info Format memory Download files This option is only available if the automatic file download has been disabled 5 6 Press this button to download any new files Firmware info upgrade Reset factory defaults Refresh info This option refreshes all status information downloaded from the instrument Format memory This option will erase the memory on the instrument It will prompt you to confirm that you want to erase the memory before processing Erasing the memory takes several minutes no other CTD functions should be accessed during this time Erased files cannot be recovered Once the format has been started it cannot be stopped Firmware info upgrade T
48. ck on the devices tab at the top left of the screen This screen shows devices connected to the computer as well as device status and configuration Figure 10 This screen also allows configuration of instrument settings 5 4 3 Device Status Battery Free memory Total files New files Device configuration Tasks Language amp units English Metric e Battery type NiMH Rechargeable Plot Salinity F Show data during cast Refresh info Plot Specific Conductance T Format memory Plot Sound Speed L More Figure 10 Device Status and Configuration Disabling Communications Communications can be disabled if you do not want the software to automatically establish communications with the instrument when in range This can be useful if multiple PCs are within range of the device Online Status Battery Free memory Communication disabled To disable communications right click on the Status section of the device then click on Communications Disabled to enable disable communication with that device CastAway CTD User s Manual January 2012 25 SonTek a Xylem brand 5 4 3 Configuring the Instrument A number of options are available to customize the operation of the CastAway CTD Figure 11 A CastAway can only be configured while connected to a PC using the CastAway CTD Software In the Device Configuration panel you can change several settings that are applied to the CastAway instrume
49. consult with your system administrator before following the Windows 7 recommendations CastAway CTD User s Manual January 2012 57 SonTek a Xylem brand 6 6 3 Cold Weather Problems Operation of any electronic device particularly one that uses a LCD can be challenging in very cold weather Batteries Batteries lose power in very cold conditions This can cause batteries to die much sooner than they would otherwise Monitor battery power closely and expect that you may need to change batteries more often than you would in warmer weather SonTek has found that Energizer ultimate lithium 1 5 V AA batteries offer improved performance in colder weather Though these batteries are more expensive you might consider using them if you will be making multiple measurements in cold weather gt IMPORTANT You must only use 1 5 V lithium batteries other lithium batteries which run at 3 6 V may damage the system LCD The LCD used by the CastAway CTD is rated for operation to 20 C 4 F LCD operation is likely to be the limiting factor for using the instrument in cold weather When air temperatures are very cold you can improve operation by minimizing the length of exposure to the cold air When possible keep the instrument in a warm place when not in use This might be in the inside of a heated vehicle or tucked inside a warm jacket If the instrument housing is kept warm the LCD may keep operating for some time ev
50. data to accurate water depth information Sound speed can be calculated from temperature salinity and pressure Millard amp Fofonoff 1983 Since the CastAway CTD measures and calculates these parameters with each cast this data can be directly used for a variety of applications using underwater acoustics Density Density is the mass of a given volume of water It is important for converting pressure data to depth and also can be used to predict density driven currents Density can be calculated from temperature and salinity Millard amp Fofonoff 1983 Depth A CTD does not directly measure depth it measures pressure To accurately determine depth from pressure data we need several other pieces of information all of which are directly available from the instrument The density of water which can be calculated based on temperature and salinity The location of the measurement specifically latitude and altitude This data is recorded from the GPS onboard the instrument With the above data we can convert pressure to depth with considerable accuracy Gravity is calculated using the WGS84 ellipsoidal gravity formula using local latitude and altitude measured by the GPS If there is no information from the GPS a default latitude of 30 degrees and a default altitude of zero are used These defaults can be changed in the software 5 6 1 e These calculations are taken from the WGS84 Ellipsoidal Gravity Formula Dep
51. e O first time acquiring a GPS signal is required to set the system CTD 10000234 clock If you attempt to start data collection without allowing the system to acquire the date and time it will report an error message H j j S E a SE Goto an open area outside and allow the system to acquire a GPS signal to set the date and time On a cold start GPS reception can take 5 to 10 minutes depending on your location and the number of satellites in view Poor GPS satellite reception can increase the wait time Follow progress with the GPS status indicator or watch for the date and time to appear at the bottom of the screen ge GPS off e GPS on no signal e GPS on weak signal ge GPS on good signal When the time UTC appears at the bottom of the screen you are ready to start collecting data You may have to repeat this process when you replace the batteries The system will keep track of time for a short period without batteries but if left without batteries the date and time will reset CastAway CTD User s Manual January 2012 55 SonTek a Xylem brand 6 6 2 Bluetooth Communication Troubleshooting lf you are unable to establish communication from the CastAway CTD Software to your instrument there are a couple of simple checks you should perform Be sure the USB Bluetooth adaptor included with the system is installed in a USB port of your PC 5 4 1 Make sure the instrument is close to your PC
52. e Rinse the CTD and sleeve with fresh water and allow them to air dry If the CTD has been fouled with any oil or other foreign materials use a mild detergent and the sensor cleaning bushes to clean the CTD and sensors 6 1 CastAway CTD User s Manual January 2012 17 SonTek a Xylem brand Section 4 Reviewing Data on the LCD To review recorded data files from the home screen dro Press to highlight the review data icon CTD 10F000234 Press ei to execute this function A summary screen for the most recently recorded file will be mp 2010 07 01 displayed 19 34 54 4 1 Summary Screen The screen layout is slightly different for a CTD cast versus a point measurement examples of each are shown below The summary screen will also display quality control messages when cast and point measurements do not meet minimum criteria for a quality measurement CTD Cast The summary screen shows date time location depth duration and number of samples for the cast CTD Cast Start Location tt Press upper left button to return to the home screen UTC L Press lower left button to move to the previous file Latitude Longitude D epth Press lower right button to view profile plots 4 2 1 commie CTD Point Measurement The summary screen shows point measurement temperature specific conductivity Salinity sound speed location and date time tt Press upper left button to return to home screen k Press lower left
53. e and can be recovered To recover files marked as deleted Go to the file view and select the desired file s Right click on that file and select Mark as deleted to revert to a non deleted flag To permanently remove files marked as deleted you must purge the database 5 8 2 From the menu icon click Maintenance and then Purge Deleted Files e Confirm that you want to permanently remove these files from the database CastAway CTD User s Manual January 2012 35 SonTek a Xylem brand 5 6 Software Settings The CastAway CTD Software settings allow you to control and customize all aspects of the software The settings diaglog can be accessed two ways Click this icon in the upper left corner of the screen D Click the menu icon and select Settings from the pull down menu 5 6 1 General Software Settings The General tab configures basic software operation Settings Cla x General Charts Map Geo images Units Language Lenguaje Langage Sprache ENGLISH UNITED STATES EnglishUS Show confirmation dialog on exit a Automatic file download Default latitude 32 Default altitude CSV fields in the native language Y CSV export header prefix Figure 15 Software Settings General Language Specify the preferred language for the software English is the default language You can generate import and share language files to support operation in other languages 5 8 4 The language on the instru
54. e date and time will need to be re acquired by getting a GPS fix 1 2 4 Top Menu Bar Status Icons System status icons are located Bluetooth tatu across the top of the home screen There are status icons for Bluetooth In general when connected to a PC this icon will remain grey communication status GPS signal The icon will only turn blue when there is active data transfer status recorder capacity and battery a oem life The following table describes each of the status icons and the EJ Blue Modem ok actively communicating with a PC Recorder status m 60 100 free space EI 10 30 free space Ei 0 10 free space tn 90 100 full charge GI 20 90 full charge D 10 20 full charge D 0 10 charge remaining change batteries immediately 4 CastAway CTD User s Manual January 2012 SonTek a Xylem brand 1 3 Status LED Below the LCD screen is a LED status light The LED will display a number of different colors Depending on light conditions it may be difficult to distinguish some colors General Functions a Solid Preparing for next activity Turning the system on or off Responding to a pressed button i A Flashing Bluetooth data transfer Red Except when obtaining a GPS fix indicates a system error Acquiring a GPS position fix Flashing GPS position is unavailable Flashing Poor quality GPS position has been obtained Solid Good quality GPS position has been obtained Collecting data either CTD cast or point me
55. ed on fall velocity a linear interpolation is applied to fill in missing samples in both the up and down casts using the adjacent bins that contain data 11 lf the surface bin or the last bin near the bottom is empty the next nearest value from the cast is used to fill that bin This is applied to the up and the down cast data separately 12 The conductivity and temperature from the deepest two bins in the up cast are replaced with the measurements from the deepest two bins from the down cast to remove the effects of thermistor heating while resting on the bottom 13 The down cast samples and up cast samples are combined to get the final Processed data e For bins with pressure greater than two decibars and less than 0 9 Maximum Pressure the up and down cast temperatures and conductivities are averaged to get the final Processed data For bins with pressures less than two decibars the down cast is weighted by the square of half of the bin pressure before averaging with the up cast This is an exponential decay weighting function on the down cast data near the water Surface This weighting function is shown for temperature below the same formula applies to conductivity DownCast P lt 2dbar T rocessed E GEESS EE 2 For bins with pressures greater than 0 9 Maximum Pressure only the down cast data is used 14 After the final Processed temperature and conductivity profiles are computed The derived parameters
56. eded by user specified text characters if desired 5 6 1 The parameter and units for each column are also specified in the header The system outputs one line per sample including only the fields specified The default filename is serial number date and time with a csv extension Fields Pressure Depth Temperature Conductivity Specific Conductance Salinity Sound velocity and Density HYPACK A format compatible with import into the Hypack software package Exports depth and speed of sound for sound velocity corrections in Hypack MATLAB A format compatible with import into the MATLAB software package You can select which variables to export in the Fields section In addition metadata information is automatically included in the mat file Units can be changed by navigating to Main Menu gt Settings gt Units Export packaging When exporting multiple files they can either be combined into a single Zip file archive or placed into a Folder Cast data This specifies type of data output For information about processing of CTD cast data see SA 7 Processed only the final processed profile combined down and up casts is output Down only down cast data is output Up only up cast data is output Down and Up down and up cast data is output Raw raw CTD data is output without processing or editing includes data taken in air at the surface not moving and at the bottom not moving 5 7 3 Export Summary KML Expo
57. en if the air temperature is below the minimum operating temperature e Remember that water temperature will never be much less than 0 C so by comparison the instrument may be warmer when in the water e Minimize the amount of time spent reviewing data on the LCD If possible move the instrument to a warmer environment when reviewing data Surface Spikes in Conductivity Salinity In some casts you may see spikes in the conductivity and salinity data near the water surface These spikes can be caused by air bubbles trapped in the conductivity cell when the instrument is first immersed in the water Following the recommended procedure of soaking the system for 5 10 seconds at the surface prior to starting the cast should avoid this problem 58 CastAway CTD User s Manual January 2012 SonTek a Xylem brand 6 6 4 CastAway CTD Does Not Respond lf the instrument does not wake up properly or respond to normal commands there is generally a simple solution Try the steps below in the order shown using only those steps required to regain normal operation Leave the instrument idle for a period of 5 minutes In certain situations the instrument will enter a special low level boot mode In this mode it should automatically re start after about 1 minute In most cases this problem will resolve itself automatically Waiting 5 minutes ensures the instrument will re start if possible Remove the batteries and ins
58. erature is accurate As the system sits on the bottom motionless the thermistor begins heating the water around it This only occurs when the system or the water is not moving This heating is a result of the electrical current that is required to read the temperature sensor This data is removed by the processing se w M Temperature is 68 CastAway CTD User s Manual January 2012 SonTek a Xylem brand Down and Up Cast Converting raw data to down and up casts takes several Temperature UC steps Pressure data has been corrected for atmospheric pressure using data collected in the air at the start and end of the cast This sets pressure at the water surface to zero d or on En oa Pel We calculate the rate of change of pressure versus time which is the vertical soeed of the system through the i water We use this to eliminate data collected in the air or while stationary at the surface or bottom as well as to separate the down and up casts We then combine the raw data from the down and up casts into vertical bins based on pressure All samples within a bin size of 0 3 decibars are averaged into a single value giving profile data with regular spacing for easier post processing TR When looking at data from the down or up cast only the E bin averaged values from the desired cast are shown H Data when out of the water waiting at the surface or 3 waiting at the bottom have been removed 23 The figure
59. f the Joint Panel on Oceanographic Tables and Standards and Saunders 1990 CastAway CTD User s Manual January 2012 63 SonTek a Xylem brand The CastAway CTD like all CTDs uses a pressure sensor to determine depth It is important to note that depth is not directly measured pressure is measured and depth is derived from this data The calculation of depth is described later A 6 but it is important to understand that although depth and pressure are related they are not necessarily equal scientists often use units of decibars for pressure because one decibar is approximately equal to a depth of 1 meter This approximation gets worse the deeper you go At a pressure of 100 decibars the depth in the ocean is closer to 100 5 meters while at 10 000 dbars the depth is about 9 00 meters These depths vary slightly with changes in density caused by temperature and salinity differences The instrument removes atmospheric pressure from the underwater pressure measurements this is sometimes referred to as gauge pressure The atmospheric pressure is measured before and after each deployment During post processing the change in atmospheric pressure over time is removed from the entire sample using a linear fit 2 aa Pressure dbar 4 3 10 12 14 16 18 3 7 3 8 3 9 4 4 1 4 2 4 4 Conductivity uS cm x10 Temperature C
60. file view The Show Map button gives the map view seen in Figure 7 The Show Files button gives the file view seen in Figure 8 In the file view the map has been replaced with a list of files Again only currently filtered measurements are displayed For instructions on setting the filtering options refer to section 5 5 4 e Clicking on a column header in the file list sorts the list based on that value CastAway CTD DU Y Dates Devices Sample type gg e Data Devices E a Zoom to world Q Zoom to filtered Show map AL Zoom to selected gt Import Export files files Tasks SW t 3 GC a Enable Show auto fit samples Charts u 16 Addto Remove from All files project project Filter j gt Project Export summary Show files Projects Temperature C Conductivity uS cm i i Device Cast time local File name Number of samples Location source Sample type 2010 06 15 12 50 49 27_20100615_185049 2010 06 15 12 50 35 27_20100615_185035 14_20100603_004350 Invalid 0 2 None Invalid 0 4 0 6 1420100603004350 2010 03 31 18 26 44 2010 03 31 18 05 33 2010 03 31 17 10 04 2010 03 31 17 09 36 2010 03 31 15 15 50 2010 03 31 15 13 59 2010 03 31 15 03 47 2010 03 31 15 01 49 2010 03 31 14 24 05 2010 03 31 14 22 15 2010 03 31 14 21 07 2010 03 31 13 51 59 15_20100401_002644 15_20100401_000533 15_20100331_231004 15_20100331_2309
61. first time the system is turned on it will not have the date and time and you will need to get a GPS signal to set the system clock The CastAway CTD uses an integrated GPS to automatically acquire and track the date and time lf the clock is not set the date time will not be shown on the bottom of the home page screen Time Zone On the LCD time is always displayed in Universal Coordinated Time UTC The CastAway CTD computer software however automatically converts from UTC and displays data in the local time zone Setting Date and Time 1 Turn on the CastAway and go outside to establish a GPS connection 81 4 2 Wait On a cold start GPS reception can take 5 to 10 minutes depending on the location and the number of available satellites Limited GPS reception may increase the wait time to more than 10 minutes Once a connection has been established the date and time will appear on the main screen Troubleshooting Tip l the date and time does not display in the given amount of time check the GPS signal status indicator at the top of the screen to ensure the GPS Is on and has a signal e GPS off e GPS on no signal a f GPS on weak signal ge GPS on good signal CastAway CTD User s Manual January 2012 3 SonTek a Xylem brand Upon replacing the batteries you may have to repeat this process The system will keep track of time for about half an hour without batteries but if left without batteries i e in storage th
62. flashing yellow E mI Xx High quality GPS position solid green O GPS location is not required to perform a CTD cast When possible we encourage recording high quality GPS data as this is a valuable addition to the measurement If GPS coverage is unavailable you can end the cast at any time When ready press the lower right button to complete the CTD cast The CastAway CTD automatically loads the cast into the review data screen to allow immediate field review of data quality Section 4 12 CastAway CTD User s Manual January 2012 SonTek a Xylem brand 2 5 4 Review Cast Data on LCD After each cast the cast summary screen will be displayed Verify that you have collected a successful cast This screen will show an invalid message if the maximum cast depth was less than 5cm and a caution warning if the maximum cast depth was less than 50cm The warning message warning too shallow is displayed in yellow and is provided as a quality control feature for the user Both raw and processed data will be available for these samples Plots of the data will display in the instrument with a large X across the screen Raw and processed data will be available through the sotware and can be exported in any format If your maximum cast depth is less than 50cm you may want to consider collecting a point measurement at this site For more detailed information on reviewing cast data on the LCD see Section 4 2 5 5 Invalid Casts Inval
63. flow cell or measurements made when the system is only partially submerged CastAway CTD User s Manual January 2012 71 SonTek a Xylem brand 4 72 e Using a one second moving window the standard deviation of the conductivity measurements is computed If the center measurement in the window Is more than 3 standard deviations from the mean value of the windowed samples this spike is replaced with the mean of the windowed measurements After filtering conductivity samples measured when the pressure is less than 0 15 decibars are replaced with the nearest conductivity measurement in time taken at a pressure greater than 0 15 decibars This is to preserve as much of the cast as possible before measurements in air contaminate the data To separate the down and up cast we monitor the change in pressure to determine e When the system first enters the water e When it starts the down cast e When it reaches the bottom maximum pressure e When it starts the up cast e When it reaches the surface and leaves the water The downcast is defined as measurements made before reaching the maximum depth The up cast is defined as measurements made after reaching the maximum depth There is only one down cast and one up cast for each CTD cast If multiple up and down motions are contained in a sample period the up and down casts are separated by the point of maximum pressure The maximum pressure is the maximum pressure me
64. his option displays the firmware version and can be used to upgrade the firmware After viewing firmware version number click No to exit or Yes to upgrade IMPORTANT PRIOR TO UPDATING FIRMWARE Download and backup all data files Format the CTD memory Firmware updates may periodically be available from SonTek To install a firmware update CastAway CTD E gt Current firmware version 0 22 y Do you want to upgrade the firmware 1 Make sure there is sufficient battery life remaining on the CastAway If the batteries are low install new ones before updating the firmware Installing new firmware with low batteries could lead to an interruption during mee installation leading to an unsuccessful install V 2 Firmware upgrade info 2 Prior to updating the firmware backup all existing data Device 27 files and reformat the CastAway memory The firmware O update may not work properly if the recorder has not been Do you want to continue formatted e 3 Save the new firmware file provided by customer support to a drive on your PC 4 Connect the CastAway to the PC and navigate to the devices tab in the PC software Under Tasks click on the button to upgrade firmware You will be prompted to select the CastAway CTD User s Manual January 2012 27 SonTek a Xylem brand firmware file provided by customer support and click Open When prompted click OK to proceed with the firmware upgrade 5 The upgrade w
65. hted more heavily than the up cast This is because the down cast will have been moving at a steady rate for some time while the up cast has just started moving Processing Steps Below is a step by step description of the data processing steps used to convert Raw CTD data into the Processed profile 1 Pressure is corrected for the ambient atmospheric pressure Pressure data is collected at the start and end of the cast while the system is in the air This air pressure is subtracted from the raw pressure data to get a measure of water pressure only If there is a difference in the start and end air pressure a linear correction is applied over the course of the cast 2 Next we calculate how pressure changes with time We calculate the rate of change of pressure versus time for each sample in the data file The rate of change in pressure can be thought of as the vertical speed of the system through the water We set a minimum value for the rate of change of 0 025 decibars second If the rate of change of pressure is less than this we consider the system to be stationary The sensors and flow through cell are designed for measurements while the system is in motion while processing the data we discard any samples where the system is considered to be stationary 3 The conductivity data is de spiked This is to remove erratic measurements near the water surface that can be caused by air bubbles trapped in the conductivity
66. id casts are indicated by the message invalid too shallow on the cast summary screen These casts do not have adequate data for calculating the derived parameters and no data plots will be displayed in the instrument The plot screens for these casts will have a large red X across them Raw data from these casts can be viewed in the CastAway software by manually converting the measurement type from invalid to cast The raw data can also be exported to ASCII or Matlab This information is provided after the cast to alert the user that another cast will need to be performed at this site to provide quality data 2 5 6 Post Cast Cleaning and Maintenance Careful cleaning and maintenance of the CastAway CTD ensures a long operating life and accurate data collection lf you are casting in salt or brackish water you may want to rinse the CTD with fresh water in between each cast if the time between casts is more than 15 minutes When you are finished casting for the day remove the CTD from the protective sleeve Rinse the CTD and sleeve with fresh water and allow them to air dry lf the CTD has been fouled with any oil or other foreign materials use a mild detergent and the sensor cleaning bushes to clean the CTD and sensors 6 1 CastAway CTD User s Manual January 2012 13 SonTek a Xylem brand Section 3 CTD Point Measurements The purpose of a CTD point measurement is to record water quality parameters conductivi
67. ill take several minutes Do not turn the instrument off exit the software or use other applications on your PC during the upgrade process If the firmware upgrade process is accidentally interrupted the instrument will still operate using the old firmware or exhibit unusual behavior in this case the upgrade process should be repeated During the firmware installation it will be normal to see messages such as missing screen home or missing screen splash displayed on the CTD To verify that the system has been successfully upgraded follow the instructions in step 6 6 After the new firmware has been installed go to the system information screen on the CastAway CTD and verify that the firmware version listed is the appropriate version If the instrument shows that it is still running the old firmware the connection to the instrument was probably disrupted inadvertently during the upgrade and the upgrade process will need to be repeated 7 Once you have verified that the firmware has installed correctly reformat the recorder again and you will be ready to use the instrument with the new upgrades If you do not reformat the recorder the CastAway may exhibit unusual behavior or show error messages To confirm successful installation of the firmware turn the instrument on and navigate to the system information screen to verify the system is using the updated firmware version If the system is using the prior version of firmware repeat the
68. ized methods These methods have been compiled into something known as EOS 80 the International Equation of State for Seawater 1980 The equations were published by UNESCO in 1983 A 10 Specific Conductance The instrument measures the conductivity of the water which is primarily a function of the concentration of ions in the water However conductivity is also affected by water temperature To remove temperature effects we derive a parameter called specific conductance Specific conductance may be a more useful parameter for certain applications Hydrologist sometimes use specific conductance to identify pollution events in fresh water Because pesticides and fertilizers increase the conductivity of water agricultural runoff can often be detected by analyzing profiles of specific conductance in fresh water basins The calculation of specific conductance from conductivity is a fairly simple formula This is the standard method for applying a temperature correction to any conductivity measurement the slope depends on the material measured The slope of 0 020 used here is for water 1 0 020 T 25 Where SpC Specific conductance uS cm C Conductivity uS cm T Temperature C Salinity Prior to the 1970s the salinity of water was measured primarily through the chemical analysis methods of titration and evaporation In the mid 1960s oceanographers began using conductivity meters to analyze water samples exploi
69. l No GPS position O flashing red uil Low quality GPS position VE flashing yellow ul High quality GPS position O solid green The number of satellites being tracked is displayed on the screen If the number is greater than 10 the actual number of satellites is the last digit of the number The 1 or the first digit indicates that a good position is being computed GPS location is not required to perform a point measurement When possible we encourage recording high quality GPS data as this is a valuable addition to the measurement If GPS coverage is not available you can begin the point measurement at any time When ready press the lower right button to begin the CTD cast Press any other button to abort the cast and return to the home screen CastAway CTD User s Manual January 2012 15 SonTek a Xylem brand 3 3 2 Collect the Sample A recording data screen will indicate the measurement is starting e e w The LCD screen will go blank to conserve power The flashing W green LED indicates the instrument is actively collecting data Con Siem 0 04 dBar The instrument screen can be set to stay on and display real This Screen wil time data during a point measurement CLOSE in 5 Seconds The option is enabled using the CastAway CTD Software 95 3 Note that this significantly affects the power consumption of the instrument We recommend that you use this option only when necessary and
70. l error m 4 63 a End GPS vertical error m 5 47 End GPS number of satellites 8 16 20100408 1801 44 Cast duration sec 20 8 A Samples per second 5 Electronics calibration date 2000 01 01 ki Conductivity calibration date 2000 01 01 16 201004084 74900 Temperature calibration date 2000 01 01 E Pressure calibration date 2000 01 01 Processed e Sg 16520100408 1738 Ka Pressure dbar 0 15000 4 82065 2 54239 Depth m 0 15270 4 90400 2 58699 16520100408 1972907 ke y 2 a Specific conductance Sim 1 29054 1 61021 1 44282 Salinity PSS 7 40850 9 41287 8 36023 Density Ibs ft 62 62365 62 71801 62 66938 Directions To here From here dogle ea rth Eye all 17 94n 5 8 Software Maintenance Functions To access software maintenance functions click the CastAway icon in the upper left corner select Maintenance from the pull down menu and then select the desired function 5 8 1 Data Storage and Backup All data in the CastAway CTD Software is stored in a customized database To create a backup of this database From the menu icon click Maintenance and then Data backup e Specify the file name and desired location for the backup e The backup data is stored a zip archive file To re load backup data into the software open the software and import the archive file 5 7 1 46 CastAway CTD User s Manual January 2012 SonTek a Xylem brand 5 8 2 Purge Deleted Files Files can be marked as deleted
71. lect those measurements You can select files using either the Map view or Files view To select files from the map view e Click on a blue circle icon indicating one or more CTD measurements e There are three ways to select multiple locations 1 Hold SHIFT and click on additional measurement icons 2 Hold CTRL while clicking and drag a rectangle to select all measurements within that rectangle de selects previously selected measurements 3 Hold SHIFT while clicking and drag a rectangle to select all measurements within that rectangle keeping previous selected measurements e To un select all files click anywhere on the map that is not a measurement To select files from the Show Files view Click on a measurement line to select that measurement e Hold CTRL or SHIFT while clicking multiple lines to select multiple measurements CastAway CTD User s Manual January 2012 29 SonTek a Xylem brand Selected Measurement List selected measurements are listed at the bottom of the screen Figure 12 You can plot data from some or all of the selected measurements By default the first 5 of the selected measurements are automatically shown in the charts The number of measurements automatically displayed can be modified 5 6Error Reference source not found You can add remove measurements from the charts using the check boxes along the Symbol Device Cast time local Min conductivity Max conductivity Min temperature
72. llowing a select from the listed filter options Today Yesterday Last 7 Days Last 30 Days Last 90 Days All b Use the calendar by clicking on Selected Dates and specifying the start and end dates CastAway CTD User s Manual January 2012 31 SonTek a Xylem brand 3 Devices To filter based on devices click on the Devices button Use the check boxes to select the devices to display o f no boxes or all boxes are checked data from all devices will be displayed e Systems showing not listed are instruments that are not on the Device list under the Devices tab 5 3 4 Sample Type To filter based on Sample type click on the Sample type button Use the check boxes to select the sample types to display f no boxes or all boxes are checked data from all samples types will be displayed The software can also mark a file as deleted without removing it from the database system 5 5 9 You can filter displayed files based on Not deleted only Deleted only or Deleted amp not deleted Check all Uncheck all 14 not listed 15 not listed 26 not listed 27 Cast Point measurement Invalid Deleted not deleted si Deleted only ast Not deleted only ast y 32 CastAway CTD User s Manual January 2012 SonTek a Xylem brand 5 5 5 Modify Chart Parameters The right side of the software screen shows a number of charts displaying CTD data Figure
73. ly close and seal the housing use the palms of both hands to push the battery cap onto the CTD housing Align the grooves on the sides of the CTD with the raised tracks on the inside of the protective sleeve 6 3 2 Battery Life Display The CastAway will display remaining battery life on the LCD and also when connected to a computer in the CastAway software To appropriately calculate battery life the battery type must be specified For instructions on using the CastAway Software to specify battery type refer to section 5 4 3 in this manual 52 CastAway CTD User s Manual January 2012 SonTek a Xylem brand 6 4 Calibration Guidelines lt is recommended that the CastAway CTD sensors be recalibrated at the factory once a year To arrange for calibration contact SonTek customer support Phone 1 858 546 8327 Fax 1 858 546 8150 Email support sontek com Support information Web http Awww sontek com castaway Your instrument is carefully calibrated at the factory and it is designed to remain within specifications for one year SonTek does not allow users to recalibrate the instrument because of possible errors in the recalibration process The CastAway CTD is designed specifically to collect data while moving and the calibration process is engineered to account for this motion Because of its unique design a factory calibration is the only way that SonTek can ensure that the conductivity and temperature flow cell
74. ment is configured separately 5 4 3 Show confirmation dialog on exit Enable disable the display of a confirmation dialog before exiting software Automatic file download When enabled the software automatically downloads new files from the instrument when it is connected When disabled the user must manually download files from the instrument 5 4 4 Default latitude To accurately convert pressure to depth the latitude of the measurement must be known This information is usually pulled from the GPS data If GPS position data is not available this value is used for pressure to depth conversions 36 CastAway CTD User s Manual January 2012 SonTek a Xylem brand Default altitude To accurately convert pressure to depth the altitude of the measurement must be known This information is usually pulled from the GPS data If GPS position data is not available this value is used for pressure to depth conversions CSV fields in native language This affects data exported in CSV comma separated value format 5 7 If this option is enabled labels in the CSV file are output in the language specified by the General software settings If disabled labels in the CSV file are output in English CSV export header prefix This affects data exported in CSV comma separated value format 5 7 One CSV export option allows header information at the top of the file The header prefix option allows you to specify a text string for
75. mperature Max temperature e SE between the instrument and your PC which allows downloading EE oe ae OSA Figure 9 Initial CastAway Software Screen 24 CastAway CTD User s Manual January 2012 SonTek a Xylem brand Add a CastAway to Devices List Click on the Devices tab in the upper left portion of the screen Then _ Devices Click on the Add Device icon ib Remove device Input the serial number of your instrument e Click Add Device Your instrument is now controlled and configured by this PC A Serial number single PC can control any number of CastAway CTDs and a CastAway CTD can be controlled by any number of PCs Connect to the Instrument Ensure the USB Bluetooth adaptor is connected to your PC Run the CastAway CTD Software While the instrument is reasonably close to the PC turn the CastAway CTD on Note The maximum Bluetooth range is 10 m 30 ft Place the CTD within 1 2 m 3 6 ft of the PC for best results The software will automatically connect to the instrument It can take a few minutes to establish communications If you encounter any problems with Bluetooth communications refer to the troubleshooting section for additional help 6 6 2 e Once communications are established the software automatically downloads any new files from the CastAway CTD recorder If desired you can disable the automatic file download 5 6 1 To view device status cli
76. nd move back and forth to rinse the cell If necessary use the cleaning brushes supplied with the instrument These brushes are carefully selected and sized for the CastAway CTD Do not use other brushes for cleaning CTD sensors Only insert these brushes from the bottom of the system inserting from the top can potentially damage the temperature sensor The pins for the conductivity cell are located near the bottom of the sensor These are the sensors that are most sensitive to dirt or oil Insert brush into the bottom of the cell and gently move back and forth Figure 27 When done cleaning rinse the instrument with fresh water and allow to air dry 6 2 CTD Housing The CastAway CTD housing is made from a robust plastic material that is designed to withstand most any fresh or salt water environment It is lightweight and corrosion resistant The orange color was specifically selected for high visibility However this neon Orange color is very difficult to match exactly from one production batch to the next There may be slight variations in color between housing parts this in no way affects the accuracy or durability of the instrument Figure 27 CastAway Cleaning Brush CastAway CTD User s Manual January 2012 51 SonTek a Xylem brand 6 3 Batteries The CastAway CTD is powered by 2 AA batteries installed in a water tight compartment in the bottom of the housing Several battery types are supported alth
77. nd user documentation is stored on the USB data drive Figure 6 included with the system Insert the orange USB data drive into an available USB port on your PC Run the setup exe program stored on the drive Follow the on screen installation instructions Figure 6 USB Data Drive CastAway CTD User s Manual January 2012 21 SonTek a Xylem brand 5 3 Software Overview S50YQ CastAway CTD 5 gt Data Devices Q Zoom to world wid V a EH d A All we 4 o Project besi D D iria ER vi a g Q Zoom to filtered Show Addto Remove from All files Dates Devices Sample All Enable Show Import Export Export files Q Zoom to selected project project type Y auto fit samples files files summary View Projects Filter Charts Tasks Temperature C Conductivity uS cm Depth m Map data provided by c OpenStreetMap and contributors CC BY SA 44000 44500 45000 Symbol Device Cast time local Min conductivity Max conductivity Min temperature Max temperature Min pressure Max pressure Location source 4 Vy 26 2010 06 02 18 45 38 44023 140 45360 740 17 94 19 10 0 150 3 205 GPS y Hl 27 14 2010 06 02 18 45 37 44461 490 45826 640 17 81 18 96 0 150 3 169 GPS El frecf 26 2010 06 02 18 43 51 44160 310 45270 290 17 96 19 03 0 150 2 998 GPS ys 14 2010 06 02 18 43 50 44482 420 45624 200 17 85 18 88 0 150 2 941 GPS yA 26 2010 06 02 18 41 32 44138 750 45543 740
78. nnesannesaeneseeneseeresseresseresseresseresseresseressereseereseee 56 6 0 3 GOIG Weather ee E 58 6 6 4 CastAway ClD Does NOURCSIONG nsari ds 59 APPENDIX A CASTAWAY CTD PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION sesesssesesososososososososososossesesesssssssssesesosososososososoeo 60 A 1 EE ee 60 A 2 WHATIS A GTO ala ds 60 A 3 WV OSES CMDS datos 61 A 4 WATER LAYERS TEMPERATURE SALINITY AND DENSITY 0cccsessvccssvecvecesvnsovseccvsscsviedsvecstuacvavescnsovsesovssecusdeunseneas 62 A 5 ERR E E 63 A 6 TEE EENEG 65 A 7 BEST IVIEASUREMENT PRACTICES eenig ee eege EEN Ee EE 67 A 8 EENHEETEN 68 A 9 DATA PROCESSING ALGORITHM Sa crire aonn a E dd 71 Alos REFERENCES tos it ir OARA 75 CastAway CTD User s Manual January 2012 vii SonTek a Xylem brand Section 1 Getting Started The CastAway CTD is a profiling instrument that measures conductivity temperature and pressure The CastAway is a small rugged and technically advanced CID designed for vertical profiling to depths of up to 100m as well as surface point measurements The instrument incorporates advanced technical features which allow it to achieve a 5 Hz response time fine spatial resolution and high accuracy lt uses a six electrode flow through conductivity cell with zero external field coupled with a rapid response thermistor to attain high measurement accuracies The instrument is simple to deploy does not require a pump and is hydrodynamically designed to free fall
79. nsors Navigate to the Raw CID data view as described in the previous section 1 5 1 Error Reference source not found Verify that the temperature in air is reasonable for your location Verify that atmospheric pressure is reasonable about 10 1 dBar or 14 7 psi The conductivity salinity and sound speed are meaningless in the air These should be close to zero but if they are not the CTD may just be detecting some humidity or moisture inside the measurement cell which could be from the air or the flow cell could still be wet from the last cast Prior to each cast a Verify you have sufficient battery power and recorder space D Battery icon 1 2 4 has more than 10 capacity Recorder icon 1 2 4 has more than 10 available space b Look inside the measurement flow cell to make sure it is clear of dirt and debris c Ensure the casting line is properly secured to the CastAway and make sure the opposite end of the casting line is secured to the boat or something nearby d Check the casting line for knots or tangles e Make sure time and date are displayed at the bottom of the Home Screen CastAway CTD User s Manual January 2012 SonTek a Xylem brand 2 3 Deployment Considerations For deeper casts you will need to provide your own deployment line and line handling equipment A variety of different lines can be used guidelines for selecting and configuring line are given below Do not attach the
80. nt this section does not configure the CastAway PC software Configuration options are available for language plots types updating the type of batteries installed and choosing whether or not the screen turns off during a cast Device configuration language amp units English Metric Battery type NiMH Rechargeable gt Save configuration Save new configuration Plot Salinity F Show data during cast settings to the CastAway Plot Specific Conductance F Plot Sound Speed F Cancel changes Abandon new configuration o and keep existing settings Figure 11 Device Configuration Language amp Units Changes the operating language and display units on the instrument This setting affects only the LCD interface not the CastAway CTD software To change the language or display units for the software see 5 6 1 English Metric English language metric units m C dBar m s e English Imperial English language Imperial units ft F psi ft s Espa ol Metrico Spanish language metric units m C dBar m s Plot Salinity Enables disables display of the salinity data screen Section 4 Plot Specific Conductance Enables disables display of the specific conductance data screen Section 4 Plot Sound Speed Enables disables display of sound speed in the review data screens Section 4 Battery type This specifies the type of battery installed in the CTD and is needed for accurate battery
81. numerator e Computer Ese Disk drives a Display adapters da DVD CD ROM drives IDE ATA ATAPI controllers Sa IEEE 1394 Bus host controllers 3 Imaging devices Keyboards 5 Mice and other pointing devices he Modems S Monitors BB Network adapters la PCMCIA adapters Ports COM 8 LPT SS Processors r a j e pao eee eee E eee eee see Se ee See ee ee Figure 28 Windows Device Manager Expand the section that shows Bluetooth Radios The exact drivers shown will vary depending on the operating system and the specifics of your computer but it is likely to look something like Figure 28 The driver for the CastAway CTD USB Bluetooth adaptor is commonly called Generic Bluetooth Radio Look for any other Bluetooth adaptors that are installed especially any that are flagged as not working _ _ Whenever making changes to device drivers be sure to consult your systems administrator to be sure these changes do not cause other problems on your PC lt may be necessary to remove the USB Bluetooth adaptor un install any remaining drivers and then re install the USB Bluetooth adaptor lf necessary a driver for the USB Bluetooth adaptor is included on the orange USB data drive To Troubleshoot the Bluetooth Radio in Windows 7 Open the Control Panel Select View Devices and Printers under the Hardware and Sound section Right click on the CSR Bluetooth Radio Select the Troubleshoot option and
82. o map the depth of rivers lakes and the ocean as well as to measure physical properties of the water and its motion Thermoclines and haloclines are areas of interest in the field of underwater acoustics because these boundaries have unique physical properties They are capable of reflecting sound from acoustic instruments as well as changing the direction or path of an acoustic beam through refraction The local change in water density creates this unique boundary Thus measurements of different water layers can be essential for many studies using underwater acoustics 62 CastAway CTD User s Manual January 2012 SonTek a Xylem brand A 5 CTD Measured Data The CastAway CTD uses three sensors to profile Flow Through Cell water conditions conductivity temperature and pressure The conductivity and temperature sensors are located in the flow through channel along the back of the instrument housing while the pressure sensor port passes through the Temperature housing at the top of the battery cap Figure 30 Sensor The flow through channel is designed to ensure a steady flow of water past the sensors when the system is descending and ascending through the Conductivity water column Electrodes Conductivity refers to the electrical properties of Presente water or specifically how much electricity the ensor water conducts Pure water has low conductivity Port while seawater has high conductivity The conductivity of water is p
83. orces the system to a complete reset Install new batteries While the LED is flashing red C for the first few seconds of the reboot process press all three buttons in the following sequence This must be done fairly quickly and puts the system in a special low level operating mode Upper left button Lower left button Lower right button Run the CastAway CTD software Click the menu button in the upper left corner J Select Maintenance Select Repair device without firmware This option may not be initially available until the software has found the instrument with the Bluetooth communication If necessary wait a few seconds and try again Follow the on screen instructions to load new firmware using the firmware provided by SonTek This procedure is very similar to the standard method of firmware upgrade 5 3Error Reference source not found CastAway CTD User s Manual January 2012 SonTek a Xylem brand Section 6 Maintenance Quality Control amp Troubleshooting 6 1 CTD Maintenance and Care Proper care will extend the life of the CastAway CTD It also ensures accurate data within the recommended one year calibration period After use e Remove the instrument from its protective sleeve Thoroughly rinse the CTD and sleeve with fresh water and allow to air dry If the conductivity cell gets oil or grease in it Prepare a solution of warm water and mild dish soap Place the CTD into the solution a
84. ough alkaline batteries are supplied with the system Batteries must be installed to power the instrument If the CTD will be idle for more than one week remove the batteries before storage to avoid draining them If the instrument is left in storage a GPS fix will be required to set the clock after re installing the new batteries Supported Battery Types Alkaline 40 hours normal operation Rechargeable NiMH 40 hours normal operation Energizer ultimate lithium 1 5 V 60 hours normal operation 1 5 V Lithium batteries are recommended for cold weather IMPORTANT Only use 1 5 V lithium batteries other lithium batteries which run at 3 6 V may damage the instrument 6 3 1 Battery Installation and Removal Procedures Remove the CTD housing from the Open the battery compartment by protective rubber sleeve by opening the gripping the top of the CTD with one rubber sleeve and pulling the _ hand and twisting the battery cap instrument out bottom of the housing counter clockwise Pull down to remove the battery cap Install the batteries using the Carefully clean and inspect the alignment indicated in the O ring replace the O ring if housing The and signs es necessary When needed indicate the polarity at the apply a small amount of top of the battery lubricant to the O ring Push the battery compartment closed Insert the CTD housing back into the twist clockwise to lock It takes force to protective sleeve proper
85. r s Manual January 2012 a Import files x Files to import D 14_20100603_ 003409 7 14_20100603_003952 D 14_20100603_ 004130 E 14_20100603_004350 D 14_20100603_004537 7 26_20100603_003410 T 26_20100603_ 003954 T 26 20100603_004351 Check all Merge settings Keep existing version Project settings Import project information Existing Existing Existing Existing Existing Existing Existing Existing Import Cancel Figure 23 Import Files Dialog 43 SonTek a Xylem brand 5 7 2 Export Files CastAway CTD files can be exported in a variety of formats The units of the exported data are based on the units selected for the software display These units can be changed by navigating to Main Menu gt Settings gt Units 1 Select the file or files that you wish to export 2 Click the Export Files icon to open the export files dialog Figure 24 A variety of export options are available Files to export Use the pull down menu to specify a Single file all Selected files or All files Format CastAway raw Exports data in CastAway CTD Software format ctd with no post processing modifications The default file name uses serial number date and time with the ctd extension CastAway with edits Exports data in CastAway CTD Software format ctdx including post processing modifications and any project information that has been added The default file name uses serial number d
86. rate of 1 m s The integrated LCD display screen internal GPS sensor and automated wireless data transfer are unique features that simplify the data collection and analysis process When using the system for the first time we suggest reviewing a few sections of this manual e System Components 81 1 e Learn the LCD interface 81 2 Perform a CTD cast Section 2 e Download data 5 4 Review data with CastAway CTD Software 85 5 To learn more about how the CastAway CTD works read the Principles of Operation Appendix A at the end of this document 1 1 System Components The following items are included with each CastAway CTD 1 Quick Start Guide 15 m 50 ft deployment line Two magnetic stylus pens plus one lanyard to hold stylus CastAway CTD in protective sleeve Two locking carabiners for use with the deployment line Four alkaline AA batteries USB Bluetooth adapter USB data drive with software and documentation E SP Maintenance Kit Two sensor cleaning brushes one replacement O ring O ring lubricant CastAway CTD User s Manual January 2012 1 SonTek a Xylem brand O o E An D gt E A m m eg r m Spare Emergency Stylus 1 Quick Start Quide 2 Deployment Line 15m SOft 3 Two Magnetic Stylus Pens 4 CastAway CTD 5 Two locking carabiners 6 Four alkaline AA batteries 7 USB Bluetooth Adapter 8 Data Drive 9 Maintenance kit Figure 1 System Components 1 2 Ope
87. rating the CastAway CTD 1 2 1 Turning on the instrument There are three buttons on front of the CastAway CTD These buttons are activated with one of the two magnetic stylus pens included with the system A third smaller pen for emergency use in the event the other pens are lost is stored inside the battery housing Figure 1 To press a button insert the stylus as if gently pushing a button at the bottom of the hole Figure 2 To turn the instrument on press any of the three buttons with the stylus The purpose of each button is shown in the corner of the screen closest to that button Figure 2 Buttons kb DT Use the lower left button to change the highlighted function TD 10F000234 H ey Use the lower right button to execute the highlighted function CO Use the upper left button to turn the system off 2010 07 01 19 34 54 2 CastAway CTD User s Manual January 2012 SonTek a Xylem brand 1 2 2 Main Menu Description The first screen is the home screen which provides access to all major CTD functions The CTD serial number is shown above the main menu Four main functions are available from the home screen main menu DT Perform CTD Cast Section 2 EJ Review Data Section 4 Perform CTD Point Measurement Section 3 Status ICONS gt 2010 07 01 19 34 54 System Information 1 5 1 2 3 System Date and Time System date and time is shown on the bottom of the screen The
88. ressure This single sample is used as the point measurement After the Processed temperature conductivity and pressure sample is selected the derived parameters of specific conductivity salinity sound speed density and depth are calculated 74 CastAway CTD User s Manual January 2012 SonTek a Xylem brand A 10 References International Temperature Scales of 1948 1968 and 1990 http Awww ices dk ocean procedures its htm 4 28 2010 7 24 44 PM Millard amp Fofonoff Algorithms for computation of fundamental properties of seawater UNESCO technical papers in marine science 44 1983 WGS84 Ellipsoidal Gravity Formula Department of Defense World Geodetic System 1984 NIMA TR8350 2 3 edition amendment 1 January 2000 Technical Report pages 3 5 to 4 2 It is worth noting that a new standard for CTD calculations has been proposed to the scientific community the Thermodynamic Equation of State of Seawater TEOS 10 However the methods shown in the UNESCO 1983 publication are still the most commonly used calculations and are the only ones supported by the CastAway CTD Users interested in applying the TEOS 10 equations can export raw data from the CastAway CTD to perform these calculations CastAway CTD User s Manual January 2012 75
89. rify the system is operating properly This data is for display only and is not recorded Press any button to return to the home screen 1 5 2 Recorder Battery Status Number of files 2 Detailed recorder and battery status information is shown Recorder Available 96 98 la Format the recorder Daer dea ee Last Used To erase the recorder press the lower left button You will be prompted twice to verify that you want to erase the recorder Erased files cannot be recovered Once the format has started it cannot be stopped ei Verify you want to erase the recorder Press any other button to abort and return to the home screen 6 CastAway CTD User s Manual January 2012 SonTek a Xylem brand Section 2 CTD Casts The purpose of a CID cast is to provide key water quality parameters conductivity temperature salinity etc over the full depth of the water column This is in contrast to a point measurement Section 3 where these parameters are measured at a single location and depth 2 1 Overview of CTD Cast Procedure The basic procedure for performing a CTD cast is below 1 2 10 Perform pre deployment diagnostics and procedures 82 2 Attach the CastAway CTD to the deployment line Attach the opposite end of the line to something secure in case the deployment line comes out of your hands Begin the cast from the LCD interface including a starting GPS location 82 5 Lower the CT
90. roportional to the concentration of ions in solution which carry the electrical current Chlorine is the most common ion in seawater primarily from dissolved salts Figure 30 CTD Sensors To measure conductivity the instrument has six electrodes in its flow through channel Although only two electrodes are required for a basic conductivity measurement using six electrodes within the enclosed channel improves the accuracy of the conductivity measurement while increasing its immunity to calibration errors that plague many conductivity measurements Two electrodes generate an electrical current and the remaining four are used to measure the resistivity of the water contained within the cell Resistivity and conductivity are related by the following equation SE R C is conductivity R is the measured resistance in ohms and K is the cell constant ko A l is the distance between the electrodes in centimeters and A is the cross sectional area of the volume of water enclosed by the cell in square centimeters The instrument measures resistance in ohms and this is converted to conductivity reported in units of MicroSiemens per centimeter uS cm Temperature is measured using a thermistor Thermistors have a well known relationship between resistance and temperature resistance of a thermistor changes as the temperature changes The thermistor in the CastAway CTD is calibrated to the ITS 90 standard following the recommendations o
91. rt This option exports a summary of one or more CastAway CTD files and includes data such as file name date and time location and min max values for all paprameters This information can be export in ascii or KML Google Earth Google Maps format This is an excellent way to view the locations of your samples along with other georeferenced datasets or for preparing reports To export your georeferenced summary file CastAway CTD User s Manual January 2012 45 SonTek a Xylem brand Click on the Export Summary button at the top GA Select the files to export Files to export Selected files v Use the pull down menu to specify Selected files or All files Click Export Select a file type CSV or KML and specify the location and filename for the export PAS A6 Ps Fas KR b gt E 3 1 e D Ps sae ii 716 20 100408 84924 d SS d a ga ar d be 16 20100408 170718 at Device 16 16_20100408 183853 y Cast time UTC 2010 04 08 17 07 18 Cast time local 2010 04 08 10 07 18 3 Sample type Cast gt KA Location source GPS 16120 Cresc gas Start latitude 29 21623N e Zei au Start longitude 90 64953S gt ay 4 Start altitude m 21 25 1169201004081 82105 j md Start GPS horizontal error m 2 46 Start GPS vertical error m 24 d d Start GPS number of satellites 8 N D End latitude 29 21615N E End longitude 90 649598 16520100408 18121 8 End altitude m 17 64 gt End GPS horizonta
92. s lf the system is returned without appropriate packing the customer will be required to cover the cost of a new packaging crate and material Contact Information Any questions concerns or suggestions can be directed to SonTek by telephone fax or email Business hours are 8 00 a m to 5 00 p m Pacific Standard Time Monday through Friday Phone 1 858 546 8327 Fax 1 858 546 8150 Email inquiry sontek com General information sales sontek com Sales information support sontek com Support information Web http www sontek com See our web site for information concerning new products and software firmware upgrades CastAway CTD User s Manual January 2012 jii SonTek a Xylem brand Declaration of Conformity Manufacturer s Name SonTek YSI Inc Manufacturer s Address 9940 Summers Ridge Road San Diego CA 92121 3091 U S A SonTek YSI Inc declares that the product s Equipment Type Temperature Salinity Sound Speed Profiler Model CastA way CTD Product Name CastAway CTD Conforms to the following European Union Council Directives and Standards as of 7 09 10 EMC DIRECTIVE 2004 108 EC EN 61326 1 2006 CISPR 11 2003 A1 2004 A2 2006 Class A radiated emissions IEC 61000 4 2 2008 ESD immunity criterion B IEC 61000 4 3 2006 Radio frequency immunity criterion A IEC 61000 4 8 2009 Power frequency magnetic field immunity criterion A Director of Sales and Marketing J
93. s are only automatically adjusted when the first measurement file s are added The axes are not changed when additional measurements are added or removed Use Show samples to turn the plotting of sample location on off 5 5 6 Capturing Screen Images To capture an image of the map or any chart shown in the CastAway CTD Software e Right click on the desired map or chart Fit to view Home 23 Copy screenshot F11 Select Copy Screenshot to capture that image to the A Save screenshot Ctrl S clipboard Select Save Screenshot to save the image to a file 5 5 7 Changing Sample Type CTD measurements are flagged as either a Cast or Point Measurement based on how the data was collected If there is inadequate data in a file it will be flagged as either an invalid cast 2 5 5 or an invalid point measurement 3 3 4 You can manually change the sample type in the software if needed This can be useful if your cast data is invalid you may still be able to see processed data if you change it to a point measurement Beware however that the software will not remember the Original sample type 1 Select the desired measurement file 2 Right click on that file and click Sample Type 3 Click the desired action Change to Cast e Change to Point Measurement Change to Invalid 34 CastAway CTD User s Manual January 2012 SonTek a Xylem brand 5 5 8 Specifying Measurement Location Since the instrument includes a built
94. should be followed Point measurements should be collected at a depth of at least 20 cm 0 7 ft If you collect a point measurement shallower than 20 cm a warning message will display on the CastAway as follows Deeper than 20cm good measurement no warning 5 20 cm warning too shallow message Questionable point measurement The unit will display data but the software will show point as invalid Users can change from invalid to point in the software to calculate parameters data may be ok but the user must determine if it is valid Shallower than 5 cm invalid too shallow Neither the unit or the software will display parameter data The unit will show temperature but this is probably an air temperature Users can change this from invalid to a point in the software but this data is invalid and the resulting parameters are likely to be incorrect because the CTD was probably not fully submerged 14 CastAway CTD User s Manual January 2012 SonTek a Xylem brand 3 3 Performing a Point Measurement 3 3 1 Start the Measurement To start a point measurement from the home screen CTD 10F000234 Press to highlight the CTD point measurement icon 2010 07 01 Press ei to execute this function p 19 34 54 Record Starting GPS Position The CastAway CTD first acquires a starting GPS location Icons at the bottom of the LCD plus the status LED show the quality of the GPS location data u
95. tall new batteries Verify the batteries are installed in the correct orientation 6 3Error Reference source not found Batteries that have been drained may not allow the system to operate normally Remove the batteries from the instrument e Leave the instrument without batteries for at least 30 minutes This allows internal capacitors to discharge and forces the system to a complete reset Install new batteries This should reset the system and return it to normal operation lf none of the above work contact SonTek customer support They will lead you through a procedure to evaluate if the firmware is functioning and recover from corrupted firmware if necessary 5 8 5 CastAway CTD User s Manual January 2012 59 SonTek a Xylem brand Appendix A CastAway CTD Principles of Operation CastAway CID Most people probably think water is simply water But if we dive a little deeper into the details water is a complex fluid It is arguably the most important molecule on this planet and quite possibly the most interesting It exists in a variety of states from ice to steam and clouds to rain It can dissolve rocks and minerals You can walk on it when it s frozen swim in it when it s liquid and even drink it when you re thirsty It Sustains just about every life form on earth and it is an ecosystem unto itself We ve built Spacecraft to look for it and submarines to explore it It is no wonder that oceanographers
96. the data will display in the instrument with a large X across the screen Raw and processed data will be available through the sotware and can be exported in any format For more detailed information on reviewing data on the LCD see Section 4 16 CastAway CTD User s Manual January 2012 SonTek a Xylem brand 3 3 4 Invalid Point Measurements Invalid point measurements are indicated by the message invalid too shallow on the Summary screen These measurements do not have adequate data for calculating the derived parameters and no data will be displayed in the instrument The review screens for these measurements will have a large red X across them Raw data from these samples can be viewed in the CastAway software by manually converting the measurement type from invalid to point measurement The raw data can also be exported to ASCII or Matlab These warnings are provided directly after the measurement to alert the user that another sample will need to be collected at this site to ensure quality data 3 3 5 Post Measurement Cleaning and Maintenance Careful cleaning and maintenance of the CastAway CTD ensures a long operating life and accurate data collection lf you are sampling in salt or brackish water you may want to rinse the CTD with fresh water in between each measurement if the time between measurements is more than 15 minutes When you are finished sampling for the day remove the CTD from the protective sleev
97. ting the direct correlation between the electrical conductivity of water and the amount of ions it contained Since Chlorine from salt is the primary ion the amount of ions can be directly related to the amount of salt in the water Historically salinity was defined in terms of parts per thousand ppt A salinity of 35 ppt meant 35 pounds of salt per 1 000 pounds of seawater In 1978 oceanographers redefined salinity in terms of the Practical Salinity Scale PSS 78 based on the conductivity ratio of a sea water sample to a standard potassium chloride KCI solution at CastAway CTD User s Manual January 2012 65 SonTek a Xylem brand 15 C and atmospheric pressure Ratios have no units so technically the salinity given by PSS 78 has no units and it is not the same as ppt a salinity of 35 PSS 78 is not equal to 35 grams of salt per liter of water Ocean salinity generally ranges from 31 to 39 PSS 78 Using the EOS 80 equations salinity can be directly calculated from temperature conductivity and pressure measurements Millard amp Fofonoff 1983 The instrument records these parameters and calculates salinity onboard after each cast Sound Speed The speed of sound in water is a critical value for any application that makes use of underwater sound These applications include bathymetric surveys done in harbors estuaries rivers and coastal areas Detailed knowledge of the sound speed profile is needed to convert the acoustic
98. tion in many different languages To do this it includes a program called the CastAway Translator that allows users to generate their own language files and thus provides custom translations in any language desired To generate the language file needed to operate the software in a new language Click the menu button in the upper left corner Y Select Maintenance 3 Select Run CastAway Translator This will open the CastAway Translator program Figure 25 To work properly the computer must be connected to the internet 8 7 CastAway CTD Translator v1 3 from 11 23 2011 new file Cares x New Open Save Filter Clear supported culture names Id Save as Translated Value English Value CultureName en Ye Z No e wg J Common Default EA NEE Fror ooo Common Status Processing Processing a A Common_Status_FinishedSuccessfully Finished successfully Common_Status_CanceledByUser Canceled by user id m A yUs Common_CheckAll Check al A n Common_Charts_InvalidMode Invalid mode Se K Common_UncheckAll Uncheck all E Common_GraphType Graph type Common_Symbol Symbol Figure 25 CastAway Language Translator a First click on Supported culture names in the upper right corner This provides a list of Supported culture names from the internet A supported culture name is required to use the translation feature b Enter the culture n
99. tliers or spikes in the Processed data profile graphs e Change the data to plot both the Down and Up Casts and look for any large or unexpected differences between the two casts A 8 Perform repeated casts at the same location and use the software to compare data from those casts If repeated casts show the same results this is a good indicator of data quality However if repeated casts are different this could be correct if the water is moving because of wind surface waves or internal waves Ensure temperature and conductivity are realistic for the water you are sampling e Spikes in temperature or conductivity near the surface can be caused by air bubbles trapped in the flow cell e Spikes in conductivity can be caused by algae small fish jelly fish plankton etc Spikes near the bottom can be caused by sediment entering the conductivity cell Water is a very dynamic environment It can be distinctly layered or well mixed and uniform Layers of different densities can be avenues for internal waves and currents that can create unique features in your data The best quality control you can perform is to make sure the features you see in your data make sense for the sample location 54 CastAway CTD User s Manual January 2012 SonTek a Xylem brand 6 6 Troubleshooting Tips 6 6 1 No System Time The CastAway CTD uses the integrated GPS to acquire and track the date and time When powering the instrument for th
100. tommap Edit Delete Figure 18 Software Settings Map Display up cast location Normally only the down cast GPS location is displayed This enables display of both up and down cast location on the map Down cast location is a solid blue circle up cast is an empty blue circle the two locations are connected by a line 7 o Y e Map coordinates display The GPS location of the cursor on the map can be shown on the map screen This option selects the format for the display of coordinate data Hidden Coordinates not shown One line Lat 35 32 55 66 N Lon 118 23 27 17 W Lat 37 50 35 60 N 2 Two lines Lon 119 28 40 84 WN CastAway CTD User s Manual January 2012 39 SonTek a Xylem brand Lat lon format GPS position data latitude and longitude can be displayed in a variety of formats 12 345685 123 45679E 12 20 7407 S 123 27 4073 E Portree teers eter tee rte eres a a mee meee meeen eee neeme eren mesere memme ee meeen reemer meee bl 4 Pree 12 34568 123 45679 12 20 7407 123 27 4073 12 20 44 44 123 2724 44 Background Map Three different background maps are available as well as uploading custom maps Offline Map This map is included with the software installation and can be used without access to the internet Because of file size limitations the resolution is fairly low Open Street Map This online map provides improved resolution with a street view but requires access
101. ty temperature salinity etc at a single location and depth This is in contrast to a cast Section 2 where these parameters are measured as a vertical profile over the full water depth at a given location 3 1 Overview of Point Measurement Procedures The same deployment line and equipment used for a CTD cast should be used for point measurements 2 1 The basic procedure for performing a CTD point measurement is below Perform pre deployment diagnostics and procedures the same as for a cast 82 2 e Attach the CastAway CTD to the deployment line Even though you won t be lowering it attach the opposite end of the line to something secure in case the CTD comes out of your hands Begin the point measurement from the LCD and get a starting GPS location 83 2 Place the CTD in the desired measurement location e Staying at this location move the CTD back and forth horizontally for about 10 seconds to get water flowing through the cell The instrument should be underwater at least 20cm 0 7 ft deep to collect a valid measurement Retrieve the instrument and stop data collection There is no end GPS location for a point measurement Review data on the LCD Section 4Error Reference source not found Rinse the instrument with fresh water allow to air dry and store securely until the next measurement 2 5 6 3 2 Point Measurement Requirements In order to collect quality CTD data the following procedures
102. ware communicates with the instrument using Bluetooth radio communication A USB Bluetooth adaptor is included with the system Figure 12 Though many PCs are already Bluetooth enabled the built in Bluetooth functions do not work reliably with the CastAway CTD Software We only recommend using the USB Bluetooth adaptor included with the system To install the USB Bluetooth adaptor insert the adaptor into an available USB port on your PC The adaptor should be plug and play with all supported operating systems and should install automatically Some computers may require additional configuration If you encounter any problem installing or using the USB Bluetooth adaptor refer to the troubleshooting section for additional configuration details 6 6 2 5 4 2 Communicating with the Instrument Once the Bluetooth adapter is finished installing you can run the CastAway CTD Software to communicate with the CTD and download data 85 4 When opening the software for y see the first time this manual will be EE een el EL g reen displayed After the initial run the roe ies re PS ee normal display is a world map EE Ee several empty profile charts to the right of the map and space for selected measurement data Figure 9 on the lower section of the window A good first Step IS nao comas ma onto cows 7 dl fade establishing communications symbol Device Cast time local Minconductivity _ Max conductivity Wo te
103. y sound speed and salinity should be near zero in air if the system is completely dry Humidity in the air can be high enough to register as conductivity Moisture in the conductivity cell or on the temperature sensor can cause unpredictable results such as conductivity values below 500 and nonzero sound speed and salinity values If the conductivity in air is much higher than 500 clean the conductivity cell and allow it to dry completely 6 1 then repeat the previous steps Pressure should be about 10 dBar or 15 psi These values will vary due to atmospheric pressure and altitude To check a system in water Follow the same steps as above to see if the measurements are reasonable for the water you are sampling Fresh water conductivity can vary greatly depending on the location Even tap water will be slightly conductive and have a low salinity e Seawater measurements can vary depending on location evaporation and rainfall Some general guidelines to keep in mind when making a cast Frequently check to make sure the flow cell is clear of debris before casting Be aware of nearby inlets rivers streams tributaries storm water drains outfalls etc These can create unexpected and interesting features in the profile graphs 6 5 3 Verifying Data Quality When reviewing data with the CastAway CTD Software there are some things you can look for to verify that you are collecting high quality data Make note of any ou

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